In News:

NASA is set to launch the PUNCH (Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere) mission on March 6, 2025, from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. It will be the third major solar mission launched globally in the past 18 months.

About the PUNCH Mission:

Aspect                                Details

Agency                               NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Launch Date                    March 6, 2025

Mission Objective       Study the Sun’s corona (outer atmosphere) and how solar wind evolves as it moves

                                        into the heliosphere

Unique Features         - First dedicated mission to image the transition from the corona to the heliosphere
                                       - Will use four identical suitcase-sized satellites for continuous imaging of the inner corona

Importance                     - Improves understanding of space weather
                                       - Helps predict solar storms, safeguarding satellites, astronauts, and

                                                     communication networks

What is the Solar Cycle?

• The solar cycle is an ~11-year periodic change in the Sun’s magnetic field, where the north and south poles flip positions.
• This cycle governs the level of solar activity, including sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
• Solar Maximum: Period of peak activity with increased sunspots and solar eruptions.
• Solar Minimum: Period of least activity.

The current solar cycle began gaining momentum around May 2022, and solar activity remained above normal through 2024. The solar maximum is anticipated around 2025, offering an ideal window for solar observation.

Why the Surge in Solar Missions?

• Solar maximum periods offer the best conditions to observe high-energy events like flares and CMEs.
• Scientists aim to maximize data collection before the next solar minimum (next solar max expected ~2035–36).
• Monitoring solar activity is crucial because solar storms can disrupt satellite communications, navigation systems, and power grids on Earth.

Recent Major Solar Missions (2023–25):

Mission             Agency              Launch Date                     Purpose

Aditya-L1         ISRO (India)     Sept 2, 2023             India’s first solar observatory; studies solar flares, solar winds, and magnetic fields

Proba-3            ESA (Europe)   Dec 4, 2024              Dual-satellite mission to study solar corona and space weather

PUNCH               NASA (USA)      Mar 6, 2025              First mission to study continuous evolution from solar corona to heliosphere

In News:

• The countries bordering Lake Tanganyika—Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Tanzania, and Zambia—have launched a five-year biodiversity conservation project.
• The initiative, led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), aims to tackle transboundary threats to the lake’s biodiversity.

About Lake Tanganyika:

Feature                                      Details

Location                                       East Africa

Bordering Countries           Burundi, DRC, Tanzania, Zambia

Length                                           Over 400 miles (Longest freshwater lake in the world by length)

Depth                                             One of the world’s deepest lakes

Geological Setting                 Located in the Western Rift Valley

Major Inflows                            Malagarasi, Ruzizi, Kalambo Rivers

Outflow                                          Lukuga River (into the Lualaba River)

Flora                                                 Located at the floral transition zone of eastern and western Africa; oil palms found along shores

Livelihood                                     Agriculture (rice, subsistence crops) and fishing are common

Key Features of the Conservation Project:

• Project Title:Biodiversity Conservation, Sustainable Land Management and Enhanced Water Security in Lake Tanganyika Basin
• Budget: USD 14.5 million
• Implementing Agency: UNOPS
• Strategic Partner: Lake Tanganyika Authority
• Framework Basis: Convention on the Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika (2003)

Project Objectives:

• Transboundary Cooperation: Foster collaboration among the four bordering nations
• Sustainable Fisheries: Establish fishing standards, including gear type, mesh sizes, and quotas
• Critical Habitat Protection: Secure core conservation zones in three protected areas and ensure sustainable use in buffer zones
• Community Involvement: Promote local participation in fisheries management and livelihood alternatives
• Land Restoration: Rehabilitate degraded landscapes and reduce environmental stressors
• Biodiversity Protection: Align with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework goals

Why It Matters:

• Biodiversity Hotspot: The basin supports over 10 million people and is home to rich and unique freshwater biodiversity
• Threats: Habitat destruction, overfishing, pollution, invasive species, climate change, and uncoordinated lake management
• Alarming Trend: Global freshwater biodiversity has declined by 84% in the last century, faster than terrestrial or marine biomes
• Economic Risk: The global value of lake ecosystem services (~USD 3 trillion) could drop by 20% by 2050 if degradation continues

In News:

Exercise Desert Hunt 2025 was a high-intensity Tri-Service Special Forces military drill conducted by the Indian Air Force at Air Force Station Jodhpur, Rajasthan, from 24 to 28 February 2025.

Participating Forces

• Indian Army: Para (Special Forces)
• Indian Navy: Marine Commandos (MARCOS)
• Indian Air Force: Garud Special Forces

Objective

• To enhance interoperability, coordination, and operational synergy among the Special Forces of the three services.
• To ensure swift and effective responses to emerging security threats through joint operations.

Key Activities

• Airborne insertion and combat free-fall
• Precision strikes and counter-terrorism drills
• Hostage rescue operations
• Urban warfare simulations
• Validation of joint operational doctrines under realistic combat conditions

Significance

• Strengthens tri-service integration and fosters inter-service cooperation.
• Reinforces the commitment of the Indian Armed Forces to national security.
• Provides a platform for doctrinal validation and operational readiness.

In News:

NASA launched the Lunar Trailblazer spacecraft aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy Space Center to enhance understanding of water distribution on the Moon—crucial for long-term human exploration under the Artemis program.

Lunar Trailblazer Mission:

• Type: Small satellite (orbiter); part of NASA’s Small, Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration (SIMPLEX) program.
• Developed by: NASA in collaboration with Lockheed Martin.
• Objective:
  • Map and analyze the presence of water, particularly in permanently shadowed craters near the Moon’s poles.
  • Study the lunar water cycle and evaluate water as a potential resource for future missions.
• Instruments:
  • Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM): Measures surface temperature to track water movement.
  • High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper (HVM3): Detects spectral signatures of water molecules.
• Timeline:
  • Fuel-efficient trajectory to reach the Moon in 4 months.
  • Mission duration: At least 2 years of mapping operations.
• Significance:
  • Supports Artemis program objectives—long-term human presence on the Moon.
  • Identifies potential water sources for drinking, fuel, and oxygen.
  • Enhances understanding of water on airless planetary bodies and may offer clues to Earth’s water origins.

IM-2 Mission and Intuitive Machines’ Lunar Lander:

• Landing Site:Mons Mouton, near the Moon’s south pole (landing scheduled for March 6).
• Under: NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) and Artemis campaign.

Key Scientific Objectives and Instruments:

• Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment-1 (PRIME-1):
  • TRIDENT Drill: Extracts lunar soil samples.
  • MSolo Spectrometer: Detects volatile compounds in samples (e.g., water vapor).
• Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA): Provides a precise, passive reference point for future orbiters using laser ranging.
• Micro Nova Hopper (“Grace”):
  • Autonomous drone developed under NASA’s Tipping Point initiative.
  • Capable of hopping into shadowed craters to collect and transmit data.
• Nokia Lunar Surface Communications System (LSCS):
  • 4G/LTE system for high-definition video, telemetry, and command messaging.
  • Supports inter-device connectivity between the lander, rover, and hopper.

Strategic Importance:

• Pioneers in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) demonstrations.
• Tests surface communications and autonomous mobility systems.
• Lays groundwork for sustainable human presence and commercial space infrastructure.

In News:

‘Cali Fund’ launched at CBD COP16 in Rome to boost biodiversity finance.

Key Details:

• Launched at: COP16 to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), held in Rome in 2025.
• Purpose: The Cali Fund aims to promote the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of Digital Sequence Information (DSI) on genetic resources, marking a major step towards fulfilling Goal C and Target 13 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)—which targets halting and reversing biodiversity loss by 2030.

Key Features of the Cali Fund:

• Origin: It builds on the multilateral mechanism adopted during COP15 (2022) and was operationalised at COP16 (2025).
• Objective:Mobilise financial contributions from the private sector to support biodiversity conservation and implementation of National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs).
• Hosted By: Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office (MPTFO).
• Managed By: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
• Secretariat: Hosted by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Funding Mechanism:

• Source of Contributions: Companies commercially utilisingDSI—genetic data from plants, animals, and microorganisms—especially in sectors like:
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Cosmetics
  • Agriculture and biotechnology
  • Industrial biotech and AI-assisted research
• Exemptions: Academic institutions, public research bodies, and entities not reliant on DSI are exempt.
• Allocation:
  • 50% of resources are earmarked for indigenous peoples and local communities, especially women and youth, recognising their key role in biodiversity protection.

Significance:

• Global First: First UN biodiversity fund to receive direct contributions from private companies.
• Support for Biodiversity Action Plans: Assists developing countries in implementing their KMGBF targets and NBSAPs.
• Boosts Scientific Research: Enhances capabilities for storing, using, and analysing DSI.
• Promotes Collective Action: Encourages industries benefiting from biodiversity to reinvest in its protection—ushering in a new era of biodiversity finance.

About Digital Sequence Information (DSI):

• Definition: Digitally stored genetic data from DNA, RNA, and proteins.
• Use Cases: Vital for research in health, food security, climate change, conservation, and bioeconomy.
• Governance: Discussed under CBD, WHO PIP Framework, UN Law of the Sea, and others.

In News:

Mount Fentale, a stratovolcano located in Awash National Park in northern Ethiopia, has recently gained global attention due to its unprecedented release of massive methane plumes. This rare and unusual volcanic event, has raised significant concerns about its potential impacts on climate change and the necessity for better global methane tracking.

About Mount Fentale

Mount Fentale, standing 600 meters above the Rift Valley floor, is known for its elliptical caldera, approximately 6 km in diameter. The volcano's eruptions, historically infrequent, have typically involved the release of lava and ash.

The Methane "Burp" and Its Unusual Nature

What distinguishes this event from typical volcanic activity is the massive emission of methane—58 metric tonnes per hour. Volcanic eruptions are generally associated with carbon dioxide (CO?) and sulfur dioxide (SO?), not methane. Methane, however, is significantly more effective at trapping heat than CO?, being 28 times more potent over a 100-year period. The scale of the methane release is far greater than what is typically associated with volcanic activity, prompting scientific investigations into the cause and potential implications for the global climate.

The methane release is believed to result from deep magma movements that opened underground gas pockets, allowing the methane to escape through newly formed fissures. Unlike a surface eruption, which would involve molten lava, this "burp" suggests that magma at depth caused the gas to surface without the typical visual eruption.

Scientific and Environmental Concerns

Methane is the second-largest contributor to global warming, responsible for around 11% of total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Even short-term spikes in methane levels can have a significant impact on global temperature rise. This phenomenon underscores the urgency for enhanced global methane monitoring systems, particularly from natural sources like volcanic eruptions.

While Mount Fentale is not a frequent eruptor, the discovery of massive methane emissions from the volcano highlights the need for comprehensive tracking of both natural and human-driven sources of greenhouse gases. The event suggests that volcanic activity may be a more significant contributor to climate change than previously understood, particularly in the context of methane.

Recent Developments and Earthquake Activity

Following the methane release, Mount Fentale experienced a magnitude 6.0 earthquake the strongest to hit Ethiopia since 1989. This earthquake, likely associated with tectonic movements beneath the volcano, adds a layer of complexity to the ongoing geological activity in the region.

The volcano's stratovolcanic nature, characterized by steep sides built up by alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material, makes it particularly prone to explosive events. Stratovolcanoes like Fentale are among the most active types of volcanoes on Earth, and their eruptions can have far-reaching environmental impacts.

Global Significance and the Role of Satellite Monitoring

The unexpected methane release from Mount Fentale is not just a local environmental concern but has global implications. As a powerful greenhouse gas, methane's release into the atmosphere accelerates global warming, making it a key target in climate change mitigation efforts. The event highlights the importance of satellite monitoring programs, like those operated by the European Space Agency’s Copernicus program, which detected thermal anomalies in January, and GHGSat, which later confirmed the methane emissions.

In News:

Recent geological studies have found that the hilly region around the Zagros Mountains in northern Iraq is slowly sinking into the Earth, a process attributed to ancient tectonic dynamics. This discovery has implications for earthquake prediction and geothermal energy potential.

Zagros Mountains

• Location: Stretches ~1,500 km from eastern Turkey and northern Iraq across the Iranian Plateau to the Strait of Hormuz.
• Highest Peak: Mount Dena (4,409 m / 14,465 ft).
• Geological Composition: Primarily limestone and shale from the Mesozoic Era and Paleogene Period.
• Climate: Semi-arid temperate – cold winters and dry, arid summers.
• Vegetation: Dominated by oak and pistachio trees with steppe vegetation.

Geological Process Behind Iraq’s Sinking

• The Zagros region is influenced by the tectonic collision between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates.
• A sinking oceanic slab, part of the ancient Neotethys Ocean floor (over 66 million years old), is pulling the region down.
• This slab is subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate, a process occurring over tens of millions of years, making it imperceptible in human timescales.

Research Insights

• The studyused rock records, sediment analysis, and deep-earth imaging to understand the tectonic architecture of the region.
• The findings explain why the depressions around the Zagros Mountains are deeper than the current topography would suggest.

Significance of the Study

• Helps develop precise geological models critical for:
  • Earthquake prediction – by understanding fault depths and configurations.
  • Geothermal energy exploration – estimating areas with high geothermal gradients.
• Especially relevant in a region prone to seismic activity (e.g., 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquakes).

In News:

• India hosted the first-ever Regional Dialogue on Social Justice under the Global Coalition for Social Justice in New Delhi (Feb 2025).
• Event coincided with the 74th Foundation Day of Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), established in 1952.

Global Coalition for Social Justice (GCSJ)

• Launched by ILO in 2023, GCSJ aims to address social justice deficits globally, aligned with SDGs.
• Membership: Open to governments, businesses, academia; India is a key member.
• Promotes inclusive, sustainable development, responsible business conduct, and labor rights.
• India leads the Asia-Pacific Coordinating Group and spearheads responsible business initiatives.

India’s Achievements in Social Protection

• As per ILO’s World Social Protection Report 2024-26:
  • India’s social protection coverage (excluding health) has doubled from 24.4% (2021) to 48.8% (2024).
  • India contributed 5% of the global increase in social protection coverage.
• Employability of Indian graduates rose from 33.95% (2013) to 54.81% (2024).

Key Government Initiatives

• e-Shram Mobile App launched to improve access to welfare schemes, curated job listings, and multilingual support.
• Focus on extending coverage to:
  • Informal sector (unorganized, gig, platform, construction, agricultural workers).
  • Women and youth, with targets like 70% female workforce participation by 2047.
• Emphasis on AI and the Future of Work, living wages, and Global Value Chains through the Decent Work Country Programme.

Constitutional Provisions Supporting Social Justice

Provision

Focus

Preamble

Social, economic, and political justice

Art. 23 & 24

Prohibit trafficking, forced and child labour

Art. 38

Reduce social and economic inequalities

Art. 39 & 39A

Fair wages, legal aid, livelihood opportunities

Art. 46

Promote education and welfare of weaker sections

About Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)

• Statutory body under the ESI Act, 1948, Ministry of Labour& Employment.
• Eligibility: Employees earning ≤ ?21,000/month.
• Coverage: Establishments with ≥10 employees (or <10 in hazardous sectors).
• Benefits: Medical care, maternity, sickness, disability, dependent benefits, and unemployment allowance.

Significance of the Dialogue

• Platform for global best practices exchange from countries like Germany, Brazil, Australia, Philippines, and Namibia.
• Showcased India’s leadership in technology-driven social security, gender-responsive policies, and youth skilling.
• Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) and CII-EFI signed a Joint Statement on Responsible Business Conduct.
• Publications released include:
  • Best Practices on Responsible Business Conduct
  • Compendium on Social Protection in India
  • Social Security for Informal Workers

In News:

IN-SPACe, India’s space sector regulator under the Department of Space, has launched the Technology Adoption Fund (TAF) to accelerate the commercialization of indigenous space technologies.

About TAF:

• Objective: To bridge the gap between early-stage innovation and market-ready space solutions developed by Indian startups, MSMEs, and industries.
• Goal: Reduce dependence on imported technologies and strengthen India's position in the global space sector.

Key Features:

• Financial Support:
  • Startups/MSMEs: Up to 60% of project cost.
  • Larger industries: Up to 40%.
  • Funding cap: ?25 crore per project.
• Eligibility: Open to all non-government entities (NGEs) with commercially viable space innovations.
• Support Provided:
  • Partial funding for development and commercialization.
  • Technical mentoring and guidance.
• Focus Areas: Launch vehicles, satellites, space-based applications, and related services.
• Outcomes Expected:
  • Development of new space products.
  • Intellectual property generation.
  • Enhanced production capabilities.
  • Economic growth and job creation.

About IN-SPACe:

• Established: 2020
• Ministry: Department of Space
• Location: Ahmedabad, Gujarat
• Role: Single-window agency promoting private participation in India's space ecosystem.
• Functions:
  • Authorizes and monitors private sector space activities.
  • Facilitates access to ISRO infrastructure.
  • Collaborates with academia, industry, and research bodies.

Significance:

• Encourages private innovation in space tech.
• Aligns with the larger vision of making India a hub for space entrepreneurship.
• Strengthens India’s self-reliance and competitiveness in global space technology.

In News:

On February 11, 2025, to mark the 10th anniversary of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, UNESCO, with support from Canada’s International Development Centre (IDRC), launched the global campaign titled “Imagine a World with More Women in Science.”

Campaign Highlights

• Objective: Promote gender equality in science and innovation by encouraging the active participation and leadership of women in STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine).
• Social Media Drive: The campaign uses the hashtag #EveryVoiceInScience to amplify diverse voices and encourage global engagement.
• Focus: Emphasizes the real-world impact of gender disparities in science, including missed innovations, biased artificial intelligence, and inequitable scientific opportunities.

Background

• The UN General Assembly (UNGA) declared February 11 as the International Day of Women and Girls in Science in 2015 to foster female participation in scientific research and innovation globally.

Current Status of Women in Science

Global Trends

• Representation: Women comprise only one-third of the global scientific workforce.
• Leadership Gap: Merely 10% of STEM leadership positions are held by women.

India-Specific Data

• STEMM Enrolment: Women account for 43% of enrolment in STEMM disciplines.
• Women Scientists: Only 18.6% of scientists in India are women.
• R&D Projects: About 25% of R&D projects are led by women researchers.

Challenges Faced by Women in Science

Challenge                                            Description

Restrictive Social Norms         Traditional gender roles hinder women’s

                                                       scientific pursuits.

Lack of Role Models                      Few visible female leaders discourage young women from

                                                       aspiring to scientific careers.

Workplace Inequality                 Gender biases, hostile work environments, and lack of inclusive

                                                       policies create barriers.

Educational Gaps                          Gender-biased teaching content and insufficient support systems

                                                       limit girls’ access to science education.

Recommended Measures

Dismantle Gender Stereotypes

• Remove gender biases from teaching and learning materials.
• Include contributions of female scientists in textbooks with visuals.
• Promote equitable representation of women in boards, panels, and decision-making bodies.

Enhance Visibility of Women Role Models

• Highlight discoveries by female scientists.
• Increase media and curriculum exposure to successful women in science.

Open Educational Pathways

• Promote inclusive teaching practices and gender-neutral curricula.
• Encourage CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) initiatives to support girls in science education.

Create Inclusive Work Environments

• Enforce policies for diversity, equity, and inclusion.
• Take strong action against gender-based violence, including sexism and harassment in the workplace.
• Advance women into leadership roles in scientific institutions.

In News:

India and the United States have deepened their defense partnership by launching the Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA), a landmark initiative focused on co-producing Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA) technologies in India.

Understanding Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA)

• UDA refers to the ability to monitor, detect, and evaluate activities beneath the surface of oceans and seas. It plays a vital role in ensuring maritime security, enabling anti-submarine warfare (ASW), managing marine resources, responding to disasters, and protecting the underwater environment.
• In the backdrop of China’s rapid naval expansion and its increasing footprint in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), enhancing UDA has become imperative for India, both at the bilateral level and as part of the Quad framework (India, U.S., Japan, and Australia).

Strategic Significance and Geopolitical Relevance

The UDA collaboration marks a significant step in Indo-U.S. strategic relations. As the maritime domain becomes increasingly contested, especially in the Indo-Pacific, India’s need for robust submarine detection, surveillance, and underwater intelligence capabilities has become critical. The joint initiative aligns with broader strategic goals such as:

• Enhancing Quad cooperation to maintain a free, open, and secure Indo-Pacific.
• Countering threats arising from Chinese submarine activities and naval assertiveness.
• Enabling shared maritime patrols and airlift capacity for disaster response across the region.

Key Technologies Identified for Co-Production

Several high-end underwater surveillance systems have been identified for co-production or co-development in India under the ASIA framework:

• Sea Picket: An autonomous sonar surveillance platform developed by Thayer Mahan.
• Wave Glider Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs): Discussions are underway between Boeing’s Liquid Robotics and Sagar Defence Engineering for the co-production of 60 platforms in India.
• Low-Frequency Active Towed Sonar: Negotiations involve L3 Harris and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for co-development.
• Multistatic Active (MSA) Sonobuoys: A sophisticated submarine-tracking technology, to be co-produced in India by Ultra Maritime and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), with a production line expected by 2027.
• Large-Diameter Autonomous Undersea Vehicles: Produced by Anduril, these offer deep-sea monitoring capabilities.
• Triton Autonomous Underwater and Surface Vehicle: Developed by Ocean Aero, integrates underwater and surface operations.

Existing and Emerging ASW Platforms

India’s anti-submarine warfare capabilities have already been bolstered through U.S. defense acquisitions, including:

• 12 P-8I Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft currently in service.
• 24 MH-60R Multi-Role Helicopters, being inducted to enhance ASW and surveillance.
• 15 MQ-9B Sea Guardian UAVs, part of a 31-unit contract with deliveries beginning from 2029.
• An additional six P-8I aircraft were cleared during the recent bilateral talks.

These platforms significantly improve maritime interoperability among Quad nations and provide India with a strategic edge in underwater operations.

Make-in-India and Technological Sovereignty

The UDA initiative strongly supports India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat vision by fostering indigenous manufacturing of advanced underwater systems. It introduces a first-of-its-kind co-production framework in sensitive defense technologies, thus catalyzing innovation and industrial capability within the Indian defense sector.

The initiative also aims to strengthen logistics, intelligence-sharing, and force mobility between the Indian and U.S. armed forces. Enhanced training, joint operations, and technological exchanges will help sustain forward deployments and enable humanitarian and disaster relief missions across the Indo-Pacific.

In News:

On February 12, 2025, Mount Etna, Europe's tallest and most active volcano, erupted once again, spewing lava flows and dense ash clouds into the atmosphere. The event drew attention not just due to its visual spectacle, but also because of the geological, environmental, and socio-economic implications it carries.

About Mount Etna

• Location: Eastern coast of Sicily, Italy — the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
• Type:Active stratovolcano, known for frequent eruptions.
• Height & Size: Highest peak south of the Alps and tallest active volcano in Europe; rises over 3,300 meters and covers 1,190 sq. km with a basal circumference of 140 km.
• Tectonic Setting: Lies above the convergent boundary of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, making it a hotspot for seismic and volcanic activity.
• Eruption History: Recorded to have erupted over 200 times since 1500 BCE, with persistent volcanic activity.
• UNESCO Recognition: Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013 for its exceptional geological features, cultural relevance, and continuous scientific monitoring.
• Decade Volcano Status: Designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations due to its proximity to densely populated areas, including the city of Catania, and the potential risk it poses, warranting special scientific attention.

In News:

The Fulani, one of Africa’s largest and most dispersed ethnic communities, trace their ancestry to the ‘Green Sahara’ period (12,000–5,000 years ago), according to recent genetic and anthropological research. This period, when the Sahara was a fertile, habitable landscape, marks the early development of African pastoralism.

The Fulani population is estimated at 40 million, spread across West and Central Africa, from Senegal and Guinea in the west to Lake Chad in the east. They are particularly concentrated in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea, Senegal, and Niger, and inhabit the Sahel-Savannah belt, straddling arid and semi-arid regions.

Nomadic Lifestyle and Social Structure

Traditionally known for their nomadic pastoralism, the Fulani have maintained a unique socio-cultural identity despite centuries of migration and contact with other African populations. Their society is internally diverse, divided into three main groups:

• Makiyaya: Nomadic herders
• FulaninSoro: Town dwellers
• Bararo: Forest dwellers, with strong ties to ancestral rituals and nature-based belief systems

Fulani communities are largely egalitarian, with a deep emphasis on kinship, family structure, and communal responsibility. Polygamy is widely practiced, and marriage ceremonies are elaborate, often involving intricate rituals and festive celebrations.

Women’s Role and Cultural Expression

Fulani women are recognized for their weaving, artisanal craftsmanship, and particularly their hairstyles, which are often elaborately styled and adorned with beads and cowrie shells—symbols of both identity and aesthetic tradition.

Linguistic and Religious Identity

The Fulani speak Fula (also called Fulfulde or Pulaar), a language belonging to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Though largely Muslim, many retain spiritual connections with nature-based traditions, particularly among the Bararo groups.

Genetic Heritage and Historical Significance

A recent multinational study led by Uppsala University and Charles University analyzed biological and anthropological data from 460 Fulani individuals across 18 locations in seven African countries. It confirmed a complex genetic history, shaped by:

• Ancient North African ancestry, particularly linked to populations akin to modern-day Berbers of Morocco
• Historical interactions with West, Central, and East African communities
• A shared ancestral genetic component, likely rooted in early pastoral communities of the Green Sahara era

The research underscores that despite their high mobility and limited archaeological footprint, the Fulani have preserved a distinct genetic and cultural identity for millennia.

In News:

In a significant step towards modernizing India's artillery capabilities, the Union Ministry of Defence signed contracts worth ?10,147 crore on February 6, 2025, for the procurement of advanced ammunition for the Pinaka Multiple Rocket Launch System (MRLS).

These agreements were concluded with Economic Explosives Limited (EEL) and Munitions India Limited (MIL) for the acquisition of Area Denial Munition (ADM) Type-1 and High Explosive Pre-Fragmented (HEPF)-Mk-1 (enhanced) rockets, respectively.

Pinaka MRLS: An Overview

• Type: All-weather, battle-proven, indirect fire Artillery Weapon System.
• Developer: Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) of DRDO.
• Combat History: First used effectively during the Kargil War, neutralising enemy positions on mountain tops.
• Mobility: Mounted on Tatra trucks, providing high mobility and quick deployment.
• Payload & Firing Capacity:
  • Each launcher: 12 rockets.
  • Each battery: 6 launchers = 72 rockets.
  • Capable of delivering a full salvo in 44 seconds.
• Range:
  • Initial range: 60–75 km.
  • Guided Pinaka (Pinaka-G) extends range to 75 km, with future plans to extend up to 120 km and eventually 300 km.
• Precision: The guided version uses INS/GPS navigation, allowing high accuracy against critical and time-sensitive targets.
• Warhead Types: High-explosive and submunitions, suitable for a wide variety of targets.

New Ammunition Contracts: Enhancing Lethality

The contracts include the procurement of:

• ADM Type-1: Equipped with specialised warheads designed to disperse sub-munitions over wide areas. These are effective in targeting mechanised formations, vehicles, and personnel, thereby denying area access to the enemy. These are similar to Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions (DPICM).
• HEPF-Mk-1 (Enhanced): An advanced variant of the currently used HEPF rockets with extended range and improved lethality, capable of deep precision strikes in enemy territory.

In addition, a contract was signed with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for upgrades to the Shakti software, which supports artillery operations.

Operational & Strategic Significance

• The upgraded Pinaka system will be the mainstay of long-range rocket artillery in the Indian Army.
• Four Pinaka regiments are already operational, with six more on order.
• The system’s development and expansion are a testament to India’s defenceindigenisation drive.
• The DRDO successfully completed flight tests of the guided Pinaka rocket with a range of 75 km, doubling its earlier reach. Future versions aim for up to 120 km and 300 km range.

Employment and MSME Impact

Besides enhancing strategic deterrence, the ?10,147 crore investment is expected to:

• Generate direct and indirect employment, particularly in the defence manufacturing ecosystem.
• Promote the Indian MSME sector, which contributes components and subsystems for the rockets and launchers.
• Support the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat by reducing dependency on imported artillery systems.

In News:

India is home to over 10.45 crore Scheduled Tribe (ST) individuals, comprising 8.6% of the population. Concentrated largely in remote and underdeveloped regions, ST communities face persistent challenges such as land alienation, limited access to quality education, healthcare deficits, and socio-economic exclusion. The Union Budget 2025–26 signals a paradigm shift in tribal welfare, in line with the vision of Viksit Bharat.

Budgetary Commitment

The total allocation for tribal welfare has risen to ?14,925.81 crore in 2025–26—a 45.79% jump from the previous year and a staggering 231.83% increase from 2014–15 levels. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has witnessed a consistent rise in budget: from ?7,511.64 crore (2023–24) to ?10,237.33 crore (2024–25), and now ?14,925.81 crore.

Flagship Schemes and Initiatives

• Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) received ?7,088.60 crore, up from ?4,748 crore, to provide quality residential education to ST students. EMDBS, a pilot initiative in high-density tribal areas, enhances outreach.
• Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission (PMJVM) saw a sharp rise to ?380.40 crore. It promotes tribal entrepreneurship, sustainable Minor Forest Produce (MFP) use, and value chain development.
• Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY) was allocated ?335.97 crore (163% increase). It aims to convert tribal-majority villages into model habitations by ensuring convergence of development schemes.
• PM-JANMAN Multi-Purpose Centers (MPCs) received ?300 crore, targeting Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) with essential services and institutional support.
• Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DAJGUA), launched in 2024, envisions the holistic development of 63,843 tribal villages. With an outlay of ?79,156 crore over five years, it integrates 17 ministries and 25 interventions. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has allocated ?2,000 crore for 2025–26 alone.

Persistent Challenges

Despite constitutional safeguards (Articles 15(4), 46, 244, 275(1), etc.), tribal communities face significant hurdles:

• Land and Resource Rights: Only 50% of 42.76 lakh Forest Rights Act (FRA) claims have been approved (MoTA, 2022). Displacement from mining and infrastructure projects persists.
• Education: ST literacy stands at 59% (Census 2011) with high dropout rates due to poverty and language gaps.
• Health: Malnutrition, maternal mortality, and diseases like Sickle Cell remain endemic.
• Marginalization: Tribals face economic deprivation, exploitation (bonded labor, trafficking), and erosion of cultural identity.
• Underrepresentation: Despite reserved seats, policy influence remains limited.

The Way Forward

• Land Rights: Effective implementation of FRA and safeguards against forced displacement.
• Education: Expand EMRS/EMDBS and promote bilingual, culturally relevant curricula.
• Health: Improve rural health infrastructure and target tribal-specific diseases.
• Women’s Empowerment: Support SHGs and skill-based livelihood through schemes like Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana.
• Cultural Continuity: Support tribal art, festivals, and language preservation through digital and educational platforms.
• Inclusive Governance: Strengthen Gram Sabhas and tribal representation in policymaking.

In News:

Recently, a US military aircraft carrying 104 deported Indian nationals landed at Amritsar Airport. These deportees had entered the United States through the illegal “Dunki” route, paying between ?30 lakh and ?1 crore to agents and human traffickers.

Since 2009, over 15,000 Indians have been deported from the US for illegal entry, with India now figuring among the top non-Latin American countries in deportation rankings.

What is the ‘Dunki Route’?

• The “Dunki” or “Donkey” route refers to an unauthorised, arduous journey that migrants undertake through multiple countries to reach destinations like the United States, bypassing legal immigration processes.
• Routes often begin in countries with visa-on-arrival access or easy tourist visa policies for Indians:
  • Latin America: Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Brazil, Venezuela
  • Europe/Central Asia: Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kazakhstan
  • Southeast Asia: Malaysia (via Bangkok)
• Migrants often transit through Mexico, Guatemala, or Costa Rica before crossing into the US through illegal land borders.

How the Network Operates:

• Human trafficking syndicates use fake or manipulated visas (e.g., Schengen visas) to move migrants across Europe, Central Asia, and Latin America.
• Indian passport holders are sent to countries with lenient visa regimes, followed by overland or sea routes to US borders.
• Delhi Police (IGI unit) revealed that many migrants travel to Turkey or Kazakhstan and then cross to Russia or Latin America before attempting US entry.

Reasons Behind Illegal Migration:

• Economic Opportunities: Low wages in India drive migration to higher-paying economies.
• Limited Legal Avenues: Long, uncertain visa approval processes discourage legal pathways.
• Cultural Pressures: In communities like the Patels of Gujarat, migration to the US is tied to social prestige, often compelling families to sell land or take loans.
• Success Stories: Stories of successful illegal migrants inspire others to follow suit.
• Thriving Smuggling Rackets: Demand for migration has led to lucrative smuggling networks.

Consequences and Risks:

• Human Cost: Migrants risk robbery, assault, rape, and death, with bodies often unrecovered.
• Economic Loss: Families face financial ruin due to heavy agent fees.
• Legal Repercussions: Deportation, detention, and blacklisting from future visas.
• Geopolitical Sensitivity: Damages bilateral ties with countries like the US and strains consular systems.

Government Response and Policy Measures:

Proposed Legislation:

• India is considering the Overseas Mobility (Facilitation and Welfare) Bill, 2024 to:
  • Promote safe, orderly, and regular migration
  • Replace the outdated Emigration Act, 1983
  • Establish comprehensive mechanisms for migrant protection and regulation

Awareness Campaigns:

• Indian embassies and consulates regularly issue:
  • Advisories on fraudulent agents
  • Guidance on safe migration
  • Lists of registered recruiting agencies

Migration Trends and Global Standing:

• World Migration Report 2024 (IOM):
  • India received $111 billion in remittances in 2022 – highest globally
  • India is the largest country of origin for international migrants, with large diasporas in the UAE, US, and Saudi Arabia

H-1B Visa: The Legal Face of Indian Migration to the US

• H-1B Program: Allows US employers to hire foreign workers in high-skill occupations requiring at least a bachelor’s degree.
• Duration: Maximum of six years, renewable under certain conditions, or convertible into a Green Card.
• Indian Dominance:
  • Indians have accounted for over 70% of all H-1B visa approvals since 2015
  • Chinese applicants make up the second-largest group (~12–13%)

Political Challenges:

• Immigration, including H-1B, is a polarising issue in US politics.
• Rising anti-immigration sentiment, especially under administrations like Trump 2.0, affects policy and visa quotas.

Hotspot States and Migration Routes in India:

• Major source states of illegal migrants: Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana
• These regions are hubs for agents who facilitate illegal migration using Dunki routes and exploit aspirational youth.

In News:

In a significant legal and environmental development, Mount Taranaki—officially now known by its M?ori name Taranaki Maunga—has been granted legal personhood by the government of New Zealand.

This move marks it as the third natural feature in the country to receive such status, following the Te Urewera National Park (2014) and the Whanganui River (2017).

This recognition reflects an increasing global trend toward acknowledging the intrinsic rights of natural entities and respecting the spiritual beliefs of indigenous communities.

About Taranaki Maunga

• Location: Situated in Egmont National Park, North Island, New Zealand.
• Dual Naming: Historically known as Mount Egmont, it is now officially referred to by its indigenous name, Taranaki Maunga, as part of decolonization and cultural revival efforts.
• Elevation: Stands at 8,261 feet, making it the second-highest peak in the North Island of New Zealand.
• Geological Type: It is a stratovolcano (composite cone) with a nearly perfect symmetrical shape—one of the most symmetrical volcanic cones in the world.
• Formation: Formed due to the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate. The magma source lies deeper than that of the Taupo Volcanic Zone volcanoes.
• Topography: Surrounded by a circular ring plain formed from lahars (volcanic mudflows) and landslides.
• Status: A snow-capped dormant volcano and culturally revered natural landmark.
• Cultural Significance: The M?ori, indigenous people of New Zealand, regard Taranaki Maunga as a sacred ancestor, embedding it deeply in their oral traditions and spirituality.

Legal Personhood and Its Significance

Granting legal personhood to Taranaki Maunga means it now holds rights, duties, and liabilities akin to a legal human being, and its interests will be represented by appointed guardians—often including indigenous representatives.

This legal framework recognizes:

• The spiritual and cultural relationship that the M?ori have with the mountain.
• The need to protect natural ecosystems not merely for utility but as living entities deserving of rights and dignity.

Comparative Insights: India’s Legal Approach to Natural Entities

India has witnessed similar developments:

• Uttarakhand High Court (2017–18): Granted legal personhood to the Ganga and Yamuna rivers, along with the Gangotri and Yamunotri glaciers. However, the Supreme Court later stayed this ruling.
• Punjab and Haryana High Court (2020): Recognized Sukhna Lake (Chandigarh) as a living entity for environmental protection.
• These decisions stem from the Doctrine of Parens Patriae, which allows the state to act as a guardian for those who cannot protect themselves—extending this protection to natural entities such as rivers, forests, and wildlife.

In News:

In 2024, the Gujarat government declared the Inland Mangrove of Guneri, located in Kutch district, as the first Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) of the state under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. The declaration followed a recommendation by the Gujarat Biodiversity Board.

Key Features of Guneri Inland Mangroves:

• Location: Guneri village, Lakhtar tehsil, Kutch district, Gujarat.
• Area: 32.78 hectares.
• Distance from Sea: ~45 km from the Arabian Sea; ~4 km from Kori Creek.
• Nature: Inland (non-coastal) mangrove ecosystem — one of only eight such sites globally and the last remaining in India.
• Terrain: Flat land resembling a forest; no tidal influence or sludge typically seen in coastal mangroves.
• Water Source: Sustained by groundwater retained in limestone deposits; no direct contact with seawater.

Ecological and Geological Significance:

• Possibly originated from:
  • Miocene marine transgression, or
  • Along the ancient Saraswati River, believed to have flowed in the Great Rann of Kutch around 3000–4000 BCE.
• Limestone formations in western Kutch provide continuous subsurface water flow, enabling survival of this unique mangrove system.

Biodiversity:

• Habitat to:
  • 20 migratory bird species
  • 25 resident migratory avifaunal species
• Acts as a vital ecosystem for local and seasonal wildlife.

Mangroves in India – 2024 Snapshot:

• As per the “Red List of Mangrove Ecosystems” (May 22, 2024):
  • India has 3% of South Asia’s mangrove cover.
  • Total mangrove area: 4,975 sq km (0.15% of India's land area).
  • Increase: 54 sq km (1.10%) since last assessment.
  • State-wise share:
    • West Bengal: 42.45% (notably South 24 Parganas & Sundarbans)
    • Gujarat: 23.66% (with highest increase: 37 sq km)
    • Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 12.39%

Legal Framework:

• Declared under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, which empowers state governments to notify BHS after consulting local self-government bodies.
• A local Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC), including representatives from self-governance institutions, will oversee protection and conservation.
• This provides a formal structure for site management, previously absent.

Conservation Measures:

• Training programs for local and tribal communities along with forest officials.
• A management plan will be implemented to preserve the unique flora and fauna.

In News:

A first-of-its-kind study, commissioned by the Delhi government and conducted by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), has revealed the presence of microplastics in groundwater across all 11 districts of Delhi. The interim findings, submitted in November 2024, also reported microplastics in Yamuna River water and soil samples along its banks.

Key Findings:

• Widespread Contamination: Microplastics were found in groundwater samples across Delhi, indicating potential contamination due to leaching from the Yamuna River.
• Additional Contamination: Microplastics were also detected in the Yamuna's water and riverbank soil, suggesting environmental pervasiveness.
• Water Usage Impact: Since Delhi relies on borewells and treated groundwater for drinking and domestic purposes, this contamination raises serious public health concerns.
• No Objection by Authorities: The Delhi government has not disputed the study’s interim findings; further post-monsoon analysis is underway, and a final report is expected later in 2025.

What Are Microplastics?

According to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP):

• Definition: Plastic particles less than 5 mm in size
• Types:
  • Primary Microplastics: Manufactured for use in cosmetics (e.g., microbeads) and textiles (e.g., microfibers from clothing, nets)
  • Secondary Microplastics: Result from breakdown of larger plastics (e.g., bottles) due to sunlight, abrasion, and ocean waves

Environmental & Health Impacts:

• Persistence: Microplastics are non-biodegradable, mobile, and difficult to eliminate from natural ecosystems.
• Toxicity:
  • Can adsorb harmful chemicals, making them more toxic
  • Known to bioaccumulate in aquatic food chains
• Human Exposure: Microplastics can enter the human body via:
  • Inhalation (air)
  • Ingestion (water and seafood)
  • Dermal absorption (through skin)
• Health Risks (UNEP Report – From Pollution to Solution, 2021):
  • Potential effects on genetics, brain development, respiration, and placental health in newborns
  • No global standard exists for safe microplastic limits in drinking water

In News:

India is actively exploring the creation of a Bharat Sovereign Wealth Fund (BSWF) or The Bharat Fund (TBF) to harness the untapped wealth embedded within its public sector ecosystem. This fund aims to unlock and strategically manage dormant capital, estimated at ?40 lakh crore ($450–500 billion), primarily held in equity stakes of around 80 listed public sector enterprises (PSEs) and banks.

What is a Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF)?

A Sovereign Wealth Fund is a state-owned investment vehicle that manages national savings or surplus revenues—often derived from foreign exchange reserves, natural resource exports, or trade surpluses.

According to the Santiago Principles (2008), SWFs:

• Are owned by the general government (central or sub-national),
• Invest primarily in foreign financial assets, and
• Aim to achieve financial objectives rather than monetary policy.

Types of SWFs include:

• Stabilization Funds: Cushion fiscal shocks from revenue volatility.
• Future Generation Funds: Preserve wealth for long-term national benefit.
• Strategic Development Funds: Support priority sectors and national growth.
• Reserve Investment Funds: Enhance returns on foreign currency reserves.

Examples include:

• Norway’s Government Pension Fund Global ($1.7 trillion),
• China Investment Corporation ($1.35 trillion),
• Abu Dhabi Investment Authority ($993 billion).

India’s SWF Landscape and the BSWF Proposal

India previously explored SWF models in 2007–08 and again in 2010–11. While the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) was launched in 2015, it remains sector-specific and limited in scale. The proposed BSWF envisions a comprehensive and transformational fund akin to global best practices.

Key features of the BSWF proposal:

• Consolidation of government equity in PSEs and PSU banks under a professionally managed umbrella.
• Strategic divestment—e.g., reducing government stake from 51% to 40%—without losing operational control.
• Leveraging this pooled equity to attract global co-investors, potentially unlocking tens or hundreds of billions in foreign capital.

Why India Needs the Bharat SWF

• Wealth Unlocking: Potential monetization of over ?40 lakh crore in dormant government equity assets.
• Fiscal Prudence: Even a modest 2% annual divestment could yield $10+ billion, narrowing the fiscal deficit from 4.9% to ~4.6% of GDP.
• Strategic Sector Investment: Deployment into high-potential sectors—AI, semiconductors, electric vehicles, hydrogen energy, biotechnology—to drive innovation and economic leadership.
• Attracting Global Capital: Enhanced investor confidence, especially from established SWFs like those of Singapore, Norway, and Abu Dhabi, which are already increasing exposure in Indian equities and infrastructure.
• Social Sector Funding: Generate non-debt financial resources for welfare programs and national development missions.
• Soft Power Projection: Fund ventures, disaster relief, and advocacy efforts, strengthening India’s international standing.

Governance and Reform Imperatives

For the BSWF to succeed, it must:

• Be governed by a clear legal and regulatory framework aligned with Santiago Principles.
• Operate independently, with professional asset managers, market-based remuneration, and arm’s length oversight.
• Transition PSEs to function with autonomy and efficiency, reducing bureaucratic delays and enabling innovation.
• Foster joint ventures to turn around non-performing PSEs—among the 1,830 PSEs, around 400 remain non-functional, demanding nearly ?9 lakh crore annually in budgetary support.

Challenges and Concerns

• Macroeconomic Constraints: India faces a current account deficit and substantial fiscal pressures—conditions unlike traditional SWF-rich nations.
• Geopolitical and Market Risks: Global uncertainty and decoupling trends could impact cross-border investment strategies.
• Environmental and Technological Vulnerabilities: Investment risks in carbon-heavy sectors and exposure to data fraud or tech disruptions.
• Institutional Resistance: Political and bureaucratic inertia may delay implementation unless national interest is prioritized.

SWF Investments in India: A Growing Trend

Foreign SWFs are already deepening their footprint in India:

• $6.7 billion in direct investments in 2022 (up from $4.3 billion in 2021).
• Preferred sectors: healthcare, entertainment, renewables, infrastructure.
• Beneficiaries of tax exemptions on direct infrastructure investments via InVITS (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) and AIFs (Alternative Investment Funds), valid for investments made before March 31, 2024.

These incentives have encouraged foreign SWFs to explore establishing physical presence in India’s financial hubs, especially GIFT City, Gandhinagar.

In News:

On January 27, 2025, Uttarakhand became the first Indian state to formally implement the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) after Independence. The legislation was passed by the State Assembly on February 7, 2024, and received Presidential assent on March 12, 2024.

Historical Background:

• A five-member expert committee chaired by Justice (Retd.) Ranjana Prakash Desai was constituted to draft the UCC report.
• The committee submitted its report on October 18, 2023.
• Though initially scheduled for implementation by November 9, 2024 (Uttarakhand's Foundation Day), the rollout was delayed due to administrative preparedness and staff training.

Scope and Applicability:

• Applicable to all residents of Uttarakhand, including those in live-in relationships outside the state.
• Scheduled Tribes (as per Article 342) and migrated natives have been exempted to safeguard cultural rights.

Key Provisions of the UCC:

1. Marriage, Divorce & Live-in Relationships

• Legal marriage age: 21 years (men), 18 years (women).
• Mandatory registration of marriages, divorces, and live-in relationships.
• Prohibited practices: Triple talaq, halala, iddat, polygamy, and child marriage.
• Live-in Relationships:
  • Mandatory registration for couples aged 21 and above.
  • Parental consent required if under 21.
  • Termination of live-in relationships requires mutual consent.
  • Mandatory reporting of pregnancy within 30 days of childbirth.
  • Landlords cannot deny housing to registered live-in couples.

2. Inheritance & Property Rights

• Equal inheritance rights for sons and daughters.
• Children born to live-in couples recognized as legitimate, eligible for inheritance.

3. Wills and Succession

• Wills can be:
  • Submitted online.
  • Uploaded as handwritten/typed documents.
  • Recorded as a 3-minute video.

Digital Infrastructure – UCC Portal (ucc.uk.gov.in):

• Aadhaar-based verification for authenticity.
• AI-based multilingual translation in 22 Indian languages.
• Tatkal service for expedited registrations with a nominal fee.
• Integrated with 13+ departments, including police, civic bodies, and courts.
• Disaster recovery systems and cloud-based architecture ensure secure data management.
• Access to:
  • Online registration of marriages, divorces, live-in relationships.
  • Upload and registration of wills.
  • Grievance redressal and appeal mechanisms.

Administrative Framework:

• Village Panchayat Development Officers appointed as sub-registrars in rural areas.
• Common Service Centres (CSCs) enabled to facilitate registration, especially in remote and mountainous areas.
• Registration applications processed within 15 days, or 3 days in emergencies.
• Appeals must be filed within 30 days of rejection, resolved within 60 days.

Penalties:

• Initial warnings for non-compliance.
• Fines imposed for repeated violations.

Significance:

• The UCC aims to promote gender equality, legal uniformity, and women's empowerment.
• Represents a constitutional vision under Article 44, reinforcing the idea of a common civil law for all citizens.
• Seen as a potential model for other states in India.

In News:

ISRO successfully launched the NVS-02 satellite aboard GSLV-F15, placing it into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). This marks ISRO’s 100th mission, reinforcing India’s space and navigation capabilities under the NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) program.

What is NavIC?

• NavIC is India’s indigenous regional satellite navigation system, developed for both civilian and strategic use.
• Offers accurate positioning over India and up to 1,500 km beyond its borders.
• Comparable to GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), and BeiDou (China).

About NVS-02 Satellite:

Feature                 Description

Series                   Second satellite in the next-gen NVS series (after NVS-01 in 2023)

Mission Role       Replaces aging IRNSS-1E satellite

Mass                    2,250 kg

Power Capacity   ~3 kW

Orbit                    Final orbital slot at 111.75°E in geosynchronous orbit (~36,000 km)

Life Span             12 years

Developed by      URSC (U R Rao Satellite Centre), Bengaluru

Technological Advancements:

• Equipped with navigation payloads across L1, L5, and S-bands for enhanced accuracy and broader coverage.
• Features the Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (RAFS) – an indigenously developed atomic clock for precision timekeeping.
• Includes C-band ranging payload, similar to NVS-01.

Significance of NVS-02:

• Enhances NavIC’s positioning accuracy for civilian, commercial, and strategic applications:
  • Disaster management
  • Fleet tracking
  • Precision agriculture
  • Emergency response
  • Mobile navigation
• L1 signal inclusion makes NavIC-compatible with international GNSS systems, improving global device integration.
• Demonstrates India’s technological self-reliance, particularly in atomic clock development.

ISRO’s Launch Vehicles

Vehicle         First Flight         Notable Use

SLV              1980                     Launched Rohini satellite

ASLV           1987                     Five-stage solid rocket, retired in 1990s

PSLV           1994                     Reliable, used for Mars Orbiter, LEO missions

GSLV          2001                      Used for heavier payloads, INSAT/GSAT

GSLV         2014                       Heavy-lift, Chandrayaan-2/3, Gaganyaan crew module

Mk III (LVM3)

SSLV          2022                      Affordable launches for nano/micro satellites

In News:

In January 2025, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) proposed the “sachetisation” of mutual fund investments to promote financial inclusion, especially among low-income and first-time investors.

What is Sachetisation?

• Originating from the FMCG sector (e.g., shampoo sachets), sachetisation refers to offering financial products in small, affordable units, enhancing accessibility and affordability.
• In capital markets, it implies micro-level investment options, particularly through low-ticket SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans).

Objectives:

• Promote financial inclusion and empower economically underserved sections.
• Expand mutual fund penetration to semi-urban and rural areas.
• Encourage long-term savings and wealth creation among new investors.
• Reduce dependency on large institutional or foreign investors by broadening the domestic retail base.

Key Features of SEBI’s Sachet SIP Proposal:

Feature                                            Details

Minimum SIP Amount                  ?250 per month

Eligibility                                        Only for new mutual fund investors

Investment Limit                           Up to 3 sachet SIPs across different AMCs

Excluded Schemes                         Debt funds, sectoral/thematic, small-cap, mid-cap equity funds (due to higher risk)

Commitment Period                     Encouraged to commit for 5 years (60 SIPs), but premature withdrawal allowed

Payment Modes                            Only via auto-pay mechanisms such as UPI Autopay and NACH

Cost Incentives                             AMCs to receive subsidies from SEBI’s Investor Education and Awareness Fund

Distributor Incentive                   ?500 per investor after completion of 24 monthly SIPs

Significance:

• Democratizes investment access by lowering the entry barrier for mutual funds.
• Encourages behavioral shift towards long-term financial planning and discipline.
• Stabilizes domestic markets by broadening and diversifying the retail investor base.

Supports SEBI’s vision of making capital markets inclusive, tech-enabled, and accessible.

In News:

The recent 2023-24 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) showed a decline in poverty across rural and urban India. However, questions have emerged about whether poverty is being underestimated, due to changes in methodologies, definitions, and data availability.

Evolution of Poverty Measurement in India

• 1970s to 2005: Poverty was defined based on minimum calorie intake; updated every 5 years using NSSO data.
• Tendulkar Committee introduced in response to divergence between NSSO and National Accounts data.
• Post-2011-12: No official poverty estimates or surveys; alternative indices like Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) were used.

Current Data Issues

• Different recall periods in surveys (7-day, 30-day, 365-day) create non-comparability.
• Modified Mixed Recall Period (MMRP) introduced in 2017-18 and improved upon in recent years with three household visits, enhancing recall and thus raising reported expenditures.
• Result: Using older poverty lines on newer, higher expenditure data underestimates poverty.

Diverging Poverty Estimates

• Dr. C. Rangarajan (2022-23): Estimated poverty at around 10%.
• Recent factsheet (2023-24) suggests poverty may have declined to single digits.
• A paper using Rangarajan’s methodology on 2022-23 HCES data estimated 25% poverty, but this is debated.

Reasons for Poverty Reduction

• High GDP growth, increased public expenditure, and improved public delivery systems.
• National Food Security Act covers nearly 80 crore people.
• Broadened definition of poverty now includes non-food items and essential services.
• Decline in poverty estimated around 17-18% between 2011-12 and 2023-24.

Rural-Urban Trends

• Consumption gap between rural and urban areas is narrowing.
• Rural consumption patterns becoming more urban-like.
• 2011 Census definitions outdated — many rural areas are peri-urban in character.

Need for Poverty Line Revision

• Lack of consensus and official backing on methodology hinders creation of a new poverty line suited to current data.
• UNDP’s global poverty line is $2.15/day; India’s poverty was 12.9% in 2019 by that metric.
• NITI Aayog’s estimates do not support 25% poverty claim.

Debate on Multidimensional Poverty Index

• India’s MPI (12 indicators) differs from UNDP’s 10-indicator framework.
• Additions like bank accounts and maternal health are India-specific.
• Criticism: Once indicators (e.g., electricity, bank accounts) are met, they remain met — poverty appears to decline permanently, while income vulnerability is not captured.

In News:

In a controversial move, President Donald Trump (2025) signed an executive order to rename Denali (North America’s highest peak) back to Mount McKinley, and also proposed renaming the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America, citing the need to "honor American greatness."

About Denali / Mount McKinley:

Feature                              Description

Location                           Alaska Range, South-Central Alaska, USA

Height                              20,310 feet (6,190 meters) – Highest in North America

Geology                            Giant granite block uplifted by tectonic activity ~60 million years ago

Glaciers                            Feeds major glaciers: Kahiltna, Muldrow, Peters, Ruth, Traleika

Tectonics                          Lies along the Denali Fault, a major right-lateral strike-slip fault

National Park                  Forms the core of Denali National Park and Preserve

Historical Background of the Name:

• Original Name: Denali, meaning “The High One” in the Athabascan language of the Koyukon people.
• 1897: Renamed Mount McKinley by a gold prospector in honor of President William McKinley (1897–1901).
• 1917: Official federal recognition with the creation of Mount McKinley National Park.
• 1980: Park renamed Denali National Park and Preserve; mountain's name remained McKinley federally.
• 2015: Obama administration officially renamed the peak Denali through the U.S. Department of the Interior.
• 2025: Trump issued executive order to revert the name to Mount McKinley, stating McKinley “deserves” the honor.

Rationale Behind Trump’s Renaming Order:

• Claims it honors McKinley’s legacy: economic growth, leadership in Spanish-American War, and tariff reforms.
• Declares Obama’s 2015 decision an “affront” to American heritage.
• Connects the move to his broader theme of “Restoring Names that Honor American Greatness.”

Opposition & Cultural Sensitivity:

• Alaska’s bipartisan leadership, including Senators Lisa Murkowski (R) and Scott Kawasaki (D), oppose the move.
• Indigenous groups maintain that Denali is the rightful and culturally authentic name.
• Critics argue it undermines native heritage and local identity.

Renaming the Gulf of Mexico to “Gulf of America”:

• Also part of Trump’s 2025 executive order.
• Geographic Facts:
  • Borders the US, Mexico, and Cuba.
  • Crucial to the US energy sector:
    • 14% of US crude oil
    • 5% of US natural gas
    • 48% of refining capacity
• International Validity: The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) allows local name usage but retains “Gulf of Mexico” in global records.
• Not binding on Mexico or Cuba.

International & Historical Parallels in Naming Disputes:

• Persian Gulf vs. Arabian Gulf (Iran vs. Arab states)
• Sea of Japan vs. East Sea (Japan vs. South Korea)
• South China Sea: Multiple nations claim different names and areas.

About the Denali Fault:

• Major strike-slip fault running through Alaska.
• Responsible for extensive tectonic movement and uplift of Denali.
• Evidence of horizontal displacement (~483 km) over millions of years.
• Marked the final suturing of tectonic plates in North American geological history.

In News:

Indonesia’s Mount Ibu erupted 1,000 times this month.

Overview:

• Location: Mount Ibu, Halmahera Island, North Maluku province, Indonesia.
• Volcano Type: Stratovolcano (composite volcano) – steep-sided, conical structure formed by successive layers of lava, ash, and pyroclastic material.
• Tectonic Setting: Located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, a major area of subduction zones with high volcanic and seismic activity.

Volcanic Context – Indonesia:

• Pacific Ring of Fire: Indonesia's location makes it one of the most volcanically active regions globally.
• Other Recent Eruptions:
  • Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki (twin-peaked volcano)
  • Mount Ruang
  • Both have shown heightened activity, triggering mass evacuations.

In News:

• Nigeria has been admitted as the 9th "Partner Country" of the BRICS grouping under Brazil’s presidency in 2025.
• Other BRICS partner countries include Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Thailand, Uganda, and Uzbekistan.
• A "partner country" in BRICS is allowed to attend summits, ministerial meetings, and participate in joint initiatives, but does not have formal membership or decision-making power.

About Nigeria’s Role

• Nigeria has the 6th largest population globally and the largest in Africa.
• It is the 4th largest economy in Africa, often termed the "Giant of Africa".
• Nigeria plays a significant role in South-South cooperation and reform of global governance structures, aligning with BRICS' strategic objectives.

About BRICS

• Founded: 2009 by Brazil, Russia, India, and China; South Africa joined in 2010.
• New Full Members (as of 2023): Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, UAE, and Indonesia (effective Jan 2025).
• Membership Invitations: Saudi Arabia has been invited but not yet accepted.
• Applicants: Turkey, Azerbaijan, Malaysia have formally applied.
• Three Pillars of Cooperation:
  1. Political and Security
  2. Economic and Financial
  3. Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges
• Represents ~40% of global population and ~37.3% of global GDP.

India has hosted BRICS Summits in 2012 (4th), 2016 (8th), and 2021 (13th).

In News:

The Union Cabinet, has approved the establishment of a Third Launch Pad (TLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), located at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. This project marks a significant step in enhancing India’s space capabilities and will support the Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV) for ISRO’s evolving space exploration programs.

Key Features of the Third Launch Pad

The TLP will be built with an adaptable design, capable of supporting NGLV and LVM3 vehicles with semi-cryogenic propulsion. The launch pad will also serve as a standby for the Second Launch Pad (SLP) at Sriharikota. This addition will help ISRO meet its growing launch capacity needs, particularly for future human spaceflight missions and space exploration projects. It will facilitate higher launch frequencies, thus boosting the Indian space ecosystem.

Implementation Strategy and Timeline

The Third Launch Pad is planned to be developed within 48 months (4 years), with the total cost pegged at ?3984.86 Crore. The development will involve maximized industry participation and will utilize existing infrastructure at the launch complex. The project will also leverage ISRO’s experience gained from establishing the earlier launch pads.

The Importance of the Third Launch Pad

The TLP is designed to support the Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV), a key part of ISRO’s vision for space exploration. The facility will not only accommodate heavier vehicles but will also ensure standby capacity for the Second Launch Pad (SLP). Its strategic location at Sriharikota ensures several advantages:

• Proximity to the Equator: This offers a substantial increase in payload capacity due to the additional push provided by the Earth's rotation.
• Safety and Accessibility: The site is free from major international maritime or airline routes, ensuring a safe flight path.
• Geographical Advantage: The launch pad is situated on the eastern coast, enabling launches in an easterly direction, maximizing the benefits of Earth’s rotational speed.

Future Plans for Indian Space Exploration

The establishment of the Third Launch Pad is crucial for the expanded vision of India’s space program, particularly in line with the Amrit Kaal period. ISRO aims to achieve ambitious milestones, such as the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2035 and an Indian Crewed Lunar Landing by 2040. The NGLV will play a pivotal role in these plans, with features like:

• A three-stage vehicle and reusable first stage.
• Semi-cryogenic propulsion, using refined kerosene and liquid oxygen, which will increase payload capacity by three times at 1.5 times the cost of current vehicles.

The Role of Sriharikota in India’s Space Program

Sriharikota, the hub of ISRO’s launch operations, has been integral to India’s space exploration. Currently, the Indian Space Transportation Systems rely on two operational launch pads:

• First Launch Pad (FLP): Established over 30 years ago for PSLV and SSLV missions, FLP continues to support Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) launches.
• Second Launch Pad (SLP): Built primarily for GSLV and LVM3 vehicles, SLP also serves as a standby for PSLV. Over its 20 years of operation, SLP has supported several national missions, including Chandrayaan-3, and is preparing for the Gaganyaan missions.

In News:

• India has recently joined the United Nations Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD), marking a significant step in strengthening its role in global statistical frameworks.
• The inclusion is a result of India's recent membership in the United Nations Statistical Council (UNSC), signaling the nation's growing influence in global data governance.

Key Highlights

• India's Growing Influence: India’s entry into the UN-CEBD highlights its growing stature in the international statistical community, emphasizing its commitment to utilizing big data and data science for informed decision-making.
• Strategic Opportunity: This membership allows India to contribute to shaping global standards in leveraging big data for official statistical purposes, especially in tracking Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

What is UN-CEBD?

• UN-CEBD is a specialized body under the United Nations, formed in 2014 to explore the benefits and challenges of using big data and data science to strengthen global statistical systems.
• It was established under the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC).
• Members: The committee consists of 31 member states (including India) and 16 international organizations.

Key Objectives

• Monitor SDGs: Use big data to track progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Address Data Challenges: Overcome challenges in utilizing non-traditional data sources, such as satellite imagery, Internet of Things (IoT), and private sector data.
• Promote Big Data Use: Encourage practical applications of big data across borders while addressing associated challenges.

Governance and Functions

• Advisory Board: Provides strategic direction, convening four times a year.
• UN Bureau: Manages day-to-day operations.
• Key Functions:
  • Strategic Coordination: Vision and direction for utilizing big data in global official statistics.
  • Capacity Building: Enhance capabilities through training, technical assistance, and knowledge sharing.
  • Public Trust: Establish confidence in using big data for official statistics.

Big Data: Definition and Importance

What is Big Data?

• Big data refers to vast, complex datasets that cannot be processed by traditional data management systems.
• It enables enhanced decision-making and improved processes for policy formulation, product development, and governance.

India's Big Data Initiatives

• National Data & Analytics Platform (NDAP): Facilitates data-driven decision-making.
• Big Data Management Policy: Defines strategies for managing large datasets within government agencies.
• National Data Warehouse on Official Statistics: Centralizes official data for better access and analysis.

The 6Vs of Big Data

• Volume: Large amounts of data.
• Velocity: Speed of data generation and processing.
• Variety: Different types of data.
• Veracity: Accuracy of data.
• Value: Significance of the data.
• Variability: Fluctuations in data.

India’s Role in the UN-CEBD

Contribution to Global Standards

• India's initiatives such as the Data Innovation Lab and the use of satellite imagery and machine learning will be shared with other members, fostering global collaboration in statistical innovations.
• India will contribute to shaping international standards for the use of big data in monitoring SDGs.

Enhancing Statistical Processes

• Modernization of Data: India aims to modernize its statistical processes by incorporating IoT, satellite data, and private-sector data.
• Real-time Insights: Providing policymakers with timely and accurate data to address key socio-economic issues.
• Improving Estimates: Using big data to enhance the accuracy of official statistics, improving governance and policymaking.

Strategic Goals of India's Engagement

• Streamline Statistical Production: Innovation in data collection, processing, and analysis to reduce delays in data availability.
• Improve Decision-Making: Provide real-time, evidence-based insights to policymakers.
• Foster International Collaboration: Share India’s expertise and learn from global best practices to build future-ready statistical systems.

In News:

Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Z-Morh Tunnel at Sonamarg, which has now been renamed the Sonamarg Tunnel.

Key Takeaways:

• A 6.4-km bi-directional tunnel with an approach road of 5.6 km, Z-Morh connects the Sonamarg health resort with Kangan town in the Ganderbal district of central Kashmir.
• The tunnel has acquired its name for the Z-shaped road stretch that was previously at the place where the tunnel is being constructed.
• The Z-Morh project was initiated by the Border Roads Organisation in 2012. Although the BRO awarded the construction contract to Tunnelway Ltd, the project was subsequently taken over by National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL).

Significance

Strategic Importance

• Connectivity: Provides all-weather connectivity from Srinagar to Ladakh, ensuring year-round access.
• Military Significance:
  • Critical for rapid deployment of Indian Armed Forces to Ladakh’s border areas, particularly in the context of tensions with Pakistan and China.
  • Reduces dependence on air transport, lowering costs and increasing the longevity of the Indian Air Force’s aircraft.
• Adjacent Projects:
  • Zojila Tunnel: An even more crucial project connecting Sonamarg to Drass in Ladakh, with an expected completion by December 2026 (extended to 2030). This will bypass the avalanche-prone Zojila Pass.
  • Srinagar-Leh Highway: The Z-Morh Tunnel supports the key Srinagar-Leh route, which is important for defence logistics and trade.

Economic Significance

• Tourism:
  • Sonamarg, known as the "Meadow of Gold," will benefit from year-round accessibility, boosting tourism.
  • Local businesses that rely on seasonal tourist traffic will have consistent revenue flow.
• Trade and Agriculture:
  • Reduced travel time and improved road safety will benefit farmers and traders, especially for those transporting goods between Kashmir and Ladakh.
  • Facilitates increased investment and economic growth in the region.

Broader Infrastructure Projects in Jammu & Kashmir

Several key infrastructure projects are contributing to regional development:

• Zojila Tunnel
  • Cost: ?6,800 crore
  • Length: 13 km tunnel, bypassing Zojila Pass.
  • Completion: Expected by 2030.
  • Strategic Importance: Provides all-weather connectivity to Ladakh.
• Srinagar Semi-Ring Road
  • Cost: ?2,919 crore
  • Objective: Relieve traffic congestion in five districts, including Srinagar.
  • Delay: New completion date is June 2025.
• Hydroelectric Power Projects:
  • Ratle HE Project: 850 MW, on Chenab River, Kishtwar district.
  • Kwar HE Project: 540 MW, in Kishtwar.
  • Pakal Dul HE Project: 1,000 MW, on the Marusudar River, Kishtwar.
  • Kiru HE Project: 624 MW, on Chenab River, Kishtwar.
  • Strategic Relevance: These projects will enhance energy security and contribute to the region’s power grid.

In News:

The Madhya Pradesh government has begun disposing of the 337 tonnes of toxic waste from the premises of Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) in Bhopal, 40 years after the gas tragedy.

Key Highlights:

• Packing and Transportation:
  • Waste is packed in airtight containers under the supervision of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board (MPPCB).
  • 12 specially designed airtight containers are being used for packing, and each container will be loaded onto trucks for transport.
  • The waste movement will be escorted with a green corridor of about 250 kilometers.
• Incineration Process:
  • The waste will undergo incineration in Pithampur, with residue stored in a two-layer membrane landfill to prevent contamination.
  • A trial incineration of 10 tonnes of the waste was done in 2015 with no harmful effects, and results were submitted to the High Court.

Bhopal Gas Tragedy: A Historical Overview

• About the Tragedy:
  • In 1984, a chemical leak at the Union Carbide pesticide plant released methyl isocyanate (MIC), leading to one of the worst industrial disasters in history.
  • The leak was caused by a failed maintenance attempt and malfunctioning safety systems.
  • Immediate effects included respiratory issues, eye problems, and abdominal pain, while long-term effects included chronic lung conditions, genetic abnormalities, and higher infant mortality rates.
• Legal and Government Response:
  • In 1985, the Indian government passed the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act to represent victims in legal claims.
  • UCIL initially offered USD 5 million, while the Indian government demanded USD 3.3 billion. The case was settled in 1989 for USD 470 million.
  • In 2010, seven Indian nationals were convicted for causing death by negligence, but were released on bail.