In News:

A total lunar eclipse is scheduled on 3 March 2026 (12 Phalguna 1947 Saka Era), offering a rare celestial spectacle visible from large parts of the globe including most regions of India. This astronomical event holds significance for both scientific observation and cultural discourse, coinciding with the traditional period of Holi festivities in North India.

What is a Lunar Eclipse?

A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth positions itself directly between the Sun and the Moon during the full Moon phase, such that the Earth’s shadow falls on the Moon. This alignment (known as syzygy) results in the Moon entering Earth’s shadow and becoming darkened.

The Earth’s shadow comprises two parts:

• Umbra – The central, darker region where the Sun’s rays are completely blocked.
• Penumbra – The outer, lighter region where sunlight is only partially obstructed.

Depending on how the Moon traverses these shadow zones, eclipses are categorised as:

• Penumbral Eclipse – Moon passes through the penumbra only; very subtle.
• Partial Eclipse – Part of the Moon enters the umbra.
• Total Eclipse – The whole lunar disk enters Earth’s umbra and undergoes complete darkening.

When totality occurs, the Moon often acquires a reddish or coppery hue — popularly known as the “Blood Moon” — due to Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in Earth’s atmosphere. Shorter wavelengths (blue/green light) scatter out, while longer red wavelengths bend into the shadowed region and illuminate the Moon indirectly.

Why Does the Moon Turn Red?

During totality, the Moon’s direct sunlight is completely blocked by the Earth. However, Earth’s atmosphere refracts sunlight, bending the longer red wavelengths into the umbra and onto the lunar surface. This indirect illumination produces the distinctive red or copper hue of the Moon during the peak eclipse phase. This optical effect is the same reason why sunrises and sunsets appear red on Earth.

Cultural and Observational Relevance

• Cultural Context: The eclipse occurs just a day before the festival of Holi in some regional calendars, creating conversations around tradition, auspiciousness, and ritual observances such as Sutak period (a traditional eclipse-related phase affecting religious practices).
• Scientific Observation: Since the entire sequence spans several hours and involves the full transition through penumbral and umbral shadows, it provides valuable opportunities for both amateur and professional astronomers to study Earth’s atmospheric effects and lunar motion.
• Public Skywatching: Skywatching events and public outreach programmes, such as planetarium viewings, encourage scientific literacy and appreciation of astronomy among students and the general public.

In News:

National Science Day is observed every year on 28th February to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by eminent Indian physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1928. The day serves as a reminder of India’s scientific legacy and the importance of fostering innovation and research in nation-building.

The year 2026 theme - “Women in Science: Catalyzing Viksit Bharat” - emphasizes the role of women scientists in advancing India’s journey towards becoming a developed nation.

Historical Background

• Sir C.V. Raman discovered the Raman Effect on 28 February 1928.
• For this groundbreaking work, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, becoming the first Asian to receive a Nobel Prize in the sciences.
• The first National Science Day was celebrated on 28 February 1987, institutionalizing the observance as an annual tradition to promote scientific awareness.

The primary objective of National Science Day is to spread awareness about the importance of science and its applications in everyday life and national development.

The Raman Effect

The Raman Effect refers to a phenomenon in which:

• When a beam of light passes through a transparent medium (such as a liquid or gas),
• A small portion of the scattered light undergoes a change in wavelength.

This shift in wavelength occurs due to the interaction between light and the vibrational and rotational energy levels of molecules in the medium.

The discovery laid the foundation for Raman Spectroscopy, a powerful analytical tool widely used in physics, chemistry, material science, and medical diagnostics.

Contributions of Sir C.V. Raman

Sir C.V. Raman made significant contributions to scientific research and institution-building in India:

• Founded the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926 to promote indigenous scientific research.
• Became the first Indian Director of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, in 1933, strengthening India’s research ecosystem.
• Established the Raman Research Institute (RRI) in 1948, which continues to be a leading centre for fundamental research.
• Awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954, India’s highest civilian honour.

His life exemplified scientific excellence combined with institution-building for long-term national progress.

Theme 2026: Women in Science and Viksit Bharat

The 2026 theme highlights:

• The need to enhance women’s participation in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields.
• Recognition of women scientists as key drivers of innovation, research, and technological advancement.
• Alignment with the broader vision of “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India) by 2047.

Encouraging gender equity in science contributes to inclusive growth, diverse perspectives in research, and sustainable development outcomes.

Significance

National Science Day promotes:

• Development of scientific temper, as envisaged under Article 51A(h) of the Constitution (Fundamental Duties).
• Awareness about research and innovation ecosystems in India.
• Engagement of students, researchers, and institutions in scientific pursuits.
• Public understanding of science as a tool for socio-economic transformation.

In News:

A recent grid oscillation recorded in Rajasthan was reportedly felt as far as Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu, highlighting the growing stress within India’s national electricity grid. The incident has drawn attention to structural challenges in managing the rapid expansion of renewable energy while ensuring grid stability.

What are Grid Oscillations?

Grid oscillations refer to rapid fluctuations in voltage and frequency within the power transmission network. These fluctuations typically arise when there is a sudden mismatch between electricity generation and demand.

With increasing penetration of solar and wind energy, which are inherently variable and weather-dependent, the grid faces intermittent supply conditions. When not balanced properly, such variations can:

• Destabilise transmission voltage and frequency
• Damage equipment
• Trigger cascading failures
• Lead to large-scale blackouts

The recent oscillation event underscores the sensitivity of interconnected grids across long distances in India’s unified national grid.

Key Reasons for Grid Instability

• Limited Grid Flexibility and Automation: India’s grid is not yet sufficiently “smart” to seamlessly switch between conventional (coal-based) and renewable sources. Inadequate automation, limited real-time balancing mechanisms, and weak forecasting systems restrict efficient load management.
• Coal Plant Inflexibility: Coal-fired power plants are designed primarily for baseload supply, operating at steady output levels. They cannot ramp up or down rapidly to compensate for sudden drops or surges in renewable generation. This structural rigidity makes balancing intermittent sources difficult.
• Inadequate Energy Storage Infrastructure: Large-scale battery storage and pumped hydro facilities remain limited. Without sufficient storage:
  • Surplus renewable energy cannot be stored for later use.
  • Sudden drops in renewable output create supply gaps.
  • Grid stability becomes vulnerable during peak fluctuations.

India’s Renewable Energy Expansion

India has made significant strides in renewable energy capacity:

• 48 GW of renewable capacity was added in 2025, the highest-ever annual addition.
• Non-fossil sources now account for approximately 52% of installed capacity (around 264 GW).

However, a critical structural gap remains:

• Despite the large installed renewable capacity, nearly 75% of actual electricity generation still comes from coal because it provides reliable, on-demand power.

This highlights the distinction between installed capacity and actual generation share, an important concept for energy policy analysis.

Structural and Policy Implications

• Need for Smart Grid Modernisation: Deployment of advanced forecasting tools, AI-based load management, and automated switching systems is essential to manage renewable variability.
• Flexible Thermal Operations: Retrofitting coal plants for flexible operations can improve ramping capability and support renewable balancing.
• Energy Storage Expansion: Investment in:
  • Grid-scale battery storage
  • Pumped hydro storage
  • Green hydrogen-based storage is critical for long-term stability.
• Grid Infrastructure Strengthening: Transmission upgrades under initiatives like the Green Energy Corridors must be accelerated to integrate renewable-rich regions with demand centres.

In News:

Recently, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted three consecutive flight trials of the indigenously developed Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, Odisha. The successful trials mark a significant milestone in India’s efforts to enhance self-reliance in defence manufacturing under the broader framework of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

About VSHORADS

• VSHORADS is a Man-Portable Air Defence System (MANPADS) designed to neutralise low-altitude aerial threats.
• It has been indigenously designed and developed by Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad, in collaboration with other DRDO laboratories and Development-cum-Production Partners.
• The system is intended to strengthen India’s last-mile air defence capability, particularly against fast-moving and low-flying targets.

Key Features

• Portable and Lightweight System: VSHORADS is a short-range, lightweight surface-to-air missile system that can be deployed by an individual soldier or a small tactical unit, ensuring mobility and rapid response.
• Operational Range and Altitude
  • Maximum range: Up to 8 km
  • Engagement altitude: Up to 4.5 km

This makes it suitable for neutralising helicopters, drones, and low-flying aircraft.

• Advanced Technological Components: The missile incorporates several modern technologies, including:
  • Miniaturised Reaction Control System (RCS)
  • Integrated avionics package

The Reaction Control System (RCS) plays a crucial role in missile manoeuvrability. It enables precise attitude control and steering by using thrusters to provide controlled directional thrust. This enhances accuracy, especially during terminal engagement.

• Tri-Service Utility: The system is capable of meeting the operational requirements of all three armed forces —
  • Indian Army
  • Indian Navy
  • Indian Air Force

Strategic Significance

• Boost to Indigenous Defence Capability: VSHORADS reduces dependency on imported MANPADS systems and strengthens India’s defence manufacturing ecosystem.
• Enhanced Tactical Air Defence: It fills a critical gap in short-range air defence, particularly against:
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
  • Low-flying fighter aircraft
  • Attack helicopters
  • Precision-guided munitions
• Force Multiplier in Modern Warfare: With the increasing use of drones and low-altitude aerial threats in contemporary conflicts, portable air defence systems are essential for protecting forward posts, mobile formations, and strategic assets.
• Alignment with Integrated Air Defence Architecture: VSHORADS complements India’s layered air defence structure, which includes systems such as Akash, MR-SAM, and S-400, thereby strengthening multi-tiered protection.

In News:

Exercise Vayu Shakti-26 is a major biennial operational exercise conducted by the Indian Air Force (IAF) to demonstrate its readiness, combat potential, and integration of modern air power systems. Held recently at the Pokhran field firing range near Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, the exercise forms a critical part of India’s military preparedness framework against evolving multi-domain threats.

Objectives and Operational Focus

The primary aim of Vayu Shakti-26 was to validate the IAF’s ability to undertake complex, integrated air operations under realistic battlefield conditions. Built around the core values of “Achook, Abhedya aur Sateek” (Unerring, Invincible and Accurate), the exercise focused on:

• Enhancing operational preparedness in dynamic scenarios,
• Demonstrating tactical agility with rapid deployment and sustained operations,
• Integrating air defence, offensive air strikes, special operations, and support missions,
• Reassuring national security and deterrence postures.

For the first time, the exercise was conducted along a defined operational storyline, transforming static drills into a simulated live combat theatre, thereby enhancing realism and cohesive force application.

Scale and Platforms

Vayu Shakti-26 witnessed the participation of more than 130 aircraft representing a wide spectrum of IAF capabilities across different mission domains. This included:

• Combat aircraft: Rafale, Su-30MKI, Mirage-2000, MiG-29, Jaguar,
• Trainer and support platforms: Hawk aircraft,
• Transport and logistical support: C-130J Super Hercules, C-295, C-17 Globemaster III,
• Helicopter assets: Mi-17, indigenous Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Dhruv, and Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) Prachand.

Weapon Systems and Technological Integration

The exercise showcased several cutting-edge weapon systems and defensive technologies operationalised by the IAF:

• Short Range Loitering Munitions (SRLM) – providing precision strike options,
• Akash surface-to-air missile system – for medium-range air defence,
• SpyDer air defence system – capable of countering aerial threats at varied altitudes,
• Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems (CUAS) – designed to detect and neutralise hostile drones.

This integration underpins the IAF’s shift toward networked warfare capabilities, fusing sensors, shooters, and command systems for greater effectiveness.

Operational Themes and Key Demonstrations

A hallmark of Vayu Shakti-26 was the seamless synthesis of offensive and defensive air power with ground and special operations elements. Key components of the exercise included:

• Offensive air strikes against simulated high-value targets,
• Air defence operations ensuring integrity of friendly airspace,
• Special forces support missions, including insertion and extraction,
• Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief scenarios, reflecting operational versatility beyond conventional combat.

Such multi-role integration underscores the IAF’s role as both a deterrent and a force multiplier in national defence and crisis response.

Significance for National Security

In an era of heightened regional competition and technological transformation, Exercise Vayu Shakti-26 serves multiple strategic purposes:

• Reinforces the IAF’s operational readiness across the full spectrum of conflict,
• Demonstrates joint and integrated battle-space management capabilities,
• Validates the use of indigenous platforms alongside global systems,
• Signals resolve to adversaries while assuring domestic stakeholders of credible air power.

The exercise also offers valuable opportunities for learning and refinement of doctrines relevant to modern warfare, including multi-domain integration, high tempo operations, and adaptive command and control protocols.

In News:

In late February 2026, the Government of Meghalaya issued a public health advisory after suspected cases of meningococcal infection were reported among trainees at an Army training centre in Shillong, prompting heightened surveillance and containment measures.

Context and Incident Overview

The advisory by the State’s Health and Family Welfare Department was prompted by the deaths of two Agniveer trainees due to suspected meningococcal infection at the Assam Regimental Centre (ARC) in Shillong. All close contacts of the affected individuals were identified, isolated, and placed under medical observation.

Health authorities, including the State Surveillance Unit (SSU) and the District Surveillance Unit (DSU), East Khasi Hills, have initiated active epidemiological investigation, including case investigation, contact tracing, laboratory sample review, and enhanced surveillance in the affected institution and surrounding areas.

Officials have stated that no new suspected cases have been detected outside the initial cluster and that the situation is under close monitoring, with no current indication of wider spread.

About Meningococcal Infection

Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which can cause:

• Meningitis: Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
• Meningococcemia: Bloodstream infection that can progress rapidly and be fatal.

It is transmitted through respiratory and throat secretions via close or prolonged contact. It is less contagious than common cold or influenza pathogens but can spread quickly in crowded settings like hostels, barracks, or training facilities.

Although meningococcal disease occurs sporadically, the region has history of outbreaks; for instance, significant outbreaks were reported in North East India, including Meghalaya, in the past.

Clinical Features and Treatment

Initial symptoms often resemble mild illnesses but may quickly escalate, including:

• High fever
• Severe headache
• Neck stiffness
• Nausea, vomiting
• Non-blanching purpuric rash
• Confusion or altered consciousness

Early recognition and swift treatment are critical, as untreated cases can result in rapid deterioration and high mortality. Standard management includes prompt antibiotic therapy and supportive care such as fluid management and respiratory support.

Public Health Measures and Advisory

In its advisory, the Meghalaya government urged citizens to:

• Avoid crowded places and follow respiratory hygiene by covering mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing.
• Maintain hand hygiene using soap and water or sanitiser.
• Wear masks, especially if experiencing symptoms or in densely populated settings.
• Monitor for symptoms such as fever, severe headache, or rash, and seek immediate medical care if signs appear.

These steps align with standard outbreak response protocols, including identification and monitoring of close contacts.

Public Health Importance and Surveillance

Meningococcal disease is a notifiable condition under India’s Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), which aims to detect early warning signals of outbreaks and initiate appropriate follow-up actions.

Strengthened surveillance, especially in institutional settings and among populations engaged in close living quarters, helps prevent potential outbreaks and supports early containment.

In News:

The recent visit of former Dutch Prime Minister Dick Schoof to the Bengaluru Traffic Management Centre has brought international attention to ASTraM (Actionable Intelligence for Sustainable Traffic Management) - an AI-driven traffic governance platform. The system represents a shift toward predictive, data-driven urban traffic management in India’s rapidly expanding metropolitan cities.

What is ASTraM?

ASTraM is an advanced AI-based big data platform designed for macro-level traffic management.

Unlike traditional GPS-based applications that only display real-time congestion to commuters, ASTraM functions as a centralised intelligence engine for city authorities. It provides holistic, real-time situational awareness and predictive insights to traffic managers.

Development and Institutional Collaboration

ASTraM was developed through collaboration between:

• Bengaluru Traffic Police
• Arcadis, a Dutch design and consultancy firm

The model reflects international cooperation in urban governance and technology deployment.

Objectives

The system aims to:

• Transform traffic policing from a reactive complaint-based approach to a proactive, data-driven model
• Reduce urban congestion
• Improve road safety
• Streamline incident reporting
• Enhance planning for large-scale public events

How ASTraM Works

1. Data Integration

The platform integrates multiple real-time data streams, including:

• CCTV camera feeds
• Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) systems
• Open-source and transport-related datasets

2. AI-Based Analysis

The AI engine processes large volumes of data to:

• Identify recurring congestion patterns (daily bottlenecks)
• Detect non-recurring disruptions (accidents, protests, roadblocks)
• Forecast potential traffic choke points

3. Automated Communication

• Issues are batched and communicated to field officers at 15-minute intervals
• Enables localised and timely intervention

Key Features

• Situational Awareness: A centralised dashboard provides a bird’s-eye view of city-wide traffic conditions.
• Predictive Analytics: The system anticipates congestion trends before gridlocks occur.
• Incident Reporting Bot: Automated bots log accidents, breakdowns, and obstructions, reducing manual reporting delays.
• Event Simulation: Supports traffic planning during major events such as processions, protests, and festivals by modelling potential disruptions.
• Dashboard Analytics for Urban Planning: Provides long-term data insights for infrastructure planning and policy adjustments.

In News:

The State of India’s Environment (SOE) 2026 report, released by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) and Down To Earth, highlights the accelerating ecological crisis at both global and national levels. The report warns that humanity has breached multiple planetary boundaries, pushing Earth’s life-support systems toward instability. It further links ecological degradation with intensifying human–tiger conflicts in India.

Planetary Boundaries Framework

The Planetary Boundaries framework, first proposed in 2009 by scientists led by Johan Rockström and updated in 2023, defines the safe operating limits within which humanity can function without destabilising Earth systems.

It identifies nine critical Earth system processes that regulate planetary stability. Crossing these limits increases the risk of abrupt, irreversible environmental changes. The boundaries are interconnected; transgression in one can trigger cascading impacts across others.

Status of the Nine Planetary Boundaries

According to SOE 2026, 7 out of 9 planetary boundaries have been breached:

1. Climate Change (Transgressed): Rising greenhouse gas concentrations are pushing the planet close to breaching the 1.5°C warming threshold, signalling potentially irreversible climate impacts.

2. Biosphere Integrity (Transgressed): Species extinction rates exceed 100 extinctions per million species years, nearly ten times the safe limit.

3. Land System Change (Transgressed): Global forest cover has declined to 59%, well below the 75% safe threshold, weakening carbon sinks and biodiversity resilience.

4. Freshwater Change (Transgressed): Over-extraction and climate variability are disrupting river systems, soil moisture cycles, and groundwater security.

5. Biogeochemical Flows (Transgressed): Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilisers are causing eutrophication and ecosystem imbalance.

6. Novel Entities (Transgressed): Plastics, synthetic chemicals, and other pollutants are entering ecosystems without adequate safety assessment.

7. Ocean Acidification (Recently Transgressed): Ocean acidity has increased by 30–40% since the industrial era, threatening coral reefs and marine food webs.

Boundaries Within Limits (But Risky)

• Atmospheric Aerosol Loading – Currently within limits globally but regionally disruptive (e.g., monsoon variability).
• Stratospheric Ozone Depletion – Within safe limits due to the success of the Montreal Protocol, a major global environmental governance success.

Climate Crisis and Tipping Points

• The report warns that climate disruptions are occurring earlier than predicted. Critical ecosystems such as coral reefs and the Amazon rainforest are approaching tipping points, beyond which recovery may be impossible.

Biodiversity Loss and Forest Decline

• Habitat degradation, deforestation, and ecosystem imbalance are accelerating biodiversity loss. Declining forest cover and fragmented habitats are reducing ecological resilience and increasing human–wildlife interactions.

Rising Human–Tiger Conflict in India

The report highlights how ecological degradation is intensifying human–tiger conflicts:

• Habitat loss and prey depletion are altering tiger behaviour.
• Expansion of human settlements near forest areas increases encounters.
• The invasive species Lantana camara now occupies nearly 50% of forest and scrublands, suppressing native grasses.
• Reduced prey availability forces tigers to prey on cattle, escalating conflict with local communities.

This reflects how ecosystem imbalance directly affects conservation outcomes.

Pollution and Freshwater Stress

• Freshwater reserves face severe stress due to overuse and climate variability. Simultaneously, pollution from plastics and synthetic chemicals presents long-term ecological and health risks, reinforcing the urgency of regulating “novel entities.”

Key Recommendations

1. Institutional Strengthening

• Enhance the capacity and independence of the National Green Tribunal (NGT).
• Ensure environmental clearances prioritise ecological integrity over procedural compliance.

2. Sovereign Climate Action

• Integrate planetary boundaries into national accounting frameworks.
• Promote technology-led, full-stack decarbonisation strategies.

3. Community-Centric Conservation

• Adopt landscape-scale governance.
• Treat local communities as primary stakeholders in conservation rather than as obstacles.

In News:

A recent viral story from a Japanese zoo involving an abandoned baby Japanese macaque (“Punch”) brought global attention to the complex emotional bonds and strict social hierarchies within macaque societies. Beyond public curiosity, the episode highlights important aspects of primate behaviour, evolutionary biology, and conservation — areas relevant to biodiversity studies and wildlife management.

About Macaques

Macaques belong to the genus Macaca under the family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys). They are among the most widespread and adaptable primates in the world.

Distribution and Diversity

• Over 20 species
• Found mainly across Asia and parts of North Africa
• Highly adaptable to diverse ecological conditions, including forests, mountains, and urban environments

Their adaptability has enabled certain species to thrive even in human-dominated landscapes.

Important Species

1. Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata)

• Native to Japan
• Known as the “Snow Monkey”
• Famous for surviving in cold climates and bathing in natural hot springs
• Displays highly structured matrilineal social systems

2. Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta)

• Widely distributed in North India and Southeast Asia
• Frequently found in urban and semi-urban areas
• Extensively used in medical and biomedical research, including vaccine development

3. Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus)

• Endangered species
• Endemic to the Western Ghats (India)
• Recognised by its distinctive silver-white mane
• Threatened by habitat fragmentation and deforestation

4. Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra)

• Native to Sulawesi (Indonesia)
• Characterised by a dark crest
• Classified as Critically Endangered

Social Behaviour and Hierarchy

Macaques are highly gregarious animals, living in troops governed by strict dominance hierarchies. Their social organisation is complex and deeply structured.

Female Hierarchy

• Rank is typically matrilineal (inherited from the mother).
• Daughters generally rank close to their mother’s position.
• In species such as the Japanese macaque, the “youngest sister rule” applies — the youngest daughter ranks above older sisters.
• Female bonds are stable and form the core of troop structure.

Male Hierarchy

• Determined by physical strength, alliances, and fighting ability.
• Males often migrate between troops.
• Rank can fluctuate over time.

The viral incident involving the abandoned baby macaque illustrates how social rank and maternal position significantly affect offspring survival and acceptance within the troop.

Ecological and Evolutionary Significance

Macaques provide valuable insights into:

• Evolution of primate social systems
• Behavioural ecology
• Conflict resolution and cooperation
• Human–wildlife interaction

Their structured dominance systems resemble early social organisation patterns in primates, offering important evolutionary parallels.

Conservation and Human Interface

While some species like the rhesus macaque thrive near human settlements, others such as the lion-tailed macaque face severe threats due to:

• Habitat fragmentation
• Deforestation
• Infrastructure expansion
• Human–wildlife conflict

Urban macaque populations often lead to conflict, necessitating balanced wildlife management policies.

In News:

Under its flagship “52 Reforms in 52 Weeks” initiative (2026), the Ministry of Railways has announced two major structural reforms:

1. RailTech Policy
2. Complete Digitisation of the Railway Claims Tribunal (e-RCT)

These reforms aim to promote innovation, enhance transparency, and improve citizen-centric service delivery within Indian Railways — one of the world’s largest public transport systems.

RailTech Policy:

Objective

• The RailTech Policy seeks to create a structured, innovation-friendly ecosystem that enables startups, innovators, industry, and research institutions to collaborate with Indian Railways.
• It marks a shift from rigid vendor-based procurement systems to a technology-driven, trial-and-adoption framework.

Key Features

1. RailTech Portal

• A dedicated, end-to-end digital single-window platform
• Simplified, single-stage submission of proposals
• Enables innovators to directly approach Railways

2. Funding Mechanism

• Railways to support up to 50% of development funding for viable solutions
• Prototype development grants doubled
• Scale-up grants increased more than three times
• Successful solutions to receive long-term implementation orders

3. Inspiration from Best Practices: The framework draws lessons from:

• iDEX (Defence sector)
• Startup frameworks of MeitY
• Telecom innovation policies

Key Innovation Areas

The policy focuses on operational safety, efficiency, and administration, including:

• AI-based Elephant Intrusion Detection System (EIDS)
• AI-based fire detection in coaches
• Drone-based broken rail detection
• Rail stress monitoring systems
• Obstruction detection in foggy environments
• Sensor-based load calculation devices on parcel vans
• AI-based coach cleaning monitoring
• Solar panels on coaches
• AI-enabled pension and dispute resolution systems

The emphasis is on predictive maintenance, passenger safety, security enhancement, and administrative efficiency.

Digitisation of Railway Claims Tribunal (e-RCT)

Legal Basis

The Railway Claims Tribunal (RCT) was established under the Railway Claims Tribunal Act, 1987.

It adjudicates claims relating to:

• Compensation for death/injury in railway accidents
• Untoward incidents
• Loss or non-delivery of goods
• Refund of fares and freight

Currently, RCT functions through 23 benches (Principal Bench at Delhi).

Features of e-RCT System

The reform introduces complete end-to-end digitisation across all 23 benches (to be completed within 12 months).

Core Components

1. E-Filing

• 24×7 online filing from anywhere
• Uploading of petitions and documents
• Instant SMS/email acknowledgement
• Online scrutiny and defect rectification

2. Case Information System (CIS)

• Centralised database
• Auto-allocation of cases
• Real-time tracking from filing to disposal
• Hearing scheduling and monitoring

3. Document Management System (DMS)

• Digital storage of pleadings, notices, orders
• Digitally signed records
• Secure record management with disaster recovery

Additional Features

• Paperless courts
• Hybrid hearings (physical virtual)
• Online pronouncement of orders and judgments
• Automated alerts and compliance tracking
• Centralised data on pendency and disposal

Citizen-Centric Benefits

The e-RCT reform ensures:

• Faster disposal through automated workflows
• Reduced adjournments due to online hearings
• Elimination of travel burden
• Real-time case status updates
• Cost savings on travel, printing, courier
• Improved transparency and accountability

The model may be extended to other tribunals such as the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) if successful.

“52 Reforms in 52 Weeks” Initiative

Launched in 2026, the initiative commits Indian Railways to implement one structural reform per week, aiming at comprehensive transformation.

Earlier reforms include:

• Continuous end-to-end cleaning of general coaches
• Expansion of Gati Shakti Cargo Terminals to over 500 hubs

The broader vision aligns with digital governance, infrastructure modernisation, and administrative efficiency.

In News:

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is an increasingly recognised mental health condition under the category of eating disorders. Unlike commonly known eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia, ARFID is not driven by concerns about body image or a desire to lose weight. It represents a serious but treatable disorder that affects nutritional intake, growth, and overall well-being, particularly among children.

What is ARFID?

ARFID is a condition characterised by persistent limitation in the amount or type of food consumed. The restriction is not due to cultural practices, food scarcity, or distorted body image. Instead, it arises from psychological and sensory factors.

Key features include:

• Loss of interest in eating or low appetite
• Anxiety related to eating (e.g., fear of choking or vomiting)
• Avoidance of foods based on colour, taste, smell, or texture
• Extreme selectivity toward specific food groups

While it may initially resemble “picky eating,” ARFID is far more severe and can lead to significant health consequences.

Causes and Risk Factors

The eating difficulties in ARFID arise due to:

• Strong sensory aversions (texture, smell, taste sensitivity)
• Fear-based avoidance (vomiting, choking)
• Lack of appetite or low interest in food
• Preference for specific colours or food presentations

It most commonly develops in infancy or early childhood, though it can persist into adulthood. In children, it is more frequently observed in males.

Research suggests strong associations with:

• Anxiety disorders
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Developmental and intellectual disabilities

A genetic predisposition is also likely, as ARFID often runs in families.

Health Implications

Unlike ordinary fussy eating, ARFID can severely affect nutritional status and development.

Consequences may include:

• Inadequate caloric intake
• Stalled weight gain or weight loss
• Impaired vertical growth (reduced height gain in children)
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Delayed physical and cognitive development

If left untreated, ARFID may lead to life-threatening complications due to chronic malnutrition.

Diagnosis and Treatment

ARFID is a genuine health disorder and not a behavioural problem, stubbornness, or attention-seeking. Early identification is critical to prevent long-term damage.

Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach, including:

• Mental health professionals
• Medical doctors
• Nutritionists/dietitians

The primary therapeutic intervention is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which helps address anxiety, sensory sensitivities, and maladaptive eating patterns. Nutritional rehabilitation and parental counselling are also important in paediatric cases.

With appropriate professional support, individuals can recover and develop a healthy relationship with food.

In News:

India and Germany have launched a €20 million (approximately ?180 crore) Large Grant project under Germany’s International Climate Initiative (IKI). The project focuses on strengthening climate resilience in India’s most vulnerable ecosystems through nature-based and sustainable adaptation strategies.

About the International Climate Initiative (IKI)

• Established in 2008, IKI is Germany’s principal funding instrument for international climate action.
• Supports projects in:
  • Climate change mitigation
  • Adaptation
  • Biodiversity conservation
• Operates in over 150 partner countries, with 14 priority countries, including India, Brazil, China, South Africa, Indonesia, and Mexico.
• Aligns with global commitments under the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

IKI represents Germany’s climate diplomacy approach, combining financial assistance, technology cooperation, and capacity building.

Scope of the New India–Germany Project

The newly launched €20 million initiative targets high-risk and ecologically sensitive regions in India, promoting long-term resilience through ecosystem-based adaptation.

Priority Regions

• Himalayas
  • Challenges: Glacier melt, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), landslides.
  • Significance: Water security for major river systems.
• Western Ghats
  • Biodiversity hotspot facing deforestation and habitat fragmentation.
  • Vulnerable to extreme rainfall events and ecological degradation.
• North-East India
  • Fragile hill ecosystems prone to soil erosion and flooding.
  • Rich in biodiversity but ecologically sensitive.
• Island Ecosystems (e.g., Andaman & Nicobar)
  • Threatened by sea-level rise and coastal erosion.
  • High vulnerability to cyclones and marine ecosystem disruption.

Focus Areas of Intervention

• Promotion of Nature-Based Solutions (NbS)
• Ecosystem restoration and conservation
• Climate-resilient livelihoods
• Capacity building at local and state levels
• Strengthening institutional frameworks for adaptation

Nature-based solutions integrate environmental restoration with socio-economic resilience, ensuring sustainability and community participation.

Strategic Significance

1. Strengthening India’s Climate Resilience

India faces:

• Rising temperatures
• Erratic monsoons
• Increased frequency of extreme weather events
• Biodiversity loss

This initiative enhances adaptive capacity in vulnerable geographies.

2. Alignment with India’s National Commitments

The project supports:

• India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
  • Target of 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
• Net-Zero Commitment (2070)
• National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) missions, particularly:
  • National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
  • National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

3. Global Climate Governance

• Reinforces North–South cooperation in climate finance.
• Demonstrates operationalisation of climate finance commitments under the Paris Agreement.
• Promotes biodiversity conservation alongside climate mitigation and adaptation.

4. Indo-German Strategic Partnership

Climate cooperation is a key pillar of the India–Germany Strategic Partnership, complementing collaboration in:

• Renewable energy
• Green hydrogen
• Sustainable urbanisation
• Technology and innovation

In News:

On the sidelines of the India AI Impact Summit 2026, the IndiaAI Mission and Business Sweden signed a Statement of Intent (SoI) to deepen bilateral cooperation in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital technologies. The agreement marks a significant step in institutionalising India–Sweden collaboration in emerging technologies and innovation-driven growth.

Nature and Objectives of the Statement of Intent (SoI)

The SoI establishes a structured framework for collaboration in:

• Development, application, and deployment of AI solutions
• Promotion of trade and investment linkages
• Advancement of responsible and scalable digital innovation

The partnership emphasises real-world industrial and societal outcomes, reflecting a shared commitment to using AI for economic growth, sustainability, and technological transformation while managing associated risks.

Sweden–India Technology and Artificial Intelligence Corridor (SITAC)

Both countries will jointly develop a dedicated programme titled the Sweden–India Technology and Artificial Intelligence Corridor (SITAC).

Key Features:

• Flagship institutional platform for AI cooperation
• Structured engagement between:
  • Government agencies
  • Industry stakeholders
  • Startups
  • Academic and research institutions

SITAC aims to serve as a long-term innovation bridge linking the AI ecosystems of both countries.

Areas of Cooperation under SITAC

The framework proposes:

1. Conferences, seminars, and thematic workshops
2. Ecosystem exchanges between Indian and Swedish AI communities
3. Field visits to innovation hubs and Centres of Excellence
4. Engagement among companies, investors, researchers, and policymakers
5. Joint innovation platforms and investment corridors
6. Deployment of AI solutions across priority sectors

This multi-level engagement seeks to translate policy vision into industry-level collaboration.

Strategic Alignment of National Priorities

India’s Objectives (IndiaAI Mission)

• Build a comprehensive AI ecosystem
• Expand access to compute infrastructure, data, and skilled talent
• Promote sovereign and inclusive AI development
• Encourage startup-led innovation

Sweden’s Strengths

• Industrial innovation and advanced R&D
• Strong manufacturing and clean-tech ecosystem
• Leadership in responsible and ethical AI implementation
• Experience in digital governance frameworks

The partnership integrates India’s scale and digital capacity with Sweden’s research depth and industrial expertise.

In News:

Recent discussions on India’s climate strategy have highlighted the growing importance of Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) technologies, particularly for hard-to-abate sectors such as cement, steel, refineries, and chemicals. With India committing to net-zero emissions by 2070, CCU is emerging as a necessary complement to renewable energy expansion.

What is Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU)?

Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) refers to a set of technologies that:

• Capture carbon dioxide (CO?) from industrial sources or directly from the atmosphere.
• Convert the captured CO? into useful products such as fuels, chemicals, building materials, or polymers.

Unlike Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), where CO? is permanently stored underground, CCU reintegrates carbon into the economy, contributing to a circular carbon economy.

Why CCU is Necessary for India

1. High Emissions Profile

India is the world’s third-largest CO? emitter, with emissions primarily arising from:

• Power generation
• Cement production
• Steel manufacturing
• Chemicals and refineries

2. Hard-to-Abate Sectors

In industries like cement and steel:

• A significant portion of emissions comes from industrial processes themselves, not just fuel combustion.
• Renewable energy alone cannot fully eliminate these emissions.

3. Alignment with Net-Zero 2070

CCU supports:

• Deep industrial decarbonisation
• Circular economy goals
• Low-carbon industrial competitiveness

Thus, CCU acts as a bridge technology during the transition to a fully decarbonised economy.

Global Developments

• European Union: The EU Bioeconomy Strategy and Circular Economy Action Plan promote CCU for converting CO? into feedstocks for fuels and chemicals.
• Belgium: ArcelorMittal and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries are piloting technology to convert captured CO? into carbon monoxide for steel and chemical production.
• United States: Combines tax credits and public funding to scale CO?-derived fuels and chemicals.
• UAE: The Al Reyadah project integrates CCU with green hydrogen for CO?-to-chemicals hubs.

These initiatives indicate that CCU is becoming part of mainstream climate-industrial policy globally.

India’s Progress and Policy Push

1. Research and Roadmaps

• The Department of Science and Technology (DST) has prepared a dedicated R&D roadmap for CCU.
• The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has proposed a draft 2030 CCUS roadmap identifying potential projects.

2. Budgetary Support

• The Union Budget 2026–27 announced a ?20,000 crore scheme to scale up Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS).
• Focus sectors: Power, Steel, Cement, Refineries, and Chemicals.
• Marks a shift from pilot projects to structured, policy-backed deployment.

3. Private Sector Initiatives

• Ambuja Cements (Adani Group) with IIT Bombay: Indo-Swedish CCU pilot converting CO? into fuels and materials.
• JK Cement: Developing CCU applications for lightweight concrete blocks and olefins.
• Organic Recycling Systems Limited (ORSL): Leading India’s first pilot-scale Bio-CCU platform, converting CO? from biogas into bio-alcohols and specialty chemicals.

In News:

At the India-AI Impact Summit 2026, Bengaluru-based startup Sarvam AI unveiled two indigenous Large Language Models (LLMs)** trained on 35 billion and 105 billion parameters. These models are designed to be less power- and compute-intensive, while demonstrating improved performance in Indian languages. The development marks a significant milestone in India’s quest for sovereign and cost-efficient AI systems aligned with domestic needs.

Understanding Large Language Models (LLMs)

A Large Language Model (LLM) is an AI system built using transformer-based neural networks trained on massive text datasets to understand and generate human language.

They contain billions of parameters—internal variables learned during training—that help the model predict the next word in a sequence and generate coherent text.

How LLMs Work

1. Tokenisation: Text is broken into smaller units called tokens (word pieces or characters).
2. Embeddings & Transformer Architecture: Tokens are converted into numerical vectors. The self-attention mechanism helps the model determine which words in a sentence are contextually important, even if they are far apart.
3. Next-Token Prediction: The model generates language by predicting one token at a time based on probability distributions.
4. Layered Learning: Multiple transformer layers refine linguistic and semantic understanding—from grammar to reasoning patterns.

Stages of Training LLMs

1. Data Collection & Pre-processing

• Massive datasets sourced from books, websites, code repositories, etc.
• Cleaning to remove bias, spam, duplicates, and harmful content.
• Quality of data directly influences performance.

2. Pre-training (Self-Supervised Learning)

• Model learns via next-token prediction.
• Produces a base model capable of understanding grammar, facts, and reasoning.

3. Supervised Fine-Tuning

• Trained on curated prompt–response pairs.
• Enhances instruction-following ability and task performance (summarization, translation, Q&A).

4. Alignment via RLHF

• Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF).
• Humans rank outputs based on safety and quality.
• A reward model optimises responses to align with human values.

Challenges in Training LLMs in India

• Data Scarcity in Indian Languages
  • English and East Asian languages dominate internet data.
  • Indian languages remain underrepresented.
  • Many models rely on translation into English, increasing token consumption and cost.
• High Capital and Compute Costs
  • Requires clusters of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs).
  • Training costs run into millions of dollars.
  • Limited domestic venture capital for foundational AI research.
• Limited Immediate Commercial Use Cases: Training large models without clear monetisation pathways deters investment.
• Infrastructure Constraints
  • Dependence on imported high-end chips.
  • Energy-intensive training processes.

Innovation: Mixture of Experts (MoE) Architecture

Earlier LLMs activated all parameters during inference, making them computationally expensive.

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture activates only a subset of parameters (“experts”) for each query.

Advantages:

• Reduced computational load
• Faster inference
• Lower electricity consumption
• Cost-efficient deployment in resource-constrained settings

Sarvam’s 105B parameter model leverages MoE to balance performance with efficiency, focusing on accuracy and Indian context alignment rather than sheer scale.

IndiaAI Mission: Government Support for Domestic AI

Launched in March 2024 with an outlay of ?10,372 crore, the IndiaAI Mission aims to build a comprehensive AI ecosystem.

Key Components:

• Compute Infrastructure
  • Over 36,000 GPUs commissioned in Indian data centres.
  • Additional 20,000 GPUs being added.
  • Target: 100,000 GPUs by end of 2026.
• Subsidised Access
  • Sarvam AI granted 4,096 GPUs from a common compute cluster.
  • Subsidy estimated at nearly ?100 crore.
  • Cluster cost approximately ?246 crore.
• Support for Innovation
  • Promotion of sovereign foundational models trained on Indian datasets.
  • Financial support covering compute and training costs.
  • Encouragement of open-source innovation.
• Talent Development
  • Training support for over 13,500 students.
  • Establishment of India Data and AI Labs.

Other Indian Efforts

• BharatGen (IIT Bombay-incubated): Multilingual 17B parameter model, targeted at sectors like education and healthcare.
• Gnani.ai: Small text-to-speech model.
• Indigenous focus on domain-specific and language-specific AI models.

In News:

The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME) recently convened the 5th meeting of the National MSME Council in New Delhi to review the progress of the World Bank–assisted Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance (RAMP) Programme. The review gains significance in the context of MSMEs being the backbone of India’s economy and central to achieving inclusive growth, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and the $5 trillion economy vision.

About the RAMP Programme

• It was launched in 2022 and is being implemented over a five-year period (2022–23 to 2026–27) by the Ministry of MSME with World Bank support.
• It seeks to address structural challenges faced by MSMEs through systemic reforms and capacity building at both the Central and State levels.

Objectives of RAMP

The programme focuses on:

• Improving Access to Market and Credit
  • Enhancing financial inclusion.
  • Promoting integration into domestic and global value chains.
• Strengthening Institutions and Governance
  • Capacity building of MSME institutions at Central and State levels.
  • Improving policy design and implementation mechanisms.
• Enhancing Centre–State Coordination
  • Encouraging cooperative federalism through structured partnerships.
  • Providing financial assistance to States for preparing Strategic Investment Plans (SIPs).
• Addressing Delayed Payments: Tackling liquidity stress among Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs).
• Greening of MSMEs: Supporting climate-resilient and sustainable business practices in alignment with India’s Net Zero target of 2070.

Institutional Framework

National MSME Council

• Established by MoMSME as the administrative and functional body under RAMP.
• Provides strategic direction, monitors progress, and facilitates coordination among stakeholders.

State-Level Role

• States receive grants to prepare Strategic Investment Plans (SIPs).
• SIPs align state-specific reforms with national MSME objectives.
• Promotes decentralised planning and context-specific solutions.

Key Sub-Schemes under RAMP

1. MSME GIFT Scheme

(MSME Green Investment and Financing for Transformation)

• Promotes adoption of green technologies.
• Provides interest subvention and credit guarantee support.
• Encourages energy efficiency, cleaner production, and sustainability.

2. MSE SPICE Scheme

(Scheme for Promotion and Investment in Circular Economy)

• Supports circular economy initiatives among MSEs.
• Offers credit-linked capital subsidy.
• Contributes toward the long-term objective of MSMEs achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.

3. MSE ODR Scheme

(Online Dispute Resolution for Delayed Payments)

• First-of-its-kind initiative integrating legal support with IT tools and Artificial Intelligence.
• Addresses the chronic issue of delayed payments to Micro and Small Enterprises.
• Strengthens ease of doing business and improves working capital cycles.

Significance for the Indian Economy

• MSMEs contribute significantly to GDP, exports, and employment generation.
• RAMP supports:
  • Formalisation and competitiveness.
  • Digital transformation.
  • Climate-aligned industrial growth.
  • Improved credit flow and risk mitigation.
• It operationalises cooperative and competitive federalism through structured Centre–State collaboration.

In News:

India and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have signed a Joint Statement formally launching negotiations for the proposed India–GCC Free Trade Agreement (FTA), following the previously agreed Terms of Reference. This marks a significant milestone in strengthening India–GCC economic and strategic relations.

About the India–GCC Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

Nature of the Agreement

The India–GCC FTA is a proposed comprehensive trade agreement between India and the six GCC member states:

• Saudi Arabia
• United Arab Emirates (UAE)
• Qatar
• Kuwait
• Oman
• Bahrain

It seeks to establish a structured framework for enhancing:

• Trade in goods
• Trade in services
• Investment flows
• Regulatory cooperation
• Market access

The agreement aims to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers and facilitate smoother business operations between the two sides.

Economic Significance of India–GCC Trade

1. Major Trading Partner

• The GCC is India’s largest trading partner bloc.
• Accounts for 15.42% of India’s global trade.
• Bilateral trade in FY 2024–25:
  • Total Trade: USD 178.56 billion
  • Exports: USD 56.87 billion
  • Imports: USD 121.68 billion
• Trade has grown at an average annual rate of 15.3% over the past five years.

2. Sectoral Complementarity

Key Indian Exports to GCC:

• Engineering goods
• Rice
• Textiles
• Machinery
• Gems and jewellery

Key Indian Imports from GCC:

• Crude oil
• Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
• Petrochemicals
• Precious metals (especially gold)

The trade relationship reflects strong energy–manufacturing complementarity, with the GCC playing a critical role in India’s energy security.

3. Investment Linkages

• GCC countries have invested over USD 31.14 billion (cumulative FDI as of September 2025) in India.
• The FTA is expected to further:
  • Facilitate investment flows
  • Promote joint ventures
  • Enhance financial cooperation

4. Diaspora Dimension

• The GCC region hosts nearly 10 million Indians.
• The diaspora acts as a “living bridge”, strengthening:
  • Remittance flows
  • Cultural linkages
  • Business networks
  • Soft power presence

About the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

• Established in 1981
• A regional political and economic alliance
• Members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
• Headquarters: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background

The GCC was formed in response to regional instability, including:

• The Iranian Revolution (1979)
• The Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)

Objectives

• Economic cooperation
• Security coordination
• Cultural and social integration

Organisational Structure

• Supreme Council (highest authority)
  • Composed of heads of member states
  • Presidency rotates among members

In News:

The Union Cabinet has approved a proposal to rename the State of Kerala as “Keralam.” The move reflects linguistic and cultural identity considerations and now requires Parliamentary approval under the constitutional procedure governing alteration of state names.

Historical Evolution of the State of Kerala

Pre-Independence Background

Before Independence, Malayalam-speaking regions were politically fragmented across:

• Malabar District (under British Madras Presidency)
• Princely States of:
  • Travancore
  • Cochin (Kochi)

In the 1920s, the Aikya (Unified) Kerala Movement emerged, demanding a single state for Malayalam-speaking people based on linguistic identity.

Post-Independence Developments

• 1 July 1949: Travancore and Cochin merged to form the Travancore–Cochin State.
• The Government of India appointed the State Reorganisation Commission (SRC) under Justice Fazl Ali.
• The SRC recommended the creation of linguistic states, including a unified Kerala.

Formation of Kerala

• 1 November 1956: Kerala was formally created under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
• It comprised:
  • Malabar District (from Madras State)
  • Travancore–Cochin State (excluding certain Tamil-majority areas)

Thus, Kerala emerged as a linguistic state representing Malayalam-speaking populations.

Constitutional Procedure to Rename a State

The renaming of a state is governed by Article 3 and Article 4 of the Constitution of India.

Article 3: Powers of Parliament

Parliament may by law:

• Form a new state
• Increase or diminish the area of any state
• Alter state boundaries
• Alter the name of any state

However, two procedural safeguards apply:

1. A Bill for such change can be introduced in Parliament only with prior recommendation of the President.
2. Before recommending the Bill, the President must refer it to the concerned State Legislature to express its views within a specified period.

Importantly:

• The President (and Parliament) is not bound by the views of the State Legislature.
• Parliament may accept or reject the state’s suggestions.

Article 4: Nature of the Law

• Laws made under Article 3 are not considered Constitutional Amendments under Article 368.
• Such laws:
  • Can be passed by simple majority
  • Follow the ordinary legislative procedure

Thus, renaming a state does not require a special majority or ratification by states.

Federal and Political Context

The renaming of states often reflects:

• Linguistic identity
• Cultural assertion
• Historical reclamation
• Regional aspirations

For instance, past examples include:

• Orissa → Odisha
• Pondicherry → Puducherry
• Uttaranchal → Uttarakhand

However, not all renaming proposals have been successfully implemented, highlighting the political and procedural complexities involved.

Significance of the “Keralam” Proposal

• Linguistic Authenticity: “Keralam” is the Malayalam name for the state.
• Cultural Identity: Reinforces regional linguistic heritage.
• Federal Procedure in Action: Demonstrates constitutional flexibility under Article 3.
• Non-Amendment Process: Highlights distinction between ordinary legislation and constitutional amendment.

In News:

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has issued an advisory mandating that the percentage of chicory content in coffee powder must be prominently displayed on the front of the package. The rule will come into effect from 1 July.

The move aims to enhance consumer awareness and transparency in the coffee market.

About Chicory

• Scientific Name: Cichorium intybus
• Family: Asteraceae
• Nature: Perennial plant
• Cultivation: Primarily grown in temperate regions worldwide

Chicory is a versatile plant known for its medicinal, nutritional, and culinary properties. Various varieties are cultivated and used differently across regions.

Botanical and Nutritional Features

• Considered a local wild edible plant
• Edible parts: Leaves, Flowers, Roots
• Nutritional components include:
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Soluble fibre (notably inulin)
  • Trace elements
  • Bioactive phenolic compounds

Chicory root is particularly valued for its fibre content and functional food properties.

Use of Chicory in Coffee

Chicory is widely used as a coffee additive, especially in blended coffee products.

Why It Is Used

• Imparts a darker colour
• Provides an earthy, woody flavour
• Naturally caffeine-free
• More affordable than high-quality coffee beans

In India, chicory-blended coffee is common, particularly in southern states.

FSSAI Advisory: Key Provisions

The FSSAI has directed that:

• The exact percentage of chicory in coffee blends must be clearly mentioned.
• The information must be displayed on the front of the coffee powder packaging.
• The regulation becomes effective from 1 July.

Objective

• Improve consumer transparency
• Prevent misleading marketing practices
• Enable informed consumer choice
• Strengthen regulatory oversight in food labelling

This aligns with FSSAI’s mandate to ensure safe, standardised, and properly labelled food products in India.

Regulatory Background

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI):

• Functions under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006
• Operates under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Sets standards for food products and regulates manufacturing, storage, distribution, sale, and import

The chicory labelling directive reflects a broader push towards clearer front-of-pack disclosures and consumer-centric food governance.

In News:

The 7th edition of the India–Japan Joint Military Exercise ‘DHARMA GUARDIAN’ commenced at the Foreign Training Node, Chaubattia (Uttarakhand) from 24 February to 9 March 2026. The exercise represents a significant pillar of growing defence cooperation between India and Japan.

About Exercise DHARMA GUARDIAN

• Type: Annual Joint Military Exercise
• Participants:
  • Indian Army
  • Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF)
• Venue: Conducted alternately in India and Japan
• Participating Contingents (2026)
  • 120 personnel from each side
  • JGSDF represented by the 32nd Infantry Regiment
  • Indian contingent drawn from the Ladakh Scouts

Aim and Objectives

The primary objective of Exercise DHARMA GUARDIAN is to:

• Strengthen military collaboration
• Enhance interoperability
• Improve combined capability to conduct joint operations in semi-urban environments
• Synchronise tactical drills and joint planning processes
• Integrate modern technologies into operational frameworks

The exercise focuses on contemporary operational challenges and coordinated response mechanisms in hostile conditions.

Key Tactical Activities

The exercise includes intensive operational drills such as:

• Establishment of a Temporary Operating Base (TOB)
• Development of an Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) grid
• Setting up Mobile Vehicle Check Posts
• Conducting Cordon and Search Operations in hostile environments
• Executing Heliborne Operations
• Undertaking House Intervention Drills

These activities simulate counter-terror and semi-urban combat scenarios, enhancing readiness and operational synergy between the two forces.

Strategic Significance

1. Strengthening India–Japan Defence Partnership

• Reinforces the Special Strategic and Global Partnership
• Enhances operational trust and coordination
• Deepens land warfare cooperation

2. Indo-Pacific Security Architecture: India and Japan are key stakeholders in ensuring a free, open and rules-based Indo-Pacific. The exercise strengthens defence preparedness in a strategically sensitive region.

3. Interoperability and Modern Warfare Preparedness:

• Promotes joint planning and technology integration
• Enhances capability in hybrid and semi-urban warfare
• Supports coordinated responses to emerging security threats

Other India–Japan Military Exercises

India and Japan conduct multiple bilateral and multilateral exercises across services:

• Malabar Exercise (Naval)
  • Participants: India, Japan, USA, Australia
  • Focus: Maritime security and Indo-Pacific stability
• JIMEX (Japan-India Maritime Exercise)
• SHINYUU Maitri (Air Force Exercise)

Together, these exercises indicate expanding tri-service defence engagement.

In News:

On the occasion of the 40th Foundation Day of the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), the Union Minister of State for Science & Technology launched the SUJVIKA Portal, an AI-driven Biotech Product Data Portal. The initiative reflects India’s broader ambition to build a $1 trillion bioeconomy by 2047 under the vision of Viksit Bharat.

SUJVIKA Portal: Key Features and Significance

What is SUJVIKA?

• SUJVIKA is an AI-driven Trade Statistics Digital Intelligence Platform.
• Developed by Department of Biotechnology (DBT) in collaboration with industry partner ABLE.
• It provides authenticated biotechnology product import data in a structured and accessible format.

Core Objectives

• Present sector-wise data on:
  • Biochemical products
  • Industrial enzymes
  • Other biotechnology imports
• Identify high-value and high-volume imports
• Assess import dependency
• Support indigenisation and R&D prioritisation
• Enable evidence-based policymaking
• Promote public–private partnerships (PPP) in domestic biomanufacturing

Importance for India

SUJVIKA strengthens:

• Strategic trade intelligence
• Domestic bio-manufacturing capacity
• Startup ecosystem planning
• Self-reliance in critical biotech inputs

It aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat by facilitating targeted import substitution in biotechnology.

Department of Biotechnology (DBT)

Establishment and Mandate

• Established in 1986
• Functions as a nodal agency for Life Sciences research and applications
• Promotes large-scale use of biotechnology across sectors
• Supports R&D in:
  • Advanced biofuels
  • Waste-to-energy technologies
  • Healthcare and vaccines
  • Genomics and gene therapy

Over four decades, DBT has evolved from a research-support body into a central driver of India’s bioindustrial ecosystem.

India’s Bioeconomy: Growth Trends and Targets

Rapid Expansion

• Bioeconomy size:
  • ~$10 billion (2014)
  • $165.7 billion (2024) → Nearly 16-fold growth in a decade
• Biotech startups:
  • Fewer than 100 in 2014
  • Over 11,000 startups today

India is now:

• Among the top biotech destinations globally
• One of the leading vaccine manufacturers in the world

Vision 2047

India aims to build a $1 trillion bioeconomy by 2047, positioning biotechnology as the backbone of the next industrial revolution.

In News:

At India Energy Week (January 2026), the Prime Minister highlighted investment opportunities worth $500 billion in India’s energy sector, signalling a shift from energy security to energy independence. A central pillar of this transition is green hydrogen and its derivative-green ammonia, which is emerging as a strategic fuel for agriculture, industry, shipping, and global trade.

India’s recent landmark auction through the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) has positioned the country as a serious player in the global green ammonia market.

What is Green Ammonia?

Green ammonia is produced by combining:

• Nitrogen (from air)
• Green hydrogen (generated via electrolysis using renewable energy)

Unlike grey ammonia, which uses natural gas and emits significant CO?, green ammonia has a near-zero carbon footprint.

SECI’s Landmark Green Ammonia Auction

Under the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) programme of the National Green Hydrogen Mission, SECI floated a tender in June 2024 to aggregate demand across fertilizer plants.

Key Features:

• Target Demand: 7,24,000 tonnes per annum (TPA)
• Coverage: 13 fertilizer plants
• Bidders: 15 participants
• Successful Awardees: 7 companies
• Contracts Awarded: 13 delivery contracts
• One company secured 6 contracts (3,70,000 TPA)
• 10-year fixed-price offtake agreements

Discovered Prices:

• ?49.75–?64.74/kg
• $572–$744 per tonne
• Nearly 40–50% lower than EU’s H2Global auction (~$1,153/tonne)

By comparison: Grey ammonia in India ≈ $515/tonne

The price gap has narrowed substantially, especially with production subsidies:

• ?8.82/kg (Year 1)
• ?7.06/kg (Year 2)
• ?5.3/kg (Year 3)

This model created price certainty, payment security, and balanced risk allocation—boosting investor confidence.

Strategic Significance for India

1. Import Substitution and Energy Security

• Contracted volumes account for ~30% of India’s ammonia imports.
• Reduces exposure to global gas price volatility, currency risks, and geopolitical disruptions.

2. Decarbonising Agriculture

• Fertilizer sector is the largest ammonia consumer.
• Example: 75,000 tonnes supply to Paradeep Phosphates marks early transition.
• Supports sustainable food supply chains.

3. Maritime Decarbonisation

• Ammonia is easier to store than hydrogen.
• Can replace heavy fuel oil in shipping.
• Linked to Rotterdam–India–Singapore Green Shipping Corridor initiative.

4. Hydrogen Carrier for Exports

• Acts as a stable medium to transport hydrogen over long distances.
• Ports like Kandla, Paradip, and Tuticorin (VOC) designated as hydrogen hubs.
• Potential exports to Japan and South Korea.

5. Grid Stability & Energy Storage

• Enables long-duration energy storage.
• Hybrid systems (solar wind storage) being piloted for round-the-clock production.

Policy Framework

National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023)

• Target: 5 MMTPA production capacity by 2030
• Investment Potential: ?8 lakh crore
• CO? Reduction Target: ~50 MMT annually by 2030

SIGHT Programme

• Outlay: ?17,490 crore
• Production-linked incentives (PLI) for green hydrogen and derivatives.

Global Context

Other procurement mechanisms:

• EU’s H2Global import tender
• South Korea’s Clean Hydrogen Portfolio Standard (CHPS)

In News:

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has unveiled ‘PRAHAAR’, India’s first comprehensive National Counter-Terrorism Policy and Strategy. This eight-page doctrine-level framework institutionalises a unified, intelligence-led and proactive approach to combat terrorism in all its forms. The policy formalises practices evolved over decades and responds to emerging hybrid threats such as drone-enabled attacks, cyber-terrorism, and transnational organised crime linkages.

Rationale and Context

India has faced persistent threats from cross-border terrorism, radical networks, and globally affiliated organisations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS attempting to activate sleeper cells. The policy highlights:

• Cross-border terror networks and state-sponsored elements.
• Increasing use of drones in border states such as Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir.
• Growing nexus between terrorism and organised crime.
• Use of encrypted platforms, dark web, cryptocurrencies, and social media for recruitment, propaganda, and financing.
• Risks of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN), explosive, and cyber capabilities.

Given regional instability and the existence of ungoverned spaces, PRAHAAR adopts a multi-layered strategy focused on prevention, rapid response, coordination, and resilience.

Core Philosophy

India reiterates its zero-tolerance approach to terrorism and rejects any attempt to associate terrorism with religion, ethnicity, nationality, or civilisation. The policy underscores strict adherence to human rights, rule of law, and due process under legislations such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and newly enacted criminal codes.

Seven Pillars of PRAHAAR

The acronym ‘PRAHAAR’ (meaning “strike”) represents seven core pillars:

1. Prevention – Intelligence-led disruption of terror plots and dismantling support ecosystems.
2. Response – Swift and proportionate operational action during incidents.
3. Aggregation of Capacities – Strengthening institutional coordination and standardisation across central and state agencies.
4. Human Rights Compliance – Ensuring lawful, accountable operations.
5. Attenuation of Radicalisation – Preventive outreach, community engagement, and de-radicalisation initiatives.
6. Aligning International Cooperation – Intelligence sharing, extradition, and support for UN designations of terrorist entities.
7. Recovery and Resilience – Victim support, infrastructure restoration, and societal resilience.

Institutional Mechanisms

The policy adopts a whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach.

• Multi Agency Centre (MAC) and Joint Task Force on Intelligence (JTFI) serve as nodal platforms for real-time intelligence sharing.
• Local police act as first responders, supported by specialised state units and national forces such as the National Security Guard (NSG).
• The National Investigation Agency (NIA) leads investigations to ensure effective prosecution and higher conviction rates.
• Standard operating procedures are to be harmonised across states to address operational gaps.

Technology-Centric and Proactive Approach

PRAHAAR shifts focus from reactive policing to pre-emptive disruption. It emphasises:

• Advanced border surveillance across land, maritime, and aerial domains.
• Protection of critical infrastructure—power plants, railways, aviation, ports, defence and space installations, and atomic energy facilities.
• Countering misuse of drones, encrypted messaging apps, cryptocurrency financing, and cyber intrusions.

Counter-Radicalisation and Social Engagement

Recognising radicalisation as a key enabler of terrorism, the policy proposes:

• Community outreach involving civil society and religious leaders.
• Youth engagement and socio-economic interventions.
• Prison monitoring and graded response mechanisms.

This integrates security responses with preventive social strategies.

International Dimension

India will strengthen bilateral and multilateral intelligence-sharing arrangements, pursue extradition of terror suspects, and advocate for comprehensive global counter-terror norms under the United Nations framework.

In News:

The Indian Navy is set to commission INS Anjadip, an indigenous Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC), at the Eastern Naval Command in Chennai. The induction marks a significant milestone in India’s maritime security architecture, particularly in strengthening underwater domain awareness in littoral waters.

Key Details:

• INS Anjadip is the third vessel in the eight-ship ASW-SWC project and has been constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata.
• The project reflects India’s growing defence industrial base and aligns with the broader vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat in defence production.
• It also symbolizes the transformation of the Indian Navy into a “Builder’s Navy,” emphasizing indigenous warship design and construction.

Strategic Rationale

• India’s maritime geography—bordered by the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the wider Indian Ocean Region (IOR) faces increasing underwater security challenges, including the expansion of submarine fleets in the region. Coastal and shallow waters are particularly vulnerable due to their complex acoustic environment, which makes submarine detection difficult.
• ASW-SWC vessels such as INS Anjadip are specifically designed for shallow-water operations, complementing larger destroyers and frigates that operate in deeper seas. Their deployment enhances layered maritime defence, especially near critical ports, sea lanes, and offshore assets.

Role and Capabilities

Often described as a “Dolphin Hunter,” INS Anjadip is engineered to detect, track, and neutralize enemy submarines in coastal waters. Its capabilities include:

• Hull Mounted Sonar ‘Abhay’ – an indigenous sonar system for underwater detection.
• Lightweight Torpedoes – for engaging hostile submarines.
• Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Rockets – for close-range underwater threats.
• High-speed Water-Jet Propulsion System – enabling speeds up to 25 knots for rapid response.

Beyond its core ASW role, the vessel is also capable of:

• Coastal Surveillance
• Low-Intensity Maritime Operations (LIMO)
• Search and Rescue (SAR) missions

Its high manoeuvrability makes it particularly effective in confined and shallow operational environments.

Project Significance

The ASW-SWC project demonstrates India’s progress in indigenous naval shipbuilding. By involving domestic shipyards and indigenous weapon-sensor integration, the programme reduces import dependency and strengthens strategic autonomy.

The commissioning also contributes to:

• Capacity-building in anti-submarine warfare.
• Protection of sea lines of communication (SLOCs).
• Safeguarding strategic coastal infrastructure.
• Enhancing deterrence posture in the Indian Ocean Region.

Historical and Geostrategic Context

The vessel is named after Anjadip Island, located off the coast of Goa in the Arabian Sea. The island holds historical importance as Vasco da Gama claimed it for the Portuguese Crown on 24 September 1498 during his first voyage to India. The naming reflects India’s maritime heritage while reinforcing contemporary strategic priorities in the Arabian Sea region.

In News:

As the world marks International Mother Language Day (21 February), declared by UNESCO in 1999 and observed globally since 2000, the theme of linguistic justice has gained renewed urgency. The day commemorates the 1952 Bangla Language Movement in Dhaka and seeks to protect linguistic heritage amid rapid globalization. Against this backdrop, UNESCO’s 7th State of the Education Report (SoER) for India 2025, titled Bhasha Matters: Mother Tongue and Multilingual Education, reframes linguistic diversity as central to quality and inclusive education.

UNESCO SoER 2025: Key Focus

Published by the UNESCO Regional Office for South Asia, the SoER 2025 aligns with SDG 4 (Quality Education) and India’s reform trajectory under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. The report calls for strengthening Mother-Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) and identifies a persistent gap between policy commitments and classroom realities.

Core Areas of Emphasis:

• Access, Inclusion and Equity: Ensuring tribal children, girls, and children with disabilities learn in languages they understand.
• Contextual Learning: Integrating local knowledge systems across school and teacher education.
• Appreciation of Linguistic Diversity: Recognizing children’s linguistic repertoires as assets.
• Skills for Sustainable Futures: Using multilingualism to build cognitive flexibility and facilitate additional language acquisition.
• Institutionalisation: Embedding MTB-MLE in policy, teacher training, and digital ecosystems.

India’s Linguistic Landscape: Opportunity and Crisis

India represents one of the most linguistically diverse societies in the world:

• 1,369 mother tongues; 121 languages spoken by over 10,000 people.
• Linguistic Diversity Index: 0.914 (among the highest globally).
• Four major language families: Indo-Aryan (78%), Dravidian (20%), Austro-Asiatic (1.2%), and Tibeto-Burman (0.8%).
• Nearly 200 languages are vulnerable or endangered.

The UN estimates that a language disappears every two weeks worldwide. In India, the loss disproportionately affects tribal and minoritized communities. A rigid linguistic hierarchy-English at the top, followed by dominant regional languages-creates a “double divide,” marginalizing indigenous languages from education, governance, and digital spaces.

The Learning Crisis: Language Mismatch

A 2022 NCERT report reveals that 44% of Indian children begin schooling in a language different from their home language. This mismatch contributes to early learning deficits, poor foundational literacy, and higher dropout rates—especially among Adivasi communities facing a “triple disadvantage” (economic, social, linguistic).