In News:

The Amrit Bharat Station Scheme (ABSS), launched to transform railway stations across India into world-class travel hubs, has achieved a key milestone. Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced the completion of redevelopment work at 104 stations out of the planned 1,300 stations under the scheme.

About the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme

• Launched: 2023
• Objective: Comprehensive redevelopment of railway stations to:
  • Upgrade passenger amenities
  • Enhance multi-modal connectivity
  • Modernize infrastructure with sustainable and accessible design

Key Updates (As of April 2025)

• Total stations under ABSS: 1,300
• Stations with completed redevelopment: 104
• Stations in Maharashtra: 132 (significant progress reported)

Major Highlights

Feature                                                      Details

Notable Station Project                 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT), Mumbai

CSMT Redevelopment Cost       ?1,800 crore

Modern Facilities Planned           Waiting lounges, food courts, clean restrooms, lifts, escalators,

                                                          digital signage

International Comparison           CSMT post-redevelopment projected to surpass

                                                                           London’s Kings Cross station

Additional Infrastructure Developments in Maharashtra

• Gondia–Ballarshah Railway Line Doubling:
  • Length: 240 km
  • Region: Vidarbha
  • Approved Investment: ?4,819 crore
  • Strategic Importance: Enhances connectivity and freight movement

Centre–State Collaboration

• A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Government of India and Government of Maharashtra for railway project implementation and coordination.

In News:

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has introduced a comprehensive operational framework for the issuance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) debt securities. This includes instruments such as social bonds, sustainability bonds, and sustainability-linked bonds, aiming to boost responsible financing in India.

Understanding ESG Debt Securities

Definition:
ESG debt securities are financial tools designed to raise capital specifically for projects that yield positive environmental, social, or governance (ESG) outcomes. These instruments are a key part of sustainable finance, with categories including:

• Social Bonds: Focused on projects with direct social impact (e.g., affordable housing, education).
• Sustainability Bonds: Target projects with both environmental and social objectives.
• Sustainability-Linked Bonds: Tied to specific ESG performance indicators or targets.

Salient Features:

• Funds raised must be used exclusively for eligible ESG-aligned projects.
• Bonds must be clearly labelled in line with the project's primary focus.
• Compliance with global ESG norms and standards is mandatory.
• Verification or certification by an independent third-party is required.
• The framework applies to both public and private debt offerings.

Highlights of SEBI’s Framework

1. Classification Guidelines: Issuers are required to categorize their bonds—green, social, or sustainability—based on the core objective of the projects being financed. This ensures transparent communication of the bond's intended impact.

2. Disclosure Norms:

• At the Issuance Stage: Offer documents must detail project eligibility, selection methodology, and a tentative allocation between financing new initiatives and refinancing existing ones.
• Post-Issuance: Issuers must provide annual updates on fund deployment and report impact metrics to demonstrate accountability and transparency.

3. Independent Assurance: Issuers must engage accredited third-party entities to validate the alignment of bonds with ESG principles, thereby enhancing investor confidence and market integrity.

4. Monitoring and Evaluation: There is an obligation for ongoing impact assessment. Issuers must ensure the projects funded effectively contribute to reducing environmental degradation or addressing social challenges.

5. Scope and Enforcement: The framework will come into effect from June 5, 2025, and is aligned with international ESG standards to facilitate greater inflow of sustainable and ethical investments.

Significance for India: This move marks a significant step in mainstreaming ESG finance in India. It aims to improve transparency, attract climate-conscious capital, and reinforce India’s commitment to sustainable development.

In News:

The Ministry of Coal recently launched C CARES Version 2.0, a significant upgrade to the Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization’s (CMPFO) digital platform. The new system aims to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in provident fund (PF) and pension disbursement for coal sector workers.

Key Features of C CARES Version 2.0

• Developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in collaboration with the State Bank of India (SBI).
• Provides a unified digital interface for coal workers, coal companies, and CMPFO.
• Enables real-time claim tracking, automated ledger updates, and direct benefit transfers to workers’ bank accounts.
• Includes a mobile application for CMPF members, offering:
  • PF balance checks
  • Profile viewing
  • Grievance redressal
  • Claim status tracking
  • A chatbot assistant for easy navigation

Benefits to Stakeholders

• For Workers: Faster claim settlement, improved access, and reduced delays in PF/pension disbursement.
• For Coal Companies and CMPFO:
  • A prescriptive dashboard to generate custom reports.
  • Analytics to track settlement trends.
  • Support for data-driven decision-making.

About CMPFO

• Full Form: Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization
• Established: 1948
• Parent Ministry: Ministry of Coal
• Function: Administration of PF and pension schemes for coal sector employees.
• Coverage:
  • Serves around 3.3 lakh PF subscribers
  • Supports over 6.3 lakh pensioners

Significance

Union Minister for Coal and Mines G. Kishan Reddy launched the portal on June 4, 2025, stating that it aligns with the Government's vision of “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance” under the Digital India initiative. The platform strengthens social security delivery for coal workers and brings administrative reform to a critical sector of the economy.

In News:

Exercise PrachandPrahar was a tri-service integrated multi-domain military exercise conducted by the Indian Armed Forces in the high-altitude terrain of Arunachal Pradesh, along the Northern Borders, specifically under the Eastern Army Command.

Timeline:

• Held: March 25–27, 2025
• Preceded by:Exercise PoorviPrahar (November 2024), which focused on integrated aviation asset application.

Objective:
To validate integrated operational capabilities of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, and enhance India's preparedness for future warfare scenarios along the 3,488-km long Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.

Key Highlights:

• Location: High-altitude Himalayan terrain, eastern sector of the LAC in Arunachal Pradesh.
• Forces Involved:
  • Indian Army (including Special Forces)
  • Indian Air Force (IAF)
  • Indian Navy

Major Components:

• Surveillance and Domain Awareness:
  • Long-range surveillance aircraft (IAF)
  • Maritime domain awareness aircraft (Navy)
  • Helicopters and UAVs
  • Space-based assets
• Precision Strike Capabilities:
  • Fighter aircrafts
  • Long-range rocket systems
  • Medium artillery
  • Armed helicopters
  • Swarm drones
  • Loitering munitions
  • Kamikaze drones
• Operational Environment:
  • Simulated electronic warfare and contested conditions.
  • Focus on jointness, precision, and rapid response.

Strategic Importance:

• Demonstrated seamless command, control, and coordination among the three services.
• Validated the ability to conduct multi-domain operations (MDO) in challenging terrain.
• Reinforced India’s technological edge and combat readiness along strategic frontiers.

In News:

The Government of India has officially fixed September 23 as Ayurveda Day, replacing the earlier practice of celebrating it on Dhanteras, which follows a variable lunar calendar. This change, notified through a Gazette notification in March 2025, aims to bring uniformity and global visibility to Ayurveda observance.

About Ayurveda Day:

• Purpose:Ayurveda Day is observed to honour India’s ancient medicinal heritage and promote Ayurveda as a scientific, evidence-based, and holistic healthcare system rooted in preventive and sustainable wellness practices.
• New Fixed Date:Starting 2025, Ayurveda Day will be celebrated every year on 23rd September, coinciding with the autumnal equinox, a day when day and night are nearly equal, symbolizing balance—a core concept in Ayurvedic philosophy.
• Why the Shift?The previous observance on Dhanteras created logistical challenges due to its annual date fluctuation (between mid-October and mid-November). The new fixed date allows for better planning and consistent global celebrations.
• Symbolism of Autumnal Equinox:The equinox represents cosmic balance and harmony, aligning with Ayurveda’s emphasis on equilibrium between mind, body, spirit, and environment.

Ayurveda: Key Facts for UPSC

• Definition:Ayurveda, meaning the “Science of Life” (from Sanskrit Ayu = life, Veda = knowledge), is a traditional Indian medical system dating back over 5,000 years, with roots in the Atharva Veda.
• Core Principles:
  • SwasthasyaSwasthyaRakshanam: Maintaining the health of the healthy
  • AturasyaVikaraPrashamanam: Treating diseases in the sick
  • Emphasis on natural healing, diet, seasonal routines, and mind-body balance
• Key Features:
  • Focus on preventive healthcare
  • Use of herbal medicines, detox therapies, yoga, and meditation
  • Personalised treatment based on individual constitution (Prakriti)

Significance for Global Health:

The Ministry of AYUSH envisions Ayurveda Day as a global platform to promote India’s traditional knowledge system as a part of the international wellness movement. Health professionals, researchers, academic institutions, and global partners are encouraged to participate in its observance to integrate Ayurveda into broader healthcare dialogues.

In News:

In a significant advancement for clean energy in Northeast India, Dirang in Arunachal Pradesh has become the site of the region’s first operational geothermal production well. This marks a pivotal step in utilizing Earth’s internal heat for sustainable energy generation in the eastern Himalayas.

Project Details

• Location:Dirang, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh
• Terrain: Eastern Himalayan region

Technology Used

• The project employs a closed-loop binary Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system, which captures subsurface geothermal heat for applications such as:
  • Electricity generation
  • Space heating
  • Agricultural processing
• Reservoir Temperature: Approx. 115°C — optimal for direct-use geothermal systems.
• Drilling Approach: Low-impact precision drilling aimed at fault zones between quartzite and schist rock formations.

Institutional Collaboration

• Implementing Agency:Centre for Earth Sciences and Himalayan Studies (CESHS), Itanagar
• Supported by:
  • Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India
  • Government of Arunachal Pradesh
  • International partners from Norway, Iceland, and Guwahati research institutes

Significance

• First-of-its-kind in the entire Northeast region
• Potential to make Dirang energy self-reliant through clean geothermal power
• Helps replace diesel and firewood in cold climates, reducing emissions
• Can enhance agricultural productivity and living standards in high-altitude areas
• Strengthens India’s geothermal potential (~10,600 MW), offering reliable base-load renewable energy unlike solar or wind

In News:

In 2025, economic analysts are raising alarms over growing signs of stagflation in the United States and its potential to trigger a renewed banking crisis similar to the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) in 2023.

Unrealized Losses in U.S. Banks

As of early 2025, U.S. banks are grappling with $482.4 billion in unrealized losses from securities investments, according to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). This marks a 32.5% rise from the previous quarter. The figure is approaching the $515 billion mark observed during the SVB crisis and could rise to $600–700 billion if interest rates hit 5%.

These losses are primarily linked to long-term securities like government bonds, whose prices have fallen due to rising benchmark 10-year Treasury yields, now exceeding 4.5%.

What is Stagflation?

Stagflation is a rare and difficult economic condition marked by:

• High inflation
• Stagnant or negative economic growth
• High unemployment

It complicates policymaking because:

• Tightening monetary policy (raising interest rates) to control inflation can worsen unemployment and slow growth.
• Loosening policy to boost growth can further fuel inflation.

Causes of Stagflation in 2025:

1. Supply Shocks – Rising input costs (e.g., energy or tariffs).
2. Tariff Hikes – New U.S. tariffs on imports have raised production costs.
3. Policy Missteps – Uncoordinated fiscal and monetary measures.

Impacts on the Financial Sector

• Reduced Bond Values: High interest rates lower the market value of banks’ bond holdings.
• Risk of Bank Runs: Diminished asset values can trigger depositor panic.
• Credit Losses: Particularly in sectors like tech and venture capital where firms have weak earnings and poor debt coverage.
• Liquidity Crisis: A sudden negative news cycle could lead to another SVB-like collapse.

Experts warn that continued high interest rates could deepen banking stress and prolonged stagflation could amplify credit defaults.

In News:

On May 9, 2025, Mir Yar Baloch announced the unilateral declaration of independence for Balochistan from Pakistan. In a public appeal, he urged India to formally recognize Balochistan as a sovereign state and open an embassy in New Delhi. He also called upon the United Nations to deploy peacekeeping forces and demanded the withdrawal of the Pakistani military from the region.

Geographical Profile

• Location: Balochistan lies in the southwestern part of Pakistan and is the country’s largest province by area, comprising nearly 44% of its total territory.
• Area: Approximately 347,190 square kilometers
• Capital: Quetta, situated near the Afghanistan border
• Borders:
  • East: Sindh and Punjab provinces
  • West: Iran
  • Northwest: Afghanistan (across the Durand Line)
  • South: Arabian Sea, with a coastline of around 770 km

Topography and Climate

• Characterized by rugged, mountainous terrain (notably the Sulaiman and Makran ranges)
• Arid and semi-arid climate zones, including desert and dry steppe regions
• Low population density, yet abundant in untapped mineral wealth

Demographics and Ethnicity

• Major Ethnic Group: The Baloch, who trace their ancestry to Iranian origins
• Other Communities: Pashtuns in the northern areas, and the Brahui ethnic group
• Languages Spoken: Balochi, Pashto, Brahui, and Urdu
• Religion: Predominantly followers of Sunni Islam

Strategic and Geopolitical Significance

Natural Resource Wealth

• Balochistan is rich in natural gas, coal, copper, and gold.
• The RekoDiq mining site is among the world’s largest undeveloped gold and copper reserves.
• The province contributes about 40% of Pakistan’s natural gas production, yet remains economically underdeveloped and politically marginalized.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

• Gwadar Port, located in southern Balochistan, is a critical node in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• It provides China with direct maritime access to the Arabian Sea and strategic connectivity to West Asia, bypassing the Strait of Malacca.

India’s Strategic Perspective

• India has consistently highlighted human rights violations in Balochistan at international forums.
• The region’s geostrategic position intersects with India’s Indo-Pacific vision, and is relevant in India’s efforts to counter China’s growing footprint through CPEC.

Insurgency and Security Dynamics

• Balochistan has long witnessed separatist movements led by Baloch nationalist groups seeking either enhanced autonomy or full independence from Pakistan.
• These groups frequently target Pakistani military convoys, CPEC infrastructure projects, and Chinese nationals working in the region, signaling strong opposition to external control and resource exploitation.

In News:

International Labour Day, also known as May Day, is observed annually on May 1 to honor the dedication and contributions of workers across the globe.

Key Highlights:

• Observed On: May 1
• Also Known As: International Workers’ Day, May Day
• Purpose: To commemorate the contributions of workers and honor the global labor movement's struggles and achievements.

Historical Background

• Origin: The roots of International Labour Day trace back to Chicago, USA, where on May 1, 1886, workers launched a strike demanding an 8-hour workday.
• The protest culminated in the Haymarket Affair on May 4, 1886, when a bomb explosion led to the deaths of six police officers and several civilians, marking a major milestone in labor rights activism.
• In 1889, the Second International (Paris) declared May 1 as a day of international workers’ solidarity.

Global Observance

• Observed in over 160 countries, including India, China, Cuba, France, Germany, Brazil, South Africa, Russia, Vietnam, among others.
• Celebrated through parades, union meetings, and public demonstrations advocating workers’ rights and social justice.

Country-wise Observance Differences

• India: First observed in 1923 in Chennai by the LabourKisan Party of Hindustan. It is a public holiday, widely recognized across the country.
• United States: Despite its historical origin, the U.S. celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday of September, officially declared in 1894 after the Pullman Strike. The shift was made to distance the holiday from socialist and communist affiliations.
• Canada: Also celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday of September, following U.S. traditions, though May 1 has some informal recognition by trade unions.
• United Kingdom: Celebrates a related holiday called the Early May Bank Holiday on the first Monday of May, which may or may not fall on May 1. It is not explicitly labor-themed like in other countries.

Significance

• Serves as a global reminder of workers’ rights, the historical fight for humane working conditions, and the ongoing struggles of labor communities.
• Symbolizes solidarity among workers across nations, cutting across political ideologies and economic systems.

In News:

The government has announced the upcoming introduction of ‘Sahkar Taxi’, a cooperative-based ride-hailing platform designed to directly benefit drivers by eliminating intermediary commissions.

What is ‘Sahkar Taxi’?

‘Sahkar Taxi’ is a ride-hailing service supported by the government, operated through cooperative societies. Unlike conventional app-based services such as Ola and Uber, this platform allows drivers to retain their full earnings, without deductions by middlemen or aggregators. It draws inspiration from existing app-based models but is fundamentally driven by cooperative principles.

Why is ‘Sahkar Taxi’ Needed?

• Concerns Over Commission Charges: Leading ride-hailing apps have faced criticism for imposing high commission fees, reducing the take-home earnings of drivers.
• Pricing Transparency Issues: Allegations of differential pricing based on the type of user device (e.g., iPhone versus Android) have sparked doubts regarding fairness and transparency.
• Driver Challenges: Centralized control by large platforms often leaves drivers with limited negotiation power and inadequate income security.

Importance and Impact of ‘Sahkar Taxi’

• Driver Empowerment: By establishing a cooperative ownership model, drivers gain a stronger stake in the business, leading to improved financial stability.
• Decentralized Economic Participation: The initiative encourages local involvement and collective growth, aligning with the government’s vision of ‘Sahkar Se Samriddhi’ (Prosperity through Cooperation).
• Sustainable Alternative: It presents a viable, inclusive option to the dominant profit-driven ride aggregator market, focusing on equitable benefit sharing.
• Enhanced Consumer Confidence: The cooperative framework promotes transparent pricing and greater accountability in digital service delivery, fostering trust among users.

In News:

AIIMS New Delhi is set to install India’s first indigenously developed MRI scanner for clinical evaluation by October 2025. This marks a major milestone under the government's push for import substitution and promotion of ‘Make in India’ in the medical device sector.

Key Highlights:

• MRI Type: 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system.
• Developed by: SAMEER (Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research), an autonomous R&D institution under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• Initiative under: National Mission SCAN-ERA (Swadeshi Chumbakiya Anu-naadChitran – EkRashtriyaAbhiyaan), launched in December 2014.
• Purpose: Clinical evaluation and performance feedback at AIIMS to refine the system for wide-scale clinical use.
• Objective: Reduce dependence on imported diagnostic equipment and lower treatment costs.

Significance:

• Currently, 80–85% of India's medical devices are imported.
• In FY 2023–24, India’s medical device import bill rose by 13% to ?69,000 crore.
• The initiative aligns with the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for medical devices, under which 7 critical devices (including MRI machines, CT scanners, LINACs, heart valves, etc.) are now being domestically manufactured.
• 19 PLI-supported projects have been commissioned to manufacture 46 medical devices.

MRI: How It Works

• Principle: Uses strong magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to align protons in tissues. As protons return to their original alignment, they emit signals that are captured to create detailed 3D anatomical images.
• Applications:
  • Imaging soft tissues, brain, spinal cord, joints, and internal organs.
  • Detecting tumors, strokes, neurological disorders, and musculoskeletal injuries.
  • Functional MRI (fMRI) maps brain activity during cognitive tasks.

Safety & Limitations:

• Magnetic interference: Risky for patients with implants (e.g., pacemakers).
• Noise: Loud clicking sounds may cause discomfort.
• Claustrophobia: May cause anxiety in closed spaces; open MRI designs mitigate this.
• Contrast agents: Use of gadolinium-based agents can pose risks to dialysis patients.

In News:

• India will host the FATF Private Sector Collaborative Forum (PSCF) 2025 in Mumbai from March 25-27, 2025. This event will focus on global priorities such as payment transparency, financial inclusion, and the digital transformation of financial systems.
• The forum will be a critical platform for addressing the evolving challenges of money laundering and terrorist financing through the use of digital tools and enhanced transparency.

Key Agenda

The discussions at PSCF 2025 will revolve around tackling contemporary financial crimes, including those linked to cryptocurrency-related laundering. Key topics will include:

• Strengthening Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Counter-Terrorist Financing (CFT) compliance mechanisms.
• Promoting financial inclusion through risk-based supervision of regulated entities.
• Enhancing transparency in beneficial ownership and using digital tools to bolster AML/CFT measures.
• Addressing emerging risks, including terrorist financing and proliferation financing.

The forum will also assess how the private sector can enhance information-sharing practices to address these threats more effectively.

About FATF

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), established in 1989 during the G7 Summit in Paris, is an intergovernmental body that sets international standards to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. The FATF’s mission is to develop policies, establish guidelines, and promote global cooperation to mitigate the financial risks associated with these crimes.

• Headquarters: Paris, France.
• Membership: FATF has 39 member countries, including major economies such as the United States, India, China, Saudi Arabia, Germany, and theEuropean Union.
• Regional Bodies: In addition to its direct members, FATF affiliates over 180 countries through FATF-Style Regional Bodies (FSRBs) like the Asia Pacific Group (APG) and the Eurasian Group.
• FATF Recommendations are recognized as the global standard for AML/CFT measures.

FATF evaluates countries' efforts to comply with these standards, providing assessments and promoting policy changes to counteract financial crimes. Countries that fail to comply may be placed on the grey list or blacklist.

FATF Grey and Black Lists

Countries that fail to meet FATF standards are placed on one of two lists:

• Black List: Countries known as Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (NCCTs), which directly support terrorist financing and money laundering. North Korea, Iran, and Myanmar are currently on this list.
• Grey List: Countries considered at risk of supporting financial crimes but not yet fully engaging in those activities. Being on the grey list serves as a warning, with the risk of moving to the blacklist if improvements are not made.

Countries on the blacklist face severe international sanctions, including restrictions on financial aid and economic interactions from organizations like the IMF, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank.

India's Role in FATF

India became a member of FATF in 2010 and has made significant strides in improving its AML/CFT frameworks. In 2024, FATF acknowledged India’s efforts towards anti-money laundering and countering terrorist financing, placing it in the "regular follow-up" category for continued compliance.

The upcoming PSCF 2025 will be a milestone in India’s ongoing commitment to global financial security, as it seeks to enhance international collaboration and discuss innovative ways to address evolving threats in financial crimes.

In News:

India’s cutting-edge air-to-air missile, previously known as Astra MK-III, has been officially renamed Gandiva, inspired by the mythical bow wielded by Arjuna in the epic Mahabharata. This rebranding marks a symbolic nod to India's cultural legacy while highlighting its growing defence capabilities.

Overview of the Gandiva (Astra MK-III) Missile

Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Gandiva is a beyond-visual-range (BVR) missile currently undergoing final stages of development. It is designed to be equipped on frontline fighter aircraft such as the Sukhoi Su-30MKI and LCA Tejas of the Indian Air Force (IAF).

Upon induction, Gandiva is set to become one of the longest-range air-to-air BVR missiles globally, significantly enhancing India's aerial combat capabilities.

Key Capabilities and Features

• Engagement Range:
  • Up to 340 km when the target is flying at 20 km altitude.
  • Around 190 km if the target is at an altitude of 8 km.
• Propulsion System: Powered by a dual-fuel ducted ramjet engine, allowing high-speed performance across various altitudes—from sea level to 20 km.
• Speed and Maneuverability:
  • Launch speed: Between Mach 0.8 and 2.2.
  • Target engagement speed: Between Mach 2.0 and 3.6.
  • Can engage agile aerial targets with an angle of attack up to 20 degrees.
• Altitude Adaptability: Features a ±10 km snap-up/snap-down capability, enabling it to intercept targets that are significantly above or below the altitude of the launching aircraft.

Strategic Importance

Gandiva is designed to neutralize a wide spectrum of aerial threats, including:

• Enemy fighter jets
• Bombers and transport aircraft
• Aerial refueling planes
• AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control Systems)

In News:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced a liquidity injection of ?1.9 lakh crore into the banking system through Open Market Operations (OMOs) and USD/INR forex swaps, in response to tightening liquidity conditions observed since December 2024.

What are Open Market Operations (OMOs)?

• Open Market Operations refer to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market by the central bank to regulate liquidity in the banking system.
• It is a monetary policy tool used to manage inflation and ensure financial stability.

How OMOs Work:

• To inject liquidity: RBI purchases government securities from banks, increasing their cash reserves, which lowers interest rates, encourages lending, and boosts economic activity.
• To absorb liquidity: RBI sells government securities, reducing cash reserves in the system, which raises interest rates, discourages excessive lending, and cools inflation.

RBI’s Recent Measures (March 2025):

• OMO Purchase Auctions:Government securities worth ?1 lakh crore to be bought in two tranches of ?50,000 crore each on March 12 and March 18.
• Forex Swap Auction:
  • A USD/INR Buy/Sell Swap worth $10 billion with a 36-month tenor, scheduled for March 24, to inject long-term dollar liquidity.
  • A similar $10 billion swap was conducted on February 28, which saw strong demand.

In News:

India has signed a $248 million contract with Russia’s Rosoboronexport for the procurement of 1,000 horsepower (HP) engines to upgrade its fleet of T-72 main battle tanks (MBTs). This marks a significant step in enhancing the Indian Army's offensive and mobility capabilities.

Key Features of the Deal

• Engines to replace existing 780 HP ones in T-72 tanks.
• Delivered in fully formed, completely knocked down (CKD), and semi-knocked down (SKD) formats.
• Includes Transfer of Technology (ToT) to Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVNL) at the Heavy Vehicles Factory, Avadi (Chennai).
• Boosts the ‘Make in India’ initiative in the defence sector through local assembly and licensed production.

About T-72 Tanks

• Origin: Developed by the Soviet Union in the 1970s; designed by Uralvagonzavod.
• India’s Usage: Operates over 2,400 units, making it the backbone of India’s armored forces.
• Manufacturing in India: Locally produced and upgraded at the Heavy Vehicles Factory, Avadi.

Specifications

• Armament:
  • 125 mm smoothbore main gun
  • 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun
  • 12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine gun
• Mobility: With new 1,000 HP engines, improves maneuverability and combat speed.
• Protection: Equipped with composite and reactive armour.
• Night Capability: Advanced thermal imaging systems.
• Operational Range:
  • ~460 km on-road
  • ~300 km off-road (with auxiliary fuel)

Strategic Significance

• Combat Readiness: Enhances battlefield performance in high-altitude and desert environments like Ladakh.
• Cost Efficiency: Upgrading older platforms is more economical than procuring new MBTs.
• India-Russia Defence Ties: Reinforces long-standing military cooperation between the two countries.

In News:

India has launched the Electronic Personnel License (EPL) for pilots, becoming the second country globally, after China, to implement this advanced digital licensing system.

What is EPL?

• Electronic Personnel License (EPL) is a digital version of pilot licenses, replacing the traditional physical cards.
• Pilots can securely access their EPL via the eGCA Mobile Application developed by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).
• It ensures real-time verification, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and security in licensing procedures.

Significance of EPL

• Aligns with:
  • Digital India and Ease of Doing Business initiatives.
  • ICAO’s Amendment 178 to Annex 1 on Personnel Licensing, promoting digital transformation.
• Enhances:
  • Safety and efficiency in civil aviation operations.
  • Environmental sustainability by reducing the use of plastic and paper.
  • Global employability of Indian pilots through instant international credential verification.

Implementation & Governance

• Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India.
• Executing Agency: Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).
• EPL implementation positions India as a leader in aviation innovation and modern governance.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO):

• Established: 1947 under the Chicago Convention (1944).
• Headquarters: Montreal, Canada.
• Nature: A specialized intergovernmental agency affiliated with the United Nations (UN).
• Functions:
  • Sets standards and regulations for aviation safety, security, efficiency, and environmental performance.
  • Promotes peaceful and efficient international air transport.
  • Facilitates global cooperation and market liberalization in aviation.

In News:

The Gravehawk is a newly developed mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, introduced by the United Kingdom in collaboration with Denmark, to bolster Ukraine's defenses against Russian aerial threats. This innovative hybrid system exemplifies the modern trend in NATO of repurposing existing missile technology to build flexible, cost-effective, and rapidly deployable air defense platforms.

Overview and Development

• The Gravehawk system is designed to counter short-range aerial threats such as drones, cruise missiles, and low-flying aircraft.
• It combines Western and Soviet-era missile technologies, providing Ukraine with a unique edge in a contested aerial environment.
• The United Kingdom, in partnership with Denmark, is actively delivering these systems to Ukraine, with 15 additional units expected in the coming months.
• The cost per system is approximately USD 1.25 million, with Denmark covering 50% of the expense.

Key Features and Technical Capabilities

• Missiles Used: The system utilizes infrared-guided missiles including the AIM-132 ASRAAM (Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile) and the Soviet-origin R-73 (AA-11 Archer).
• Guidance System: Both missiles employ passive infrared (IR) seekers, allowing them to track heat signatures of targets without emitting radar signals, thereby reducing vulnerability to electronic warfare (EW) detection.
• Speed and Range: Missiles can reach speeds of up to Mach 2.5 and engage targets at distances of approximately 12 miles (about 19 km).
• R-73 Specifics: Originally developed for close-range dogfights, the R-73 is highly maneuverable, capable of tracking targets up to 40 km ahead and 300 meters behind, with off-boresight targeting up to 40 degrees.
• Mobility: Mounted on all-terrain Drops vehicles, the system offers rapid ground mobility and deployment flexibility.
• Containerized Launch Platform: Housed in ISO-standard shipping containers, the system’s roof rolls back to expose two missile rails—repurposed from Soviet-era fighters like the Sukhoi Su-27.
• Crew and Operation: Operated by a five-member crew, the system incorporates electro-optical and infrared targeting cameras, enabling remote operation and safe standoff missile launches.

Strategic Relevance for Ukraine

• Ukraine’s acquisition of the Gravehawk system marks a significant advancement in its air defense capabilities, particularly in the face of persistent Russian air and missile attacks.
• It enhances short-range interception capacity, allows for quick reaction deployment, and reduces dependence on continuous NATO resupplies. Additionally, the system’s use of widely available R-73 missiles ensures operational sustainability.
• The Gravehawk is part of a broader effort to field "hybrid systems", where older missile stocks are integrated into modern platforms.
• Other such initiatives include FrankenSAM programs developed by the U.S. and UK, where systems like ASRAAM have been adapted to ground-based launchers.
• Ukraine has also employed R-73 missiles on drone boats and unmanned surface vessels to target Russian air assets, showcasing the multi-domain applicability of these munitions.

In News:

It is a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme initiated by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The scheme aims at the socio-economic upliftment of the Scheduled Caste (SC) communities, particularly targeting the reduction of poverty through various initiatives that focus on skill development, infrastructure, and income-generating projects.

Key Highlights:

• Launch and Funding: Launched in 2021, the scheme is fully funded by the central government, though states and Union Territories (UTs) have the option to contribute additional funds from their own resources. PM-AJAY is the consolidation of three pre-existing schemes:

• Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY)
• Special Central Assistance to Scheduled Castes Sub Plan (SCA to SCSP)
• BabuJagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojana (BJRCY)

• Objectives of PM-AJAY: The scheme is focused on improving the overall well-being of SC communities by:

• Reducing poverty through income-generating schemes, skill development, and infrastructure projects.
• Promoting social and economic development by improving literacy rates, educational enrolment, and providing better livelihood opportunities.
• Transforming SC-majority villages into model villages with integrated development, enhancing socio-economic indicators like education, healthcare, and financial inclusion.
• Eligibility Criteria
• Scheduled Caste (SC) persons living below the poverty line (BPL) are eligible for benefits.
• For infrastructure development, villages with 50% or more SC population are prioritized for grants.
• Key Components of PM-AJAY: The scheme comprises three core components:

• Adarsh Gram Development (formerly PMAGY): Aims to develop SC-majority villages into model villages with holistic improvements in education, healthcare, infrastructure, and skill development.
• Grants-in-Aid for District/State-Level Projects (formerly SCA to SCSP): Financial assistance is provided for livelihood development projects, including skill development programs and infrastructure projects, to generate sustainable income for SC communities.
• Construction of Hostels in Higher Educational Institutions (formerly BJRCY): Focuses on promoting higher education among SC students by constructing hostels in top-ranked institutions according to the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF). This aims to reduce dropout rates and enhance access to quality education.

Special Provisions under the Grants-in-Aid Component

• 15% of the total grants are exclusively allocated for income-generating schemes for SC women.
• 30% of the grants are allocated for infrastructure development in SC-dominated areas.
• 10% of funds are reserved for skill development programs.
• The scheme encourages the formation of SC women cooperatives for producing and marketing consumer goods and services.

Achievements (2022-23)

• 1,260 villages were declared as Adarsh Gram in the financial year 2023-24 under the Adarsh Gram component.
• Nine new hostels were sanctioned under the Hostel Construction component.
• Perspective plans for seven states were approved under the Grants-in-Aid component.

In News:

The Union Government, under the Foreign Trade Policy 2023, has introduced the Diamond Imprest Authorization (DIA) Scheme to enhance India’s competitiveness in the global diamond trade, promote exports, and protect employment, especially in the MSME sector.

Key Highlights:

Objectives:

• Boost value addition and export growth in the diamond sector.
• Support MSME exporters to compete globally.
• Retain India’s position as a global hub for diamond processing and exports.
• Mitigate recent challenges like export decline, job losses, and global demand shifts.

Key Features of the Scheme:

Feature                                                              Details

Type of Diamonds Allowed                             Natural cut and polished diamonds less than ¼ carat (25 cents)

Eligibility                                                          Exporters with Two Star Export House status and minimum $15 million annual exports

Export Obligation                                            10% value addition on imported diamonds

Duty Exemptions                                             Exempts Basic Customs Duty, Anti-dumping Duty, Countervailing Duty, etc.

Effective Date                                                  April 1, 2025

Exclusion                                                         Lab-Grown Diamonds (LGDs) not covered

Monitoring Agency                                         Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC)

Why the Scheme Was Introduced:

Challenges in the Diamond Sector:

• Global: Falling demand in US, Europe, China; rise in lab-grown diamonds.
• Domestic: High unsold inventory, rising operational costs, reduced credit flow, and high corporate tax.
• Employment Impact: Job losses in the diamond cutting and polishing segment.

International Context:

• Inspired by beneficiation policies in diamond-producing countries like Botswana and Namibia, which mandate local value addition.

Significance:

• Enhances India’s role in the global diamond value chain.
• Provides ease of doing business through duty relief.
• Promotes employment generation, especially for diamond assorters and processors.
• Facilitates inclusive growth by supporting MSMEs in a traditionally export-driven industry.

Way Forward:

• Regulate Lab-Grown Diamonds to prevent market distortion.
• Extend export credit period and consider tax exemptions for foreign diamond sellers.
• Ensure technology upgradation and skill training to sustain global leadership.

In News:

UJALA scheme completes 10 years, saves ?19,153 crore annually

UJALA Scheme (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All)

• Launch Date: 5th January 2015 by PM Narendra Modi
• Objective:
  • To promote energy-efficient LED lighting across India
  • To reduce energy consumption, lower electricity bills, and decrease carbon emissions
• Implementing Body: Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), Ministry of Power
• Scheme Relevance: Aims to provide affordable LED bulbs, tube lights, and fans to every household
• Global Recognition: World’s largest zero-subsidy domestic lighting scheme

Key Features:

• Affordability: Subsidized LED bulbs (?70-80), reducing the cost of electricity for households
• Energy Efficiency: LEDs consume 90% less energy than incandescent bulbs, 50% less than CFLs
• Environmental Impact: Significant reduction in CO? emissions by avoiding millions of tonnes annually
• Market Transformation: Over 36.87 crore LED bulbs distributed, saving approximately ?19,153 crore on electricity bills each year
• Consumer Benefit:
  • On-Bill Financing: LED bulbs available for purchase through deferred payment via electricity bills
  • Targeted low-income communities through Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

Achievements:

• Energy Savings: 47.9 billion kWh annually
• Cost Savings: ?19,153 crore saved on electricity bills
• Carbon Emission Reduction: 38.7 million tonnes of CO? avoided per year
• Peak Demand Reduction: 9,586 MW reduction in peak electricity demand
• Street Lighting: Over 1.34 crore LED streetlights installed, saving 9,001 million units annually

Key Initiatives:

• GRAM UJALA Scheme (March 2021): Aimed at rural households, providing LED bulbs at ?10 each
• Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP): Aimed at reducing public lighting costs with energy-efficient streetlights
• Encouraging Domestic Manufacturing: Stimulated local LED production, aligning with the "Make in India" mission
• E-Procurement Transparency: Real-time procurement ensuring price reductions and maintaining quality

Impact on Environment:

• Energy Savings & Carbon Footprint: The scheme significantly reduced the carbon footprint by promoting energy-efficient appliances
• Reduction in Household Consumption: Consumers benefit from reduced energy consumption and lower utility bills

In News:

• The CPPS aims to enhance pension accessibility and simplify the disbursement process for over 7.85 million pensioners in India.
• Key Benefit: Pensioners can now receive their pension from any bank or branch across India, eliminating the need for physical verifications and providing seamless nationwide pension disbursement.

Key Highlights:

• Key Features:
  • No need for physical verification: Pensioners do not have to visit the bank for verification at the time of pension commencement.
  • Seamless pension disbursement: Upon release, the pension amount is credited immediately.
  • Nationwide access: Pensioners can withdraw their pension from any bank or branch, without needing to transfer Pension Payment Orders (PPO) when relocating or changing banks.
• Significance:
  • Eliminates the decentralised pension system, where each regional office maintained separate agreements with a few banks.
  • Ensures pension portability, especially for pensioners who move or change banks.

Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO):

• Overview:
  • EPFO is a statutory body under the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Act, 1952, and works under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
• Structure:
  • Administered by a tripartite board called the Central Board of Trustees, consisting of representatives from:
    • Government (Central & State)
    • Employers
    • Employees
  • The Central Board of Trustees is chaired by the Union Minister of Labour and Employment.
• Key Schemes Operated by EPFO:
  • Employees’ Provident Funds Scheme, 1952 (EPF): A savings scheme for workers.
  • Employees’ Pension Scheme, 1995 (EPS): A pension scheme for employees after retirement.
  • Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme, 1976 (EDLI): Provides life insurance coverage to workers.
• Global Coverage: EPFO is also the nodal agency for implementing Bilateral Social Security Agreements with other countries, offering reciprocal social security benefits to international workers from countries with such agreements.
• Impact: The EPFO schemes cover Indian workers and international workers from countries with which EPFO has signed bilateral agreements.

Key Facts:

• CPPS improves the convenience and accessibility of pension services for millions of pensioners across India by simplifying the pension disbursement process and providing nationwide access without the need for physical verifications.
• EPFO, a statutory body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, plays a crucial role in managing provident funds, pensions, and insurance schemes for both domestic and international workers, fostering social security across India.

In News:

• NTPC has achieved the first-ever synthesis of CO? (captured from flue gas) and hydrogen (produced via a PEM electrolyzer) into methanol at its Vindhyachal plant.
• This marks a significant step in carbon management technology, aimed at advancing sustainable fuel production.

About CO?-to-Methanol Conversion:

• Carbon Dioxide Capture:
  • CO? is captured from industrial sources, such as power plants, or directly from the atmosphere.
• Hydrogen Production:
  • Renewable energy sources like solar or wind power are used to produce hydrogen through water electrolysis.
• Methanol Synthesis:
  • The captured CO? is combined with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to produce methanol, typically under high pressure and temperature conditions.

Benefits of CO?-to-Methanol Conversion:

• Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU):
  • This technology reduces the impact of CO? on the atmosphere by converting it into useful products.
• Renewable Fuel Source:
  • Methanol produced through this process can be used as a fuel for transportation, power generation, or as a feedstock for chemicals.
• Energy Storage:
  • Methanol offers a more practical storage and transportation option than hydrogen, making it a potential energy storage solution and aiding the transition to hydrogen-based energy systems.
• Versatile Feedstock:
  • Methanol is widely used in producing chemicals, solvents, and plastics, supporting various industrial applications.

What is Methanol?

• Brief: Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is the simplest form of alcohol. It is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid with a distinctive odor.
• Key Properties:
  • Colorless, miscible with water, toxic if ingested, flammable.

In News:

• India is in talks with Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Maldives, and Singapore to establish cross-border electricity transmission lines.
• This is part of the ambitious OSOWOG initiative to create a global renewable energy grid.

Key Points:

• Proposed by the Prime Minister of India at the 2018 International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly.
• Aims to create a transnational electricity grid that delivers power worldwide.
• Led by India and the UK, in collaboration with ISA and the World Bank Group.

Vision of OSOWOG:

• Connect regional grids through a common infrastructure for the transfer of renewable energy, focusing on solar power.
• Harness solar and other renewable energy from regions where the sun is shining and efficiently transmit it to areas of need.
• Aim to provide power to 140 countries using clean and efficient solar energy.

Phases of OSOWOG:

• Phase 1:
  • Connect the Indian grid with grids in the Middle East, South Asia, and South-East Asia.
  • Share solar and other renewable energy resources.
• Phase 2:
  • Expand the interconnected grid to include renewable resources from Africa.
• Phase 3:
  • Achieve a global interconnection aiming for 2,600 GW by 2050.
  • Integrate as many countries as possible into a single renewable energy grid.

Global Collaboration:

• Involves national governments, international organizations, legislators, power operators, and experts.
• Focus on accelerating infrastructure development for a clean energy-powered world.

In News:

Recently, the Union Ministers for External Affairs and Labour and Employment launched the upgraded e-Migrate portal and mobile app, aimed at enhancing the migration experience for Indian workers seeking employment abroad. This initiative reflects the Indian government's commitment to ensuring the safety and welfare of its migrant workforce, aligning with global migration goals under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

About e-Migrate Portal

The e-Migrate portal is an online platform designed to facilitate and manage the migration of Indian workers. It promotes safe and legal mobility channels by providing a transparent framework for migrant workers, including:

• Information Access: Comprehensive resources to help migrants understand the migration process.
• Documentation Support: Tools to assist with necessary paperwork.
• Helpline Support: A 24/7 multilingual helpline that addresses issues faced by workers, particularly in the Gulf region.
• Awareness Campaigns: Initiatives to educate workers about their rights and responsibilities abroad.

The upgraded version of the portal, launched in October 2024, features enhanced functionality to better serve Indian migrants.

Key Features of e-Migrate v2.0

1. Multilingual Helpline: Offers real-time support in multiple languages, ensuring that urgent issues are resolved efficiently.
2. Integration with Digilocker: Facilitates secure, paperless submission of essential documents, such as passports and employment contracts.
3. Social Security Net: Enhances social security measures for migrants, including insurance policies and partnerships with the State Bank of India for fee-free digital payment services.
4. Mobile App: Introduced for the first time, this app provides easy access to services, including a job search marketplace for overseas employment opportunities.
5. Rural Accessibility: Collaboration with Common Service Centres (CSCs) aims to expand immigration services to rural areas in local languages, making the platform more accessible to diverse populations.

Significance

The e-Migrate portal aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 10, which promotes orderly and responsible migration. By fostering safe migration practices, this initiative seeks to empower Indian workers and protect their rights while contributing to the country's international workforce.

In News:

The Union Cabinet has approved the development of NMHC in Lothal, Gujarat, under the Sagarmala programme.

• Purpose and Vision  Aimed at showcasing India’s 4,500-year-old maritime heritage using an edutainment approach with modern technology.

Employment Generation

•  Expected to create approximately 22,000 jobs: 15,000 direct and 7,000 indirect.

Project Phases

• Phase 1A
• Features a museum with 6 galleries, including:
• A large Indian Navy & Coast Guard gallery with external naval artifacts.
•  Replica of Lothal township surrounded by an open aquatic gallery.
•  A jetty walkway.
• Phase 1B
• Expansion includes:
• 8 additional galleries.
•  The world's tallest Light House Museum.
•  Bagicha complex with facilities for 1,500 cars, a food hall, and a medical center.
• Phase 2
• Development of Coastal States Pavilions by respective states and union territories.
• Hospitality zone featuring maritime-themed eco-resorts and museuotels.
• Recreation of ancient Lothal City and establishment of a Maritime Institute with hostel.
• Creation of four theme-based parks:
• Maritime & Naval Theme Park
• Climate Change Theme Park
• Monuments Park
• Adventure & Amusement Park

Governance and Management

• Governing Council
• Chaired by the Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways, overseeing project implementation and operation.
• Separate Society
• A dedicated society will manage future phases, governed under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

Benefits and Funding

• Beneficiaries
• Local communities, tourists, researchers, government bodies, educational institutions, cultural organizations, conservation groups, and businesses.
• Funding
• Construction of the Light House Museum in Phase 1B will be financed by the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships (DGLL).

Sagarmala Programme

• Objective
• A flagship initiative aiming to transform India’s maritime sector by enhancing logistics performance and fostering port-led development and coastal community upliftment.
•  Background
• Approved in March 2015, the programme focuses on utilizing India’s extensive coastline and waterways for economic growth.

Recent Initiatives:

• The Indian government has launched a nationwide survey of kutcha houses.
• Introduction of the Awas Sakhi mobile app to streamline housing assistance.

Purpose of the Kutcha House Survey

• Identify Housing Needs: The survey aims to collect data on families living in kutcha (temporary) houses, enabling targeted support for those in need.
• Support for Awas Sakhi App: The survey will enhance the functionality of the Awas Sakhi app, facilitating the application process and providing beneficiaries with vital housing information.

Overview of PMAY-G

• Launch: Initiated in 2016, PMAY-G aims to provide secure housing for the poorest communities.
• Beneficiary Selection Process: A comprehensive three-stage validation, including the Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011, Gram Sabha approvals, and geo-tagging, ensures that aid reaches those most deserving.

Benefits for PMAY-G Beneficiaries

• Financial Assistance:
  • ?1.20 lakh for families in plain areas.
  • ?1.30 lakh for families in hilly regions, including northeastern states and union territories.
• Support for Sanitation:
  • An additional ?12,000 for toilet construction, aligned with the Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin or MGNREGS.
• Employment Opportunities:
  • Provision of 90/95 days of unskilled wage employment through MGNREGA for house construction.
• Access to Basic Amenities:
  • Connections for water, LPG, and electricity facilitated through relevant schemes.
• Cost Sharing Structure:
  • Expenses are shared in a 60:40 ratio for plain areas and a 90:10 ratio for northeastern states and selected Himalayan states. The Centre covers 100% of costs for other Union Territories.

Progress Under PMAY-G

• Targets: The government aims to construct 2.95 crore houses.
• Current Status: As of August 2024, 2.94 crore houses have been sanctioned, with 2.64 crore completed, enhancing living conditions for millions in rural areas.

Recent Developments

• In August 2024, the Union Cabinet approved funding for two crore additional houses at existing assistance rates.
• Eligibility Criteria Changes:
  • Individuals owning bikes or scooters are now eligible.
  • The income limit for eligibility has been raised from ?10,000 to ?15,000 per month.

Future Goals

• This initiative, spanning FY 2024-2029, aims to address ongoing housing demands, benefiting approximately 10 crore individuals by providing safe, hygienic, and socially inclusive housing.

In News:

Rwanda is currently facing an outbreak of Marburg virus disease (MVD), leading to six fatalities, primarily among healthcare workers.

What is Marburg Virus Disease?

Marburg virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness first identified in 1967 in Germany. It is caused by the Marburg virus, which is primarily transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, particularly fruit bats.

Current Situation in Rwanda

The ongoing outbreak has claimed six lives, most of whom were healthcare professionals. The Minister of Health has emphasized the need for heightened preventive measures and community vigilance.

Symptoms and Transmission

Common symptoms of MVD include high fever, severe headache, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The virus spreads through direct contact with the blood, secretions, and bodily fluids of infected individuals.

Available Treatments and Supportive Care

There is currently no specific treatment for Marburg virus disease. Supportive care, including symptom management and hydration, is critical, and early medical attention is essential for those exhibiting symptoms.

Preventive Measures and Recommendations

To prevent the spread of MVD, individuals should:

• Practice good hygiene.
• Avoid contact with infected persons.
• Ensure thorough cooking of animal products.
• Use protective equipment when caring for sick patients.

Global Context and Pandemic Risk

While Marburg virus disease poses a significant mortality risk and can spread between humans, its pandemic potential is lower than that of more contagious viruses. Rapid containment efforts are essential to prevent wider outbreaks.

In News:

The Registrar of Companies has imposed penalties on over two dozen Nidhi companies for breaches of the Companies Act, such as delayed financial filings and share allotment issues. Fines range from ?20,000 to ?12.5 lakh, with Sri Sathuragiri Nidhi receiving the highest penalty.

What is Nidhi Company?

A Nidhi Company is a unique NBFC regulated under the Companies Act, 2013, and the Nidhi Rules, 2014. Nidhi company signifies that these companies promote thrift and savings habits among their members by accepting deposits and providing loans. They primarily cater to their local communities and operate within a defined geographical area.

Requirements for Obtaining Nidhi Company Status:

Within One Year of Registration:

• Minimum Membership: A Nidhi company must have at least 200 members within one year of starting operations.
• Financial Strength: The company's net owned funds (equity share capital + free reserves - accumulated losses - intangible assets) must be ?10 lakh or more.
• Deposit Security: Unencumbered term deposits (deposits not pledged as security) must be at least 10% of the total outstanding deposits.
• Healthy Debt Ratio: The ratio of net owned funds to deposits should not exceed 1:20. This ensures the company has sufficient capital to back its deposit liabilities.

Compliance Filing:

If a Nidhi company meets all the above conditions within the first year, it must file form NDH-1 along with the prescribed fees within 90 days from the end of that financial year. The form needs to be certified by a practicing Chartered Accountant (CA), Company Secretary (CS), or Cost and Works Accountant (CWA).

Extension Option:

Companies that are unable to meet the requirements within the first year can apply for an extension of one additional financial year. To do so, they need to submit form NDH-2 to the Regional Director within 30 days from the end of the first financial year.

Strict Enforcement:

If a Nidhi company fails to meet the requirements even after the second financial year, it will be prohibited from accepting new deposits until it complies with the regulations. Additionally, it may face penalties for non-compliance.

Benefits of Nidhi Company Registration

Nidhi companies offer several advantages for entrepreneurs:

• Tax benefits: They can enjoy tax exemptions on their profits under certain conditions.
• Reduced regulatory burden: Compared to other NBFCs, Nidhi companies face less stringent regulations.
• Local focus: They cater to the specific financial needs of their communities, fostering local economic development.
• Enhanced credibility: Registration brings legitimacy and builds trust among members.

Eligibility for Nidhi Company Registration

For registration of Nidhi company, the following requirements must be met:

• Minimum members: A minimum of seven members are required at the time of incorporation.
• Minimum capital: The minimum paid-up capital must be Rs. 5 lakh.
• Business restrictions: Nidhi companies cannot undertake activities like issuing debentures or underwriting insurance.
• Profit distribution: They can only distribute a maximum of 20% of their net profit as dividend.

Why is it in the News?

India will host the fifth meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation startup forum in January next year according to the commerce and industry ministry.

About the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Startup Forum:

• The SCO Startup Forum is a platform for the stakeholders from the startup ecosystems from all SCO Member States to interact and collaborate.
• The entrepreneurial activities aim to empower the local startup communities in the SCO Member States.
• The SCO Startup Forum aims to create multilateral cooperation and engagement for startups among the SCO Member States.
• This engagement will empower the local startup ecosystems in the SCO Member States.

The following are the objectives of the engagement:

• Sharing of best practices to promote entrepreneurship and innovation to build knowledge-exchange systems
• Bringing Corporations and Investors across to work closely with startups and provide local entrepreneurs with much-needed support and market access
• Increasing scaling opportunities for startups by providing solutions in the field of social innovation and providing Governments with a plethora of innovative solutions
• Creating open procurement channels to enable matchmaking for procuring innovative solutions from startups
• Facilitating cross-border incubation and acceleration programs that will enable the startups to explore international markets and get focused mentorship.

Upcoming Events:

• India is set to host the second meeting of the Special Working Group for Startups and Innovation (SWG) in November 2024 and the SCO Startup Forum 5.0 in January 2025.

Past Initiatives:

• SCO Startup Forum 1.0: Established in 2020, laying the groundwork for multilateral cooperation among SCO Member States' startups.
• SCO Startup Forum 2.0: Held virtually in 2021, introducing the SCO Startup Hub, a centralized platform for the SCO startup ecosystem.
• SCO Startup Forum 3.0: Organized physically in 2023 by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), marking a significant milestone for SCO Member States' startup collaboration.
• 1st Meeting of the SWG: Led by India, the first meeting of the SCO Special Working Group on Startups and Innovation in 2023 focused on the theme 'Growing from Roots', emphasizing foundational growth within the startup ecosystem.

Why is it in the News?

In a strategic advance towards cleaner fuel alternatives, India commenced the sale of ETHANOL 100 across 183 Indian Oil outlets in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, New Delhi, and Tamil Nadu.

What is ETHANOL 100 Fuel?

• ETHANOL 100 fuel represents a significant advancement in automotive technology, offering a high-octane rating ranging from 100 to 105.
  • This elevated octane level is particularly advantageous for high-performance engines, delivering improved efficiency and power output while simultaneously reducing environmental impact.
• One of the key features of ETHANOL 100 is its remarkable versatility, making it suitable for a diverse range of vehicles, including flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) designed to accommodate various fuel types such as gasoline, ethanol, or any blend thereof.
  • This adaptability ensures that ETHANOL 100 can seamlessly integrate into existing automotive fleets without requiring extensive modifications or infrastructure upgrades.
• The composition of ETHANOL 100 consists of approximately 93 to 93.5 percent ethanol blended with 5 percent petrol and 1.5 percent co-solvent acting as a binder.
  • This well-balanced formulation not only enhances fuel performance but also contributes to its practicality as a mainstream fuel option.
• In addition to its performance benefits, ETHANOL 100 stands out as a cleaner and greener alternative to traditional gasoline.
  • By emitting lower levels of greenhouse gases and pollutants, such as carbon dioxide and particulate matter, ETHANOL 100 plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change and improving air quality in our communities.
• With the right infrastructure and support mechanisms in place, ETHANOL 100 has the potential to revolutionize the automotive industry by offering a sustainable and eco-friendly fuel solution that aligns with the global efforts to combat environmental degradation and promote sustainable development.

What are Flex-fuel Vehicles?

• Flex-fuel vehicles are engineered to operate on a diverse range of fuels, offering consumers the flexibility to choose between petrol, ethanol, or methanol at the point of refueling.
• Equipped with an internal combustion engine (ICE), these vehicles can seamlessly switch between different fuel types, providing versatility and convenience to drivers.
• While possessing similarities to conventional petrol-only cars, flex-fuel vehicles undergo minor modifications to accommodate the use of alternative fuels, ensuring compatibility and optimal performance across various fuel options.

Why is it in the News?

India's Department of Pharmaceuticals recently unveiled the Revamped Pharmaceuticals Technology Upgradation Assistance Scheme (RPTUAS) to help advance the technological capabilities of India's pharmaceutical industry and align it with global standards.

What is the Pharmaceuticals Technology Upgradation Assistance Scheme?

• In an effort to support pharma companies aligned with global quality standards, the Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP) has announced a revamped Pharmaceuticals Technology Upgradation Assistance (RPTUAS) Scheme.
• It has been incorporated as a sub-scheme under the Scheme - Strengthening of Pharmaceutical Industry (SPI), which was launched in July 2022.

Objective:

• To facilitate Micro, Small and Medium Pharma Enterprises (MSME) of proven track record to upgrade their technology to meet WHO-GMP or Schedule M standards.

Intended Beneficiaries:

• Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises of the pharma sector.

Key Features of the Revised Scheme:

• Broadened Eligibility Criteria: Reflecting a more inclusive approach, eligibility for the PTUAS has been expanded beyond Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises to include any pharmaceutical manufacturing unit with a turnover of less than 500 crores that requires technology and quality upgradation.
  • Preference remains for MSMEs, supporting smaller players in achieving high-quality manufacturing standards.
• Flexible Financing Options: The scheme introduces more flexible financing options, emphasizing subsidies on reimbursement basis, over traditional credit-linked approaches.
• Comprehensive Support for Compliance with New Standards: In alignment with revised Schedule-M and WHO- Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards, the scheme now supports a broader range of technological upgrades.
  • Eligible activities include improvements such as HVAC systems, water and steam utilities, testing laboratories etc.
• State Government Scheme Integration: The revised scheme allows integration with state government schemes, enabling units to benefit from additional top-up assistance. This collaborative approach aims to maximize support for the pharmaceutical industry in their technology upgradation efforts.
  • The new benefit limit is based on turnover of the company. Units with less than Rs 5 crore turnover will get an incentive of 20 percent of investment under eligible activities.
• The units with turnover ranging from Rs 50 crore to less than Rs 250 crore will get an incentive of 15 percent of investment, while for those with turnover ranging from Rs 250 crore to less than Rs 500 crore, it will be 10 percent of investment under eligible expenses.

Why is it in the News?

India's ranked improved to 113 out of 190 countries in the World Bank’s Women, Business and Law index, according to the 10th edition of the report released Monday.

About Women, Business and Law Index:

• The "Women, Business and the Law (WBL)" index is a project of the World Bank Group, specifically designed to measure the legal environment for women's economic opportunities across 190 economies.
• It's distinct from a general "Gender Equality Index" as it focuses specifically on legal frameworks and their impact on women's involvement in business and professional life.

What does it Measure?

• The WBL index assesses legal frameworks across eight indicators:
  • Mobility (freedom of movement)
  • Workplace (discrimination, maternity leave, etc.)
  • Pay (equal pay for equal work)
  • Marriage (property rights, domestic violence)
  • Parenthood (parental leave, child custody)
  • Entrepreneurship (starting and running a business)
  • Assets (ownership and inheritance)
  • Pension (access to and benefits)
• Scoring: Each indicator is scored on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 representing the highest level of legal rights and protections for women.
  • The overall score for a country is the average of these eight indicators.
• Latest version: The latest edition is "Women, Business and the Law 2024", released in October 2023.
• This version also introduces two new indicators:
  • Safety (addressing violence against women)
  • Childcare (availability, affordability, and quality)

Highlights of the Report:

• Women spend an average of 2.4 more hours a day on unpaid care work than men—much of it on the care of children.
• Only 62 economies—fewer than a third—have quality standards governing childcare services, which has an adverse impact on the employment opportunity of women as mothers with young children have their battles to pick.
• Women face hindrances in areas such as entrepreneurship as just one in every five economies mandate gender-sensitive criteria for public procurement processes, meaning women are deprived of significant economic opportunities.

About India:

• According to the 10th edition of the Women, Business and Law index, India ranks 113 out of 190 countries in the Index.
  • The addition of Safety and childcare as indicators in the new index is believed to have improved India’s ranking slightly.
• The index shows that in India, women enjoy 60% of the legal rights compared to men, which is lower than the global average of 64.2%, but much higher than the 45.9% of the legal protections compared to men.
• Over the years, India’s score has remained constant at 74.4%, whereas a total of 14 countries around the world, including Denmark, Canada, and Finland, score a perfect 100 in the legal framework score.
  • Some of the less developed countries like Ethiopia, Namibia, and even Burundi have better scores than India.
• India’s performance is much lower in providing supportive frameworks, such as programs, services, budgets, procedures, inspections, and sanctions for non-compliance with quality standards.
  • Only 54.2% of the supportive frameworks needed were established in the country.

Why is it in the News?

The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) recently launched its ‘Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP)’ to curb the misuse of telecom resources in cybercrimes and financial frauds, and the ‘Chakshu’ facility on the Sanchar Saathi portal to enable citizens to report suspected fraud communication.

About Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP):

• Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP) is developed by the Department of Telecommunications.
• It is a secure and integrated platform for real time intelligence sharing, information exchange and coordination among the stakeholders i.e. Telecom Service Providers (TSPs), law enforcement agencies (LEAs), banks and financial institutions (FIs), social media platforms, identity document issuing authorities etc.
• The portal also contains information regarding the cases detected as misuse of telecom resources. The shared information could be useful to the stakeholders in their respective domains.
• It also works as a backend repository for the citizen-initiated requests on the Sanchar Saathi portal for action by the stakeholders.
• The DIP is accessible to the stakeholders over secure connectivity and the relevant information is shared based on their respective roles.
• The said platform is not accessible to citizens.

What is the Chakshu Facility?

• Chakshu is the latest addition to the citizen centric facilities already available on the Sanchar Saathi portal of DoT.
• It facilitates citizens to report suspected fraud communication received over call, SMS or WhatsApp with the intention of defrauding like KYC expiry or update of bank account / payment wallet / SIM / gas connection / electricity connection, sextortion, impersonation as government official / relative for sending money, disconnection of all mobile numbers by Department of Telecommunications etc.
• In case, a citizen is already a victim of cyber-crime or financial fraud, it is advised to report at cyber-crime helpline number 1930 or website https://www.cybercrime.gov.in of Government of India.

Why is it in the News?

Malta became the 119th country to join the International Solar Alliance recently.

About the International Solar Alliance (ISA):

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of more than 120 signatory countries that aims to reduce the dependence on non-renewable sources of energy like fossil fuels.
• Currently, 118 countries are signatories to the ISA Framework Agreement.
• The ISA is an action-oriented, member-driven, collaborative platform for increased deployment of solar energy technologies as a means for bringing energy access, ensuring energy security, and driving energy transition in its member countries.
  • The platform strives to develop and deploy cost-effective and transformational energy solutions powered by the sun to help member countries develop low-carbon growth trajectories, with a particular focus on delivering impact in countries categorised as Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and the Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
• The ISA was conceived as a joint effort by India and France to mobilise efforts against climate change through the deployment of solar energy solutions.
• It was conceptualised on the sidelines of the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Paris in 2015.

Role of India:

• As a founding member, India holds a pivotal position within the alliance, serving both as a host nation and a major contributor to achieving its objectives.
• The ISA marks a historic milestone as the first international organisation to establish its secretariat in India.
• With a target of generating 100 GW of solar energy by 2022, India's commitment represents a significant portion of the ISA's overall goal.

Recent Developments:

• The ISA was granted Observer Status by the UN General Assembly, fostering closer collaboration between the alliance and the United Nations to advance global energy growth and development.
• The approval of the 'Solar Facility' by the ISA introduces a payment guarantee mechanism aimed at incentivizing investments in solar projects, further driving progress towards sustainable energy initiatives.

Why is it in the News?

The Ministry of Coal has announced it will host an Industry Interaction on February 16, 2024, in Hyderabad to discuss the development of coal and lignite gasification projects across India.

What is Coal Gasification?

• Coal gasification is a process where coal undergoes partial oxidation with air, oxygen, steam, or carbon dioxide to produce a fuel gas.
  • This gas serves as an alternative to piped natural gas or methane for energy generation.
• Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a technique involving the conversion of coal into gas within the seam, extracted through wells.
• Production of Syngas: This process yields Syngas, a mixture primarily comprising methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapour (H2O).
  • Syngas finds applications in producing fertilisers, fuels, solvents, and synthetic materials.
• Significance: In manufacturing, steel companies traditionally rely on costly imported coking coal. Syngas derived from coal gasification offers a cost-effective alternative.
  • It is utilized in electricity generation, chemical feedstock production, and hydrogen-based applications like ammonia production and fueling a hydrogen economy.

Advantages of Coal Gasification:

• Coal gasification offers a solution to local pollution issues.
• It is deemed environmentally cleaner than direct coal combustion.
• Decreasing dependence on imported natural gas, methanol, ammonia, and other vital commodities, enhances energy security.
• This technology has the potential to mitigate environmental impacts by curbing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable approaches, aligning with India's global objectives for a more environmentally sustainable future.

Concerns Associated with Coal Gasification Plants?

• The main disadvantage of coal gasification is that it is an expensive process.
• The process can produce a number of harmful emissions, including carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury.
• The process produces a lot of ash, which can pollute the environment.
• The process uses a lot of water, which can lead to water shortages in areas where it is used.

Why is it in the News?

With a view to ensuring the growth of the community radio sector, the Union government on Tuesday increased the advertising time for community radio stations as well as the tariff rate for advertisements.

What are Community Radio Stations (CRSs?

• Community radio stations (CRSs) are low-power radio stations with a coverage area of approximately a 10-15 km radius, depending on the area’s geography, which is meant to be set up and operated by local communities.
• They offer a platform where content is disseminated in localized dialects and regional languages.
• Local, context-specific issues are raised and discussed in these stations in local idioms.
• India's first community radio station (CRS) was inaugurated on the campus of Anna University in 2004.
  • Currently, there are 481 CRSs in India.

About the Revised Policy Guidelines:

• Under the revised policy, the government has permitted any eligible organisation functional in multiple districts to set up a maximum of six community radio stations in different districts.
• The advertising time for community radio stations has been increased from seven minutes per hour to 12 minutes per hour, while the rate of advertisement has been hiked from Rs 52 to Rs 74 per 10 seconds, the guidelines stated.
• The policy also fixed the validity of the letter of intent issued to an organisation to one year, with a buffer of three months to the applicant for any unforeseen circumstances.
• The revised policy guidelines are expected to fuel the growth of the community radio sector.
• The guidelines stated that the licensee would set up an advisory and content committee comprising members of the local community, with 50 per cent representation for women.

Why is it in the News?

The first meeting of the Social Audit Advisory Body (SAAB) was held last week at the conference hall, Dr Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi.

What is the Social Audit Advisory Body (SAAB)?

• Social Audit Advisory Body (SAAB) is a first-of-its-kind advisory body in India.
• It is set up under the National Institute of Social Defence (NISD), which functions under the Department of Social Justice & Empowerment (DoSJE), Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
• It will guide the Ministry as it institutionalizes social audits for each of its programs.
• It will support the Social Justice Cell of the Social Audit Unit members in developing their abilities.

What is a Social Audit:?

• A social audit is a procedure that involves looking over and evaluating a plan or program.
• People actively participate in the process, which involves comparing government data with actual ground realities.
• Important tenets of SA include:
  • Protection of citizens (Suraksha)
  • Participation (Bhagidari), and
  • Information access (Jaankari).

Implementation of Social Audit:

• The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), among other hallmark programs, now include the provision of Social Audit (SA) with the efforts of the Union Government.
• In order to guarantee SA through specialized Social Audit Units at the state level, DoSJE developed the National Resource Cell for Social Audit (NRCSA).
• The first state to put a social audit statute into effect was Meghalaya.

Significance: Promote transparency and accountability,

• • strengthen institutions at the grassroots level etc.

Challenges: Lack of awareness among stakeholders, apathetic attitude of implementing agency etc.

Steps for SocialAudit:

• Orientation and Sensitization:: Conducted by the implementing agency.
• Presentation: Creating a social audit team.
• Verification: Verifying information with beneficiaries, inmates, stakeholders, and institution staff.
• Validation: Presenting the initial report for validation.
• Presentation and Action: Sharing findings at the district level with all stakeholders present.

Why is it in the News?

India and Cuba have signed an MoU for cooperation in the field of sharing successful digital solutions implemented at the population scale for digital transformation.

India and Cuba Bilateral Relations:

• India and Cuba share a robust and longstanding diplomatic camaraderie, marked by warmth and amity.
  • In a gesture of early support, India was among the first nations to acknowledge and establish relations with the new Cuban government post the revolutionary events in January 1959.
• Trade Dynamics: The bilateral trade engagement, while moderate, exhibits a diverse array of commodities.
  • India exports pharmaceutical products, organic chemicals, plastic goods, medical equipment, engineering items, textiles, metal products, mineral oil products, and tools to Cuba.
  • Conversely, Cuba primarily imports pharmaceuticals and tobacco products from India.
• Energy Partnership: A pivotal facet of India-Cuba relations is their collaboration in the energy sector.
  • As a member country and Vice-President of the Latin America & the Caribbean region at the International Solar Alliance (ISA), Cuba plays a significant role in fostering energy cooperation between the two nations.
• Advancements in Science & Technology, Biotechnology, and Health: The bilateral relations in the domains of science, technology, and health have been fortified through ministerial-level visits from both nations.Development Collaboration: Prioritizing development assistance has been a cornerstone of their bilateral ties.
  • India has extended disaster relief assistance to Cuba in the aftermath of hurricanes that have afflicted the region over the years.
• Cultural Relations: Cuban appreciation for Indian culture and civilization is evident, with figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Rabindranath Tagore holding a special place in Cuban hearts.
• Indian Diaspora: Although the Indian community in Cuba is relatively small, it includes descendants of Indians who migrated to Cuba in the early twentieth century from Jamaica and other parts of the West Indies to contribute to sugarcane plantations.

What is Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)?

• DPI is a digital network that enables countries to safely and efficiently deliver economic opportunities and social services to all residents.
• DPI can be compared to roads, which form a physical network that connects people and provides access to a huge range of goods and services.??
• DPI allows people to open bank accounts and receive wages faster and more easily.
• It allows governments to support citizens more quickly and efficiently, especially during emergencies.
  • And it enables entrepreneurs to reach customers far and wide.??
• A strong DPI has three foundational systems—identity, payments, and data exchange—that together can make life easier in important ways.?
• When the three core systems—identity, payments, and data exchange—exist simultaneously and can talk to one another, people, businesses, and governments can reap the full benefits of DPI.
  • Over time, safe and inclusive DPI creates vibrant and competitive economies.?

Why is it in the News

The Ministry of Defence on Sunday said that Innovations for Defence Excellence-Defence Innovation Organization (iDEX-DIO) will participate in the 10th edition of the Vibrant Gujarat Summit from January 10 to 12 in Gandhinagar.

About iDEX:

• iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence), the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Defence, Govt of India launched by Prime Minister Modi in 2018.
• The objective of the scheme is to cultivate an innovation ecosystem in the Defence and Aerospace sector by collaborating with startups, innovators, MSMEs, incubators, and academia.
• iDEX offers grants and support for R&D with significant potential for future adoption in Indian defense and aerospace.
• It is currently engaged with around 400+ Startups and MSMEs, till now procurement of 31 items worth over Rs 2000 Cr. has been cleared.
• Recognized as a game-changer in the defense ecosystem, iDEX has received the PM Award for Innovation in the defense sector.

What is the Vibrant Gujarat Summit?

• The Government of Gujarat organizes the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit, also known as Vibrant Gujarat, a biennial global business event held in the state of Gujarat, India.
• It attracts business leaders, investors, corporations, thought leaders, and policymakers, serving as a platform to understand and explore business opportunities in Gujarat.
• Launched in 2003 and now held every two years, the summit aims to promote Gujarat as an attractive investment destination, fostering partnerships and collaborations across various sectors.
• Industry associations, both nationally and internationally, support the summit, making it one of Gujarat's crucial economic forums.
• The event creates a platform for business leaders, policymakers, and investors to explore opportunities for investment, collaboration, and partnership in sectors such as energy, manufacturing, infrastructure, information technology, agriculture, healthcare, and more.
• It facilitates discussions, negotiations, and agreements in these key sectors.
• The Tenth edition of Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit is being held from 10 to 12 January 2024 in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• Its theme is 'Gateway to the Future'.
• This Tenth Edition of the Summit will celebrate “20 Years of Vibrant Gujarat as the Summit of Success”.
• There are 34 Partner countries and 16 Partner organizations for this year’s Summit.
• Further, the Ministry of Development of North-Eastern Region will utilize the Vibrant Gujarat platform to showcase investment opportunities in the North-Eastern regions.