In News:

India is home to over 10.45 crore Scheduled Tribe (ST) individuals, comprising 8.6% of the population. Concentrated largely in remote and underdeveloped regions, ST communities face persistent challenges such as land alienation, limited access to quality education, healthcare deficits, and socio-economic exclusion. The Union Budget 2025–26 signals a paradigm shift in tribal welfare, in line with the vision of Viksit Bharat.

Budgetary Commitment

The total allocation for tribal welfare has risen to ?14,925.81 crore in 2025–26—a 45.79% jump from the previous year and a staggering 231.83% increase from 2014–15 levels. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has witnessed a consistent rise in budget: from ?7,511.64 crore (2023–24) to ?10,237.33 crore (2024–25), and now ?14,925.81 crore.

Flagship Schemes and Initiatives

• Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) received ?7,088.60 crore, up from ?4,748 crore, to provide quality residential education to ST students. EMDBS, a pilot initiative in high-density tribal areas, enhances outreach.
• Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission (PMJVM) saw a sharp rise to ?380.40 crore. It promotes tribal entrepreneurship, sustainable Minor Forest Produce (MFP) use, and value chain development.
• Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY) was allocated ?335.97 crore (163% increase). It aims to convert tribal-majority villages into model habitations by ensuring convergence of development schemes.
• PM-JANMAN Multi-Purpose Centers (MPCs) received ?300 crore, targeting Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) with essential services and institutional support.
• Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DAJGUA), launched in 2024, envisions the holistic development of 63,843 tribal villages. With an outlay of ?79,156 crore over five years, it integrates 17 ministries and 25 interventions. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has allocated ?2,000 crore for 2025–26 alone.

Persistent Challenges

Despite constitutional safeguards (Articles 15(4), 46, 244, 275(1), etc.), tribal communities face significant hurdles:

• Land and Resource Rights: Only 50% of 42.76 lakh Forest Rights Act (FRA) claims have been approved (MoTA, 2022). Displacement from mining and infrastructure projects persists.
• Education: ST literacy stands at 59% (Census 2011) with high dropout rates due to poverty and language gaps.
• Health: Malnutrition, maternal mortality, and diseases like Sickle Cell remain endemic.
• Marginalization: Tribals face economic deprivation, exploitation (bonded labor, trafficking), and erosion of cultural identity.
• Underrepresentation: Despite reserved seats, policy influence remains limited.

The Way Forward

• Land Rights: Effective implementation of FRA and safeguards against forced displacement.
• Education: Expand EMRS/EMDBS and promote bilingual, culturally relevant curricula.
• Health: Improve rural health infrastructure and target tribal-specific diseases.
• Women’s Empowerment: Support SHGs and skill-based livelihood through schemes like Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana.
• Cultural Continuity: Support tribal art, festivals, and language preservation through digital and educational platforms.
• Inclusive Governance: Strengthen Gram Sabhas and tribal representation in policymaking.

In News:

Recent outbreaks of suspected Ranikhet disease (Newcastle Disease) have caused the death of approximately 1.5 lakh chickens in poultry farms across Andhra Pradesh (Eluru, Guntur, Prakasam, and the Godavari districts) and Haryana (Barwala and Raipur Rani in Panchkula). These outbreaks have raised alarms about biosecurity measures, especially in regions that are major poultry producers.

About Ranikhet Disease:

• Also known as: Newcastle Disease (ND)
• Causative Agent: Avian avulavirus 1 (also called Avian Paramyxovirus-1 or APMV-1)
• Affected Species: Primarily chickens, but also turkeys, ducks, pigeons, crows, geese, guinea fowls, partridges, doves, and even hedgehogs (suspected reservoirs).
• Nature of Disease: Highly contagious and fatal viral disease.
• Transmission:
  • Direct contact with infected bird secretions (especially feces)
  • Contaminated feed, water, equipment, clothing, and environment
  • ND virus can survive for weeks in cool environments, increasing risk in winter.

Symptoms and Impact:

• In Birds:
  • Respiratory issues: Sneezing, gasping
  • Nervous symptoms: Droopiness, loss of coordination
  • Digestive symptoms: Diarrhea
  • Mortality rate: Ranges from 50% to 100%
  • Production impact: Drop in egg production and fertility
• In Humans:
  • Mild zoonotic effect, primarily conjunctivitis in people handling infected birds or lab samples.
  • Usually self-limiting and non-fatal.

Recent Outbreaks and Investigations:

Andhra Pradesh:

• Approximately 1.5 lakh birds have died across multiple districts.
• Suspected cause: Highly virulent strain of Ranikhet Disease.

Haryana (Barwala–Raipur Rani belt):

• This belt houses around 115 poultry farms and is the second-largest poultry producer in Asia.
• Previously affected by bird flu outbreaks in 2006 and 2014.
• Northern Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (NRDDL), Jalandhar collected 40 new samples from affected farms after being unsatisfied with earlier ones.
• Preliminary suspicion points toward Ranikhet Disease; however, cold wave conditions and the presence of older birds (not replaced due to COVID-19 restrictions) may have also contributed.
• The region falls in the path of migratory birds, whose droppings can spread avian flu viruses, complicating disease identification.

Current Challenges:

• Lack of effective treatment: No curative treatment exists. Management relies on preventive vaccination, biosecurity measures, and good poultry housing practices.
• Diagnostic delays: Require reliable sampling and laboratory testing to confirm the cause.
• Climate sensitivity: Poultry are vulnerable to extreme cold, especially if housing and care are inadequate.
• Pandemic aftershocks: COVID-19 disruptions prevented the routine replacement of older birds, increasing vulnerability.

In News:

India-U.S. defence cooperation is advancing with the proposed co-production of the Stryker Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV). This deal represents a significant leap in bilateral defence industrial collaboration and aligns with India's strategic goal of military modernization and indigenisation under the ‘Make in India’ initiative.

About Stryker Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV):

• Origin: Jointly developed by General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) Canada and U.S., it is the first new military vehicle inducted into U.S. Army service since the 1980s.
• Type: Eight-wheeled armoured infantry combat vehicle designed for rapid deployment and battlefield mobility.
• Variants: Includes Infantry Carrier Vehicle (ICV), Mobile Gun System (MGS), reconnaissance vehicle, medical evacuation vehicle, fire support vehicle, and Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) carrier.

Key Features:

• Mobility: Top speed of ~100 km/h and an operational range of 483 km. Can be airlifted using C-17 and C-130 aircraft (both in IAF’s fleet) or Chinook helicopters, enhancing deployment in remote terrains.
• Firepower: Equipped with a 30 mm cannon and a 105 mm mobile gun.
• Protection: V-hull structure for blast protection; composite armour reinforced with ceramic tiles offers increased survivability against IEDs and small arms.
• Capacity: Operated by a 2-member crew and can transport a 9-member infantry squad.

Operational Evaluation in India:

• High-Altitude Trials: Conducted in Ladakh (13,000–18,000 feet) during September–October 2024. Evaluation reports were shared with Army Headquarters for further review.
• Javelin ATGM Demonstration: Conducted alongside Stryker trials; however, the performance was sub-optimal due to the vintage system used. Repeat trials have been requested by India.

Strategic Importance for India:

• Tactical Advantage: Enhanced mobility and survivability in high-altitude warfare make it suitable for regions like Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh.
• Border Security: Bolsters India's defence posture along sensitive frontiers with China and Pakistan.
• Force Modernization: Meets the Indian Army’s requirement for ICVs with integrated ATGM capabilities.
• Aatmanirbhar Bharat Push: The proposed model includes initial direct imports followed by large-scale license production in India, potentially by Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML).

Defence Diplomacy and Industrial Cooperation:

• The deal is being advanced under the India-U.S. Defence Industrial Cooperation Roadmap, focusing on co-development and co-production.
• In November 2023, Indian Defence Secretary confirmed discussions under this framework.
• The U.S. has reiterated the importance of India enhancing procurement of U.S.-made defence equipment, aiming at a balanced trade partnership.
• The Stryker deal is expected to feature in high-level bilateral dialogues, including the visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Washington DC and during engagements at Aero India.

Challenges and Reservations:

• Some Indian defence officials have flagged concerns, noting that similar ICVs have been developed by Indian private companies.
• Delays in previous U.S. defence exports (e.g., F-404 jet engines for LCA-Mk1A) have also raised caution regarding timelines and reliability.

In News:

In a significant defense development with wide-ranging geopolitical implications, the Russian Federation is preparing to mass-produce the Iskander-M tactical ballistic missile, a new-generation weapon system with enhanced range and destructive capabilities. This move is part of Russia’s broader strategy to upgrade its missile arsenal amid ongoing tensions with NATO, especially in the context of the Ukraine conflict.

Key Features and Strategic Purpose

The 9K720 Iskander-M, developed by the Machine-Building Design Bureau (Kolomna), is a medium-range tactical ballistic missile with an effective range of up to 1,000 kilometers. It is capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear warheads, making it a versatile and high-impact weapon in regional conflict scenarios.

• The missile is precision-targeted and designed to neutralize high-value enemy assets, including NATO’s military infrastructure in Eastern Europe, especially in Ukraine.
• The production of the upgraded missile, unofficially referred to as the Iskander-1000, is expected to begin in full swing by 2025.
• The missile is reported to be highly destructive, with the ability to conduct deep strikes with minimal detection, offering Russia a tactical advantage in asymmetric warfare.

Deployment of Oreshnik Missile Systems in Belarus

In a parallel development, Russia has confirmed the deployment of Oreshnik medium-range ballistic missile systems in Belarus, a strategic ally. This decision follows agreements between the Russian and Belarusian leadership, reinforcing the military integration under their collective defense pact.

• The Oreshnik system, though less publicly detailed than the Iskander, is designed for tactical use and contributes to enhancing Russia’s regional defense shield.
• According to Russian foreign ministry officials, Belarus already hosts a joint Regional Forces Group, non-strategic nuclear weapons, and modern Russian defense systems.
• The positioning of these systems near NATO’s eastern borders heightens tensions with Western powers, particularly the United States, Poland, the Baltic States, and the European Union.

Geopolitical Ramifications

The Iskander-M and Oreshnik missile programs are part of Russia’s strategic doctrine to deter NATO's influence and reassert its military dominance in Eastern Europe. These deployments are:

• Likely to escalate NATO-Russia tensions, increasing the risk of a regional arms race.
• Expected to complicate European security dynamics, especially in Poland, Ukraine, and the Baltic states, which are seen as potential frontlines.
• Raising the prospect of further military escalation in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict.
• Prompting NATO countermeasures, including deployment of missile defense systems and increased troop presence near Eastern borders.

In News:

An eight-year-old girl, Shasa Fathima, from Kottakkal in Malappuram district, Kerala, recently died after undergoing nearly two months of treatment for brucellosis at the Government Medical College Hospital, Kozhikode. This tragic incident has renewed public health concerns regarding zoonotic infections in India.

What is Brucellosis?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by various species of the genus Brucella. The bacteria primarily infect: cattle, swine, goats, sheep & dogs.

Humans typically contract the infection through:

• Direct contact with infected animals or their secretions (blood, placenta, fetus, uterine fluids)
• Ingestion of contaminated animal products, especially unpasteurised milk and cheese
• Inhalation of airborne bacteria (e.g., in lab or farm environments)

Human-to-human transmission is extremely rare, as per WHO guidelines.

Symptoms and Incubation Period

• The disease presents a wide spectrum of symptoms: fever, weakness, weight loss, general discomfort or malaise.
• In many cases, symptoms may be mild or go undiagnosed. The incubation period ranges from one week to two months, most commonly between two to four weeks.

At-Risk Populations

• Brucellosis can affect individuals of all age groups. However, certain occupational groups are at higher risk, including: farmers and dairy workers, butchers, hunters, veterinarians, laboratory personnel. These individuals are often exposed to animal blood and reproductive fluids, which are primary modes of transmission.

Status in Kerala

Kerala has reported sporadic cases of brucellosis in recent years. In 2023, cases emerged from Kollam (July) and Thiruvananthapuram (October). While the disease is not new to the state, fatalities remain rare.

In response, the Department of Animal Husbandry has initiated awareness campaigns for dairy farmers and conducted milk sample testing across cooperative societies to monitor possible sources of infection.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics:

• Doxycycline (100 mg, twice daily for 45 days)
• Streptomycin (1 g daily for 15 days)

Effective preventive measures include:

• Vaccination of livestock (cattle, goats, sheep)
• Pasteurisation of milk and dairy products before human consumption
• Public awareness campaigns on the dangers of consuming unpasteurised animal products
• Regulatory policies on the sale of raw milk

In News:

A new species of water flea, Bryospilus (Indobryospilus) bharaticus n. sp., was recently discovered from moss growth on the walls of the Korigad Fort near Pune, Maharashtra.

This marks the first recorded discovery of the genus Bryospilus in Tropical Asia, underscoring the ecological uniqueness of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage biodiversity hotspot.

Taxonomic and Morphological Highlights

• It belongs to the genus Bryospilus, a group of tiny crustaceans known as water fleas, which typically inhabit rivers, ponds, and pools.
• The species displays adaptations for semi-terrestrial life, notably using its antennae with large spines for crawling through thick, debris-laden water films on moss surfaces.
• It lacks a main eye—an evolutionary adaptation to low-light habitats where color vision is unnecessary for foraging.

Ecological and Evolutionary Significance

• The genus Bryospilus includes species found in semi-terrestrial habitats in rainforests of West Africa, South and Central America, and New Zealand, making this Indian discovery a significant biogeographical addition.
• The organism’s relatives are typically found in littoral (vegetated) zones of water bodies, whereas some occur in open waters.
• The researchers suggest that ancestors of this species existed on the Indian subcontinent prior to the breakup of Gondwanaland, around 200 million years ago, hinting at Bryospilus bharaticus as a potential Gondwanan relict species.
• Each known Bryospilus species has been isolated to a specific former Gondwanan continent, reinforcing the evolutionary legacy of this find.

Research and Conservation Implications

• The discovery was part of an ongoing survey of underexplored crustacean taxa in the Western Ghats, led by Sameer Padhye and Kan Van Damme, and published in the Journal of Crustacean Biology (Oxford Academic, Sept 2024).
• The species was found in pristine, undisturbed moss habitats on Deccan Plateau hill forts, highlighting the importance of conserving such microhabitats.
• Zooplankton like water fleas are highly sensitive to environmental changes and serve as bioindicators of ecological health. The presence of B. bharaticus indicates low human disturbance in its habitat.
• The authors warn that air pollution and habitat disturbance could threaten these fragile ecosystems and stress the urgency of habitat protection, especially for organisms invisible to the naked eye.

In News:

The Ministry of Ayush has launched a nationwide campaign titled “Shatavari – For Better Health” to raise public awareness on the health benefits of Asparagus racemosus (commonly known as Shatavari), especially in the context of women’s health and the broader objective of holistic well-being.

About Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)

• Family: Asparagaceae (formerly Liliaceae)
• Common Names: Satawar, Satamuli
• Ayurvedic Significance: Known as the “Queen of Herbs”, Shatavari is praised in classical Ayurvedic texts like Charak Samhita and Ashtang Hridayam for treating women’s reproductive health disorders.
• Name Meaning: ‘Shatavari’ translates to “acceptable to many”, signifying its diverse benefits.
• Botanical Description: It is a woody climber (1–2 meters tall), with pine-needle-like leaves and small white flowers.
• Habitat and Distribution: Found in tropical climates at low altitudes across Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Medicinal Uses

• The dried roots of Shatavari are used medicinally.
• Acts as a tonic, diuretic, galactagogue (promotes lactation), and has ulcer-healing properties.
• Strengthens mucosal resistance and provides cytoprotection.
• Widely used for addressing female reproductive health issues, immunity enhancement, and promoting overall vitality.

The Campaign: “Shatavari – For Better Health”

• Launched by: Shri Prataprao Jadhav, MoS (Independent Charge), Ministry of Ayush.
• Organized by: National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB).

• This campaign follows successful species-specific initiatives on Amla, Moringa, Giloe, and Ashwagandha.
• Shatavari is being positioned as a crucial resource in advancing women’s health, supporting the Panch Pran Goals set by the Prime Minister for a Developed India by 2047.
• Focus on achieving holistic well-being and integrating traditional medicine with public health awareness.

Policy and Financial Support

• Under the Central Sector Scheme for Conservation, Development, and Sustainable Management of Medicinal Plants, the Ministry promotes the cultivation and sustainable use of Shatavari.
• Financial assistance of ?18.9 lakhs will be provided to eligible organizations to support awareness and adoption.

In News:

The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs has recently provided updates in the Rajya Sabha on the National Youth Parliament Scheme (NYPS) 2.0, emphasizing its role in fostering democratic values, constitutional awareness, and active citizenship among Indian youth.

About NYPS 2.0

Launched by the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, NYPS 2.0 aims to strengthen the roots of democracy and enhance understanding of parliamentary practices and government functioning among citizens, especially students.

Objectives

• Instill discipline, tolerance for diverse views, and democratic ethos among youth.
• Educate students about the procedures of Parliament, constitutional values, and functioning of the government.
• Encourage a democratic way of life through civic engagement.

Participation Modes via NYPS 2.0 Web Portal

The dedicated web-portal enables inclusive citizen participation in three formats:

• Institutional Participation:
  • Open to all educational institutions.
  • Institutions can organize Youth Parliament sittings as per portal guidelines.
  • Two sub-categories:
    • Kishore Sabha: For students of Class VI to XII.
    • Tarun Sabha: For undergraduate and postgraduate students.
• Group Participation: Open to any group of citizens willing to conduct Youth Parliament sittings under defined norms.
• Individual Participation: Citizens can individually engage by taking a quiz on the theme ‘Bhartiya Democracy in Action’.

Training and Educational Resources

To support participants, the portal offers comprehensive e-training material, including:

• Literature on Youth Parliament
• Model Debates, Questions, and List of Business
• Model Scripts
• Video tutorials and other interactive resources

In News:

Researchers from the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), have developed an innovative “self-actuating” drug delivery system that targets rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by delivering therapeutic agents only when needed. This approach offers a revolutionary alternative to conventional systemic treatments.

About Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

• Definition: RA is a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells, particularly the joints, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
• Commonly Affected Areas: Hands, wrists, and knees — often multiple joints simultaneously.
• Symptoms:
  • Inflammation of joint lining
  • Chronic pain and joint deformity
  • Unsteadiness or balance issues
  • May affect lungs, heart, and eyes
• Cause: The exact cause remains unknown, but it involves an immune response attacking the body’s own tissues.
• Traditional Treatment:
  • Involves Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate
  • Requires frequent dosing
  • May lead to systemic side effects and inefficient drug retention

Breakthrough: Self-Actuating Drug Delivery System

Key Features:

• Targeted Drug Release: Releases medication only in response to biochemical signals in the inflamed synovial environment of RA-affected joints.
• Precision and Safety: Reduces side effects by limiting drug release to flare-ups, minimizing exposure to unaffected areas.
• Main Drug Used: Methotrexate, a widely used anti-rheumatic drug.

Mechanism:

• Microspheres are engineered using polymer-lipid hybrid micro-composites:
  • Lipid Component (Soya Lecithin): Ensures high drug encapsulation efficiency.
  • Polymer Component (Gelatin): Reacts to Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) — enzymes present during RA inflammation.
• Action:
  • Enzymes like MMP-2 and MMP-9 increase during RA flare-ups.
  • These enzymes cleave the gelatin, triggering controlled, pulsatile release of methotrexate.
• Outcome in Animal Studies:
  • Reduced joint swelling and cartilage damage
  • Promoted joint repair
  • Improved drug bioavailability and retention in joints

Significance

• Improved Patient Outcomes:
  • Long-lasting relief with fewer doses
  • Reduced systemic toxicity
  • Personalized therapy based on inflammation levels
  • Enhanced joint function and slower disease progression
• Research Publication: The findings were published in the journal Biomaterial Advances.

Wider Applications

• Potential Use in:
  • Other inflammatory conditions like synovitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
  • Veterinary medicine for arthritis in animals
  • Regenerative medicine and personalized drug delivery

In News:

As of early 2025, 60% of the construction of the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) is complete. The telescope is expected to begin its first scientific observations by the end of 2028.

About ELT

The Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) is poised to become the world’s most powerful ground-based optical and infrared telescope, with revolutionary capabilities to explore the universe.

• Location: Cerro Armazones, Atacama Desert, northern Chile
• Altitude: 3,046 meters above sea level
• Managing Body: European Southern Observatory (ESO)
• Project Cost: Approximately $1.51 billion (around 1.3 billion euros)
• Completion Target: Late 2020s
• Primary Mirror: Diameter of 39 meters (128 feet) — the largest of its kind
  • Constructed from 798 hexagonal segments, each 1.5 m across and 5 cm thick

Key Scientific Objectives

• Exoplanet Exploration
  • Direct imaging of Earth-like exoplanets in habitable zones of nearby stars
  • Analysis of atmospheric biosignatures such as oxygen, water vapor, and methane, aiding the search for extraterrestrial life
• Understanding the Early Universe
  • Observation of the first stars and galaxies formed post-Big Bang
  • Investigation of dark matter and dark energy, crucial for understanding cosmic expansion and the universe’s fate
• Detailed Study of Stars and Galaxies
  • Identification and characterization of individual stars in distant galaxies
  • Analysis of the formation, evolution, and structure of galaxies over cosmic time
• Black Holes and Cosmic Structures
  • Study of supermassive black holes at galactic centers
  • Understanding their role in galaxy dynamics and structure

Why Chile’s Atacama Desert?

• Dry Climate: Very low humidity and cloud cover, ensuring clearer skies
• High Altitude: Thin atmosphere reduces atmospheric interference with incoming light
• Minimal Light Pollution: Remote location offers dark skies critical for deep-space observation
• Dome Structure: Protects sensitive instruments from harsh desert conditions

About the European Southern Observatory (ESO)

• Nature: Leading intergovernmental science and technology organization in the field of astronomy
• Headquarters: Garching, Germany
• Members: 16 countries including Austria, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom
• Facilities in Chile:
  • La Silla
  • Paranal
  • Chajnantor
• Mandate: Design, construction, and operation of advanced ground-based telescopes to promote international collaboration and facilitate path-breaking astronomical research

In News:

In the Union Budget 2025–26, the Union Finance Minister announced a five-year Cotton Mission to boost productivity, sustainability, and promotion of Extra-Long Staple (ELS) cotton in India, aiming to reduce import dependency and strengthen the high-end textile sector.

What is Extra-Long Staple (ELS) Cotton?

• Definition: ELS cotton refers to cotton varieties with fibre lengths of 30 mm or more, renowned for their superior softness, strength, durability, and premium quality.
• Botanical Origin: Derived primarily from the species Gossypium barbadense, commonly known as Egyptian or Pima cotton.

Distinguishing Cotton Types by Fibre Length

Type                      Fibre Length        Species                          Quality                 Uses                Yield per Acre   

Short Staple             < 25 mm             Gossypium hirsutum      Coarser         Low-cost textiles        High

Medium Staple       25–28.6 mm         Gossypium hirsutum     Moderate       Everyday fabrics       10–12 quintals

Extra-Long          30 mm & above   Gossypium barbadense  Superior     Luxury textiles        7–8 quintals

Staple (ELS)

Special Characteristics of ELS Cotton

• Softer & Smoother: Ideal for premium, luxury clothing.
• Stronger & More Durable: Resistant to wear and tear.
• Resistant to Pilling: Maintains smoothness over time.
• Luxurious Finish: Produces fine yarns with a natural sheen.
• Minimal Finishing Required: Retains natural texture and quality.

Global and Indian Production Landscape

• Origin: Native to South America.
• Globally Grown In:
  • Egypt, China, Australia, Peru – leading producers.
• In India:
  • Cultivated in Atpadi Taluka (Sangli, Maharashtra), around Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), and in parts of Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh.
  • Grown mostly in rain-fed areas with warm climates and fertile soil, aiding fibre quality.

Challenges in ELS Cotton Cultivation in India

• Low Yield: ELS cotton yields 7–8 quintals/acre, significantly lower than medium staple varieties (10–12 quintals/acre).
• Market Linkage Deficit: Farmers struggle to fetch premium prices for ELS cotton due to weak market access and lack of dedicated procurement infrastructure.
• Technological Gaps: Limited access to improved seed varieties, agronomic practices, and technologies like HtBT (Herbicide-tolerant Bt) cotton.
• Import Dependency: India imports 20–25 lakh bales annually, accounting for ~90% of its ELS cotton requirements, to meet demand from the premium textile industry.

Significance of the Five-Year Cotton Mission

• Aimed at:
  • Enhancing productivity and sustainability of ELS cotton.
  • Reducing import dependence through indigenous development.
  • Strengthening high-value textile exports by ensuring reliable ELS supply.
• Supports:
  • Farmer income enhancement through value-added cultivation.
  • Research and development in ELS cotton seed technology.
  • Improved extension services, supply chain development, and market support mechanisms.

In News:

The Southern Zonal Bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) has recently restrained the Andhra Pradesh government from proceeding with six proposed infrastructure projects in the Kolleru wetland area, citing violations of environmental protocols and lack of statutory clearances.

About Kolleru Lake

• Location: Northeastern Andhra Pradesh, between the Krishna and Godavari river deltas, near Eluru city.
• Type: One of Asia’s largest shallow freshwater lakes, covering an area of 308 sq. km.
• Hydrology:
  • Fed by Budameru and Tammileru rivers.
  • Drains into the Bay of Bengal via Upputeru river (a tidal water channel).
  • Acts as a natural flood-balancing reservoir for the Krishna and Godavari river systems.
• Ecological Importance:
  • Declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1999 and a Ramsar Site in 2002.
  • Designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) due to the presence of over 50,000 waterfowl annually.
  • Lies on the Central Asian Flyway (CAF), a major migratory bird route.
• Key Avian Species:
  • Grey Pelican (indicator species), Siberian Cranes, Glossy Ibis, Open-billed Stork, Purple Moorhen, Painted Storks.

Kolleru Bird Sanctuary

• A protected wetland marsh habitat within the Kolleru Lake region.
• Supports diverse aquatic flora and fauna, serving as a crucial ecosystem for migratory and resident bird species.

Infrastructure Projects and Legal Challenges

• The projects were proposed under the entity "A.P. Krishna – Kolleru Salinity Mitigation Projects Corporation Limited" with a total capital outlay of approximately ?2,952 crore.
• The plans included construction of three regulators-cum-roads across the Upputeru river and other barrages, regulators, and sluices, falling within the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ).
• The Andhra Pradesh Water Resources Department (WRD) issued G.O. Ms. No. 63 (dated 2nd December 2020) authorizing the project.

Grounds for NGT Intervention

• Key objections included:
  • Absence of scientific or ecological studies.
  • Lack of consultations with wetland experts, wildlife conservationists, and hydrologists.
  • No clearances obtained from:
    • Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC)
    • A.P. Coastal Zone Management Authority (CZMA)
    • A.P. Pollution Control Board (PCB)
    • National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)

NGT Observations and Ruling

• The tribunal emphasized the need for comprehensive evaluation of ecological and hydrological impacts before proceeding.
• It cited potential threats to the lake’s ecosystem, including:
  • Disruption to natural hydrology.
  • Loss of biodiversity and eco-sensitive habitats.
• The NGT ruled that the projects should not proceed unless fully compliant with environmental laws and backed by appropriate expert assessments.
• The ruling reinforced India's obligations under the Ramsar Convention and domestic environmental legislation, stressing the urgent need to protect the integrity of the Kolleru ecosystem.

In News:

A henipavirus, specifically the Camp Hill virus, has been detected in North America for the first time. This discovery in northern short-tailed shrews—a small mammal species found commonly in Canada and the U.S.—raises concerns over a potential zoonotic disease outbreak.

About Henipavirus

• Virus Type: Henipaviruses are zoonotic, negative-sense RNA viruses.
• Family: Paramyxoviridae.
• Natural Hosts: Pteropid fruit bats (commonly known as flying foxes).
• Other Hosts: Capable of infecting various mammals, including humans, horses, pigs, and shrews.

Notable Henipaviruses:

• Hendra virus (HeV):
  • First identified in Australia.
  • Mortality rate: Up to 70%.
• Nipah virus (NiV):
  • Found in Southeast Asia, including Malaysia and Bangladesh.
  • Case fatality rate ranges from 40% to 75%, depending on surveillance and clinical care.

Symptoms and Disease Progression

• Initial symptoms: Fever, dizziness, headache, and muscle pain (myalgias).
• Advanced symptoms: Respiratory issues, encephalitis (brain inflammation), confusion, abnormal reflexes, seizures, and coma.
• Relapsing encephalitis may occur months or years after apparent recovery.
• Fatality Risk: High, primarily due to encephalitis and multi-organ failure caused by damage to small blood vessels (microinfarction) in organs like the brain, liver, and kidney.

Why are Henipaviruses so dangerous?

• Henipaviruses produce proteins that:
  • Suppress the innate immune system.
  • Block interferon-stimulated antiviral responses, aiding viral replication.
  • Act as virulence factors, allowing widespread infection and severe outcomes.

Modes of Transmission

• Animal-to-human:
  • Direct contact with infected animals (e.g., fruit bats, pigs, horses, shrews).
  • Consumption of contaminated food or water (e.g., raw date palm sap in Nipah outbreaks).
• Human-to-human: Via bodily fluids, close contact, or respiratory droplets during caregiving.

Treatment and Prevention

• Treatment:
  • No specific vaccine or antiviral currently exists.
  • Management is symptomatic and supportive (respiratory support, ICU care).
• Prevention:
  • Vaccination of horses (in HeV-risk regions like Australia).
  • Avoiding contact with fruit bats and sick animals.
  • Isolating infected individuals and animals to prevent spread.

In News:

The 13th edition of Exercise Ekuverin, a bilateral joint military exercise between the Indian Army and the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF), commenced in the Maldives on February 4, 2025. The exercise continues to reinforce defence and strategic ties between the two nations.

About Exercise Ekuverin

• Name Meaning: “Ekuverin” means ‘Friends’ in Dhivehi, the official language of the Maldives—symbolizing the deep and friendly defence partnership between India and the Maldives.
• First Conducted: The exercise was initiated in 2009 as part of annual bilateral defence cooperation.
• Venue Alternation: It is held alternatively in India and the Maldives every year.
  • 2023 Edition: Conducted at Chaubatia, Uttarakhand from June 11 to 24.
  • 2025 Edition: Being hosted in the Maldives.

Key Objectives and Features

• Military Interoperability: Enhances coordination and operational synergy between Indian and Maldivian armed forces.
• Counter-Insurgency and Counter-Terrorism (CI/CT): Focuses on joint tactical drills to counter modern asymmetric threats.
• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR): Equips forces to respond effectively to natural disasters and humanitarian crises.
• Strengthening IOR Security: Reinforces regional maritime and strategic stability in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), a key area of India’s strategic interest.

Significance for India-Maldives Relations

• Strategic Partnership: Builds mutual trust and defence preparedness, aligning with India’s “Neighbourhood First” policy.
• Capacity Building: Helps enhance the capability of the MNDF through joint training with a larger and more experienced Indian Army.
• Regional Security Cooperation: Plays a crucial role in maintaining peace, security, and freedom of navigation in the IOR.

India’s Defence Engagement with Southeast Asia

India actively conducts multiple bilateral and multilateral defence exercises with Southeast Asian countries to enhance defence diplomacy and promote a free, open, and secure Indo-Pacific.

Key Defence Exercises with Southeast Asian Nations:

• Garuda Shakti: Special Forces exercise with Indonesia (Nov 2022, Sangga Buana Training Area).
• Mitra Shakti: Annual exercise with Sri Lanka, last held in 2022.
• VINBAX: India-Vietnam bilateral exercise; 3rd edition held in 2022.
• IMBEX: India-Myanmar bilateral exercise (last noted in 2017–18).
• Maitree: Joint annual military exercise with Thailand, conducted since 2006.
• CORPAT: Coordinated Patrols with Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia for maritime domain awareness and security.
• AIME 2023: The first ASEAN-India Maritime Exercise, conducted in May 2023, involving navies from India and ASEAN nations (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam).

In News:

In a remarkable ornithological development, the Golden-headed Cisticola (Cisticola exilis) has been sighted in the Mathikettan Shola National Park, Idukki district, Kerala, marking its first recorded presence in the southern Western Ghats after a significant gap.

The finding underscores the ecological richness of the region and highlights the need for intensified avian research in the Western Ghats.

About Golden-headed Cisticola (Cisticola exilis)

• Also known as the bright-capped cisticola, it is a small warbler belonging to the family Cisticolidae.
• It is an omnivorous bird, feeding primarily on invertebrates such as insects and small slugs, along with grass seeds.
• The species is typically found in grassland habitats within mountain ranges, and has been previously recorded in parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and northern Kerala, notably in Banasura Hills, Wayanad. However, this is the first confirmed sighting in the southern part of the Palakkad Gap.

Physical features of breeding males include:

• Golden-orange plumage on the head, neck, and chest
• Pinkish beaks
• Black streaks on the back
• A distinctive call that aids identification

Habitat and Distribution

• It is widely distributed across Australia and several Asian countries.
• In India, its presence had been limited to select regions of the Western Ghats, making its recent sighting in Mathikettan Shola both rare and ecologically significant.

Conservation Status

• According to the IUCN Red List, the Golden-headed Cisticola is classified as Least Concern. Despite this, the new finding calls for further research into its habitat preferences and conservation needs within India.

About Mathikettan Shola National Park

Located in the southern part of the Palakkad Gap in the Western Ghats of Kerala, Mathikettan Shola is a vital biodiversity hotspot.

• It comprises evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, shola grasslands, and semi-evergreen vegetation.
• The park hosts three major streams: Uchillkuthi Puzha, Mathikettan Puzha, and Njandar, which are tributaries of the Panniyar River.
• Its highest point is Kattumala, located at the eastern border adjoining Tamil Nadu.
• The Muthavan tribal community resides near the park’s northeastern boundary, reflecting the intricate human-nature interface in the region.

Scientific and Conservation Importance

The rediscovery has been documented in the journal Malabar Trogon by the Malabar Natural History Society, bringing attention to the importance of long-term monitoring and baseline studies in underexplored ecosystems.

It emphasizes:

• The ecological richness of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• The importance of citizen science, as local birdwatchers played a key role in the finding.
• The need for enhanced habitat protection and ornithological research in grassland ecosystems of high-altitude regions.

In News:

The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Digital Payments Index (DPI) rose to 465.33 as of September 2024, up from 445.5 in March 2024, indicating a sustained increase in the adoption and penetration of digital payments across India.

About the RBI-DPI

• Launched: January 2021
• Constructed by: Reserve Bank of India
• Purpose: To measure the extent and progress of digitisation of payments in India.
• Base Period: March 2018 (DPI Score = 100)
• Frequency of Publication: Semi-annually (March and September)

Significance of the Index

• Acts as a quantitative tool to monitor India’s progress in achieving a less-cash economy.
• Provides stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers a composite view of digital payment trends.
• Helps identify policy focus areas and gaps in digital infrastructure and adoption.
• Supports the goals of financial inclusion, innovation, and digital public infrastructure.

Recent Trends

• September 2024 DPI Score: 465.33
• March 2024 DPI Score: 445.5
• Implication: Demonstrates continued momentum in digital payment adoption, driven by improved payment infrastructure and payment performance nationwide.

Structure of the RBI-DPI

The index is composed of five broad parameters, each with defined weightages and sub-indicators:

Parameter                                                               Weightage         Description

1. Payment Enablers                                              25%                   Internet/mobile penetration, bank account ownership, Aadhaar usage.

2. Payment Infrastructure – Demand Side          10%                  Number of debit/credit cards, user demand for digital options.

3. Payment Infrastructure – Supply Side            15%                  Availability of POS machines, ATMs, bank branches, QR codes.

4. Payment Performance                                      45%                  Actual volume and value of digital transactions, currency usage trends.

5. Consumer Centricity                                        5%                    Digital payment awareness, fraud prevention, grievance redressal.

Each parameter is further broken down into measurable sub-indicators, offering a comprehensive framework for assessment.

Why RBI-DPI Matters for India

• Digital Transformation: Encourages the shift from cash to digital payments, aligning with the goals of Digital India.
• Policy Impact Assessment: Evaluates the effectiveness of regulatory and policy interventions in the payment ecosystem.
• Infrastructure Development: Reflects the outreach of digital payment infrastructure, aiding targeted investments.
• Financial Inclusion: Helps assess how digital modes are reaching the underserved and unbanked populations.
• Data-Driven Governance: Facilitates evidence-based decision-making in financial sector reforms.

In News:

The Ministry of Railways has launched a unified mobile application, SwaRail, currently in beta testing as of January 31, 2025.

This initiative aims to streamline access to Indian Railways services and enhance user experience by consolidating various apps into a single digital platform.

Key Highlights

What is SwaRail?

• SwaRail is a SuperApp developed by the Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS).
• It serves as a comprehensive, one-stop solution for a wide range of Indian Railways services.
• The app is currently in beta testing and is available on the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Objective

• To integrate multiple railway-related services under a unified platform.
• To reduce app clutter and device storage consumption.
• To improve user experience through a seamless and intuitive interface.

Developed By: Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS)

• CRIS is an organization under the Ministry of Railways.
• It combines IT expertise with railway operational experience.
• CRIS is responsible for developing and maintaining software for core railway functions.

Services Offered via SwaRail

The SuperApp merges functionalities of multiple existing apps, offering:

1. Ticketing Services
   • Reserved ticket booking
   • Unreserved and platform ticket booking
2. Freight & Parcel Enquiries
   • Parcel booking status
   • Freight services information
3. Passenger Enquiries
   • Real-time train status
   • PNR enquiry (along with associated train details)
   • Train schedules
4. Onboard Services
   • Food ordering while traveling
   • Complaint redressal via Rail Madad

Notable Features of the SuperApp

Feature                                  Description

Single Sign-On                    Access all services using a single set of credentials

Unified App                         Combines multiple previously separate apps (e.g., IRCTC RailConnect, UTS)

Integrated Interface            Displays consolidated data like PNR + train info on the same screen

Easy Onboarding                Existing users can log in with RailConnect/UTS credentials

Multiple Login Modes        Supports m-PIN, biometric authentication, and OTP-based guest login

Smart Wallet Integration   Auto-linking of R-Wallets from UTS App for ticket booking transactions

User-Centric Approach

• The app is being actively tested, and users are encouraged to provide feedback during the beta phase.
• CRIS is monitoring performance and issues for improvement before the final public release.
• The government envisions technological integration to ensure efficient, smarter, and citizen-friendly rail services.

In News:

India has made a significant stride in biomedical research and public health with three major developments led by the Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI) in Faridabad, Haryana.

Key Highlights:

India’s First Ferret Research Facility

• Inaugurated by: Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science & Technology.
• Location: NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad.
• Purpose: To bolster India's capacity in:
  • Vaccine development
  • Therapeutic testing
  • Research on emerging infectious diseases like influenza, COVID-19, and tuberculosis.
• Significance:
  • Strengthens India’s pandemic preparedness.
  • Positions India among the select nations with advanced biosafety labs using ferrets—ideal models due to respiratory systems similar to humans.

Launch of GARBH-INi-DRISHTI Data Repository

• Platform: DBT Data Repository and Information Sharing Hub under the GARBH-INi program.
• Dataset Size: Over 12,000 pregnant women, newborns, and postpartum mothers.
• Developed by: THSTI with collaboration from top Indian research institutions and hospitals.
• Features:
  • Comprehensive clinical data, medical images, and biospecimens.
  • Secure, controlled access promoting ethical research.
  • Facilitates predictive tools for preterm birth and maternal health complications.
• Utility:
  • Empowers both national and global researchers.
  • Informs maternal and neonatal health interventions.
  • Supports evidence-based policymaking in public health.
• Program Genesis:
  • GARBH-INi (2014): Interdisciplinary initiative to understand preterm birth risks—biological and non-biological.
  • Part of: Atal Jai Anusandhan Biotech Mission under the UNaTI initiative.

Technology Transfer Agreement with Industry

• Agreement Between: THSTI and Sundyota Numandis Probioceuticals Pvt. Ltd.
• Technology Transferred:
  • Lactobacillus crispatus, a genetically defined synthetic microbial consortium.
  • Isolated from reproductive tracts of Indian women enrolled in GARBH-INi.
• Applications:
  • Nutraceuticals and probiotics for reproductive health.
  • Potential treatments for vaginal infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs).
• Significance:
  • Promotes microbiome-based interventions.
  • Bridges lab-to-market gap, boosting the biomanufacturing ecosystem.

Strategic Implications for India

• Scientific Diplomacy & Global Standing: With cutting-edge facilities and open data-sharing platforms, India emerges as a key player in global biomedical research.
• Public Health Impact: Supports targeted, data-driven maternal health policies and pandemic response frameworks.
• Innovation Ecosystem: Reflects the convergence of academic research, industry collaboration, and translational science.

In News:

World Wetlands Day is observed every year on 2nd February to commemorate the adoption of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran.

India has been a signatory to the Convention since 1982 and has actively worked towards the conservation and sustainable management of wetlands—critical ecosystems that serve as biodiversity hotspots, natural flood buffers, and carbon sinks.

Theme 2025: "Protecting Wetlands for Our Common Future"

The 2025 theme emphasizes collaborative efforts to protect wetlands to ensure ecological sustainability, biodiversity preservation, and long-term human well-being. It highlights the need for integrated management and foresight in conservation strategies.

Key Event: Parvati Arga Ramsar Site, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh

The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) organized the national-level celebrations of World Wetlands Day 2025 at the Parvati Arga Ramsar Site in Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh.

Significance of the Site

• Comprises two rain-fed oxbow lakes—Parvati and Arga—located in the terai region of the Gangetic plains.
• Supports endangered and critically endangered species like the white-rumped vulture, Indian vulture, and Egyptian vulture.
• Attracts migratory birds such as Eurasian coots, greylag geese, northern pintails, and red-crested pochards.
• Threatened by invasive species, notably the common water hyacinth.
• The nearby Tikri Forest is being developed as an eco-tourism site, and a nature-culture tourism corridor is planned between Ayodhya and Devi Patan.

Cultural and Economic Value

• The area includes heritage sites such as the birthplaces of Maharishi Patanjali and Goswami Tulsidas, enhancing its potential as a religious and cultural tourism hub.
• A MoU between Amazon and ARGA (UP Government initiative) aims to empower women entrepreneurs through digital training and market access under Amazon’s Saheli programme.

India's Wetland Landscape and New Ramsar Sites (2025 Update)

India’s tally of Ramsar Sites has risen to 89, with four new additions:

1. Udhwa Lake – Jharkhand (first Ramsar site for the state)
2. Theerthangal – Tamil Nadu
3. Sakkarakottai – Tamil Nadu
4. Khecheopalri – Sikkim (first Ramsar site for the state)

• Tamil Nadu leads with 20 Ramsar Sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 10 sites.
• Total area under Ramsar protection in India is now approximately 1.358 million hectares.

Amrit Dharohar Initiative

Launched in June 2023, the Amrit Dharohar initiative promotes conservation and sustainable use of Ramsar Sites over three years. It aligns with Budget 2023–24 announcements and focuses on:

1. Species and Habitat Conservation
2. Nature Tourism
3. Wetlands-based Livelihoods
4. Wetlands and Carbon Mitigation

The initiative encourages convergence among central ministries, state authorities, and community stakeholders.

Workshops and Public Engagement

A regional workshop for Northern States was organized on 1st February 2025, with participants from nine states and UTs, highlighting collaborative models in wetland management. The main event also included:

• Exhibitions on eco-friendly products, wetland conservation, and green skills.
• Launch of publications like the Integrated Management Plan for Parvati Arga, Factbook of India’s 85 Ramsar Sites, and Development of Van Taungya Villages.
• Felicitation of painting, quiz, and Nukkad Natak competition winners, promoting grassroots awareness.

Significance of Wetlands in India

Wetlands are water-covered ecosystems, either permanently or seasonally flooded. They:

• Support rich biodiversity, including migratory birds and aquatic species.
• Recharge groundwater and regulate floods.
• Provide livelihoods through fisheries and tourism.
• Act as natural carbon sinks, aiding in climate change mitigation.

Major Threats

• Pollution from industrial and domestic effluents
• Encroachment and urbanization
• Invasive species

In News:

The Union Budget 2025–26 has accorded the highest-ever allocation of ?32,646 crore to the Ministry of Labour and Employment, representing an 80% increase over the previous year's Revised Estimates.

The enhanced funding reflects the government's strategic focus on employment generation and strengthening social security mechanisms for unorganised workers and gig economy participants.

Key Budgetary Highlights:

1. Employment Generation Scheme:

• ?20,000 crore has been allocated to the new Employment Generation Scheme, double the previous year’s allocation.
• The scheme is aimed at fostering large-scale employment opportunities and skilling across various sectors.

2. Employees’ Pension Scheme:

• Allocation increased by ?300 crore, strengthening retirement security for formal sector workers.

3. PM Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana (PM-SYM):

• Allocation increased by 37% compared to last year.
• The scheme provides old-age social security to unorganised workers through a voluntary, contributory pension model.

About Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana (PM-SYM)

Objective:

To provide minimum assured pension and social security to unorganised sector workers, including street vendors, construction workers, agriculture laborers, domestic workers, etc.

Eligibility:

• Indian citizen aged 18–40 years
• Monthly income below ?15,000
• Not a member of EPFO, ESIC, or NPS

Key Features:

• Minimum Assured Pension: ?3,000 per month after 60 years of age.
• Voluntary and Contributory Scheme:
  • Contributions made via auto-debit from bank accounts.
  • 50:50 matching contribution by the Central Government.
• Pension Fund Management:
  • Administered by the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
  • Implemented by LIC and CSC e-Governance Services India Ltd.
  • LIC acts as the Pension Fund Manager.

Family Pension Provision:

• In case of subscriber's death:
  • Spouse receives 50% of the pension amount as family pension.
  • If death occurs before 60 years, the spouse may continue contributions or exit the scheme as per norms.

Exit Provisions:

• Exit before 10 years: Subscriber's share with accrued interest is returned.
• Exit after 10 years but before 60 years: Entire contribution with interest returned to the subscriber.

Social Security for Gig Workers

Recognising the gig economy as a critical pillar of India’s modern workforce, the government has taken key steps to enhance their social security:

• e-Shram registration
• Provision of unique identity cards
• Access to healthcare benefits under PM Jan Arogya Yojana
• Expected to benefit around 1 crore gig workers

In News:

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the launch of a National Geospatial Mission in the Budget 2025-26.

Key Highlights:

Objective: To modernize land records, enhance urban planning, and create a robust geospatial infrastructure to support India’s broader development goals, including sustainable growth, efficient governance, and improved public service delivery.

Key Features of the Mission:

• Modernization of Land Records:
  • Digitization and updation of land records using geospatial technology.
  • Aim to reduce land disputes and promote efficient and transparent land use.
• Urban and Infrastructure Planning:
  • Provides high-resolution geospatial data for informed urban planning.
  • Supports better design and execution of infrastructure through integration with the PM Gati Shakti framework.
• Development of National Geospatial Data Infrastructure (NGDI):
  • Integrates geospatial data from multiple departments and ministries.
  • Enables seamless access and interoperability for users across sectors.
• Open Geospatial Data Policy:
  • Encourages private sector participation by allowing access to non-sensitive, high-resolution data.
  • Reduces reliance on foreign geospatial data providers.
• Sectoral Impact:
  • Agriculture: Precision farming, resource mapping, and yield optimization.
  • Disaster Management: Enhances early warning systems and response planning.
  • Environmental Monitoring: Facilitates conservation, deforestation tracking, and ecosystem health analysis.
  • Transportation: Improves logistics, routing, and infrastructure placement.
  • Climate Monitoring: Aids in data-driven climate action and adaptation planning.
• Technological Integration:
  • Utilizes emerging technologies such as AI, drones, and quantum computing for spatial data collection and analysis.
  • Promotes research and development in geospatial science to drive innovation.
• Support to Private Sector:
  • Anticipated growth in demand for services from geospatial startups, drone companies, and mapping enterprises.
  • Strengthens India’s indigenous geospatial capability aligned with the booming global geospatial market (projected to reach $1,064 million by 2030).

Significance and Alignment with National Goals:

• Enhances transparency and efficiency in land governance.
• Contributes to sustainable urban development.
• Aligns with Digital India and Atmanirbhar Bharat by reducing data dependency on foreign sources.
• Acts as a foundational enabler for India’s development agenda, particularly in areas of resource management, climate resilience, and national security.

In News:

• Recently, the Union Government has introduced the PM Dhan Dhanya Krishi Yojana which aims at enhancing agricultural productivity.
• Objective: To boost agricultural productivity, modernize farming practices, and enhance rural prosperity by addressing region-specific challenges in backward agricultural districts.

Key Features:

• Integrated Approach:
  • Consolidates multiple existing agricultural schemes under one umbrella for greater synergy and implementation efficiency.
  • Draws inspiration from the Aspirational Districts Programme, which has improved socio-economic outcomes in backward regions.
• District-Specific Interventions:
  • Focuses on districts with:
    • Low crop productivity
    • Moderate crop intensity
    • Limited institutional credit access
  • Implements customized strategies based on the unique challenges of each region.
• Core Focus Areas:
  • Enhancing farm productivity through modern technology.
  • Improving irrigation infrastructure.
  • Increasing formal credit availability to reduce dependence on informal moneylenders.
  • Promoting crop diversification and sustainable agriculture.
  • Strengthening post-harvest infrastructure like storage at Panchayat and block levels.
• Technology-Driven Solutions:
  • Encourages adoption of climate-resilient and precision farming.
  • Supports digital access to credit and advisory services.
• Financial Inclusion:
  • Strengthens linkages with government financial programs, microfinance institutions, and banks.
  • Aims to reduce rural indebtedness and promote formal financial participation.
• State and Centre Collaboration: Implementation will involve both central and state governments, ensuring localized solutions with national support.
• Reducing Distress Migration: By improving rural livelihoods and opportunities, the scheme aims to make migration a choice rather than a compulsion.

In News:

In 2024, the Gujarat government declared the Inland Mangrove of Guneri, located in Kutch district, as the first Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) of the state under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. The declaration followed a recommendation by the Gujarat Biodiversity Board.

Key Features of Guneri Inland Mangroves:

• Location: Guneri village, Lakhtar tehsil, Kutch district, Gujarat.
• Area: 32.78 hectares.
• Distance from Sea: ~45 km from the Arabian Sea; ~4 km from Kori Creek.
• Nature: Inland (non-coastal) mangrove ecosystem — one of only eight such sites globally and the last remaining in India.
• Terrain: Flat land resembling a forest; no tidal influence or sludge typically seen in coastal mangroves.
• Water Source: Sustained by groundwater retained in limestone deposits; no direct contact with seawater.

Ecological and Geological Significance:

• Possibly originated from:
  • Miocene marine transgression, or
  • Along the ancient Saraswati River, believed to have flowed in the Great Rann of Kutch around 3000–4000 BCE.
• Limestone formations in western Kutch provide continuous subsurface water flow, enabling survival of this unique mangrove system.

Biodiversity:

• Habitat to:
  • 20 migratory bird species
  • 25 resident migratory avifaunal species
• Acts as a vital ecosystem for local and seasonal wildlife.

Mangroves in India – 2024 Snapshot:

• As per the “Red List of Mangrove Ecosystems” (May 22, 2024):
  • India has 3% of South Asia’s mangrove cover.
  • Total mangrove area: 4,975 sq km (0.15% of India's land area).
  • Increase: 54 sq km (1.10%) since last assessment.
  • State-wise share:
    • West Bengal: 42.45% (notably South 24 Parganas & Sundarbans)
    • Gujarat: 23.66% (with highest increase: 37 sq km)
    • Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 12.39%

Legal Framework:

• Declared under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, which empowers state governments to notify BHS after consulting local self-government bodies.
• A local Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC), including representatives from self-governance institutions, will oversee protection and conservation.
• This provides a formal structure for site management, previously absent.

Conservation Measures:

• Training programs for local and tribal communities along with forest officials.
• A management plan will be implemented to preserve the unique flora and fauna.

In News:

• The National Manufacturing Mission (NMM) has been launched to accelerate India’s transition into a global manufacturing hub.
• This mission is a key component of the Make in India initiative and aims to raise the manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP from 17% to 25% by 2025.

Scope & Coverage

• Targets small, medium, and large industries across sectors.
• Provides a comprehensive support framework involving policy guidance, execution roadmaps, and governance structures for central ministries and state governments.

Five Core Focus Areas:

• Ease and cost of doing business
• Skilling for future-ready jobs
• Support for a dynamic MSME sector
• Technology availability and innovation
• Enhancement of product quality

Clean Tech Manufacturing Focus

In line with India's sustainable development goals, the mission will promote domestic value addition and build robust manufacturing ecosystems for:

• Solar PV cells
• Electric vehicle (EV) batteries
• Motors and controllers
• Electrolyzers
• Wind turbines
• Very high-voltage transmission equipment
• Grid-scale batteries

Strategic Objective: Reduce reliance on Chinese imports and integrate India into global clean tech supply chains.

MSME Sector Support

• Credit Guarantee Cover for MSMEs increased from ?5 crore to ?10 crore.
• Revised Classification Criteria: Investment and turnover limits enhanced by 2.5x and 2x, respectively.
• Aims to empower MSMEs with greater access to credit and growth incentives.

Sector-Specific Measures

1. Footwear & Leather Sector

• A new Focus Product Scheme will support:
  • Design capacity
  • Component manufacturing
  • Machinery for non-leather and leather footwear
• Expected Impact:
  • Employment for 22 lakh persons
  • Turnover of ?4 lakh crore
  • Exports over ?1.1 lakh crore

2. Toy Manufacturing – National Action Plan for Toys

• Objective: Make India a global hub for innovative and sustainable toys.
• Strategy:
  • Develop manufacturing clusters
  • Promote skilling and innovation
  • Strengthen the ‘Made in India’ brand in the global toy market

3. Food Processing – ‘Purvodaya’ Focus

• Establishment of a National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management in Bihar.
• Purpose:
  • Boost food processing in Eastern India
  • Enhance value addition for farmers
  • Create employment and entrepreneurial opportunities

In News:

A first-of-its-kind study, commissioned by the Delhi government and conducted by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), has revealed the presence of microplastics in groundwater across all 11 districts of Delhi. The interim findings, submitted in November 2024, also reported microplastics in Yamuna River water and soil samples along its banks.

Key Findings:

• Widespread Contamination: Microplastics were found in groundwater samples across Delhi, indicating potential contamination due to leaching from the Yamuna River.
• Additional Contamination: Microplastics were also detected in the Yamuna's water and riverbank soil, suggesting environmental pervasiveness.
• Water Usage Impact: Since Delhi relies on borewells and treated groundwater for drinking and domestic purposes, this contamination raises serious public health concerns.
• No Objection by Authorities: The Delhi government has not disputed the study’s interim findings; further post-monsoon analysis is underway, and a final report is expected later in 2025.

What Are Microplastics?

According to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP):

• Definition: Plastic particles less than 5 mm in size
• Types:
  • Primary Microplastics: Manufactured for use in cosmetics (e.g., microbeads) and textiles (e.g., microfibers from clothing, nets)
  • Secondary Microplastics: Result from breakdown of larger plastics (e.g., bottles) due to sunlight, abrasion, and ocean waves

Environmental & Health Impacts:

• Persistence: Microplastics are non-biodegradable, mobile, and difficult to eliminate from natural ecosystems.
• Toxicity:
  • Can adsorb harmful chemicals, making them more toxic
  • Known to bioaccumulate in aquatic food chains
• Human Exposure: Microplastics can enter the human body via:
  • Inhalation (air)
  • Ingestion (water and seafood)
  • Dermal absorption (through skin)
• Health Risks (UNEP Report – From Pollution to Solution, 2021):
  • Potential effects on genetics, brain development, respiration, and placental health in newborns
  • No global standard exists for safe microplastic limits in drinking water

In News:

For the first time, the Saffron Reedtail Damselfly, a rare and endemic species of the Western Ghats, has been recorded in Karnataka.

This significant discovery was made in Madhugundi village, Chikkamagaluru district, along the Nethravati River. The findings were published in the journal Entomon.

Key Facts:

• Scientific Name: Indosticta deccanensis
• Common Name: Saffron Reedtail
• Family: Platystictidae (commonly known as shadow damselflies)
• Appearance: Slender, delicate body with a characteristic saffron coloration
• Habitat: Prefers slow-moving forest streams surrounded by thick vegetation; requires pristine water quality

Ecological Significance:

• Indicator Species: Highly sensitive to environmental changes and pollution, indicating a healthy, undisturbed ecosystem.
• Biodiversity Implication:
  • Previously recorded only in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
  • The first sighting in Karnataka (northern Western Ghats) extends the known range of the species, suggesting it may be more widely distributed than earlier believed.

Conservation Relevance:

• The discovery underscores the ecological richness of the Madhugundi forests, which were severely affected by floods and landslides in 2019.
• Highlights the urgency to protect fragile ecosystems from deforestation, water pollution, and climate change, especially in biodiversity hotspots like the Western Ghats.

About Damselflies (Order: Odonata):

• General Features:
  • Predatory, aerial insects
  • Slender bodies with net-veined wings
  • Fly weakly compared to dragonflies
  • Mostly inhabit freshwater habitats

In News:

The Economic Survey 2024–25 underscores the adverse impact of Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs) on public health, particularly among children and youth, and calls for urgent regulatory intervention.

Key Recommendations

• Stringent Front-of-the-Pack Labelling (FOPL): The Survey advocates for clear, enforceable FOPL rules to inform consumers, curb misleading nutrition claims, and restrict aggressive marketing, especially those targeted at children and adolescents.
• Stronger Role for FSSAI: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is advised to:
  • Define UPFs clearly in regulation.
  • Establish labelling standards.
  • Monitor compliance of branded products.
• ‘Health Tax’ Proposal: The Survey proposes higher taxes on UPFs, especially brands engaging in excessive advertising, to act as a deterrent and promote healthier food choices.
• Awareness and Education: It recommends targeted awareness campaigns in schools and colleges, integrated with broader health and lifestyle campaigns, to reduce the rising consumption of UPFs.

Why this matter

• Rising Consumption: According to a 2023 WHO report, India’s UPF consumption grew from $900 million (2006) to over $37.9 billion (2019).
• Long-term National Impact: India's ?2,50,000 crore UPF industry is built on hyper-palatability and is a threat to India’s demographic dividend, productivity, and future economic growth.

Health Risks of UPFs

• Directly linked to:
  • Obesity
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Colorectal cancer
  • Respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders
  • Mental health issues, especially among youth
• Poor dietary intake due to UPFs contributes to micronutrient deficiencies, while synthetic additives may have long-term biological impacts.

What are Ultra-Processed Foods?

UPFs are industrial formulations that undergo extensive processing and typically include:

• Artificial flavours, colours, preservatives, emulsifiers, sweeteners, and other cosmetic additives.
• High sugar, salt, and fat content for taste enhancement.
• Low in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and fibre.
• Designed for convenience and high palatability, often leading to overconsumption.

Examples of Ultra-Processed Foods

(As per Indian Council of Medical Research - ICMR):

• Commercial bakery items: bread, cakes, biscuits, breakfast cereals
• Snack foods: chips, fries
• Condiments: sauces, jams, mayonnaise
• Dairy & protein products: processed cheese, butter, protein powders, soy chunks, tofu
• Frozen and ready-to-eat foods with additives
• Beverages: energy drinks, health drinks, sweetened fruit juices
• Refined flours of cereals, millets, legumes
• Culinary ingredients containing cosmetic additives like artificial colours or emulsifiers

In News:

The Government of India has added four new Ramsar sites, increasing the total to 89, the highest in Asia and third globally. The newly designated wetlands include:

• Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
• Therthangal Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
• Khecheopalri Wetland (Sikkim)
• Udhwa Lake (Jharkhand)

This marks a significant milestone as Sikkim and Jharkhand have received their first Ramsar recognitions, while Tamil Nadu strengthens its lead with 20 Ramsar sites, the most among Indian states.

About the Ramsar Convention

• Adopted: 1971 in Ramsar, Iran
• Objective: Conservation and wise use of wetlands through local, national, and international cooperation.
• World Wetlands Day: Celebrated on 2nd February to promote awareness.

Key Highlights:

Therthangal Bird Sanctuary – Tamil Nadu

• Notified in 2010; covers 29.29 ha.
• Crucial breeding and foraging site for waterbirds like Spot-billed Pelican, Black-headed Ibis, and Oriental Darter.
• Aids groundwater recharge and climate regulation.
• Part of the Central Asian Flyway.

Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary – Tamil Nadu

• Notified in 2012; spans 230.49 ha.
• Located near Gulf of Mannar; significant stopover for migratory birds.
• Hosts endemic species and near-threatened fauna like Lion-tailed Macaque and Giant Squirrel.

Khecheopalri Wetland – Sikkim

• Sacred lake revered by Buddhists and Hindus; called Sho Dzo Sho locally.
• Known as a wish-fulfilling lake.
• Birds prevent leaves from settling on the surface.
• Rich in avifauna: fishing eagles, Brahminy kites.
• Integral to ecotourism and biodiversity conservation.

Udhwa Lake – Jharkhand

• Comprises Pataura Jheel (155 ha) and Brahma Jamalpur Jheel (410 ha).
• First Ramsar site of Jharkhand; near Ganga River.
• Declared a bird sanctuary in 1991; attracts migratory birds from September onwards.
  Falls under the Gangetic Plains biogeographic zone.

In News:

The Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME), in collaboration with the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), has launched the Trade Enablement and Marketing (TEAM) Initiative. It aims to promote digital commerce among micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in India.

Key Features of TEAM Initiative

• Scheme Under: Raising and Accelerating MSME Productivity (RAMP) Programme
  • RAMP is a World Bank-supported Central Sector Scheme implemented from 2022–2027 to enhance market access, technology upgradation, and financial inclusion for MSMEs.
• Objective:
  • To empower MSEs through digital commerce integration using ONDC.
  • To formalize operations, reduce the cost of doing business, and expand market access.
  • To ensure inclusivity with 50% of beneficiaries being women-led enterprises.
• Budget & Duration:
  • ?277.35 crore over three years (FY 2024–25 to FY 2026–27).
• Target Beneficiaries:
  • 5 lakh MSEs (50% women-led).
  • Eligibility: Registered MSEs in manufacturing or service sectors with valid Udyam Registration. Medium enterprises are excluded from most benefits.
• Implementing Agency:
  • National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC)

Operational Strategy

• ONDC Integration: MSMEs will be onboarded onto the ONDC network, enabling them to operate digital storefronts with access to interoperable platforms, seamless payment solutions, and logistics services.
• Workshops & Outreach:
  • Over 150 workshops will be organized across Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities, especially targeting SC/ST-led and women-led enterprises.
  • Workshops will provide training on creating digital catalogues, understanding digital platforms, and maximizing ONDC's benefits.
• Supportive Infrastructure: A dedicated digital portal will offer services including workshop registration, access to finance, grievance redressal, catalogue tools, and account management assistance.
• Financial Assistance: Support to Seller Network Participants for onboarding MSEs and assisting in operational and digital transition needs.

About ONDC:

An initiative of the DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce, ONDC is an open, interoperable network that allows buyers and sellers to transact across multiple digital platforms, aiming to democratize digital commerce and reduce platform monopolies.

In News:

The Union Cabinet has launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) with a total outlay of ?34,300 crore over seven years, including ?16,300 crore government expenditure and ?18,000 crore investment from PSUs and private players.

Key Highlights:

Objectives of NCMM

• Reduce import dependence on critical minerals vital for clean energy, electronics, defence, and high-tech industries.
• Promote domestic exploration, mining, processing, and recycling of critical minerals.
• Facilitate overseas acquisition of mineral assets.
• Strengthen India’s mineral security and ensure self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat).

Key Features

• Value Chain Coverage: Exploration → Mining → Beneficiation → Processing → Recycling of end-of-life products.
• Fast-track regulatory approvals for mining projects.
• Creation of mineral processing parks and promotion of sustainable extraction technologies.
• Establishing a strategic stockpile of critical minerals.
• Development of a Centre of Excellence on Critical Minerals to support R&D.
• Expansion of PRISM initiative to fund startups and MSMEs in the sector.
• Whole-of-government approach: Collaboration among ministries, PSUs, private sector, and research institutions.

Why Critical Minerals Matter

Critical minerals are essential inputs for:

• Green energy: EV batteries, solar panels, wind turbines.
• Electronics: Semiconductors, fiber optics.
• Defence: Aircraft, missile guidance systems.
• Medical technologies: MRI machines, pacemakers.

India’s clean energy transition and manufacturing competitiveness hinge on a steady and secure supply of these minerals.

India’s Import Dependence

India is dependent on imports, especially from China, for several critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, titanium, graphite, and tellurium. This exposes India to supply chain vulnerabilities amid shifting global geopolitics.

List of 30 Critical Minerals for India

Includes: Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, Graphite, Rare Earth Elements (REEs), Beryllium, Titanium, Tungsten, Gallium, Indium, Selenium, Cadmium, etc.

Strategic and Legislative Initiatives

• Amendment to MMDR Act (1957) in 2023: Enabled auction of 24 critical mineral blocks.
• OAMDR Act (2002) amendment: Introduced transparent offshore mineral exploration.
• Duty waivers in Union Budget 2024–25: Customs duties removed on key critical minerals to promote domestic processing.
• Exploration by GSI: 368 projects in last 3 years; 227 more planned for FY 2025–26.
• KABIL: Acquired 15,703 ha in Argentina for lithium mining.

Global Context

• Global powers (US, EU, Japan) are pursuing strategies for critical mineral security.
• China dominates refining of lithium, cobalt, and REEs.
• India is part of the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) to diversify global mineral supply chains.

Significance for India

• Ensures long-term resource security for clean technologies.
• Supports EV and renewable energy manufacturing goals.
• Enhances strategic autonomy in defence and electronics.
• Makes India an attractive hub for foreign investment in green technologies.

Challenges and the Way Forward

• Geopolitical risks in overseas asset acquisition.
• Environmental impacts of large-scale mining.
• Need for strong R&D ecosystem, financial incentives, and public-private partnerships.
• Sustainable mining practices and global collaboration are essential for long-term success.

In News: