In News:

The Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle (Batagurkachuga), once a widespread inhabitant of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems, is now facing an existential crisis. As a "jewel of the Ganga," its dwindling numbers reflect the deteriorating health of South Asia’s freshwater ecosystems.

Species Profile and Distinctive Features

The Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle is one of the three large freshwater species in the genus Batagur found in India. It is characterized by significant sexual dimorphism and vibrant coloration.

• Physical Appearance:
  • Males: Notably smaller than females, reaching only about half their length. They exhibit a striking reddish-orange head with a distinct black crown.
  • Shell: The carapace (upper shell) is greenish-brown with yellowish patterns, while the plastron (lower shell) is yellow with black markings.
• Diet: As an omnivorous species, it maintains a balanced diet consisting of various aquatic plants and small animals.
• Ecological Role:
  • Bio-indicator: Its presence or absence serves as a critical measure of river health.
  • Nutrient Cycling: It plays a vital role in the aquatic food web by facilitating the cycling of nutrients, which is essential for maintaining the productivity of the river ecosystem.

Geographical Distribution: A Shrinking Sanctuary

Historically, the species was a common sight across the Indo-Gangetic plain.

• Native Range: India, Bangladesh, and Nepal.
• Current Strongholds: While once widespread in the Ganga and Brahmaputra basins, its distribution is now severely restricted. Today, the National Chambal Sanctuary (straddling Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh) remains the only significant protected area with a viable breeding population.

Conservation Status and Legal Protection

Due to its rapid population decline, the Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle is afforded the highest levels of legal protection.

Major Threats to Survival

The decline of Batagurkachuga is a direct consequence of anthropogenic pressure on riverine habitats:

• Habitat Fragmentation: Construction of dams and barrages has altered river flow and destroyed sandbanks essential for nesting.
• Illegal Trade: Despite legal bans, they are targeted for the pet trade and international meat markets.
• Sand Mining: Extensive illegal sand mining on riverbanks destroys the nesting sites required for egg-laying.
• Pollution and Bycatch: Agricultural runoff, industrial waste, and accidental drowning in fishing nets (bycatch) continue to deplete adult populations.

In News:

Recently, a massive snow avalanche struck the Zojila Pass in Ladakh, resulting in the tragic death of seven individuals and injuries to several others. The incident occurred between Zero Point and Minimarg, once again highlighting the extreme vulnerability of this high-altitude transit corridor and the urgent need for all-weather infrastructure.

Geographical Profile: "The Mountain Pass of Blizzards"

Zojila Pass is one of the most treacherous yet vital mountain passes in the Indian Himalayas.

• Location: Situated in the Kargil district of Ladakh, it serves as the natural gateway between the Kashmir Valley and the Ladakh region.
• Altitude: Approximately 11,650 feet (3,528 meters) above sea level.
• Mountain Range: It lies within the Greater Himalayan Range (specifically the Zanskar range).
• Connectivity: It is a critical link on National Highway 1 (NH-1), connecting Srinagar, Kargil, and Leh.
• Seasonal Closure: Due to heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures (dropping below -400C), the pass traditionally remains closed for nearly six months a year, isolating Ladakh from the rest of the country.

Historical and Strategic Significance

The pass is not merely a transport route; it is a pillar of India’s national security.

• Operation Bison (1948): During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1947–48, Pakistani-backed militias seized the pass to capture Ladakh. On November 1, 1948, the Indian Army executed Operation Bison, a daring assault that utilized M5 Stuart light tanks. This remains a historic military feat as the highest altitude at which armor had ever operated in combat at that time.
• Military Logistics: It is the primary artery for the movement of troops and heavy equipment to the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China and the Siachen Glacier region.
• Economic Lifeline: It ensures the supply of essential commodities (fuel, food, and medicine) to the civilian population of Ladakh.

Understanding the Hazard: Avalanches

• Definition: An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a slope, triggered when the weight of the snowpack exceeds the friction holding it in place.
• Contributing Factors:
  • Steep Slopes: Slopes without trees or large rocks lack the "anchors" needed to hold snow.
  • Weak Layers: Fresh snowfall over an icy or unstable "crust" creates a sliding plane.
  • Weather Fluctuations: Rapid temperature changes or heavy blizzards add weight and reduce cohesion.
• Impact: Avalanches can travel at speeds of 80–300 km/h, burying vehicles and infrastructure instantly.

In News:

The Wildlife Management Authority, in collaboration with the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, has successfully conserved nearly 20,000 Olive Ridley turtle eggs on Hope Island in Kakinada Bay, Andhra Pradesh. This highlights the growing importance of the East Coast, beyond Odisha, as a critical habitat for marine conservation.

Hope Island: A Sanctuary in Kakinada Bay

Hope Island serves as a vital nesting ground in Andhra Pradesh. Conservationists utilize the in-situ conservation method, where eggs are protected in their natural nesting environment to ensure higher hatching success and maintain the ecological balance of the bay.

Species Profile: Olive Ridley Turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea)

• Physical Characteristics: They are the world’s smallest and most abundant sea turtles. They are recognized by their unique heart-shaped, olive or grayish-green carapace.
• Habitat: Primarily found in the tropical waters of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans, inhabiting both the open sea and coastal regions.
• Diet: Being omnivorous, they feed on a variety of marine life including jellyfish, snails, crabs, and shrimp/algae.
• Behavioral Phenomemon (Arribada): They are famous for "Arribada"—a Spanish term for "arrival"—which refers to the synchronized mass nesting where thousands of females come ashore simultaneously to lay eggs (approx. 100–140 eggs per female).

Distribution and Key Indian Nesting Sites

The turtles undertake massive migrations from the Pacific toward the Indian coast, typically arriving between November and December and staying until April–May.

• Odisha: Home to the world's largest nesting sites, including Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, Rushikulya, and the Devi River mouth.
• Andhra Pradesh: Increasingly significant sites in Kakinada (Hope Island) and Visakhapatnam.
• Others: Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of the Tamil Nadu coast.

Conservation Status and Legal Framework

To mitigate the decline in population, Olive Ridleys are afforded the highest level of protection:

• IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
• Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972: Schedule I (highest protection in India).
• CITES: Appendix I (prohibits international trade).
• CMS (Convention on Migratory Species): Protected under this global intergovernmental treaty.

Threats and Protection Measures

Despite legal safeguards, the species faces multifaceted challenges:

• Major Threats:
  • Bycatch: Accidental entanglement in trawl and gill nets is the leading cause of mortality.
  • Poaching: Illegal trade of eggs and meat.
  • Habitat Loss: Coastal erosion and light pollution (which disorients hatchlings).
• Key Conservation Initiatives:
  • Operation Olivia: An annual mission by the Indian Coast Guard to enforce seasonal fishing bans and protect nesting sites.
  • Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs): Mandated for use in trawl nets to allow turtles to escape while retaining the fish catch.
  • Tagging Programs: Using metal tags to track migration patterns and nesting frequency.

In News:

The Union Government is set to revamp the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evamUtthaanMahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) scheme. With the current phase expiring in March 2026, the upcoming PM-KUSUM 2.0 aims to address structural gaps, specifically by incorporating Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) to harmonize solar generation with agricultural power demand.

Understanding PM-KUSUM: Evolution and Structure

Launched in 2019 by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), PM-KUSUM is a "triple-win" initiative designed to provide energy security to farmers, improve DISCOM finances, and contribute to India’s climate goals (COP30).

Core Components of the Scheme:

• Component A: Installation of decentralized ground-mounted, grid-connected solar power plants (up to 2 MW) on barren or fallow land.
• Component B: Deployment of standalone solar-powered agriculture pumps to replace diesel-based irrigation in off-grid areas.
• Component C: Solarization of existing grid-connected agriculture pumps through two sub-models:
  • Individual Pump Solarization (IPS)
  • Feeder Level Solarization (FLS): Solarizing the entire electricity feeder to improve efficiency at scale.

Funding Model (Shared Responsibility):

• Central Government: 30% subsidy.
• State Government: 30% subsidy.
• Farmer Contribution: 40% (often supported by bank loans).

(Note: For North Eastern, Hilly, and Island regions, the Central subsidy can go up to 50%).

The Shift to PM-KUSUM 2.0: Why Battery Storage?

The primary limitation of the current scheme is the temporal mismatch between solar energy generation and agricultural demand—a phenomenon often referred to as the "Duck Curve" challenge.

• The Mismatch: Solar power peaks around midday. However, agricultural irrigation demand often starts early in the morning and continues well after sunset.
• The Solution (BESS): Integrating batteries allows the storage of surplus solar energy generated during peak hours. This stored power can then be discharged during non-solar hours (evening/early morning), ensuring a reliable and round-the-clock (RTC) power supply for farmers.
• Policy Debate: The Ministry of Power has proposed a 4-hour storage capacity, whereas the MNRE suggests a 2-hour capacity. Discussions with the Ministry of Finance are ongoing to finalize the subsidy structure for these batteries.

Progress and Challenges (As of 2026)

While the program has made significant strides, it currently trails its ambitious target of 34.8 GW.

In News:

NASA is going to launch the Artemis II mission.

Mission Overview: Artemis II

Artemis II is a 10-day lunar flyby mission designed to test the integrated capabilities of NASA’s deep-space exploration systems. Unlike the later landing missions, Artemis II will follow a "free-return trajectory."

• Spacecraft: Orion Spacecraft.
• Launch Vehicle:Space Launch System (SLS), the most powerful rocket ever built, producing 8.8 million pounds of thrust (15% more than the Apollo-era Saturn V).
• Trajectory: The crew will travel approximately 7,400 km beyond the far side of the Moon. They will utilize a "gravity assist" (slingshot) maneuver, using lunar gravity to return to Earth without requiring a main engine burn to reverse course.

A Crew of "Firsts"

The four-person crew represents a significant departure from previous lunar missions, emphasizing diversity and international cooperation:

• Reid Wiseman (Commander): NASA veteran.
• Victor Glover (Pilot): First person of color to travel beyond Low-Earth Orbit (LEO).
• Christina Koch (Mission Specialist): First woman to reach the Moon’s vicinity.
• Jeremy Hansen (Mission Specialist): Representing the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), he is the first non-American to leave Earth's orbit.

Technological and Scientific Frontiers

Artemis II serves as a high-stakes laboratory for several cutting-edge technologies:

• Laser Communications (O2O): Testing infrared lasers to transmit data at 260 Mbps, enabling 4K video streaming from deep space.
• AVATAR Experiment: Using "organ-on-a-chip" technology to study the real-time effects of radiation and microgravity on human cells.
• Global CubeSats: Deployment of small satellites from Germany, Argentina, South Korea, and Saudi Arabia to study space weather and lunar shielding.

Evolution of Lunar Missions: Apollo vs. Artemis

While the Apollo missions were a Cold War-era demonstration of technological supremacy, the Artemis program is built for endurance and deep-space logistics.

The Global Lunar Landscape: Past to Future

The Moon has become a focal point for global geopolitics and "New Space" commercial ventures.

A. Historical Context (The Cold War Era)

• Luna 9 (USSR, 1966): First soft landing.
• Apollo 11 (USA, 1969): First humans on the Moon.
• Luna 24 (USSR, 1976): Last mission of the 20th century to return soil samples.

B. The Modern Era (The "New Race")

• Chang’e 4 (China, 2019): First landing on the Far Side of the Moon.
• Chandrayaan-3 (India, 2023): First nation to land near the Lunar South Pole, confirming the presence of sulfur.
• SLIM (Japan, 2024): Demonstrated "pinpoint" landing technology (within 100 meters).
• IM-1 Odysseus (USA/Private, 2024): First successful commercial landing.

C. Future Roadmap (2026–2028)

The focus is shifting toward In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)—mining lunar ice for fuel and oxygen.

• Griffin-1/VIPER (2026): US mission to scout for water ice at the South Pole.
• Chang’e 7 (2026): China’s search for water in shadowed craters using a "flying" detector.
• Artemis IV (2028): Expected first crewed landing of the Artemis program to establish a permanent base.

In News:

In March 2026, a landmark study published in the journal Clean Water revealed that extracellular RNA (exRNA) from bacteria can persist in drinking water even after standard disinfection processes. This discovery challenges the long-held scientific belief that RNA is too unstable to survive outside a living cell, opening new frontiers in both environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics.

Understanding Extracellular RNA (exRNA)

Traditionally, Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) was viewed as an intracellular molecule responsible for translating genetic instructions into proteins. However, scientists now recognize exRNA as a critical component of a "long-distance communication system" between cells.

• Definition: RNA molecules found outside cells, circulating in fluids such as blood, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and environmental water.
• Mechanism of Survival: To prevent enzymatic degradation by RNase (enzymes that break down RNA), exRNA is packaged in "molecular containers" known as Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, or bound to protective proteins.
• Function: Acts as a signaling medium, transferring genetic instructions to distant cells to coordinate immune responses, tissue repair, and development.

The 2026 Discovery: Persistence in Drinking Water

The recent study demonstrated that bacterial exRNA remains detectable in water long after the bacteria themselves have been neutralized by disinfectants (like chlorine or UV).

• "Molecular Snapshots": Unlike DNA, which identifies who the bacteria are, exRNA reveals their functional state—essentially providing a "snapshot" of the survival strategies and stress responses the bacteria employed just before death.
• Implications for Water Treatment: By analyzing these RNA patterns, scientists can identify which bacterial pathways (e.g., heat-shock proteins or efflux pumps) are resistant to specific treatments.
• Next-Gen Disinfection: This allows for the design of "precision disinfection" strategies that target these specific survival mechanisms rather than relying on generic chemical exposure.

Medical Applications: The Rise of Liquid Biopsy

The stability and accessibility of exRNA have revolutionized non-invasive diagnostics.

• Liquid Biopsy: Instead of traditional, painful tissue biopsies, doctors can identify specific exRNA patterns in a patient’s blood or serum.
• Early Detection: * Cancer: Tumor cells release unique exRNA signatures (oncosomes) that can be detected long before physical symptoms appear.
  • Heart Disease: Damaged cardiac muscles release specific RNA molecules into the bloodstream, serving as an early warning for cardiovascular events.
• Personalized Medicine: Real-time monitoring of exRNA allows clinicians to track how a disease is progressing or how a patient is responding to a specific treatment.

In News:

In early 2026, the Indian Army achieved a significant milestone in "network-centric warfare" by operationalizing Shaurya Squadrons. These are specialized drone sub-units integrated directly into armoured (tank) regiments. This move follows the successful implementation of Ashni Platoons in infantry battalions, marking a fundamental shift in how the Army conducts ground operations.

What are Shaurya Squadrons?

Shaurya Squadrons are dedicated drone units embedded within the Army’s armoured corps to provide organic aerial capabilities to tank commanders.

• Composition: Each squadron consists of 20 to 30 personnel specialized in drone piloting, data analysis, and counter-drone measures.
• Asset Mix: They operate a diverse fleet including:
  • Surveillance Drones: For real-time reconnaissance beyond the tank crew's line of sight.
  • Swarm Drones: For overwhelming enemy defenses through coordinated mass attacks.
  • First-Person View (FPV) Drones: Highly agile "kamikaze" drones used for precision strikes on enemy hatches, engine decks, or logistics nodes.
  • Loitering Munitions: "Suicide drones" that can hover over a battlefield for extended periods before engaging a target.

The "Sensor-to-Shooter" Revolution

The primary objective of these squadrons is to compress the Sensor-to-Shooter Cycle—the time elapsed between detecting a target (sensor) and neutralizing it (shooter).

• Traditional Model: Identifying a target often required relaying information up the chain of command to artillery or air support, a process taking minutes.
• Shaurya Model: By embedding drones at the unit level, the tank commander can detect and strike a target directly. The Army aims to reduce this cycle from minutes to mere seconds.
• Tactical Advantage: This allows for "Deep Precision Strikes" and protects heavy armour (like the T-90 Bhishma and Arjun Mk1A) from hidden threats like Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs).

Comparison: Shaurya Squadrons vs. Ashni Platoons

The Shaurya initiative scales up the "drone-first" philosophy pioneered by Ashni Platoons.

In News:

In late 2025 and early 2026, the Preah Vihear Temple, a 1,000-year-old UNESCO World Heritage site, suffered severe structural damage due to a resurgence of military hostilities between Cambodia and Thailand. Reports indicate that all five of the temple's notable Gopuras (gateway pavilions) have been damaged, some beyond recognition, marking a tragic chapter for this ancient Hindu-Buddhist monument.

Architectural Significance and Symbolism

Built during the height of the Khmer Empire, Preah Vihear is considered an "outstanding masterpiece" of Khmer architecture, notable for its integration with the natural landscape.

• Location: Perched atop a 525-meter cliff in the Dangrek Mountains, bordering Cambodia and Thailand.
• Religious Evolution: Originally dedicated to the Hindu God Shiva, it later transitioned into a Buddhist site, mirroring the spiritual shifts within the Khmer Empire.
• Historical Timeline: While foundations date to the 9th century, the most significant expansion occurred under Suryavarman I and Suryavarman II (the builder of Angkor Wat).
• Unique Layout: * Axis: Unlike typical Khmer temples that face East, Preah Vihear is aligned on an 800-meter north-south axis.
  • Cosmology: The series of sanctuaries linked by pavements and staircases rising toward the cliff represents Mount Meru, the sacred center of the universe in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist cosmologies.

The Century-Old Territorial Dispute

The conflict over the temple is a legacy of colonial-era cartography and national identity.

• The 1904 Treaty: A boundary treaty between France (the then-colonial power in Cambodia) and Siam (Thailand) originally placed the temple in Thai territory using the natural watershed of the Dangrek Mountains as the border.
• The 1907 Map: French officers later produced a map that deviated from the watershed line, placing the temple inside Cambodia. Thailand did not officially protest this map for decades, which became a critical point in later legal battles.
• UNESCO Recognition: In 2008, UNESCO designated it a World Heritage Site under Cambodian administration. This move reignited Thai nationalist sentiment, leading to sporadic armed clashes in 2008 and 2011.

International Law and ICJ Rulings

The dispute is a classic case study in International Law regarding border treaties and sovereign acquiescence.

• 1962 Ruling: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the temple belonged to Cambodia, primarily because Thailand had accepted the 1907 French map through "long-term acquiescence."
• 2013 Reaffirmation: Following further clashes, the ICJ clarified its 1962 ruling, stating that the entire promontory (the cliff and its immediate vicinity) belongs to Cambodia and ordered Thai forces to withdraw.

In News:

Recently, the National Housing Bank (NHB) launched the Gruha Sugam Portal, a pathbreaking digital marketplace designed to simplify and accelerate the home loan process for India’s frontline personnel and government employees.

Understanding the Gruha Sugam Portal

The Gruha Sugam Portal serves as a Unified Digital Marketplace that bridges the gap between government employees and formal lending institutions.

• Target Beneficiaries: Specifically tailored for Defence Personnel, Paramilitary Forces, and Government Employees (both Central and State).
• Core Objective: To enable a "location-independent" loan application process, allowing personnel posted in remote or border areas to secure housing finance without visiting physical bank branches.
• Operational Mechanism: Administrative units of respective departments can register on the portal. Employees then submit minimal data, which is relayed to multiple registered lenders who provide customized loan offers for comparison.

Salient Features of the Portal

• Digital Lending Adoption: Facilitates an end-to-end digital workflow, reducing bureaucratic friction and paper-heavy traditional processes.
• Market Transparency: Enables "discovery of the best offer" by allowing users to compare interest rates and terms from various Banks and Housing Finance Companies (HFCs).
• Enhanced Efficiency: Standardized workflows and digital verification significantly reduce the "turnaround time" (TAT) for loan sanctions.
• Consumer Protection: Includes a dedicated Grievance Redressal Mechanism and an Online Chat Facility for real-time query resolution and accountability.

Institutional Framework: National Housing Bank (NHB)

The NHB serves as the architect and regulator of this digital ecosystem.

• Status: Established on July 9, 1988, under the National Housing Bank Act, 1987. It is an All-India Financial Institution (AIFI).
• Ownership: Since April 24, 2019, the NHB is wholly owned by the Government of India (transferred from the Reserve Bank of India).
• Dual Role: * Supervision: NHB supervises Housing Finance Companies (HFCs).
  • Regulation: Note that the regulatory powers over HFCs (including registration) were transferred to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in 2019.
• Core Functions:
  • Financing: Providing financial support to housing finance institutions.
  • Promotion: Developing a viable and cost-effective housing finance system in India.
  • Supervision: Ensuring the financial health and consumer protection standards of HFCs.

In News:

Recently, the Rohini Nilekani Centre for Brain and Mind (CBM), a collaboration between the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) and the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS-TIFR)launched CALM-Brain in Bengaluru. It marks a milestone in India's neuroscientific research by creating the country’s first open-source digital repository for major psychiatric disorders.

What is CALM-Brain?

CALM-Brain (Comprehensive Assessment of Longitudinal Modal-Brain) is a first-of-its-kind digital storehouse of multidimensional data focused on the structure and function of the human brain.

• Objective: To provide a systematic, data-driven framework to understand the onset, progression, and biological markers of severe mental illnesses.
• Target Population: It currently hosts data from over 2,000 participants across 900 families, including both affected and unaffected members (a "family-based" approach).
• Open Source: The repository will be made available to clinicians and researchers globally to foster collaborative breakthroughs.

Core Features and Scope

The repository integrates data across five major neuropsychiatric disorders:

1. Addiction
2. Bipolar Disorder
3. Dementia
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
5. Schizophrenia

Multi-modal Data Types:

The platform does not rely on a single parameter but collects a "longitudinal" (time-series) dataset including:

• Neuro-imaging: High-resolution scans (fMRI, MRI).
• Clinical &Behavioural: Detailed patient histories and cognitive assessments.
• Genetic & Biological: Genetic analysis from blood samples and eye-tracking data.
• Biorepository Linkage: Crucially, the data is linked to a biorepository of stem cells, allowing scientists to grow "mini-brains" (organoids) in labs to study disease mechanisms at a cellular level.

Institutional Framework and Funding

• Origin: The initiative was conceived in 2016 under the Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS project).
• Funding: Jointly supported by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, and the Pratiksha Trust.
• Philanthropic Support: Launched and supported by Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies (RNP).

Significance for India

• Addressing Data Under-representation: Most global psychiatric studies are centric to Europe and North America. CALM-Brain provides a South Asian/Indian-specific dataset, which is vital because genetic and environmental factors affecting mental health vary across ethnicities.
• Precision Psychiatry: By identifying neurocognitive biomarkers, clinicians can move away from "one-size-fits-all" treatments toward personalized medicine (tailoring treatments based on a patient’s unique genetic and biological profile).
• Bridging the Treatment Gap: According to the National Mental Health Survey (2015-16), nearly 10.6% of Indian adults suffer from mental illnesses. CALM-Brain helps in early diagnosis, potentially reducing the massive economic loss (estimated by WHO at $1.03 trillion for India between 2012–2030).
• Shift to Biological Markers: Traditionally, psychiatry relies on observing symptoms. CALM-Brain aims to identify biological markers that cut across traditional diagnostic categories, leading to more accurate clinical interventions.

The launch of CALM-Brain aligns with the government's focus on mental health, as seen in the Union Budget 2026-27 proposal for NIMHANS-2 and the upgrading of regional institutes like the Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi. The integration of such repositories with the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) could further streamline mental healthcare delivery in India.

In News:

Recently, NASA used data from the Surface Water and Ocean Topography Satellite to develop a new high-resolution map of the ocean floor, improving understanding of underwater features and ocean dynamics.

About SWOT Satellite

·         The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite, launched in 2022, is a joint mission of NASA and CNES.

·         Its primary objective is to measure and monitor changes in Earth’s water bodies, including oceans, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.

·         Unlike traditional satellites, SWOT provides high-resolution, two-dimensional measurements of water surfaces, enabling scientists to track even subtle changes in water levels and flow patterns over time.

Key Features and Technology

At the core of SWOT’s capability is the Ka-band Radar Interferometer (KaRIn), which uses microwave signals to measure the height, width, and surface elevation of water bodies with high precision.

·         It scans nearly 90% of the Earth every 21 days, ensuring regular global coverage

·         Can observe:

o          Rivers wider than 330 feet

o          Over 1 million lakes and reservoirs larger than 5 acres

·         Captures over 55% of global flood events during their lifecycle

·         Detects small-scale ocean features such as currents and eddies, crucial for climate processes

Ocean Floor Mapping Significance

SWOT does not directly “see” the ocean floor but maps it indirectly by measuring variations in sea surface height, which reflect gravitational differences caused by underwater features like mountains and trenches.

This has enabled:

·         Creation of more accurate seabed maps

·         Better understanding of plate tectonics and ocean circulation

·         Insights into how oceans absorb heat and carbon, especially through small eddies

Importance

The SWOT mission represents a major advancement in hydrology and oceanography:

·         Enhances flood monitoring and disaster management

·         Improves water resource planning

·         Supports climate change studies, especially ocean heat uptake

·         Strengthens global efforts in sustainable water management

In News:

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released the PLFS Annual Report 2025, prepared by the National Statistical Office. This is the first report based on the calendar year (Jan–Dec 2025) with a revised methodology.

About PLFS

Launched in 2017, the Periodic Labour Force Survey provides comprehensive data on employment and unemployment in India. It uses two key approaches—Usual Status (ps ss) (365-day reference) and Current Weekly Status (CWS) (7-day reference)—to capture labour market dynamics.

Key indicators include:

• LFPR: Share of population working or seeking work
• WPR: Share of employed population
• UR: Share of unemployed in labour force

Key Trends in PLFS 2025

India’s labour market in 2025 shows stability with gradual improvement in employment conditions. The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) remained stable at 59.3%, while the Worker Population Ratio (WPR) stood at 57.4%, indicating sustained employment levels. The Unemployment Rate (UR) declined to 3.1%, reflecting better labour absorption.

• Youth unemployment (15–29 years) fell to 9.9%
• Rural unemployment remained low (~2.4%), while urban unemployment stood at ~4.8%

Structural Changes in Employment

There is a slow shift towards better-quality jobs. The share of regular wage/salaried employment increased to 23.6%, while self-employment declined to 56.2%, indicating gradual formalisation.

Sectorally:

• Agriculture continues to dominate but declined to 43.0%
• Manufacturing increased to 12.1%
• Services also expanded

Gender and Social Dimensions

Despite improvements, gender disparities remain significant. Female LFPR is still low at 40.0%, and social factors continue to influence participation.

• Many men stay out of labour force for education (69.8%)
• Women cite childcare and domestic responsibilities (44.4%)

However, a positive trend is visible in rising female wages:

• Self-employed: 8.8%
• Salaried: 7.2%

A notable work-hour gap persists, with men working significantly longer hours than women.

Education, Skills and Challenges

The average years of schooling reached 10 years, and a majority of the population has at least secondary education. However, skill development remains weak, with only 4.2% of individuals receiving formal vocational training.

A major concern is the NEET category, with about 25% of youth (15–29 years) not in employment, education, or training—posing a risk to India’s demographic dividend.

Methodological Changes

From 2025 onwards:

·         Survey cycle shifted to calendar year

·         Sample size significantly increased

·         Higher-frequency estimates introduced

Due to these changes, comparisons with earlier PLFS reports should be made cautiously.

In News:

A new butterfly species, Euthalia zubeengargi, has been recorded from Arunachal Pradesh, adding to India’s rich biodiversity, particularly in the Northeast.

About Euthalia zubeengargi

Euthalia zubeengargi is a butterfly species belonging to the genus Euthalia, which is widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia. The discovery highlights the ecological richness of Arunachal Pradesh, a known biodiversity hotspot.

• Habitat: Found in semi-evergreen forests at elevations of about 600–750 metres, particularly in cool and shaded interiors.
• Distribution: Part of a genus with 80 species recorded in Northeast India, indicating high regional diversity.

Physical and Behavioural Features

Members of the Euthalia genus, including this species, are typically associated with forest ecosystems and exhibit:

• Appearance:

• Earthy brown wings with pale spots
• Camouflaged coloration suited for forest habitats

• Behaviour:

• Prefer low vegetation and shaded areas
• Feed on:
  • Tree sap
  • Minerals from damp surfaces near streams
• Show activity mainly during late morning to early afternoon
• Characterised by short, slow flights between nearby plants

Ecological Significance

• Butterflies like Euthalia zubeengargi serve as important bioindicators:
• Their presence, diversity, and population reflect the health of ecosystems
• Sensitive to environmental changes such as:

o          Habitat loss

o          Climate change

o          Pollution

Thus, their discovery aids in monitoring biodiversity and conservation status of forest ecosystems.

In News:

The Institute of Indian Foundrymen (IIF) and CSIR-Central Road Research Institute have collaborated to develop solutions for the use of Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) in road construction, highlighting a push towards sustainable infrastructure.

What is Waste Foundry Sand?

Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) is a byproduct generated during metal casting processes in both ferrous and non-ferrous industries. It primarily consists of high-quality silica sand, which is repeatedly used in molds and cores before being discarded. Its physical and chemical properties vary depending on the casting process and type of metal industry, but it generally retains good strength and uniformity.

Types of Foundry Sand

Foundry sand is classified based on the binder system used:

• Clay-bonded (Green Sand):
  • Contains about 85–95% silica sand and 4–10% bentonite clay
  • Made from natural materials and widely used in conventional casting
• Chemically Bonded Sand:
  • Uses synthetic binders
  • Preferred for core making and high-strength molds that must withstand molten metal

Environmental Concerns and Need for Reuse

Large-scale generation of WFS creates disposal and environmental challenges, including landfill pressure and potential contamination risks. Since it is produced in bulk, its scientific reuse becomes crucial.

Use in Road Construction

WFS can be effectively utilised in road subgrades, embankments, and pavement layers as a partial substitute for natural sand. This not only reduces construction costs but also decreases dependence on natural resources.

Significance

The reuse of WFS aligns with:

• Circular economy principles
• Resource efficiency and waste minimisation
• Sustainable and eco-friendly infrastructure development

It represents an important step in integrating industrial waste into mainstream construction practices.

In News:

The Indian Institute of Management–Kozhikode (IIM-K) has entered the global Top 100 in the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2026, marking a significant milestone for Indian higher education.

About QS World University Rankings

• Published annually by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS).
• Provides global comparative assessment of universities across subjects and overall performance.

Evaluation Framework

QS uses a multi-layered methodology:

1.      Lenses (Thematic Categories):

• Research & Discovery
• Employability & Outcomes
• Global Engagement
• Learning Experience
• Sustainability

2.      Indicators (Performance Areas):

• Academic Reputation
• Employer Reputation
• Citations per Faculty
• Employment Outcomes

3.      Metrics:

• Quantitative tools used to calculate scores within each indicator.

Key Highlights – QS Rankings 2026

India’s Performance

• 120 new Indian institutions entered the rankings.
• India ranks 4th globally in new entries:
  • USA: 287
  • China: 181
  • UK: 159
• India now has the 4th largest institutional representation, after:
  • USA
  • China
  • UK

Notable Achievements by Indian Institutions

• Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode : Entered Top 100 globally (by subject) for the first time.
• Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad
  • Secured global rank 21 (India’s highest).
  • Maintains dominance in Mineral & Mining Engineering.
• Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
  • Achieved Top 25 globally in:
    • Business & Management Studies
    • Marketing
• Computer Science Domain:
  • 6 Indian institutions in global Top 100.
  • All improved their rankings compared to the previous year.

In News:

The Union Cabinet has approved the Regional Connectivity Scheme – Modified UDAN with a financial outlay of ?28,840 crore for the period 2026–2036, aiming to expand regional air connectivity and strengthen India’s aviation ecosystem.

About UDAN Scheme

• UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) is India’s flagship regional connectivity programme launched in 2016 to make air travel affordable and accessible.
• The Modified UDAN represents its next phase, focusing on sustainability, infrastructure expansion, and deeper regional integration.

Objectives

• Enhance connectivity to underserved and unserved regions
• Make air travel affordable for the common citizen
• Promote balanced regional development
• Support the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047
• Develop a globally competitive aviation sector

Key Features

1. Infrastructure Expansion (CAPEX)

• Development of 100 new airports from existing airstrips
• Investment of around ?12,159 crore

2. Helipad Network Development

• Construction of 200 modern helipads
• Each costing approximately ?15 crore
• Focus on hilly, remote, and island regions

3. Viability Gap Funding (VGF)

• Allocation of ?10,043 crore
• Financial support to airlines to ensure route viability
• Helps maintain affordable fares

4. Operation & Maintenance (O&M) Support

• Support for around 441 aerodromes
• Provided for 3 years (up to ?3.06 crore per airport annually)

5. Promotion of Indigenous Aviation

• Procurement of aircraft from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
  • HAL Dhruv helicopters
  • HAL Dornier aircraft
• Deployment by state-run carriers like Alliance Air and Pawan Hans

In News:

The Minister for Road Transport and Highways recently launched the PRISM-SG (Portal for Rail-Road Inspection & Stages Management – Steel Girders) in New Delhi to streamline approvals and inspections related to critical transport infrastructure.

About PRISM-SG Portal

• The PRISM-SG Portal is a technology-driven digital platform designed to enhance efficiency, transparency, and coordination in the construction of Road Over Bridges (ROBs) and railway-related bridge infrastructure.
• It integrates multiple stakeholders and processes into a single-window system, enabling seamless project execution.

Objectives

• Digitise approval and inspection processes for bridge construction
• Improve inter-agency coordination between road and rail authorities
• Ensure quality assurance and compliance in infrastructure projects
• Reduce delays and enhance project execution efficiency

Key Features

1. End-to-End Digital Workflow

• Online submission of documents
• Automated scrutiny and query resolution
• Digital approvals and inspection scheduling

2. Quality Assurance Integration

• Incorporates:
  • Quality Assurance Plan (QAP)
  • Welding Procedure Specification Sheet (WPSS)
  • Fabrication stage inspections of steel girders

3. Real-Time Monitoring & Audit

• Uploading of inspection reports, test results, and photographs
• Complete digital audit trail
• Real-time tracking of project progress

4. Multi-Stakeholder Integration

• Brings together:
  • Road Owning Departments
  • Indian Railways
  • Contractors and fabricators
  • Inspection agencies

In News:

The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of the Immigration, Visa, Foreigners Registration & Tracking (IVFRT) Scheme for the period 2026–2031, in line with evolving immigration needs and the recently enacted Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025.

About IVFRT Scheme

The IVFRT Scheme is a technology-driven platform aimed at integrating and streamlining:

• Immigration processes
• Visa issuance
• Registration and tracking of foreigners in India

It was initially approved in 2010 and has undergone multiple phases of expansion to enhance efficiency and security.

Current Phase

• Duration: 1 April 2026 – 31 March 2031
• Budget Outlay: ?1800 crore

Objectives

• Create a secure, integrated immigration ecosystem
• Facilitate legitimate international travel
• Strengthen national security and foreigner tracking mechanisms
• Improve ease of doing business and tourism flows

Key Features

1. Emerging Technology Integration

• Adoption of mobile-based immigration services
• Deployment of self-service kiosks and e-gates
• Use of advanced digital platforms for seamless passenger movement

2. Transformation of Core Infrastructure

• Upgradation of:
  • Immigration Check Posts (ICPs)
  • Foreigners Regional Registration Offices (FRROs)
  • Data centres and backend systems
• Development of a resilient and scalable nationwide system

3. Technology & Service Optimization

• Introduction of unified digital platforms
• Revamping of core application architecture
• Strengthening of network systems for faster and efficient service delivery

Achievements of IVFRT System

• 100% faceless and contactless visa processing system
• Around 91% of e-Visas processed within 72 hours
• Reduction in immigration clearance time:

o          From5–6 minutes to 2.5–3 minutes

• Introduction of Fast Track Immigration–Trusted TravellerProgramme (FTI-TTP):

o          Clearance time reduced to ~30 seconds at e-gates

• Coverage:

o          117 Immigration Posts

o          15 FRROs

o          850 Foreigners Registration Offices (FROs)

In News:

The Union Cabinet has approved India’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for the period 2031–2035, to be submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in line with the Paris Agreement.

About Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

NDCs are national climate action plans through which countries outline:

• Targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation)
• Measures for adapting to climate change impacts

The 2031–2035 NDC builds upon India’s earlier commitments for 2030 and reflects enhanced ambition aligned with development goals.

Objectives of India’s NDC (2031–2035)

• Align economic growth with environmental sustainability
• Support the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047
• Progress towards net-zero emissions by 2070
• Ensure climate justice and equity under CBDR-RC principles

Key Targets

1. Emissions Intensity Reduction: Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 47% from 2005 levels by 2035

2. Non-Fossil Fuel Capacity: Achieve 60% of installed electric power capacity from non-fossil sources

3. Carbon Sink Creation: Create an additional 3.5–4.0 billion tonnes of CO? equivalent through forest and tree cover

India’s Climate Performance: A Strong Track Record

• Achieved 33–35% emissions intensity reduction target well before 2030
• Reached over 52% non-fossil fuel capacity (2026), ahead of schedule
• Created 2.29 billion tonnes of CO? equivalent carbon sink by 2021

This early achievement enhances India’s global credibility in climate governance.

Key Features of the Updated NDC

1. Whole-of-Government Approach

• Developed through 10 working groups under NITI Aayog
• Involves ministries, industry, experts, and civil society

2. Clean Energy and Green Growth

• Expansion of renewable energy and green infrastructure
• Key initiatives:
  • Green Hydrogen Mission
  • PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana
  • PM-KUSUM Scheme
  • Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)

3. Focus on Climate Adaptation

• Coastal protection via mangrove restoration (MISHTI)
• Glacier monitoring and Himalayan ecosystem protection
• Heat Action Plans and disaster-resilient infrastructure

4. Institutional Framework

• Implemented through:
  • National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
  • State Action Plans (SAPCCs)

5. People-Centric Approach

• Promotion of Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE)
• Campaigns like Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam to encourage mass participation

6. Global Climate Leadership

• Active role in:
  • International Solar Alliance
  • Global Biofuel Alliance
  • Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)

In News:

Amid escalating geopolitical tensions in West Asia, particularly around the Strait of Hormuz, India has launched Operation Urja Suraksha to safeguard its critical energy supply routes.

About Operation Urja Suraksha

Operation Urja Suraksha is a strategic maritime security mission initiated by the Indian Navy to ensure the safe transit of India-bound energy cargo vessels from the Persian Gulf region.

Key Objectives

• Ensure uninterrupted supply of crude oil, LNG, and LPG to India
• Provide secure navigation and escort services in conflict-prone waters
• Prevent disruptions from threats such as piracy, sea mines, and regional hostilities

Key Features of the Operation

1. Naval Escort Mechanism

• Deployment of Indian naval warships to escort merchant vessels
• Escort begins after ships exit the Strait of Hormuz and continues into the Arabian Sea

2. Layered Maritime Security

• Use of destroyers and stealth frigates equipped with advanced surveillance and communication systems
• Real-time coordination between naval assets for threat detection and response

3. Safe Route Navigation

• Identification of secure maritime corridors
• Avoidance of high-risk zones prone to mines, drone threats, or electronic warfare

Strategic Significance

1. Energy Security

• India imports nearly 80–85% of its crude oil, a significant portion of which passes through the Strait of Hormuz
• The operation reduces vulnerability to supply shocks and price volatility

2. Geopolitical Relevance

• Demonstrates India’s proactive role in securing Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs)
• Enhances India’s credibility as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

3. Maritime Capability Enhancement

• Showcases India’s blue-water naval capabilities
• Strengthens deterrence and rapid-response capacity in crisis situations

In News:

The Union Budget 2026–27 introduced the Biopharma SHAKTI scheme, aimed at transforming India’s pharmaceutical sector by promoting advanced biologics and reducing reliance on animal testing through Non-Animal Methodologies (NAMs). This marks a shift towards innovation-driven, human-relevant drug development.

Background: India’s Pharmaceutical Strength and Emerging Needs

India has established itself as a global leader in pharmaceuticals, ranking among the top producers of generic medicines and supplying a significant share of vaccines worldwide. The sector has achieved substantial scale, with a turnover of ?4.72 lakh crore (FY25) and strong export growth.

However, the next phase of growth requires a transition from generics to high-value biologics and biosimilars, especially in response to the rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders.

Biopharma SHAKTI Scheme: Key Features

• Biopharma SHAKTI (Strategy for Healthcare Advancement through Knowledge, Technology, and Innovation) is designed to create an end-to-end ecosystem for advanced biopharmaceuticals.
• With a financial outlay of ?10,000 crore over five years, the scheme focuses on strengthening research, manufacturing, and regulatory capacity. It aligns with earlier initiatives such as the National Biopharma Mission.
• The programme promotes the development of affordable biologics, enhances infrastructure through expansion of institutions like NIPERs, and builds a nationwide clinical trial network to accelerate drug development. It also aims to streamline regulatory processes by strengthening institutions such as CDSCO.

Understanding Biologics and Biosimilars

Unlike conventional small-molecule drugs, biologics are produced using living systems and have complex molecular structures. They include products such as insulin, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines, which are crucial for treating chronic and life-threatening diseases.

Biosimilars are cost-effective alternatives to these biologics, offering similar therapeutic benefits at significantly lower costs. Their development is critical for improving accessibility and affordability of advanced treatments.

Non-Animal Methodologies (NAMs): A Paradigm Shift

A central feature of the scheme is the promotion of Non-Animal Methodologies (NAMs), which aim to replace or reduce traditional animal testing.

NAMs rely on human-relevant models and advanced technologies such as organoids, organ-on-a-chip systems, 3D bioprinting, and AI-based simulations. These approaches replicate human physiology more accurately, enabling better prediction of drug safety and efficacy.

They also align with global ethical standards and the principle of the 3Rs—Replace, Reduce, Refine in animal testing.

Advantages of NAMs

NAMs offer several advantages over conventional methods. They improve predictive accuracy, reducing the risk of adverse outcomes in clinical trials. They also enhance efficiency by lowering development costs and shortening timelines.

Furthermore, they enable precision medicine, as patient-derived models can be used to design personalised therapies. Regulatory recognition of NAMs in India has further strengthened their adoption.

In News:

Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann demanded Rs 1.44 lakh crore as water royalty from Rajasthan, citing a 1920 colonial-era tripartite agreement under which Rajasthan paid a fee for water until 1960, but after the Indus Waters Treaty, stopped paying despite continuously drawing 18,000 cusecs of water. Punjab has raised the issue with both the Union Government and Rajasthan, seeking a formal review of the 1920 agreement.

Historical Timeline

Constitutional & Legal Framework

Constitutional Provisions:

• Entry 17, State List — Water primarily a State subject
• Entry 56, Union List — Centre regulates inter-state rivers in public interest
• Article 262 — Empowers Parliament to adjudicate inter-state river disputes; can exclude Supreme Court jurisdiction

Statutory Framework — ISWD Act, 1956: Provides for Tribunal formation upon state request. Tribunal's Award, once gazetted, holds the force of a Supreme Court decree.

Key SC Judgements:

•  Karnataka v. Tamil Nadu (2018) — Cauvery declared a "National Asset"; drinking water needs given primacy
• Punjab Termination Act Case (2016) — Unilateral cancellation of inter-state agreements unconstitutional
• Narmada Bachao Andolan v. UoI (2000) — Water is part of the Right to Life (Article 21); Tribunal Awards are final and binding

Root Causes of Inter-State Water Disputes

• Water Scarcity: Per capita availability has fallen from 5,200 cubic metres (1950) to 1,400–1,500 cubic metres (2024), approaching the scarcity threshold of 1,000 cubic metres by 2050
• Agricultural Intensification: Punjab's groundwater extraction rate stands at 156.36% — nearly three times the national average of 60.63%
• Conflictual Federalism: Water straddles the State List and Union List, creating jurisdictional friction when states prioritise narrow interests
• Hydro-Politics: Electoral compulsions harden state positions, delaying negotiated settlements
• Tribunal Delays: The Cauvery dispute lasted over 30 years — rendering awards difficult to implement

Way Forward

• Benefit-Sharing over Water-Sharing — States cooperate on crop specialisation suited to agro-climatic zones rather than fighting over volumetric allocation
• Digital Twins of River Basins — AI-powered 3D basin models using satellite data (RISAT) for objective "What-If" simulations replacing political bargaining
• Permanent Tribunal — Replace ad hoc bodies with a Single Permanent ISWD Tribunal with specialised benches, as proposed in the ISWD (Amendment) Bill, 2019
• Mediation-First — Mandate neutral expert Dispute Resolution Committees before legal adjudication
• Water Budgets — States must demonstrate efficient irrigation use (drip irrigation, mulching) before claiming larger shares
• Blue Grants — Additional Central funding as cooperative federalism incentive for states entering joint water management agreements

In News:

Union Minister for Information & Broadcasting Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw launched three major initiatives aimed at strengthening India's media, broadcasting, and digital sector and promoting the creative economy - namely, the National AI Skilling Initiative in partnership with Google and YouTube through the Indian Institute of Creative Technologies (IICT); MyWAVES, a citizen creator platform on WAVES OTT; and the rollout of Advanced Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) and in-built satellite tuners in television sets for enhancing access to DD Free Dish services.

What is the Orange Economy?

The Orange Economy, also referred to as the Creative Economy, is a production model where value is derived primarily from intellectual property, creativity, and cultural capital rather than physical manufacturing or natural resources.

Key Sectors: AVGC-XR (Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics, and Extended Reality), film, music, fashion, design, advertising, performing arts, and cultural tourism.

Economic Significance:

·         Accounts for approximately 3% of global GDP and supports 30 million jobs worldwide

·         India's entertainment and media revenue is projected to grow from USD 35.3 billion in 2025 to USD 47.2 billion by 2029

·         Budget 2026-27 announced the establishment of AVGC Content Creator Labs in 15,000 schools and 500 colleges, targeting a skilled workforce of 2 million professionals by 2030

The Three Transformative Initiatives

1. National AI Skilling Initiative

The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, in partnership with Google and YouTube, has announced a national AI skilling initiative to train 15,000 participants from the creative and media sectors. This initiative is being implemented through the Indian Institute of Creative Technologies (IICT), and is aimed at strengthening AI capabilities in areas such as animation, visual effects, gaming, and comics (AVGC) and media technology.

The programme is structured in two phases:

·         Phase I (March–June 2026): Focuses on foundational AI learning at scale through Google Career Certificates and Google Cloud Generative AI learning paths. Participants will undergo courses such as AI Essentials, Prompting Essentials, Introduction to Generative AI, and Generative AI Leader Path. Successful completion of this phase will be mandatory for progression to the next stage.

·         Phase II (July–December 2026): Focuses on advanced, hands-on and project-based specialization for the creative industry. The curriculum will include modules on the art of storytelling, YouTube best practices, and advanced training using AI tools such as Gemini 3, Nano Banana, Veo, and Vertex AI. The training will be conducted in major cities across the country.

Importantly, around 15,000 youths will be trained without any fee.

2. MyWAVES — Citizen Creator Platform

MyWAVES is a new feature within the WAVES OTT platform that will enable citizens to create, upload, and share content. MyWaves is designed as a structured platform for user-generated content (UGC) that will also support participation in national initiatives such as the Create in India Challenge.

The platform marks a shift from content viewing to active content participation, making WAVES OTT a platform not only for viewing but also for creation. MyWaves will support multiple formats including short videos, vertical videos, and episodic content, and will offer a multilingual interface across Indian languages.

The Create in India Challenge (CIC) with which MyWAVES aligns hosts competitions across diverse themes including the Anime Challenge, AI Film Making, Comics Creator Championship, Truth Tell Hackathon (to combat misinformation), and XR Creator Hackathon, collectively empowering India's grassroots creator economy.

3. Advanced EPG with In-Built Satellite Tuners

The Ministry of Information & Broadcasting has introduced television sets with built-in satellite tuners along with a new, user-friendly programme guide (EPG). With this initiative, viewers will be able to watch DD Free Dish channels directly on their television sets without the need for a separate set-top box, thereby reducing additional costs, wiring, and the hassle of multiple remotes.

The new advanced programme guide will allow users to easily browse channels and programme schedules in one place through a simple and intuitive interface, making the overall viewing experience more convenient for households across the country. This initiative holds particular significance for remote and rural areas where last-mile connectivity and hardware affordability remain persistent barriers.

In News:

The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on March 25, 2026 by the Minister of State for Home Affairs, proposing significant changes to the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010. The Bill has since triggered considerable political debate, with its Lok Sabha discussion deferred amid opposition protests and political sensitivities ahead of the Kerala Assembly elections.

What is the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010?

The FCRA, 2010 is a central legislation administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) that regulates the acceptance, utilisation, and accounting of foreign contributions received by individuals, associations, and NGOs in India.

Key Facts:

·         Originally enacted in 1976; comprehensively revised in 2010; further amended in 2016, 2018, and 2020

·         Around 16,000 organisations are currently registered under FCRA

·         These organisations collectively receive approximately ?22,000 crore annually

·         All foreign contributions must be received through a single designated account at the State Bank of India, New Delhi (main branch)

·         Registration is valid for five years and must be renewed at least six months before expiry

·         Foreign funds cannot be sub-granted to unregistered entities

·         Foreign funding is prohibited for politicians, journalists, judges, and government servants

Permitted Uses of Foreign Funds: Cultural, economic, educational, social, and religious activities only.

What is the Legal Gap the Bill Seeks to Address?

Under Section 15 of the existing Act, assets created from foreign contributions vest in a prescribed authority upon cancellation or surrender of FCRA registration. However, no clear procedural mechanism exists for the subsequent management, supervision, or disposal of such assets — leading to administrative uncertainty and potential misuse. The 2026 Bill addresses this by inserting a new Chapter IIIA into the Act.

Key Provisions of the Amendment Bill, 2026

1. Designated Authority

A government-appointed Designated Authority is empowered to:

• Provisionally take over, supervise, manage, and dispose of foreign contributions and assets of NGOs whose registration is cancelled, surrendered, or lapsed
• Return unutilised funds and assets if registration is subsequently renewed or restored
• Permanently vest assets if the organisation fails to secure fresh registration within a prescribed period
• Preserve the religious character of any place of worship taken over under the Act

Proceeds from asset disposal are credited to the Consolidated Fund of India.

2. Expanded Definition of "Key Functionary"

Personal liability is extended to directors, trustees, partners, karta of Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), and office-bearers of societies and trade unions — unless they prove lack of knowledge or due diligence.

3. Prior Approval for Investigations

Any law enforcement agency or State government must obtain prior Central Government approval before initiating FCRA-related investigations, significantly centralising oversight.

4. Rationalised Penalties

Maximum imprisonment for FCRA offences reduced from five years to one year, with rationalised penalties to decriminalise inadvertent procedural lapses.

5. Other Provisions

• Fixed timelines for receipt and utilisation of foreign funds
• Automatic cessation of registration upon non-renewal
• Appeals against Designated Authority orders to be filed before the District Judge within 90 days

In News:

Union Budget 2026–27 nearly doubled the PM-KUSUM allocation to Rs. 5,000 crore, and the government is considering a National AgriPV Mission (10 GW target) under PM-KUSUM 2.0.

About Agri-Photovoltaics (AgriPV)

Agri-Photovoltaics (AgriPV), or Agrivoltaics, is the simultaneous dual use of agricultural land for both solar power generation and crop cultivation. Instead of clearing farmland for solar parks, panels are elevated above or spaced between crops — creating a symbiotic system where plants and panels mutually enhance each other's performance.

How It Works

Solar panels installed above crops provide partial shade, reducing heat stress and water evaporation. In return, plant transpiration cools the panels from below, improving their photovoltaic efficiency by 2–5%. The result: one plot of land produces both food and clean electricity.

·         Elevated Systems: Panels mounted ~3m high. Crops grow below; machinery can operate freely. Best for large-scale mechanised farms.

·         Row-Based Systems: Panels in rows with wide gaps. Sun-loving crops in gaps; shade-tolerant crops directly below. Most common in India.

·         Vertical (Bifacial): Panels installed upright like fences, capturing sunlight from both faces. Minimises land coverage.

·         Greenhouse-Integrated: Panels built into greenhouse roofs. Combines controlled-environment agriculture with power generation.

Why India Needs AgriPV

India faces a structural contradiction: its 300 GW solar target by 2030 requires 4–5 acres per MW, but over 55% of India's land is agricultural (156 million hectares), sustaining 60% of the workforce. Mass diversion of farmland for solar is neither viable nor acceptable.

AgriPV resolves this by transforming the food-energy relationship from competition to complementarity — achieving solar targets without displacing a single farmer or clearing a single forest. With over 300 days of sunshine annually across India's agricultural heartland, the natural conditions for AgriPV are exceptional.

Key Benefits

For Farmers

·         Income diversification — sell surplus electricity to DISCOMs or earn lease/revenue from developers

·         Lower input costs — solar replaces expensive diesel pumps for irrigation

·         Example: A Maharashtra farmer earns fixed developer rent while harvesting chillies or brinjal beneath the panels

For Agriculture

·         Water conservation — panel shade reduces evapotranspiration; fewer irrigation cycles needed in arid Rajasthan and Gujarat

·         Climate resilience — panels shield crops from heatwaves, hailstorms, and erratic rainfall

·         Stronger value chains — decentralised power runs cold storage, chaff cutters, and food processing locally

For the Environment

·         Cuts diesel-based agricultural emissions

·         Reduces transmission losses through distributed generation

·         Avoids large-scale land clearance compared to conventional solar parks

Suitable Crops by Region

Policy & Current Status

PM-KUSUM Scheme (2019, MNRE)

·         Component A: Solar plants (up to 2 MW) on barren/fallow/cultivable land

·         Component B: Standalone solar-powered irrigation pumps

·         Component C: Solarisation of grid-connected agricultural pumps

·         Budget 2026–27: Allocation nearly doubled to Rs. 5,000 crore

·         Proposed PM-KUSUM 2.0: AgriPV as a dedicated 10 GW component

State Initiatives

Current Status (2026): ~50 pilot AgriPV installations are active across India (including ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur). The India Agrivoltaics Alliance (IAA), anchored by NSEFI, is a 40 member platform working with MNRE, Agriculture, and Rural Development ministries. Large-scale commercial replication has not yet begun. The global AgriPV market is projected to grow at 8.3% CAGR, reaching USD 7.61 billion by 2031.

In News:

In a major stride toward self-reliance in defense technology, the Indian Air Force (IAF) has unveiled Project Vayu Baan (Air Arrow). This initiative marks the development of India’s first Helicopter-Launched Drone System, officially categorized as an Air-Launched Effect (ALE). Developed by the IAF’s Directorate of Aerospace Design (DAD), the project aims to integrate unmanned systems with manned rotary-wing platforms to enhance lethality and survivability in contested airspaces.

Technical Overview: How Vayu Baan Operates

The Vayu Baan is a compact, autonomous drone engineered for mid-air deployment from moving helicopters.

1. Deployment: The drone is dropped from a mother ship (such as the Prachand LCH or ALH Dhruv).
2. Activation: Post-release, the system unfolds its wings and activates its propulsion system to transition into controlled flight.
3. Mission Profile: It functions as a "Loyal Wingman" for helicopters, capable of switching between high-definition ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) and acting as a Precision-Guided Munition (Kamikaze drone).

Key Features and Specifications

The Vayu Baan system is tailored for the specific challenges of the modern battlefield, particularly along India's mountainous borders:

• Stand-off Range: The drone can travel over 50 km after release, allowing the host helicopter to remain outside the range of enemy MANPADS (Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems).
• Endurance: It offers a loitering time of approximately 30 minutes, providing a window to scout targets or wait for optimal strike conditions.
• GNSS-Denied Navigation: A critical feature is its ability to operate in electronic warfare (EW) environments. It uses advanced flight control systems to navigate even when GPS/GNSS signals are jammed.
• Advanced Sensors: Equipped with EO/IR (Electro-Optical/Infrared) sensors, ensuring operational efficiency during both day and night missions.
• Swarm Potential: A single helicopter can deploy multiple units, creating a localized "mini-swarm" to overwhelm enemy defenses through saturation.

In News:

In a major push to align Indian Railways with the National Logistics Policy, the Union Ministry of Railways has unveiled five pivotal structural reforms under the "Reform Express" initiative. This brings the total number of policy interventions in 2026 to nine. The initiative targets three critical pillars: Cargo Logistics, Infrastructure Integrity, and Passenger Digital Empowerment, aiming to reduce logistics costs and enhance the ease of travel.

I. Revolutionizing Cargo & Freight Logistics

The reforms specifically target the transport of essential and high-value commodities to increase the railways' modal share in freight.

• Specialized Salt Logistics: India is a top global producer of salt, yet rail transport has historically faced challenges due to the corrosive nature of the commodity.
  • Innovation: Introduction of top-loading, stainless steel containers with hydraulic side-discharge mechanisms.
  • Impact: Prevents wagon corrosion, eliminates water seepage (common in traditional open wagons), and allows for seamless multimodal "site-to-warehouse" transport.
• Flexible Automobile Transport: Currently, rail accounts for approximately 24% of passenger vehicle movement.
  • Innovation: Introduction of route-specific, flexible wagon designs. This allows manufacturers to customize wagons to bypass physical constraints like low-clearance bridges and narrow tunnels.
  • Impact: Enhances capacity utilization and accelerates the delivery of automobiles across diverse terrains.

II. Infrastructure Governance and Project Execution

To address delays and "predatory bidding," the Ministry has overhauled the contracting framework for railway projects.

• Stricter Contractor Eligibility: The single-project experience requirement has been raised from 35% to 50% of the total project value. Additionally, at least 20% of prior experience must be in railway-specific works.
• Financial Safeguards: * Bid Security: Fixed at a flat 2% of the project value to deter frivolous bidders.
  • Anti-Predatory Measures: If a bid is more than 5% below the estimated cost, the bidder must provide an additional 5% performance guarantee to ensure project quality is not compromised.
• Accountability: Subcontracting limits have been reduced from 70% to 40%, forcing primary contractors to execute at least 60% of the work directly.

III. Enhancing Passenger Experience and Ticketing Integrity

Digital reforms have been implemented to protect genuine travelers from touts and speculative bookings.

• Ticketing Clean-up: Through advanced data analytics and Aadhaar-based OTP verification, the Railways removed nearly 3 crore (30 million) fake accounts from the IRCTC database.
• Revised Cancellation Windows: To curb last-minute speculation, the cancellation slabs have been revised to 72, 24, and 8 hours before departure.
  • Note: No refunds are permitted for cancellations made less than 8 hours before departure.
• Dynamic Flexibility:
  • Boarding Point Change: Passengers can now digitally change their boarding station up to 30 minutes before the train's departure from its origin.
  • Class Upgrades: Digital class upgrades are now permitted up to 30 minutes before departure (previously restricted to before chart preparation).
  • Refund Automation: The requirement for filing a Ticket Deposit Receipt (TDR) for e-tickets has been abolished; refunds are now processed automatically upon cancellation.