In News:

On International Sickle Cell Day (19 June) 2026, the President of India reaffirmed the country's commitment to eliminate Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) by 2047 under the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (NSCEM).

International Sickle Cell Day

• International Sickle Cell Day is observed annually on 19 June to raise awareness about Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and promote early diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and equitable healthcare access.
• The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) designated 19 June as International Sickle Cell Day through a resolution adopted on 22 December 2008, recognizing SCD as a major global public health challenge and one of the world's most significant inherited genetic disorders.
• Theme (2026):"Closing the Survival Gap: Equity in Sickle Cell Disease."

What is Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a hereditary genetic blood disorder caused by a mutation in the HBB (beta-globin) gene, resulting in the production of abnormal haemoglobin (Haemoglobin S). Instead of their normal biconcave shape, red blood cells become rigid, sticky, and sickle (crescent)-shaped, impairing blood flow and oxygen delivery.

The disease follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, meaning an individual develops SCD only after inheriting two defective genes (one from each parent). Individuals carrying only one mutated gene possess the Sickle Cell Trait and are generally asymptomatic but can transmit the gene to their offspring.

Health Impact

Abnormally shaped red blood cells obstruct small blood vessels, leading to vaso-occlusive crises, severe pain episodes, chronic anaemia, organ damage, recurrent infections due to splenic dysfunction, and reduced life expectancy. Symptoms generally begin at 5–6 months of age as fetal haemoglobin declines.

Treatment

Management focuses on reducing complications through:

• Hydroxyurea therapy (increases fetal haemoglobin production).
• Pain management and adequate hydration.
• Blood transfusions for severe complications.
• Vaccination and antibiotics to prevent infections.

National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (NSCEM)

Launched in 2023, the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission aims to eliminate Sickle Cell Disease as a public health problem in India by 2047, with a special focus on tribal populations, where disease prevalence is highest.

The Mission is implemented jointly by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs under the National Health Mission (NHM) across 17 high-focus States.

Key Features

• Mission period: 2023–2026 (screening phase).
• Screening target: Approximately 7 crore individuals aged 0–40 years.
• Focus areas include:
  • Universal screening and early diagnosis.
  • Genetic counselling.
  • Timely treatment and follow-up.
  • Public awareness and prevention.
  • Strengthening healthcare infrastructure.

In News:

Recent medical findings from a decade-long study conducted at Fortis Memorial Research Institute (FMRI), Gurugram, have demonstrated significant success in curing Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in children through bone marrow (stem cell) transplantation. The study, published in the journal Haemoglobin,analysed100 paediatric cases treated between 2015–2024, reporting an overall survival rate of 87%, with 96% success in matched sibling donor transplants and 78% success in half-matched (haploidentical) family donor transplants. These outcomes place India among the leading countries in advanced paediatric transplant care, particularly notable because SCD disproportionately affects India and sub-Saharan Africa, which together account for nearly half of global cases.

About Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle Cell Disease is a genetic blood disorder caused by the inheritance of two defective genes encoding hemoglobin S—one from each parent. It affects hemoglobin’s structure and function. Normally, red blood cells (RBCs) are round, flexible, and able to move smoothly through blood vessels. In SCD, RBCs distort into a sickle or crescent shape, become rigid and sticky, and obstruct blood flow. This blockage reduces oxygen delivery to tissues and leads to severe pain episodes, organ damage, stroke risk, and a shortened lifespan. The most severe form is Sickle Cell Anemia.

Symptoms

• Early childhood: Persistent tiredness, anemia, painful swelling of hands and feet, jaundice
• Later stages: Recurrent pain crises, infections, stroke, liver and kidney damage, chronic anemia

Causes

• Inherited autosomal recessive disorder
• A child must inherit two copies of the defective sickle cell gene
• Carriers (with one defective gene) do not have the disease but may pass it on

Treatment Approaches

1. Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant

• Currently the only curative treatment for SCD
• Involves replacing defective bone marrow with healthy stem cells
• FMRI study shows high success rates, comparable to global standards
• Early diagnosis and timely transplant significantly improve survival

2. Supportive Medical Care

• Pain management
• Blood transfusions
• Infection control
• Prevention of complications

3. Gene Therapy (Emerging)

• UK became the first country to approve a gene therapy cure
• Targets and corrects the defective gene producing hemoglobin S

Significance of India’s Transplant Success

The FMRI study demonstrates that developing countries can achieve outcomes similar to the most advanced clinical centres worldwide when equipped with appropriate medical infrastructure and protocols. The success is attributed to:

• Use of reduced-toxicity conditioning regimens
• Adoption of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) to reduce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
• Expansion of haploidentical (half-matched) donor options when full sibling matches are unavailable
• Strengthened donor registries, early diagnosis, and improved infection control

The findings indicate that cost-effective and safe transplant strategies can be scaled in India and Africa, improving access for children in low-resource settings.

Public Health Relevance

Sickle Cell Disease is a major public health challenge in India, especially among tribal populations in central and western India. Improving outcomes requires:

• Early screening
• Increased awareness
• Strengthening transplant facilities
• Improved donor availability
• Supportive state and national programs

The success of bone marrow transplantation offers a model for scalable, curative intervention for millions living with SCD, demonstrating India’s growing capability in advanced paediatric care.

Why in the News?

The government is planning to give incentives to ASHA health activists for mobilising eligible individuals for sickle cell disease screening and distribution of sickle cell cards for prevention and early detection of the disease.

About Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA):

• ASHA serves as a trained female community health activist integral to the National Rural Health Mission initiated by the Government of India.
• Selected from the community and accountable to it, ASHA is trained to bridge the gap between the community and the public health system.

Key Functions:

• Acts as a care provider at the community level.
• Facilitates access to healthcare, medicine, and sanitation services.
• Health Awareness: Raises awareness of health issues among marginalized sections within the community.
• Advocate for Women's Health: Champions female health and hygiene standards.
• Advocates for a health-conscious approach to livelihood.

Implementation:

• The ASHA scheme is operational in all States/UTs, except Goa.
• States are mandated to employ at least one ASHA worker per every 1000 people.
• Inclusive Selection Process: The selection process involves various community groups, self-help groups, Anganwadi Institutions, and local committees.

Selection Criteria:

• Rural ASHA: Preferably a literate woman resident, married/widowed/divorced, aged 25 to 45 years, and preferably educated up to the 10th standard.
• Urban ASHA: Identified from vulnerable clusters, belonging to specific vulnerable groups, with good communication and leadership skills.

Compensation:

• Primarily an honorary volunteer compensated for specific situations.
• Ranges from Rs 2,000 to Rs 7,000, depending on the state.
• Incentives: Eligible for incentives under various national health programs.