India’s Automotive Industry and Global Value Chains
- 14 Apr 2025
In News:
NITI Aayog has recently released a comprehensive report titled “Automotive Industry: Powering India’s Participation in Global Value Chains”. It offers a roadmap to boost India’s role in the global automotive sector by enhancing competitiveness, production capacity, and export potential.
India’s Current Position
India is the world’s fourth-largest automobile producer, with nearly 6 million vehicles manufactured annually. However, its share in the global automotive component trade remains modest at 3%, primarily due to limited penetration in high-precision segments like engine components and drive transmission systems. The country exports auto components worth $20 billion, with major strengths in small cars and utility vehicles.
Global Landscape and Emerging Trends
Globally, 94 million vehicles were produced in 2023, with the automotive components market valued at $2 trillion, of which $700 billion was exported. The industry is witnessing rapid transformation through:
- Electric Vehicles (EVs): Rising demand, regulatory shifts, and battery innovations are reshaping manufacturing.
- Battery Ecosystems: Hubs in Europe and the US are altering global supply chains, focusing on lithium and cobalt.
- Industry 4.0: AI, IoT, robotics, and machine learning are revolutionizing automotive manufacturing through smart factories and digital supply chains.
Challenges to India’s GVC Participation
Despite a strong production base, India faces several hurdles in climbing the Global Value Chain (GVC):
- Low R&D spending and limited innovation
- High operational costs and infrastructural gaps
- Weak IP ecosystem and low brand visibility
- Inadequate skilling and moderate digital adoption
Strategic Interventions Proposed
NITI Aayog recommends a combination of fiscal and non-fiscal measures to address these gaps and strengthen India’s automotive ecosystem.
Fiscal Measures:
- Opex support to scale up production and infrastructure
- Skilling initiatives to build a trained workforce
- R&D incentives and IP transfer support for MSMEs
- Cluster development for shared R&D and testing facilities
Non-Fiscal Measures:
- Promoting Industry 4.0 adoption and quality manufacturing
- Ease of Doing Business reforms in labour, logistics, and regulations
- Global tie-ups and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) to boost exports
Vision for 2030
By 2030, the report envisions:
- Auto component production to grow from ~$60 billion to $145 billion
- Exports to increase from $20 billion to $60 billion
- GVC share to rise from 3% to 8%
- Trade surplus of around $25 billion
- Employment generation of 2–2.5 million additional jobs
Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
- 14 Apr 2025
In News:
The Index of Industrial Production (IIP), a key barometer of industrial activity in India, registered a growth of just 2.9% in February 2025, the slowest pace in six months. This was below market expectations of around 4% and reflects broad-based slowdown across sectors.
About the IIP
- Published by: Central Statistics Office (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
- Base Year: 2011–12
- Purpose: Measures the short-term changes in volume of production in industrial sectors.
Sectoral Composition and Weights
Sector Weight in IIP No. of Items
Manufacturing 77.63% 809
Mining 14.37% 29
Electricity 7.99% 1
Sector-wise Performance (YoY in February 2025)
Sector Feb 2025 Growth Feb 2024 Growth
Mining 1.6% 8.1%
Manufacturing 2.9% 4.9%
Electricity 3.6% 7.6%
Use-Based Classification Performance
Category Feb 2025 Growth Feb 2024 Growth
Capital Goods 8.2% 1.7%
Intermediate Goods 1.5% —
Consumer Non-Durables -2.1% -3.2%
Observation: Capital goods were the only category to show robust growth. All other segments registered deceleration.
Eight Core Industries (Weight in IIP: 40.27%)
In decreasing order of weight:
- Refinery Products
- Electricity
- Steel
- Coal
- Crude Oil
- Natural Gas
- Cement
- Fertilisers
Key Concerns Highlighted
- Slowing growth across mining, manufacturing, and electricity sectors
- A high base effect from the previous year
- A decline in month-on-month output after five months of sustained growth
- Consumer non-durables in continued contraction, indicating weak rural/household demand
Amrit Bharat Scheme
- 14 Apr 2025
In News:
The Amrit Bharat Station Scheme (ABSS), launched to transform railway stations across India into world-class travel hubs, has achieved a key milestone. Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced the completion of redevelopment work at 104 stations out of the planned 1,300 stations under the scheme.
About the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme
- Launched: 2023
- Objective: Comprehensive redevelopment of railway stations to:
- Upgrade passenger amenities
- Enhance multi-modal connectivity
- Modernize infrastructure with sustainable and accessible design
Key Updates (As of April 2025)
- Total stations under ABSS: 1,300
- Stations with completed redevelopment: 104
- Stations in Maharashtra: 132 (significant progress reported)
Major Highlights
Feature Details
Notable Station Project Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT), Mumbai
CSMT Redevelopment Cost ?1,800 crore
Modern Facilities Planned Waiting lounges, food courts, clean restrooms, lifts, escalators,
digital signage
International Comparison CSMT post-redevelopment projected to surpass
London’s Kings Cross station
Additional Infrastructure Developments in Maharashtra
- Gondia–Ballarshah Railway Line Doubling:
- Length: 240 km
- Region: Vidarbha
- Approved Investment: ?4,819 crore
- Strategic Importance: Enhances connectivity and freight movement
Centre–State Collaboration
- A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Government of India and Government of Maharashtra for railway project implementation and coordination.
Beijing+30 India Report
- 14 Apr 2025
In News:
India’s official submission on the Beijing+30 Report marks three decades since the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), a landmark framework advancing gender equality across 12 key areas such as education, health, economy, and political participation.
While the report acknowledges past progress—including enactment of laws like the Domestic Violence Act (2005) and the POSH Act (2013)—it lacks an integrated climate-gender perspective, an urgent gap given rising climate vulnerabilities affecting women disproportionately.
Climate Change and Gender Inequality: A Dual Challenge
- Rural women, particularly in agrarian and forest-dependent regions, face acute consequences of climate change—loss of livelihood, food insecurity, and health risks.
- India’s rural women often bear the brunt of extreme weather events, droughts, and resource scarcity.
- According to reports:
- 33% loss of income occurs due to climate-induced productivity disruption, especially from non-farm sources.
- Women perform over 8 hours of daily work, of which 71% is unpaid.
- By 2050, unpaid care work is projected to rise to 8.3 hours/day without mitigation.
Key Data and Impacts
Indicator Insight
Pregnant women (India) 50%+ are anaemic; worsened by food insecurity
Temperature–Violence Link +1°C rise → 8% rise in physical violence, 7.3% rise in sexual violence
Climate policies (FAO) Only 6% mention women; 1% mention poor people
Agriculture Potential Closing gender gap in agri-inputs could raise yields by 20–30%
Women as Agents of Climate Resilience
- Women contribute to 50% of global food production and lead community efforts in seed preservation, sustainable farming, and disaster response.
- Indigenous and rural women prioritize livelihood security (Mahua), safety (Mao), and managing migration—termed the three M's.
- Informal women’s collectives are key in disaster resilience, ecosystem protection, and productivity gains.
Recommendations for Climate-Gender Integration
- Policy Interventions:
- Introduce gender-responsive climate budgeting to prevent greenwashing and ensure equitable allocation.
- Incorporate gender in NAPCC, SAPCC, and ensure percolation to local governance and disaster planning.
- Address emerging risks—trafficking, migration, health, and geriatric safety in disaster zones.
- Data and Monitoring:
- Establish indicators and research on gendered climate impacts.
- Conduct inclusive climate consultations to enable community-driven planning.
- Private Sector & Green Finance:
- Encourage women-led green enterprises, climate-resilient technologies, and inclusive innovations.
- Allocate climate adaptation funds to skill-building, non-farm livelihoods, and local resilience-building.
- Partnership Model:
- Promote collaboration between government, civil society, research institutions, private sector, and international organisations.
- Foster knowledge exchange, capacity building, and public recognition of women climate leaders.
Neutrino Mass and the KATRIN Experiment
- 14 Apr 2025
In News:
The KATRIN experiment nearly halved the maximum possible mass for the subatomic particles.
What are Neutrinos?
- Neutrinos are electrically neutral fundamental particles under the Standard Model of particle physics.
- They are produced in natural processes such as radioactive decay and nuclear reactions in stars and the Sun.
- Notably, they interact very weakly with matter and possess extremely small mass — less than a millionth the mass of an electron.
- Their exact mass is still not directly known, making them a key area of research in modern physics.
The KATRIN Experiment
- Full Form: Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment
- Location: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
- Objective: To determine the mass of the electron antineutrino, a type of neutrino released during beta decay of tritium.
- Method: By observing the energy spectrum of electrons emitted from tritium decay, scientists infer the mass of the associated neutrino — since more massive neutrinos carry away more energy.
Latest Findings (2025)
- KATRIN has now lowered the upper limit of the neutrino mass to less than 0.45 electron volts (eV).
- This marks a ~50% improvement from its previous estimate, demonstrating enhanced precision in measurements.
- The conclusion was drawn from analysis of 36 million electrons emitted during tritium decay.
DRDO’s Long-Range Glide Bomb (LRGB) ‘Gaurav’
- 13 Apr 2025
In News:
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted release trials of the indigenously developed Long-Range Glide Bomb (LRGB) ‘Gaurav’ from a Su-30 MKI aircraft.
About LRGB ‘Gaurav’
- Type: Air-launched, precision-guided munition.
- Purpose: Designed for accurate strikes on land targets from stand-off distances, i.e., beyond enemy air defence range.
- Indigenously developed by DRDO under the Ministry of Defence.
Key Features
- Range:
- Demonstrated precision strike at nearly 100 km.
- Operational range: 30–150 km.
- Variants by Weight:
- Gaurav (winged): 1,000 kg
- Gautham (non-winged): 550 kg
- Guidance Systems:
- Inertial Navigation System (INS)
- Satellite-based navigation (e.g., GPS/IRNSS)
- Digital control for enhanced accuracy
Significance
- Boosts India’s precision strike capability.
- Promotes self-reliance in defence technology under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
Related Concepts
Glide Bomb:
- A precision-guided munition that travels significant distances without powered propulsion.
- Uses aerodynamic lift to glide toward the target.
- Navigation via INS, GPS, or laser guidance.
Su-30 MKI Aircraft:
- A twin-engine, multirole fighter aircraft.
- Developed jointly by Sukhoi Design Bureau (Russia) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
- Backbone of the Indian Air Force (IAF) combat fleet.
Legionnaires’ Disease
- 13 Apr 2025
In News:
Health authorities in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, have issued a public alert after a spike in Legionnaires’ disease cases in Sydney. The outbreak is suspected to be linked to contaminated air-conditioning systems in the city.
About Legionnaires’ Disease
Aspect Details
Cause Legionella bacteria, found in freshwater and man-made water systems
Type A severe form of pneumonia
Related Disease Pontiac fever – a milder, flu-like respiratory illness caused by the same bacteria
Key Features
- Symptoms:
- High fever, cough, shortness of breath
- Muscle pain, headaches, confusion
- Diarrhoea or nausea in some cases
- Transmission:
- Not person-to-person
- Spread through inhalation of contaminated aerosols (e.g., from cooling towers, air conditioners, hot tubs)
- Risk Factors:
- Elderly individuals
- Smokers
- People with weakened immune systems or chronic lung conditions
Treatment and Prevention
- Treatment: Requires antibiotic therapy
- Vaccine: No vaccine currently available
- Prevention:
- Regular maintenance and disinfection of water systems
- Monitoring air-conditioning and cooling systems
Indian Giant Flying Squirrel
- 13 Apr 2025
In News:
A rare sighting of the Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (Petauristaphilippensis) has been reported in Ranikhet, a hill station in Uttarakhand, highlighting the ecological richness of the region.
About Indian Giant Flying Squirrel
Feature Description
Scientific Name Petauristaphilippensis
Size Body length: 30–45 cm; Tail length: up to 60 cm
Appearance Rufous coat, grey underparts, large eyes, and a gliding membrane from wrist
to ankle
Locomotion Glides up to 60 meters between trees using patagium (gliding membrane)
Habitat and Distribution
- Found in tropical and subtropical forests across central and southern India
- Inhabits evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous forests, especially near forest edges
- Recent sighting in Uttarakhand indicates possible range expansion or overlooked presence
Ecological Role
- Diet: Fruits, nuts, leaves, and bark
- Acts as a seed disperser, supporting forest regeneration
- Considered a keystone species due to its ecological significance
Behavioural Traits
- Nocturnal and arboreal
- Emits alarm calls upon detecting predators like owls
- Active at night, gliding from tree to tree in search of food
Conservation Status
Category Status
IUCN Red List (Global) Least Concern
IUCN Status (India) Near Threatened (due to habitat loss)
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Schedule II
Threats
- Habitat loss and fragmentation
- Deforestation and degradation of forest corridors
- Increasing human encroachment in forested landscapes
Kerala Researchers win International Grant for Hornbill Conservation
- 13 Apr 2025
In News:
A team of young researchers from Kerala has won the prestigious Future Conservationist Award by the Conservation Leadership Programme (CLP) for their community-driven project on conserving the Malabar Grey Hornbill in Wayanad.
About Malabar Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros griseus)
- Status: Vulnerable (IUCN Red List)
- Legal Protection: Schedule IV of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
- Endemic to: Western Ghatsand parts of the Nilgiris, Wayanad, and Anamalai Hills in Southern India.
- Habitat: Evergreen forests, plantations, and agricultural landscapes
- Ecological Importance: Cavity-nesting frugivore, plays a key role in seed dispersal
- Nesting Behavior:
- Nests in secondary cavities (e.g., old woodpecker hollows)
- Reuses the same nesting cavity for years
- Dependent on cavity-bearing trees, often outside protected areas
About the Future Conservationist Award (CLP)
- Awarded By:
- Fauna & Flora International
- BirdLife International
- Wildlife Conservation Society
- Purpose: Supports early-career conservationists with funding and mentorship
- Focus Areas: Field conservation, community engagement, biodiversity monitoring
Taiwan Strait
- 13 Apr 2025
In News:
China has recently launched aggressive military drills in the Taiwan Strait, heightening tensions in the region and drawing international concern over the stability of the Indo-Pacific.
About Taiwan Strait
- Location: Separates mainland China from the island of Taiwan.
- Connectivity: Links the South China Sea to the East China Sea.
- Width:
- Widest point: ~180 km
- Narrowest point: ~130 km
- Depth: Average of about 70 meters.
- Key Islands: Includes the Pescadores (Penghu) Islands, administered by Taiwan.
- Historical Name: Known as Formosa (meaning “Beautiful”) by Portuguese explorers in the 16th century.
Strategic and Economic Importance
- Maritime Trade Route:Nearly 40% of the world’s container ship traffic passes through the Taiwan Strait annually.
- Fisheries:One of China’s richest fishing zones, home to over 100 economically significant fish species.
Geopolitical and Historical Context
- Post-1949 Divide:Became a de facto boundary after the Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan post-Chinese Civil War.
- Taiwan Strait Crises:First Crisis (1954–55) and Second Crisis (1958) involved artillery attacks by the PRC on ROC-held islands.These crises prompted U.S. military support to Taiwan to prevent escalation.
Why it matters for India and the World
- Rising tensions in the Taiwan Strait could disrupt global trade and impact Indo-Pacific security.
- Strategic for India’s maritime interests and foreign policy under the Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy.
BM-04 Missile
- 12 Apr 2025
In News:
India recently introduced the BM-04, a new-generation Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), during the Vigyan Vaibhav 2025 defence exhibition in Hyderabad. Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), the missile underscores India’s commitment to enhancing its conventional precision strike and counterforce capabilities.
Key Specifications and Features:
- Length: 10.2 metres
- Diameter: 1.2 metres
- Weight: Approximately 11,500 kg
- Propulsion: Dual-stage, solid-fuel system
- Range: Capable of striking targets up to 1,500 km away
- Warhead: Equipped with a 500 kg conventional payload
- Accuracy: Features a 30-metre Circular Error Probability (CEP)
Advanced Capabilities:
- Canisterized Launch System: Like other strategic missiles in India’s arsenal, the BM-04 is canisterized, enabling quicker launch readiness by pre-mating the warhead and delivery system.
- Mobile Deployment: Transported and launched via an indigenous six-wheeled Transport Erector Launcher (TEL), offering enhanced mobility and operational flexibility.
- Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB): The missile incorporates a Common Hypersonic Glide Body, allowing it to maneuver mid-flight, making its trajectory less predictable and improving its ability to evade missile defence systems, particularly in contested A2/AD environments.
- Modular Design: The BM-04 platform is designed for upgradability, supporting integration of advanced warheads, sensors, and propulsion technologies as threat perceptions evolve.
Strategic Significance:The induction of the BM-04 marks a leap in India’s tactical missile capability, bolstering its credible conventional deterrence posture. With precision targeting, improved survivability, and adaptability for future upgrades, the BM-04 is poised to play a vital role in India’s defence architecture.
Indian Star Tortoise
- 12 Apr 2025
In News:
In a significant conservation achievement under the Turtle Rehabilitation Project (TRP), 340 Indian Star Tortoises were successfully released into the wild at Jogapur Reserve Forest, located in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra.
Indian Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegans)
- IUCN Status:Vulnerable
- CITES Listing:Appendix I
- Protection under Indian Law:Schedule I, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
Habitat & Range:
- Native to Northwest India, Southern India, and Sri Lanka
- Prefers arid and semi-arid ecosystems including scrublands, dry forests, grasslands, and semi-deserts
Key Characteristics:
- Recognizable by the radiating star-like patterns on its domed shell
- Faces high poaching pressure due to demand in the illegal exotic pet trade
- Exhibits crepuscular behavior (most active during dawn and dusk)
- Primarily herbivorous, consuming grasses, flowers, and leafy vegetation
Turtle Rehabilitation Project (TRP): A Conservation Initiative
- Launched: Late 2024; witnessed a major release event in April 2025
- Implemented By: Maharashtra Forest Department in collaboration with RESQ Charitable Trust
Objectives:
- Rescue and rehabilitate illegally trafficked tortoises and turtles
- Facilitate safe reintroduction into natural habitats through:
- Medical treatment
- Acclimatization to wild conditions
- Biometric tracking for post-release monitoring
- Raise public awareness via community engagement and school outreach
NaBFIDsigns strategic MoU with New Development Bank (NDB)
- 12 Apr 2025
In News:
The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) has entered into a strategic Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the New Development Bank (NDB) to strengthen cooperation in long-term infrastructure financing and promote clean energy development in India.
About NaBFID (National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development)
- Type: Development Finance Institution (DFI)
- Established Under:NaBFID Act, 2021
- Regulated By: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as an All-India Financial Institution (AIFI)
Objectives:
- Bridge the gap in long-term, non-recourse infrastructure finance
- Support the development of India’s bond and derivatives markets
- Foster sustainable economic growth
- Enable project financing in clean energy, transport, and water infrastructure
Key Features:
- Capital base to be scaled up to ?1 trillion
- Focuses on medium to long-term financing (1–5+ years)
- Promotes Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and financial viability of projects
- Engages in joint research, capacity building, and knowledge-sharing with global institutions like NDB
About the New Development Bank (NDB)
- Type: Multilateral Development Bank formed by BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)
- Proposed: BRICS Summit, New Delhi (2012)
- Established By:Fortaleza Declaration, 15 July 2014
- Became Operational: 21 July 2015
Mandate:
- Mobilize funds for infrastructure and sustainable development
- Finance projects in emerging and developing economies (EMDCs)
- Promote green, inclusive, and resilient growth, particularly in clean energy, transport, and water sectors
Key Features:
- Authorized Capital: $100 billion
- India’s Contribution: $2 billion (paid in 7 tranches, 2015–2022)
- Engagement in India: As of December 2024, NDB has financed 20 projects worth $4.867 billion
Blue Washing of Polluting Industries
- 12 Apr 2025
In News:
- The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has recently introduced a new ‘Blue Category’ for industries under its Essential Environmental Services (EES) framework.
- Notably, Waste-to-Energy (WTE) incineration plants, previously classified as highly polluting ‘Red Category’ industries, have now been controversially reclassified under this new category.
Background: Pollution Index (PI) and Industry Categorisation
- The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) classifies industries into categories — White, Green, Orange, and Red — based on a Pollution Index (PI) (0–100 scale).
- White (0–20): Least polluting
- Green (21–40)
- Orange (41–59)
- Red (60–100): Most polluting
- WTE plants, with a PI of 97.6, were originally in the Red Category.
What is the new Blue Category?
- Created under Essential Environmental Services (EES) classification.
- Grants 2 additional years of “Consent to Operate” (essentially, consent to pollute).
- Aims to support infrastructure like composting units, biogas plants, material recovery facilities, etc
Controversy: WTE Incineration in the Blue Category
- WTE plants burn unsegregated municipal solid waste (MSW) to generate electricity by producing steam to drive turbines.
- Unlike claimed benefits, WTE plants emit more CO? per unit of electricity than coal-fired plants, contributing to climate change.
- CPCB’s inspection reports found that Delhi’s WTE plants exceeded emission norms, releasing carcinogens and other pollutants such as:
- SOx, NOx, HCL, PM, Dioxins, and Furans
- In FY 2022–23, Delhi’s WTE plants incinerated ~735,840 tons of plastic, contributing significantly to Delhi’s poor air quality.
- These plants also generate hazardous ash, requiring secure landfill disposal.
Issues with Reclassification
- The CPCB’s own guidelines state that:
- Only projects that do not emit hazardous waste or
- Projects that promote the circular economy can be blue-listed.
- However, leading government institute CSIR-NEERI has observed that WTE plants violate the principles of the circular economy and contravene Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.
- Reclassification undermines environmental safeguards, harms waste pickers’ livelihoods, and imposes financial burdens on Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
Sunbird
- 12 Apr 2025
In News:
British startup Pulsar Fusion is developing Sunbird, a nuclear fusion-powered rocket that could significantly reduce travel time to outer planets like Mars and Pluto. An orbital demonstration is planned for 2027.
Key Features of Sunbird
- Maximum Speed: Up to 805,000 km/h, surpassing the Parker Solar Probe (692,000 km/h), the fastest human-made object to date.
- Travel Efficiency: Could enable missions to Pluto in just 4 years, and cut travel time to Mars by nearly 50%.
- Payload Capacity: Capable of delivering up to 2,000 kg to Mars in six months.
- Functionality: Unlike chemical rockets like SpaceX’s Starship, Sunbird would act as an interplanetary booster, attaching to spacecraft and possibly operating between charging stations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Mars orbit.
About Nuclear Fusion Propulsion
Nuclear Fusion aims to replicate the process that powers stars — the fusion of atomic nuclei to release energy. Unlike nuclear fission, fusion is cleaner, offers higher energy output, and produces minimal radioactive waste.
Types of Nuclear Propulsion Systems
Propulsion Type Description
Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) Uses a nuclear reactor to heat liquid hydrogen which
turns to plasma and produces thrust. Provides high exhaust
velocity and can increase payload efficiency 2–3 times
over chemical rockets. Ground tests began in the 1950s.
Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) Converts reactor heat into electricity to power ion thrusters,
which gradually reach high speeds. Components include a
compact reactor core, electric generator, heat rejection
system, and electric propulsion system. Unlike solar power,
nuclear sources ensure consistent energy beyond Mars.
Challenges in Fusion Rocket Development
- Fusion systems are currently large and heavy, posing difficulties in miniaturisation for spaceflight.
- Fusion on Earth is hard to replicate due to atmospheric constraints; space offers a more natural environment for fusion reactions.
Global Efforts and Timeline
Apart from Pulsar Fusion, companies like Helicity Space and General Atomics (backed by NASA and Lockheed Martin) are also advancing fusion-powered space propulsion systems, with testing planned around 2027.
Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000–2023
- 11 Apr 2025
In News:
A recent United Nations report titled ‘Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000–2023’, released by the Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG), highlights global progress and setbacks in maternal health. While acknowledging India's significant gains, the report places India second in global maternal deaths, behind Nigeria.
India’s Maternal Mortality Statistics (2023)
- Maternal deaths in India: 19,000(7.2% of global total)
- Rank: Second globally, tied with the Democratic Republic of Congo
- MMR: Reduced from 362 per 1 lakh live births (2000) to 80 in 2023 — a 78% decline
- Global average decline: 40% (2000–2023), but India achieved 86% decline
- Comparison with Nigeria:
- Nigeria: 75,000 deaths, contributing 28.7% of global maternal deaths
- India's Health Ministry deemed the comparison unfair given population differences (India: 145 crore, Nigeria: 23.26 crore)
Definition and Importance of MMR
According to WHO, Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) refers to:
“The death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination, from pregnancy-related causes excluding accidental ones.”
MMR is a critical indicator for assessing healthcare quality and maternal well-being.
UN Global Findings
- Estimated maternal deaths globally (2023): 260,000
- Daily deaths: Over 700 women; about one death every two minutes
- Leading causes: Post-partum haemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, infections
- SDG 3.1 Target: Reduce MMR to <70 per 1 lakh live births by 2030
India-Specific Causes of Maternal Deaths
- Medical reasons:
- Post-partum haemorrhage
- Hypertensive disorders (e.g. pre-eclampsia)
- Infections related to pregnancy
- Co-morbidities: Anaemia, diabetes, hypertension
- Systemic challenges:
- Inadequate emergency obstetric care at Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centres (CHCs)
- Lack of infrastructure, trained personnel, and referral systems
- Socio-economic backwardness and poor access to healthcare in northern India
Concerns Highlighted in the Report
- Slowing progress post-2016 despite early improvements
- Humanitarian funding cuts impacting:
- Health worker retention
- Facility operations
- Availability of essential drugs (for haemorrhage, malaria, pre-eclampsia)
- Disruption in maternal care supply chains, especially in low-resource regions
India’s Stand
The Union Health Ministry has contested comparisons with smaller nations like Nigeria, asserting that India's maternal health progress is notable given its large population. The Ministry emphasized the 86% decline in MMR since 1990, as opposed to a global decline of 48% in the same period.
Accommodative Stance of Monetary Policy
- 11 Apr 2025
In News:
In its latest Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting, the RBI decided to retain the accommodative stance amid signs of moderating inflation and sluggish economic growth. This was intended to support the ongoing recovery and ensure credit availability in key sectors.
Definition:
An accommodative stance is a monetary policy approach adopted by central banks, such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), to stimulate economic activity. It generally involves:
- Keeping interest rates low
- Injecting liquidity into the financial system
This stance signals that the central bank is open to reducing rates further or maintaining low rates for an extended period to support growth and demand.
When is it Adopted?
The RBI typically adopts an accommodative stance during:
- Slowing or below-potential economic growth
- Low or stable inflation within the RBI’s target range
- Need to revive consumption, investment, and employment
- Response to domestic or global financial shocks and uncertainties
Objectives
The main aims of an accommodative stance include:
- Boosting credit flow and private investment
- Encouraging borrowing and spending
- Supporting aggregate demand revival
- Providing liquidity relief to stressed sectors
- Promoting employment generation
Key Monetary Tools Used by RBI
To implement an accommodative stance, the RBI uses several instruments:
- Repo Rate Reduction:
- Lowers the cost of borrowing for commercial banks.
- Encourages banks to lend more to businesses and consumers.
- Open Market Operations (OMOs):RBI buys government securities to infuse liquidity into the market.
- Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs):Provides long-term funding to banks at low interest rates.
- Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) Adjustments:Temporarily lowering CRR increases the funds available for lending.
- Moral Suasion & Regulatory Forbearance:RBI encourages banks to maintain or enhance credit flow, especially to priority and stressed sectors.
Arctic Biome: From Carbon Sink to Carbon Source
- 11 Apr 2025
Context:
- The Arctic biome, primarily a treeless tundra, spans approximately 11.5 million km² and includes regions in Canada, Greenland, Iceland, and Eurasia.
- It is characterized by permafrost (permanently frozen ground) close to the surface, limiting plant root growth.
- Vegetation consists of grasses, lichens, mosses, and low shrubs, while fauna includes polar bears, arctic foxes, caribou, musk ox, and migratory birds like snow geese.
- Climatic conditions are harsh, with temperatures ranging from -60°C in winter to 15.5°C in summer, and annual precipitation between 150–250 mm, mostly as snow.
- Despite nutrient-poor soils, the biome has functioned as a major carbon sink by storing carbon in peat and humus.
The Arctic Boreal Zone (ABZ) and Carbon Dynamics
The Arctic Boreal Zone (ABZ), which includes tundra, coniferous forests, and wetlands, has historically played a crucial role in global carbon sequestration. Its coniferous forests form the largest land-based biome on Earth.
However, recent studies, including one in Nature Climate Change (2025), indicate that over 30% of the ABZ has shifted from being a carbon sink to a carbon source. This reversal is primarily driven by:
- Permafrost thawing: Warmer topsoil temperatures lead to decomposition of organic matter, releasing CO? and methane.
- Frequent and intense wildfires: These burn organic-rich soils, releasing large volumes of carbon.
This transition creates a positive feedback loop: Wildfires release carbon → global temperatures rise → permafrost thaws → more emissions → more fires.
Fire Trends and Global Impact
Data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reveal that wildfires released 800,000 tonnes of carbon in January 2025 alone, nearly 4 times more than in the same period a decade ago.
Key wildfire incidents include:
- Texas and Oklahoma (USA): Destroyed 14,000+ structures, burned 16,000 hectares, and displaced thousands.
- Ofunato City (Japan): One of the country’s largest fires in 50 years, affecting nearly 2,900 hectares.
According to the India State of Forest Report (Dec 2024):
- Uttarakhand recorded the highest number of forest fires (5,315 fires) between Nov 2022–June 2023.
- However, fire hotspots are declining: 2.23 lakh (2021–22) → 2.12 lakh (2022–23) → 2.03 lakh (2023–24).
India’s Changing Fire and Climate Profile
Research by IIT Kharagpur and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology shows that land temperatures in northwest, northeast, and central India are rising by:
- 0.1–0.3°C/decade (pre-monsoon)
- 0.2–0.4°C/decade (post-monsoon)
This trend has led to earlier, longer, and slower-moving heatwaves, increasing wildfire vulnerability. India emits an estimated 69 million tonnes of CO? annually from forest fires.
Key Findings from the 2024 Arctic Report Card (NOAA)
The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirms that the Arctic tundra is becoming a carbon source, exacerbated by fossil fuel pollution and recurrent wildfires. According to NOAA, this shift reflects persistent, long-term climate trends, not mere variability.
A global study of 200 monitoring sites (1990–2020) found:
- Alaska contributed 44% of the ABZ’s new carbon emissions.
- Northern Europe and Siberia added 25% and 13%, respectively.
- Non-summer months now emit more carbon than the entire summer absorption.
Historical fire events like the 2003 Siberian fires and the 2012 Timmins fire (Canada) significantly accelerated this trend.
M-CADWM Scheme
- 11 Apr 2025
In News:
The Union Cabinet has approved the Modernisation of Command Area Development and Water Management (M-CADWM) scheme as a sub-scheme of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY). The scheme will be implemented during 2025–26 with an initial outlay of ?1,600 crore.
Background
- PMKSY was launched in 2015-16 to expand the cultivable area under assured irrigation, improve on-farm water use efficiency, and enhance access to water at the farm level.
- The Command Area Development and Water Management (CAD&WM)programme was first initiated in 1974-75, and restructured in 2004. It has been implemented under PMKSY - Har Khet Ko Pani since 2015-16.
Objectives of M-CADWM
- Modernize the irrigation water supply network to ensure efficient delivery from existing canals or other sources to farming clusters.
- Enhance Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
Key Features
- Technological Integration:Adoption of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) and Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time water accounting and monitoring.
- Infrastructure Development:Installation of underground pressurised piped irrigation systems up to 1 hectare per farm, supporting micro-irrigation from source to farm gate.
- Sustainable Water Management:
- Implementation of Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) to Water User Societies (WUS).
- These societies will be supported for five years and linked with Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) and Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACS) to strengthen local management.
- Youth Engagement:The scheme aims to attract youth to agriculture by promoting the use of modern irrigation technologies and creating opportunities in agrarian entrepreneurship.
Components of CAD&WM (Under PMKSY)
- Structural Interventions:On-Farm Development (OFD) works, construction of field, intermediate and link drains.
- Non-Structural Interventions:One-time functional grants to registered Water Users’ Associations (WUAs), capacity building, demonstrations, and adaptive trials to promote efficient water use.
Expected Outcomes
- Improved irrigation efficiency and agricultural productivity.
- Enhanced water conservation and equity in water distribution.
- Strengthened community participation in irrigation management.
- Boost to rural employment and agriculture modernization.
Cafe Rista
- 11 Apr 2025
In News:
The Uttar Pradesh Police has taken a unique step to humanize policing and strengthen community engagement through the launch of Cafe Rista—a public-friendly café located within the Noida Police Commissionerate, Sector 108. This initiative is an example of citizen-centric policing aimed at improving the image of law enforcement and promoting positive interactions with the public.
Key Highlights:
- Launched by:The café is the brainchild of IPS officers Laxmi Singh and Babloo Kumar, with active public outreach by IPS Preeti Yadav, who brought attention to the initiative through a viral social media video.
- What is Cafe Rista?
It is a pastel-themed, aesthetically pleasing café designed to serve affordable, hygienic, and tasty meals to both civilians and police personnel. The ambiance is warm and welcoming, featuring quirky motivational quotes and a calming decor.
- Strategic Location:The café is situated close to the Family Dispute Resolution Clinic within the Commissionerate. This proximity serves a dual purpose:
- It offers a space of relaxation for families and individuals undergoing counselling or dispute mediation.
- It provides psychological respite for those visiting under stressful circumstances.
Objectives of the Initiative:
- Break Stereotypes:Challenge the conventional perception of the police as unapproachable or intimidating by creating an informal and friendly setting.
- Promote Informal Engagement:Encourage dialogue and trust-building between civilians and police personnel in a relaxed, non-threatening environment.
- Support Mental Well-Being:The café contributes to the morale and mental wellness of both the public and police officers, especially those on demanding duties.
- Welfare Policing Model:Aligns with the concept of "welfare policing", wherein the police function not only as enforcers of law but also as community caretakers.
- Public Outreach through Social Media:The initiative leverages platforms like Instagram and Twitter to showcase the human side of policing, creating transparency and relatability.
Kerch Strait and Recent Developments
- 07 Jun 2025
In News:
Ukraine has claimed responsibility for a recent underwater explosion that damaged the Kerch Bridge, a critical transport link connecting mainland Russia to occupied Crimea. The attack underscores the strategic importance of the Kerch Strait in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Kerch Strait: Geographical and Strategic Overview
- Location: The Kerch Strait forms the only maritime passage between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
- Geographical Boundaries:
- West: Kerch Peninsula (Crimea)
- East: Taman Peninsula (Russia)
- Width: Narrows to 3–5 km at its tightest point near the Chushka Spit.
- Nearby City: Kerch, located on the Crimean side, lies near the strait’s midsection.
- Strategic Importance:
- A vital shipping lane for transporting goods and military supplies.
- Gained heightened geopolitical importance after Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014.
- Frequently features in Russia–Ukraine maritime tensions.
Kerch Strait Bridge (Crimean Bridge)
- Length: 19 km, making it the longest bridge in Europe.
- Completed: In 2018
- Connectivity: Includes dual road and railway tracks, linking the Russian mainland to Crimea.
- Symbolism: Considered a symbol of Russia’s control over Crimea post-2014 annexation.
- Strategic Use: Facilitates military logistics and civilian transit; crucial for sustaining Russian presence in Crimea.
Waste Picker Enumeration App
- 06 Jun 2025
In News:
On World Environment Day 2025, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) launched the Waste Picker Enumeration App under the NAMASTE Scheme, reaffirming the government’s commitment to environmental justice and the dignity of sanitation workers.
What is the NAMASTE Scheme?
- Full Form: National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem
- Type: Central Sector Scheme (CSS)
- Launched: July 2023
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE)
- Partner Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)
- Implementing Agency: National Safai Karamcharis Finance & Development Corporation (NSKFDC)
- Objective: To formalize and rehabilitate sanitation workers and integrate them into formal systems through skilling, social security, and mechanization of hazardous cleaning work.
- Inclusion of Waste Pickers (From June 2024): The NAMASTE Scheme expanded its scope in June 2024 to include Waste Pickers, recognizing their critical role in the circular economy and solid waste management.
Waste Picker Enumeration App – Key Highlights
- Purpose: Digital platform for profiling 2.5 lakh waste pickers across India.
- Recognition: Provides occupational photo ID cards and formal identity to waste pickers.
- Social Security:
- Health coverage under Ayushman Bharat–PM-JAY
- Distribution of PPE kits and seasonal safety gear
- Livelihood & Skilling:
- Skill development programs
- Capital subsidies for waste collection vehicles
- Empowerment:
- Strengthening of Waste Picker Collectives
- Management of 750 Dry Waste Collection Centres (DWCCs) in urban areas
Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL)
- 06 Jun 2025
In News:
The Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) is a transformative 272-km railway project aimed at connecting the Kashmir Valley to the Indian Railways network. With Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurating the Chenab Rail Bridge and flagging off Vande Bharat trains in June 2025, the project nears full operationalization.
Key Details:
Chenab Rail Bridge – World’s Highest Railway Arch Bridge
- Height: 359 metres above riverbed (taller than the Eiffel Tower).
- Length: 1,315 metres; Arch span: 467 metres.
- Status: Highest railway arch bridge in the world.
- Engineering feat in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir.
Strategic All-Weather Connectivity
- Reduces dependency on the Srinagar-Jammu highway, which is prone to closure due to snow and landslides.
- Ensures year-round transportation and supply lines.
Enhanced Military Mobility
- Enables rapid movement of troops and equipment to border regions.
- Crucial for national security due to the region's proximity to international borders.
- Designed to withstand blasts and harsh weather.
Anji Bridge – India’s First Cable-Stayed Rail Bridge
- Length: 473 metres; Height: 331 metres.
- Located on the Katra-Banihal section.
- Supported by 48 cables, suitable for rugged Himalayan terrain.
Vande Bharat Connectivity
- High-speed trains introduced on Katra–Srinagar route.
- Improves passenger comfort and reduces travel time.
Economic Boost via Trade
- Improves market access for Kashmiri products: apples, saffron, handicrafts, and dry fruits.
- Facilitates faster freight movement, integrating the region into national trade networks.
Tourism Promotion
- Easier access to religious and scenic sites.
- Expected to boost tourism post disruptions (e.g., Pahalgam incident).
- Cheaper and faster rail travel enhances domestic footfall.
Engineering Resilience
- Chenab Bridge:
- Blast-resistant (withstands up to 40 kg TNT).
- Wind resistant (up to 260 kmph).
- Seismic-resilient with a 120-year design life.
- Symbol of India’s capability in building infrastructure in high-risk zones.
Time Efficiency
- Travel time between Jammu and Srinagar will reduce from 6 hours (by road) to 3–3.5 hours (by rail).
- Facilitates emergency services, logistics, and routine travel.
National Integration and Inclusion
- 943 bridges, 36 tunnels covering 119 km — overcoming Himalayan terrain challenges.
- Integrates remote districts of Jammu & Kashmir into India's railway grid.
- Promotes inclusive development and better governance outreach.
Ayush Nivesh Saarthi
- 06 Jun 2025
In News:
Recently, the Government of India launched the ‘Ayush Nivesh Saarthi’ portal—a digital initiative aimed at positioning India as a global hub for traditional medicine investment. The launch took place during the Ayush Stakeholder/Industry Interaction Meet held at Vanijya Bhawan, New Delhi.
- Developed by: Ministry of Ayush in collaboration with Invest India
Objective of the Portal
- To facilitate investment in India’s Ayush sector through a dedicated digital interface.
- To bring together policy frameworks, incentives, investment-ready projects, and real-time facilitation.
- To strengthen India’s position as a global investment destination for traditional systems of medicine.
Portal Features
- Investor-centric platform integrating:
- Investment promotion schemes
- Real-time data and policy information
- Single-window facilitation
- Supports both domestic and foreign investors
- Offers transparency, ease of access, and sectoral insights
Sectoral Significance
- Growth Rate: The Ayush sector recorded an annual growth rate of 17% (2014–2020).
- Medicinal Wealth: India is home to 8,000+ medicinal plant species.
- Global Recognition: Ayush is among the top five health services in India and contributes significantly to the USD 13 billion Medical Value Travel (MVT) sector.
Investment Facilitation
- 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted in the Ayush sector through the automatic route.
- The portal aims to attract FDI and empower entrepreneurs through digital governance and investment transparency.
Bar Council of India permits Foreign Lawyers in India
- 06 Jun 2025
In News:
Chief Justice of India (CJI) B.R. Gavai lauded the Bar Council of India (BCI) for amending rules to allow foreign legal professionals and law firms to advise on non-litigious matters in India.
Key Features of BCI’s Reform (2024 Update to 2022 Rules):
- Scope of Practice for Foreign Lawyers:
- Permitted: Advisory roles in foreign law, international law, and arbitration.
- Prohibited: Appearing in Indian courts/tribunals or advising on Indian law.
- Nature of Work Allowed: Only non-litigious activities.
Rationale Behind the Reform:
- Boosting Arbitration Quality:
- India ranks 5th globally in arbitration case volume (ICC 2024 Report).
- Reform aimed at enhancing arbitration standards via foreign expertise.
- Facilitating Legal Reciprocity:
- Enables Indian lawyers to access international legal markets.
- Promotes mutual recognition and cooperation with foreign bar associations.
- Supporting Institutional Arbitration:
- Benefits centres like:
- Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA)
- Delhi International Arbitration Centre (DIAC)
- India International Arbitration Centre (IIAC)
- Benefits centres like:
- Filling Talent Gaps:
- Expertise needed in fields such as:
- Climate litigation
- Technology and data law
- Cross-border commercial arbitration
- Expertise needed in fields such as:
Challenges and Concerns:
- Market Displacement Fears: Indian lawyers worry about reduced share in arbitration and consultancy services.
- Reciprocity Barriers: Unequal treatment in countries with restrictive legal entry norms.
- Uneven Playing Field: Foreign firms possess larger capital, advanced tech, and international clientele.
- Regulatory Oversight Needed: BCI must ensure strict compliance to maintain sovereignty of Indian legal framework.
Significance of the Reform:
- Positioning India as an Arbitration Hub: Enhances India's global legal profile, especially in infrastructure and trade.
- Strengthening Indo-UK Legal Cooperation: Reform highlighted during Indo-UK Arbitration Conference, deepening bilateral ties.
- Modernizing Legal Sector: Brings global legal best practices and innovation to India.
- Upholding Indian Legal Integrity: Complies with the Advocates Act, 1961 – no foreign practice in Indian law.
- Opportunities for Indian Lawyers Abroad: Reciprocity clause allows dual practice in India and foreign jurisdictions.
C CARES Version 2.0
- 05 Jun 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Coal recently launched C CARES Version 2.0, a significant upgrade to the Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization’s (CMPFO) digital platform. The new system aims to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in provident fund (PF) and pension disbursement for coal sector workers.
Key Features of C CARES Version 2.0
- Developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in collaboration with the State Bank of India (SBI).
- Provides a unified digital interface for coal workers, coal companies, and CMPFO.
- Enables real-time claim tracking, automated ledger updates, and direct benefit transfers to workers’ bank accounts.
- Includes a mobile application for CMPF members, offering:
- PF balance checks
- Profile viewing
- Grievance redressal
- Claim status tracking
- A chatbot assistant for easy navigation
Benefits to Stakeholders
- For Workers: Faster claim settlement, improved access, and reduced delays in PF/pension disbursement.
- For Coal Companies and CMPFO:
- A prescriptive dashboard to generate custom reports.
- Analytics to track settlement trends.
- Support for data-driven decision-making.
About CMPFO
- Full Form: Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization
- Established: 1948
- Parent Ministry: Ministry of Coal
- Function: Administration of PF and pension schemes for coal sector employees.
- Coverage:
- Serves around 3.3 lakh PF subscribers
- Supports over 6.3 lakh pensioners
Significance
Union Minister for Coal and Mines G. Kishan Reddy launched the portal on June 4, 2025, stating that it aligns with the Government's vision of “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance” under the Digital India initiative. The platform strengthens social security delivery for coal workers and brings administrative reform to a critical sector of the economy.
International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS)
- 05 Jun 2025
In News:
India has secured the Presidency of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) for the term 2025–2028, marking a historic first for the country since becoming a member in 1998. The victory affirms India’s growing influence in the field of global public administration.
About IIAS
- Established: 1930
- Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium
- Nature: A global federation of 31 Member States, 20 National Sections, and 15 Academic Research Centres, dedicated to collaborative scientific research in public administration.
- Core Objectives:
- Promote collaboration on public governance solutions.
- Accredit academic and professional training programs in public management.
- Disseminate research and best practices in administrative sciences.
Although not formally affiliated with the United Nations, IIAS actively participates in UN mechanisms like the Committee of Experts on Public Administration (CEPA) and the UN Public Administration Network (UNPAN).
India’s Role and Election to Presidency
- India has been a Member State of IIAS since 1998, represented by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).
- For the 2025–2028 term, Prime Minister Narendra Modi nominated V. Srinivas, Secretary, DARPG, as India's candidate in November 2024.
- Election Process:
- Hearings were held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi in February 2025.
- Four countries—India, South Africa, Austria, and Bahrain—submitted nominations.
- The final vote on June 3, 2025, saw India and Austria advance to the final round.
- Out of 141 votes, India secured 87 votes (61.7%), while Austria received 54 votes (38.3%).
Significance for India
- This marks India’s first Presidency of IIAS.
- The victory enhances India's position in global governance and showcases its administrative capabilities on an international platform.
- It also aligns with India’s focus on reforming and modernizing public administration through digital governance and institutional capacity-building.
Kichan and Menar Wetlands
- 05 Jun 2025
In News:
Recently, the Union Ministry of Environment announced that Kichan (Phalodi) and Menar (Udaipur) wetlands in Rajasthan have been recognized as Ramsar Sites, bringing India’s total to 91 Ramsar-designated wetlands—the highest in Asia.
About Menar Wetland:
- A freshwater monsoon wetland complex in Udaipur district, Rajasthan.
- Formed by three primary ponds: Braham Talab, Dhand Talab, and Kheroda Talab; the latter two are connected by flooded agricultural land during the monsoon.
- Habitat for endangered and migratory birds such as:
- Critically Endangered: White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Long-billed vulture (Gyps indicus)
- Other species: Himalayan griffon, Egyptian vulture, Dalmatian pelican, Ferruginous pochard, Black-tailed godwit
- Home to over 70 plant species, including mango trees (Mangifera indica) that host colonies of Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus).
- Community-led conservation: Menar village residents prevent poaching and fishing, earning it the title "Bird Village".
About Kichan Wetland:
- Located in Phalodi, Jodhpur, in the northern Thar Desert of Rajasthan.
- Comprises:
- Ratri Nadi (river)
- Vijaysagar Talab (pond)
- Riparian and scrub habitats
- Notable for supporting drought-resistant flora and over 150 bird species.
- Globally known for hosting over 22,000 migratory demoiselle cranes (Anthropoides virgo) each winter.
- A hub for birdwatchers, tourists, scientists, and students.
Ramsar Convention Overview:
- An intergovernmental treaty for the conservation of wetlands, signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran.
- Headquartered in Gland, Switzerland.
- Wetlands listed under the convention are known as Ramsar Sites—of international importance.
- Member countries (Contracting Parties) commit to identifying and protecting these wetlands.
World Wealth Report 2025
- 05 Jun 2025
In News:
The World Wealth Report 2025, released by the Capgemini Research Institute, highlights a significant surge in global and Indian high-net-worth individual (HNWI) wealth. The report covers 71 countries, representing over 98% of global Gross National Income (GNI) and 99% of world stock market capitalization.
India’s HNWI Landscape in 2024
- HNWI Wealth Growth: India witnessed an 8.8% increase in HNWI wealth in 2024.
- Total Millionaires: The country had 378,810 HNWIs by the end of 2024, with a cumulative wealth of $1.5 trillion.
- Millionaires Next Door: Among them, 333,340 individuals fell under the "Millionaires Next Door" category (investable assets between $1M–$5M), holding $628.93 billion in wealth.
- Ultra HNWIs: India was home to 4,290 Ultra-HNWIs (assets ≥ $30M), with combined assets worth $534.77 billion.
Global Trends in HNWI Wealth
- Global Growth: HNWI population worldwide rose by 2.6%, driven largely by a 6.2% rise in Ultra-HNWI numbers.
- Investment Trends: Alternative investments (private equity, cryptocurrencies) formed 15% of HNWI portfolios, signaling diversification beyond traditional assets.
- Top Contributors:
- United States added 562,000 millionaires, recording a 7.6% rise, reaching a total of 7.9 million HNWIs.
- The U.S. also holds 36% of centi-millionaires (net worth ≥ $100M) and 33% of the world's billionaires.
- India and Japan saw 5.6% growth, while China recorded a 1.0% decline in HNWI population.
Shifting Dynamics in Wealth Management
- A massive “great wealth transfer” is underway globally.
- 81% of global next-gen HNWIs and 85% of Indian next-gen HNWIs plan to switch wealth management (WM) firms within 1–2 years of inheritance.
- Key reasons include:
- Lack of preferred channel services (51%)
- Ineffective digital transaction tools (41%)
- Digital Transformation Need: The evolving expectations of next-gen clients are pushing firms toward AI-enabled advisory models and advanced digital infrastructure.
Offshore Wealth Allocation
- By 2030, 98% of Indian next-gen HNWIs plan to increase their offshore assets by over 10%.
- Motivations include:
- Superior investment options (55%)
- Better wealth management services (65%)
- Improved market connectivity (54%)
- Tax efficiency and political-economic stability (49%)
- Motivations include:
World Environment Day 2025
- 05 Jun 2025
In News:
Every year on June 5, people across the globe unite to celebrate World Environment Day, an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Key Highlights:
- Observed on: June 5 annually
- Initiated by: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- First celebrated: 1973 (following the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment)
- Objective: Promote global awareness and action for environmental protection
Theme for 2025: "Beat Plastic Pollution"
- Focuses on the escalating crisis of plastic pollution and its adverse impact on ecosystems, wildlife, and human health.
- Highlights the need to transition away from single-use plastics, promote sustainable consumption, and adopt eco-friendly alternatives.
Key Statistics:
- Plastic production: Increased from 2 million tonnes (1950) to 430 million tonnes (2025)
- Marine pollution:19–23 million tonnes of plastic enter aquatic ecosystems annually
- Microplastics detected in oceans, mountains, and the human body
Host Country for 2025: Republic of Korea
- Chosen for its leadership in green innovation and sustainable practices.
- Initiatives include:
- Advanced waste segregation and recycling systems
- Bans on single-use plastics in major outlets
- Promotion of tech-driven eco-solutions
By hosting, South Korea aims to showcase scalable models for combating plastic pollution globally.
Historical Background
- Stockholm Conference 1972 laid the foundation for modern environmental governance.
- UNEP assigns a theme and host country annually to align global action.
- Over 150 countries now participate through:
- Clean-up drives
- Tree plantation campaigns
- Policy forums
- Environmental education programs
Significance
World Environment Day plays a vital role in:
- Raising awareness on climate change, pollution, deforestation, and sustainability
- Encouraging individual and community-level action
- Facilitating policy dialogue and regulatory reform
- Mobilizing youth leadership in environmental movements
UMEED Portal and Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025
- 04 Jun 2025
In News:
The Government of India will launch the UMEED Portal to digitize and streamline the registration and management of Waqf properties under the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.
What is the UMEED Portal?
- Full Form: Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency, and Development
- Purpose: A centralized digital platform to register, regulate, and monitor Waqf properties nationwide.
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Minority Affairs, in collaboration with State Waqf Boards and judicial authorities.
Objectives:
- Ensure transparent, efficient, and time-bound registration of Waqf assets.
- Digitally empower stakeholders with access to legal rights, obligations, and procedural information.
- Resolve long-pending disputes and enhance accountability in Waqf administration.
- Provide real-time data, including geo-tagged property mapping, to support policymaking.
Key Features:
- Time-Bound Registration:All Waqf properties must be registered within six months of the portal's launch.
- Geo-Tagging and Digital Mapping:Properties must be geo-tagged and include precise dimensions for registration.
- Dispute Resolution Mechanism:Properties not registered by the deadline will be automatically flagged as disputed and referred to Waqf Tribunals for adjudication.
- Legal Support Services:The portal offers awareness tools regarding the amended Act and clarifies legal entitlements.
- Women-Centric Provision:Properties solely in women’s names cannot be declared as Waqf. However, women, children, and the economically weaker sections (EWS) remain eligible beneficiaries.
About Waqf and Recent Legal Reforms:
- What is Waqf?
A Waqf is a permanent charitable endowment under Islamic law, where assets (usually land) are donated for religious or public welfare purposes. Such property is inalienable and cannot be sold, inherited, or transferred.
- Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025:
- Digital Mandate: Mandatory online registration of all Waqf properties within 6 months.
- Judicial Oversight:Introduced provision for appealing Waqf Tribunal decisions in the High Court within 90 days.
- Tribunal Empowerment:Unregistered properties after the deadline will be treated as disputed and decided by Waqf Tribunals.
- Government Monitoring:Enhanced role of State Waqf Boards in ensuring compliance, registration, and dispute handling.
Significance:
- Aims to reduce litigation, encroachments, and opacity in Waqf land management.
- Bridges the gap between community welfare and digital governance.
- Strengthens institutional mechanisms for protecting religious endowments and improves access to justice.
Seva Se Seekhen Campaign
- 04 Jun 2025
In News:
The Government of India has launched the ‘Seva Se Seekhen’ (Learn by Doing) campaign to empower youth through hands-on experience at Jan AushadhiKendras (JAKs). Starting from June 1, 2025, this initiative aims to blend experiential learning with public health outreach.
About the Campaign:
- Launched in: 2025
- Nodal Ministries:
- Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
- Framework:Part of the National Youth Development Framework, aligning youth engagement with grassroots service.
Objectives:
- Provide experiential learning opportunities in real-world public service settings.
- Raise awareness about generic medicines and enhance health literacy.
- Equip youth with technical and soft skills in areas such as inventory, logistics, customer service, and communication.
- Foster values such as discipline, empathy, and civic responsibility among the youth.
Key Features:
- Nationwide Implementation:
- Five youth volunteers per district will be placed across five Jan AushadhiKendras.
- Covers all states and Union Territories.
- Volunteer Sources:Participants are selected from:
- MY Bharat
- National Service Scheme (NSS)
- Pharmacy colleges
- Other youth-focused platforms
- Duration:15-day structured engagement, including guided tasks and learning outcomes.
Roles and Responsibilities of Volunteers:
- Support daily functioning and customer services at JAKs.
- Assist in medicine inventory and logistics management.
- Promote generic medicine awareness among the public.
- Participate in community health outreach activities.
- Observe backend processes like supply chains and stock maintenance.
Key Benefits for Youth:
- Practical exposure to pharmacy operations and public health service.
- Skills in record-keeping, inventory handling, and basic operations.
- Development of employability and customer interaction skills.
- Insights into affordable healthcare delivery under schemes like Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya JanaushadhiPariyojana (PMBJP).
Operation Spider’s Web
- 04 Jun 2025
In News:
On June 1, 2025, Ukraine executed Operation Spider’s Web, its most extensive drone-based military strike against Russia to date. The attack destroyed an estimated $7 billion worth of Russian aircraft, including approximately 34% of Russia’s strategic bomber fleet. The operation occurred just before the second round of peace talks between the two countries in Istanbul.
Key Highlights:
- Nature of Operation:A high-precision, long-range drone strike aimed at crippling Russia’s strategic air power, especially bombers capable of launching cruise missiles and nuclear warheads.
- Planning and Execution:
- Orchestrated over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU).
- 117 explosive-laden drones were deployed simultaneously.
- Drones were concealed in wooden sheds on civilian trucks, enabling stealth transport across vast distances.
- Once positioned, they were remotely launched, surprising Russian air defences.
- Airbases Targeted:The operation struck five major Russian airbases:
- Belaya (Irkutsk)
- Dyagilevo (Ryazan)
- Ivanovo Severny
- Olenya (Murmansk)
- Ukrainka
- Geographic Reach:Some drone targets were over 4,300 km from the front lines, marking the deepest Ukrainian strike inside Russian territory.
Strategic and Political Context:
- The drone strike came hours after Russia's Iskander-M missile attack on a Ukrainian military training centre in Dnipropetrovsk, which killed 12 soldiers and injured over 60.
- Ukrainian Major General MykhailoDrapatyi resigned, accepting personal responsibility for the missile casualties.
- Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy hailed Operation Spider’s Web as a “brilliant success,” showcasing Ukraine’s evolving tactical capabilities.
- The operation served to strengthen Ukraine’s negotiating position ahead of the June 2 Istanbul peace talks.
Peace Negotiation Backdrop:
- The Istanbul talks followed an earlier round that resulted in the largest prisoner exchange since the start of the war but lacked a concrete ceasefire plan.
- Ukraine is expected to propose:
- A 30-day ceasefire
- Mutual prisoner release
- A high-level summit between Presidents Zelenskyy and Putin
- However, Russia has reportedly rejected all ceasefire proposals and has not submitted a formal response.
Wider Conflict Situation:
- As of late May 2025, Ukraine has lost around 18% of its territory to Russian control.
- Meanwhile, Russian forces continue their advance, recently capturing a village in Ukraine’s northern Sumy region.
Caspian Gull (Laruscachinnans)
- 04 Jun 2025
In News:
In a significant ornithological development, the Caspian Gull, one of the rarest gull species to be recorded in India, was positively identified five years after being sighted at Kappad Beach, Kozhikode, Kerala. This marks the first confirmed sighting of the species in Kerala, and only the second in southern India.
Discovery and Identification:
- Ornithologist Abdulla Paleri first spotted the bird in February 2020 but took five years to confirm its identity due to its close resemblance to the more commonly seen Steppe Gull.
- The Caspian Gull differs subtly in features such as head and beak shape, posture, wing pattern, and leg morphology.
- Images were shared with international experts and on the eBird platform, where ornithologists Oscar Campbell and Hans Larsson confirmed the identification. The sighting has remained unchallenged since.
About Caspian Gull (Laruscachinnans):
- A monotypic, large, white-headed gull species, considered rare in India.
- Regularly breeds in Central Asia, particularly in steppe and semi-desert habitats with lakes, rivers, and reservoirs.
- Nesting usually occurs on flat, low-lying areas near water bodies, often surrounded by reedbeds.
- The species feeds on fish, insects, molluscs, and other invertebrates.
Migration Pattern:
- It migrates from the Black Sea and Caspian Sea region to southern and eastern Kazakhstan, western China, and parts of South Asia during winter.
- Traditionally winters in the eastern Mediterranean, Persian Gulf, and western India (like Gujarat).
- Increasingly, small populations are dispersing into Europe, including Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.
- The Kozhikode gull is believed to be a straggler—a bird that deviates from its usual migratory route.
Conservation Status:
- IUCN Red List:Least Concern, Despite its rarity in India, the species is not globally threatened.
BharatGen
- 04 Jun 2025
In News:
Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh launched BharatGen, India’s first indigenously developed, government-funded Multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) at the BharatGen Summit 2025, marking a significant step in India’s AI innovation landscape.
About BharatGen:
- BharatGen is a Multimodal LLM designed to support 22 Indian languages and various content formats—text, speech, and image.
- Developed under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) and implemented by the TIH Foundation for IoT and IoE at IIT Bombay.
- Supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), it is a collaborative effort involving premier academic institutions, researchers, and innovators.
Key Features:
- Multilingual and multimodal capabilities (text, voice, image inputs).
- Open-source platform to encourage accessible innovation.
- Trained on Indian datasets to reflect Indian linguistic and cultural diversity.
- Integrated applications across critical sectors like healthcare, education, governance, and agriculture.
- Aims to deliver region-specific AI solutions rooted in Indian values and societal contexts.
Implementation Mechanism:
- Executed through 25 Technology Innovation Hubs (TIHs) across India.
- Four of these TIHs have been upgraded to Technology Translational Research Parks (TTRPs) for real-world deployment.
- Guided by four pillars: technology development, entrepreneurship, human resource development, and international collaboration.
First-Person View (FPV) Drones
- 03 Jun 2025
In News:
Recently, Ukraine conducted a major drone strike on Russia, reportedly destroying over 40 aircraft using First-Person View (FPV) drones—marking one of the deepest strikes into Russian territory since the start of the conflict in 2022. This highlights the growing role of FPV drones in modern asymmetric warfare.
What are FPV Drones?
First-Person View (FPV) drones are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that allow remote pilots to view the drone’s surroundings through a camera mounted on the drone. The live feed can be transmitted to:
- Specialized goggles
- Smartphones
- Other display screens
This immersive view enables highly precise navigation and control.
Key Features and Technologies
- GPS-Independent Navigation: Operates effectively even when GPS signals are jammed or unavailable.
- SmartPilot System: Uses visual-inertial navigation by interpreting camera data to assess the drone's position and orientation.
- LiDAR Integration: Enhances terrain mapping and obstacle detection in complex environments.
- Low Cost: A functional FPV drone can cost as little as $500, making them highly affordable compared to traditional weapon systems.
Operational Use in Combat
- Reconnaissance First: Typically, a long-range reconnaissance drone is used to identify the target area before deploying FPV drones for strikes.
- Deep Strike Capability: Despite having a short range (a few kilometres), FPV drones offer stealth and precision to strike deeply into enemy territory.
- Combat Strategy: Their agility and affordability make FPV drones a key component of attrition warfare, especially for resource-constrained nations.
Advantages in Warfare
- Cost-effectiveness: Offers high-impact capability at a fraction of the cost of conventional weapons.
- Reduced Human Risk: Limits the need for manned missions in hostile territory.
- Stealth: Smaller size and low acoustic footprint make them harder to detect and intercept.
- High Destructiveness: Able to carry payloads such as explosives, effectively targeting tanks, aircraft, and installations.
Challenges and Limitations
- Limited Range: Operates within a few kilometres, requiring deployment close to target zones.
- Reduced Situational Awareness: Pilots rely solely on camera feed, which may not provide full spatial context.
- Need for Visual Observers: In complex environments, an additional observer may be needed to guide the operator safely.
Ukraine’s Use of FPV Drones
Ukraine has effectively integrated FPV drones into its military strategy:
- In November 2023, FPVs were credited as a low-cost, high-impact method of resisting Russian advances.
- NATO sources indicated that over two-thirds of Russian tanks destroyed recently were hit by FPV drones.
- Ukrainian drone manufacturer Vyriy Drone delivered 1,000 indigenous FPVs in March 2025.
- Ukraine is projected to produce over 4 million drones in 2025, reflecting a significant scaling of domestic capabilities.
Geopolitical and Strategic Implications
- Technological Self-Reliance: Domestic production protects nations from geopolitical supply chain disruptions (e.g., China’s chip exports).
- Global Proliferation: Countries like Israel and Iran have also developed drone systems, including HAROP and Shahed drones respectively.
Jharkhand’s First Tiger Safari
- 03 Jun 2025
In News:
The Jharkhand government has proposed setting up its first-ever tiger safari in the fringe area of the Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR), located in Latehar district. This initiative aims to promote wildlife education, conservation awareness, and eco-tourism, while also creating employment opportunities.
What is a Tiger Safari?
A tiger safari refers to a tourism model where rescued, conflict-prone, or orphaned tigers are housed in naturalistic enclosures, ensuring sightings for visitors. It differs from traditional wild safaris, where sightings are not guaranteed. The concept was first proposed in the NTCA's 2012 tourism guidelines, refined in 2016, and later aligned with the Supreme Court’s 2024 directive, which mandates that such safaris be located outside core and buffer zones of tiger reserves.
Legal and Regulatory Framework
- Governed by:
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
- National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Guidelines (2012, 2016)
- Central Zoo Authority (CZA) for animal welfare, enclosure design, and project compliance
- Supreme Court Ruling (March 2024):
- Tiger safaris must not be located inside core or buffer zones.
- Intended to protect natural habitats and uphold conservation goals.
About Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR)
- Established: 1974 under Project Tiger
- Location: Chhotanagpur Plateau, Jharkhand
- Rivers: North Koel, Burha (perennial), Auranga
- Vegetation: Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous forest (Sal-dominated)
- Key Fauna: Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Elephant, Sloth Bear, Leopard, Indian Pangolin, Otter
- Historical Note: Site of the world’s first pugmark-based tiger census (1932)
Project Details
- Location: Barwadih Western Forest Range (fringe of PTR, outside core/buffer zones)
- Size: Approx. 150 hectares
- Animals Housed: Only rescued, conflict-prone, or orphaned tigers from reserves/zoos (not wild or zoo-bred tigers unless approved)
- Objectives:
- Promote tourism and conservation education
- Create an experiential learning space for visitors
- Generate employment (~200 local jobs)
The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) will assess the site and species selection. Post Forest Department clearance, the Detailed Project Report (DPR) will be submitted to NTCA and CZA. Approvals may take 5–6 months, followed by a construction period of ~18 months.
Concerns and Challenges
- Tribal and Community Rights:Activists caution that such projects may marginalize forest-dwelling communities and restrict access to traditional forest-based livelihoods (grazing, NTFP collection).
- Consent of Local Communities:As per the Forest Rights Act, projects on forest land must involve Gram Sabha consultation. Activists argue this has yet to be fully addressed.
- State's Clarification:Officials maintain that the site lies on forest land under state management, with no expected displacement.
RBI’s Draft Guidelines on Gold Loans
- 03 Jun 2025
Why is the RBI proposing changes to gold loan regulations?
In April 2024, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released draft guidelines on loans against gold to harmonise regulations across banks and NBFCs and to address irregularities. The move follows an extraordinary surge in gold-backed loans during FY24:
- Gold loan portfolios grew over 50% across banks and NBFCs.
- For banks, the portfolio more than doubled (104% growth).
This rapid growth, amid rising gold prices and lax lending standards, raised regulatory concerns.
What are the key proposals in the draft guidelines?
- LTV Norms:
- The Loan-to-Value (LTV) ratio remains capped at 75%.
- For bullet repayment loans for consumption, accrued interest must be included in the LTV calculation, effectively lowering the loan amount disbursed.
- Ownership Proof:Borrowers must furnish proof of ownership for the gold pledged.
- Valuation Standards:
- Gold should be valued based on 22-carat price.
- Uniform procedures must be followed to assess the purity and weight.
- Loan Renewal & Fresh Sanctions:
- Renewals or top-ups are permitted only if:
- The existing loan is standard, and
- It complies with the LTV limit.
- Concurrent loans for both consumption and income-generation are disallowed.
- A fresh loan can only be granted after full repayment (principal + interest) of the previous loan.
- Renewals or top-ups are permitted only if:
- Collateral Return Timeline:If the gold is not returned within 7 working days after repayment, the lender must compensate the borrower at ?5,000/day for each day of delay.
Likely Impact on Borrowers and Lenders
Borrowers:
- May face reduced loan amounts and higher documentation requirements.
- Small and rural borrowers, dependent on gold loans for agriculture and allied sectors, may experience reduced accessibility.
NBFCs and Banks:
- NBFCs that frequently renew or top-up gold loans could lose flexibility.
- Compliance costs will rise due to stringent documentation, valuation, and reporting norms.
- Smaller NBFCs relying on re-pledging of gold may face liquidity issues.
- Interest rates may rise to offset higher operational expenses.
Is a uniform policy suitable?
A one-size-fits-all policy may not be practical. Gold loans are a lifeline for rural households with limited access to formal credit. Experts suggest:
- Differentiated norms for micro gold loans (small-ticket loans) and high-value loans.
- Consideration for the informal nature of ownership in many rural households.
Krishi Nivesh Portal
- 03 Jun 2025
In News:
In an effort to streamline and accelerate investments in India’s agriculture and allied sectors, the Government of India has launched the Krishi Nivesh Portal, developed by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
The initiative aligns with the government’s broader goal of promoting the ease of doing business in agriculture by integrating schemes from multiple Central ministries and State governments into a single digital platform.
Key Features of the Portal
- One-Stop Solution: The portal acts as a centralized hub providing real-time access to information on agricultural schemes from various government departments and ministries.
- Multi-Stakeholder Access: It is designed to cater to farmers, entrepreneurs, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), industries, and agri-startups.
- Scheme Integration: As of now, the portal integrates 17 flagship schemes spanning seven Union Ministries, including:
- Agriculture Infrastructure Fund
- Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund
- PM KisanSampada Yojana
- PM-KUSUM
- Technological Features: It offers a user-friendly interface, chatbot support, and interactive dashboards for data-driven insights and monitoring.
- Investment Tracking: Users can track application status, explore investment opportunities based on geographical spread, and gain assistance with loan disbursal.
Institutional Integration
- Currently, 14 Union ministries/departments and 9 state government departments are involved in implementing schemes related to agriculture and allied sectors.
- Ministries already integrated include:
- Ministry of Agriculture
- Ministry of Food Processing Industries
- Ministry of Rural Development
- Ministry of Jal Shakti
- Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
- Ministry of Fertilisers
Efforts are underway to onboard over 300 schemes from various ministries and states, including those related to credit-linked initiatives, PPP models, venture capital projects, and startups.
Significance for Agricultural Sector
- The portal addresses key challenges such as fragmented scheme information, siloed departmental operations, and delays in loan processing.
- It aims to unlock the investment potential of India’s agri-sector, especially for private investors, by offering a consolidated, transparent, and accessible interface.
- According to official estimates:
- The revised budget allocation for FY 2024–25 for agricultural investment schemes stands at ?1.31 lakh crore.
- In FY 2021–22, private sector investment in agriculture amounted to ?2.79 lakh crore.
Sabine’s Gull Spotted at Nalsarovar
- 03 Jun 2025
In News:
In a remarkable ornithological event, the Sabine’s Gull — a rare Arctic seabird — has been observed at Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary in Gujarat. This marks the species’ first recorded appearance in India since 2013, when it was last sighted in Kerala, underlining the dynamic migratory patterns affecting India’s wetland ecosystems.
About Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary
- Located nearly 64 km west of Ahmedabad, Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary is one of Gujarat’s most prominent wetland ecosystems. Encompassing an area of 120.82 sq km, it comprises a shallow, seasonal lake interspersed with around 360 islets, creating a rich mosaic of aquatic habitats.
- This natural lake traces its origin to the 15th century, following the construction of a check dam on the Sabarmati River. Initially designed to serve irrigation and drinking water needs of nearby villages, the lake gradually evolved into a crucial habitat for avifauna. Recognition of its ecological significance grew over time, prompting colonial authorities in the early 20th century to take protective measures.
- Eventually, in 1969, the Government of Gujarat declared Nalsarovar a bird sanctuary, and it was further accorded the status of a Ramsar wetland site in 2012, signifying its global importance under the Ramsar Convention.
- Flora: The sanctuary supports a wide variety of aquatic and wetland plant life, with 48 algae species and 72 flowering plant species recorded. Common plant species include Cyperus, Scirpus, Typha ungustata, Eleocharis palustris, Ruppia, Potamogeton, Vallisneria, Naias, and Chara.
- Fauna:Nalsarovar is home to nearly 250 bird species, making it a haven for bird watchers. Regular sightings include both greater and lesser flamingos, pelicans, ducks, geese, coots, rails, cranes, and a variety of wading and aquatic birds like herons, egrets, storks, spoonbills, and sarus cranes.
- Beyond birds, the sanctuary also supports mammalian fauna. On its southern and southwestern peripheries, species such as the Indian wild ass, mongoose, jungle cat, Indian fox, jackal, wolf, and striped hyena are found.
Sabine’s Gull: Profile
- The Sabine’s Gull (Xemasabini), also known as the fork-tailed gull or xeme, is a small gull species notable for its elegant flight and distinctive wing markings. Adults can be recognized by their pale grey backs, black wingtips, white secondary feathers, and forked white tails.
- This gull breeds in high Arctic and subarctic zones across North America, Russia, Greenland, and Svalbard, and is a rare migrant in South Asia.
- According to the IUCN Red List, it is currently categorized as a species of Least Concern, although sightings in India are extremely uncommon.
ULLAS – Nav Bharat SaakshartaKaryakram and Goa’s Milestone in Literacy
- 02 Jun 2025
In News:
Recently, Goa became the second state in India to achieve full functional literacy under the ULLAS – Nav Bharat SaakshartaKaryakram (New India Literacy Programme), marking a key achievement in India’s goal of attaining full literacy by 2030, as envisioned in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
About ULLAS
- ULLAS stands for Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society.
- It is a centrally sponsored scheme implemented by the Ministry of Education from 2022 to 2027.
- Target Group: Adults aged 15 years and above who missed formal schooling.
- Alignment: The scheme is aligned with NEP 2020, emphasizing inclusive and equitable education.
- Implementation Basis: The programme is built on the spirit of volunteerism and Kartavya Bodh (sense of duty).
Five Components of the ULLAS Scheme:
- Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
- Critical Life Skills
- Basic Education
- Vocational Skills Development
- Continuing Education
Digital Outreach
- The ULLAS mobile app facilitates registration of learners and volunteers.
- It also provides access to learning resources through the DIKSHA portal of NCERT.
- So far, over 2.40 crore learners and 41 lakh volunteer teachers have been registered on the app.
- Over 1.77 crore learners have taken the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT).
Goa Achieves Full Literacy
- Declared Fully Literate: On May 30, 2025, during the 39th Goa Statehood Day celebrations at Panaji, Goa was declared fully literate.
- Reported Literacy Rate: As per PLFS 2023–24, Goa had a literacy rate of 93.60%, among the highest in India.
- State Survey Update: A state-led survey confirmed that Goa had crossed the 95% benchmark, qualifying it as fully literate under ULLAS.
Key Factors Behind Goa’s Success
- Adopted a Whole-of-Government approach, involving departments such as:
- Directorate of Panchayats
- Municipal Administration
- Social Welfare
- Planning & Statistics
- Women & Child Development
- Engaged SwayampurnaMitras for grassroots awareness and learning support.
- Played an active role in certification and inclusion of learners into the literacy programme.
- Strong collaboration between SCERT, local administration, school heads, volunteers, and field workers ensured last-mile delivery.
Significance for India
- Goa's achievement underscores the effectiveness of decentralized, people-driven literacy campaigns.
- Demonstrates the potential of tech-enabled platforms, volunteerism, and inter-departmental coordination.
- Sets a model for other states in achieving India’s literacy goal by 2030.
- Reinforces the broader national vision of “Jan-Jan Saakshar” and a Viksit Bharat.
Kawal Tiger Reserve and KumramBheem Conservation Reserve
- 02 Jun 2025
In News:
In a recent development, the Telangana government has designated the tiger corridor connecting the Kawal Tiger Reserve (Telangana) with the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra) as the KumramBheem Conservation Reserve, under Section 36(A) of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This move is aimed at preserving critical wildlife corridors in the Central Indian Landscape.
Kawal Tiger Reserve:
- Location: Situated in Telangana, along the Godavari River, forming part of the Deccan Peninsula – Central Highlands.
- Biogeographic Zone: Lies at the southern tip of the Central Indian Tiger Landscape.
- Connectivity: Links with Tadoba-Andhari (Maharashtra), Indravati (Chhattisgarh), and other reserves like Tipeshwar, Chaprala, and Kanhargaon.
- Vegetation Type: Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests.
- Flora: Dominated by teak, bamboo, and species like Anogeissuslatifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Boswellia serrata, etc.
- Fauna: Hosts tiger, leopard, nilgai, chinkara, sambar, blackbuck, wild dog, wolf, and jungle cat.
KumramBheem Conservation Reserve: Newly Notified Area
- Legal Basis: Declared under Section 36(A), Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, which allows states to notify government-owned land adjacent to or connecting protected areas as conservation reserves.
- Total Area: 1,492.88 sq km (149,288.48 hectares)
- District &Mandals Covered: Spread across KumramBheemAsifabad district, covering parts of Kerameri, Wankidi, Asifabad, Sirpur, Koutala, Bejjur, Kagaznagar, Rebbana, Dahegaon, and Tiryanimandals.
- Forest Blocks Included: 78 blocks including Garlapet, Ada, Manikgarh East & West, Danora, Gudem, Bejjur, Kadamba, and Girali.
Ecological Significance
- Tiger Movement: Over the last decade, more than 45 unique tigers (mostly transient) have been documented in this corridor through camera trapping and surveys.
- Breeding Evidence: Since 2015, 17 tiger cubs born from 3 tigresses have been recorded. The 2022 Tiger Census confirmed 4 adult tigers and 3 cubs in the area.
- Leopard Presence: 8 leopards were recorded during the All India Leopard Estimation, 2022.
- Other Carnivores: Includes sloth bear, hyena, wild dog, wolf, honey badger, and jungle cat.
- Herbivore Diversity: Rich prey base such as gaur, sambar, nilgai, chital, muntjac, four-horned antelope, and Indian gazelle.
- Avifauna: Home to 240+ bird species, including rare species like the Malabar Pied Hornbill and Long-billed Vulture, the latter using the reserve as a nesting site.
- Elephant Movement: Occasional elephant presence has also been reported.
Governance
A Conservation Reserve Management Committee has been established. Members include:
- District Forest Officer (DFO) of KumramBheemAsifabad (Convenor)
- Sarpanches of local panchayats (e.g., Karji, Motlaguda, Murliguda)
- Representatives from NGOs like Hyderabad Tiger Conservation Society, WWF-India, and Wildlife Conservation Trust
- Officials from Veterinary, Agriculture, and Forest Divisions
Ghatampur Thermal Power Project
- 02 Jun 2025
In News:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently dedicated Unit-1 (660 MW) of the Ghatampur Thermal Power Project, located in Kanpur Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, marking a major step forward in India’s thermal power capacity and energy security goals.
Project Overview
- Location: Ghatampur, Kanpur Nagar District, Uttar Pradesh
- Implementing Agency: Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Ltd (NUPPL) — a joint venture between
- NLC India Ltd (51% share)
- Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd (UPRVUNL) (49% share)
- Total Capacity: 3 units × 660 MW = 1,980 MW
- Project Cost: ?21,780.94 crore
Commissioning Timeline
- Unit-1 (660 MW): Commissioned in December 2024, dedicated in May 2025
- Remaining Units: Expected to be operational by December 2025
Power Distribution Agreement
- Uttar Pradesh: Receives 75.12% (1,487.28 MW) of the total power
- Assam: Allocated 24.88% (492.72 MW), subject to transfer of 20% equity from UPRVUNL to Assam Government
Technological and Environmental Features
- Efficient Supercritical Technology:Utilizes supercritical boilers with 88.81% efficiency, reducing fuel usage and emissions.
- Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD):Ensures no industrial wastewater release, protecting surrounding land and water bodies.
- Air Pollution Control:Equipped with modern pollution mitigation systems:
- Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) – Controls NOx emissions
- Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) – Reduces SOx emissions
- Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) and Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AAQMS) – Ensure real-time pollution tracking
- Water Conservation Measures:
- 288 km of canal lining saves approx. 195 million litres/day
- Raw water storage capacity of 46 lakh cubic meters
Fuel Security
- The plant sources coal from its own captive mine, producing 9 million tonnes annually.
- It maintains a 30-day coal stockpile, equivalent to 10.165 lakh tonnes, ensuring uninterrupted operation.
IndiaAI Mission
- 02 Jun 2025
In News:
India has taken a major step toward self-reliance in Artificial Intelligence with the expansion of its national AI compute infrastructure and the selection of three new startups to build indigenous foundation models under the IndiaAI Mission.
Key Highlights
- Compute Infrastructure Boost:India’s total GPU capacity has now surpassed 34,000 units, up from the initial 10,000-target. A fresh addition of 15,916 GPUs to the existing 18,417 empanelled GPUs brings the total to 34,333 GPUs, now available through the IndiaAI Compute Portal (operational since March 2025).
- Subsidised Access:These GPUs are made available at a subsidised rate of ?67/hour, well below the global average of ?115/hour. This has been made possible through private sector empanelment instead of government-built data centres. Service providers receive up to 40% capital subsidy, enabling rapid infrastructure rollout.
- Empanelled Providers:Seven private companies were empanelled for compute provisioning:
- Cyfuture India Pvt. Ltd.
- Ishan Infotech Ltd.
- Locuz Enterprise Solutions Ltd.
- Netmagic IT Services Pvt. Ltd.
- Sify Digital Services Ltd.
- Vensysco Technologies Ltd.
- Yotta Data Services Pvt. Ltd.
Foundation Model Development
Under the IndiaAI Foundation Model initiative, three new startups have joined Sarvam AI (selected earlier in April 2025) to build India-specific Large Language Models (LLMs):
- Soket AI: Will develop a 120-billion parameter open-source model focused on Indian languages and use cases in defence, healthcare, and education.
- Gnani AI: Building a 14-billion parameter Voice AI model for real-time, multilingual speech recognition and reasoning.
- Gan AI: Developing a 70-billion parameter multilingual TTS (text-to-speech) model aiming for "superhuman" capabilities surpassing global benchmarks.
- Sarvam AI: Previously selected to create a 120-billion parameter Sovereign AI model, following the release of Sarvam-1 (2B parameters) and Sarvam-M (24B parameters).
These foundation models will be trained on Indian datasets and tailored for governance, public service delivery, and regional language support.
AI Kosh& Innovation Initiatives
- AI Kosh: A public dataset platform with 367 datasets uploaded, enabling research and model training using India-relevant data.
- IndiaAI I4C CyberGuard Hackathon: In collaboration with the Ministry of Home Affairs, AI models were developed for identifying cybercrime patterns from complex inputs like handwritten FIRs and audio calls on the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal.
- Startup Innovation & Skill Development: Funding support, AI labs in Tier-II cities, and talent development programs are part of a broader push to promote innovation and reverse brain drain.
About IndiaAI Mission
- Launched by: Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY)
- Cabinet Approval: March 2024 with a budget of over ?10,000 crore
- Objectives:
- Develop indigenous AI capabilities and infrastructure
- Democratize AI access for governance, startups, and citizens
- Promote ethical and safe AI use
- Position India among the global AI leaders
India Develops its first indigenous Mechanical Thrombectomy Device for Stroke Treatment
- 02 Jun 2025
In News:
In a significant milestone for India’s medical technology sector, the Technology Development Board (TDB) under the Department of Science and Technology (DST) has extended support for the development of the country’s first indigenously manufactured mechanical thrombectomy device for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
What is a Mechanical Thrombectomy Device?
The device is a minimally invasive medical tool designed to treat acute ischemic stroke, which occurs due to a blockage in a large blood vessel in the brain. Unlike conventional thrombolytic drugs that dissolve clots chemically, this device physically extracts the clot, thereby restoring blood flow swiftly and reducing the risk of severe brain damage or paralysis.
Development and Manufacturing
This pathbreaking innovation was developed by S3V Vascular Technologies Ltd, based in Mysuru, with financial backing from the TDB. The manufacturing takes place at an advanced, high-precision production facility within the Medical Devices Park in Oragadam, Tamil Nadu.
Key Features and Technological Highlights
- Indigenous Design: S3V is the first Indian company to conceptualize and produce stroke-intervention tools such as microcatheters, aspiration catheters, guidewires, and stent retrievers.
- R&D and Patents: The company has filed multiple patents, particularly for innovations in clot retriever head design and advanced catheter structures.
- Training and Capacity Building: A simulator-based training program has been initiated to train young medical professionals, with a focus on outreach in Tier-II cities.
- Global Compliance: The device aims to meet CE and USFDA standards, paving the way for international exports and aligning with global quality benchmarks.
Significance for India
- Reduces Import Dependency: The device addresses India’s reliance on expensive, imported stroke-care equipment.
- Cost-Effective Healthcare: By making stroke treatment more affordable, it enhances access to quality care for economically weaker sections.
- Supports Public Health Initiatives: It is expected to be integrated into government schemes like Ayushman Bharat, strengthening the country’s universal healthcare mission.
- Boosts MedTech Ecosystem: This innovation is a major stride in positioning India as a global player in the high-end medical devices sector.
DHRUVA(Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address)
- 01 Jun 2025
In News:
In May 2025, the Department of Posts, under the Ministry of Communications, released the policy framework for DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) — a key initiative aimed at creating a standardized, geo-coded digital address infrastructure across India.
What is DHRUVA?
DHRUVA is a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) initiative that conceptualizes Address-as-a-Service (AaaS) — a secure, consent-based, and interoperable system for managing and sharing address data. It builds upon the earlier DIGIPIN (Digital Postal Index Number) system, which created a national-level, geo-tagged addressing grid for improved governance and service delivery.
Objectives of DHRUVA
- Transform address information into a digital public good.
- Enable secure, standardized, and interoperable access to address data across sectors.
- Empower users with control and consent over how their address data is shared.
- Promote public-private collaboration in areas like logistics, e-governance, and financial inclusion.
Key Features
- DIGIPIN Backbone: Utilizes the Digital Postal Index Number system, allowing logical and directional naming of addresses with precise geolocation.
- Address-as-a-Service (AaaS): Facilitates seamless address validation, authentication, and sharing across government and private platforms.
- User Autonomy: Individuals can manage and consent to how their address data is used, ensuring privacy and user-centric governance.
- Open & Inclusive Access: The infrastructure is freely accessible, promoting innovation and broad-based adoption.
- Consent Framework: Address data sharing will be user-approved, ensuring a secure and trusted digital ecosystem.
Significance of DHRUVA
- Geospatial Governance: Enhances planning, disaster management, and delivery of public services through precise address mapping.
- Improved Logistics & E-Commerce: Enables more efficient last-mile delivery, reducing ambiguity in address identification.
- Financial Inclusion: Facilitates smoother KYC, subsidy disbursement, and service access in rural and underserved areas.
- Ease of Living & Digital India: Aligns with broader national goals by supporting smart governance and digital transformation.
- Public-Private Synergy: Encourages co-creation of solutions by government bodies and private enterprises based on shared, trusted digital address data.
India’s Provisional GDP Estimates for FY 2024–25
- 01 Jun 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the Provisional Estimates (PEs) of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Value Added (GVA) for the financial year 2024–25 (FY25), providing a comprehensive picture of the country's economic performance.
Understanding GDP and GVA
- GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the total expenditure in the economy, including consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports — representing the demand side.
- GVA (Gross Value Added) evaluates the income generated from the production of goods and services in different sectors — representing the supply side.
- The two are related by the formula:GDP = GVA + Taxes – Subsidies
- Both are reported in nominal terms (current prices) and real terms (adjusted for inflation).
Nature of Provisional Estimates
- The estimates are termed provisional because they include data from all four quarters but are subject to revision:
- First Advance Estimates (FAE): January
- Second Advance Estimates (SAE): February
- Provisional Estimates (PE): May
- Revised Estimates: Finalized over the next two years (in 2026 and 2027 for FY25)
Key Economic Indicators for FY 2024–25
- Nominal GDP
- Estimated at ?330.68 lakh crore, showing a 9.8% growth over FY24.
- In dollar terms (?85.559/USD), India’s economy reached $3.87 trillion.
- However, this 9.8% nominal growth marks the third-slowest since 2014.
- Real GDP
- Rose by 6.5%, reaching ?187.97 lakh crore.
- The real GDP growth slowed from 9.2% in FY24, indicating reduced economic momentum.
- Sectoral GVA Performance
- Overall GVA grew by 6.4%, down from 8.6% in FY24.
- Sector-wise real GVA growth:
- Agriculture & Allied Activities: 4.4% (up from 2.7% last year)
- Industry (including Manufacturing & Construction): 6.1%
- Services: 7.5% (notable growth in public admin, trade, and finance)
- Q4 FY25 Trends
- Real GDP growth: 7.4%
- Nominal GDP growth: 10.8%
- Indicates a strong end-of-year performance.
Structural Insights and Concerns
- Manufacturing Weakness:Since FY20, manufacturing GVA CAGR (4.04%) lags behind agriculture (4.72%), signaling industrial stagnation.
- Employment Implications:Manufacturing’s sluggishness contributes to high urban unemployment and labour migration to rural/agricultural sectors.
- Consumption and Investment Revival:
- Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) grew by 7.2%.
- Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) increased by 7.1%, indicating investment momentum.
Significance for Policymaking
- The GDP data serves as a basis for fiscal planning, monetary policy decisions, and public investment.
- It highlights India’s position as one of the fastest-growing major economies, while also revealing structural vulnerabilities — particularly in manufacturing.
- For international comparison, real GDP is crucial as it neutralizes inflationary differences across countries.
Zangezur Corridor
- 01 Jun 2025
In News:
The Zangezur Corridor gained renewed attention following the visit of Armenia’s Security Council Secretary to New Delhi, where he held discussions with India’s National Security Advisor, AjitDoval.
What is the Zangezur Corridor?
The Zangezur Corridor is a proposed transport and transit route that aims to connect mainland Azerbaijan with its exclave, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, by bypassing Armenia’s Syunik Province. The corridor passes through the Zangezur region, which is currently part of southern Armenia and has been a historically disputed territory since World War I.
Geographical and Strategic Linkages
- On the Azerbaijani side, the corridor integrates with the Horadiz-Agbend highway and railway infrastructure.
- On the Turkish side, it connects with the Nakhchivan-Igdir-Kars railway and highway, creating a direct land route from Azerbaijan to Turkey, and further west to Anatolia and Europe.
- The corridor, therefore, would serve as a critical land bridge across the South Caucasus, improving connectivity between Europe and Asia.
Economic and Strategic Significance
- The corridor is envisioned to:
- Boost regional trade and connectivity across Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, Russia, and Central Asia.
- Reduce transportation time and costs between Azerbaijan and Nakhchivan.
- Improve logistics infrastructure and increase supply chain efficiency across the region.
- It has implications for wider Eurasian integration, especially as global trade seeks alternatives to vulnerable chokepoints like the Suez Canal.
India’s Strategic Interest
India's engagement with the Zangezur Corridor gained attention after a meeting between India’s National Security Advisor and Armenia’s Security Council Secretary in New Delhi.
India’s interests in the region include:
- Chabahar Port in Iran: India’s investment here aims to create a secure route to Central Asia and Europe.
- Engagement with Armenia: India has been increasing strategic and defence cooperation with Armenia.
- Alternative Connectivity: The Zangezur Corridor challenges India’s north-south connectivity vision, as it could marginalize the Chabahar route if dominated by Turkish-Azerbaijani interests.
- Geopolitical Balance: India's presence helps counterbalance Turkish-Pakistani influence in the South Caucasus.
Boothapandi Rock Grooves
- 01 Jun 2025
In News:
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has recently unearthed one of the first known Neolithic rock grooves in Kanniyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, specifically near Boothapandi village. These grooves—estimated to be around 4,000 years old—were likely created by Neolithic people to sharpen tools and weapons used for hunting, agriculture, and digging.
The discovery was made during a field study conducted by K. Hari Gopalakrishnan, ASI Officer (Tirunelveli &Kanniyakumari), and M. Faisal of the Sembavalam Research Centre. The grooves vary in size:
- Length: 8 cm to 15 cm
- Width: 3 cm to 4 cm
Such grooves have also been previously documented in Krishnagiri, Tiruvannamalai, and Villupuram districts of Tamil Nadu. The find strongly suggests the presence of Neolithic human activity in southernmost India and adds a significant layer to our understanding of prehistoric settlements in the region.
Neolithic Age
The Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) marks the final stage of prehistoric human evolution before the emergence of metal tools. Beginning around 10,000 BCE, it coincides with the Holocene Epoch and follows the Paleolithic Age (chipped-stone tools) and precedes the Bronze Age.
Key Features of the Neolithic Age
- Lifestyle Shift: Transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture and animal domestication.
- Permanent Settlements: Emergence of village communities with mud-and-reed houses, both rectangular and circular in design.
- Toolmaking: Development of polished and ground stone tools.
- Crafts and Culture: Rise of pottery, weaving, alcohol production, and early architecture.
- Burial Practices: Use of status objects (e.g., jade, pottery) in burials indicates belief in afterlife and emerging social hierarchies.
- By the end of the Neolithic era, copper metallurgy began, marking the Chalcolithic (Copper-Stone) Age. Eventually, bronze tools replaced stone ones, signaling the end of the Stone Age and the dawn of early civilizations.
Major Neolithic Sites in India
- Burzahom – Kashmir
- Chirand (Chiron) – Bihar
- Uttarapalli – Andhra Pradesh
- Edakkal Caves – Kerala
- Boothapandi (newly identified) – Tamil Nadu
Perito Moreno Glacier
- 01 Jun 2025
In News:
- The Perito Moreno Glacier, often referred to as the ‘White Giant’, is Argentina’s most iconic glacier, located in the Los Glaciares National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Situated in the Andes Mountains, near El Calafate in Santa Cruz province, this glacier spans approximately 250 sq km—about the size of Patna, Bihar—and stretches 30 km in length, with ice walls rising 60 meters above water.
- Formed during the last Ice Age (~18,000 years ago), Perito Moreno has historically remained unusually stable, defying the global trend of rapid glacier retreat. However, this stability changed around 2020, raising alarms among scientists.
Recent Developments and Ice Calving Events
- Perito Moreno is globally renowned for its ice calving events, where massive blocks of ice break off into the lake with thunderous crashes. These events, though natural due to the glacier’s forward motion, have recently become more intense.
- On April 21, 2025, a colossal ice chunk the size of a 20-story building plunged 70 meters into the water—an increasingly frequent occurrence in the past 4–6 years.
- According to local experts and a 2024 government-backed report, the glacier has been retreating steadily since 2015, with an average mass loss of 0.85 meters annually—the fastest in nearly five decades.
- Between 2020 and 2023, the glacier lost over 700 meters of mass, equivalent to around seven large ice blocks.
Causes: Global Warming & Climate Impact
- The primary cause behind this dramatic retreat is climate change. Scientists from IANIGLA (Argentine Institute of Glaciology and Environmental Sciences) and CONICET state that the region has experienced an air temperature rise of 0.06°C per decade and reduced precipitation, leading to less snow accumulation and thinning of the glacier.
Global Perspective on Glacier Retreat
Perito Moreno is now part of a larger, alarming global trend.
- A 2024 study in Nature estimates that glaciers worldwide are losing 273 billion tonnes of ice annually, contributing to a 2 cm rise in global sea levels this century alone.
- A UNESCO report (March 2025) highlighted that glaciers (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) have shed over 9,000 billion tonnes of ice since 1975—comparable to an ice block the size of Germany with 25 meters thickness.
Environmental Significance
- Freshwater Source: Perito Moreno is a major reservoir of freshwater in Argentina.
- Tourism: The glacier attracts global tourists, boosting the local economy.
- Climate Indicator: Its recent retreat reflects the delayed but accelerating impact of global warming, making it a critical environmental bellwether.
World’s First 3D-Printed Train Station unveiled in Japan
- 10 Apr 2025
In News:
Japan’s West Japan Railway Company has unveiled the world’s first 3D-printed train station — Hatsushima Station in Arida city. Notably, the station was constructed in less than six hours, highlighting a major advancement in construction technology.
Understanding 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing)
What is 3D Printing?
3D Printing, or Additive Manufacturing, is a process of creating three-dimensional objects by layering material based on a digital design. Unlike traditional (subtractive) manufacturing, which removes material, this method adds material layer by layer, ensuring reduced waste and the ability to produce complex geometries.
How 3D Printing Works:
- Design Phase: A 3D digital model is created using CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software and saved in formats like .STL or .OBJ.
- Slicing: The model is sliced into horizontal layers using specialized software.
- Printing: The printer deposits material layer-by-layer according to the sliced file. Each layer solidifies to form the final shape.
- Post-Processing: The object is finished through processes such as curing, sanding, or painting.
Major 3D Printing Technologies:
- Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM): Uses melted thermoplastic filaments to build objects layer-by-layer.
- Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): Uses lasers to fuse powdered plastics or metals into solid forms.
- Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS): Employs a laser to fuse metal powders — widely used in aerospace and medical sectors.
- Material Jetting: Deposits photopolymer droplets, cured with UV light — ideal for high-precision and colorful prototypes.
Limitations of 3D Printing:
- Material Restrictions: Only specific plastics, metals, and composites are compatible with given printers.
- Size Constraints: Limited build volume necessitates assembling larger items from smaller parts.
- Structural Weakness: Objects may have weak joints due to the layered structure, reducing suitability for high-stress uses.
- IP Challenges: Digital design files can be easily shared, posing risks of counterfeiting and intellectual property theft.
Poshan Pakhwada 2025 and Palna Scheme
- 10 Apr 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) is spearheading a dual approach to address malnutrition and childcare challenges in India through two flagship initiatives—Poshan Pakhwada 2025 and the Palna Scheme under Mission Shakti.
Poshan Pakhwada 2025
- 7th edition observed from April 8–22, 2025, under Poshan Abhiyaan.
- Focuses on four key themes:
- Nutrition in the first 1,000 days (conception to age two).
- Promotion of the Poshan Tracker digital platform.
- Community-based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM).
- Encouraging a healthy lifestyle to reduce childhood obesity.
- Poshan Tracker App (AI-enabled; launched in 2021):
- Registers all Anganwadi Centres (AWCs).
- Enables real-time monitoring of beneficiaries, meal distribution, and health data.
- Allows family self-registration via web.
- CMAM protocol (introduced in 2023): Empowers Anganwadi workers to detect and manage malnutrition at the grassroots.
- Special focus on tribal and remote areas, promoting awareness on breastfeeding, balanced diets, and early stimulation.
- Campaign supported by 18 partner ministries, with outreach via village camps, home visits, and awareness drives.
Palna Scheme under Mission Shakti
- Centrally sponsored scheme launched in 2022, succeeding the National Crèche Scheme.
- Operates under the Samarthya sub-scheme of Mission Shakti.
- Aims to provide quality crèche services for children aged 6 months to 6 years, especially for working mothers.
Key Features:
- Implemented by: Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD).
- Funding Ratio:
- 60:40 (Centre: State),
- 90:10 for NE and special category states.
- Two crèche models:
- Standalone Crèches near homes/workplaces.
- Anganwadi-cum-Crèches (AWCCs) integrated within Anganwadi Centres.
- Facilities Provided:
- Nutritional meals, growth monitoring, immunization.
- Early stimulation and pre-school education.
- Support for continued breastfeeding.
- Crèche Capacity: Each unit supports up to 25 children.
- As of March 2025:
- 11,395 AWCCs approved across 34 States/UTs; 1,761 operational, catering to ~28,783 children.
- 1,284 Standalone Crèches operational with ~23,368 children enrolled.
- 17,000 new AWCCs planned for 2024–25.
- Legal Backing: Mandated in workplaces with 50+ employees under the Maternity Benefit Act (amended).
Significance for India
Together, Poshan Pakhwada and Palna contribute to achieving SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) by ensuring a lifecycle approach to nutrition and holistic early childhood care. They reflect the government's commitment to digital governance, gender empowerment, and inclusive development.
World Health Day 2025
- 08 Apr 2025
In News:
World Health Day, observed annually on 7 April, highlights pressing global health issues and mobilises action to improve public health outcomes.
- Established by: World Health Organization (WHO)
- First celebrated: 1950
Overview and Significance
World Health Day is commemorated to mark the founding of the WHO in 1948. It serves to raise awareness about global health issues and mobilize efforts to improve public health outcomes.
The 2025 theme, Healthy Beginnings, Hopeful Futures, emphasizes maternal and newborn health, calling for coordinated efforts to eliminate preventable deaths and support long-term well-being of women and children.
This year’s observance launches a year-long global campaign aimed at:
- Promoting safe pregnancies and institutional deliveries
- Supporting maternal nutrition and postnatal care
- Encouraging healthcare equity for women and newborns
India’s Progress in Maternal and Child Health
India has made significant strides through initiatives under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, particularly via Ayushman Bharat and the National Health Mission (NHM).
Key Health Indicators (India vs Global, 1990–2020)
Indicator India Reduction (%) Global Reduction (%)
Maternal Mortality Ratio 83% 42%
Neonatal Mortality Rate 65% 51%
Infant Mortality Rate 69% 55%
Under-5 Mortality Rate 75% 58%
Recent National Data:
- MMR reduced from 130 (2014–16) to 97 (2018–20) per 1,00,000 live births
- IMR dropped from 39 (2014) to 28 (2020)
- NMR reduced from 26 (2014) to 20 (2020)
- U5MR declined from 45 (2014) to 32 (2020)
Major Initiatives for Maternal and Child Health
- Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR): Tracks maternal deaths and implements corrective measures.
- Mother and Child Protection (MCP) Card: Educates women on nutrition, rest, and health entitlements.
- Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Portal: Tracks maternal and child health services.
- Anaemia Mukt Bharat: Focuses on anaemia reduction under POSHAN Abhiyan.
- Birth Waiting Homes: Ensures institutional deliveries in remote areas.
- VHSNDs and Outreach Camps: Deliver maternal and child services in rural and tribal areas.
Healthcare Access and Infrastructure
- Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (HWCs): 1.76 lakh active centers
- 107.10 crore screenings for hypertension
- 94.56 crore screenings for diabetes
- 5.06 crore wellness sessions (e.g., yoga) conducted
- 17,000+ health facilities certified under National Quality Assurance Standards (NQAS)
Digital Health Ecosystem
- Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM):
- 76+ crore ABHA IDs
- 5.95 lakh verified healthcare professionals
- 52+ crore linked health records
- U-WIN Platform:
- 7.90 crore beneficiaries
- 1.32 crore vaccination sessions
- 29.22 crore vaccine doses administered
- eSanjeevani Telemedicine:
- Over 36 crore consultations
- World's largest primary telehealth platform
- 130+ specialities, 131,793 spokes, and 17,051 hubs
Disease Elimination Success
- The WHO World Malaria Report 2024 highlights India’s major strides in malaria elimination, with a 69% drop in cases and 68% reduction in deaths between 2017 and 2023.
- Contributing just 0.8% of global cases in 2023, India’s exit from WHO's High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) group in 2024 marks a significant public health achievement.
- The Government of India has eliminated Trachoma as a public health problem in 2024, a feat recognised by the WHO.
- The Government of India’s proactive Measles-Rubella vaccination drive, strong surveillance, and public awareness efforts have greatly improved public health.
- According to WHO’s Global TB Report, India has made strong progress in tuberculosis control.
- Under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP), TB incidence fell by 17.7%, from 237 to 195 cases per lakh population between 2015 and 2023.
- TB-related deaths also declined from 28 to 22 per lakh.
- Notably, missing TB cases dropped by 83%, from 15 lakh in 2015 to 2.5 lakh in 2023.
- As of 6th April, 2025, the Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan, launched in September 2022, has registered over 2.5 lakh Ni-kshay Mitra volunteers supporting over 15 lakh TB patients. This initiative has further been expanded to include family members of TB patients.
- Kala-azar Elimination: India has successfully achieved Kala-azar elimination as of October 2024, with 100% of endemic blocks reaching the target of less than one case per 10,000 population by the end of 2023.
INS Varsha
- 08 Apr 2025
In News:
India is set to operationalise INS Varsha, its first dedicated base for nuclear-powered submarines, by 2026. Located near Rambilli, about 50 km south of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, this high-security facility is part of the classified Project Varsha, aimed at strengthening India’s maritime and nuclear deterrence capabilities in the Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
Key Features:
- Strategic Location: Near deep waters of the Bay of Bengal, facilitating stealthy submarine movement and minimizing detection.
- Infrastructure:
- Underground pens and tunnel systems to conceal and protect nuclear submarines.
- Inner and outer harbour facilities; inner harbour completed, work ongoing on breakwaters and jetties.
- 20 sq. km area, capacity to house at least 10–12 nuclear submarines.
- Stealth Capabilities: Similar to China’s Hainan base, it offers satellite-evasion advantages, crucial for the survivability of SSBNs (nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines).
- Support Facilities: Proximity to BARC Atchutapuram for nuclear infrastructure, enabling swift integration and maintenance of strategic assets.
- Geopolitical Role: Counters Chinese dual-use naval infrastructure at Hambantota (Sri Lanka) and BNS Sheikh Hasina (Bangladesh).
Strategic Significance:
- Enhances second-strike capability, vital for nuclear deterrence under India's nuclear triad.
- Enables undetected deterrent patrols by SSBNs, ensuring survivability in case of counterforce attacks.
- Facilitates rapid access to key chokepoints, especially the Strait of Malacca.
India’s Expanding Nuclear Submarine Fleet
INS Aridhaman – Third SSBN:
- Scheduled for commissioning in 2025.
- 7,000-tonne displacement, more capable than predecessors INS Arihant and INS Arighat.
- Equipped with K-4 Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs) with a range of 3,500 km.
- Built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project by Shipbuilding Centre, Visakhapatnam, with BARC and DRDO support.
- Designed for long-duration deterrent patrols in deep sea.
Future Developments:
- India launched its fourth SSBN in November 2024, with ~75% indigenous content.
- Plans underway for even larger SSBNs and the construction of six nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs), starting with two approved 9,800-tonne SSNs for conventional strike and escort roles.
Related Naval Expansion – Project Seabird (Karwar Base):
- Located on the western coast, expanding to accommodate 50 warships and submarines, plus 40 auxiliary vessels.
- Will include a dual-use air station, new dockyard, and multiple dry berths.
Ayush Suraksha Portal
- 31 May 2025
In News:
The Ayush Suraksha Portal was launched in May 2025 by the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Ayush, in compliance with the Supreme Court's directive. The portal marks a major step in enhancing regulatory oversight, public safety, and pharmacovigilance within the Ayush sector.
Objective
The portal aims to:
- Monitor and act on misleading advertisements.
- Track and respond to adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
- Promote transparency, accountability, and public participation in the regulation of traditional medicine systems.
Key Features
- Centralised digital platform for real-time reporting and analysis of misleading advertisements and ADRs.
- Accessible to the general public, healthcare professionals, and regulatory authorities.
- Ensures direct citizen participation by allowing users to report issues and track action taken.
- Developed with technical support from the Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS).
- Integrated with the National Pharmacovigilance Program for Ayush.
Institutional Integration
The portal coordinates with multiple regulatory and enforcement bodies:
- Ayush vertical under CDSCO
- Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (MoI&B)
- Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)
- National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM)
- National Commission for Homoeopathy (NCH)
- Pharmacy Council of India (PCI)
- Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
- State Licensing Authorities (SLAs)
Significance
- Meets the Supreme Court’s deadline ahead of time, reinforcing legal compliance.
- Enables real-time regulatory action, inter-state coordination, and data-driven governance.
- Enhances public trust and safety in the use of traditional medicines.
- Reflects the Ministry of Ayush’s commitment to evidence-based practices and responsible governance.
National Florence Nightingale Award 2025
- 31 May 2025
In News:
The President of India recently conferred the National Florence Nightingale Awards 2025 to exemplary nursing professionals in a formal ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
About the National Florence Nightingale Awards
- Established: 1973
- Administered by: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
- Purpose: To honour exceptional contributions of nursing personnel across India in recognition of their meritorious service to society.
The award is open to nurses working in government, private, and voluntary healthcare settings, including hospitals, community health centres, educational institutions, and administrative roles.
Award Components
- Certificate of Merit
- Cash Prize: ?1,00,000
- Medal of Honour
About Florence Nightingale
- Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) was a pioneering English nurse, social reformer, and statistician, widely considered the founder of modern nursing.
- She gained recognition during the Crimean War for organizing the care of wounded soldiers in Constantinople (now Istanbul).
She also revolutionized nursing education by establishing the Nightingale School of Nursing at St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, the first institution based on scientific nursing principles.
Ahilyabai Holkar
- 31 May 2025
In News:
On the 300th birth anniversary of Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar, the Prime Minister will participate in the Mahila Sashaktikaran Maha Sammelan in Bhopal to honour her enduring legacy.
Historical Background
- Born: 31 May 1725
- Ruled: Malwa region (1767–1795) as part of the Maratha Confederacy
- Dynasty: Holkar
- Capital: Maheshwar (now in Madhya Pradesh)
Initially serving as a regent, Ahilyabai Holkar became the sovereign ruler after her husband and father-in-law’s deaths. Her rule is widely regarded as the golden age of the Holkar dynasty.
Governance and Administrative Reforms
- Ahilyabai was known for her equitable justice system, exemplified by the sentencing of her own son for a capital crime.
- She abolished discriminatory practices, such as the law confiscating property from childless widows.
- Courts for dispute resolution were established, and she remained accessible to the public, holding daily audiences.
- She broke gender norms by not observing purdah, a rare move for female rulers of the time.
Military Leadership
- Trained under Malhar Rao Holkar, she led her forces in battle.
- Appointed Tukoji Rao Holkar (Malhar Rao’s adopted son) as army commander.
- In 1792, she engaged a French officer, Chevalier Dudrenec, to modernize her army by establishing four battalions.
Cultural and Architectural Contributions
- A patron of literature and arts, she invited scholars like Moropant, Ananta Gandhi, and Khushali Ram to her court.
- Promoted craft and industry, notably founding the Maheshwar textile industry—famous today for Maheshwari sarees.
- Commissioned the construction and restoration of hundreds of Hindu temples and dharamshalas across India.
- Her most iconic act was the renovation of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi in 1780.
- Also contributed to infrastructure development, including roads, wells, forts, and rest houses.
Titles and Recognition
- Referred to as ‘Punyashlok’, meaning one as pure as sacred chants.
- British historian John Keay called her the ‘Philosopher Queen’.
Demise and Succession
Ahilyabai passed away on 13 August 1795 at the age of 70. She was succeeded by Tukoji Rao Holkar, who later abdicated in favour of Jaswant Rao Holkar. Jaswant Rao remained the last Holkar to rule independently until 1804.
Swachh Survekshan Grameen (SSG) 2025
- 31 May 2025
In News:
The Union Minister of Jal Shakti recently launched Swachh Survekshan Grameen (SSG) 2025, India’s largest rural sanitation survey, conducted by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
Objective and Scope:
SSG 2025 is designed to evaluate the impact and sustainability of rural sanitation outcomes achieved under the Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin (SBM-G) Phase II, particularly focusing on the Open Defecation Free (ODF) Plus Model.
- The survey aims to rank all States, Union Territories, and Districts based on both quantitative and qualitative sanitation indicators.
- 21,000 villages across 761 districts in 34 States/UTs will be covered.
Key Assessment Components:
The evaluation follows a structured framework with four major components:
- Service-Level Progress (SLP): Based on data from district self-assessments and verification of ODF Plus Model villages.
- Direct Observation of Sanitation Status: Field-based observations in sampled villages, households, and public places such as schools and Common Service Centers (CSCs).
- Infrastructure Functionality Check: Includes assessment of:
- Plastic Waste Management Units (PWMUs)
- Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) plants
- GOBARdhan plants
- Swachhata Green Leaf Rating (SGLR) sites
- Citizen Feedback: Collected through a dedicated mobile application and direct interviews, ensuring community participation and transparency.
Key Innovations in SSG 2025:
- Geo-fencing for data authenticity and integrity.
- Emphasis on Jan Bhagidari (public participation) to sustain and validate sanitation achievements.
- Engagement of an independent agency for unbiased survey implementation.
- Launch of Swachhata Chronicles Volume III and a compendium of best practices from States to promote knowledge sharing.
Significance:
- Reinforces India’s commitment to sustainable sanitation and rural development.
- Encourages evidence-based policy interventions and fosters competitive federalism.
- Highlights sanitation as a continuous developmental journey, not a one-time target.
India and the United Nations Peacekeeping
- 30 May 2025
In News:
Two Indian peacekeepers—Brigadier General Amitabh Jha (UNDOF) and Havildar Sanjay Singh (MONUSCO)—are being posthumously awarded the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal by the United Nations. Their sacrifice will be honoured at the U.N. Headquarters during the International Day of U.N. Peacekeepers on May 29, 2025.
Overview:
- Instituted: 1997
- Purpose: Posthumous honour to U.N. peacekeepers who die in service under U.N. authority.
- Awarded on: Peacekeepers' Day (May 29) annually.
- Named after: Dag Hammarskjöld, the 2nd U.N. Secretary-General, who died in a 1961 plane crash during a peace mission in Congo.
- First award (1998): Dag Hammarskjöld and Commandant René de Labarrière (first peacekeeper to die in a U.N. mission, 1948).
Other UN Peacekeeping Awards
- Captain Mbaye Diagne Medal for Exceptional Courage: Recognizes U.N. personnel displaying exceptional bravery.
- UN Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award: Recognizes peacekeepers promoting gender equality under UNSC Resolution 1325.
- 2023 recipient: Major Radhika Sen (India, MONUSCO).
- 2024 recipients: Sqn. Ldr. Sharon Syme (Ghana) and Superintendent Zainab Gbla (Sierra Leone), both serving in UNISFA.
India’s Contribution to UN Peacekeeping
- Total personnel deployed (2025): Over 5,300 Indian troops in missions in: Abyei, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Lebanon, Somalia, South Sudan, and Western Sahara.
- Historical role:
- Since 1950s, India has contributed over 290,000 personnel to 50+ peacekeeping missions.
- India is among the top four contributors of uniformed personnel.
- Engagement includes training, capacity building, and technology support for U.N. missions.
UN Peacekeeping: Global Overview
- Established: 1948 (First mission: United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in the Middle East).
- Cumulative personnel served: Over 2 million in 71 operations.
- Current strength (2025): Around 68,000 personnel from 119 countries in 11 missions across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.
- Peacekeepers who have died since 1948: Over 4,400.
Theme 2025: ‘The Future of Peacekeeping’
- Linked to: Pact for the Future adopted in 2024 by global leaders.
- Aim: To reform peacekeeping for modern challenges.
- UN Secretary-General António Guterres emphasized the need for a peacekeeping force ready to face "increasingly complex" global situations.
Stromatolites in India
- 30 May 2025
In News:
600-million-year-old stromatolites in the Himalayas tell the story of an ocean lost and Earth’s first breath.
What are Stromatolites?
Stromatolites are organo-sedimentary structures formed by the entrapment of calcium carbonate precipitates by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in shallow marine environments. These layered, dome-shaped mounds represent some of the earliest evidence of life on Earth, with their formation driven by photosynthetic microbial mats.
- Composition: Typically found in limestone, shale, and sandstone.
- Structure: Characterized by laminated layers that may appear flat, dome-shaped, or columnar.
- Habitat (Ancient & Modern): Mostly marine; some ancient forms inhabited freshwater and intertidal zones. Today, living stromatolites survive in limited saline lagoons and bays.
Latest Discovery: Chambaghat, Himachal Pradesh
A major stromatolite outcrop, dating back 600 million years, was recently found in Chambaghat, Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. These structures lie within the Krol Group of sedimentary rocks — a part of the ancient Tethys Sea that existed before the Indian plate collided with Eurasia.
- Elevation: Found at 5,000–6,000 ft above sea level, showcasing tectonic uplift.
- Age Significance: Though not the oldest globally or in India, these are among the younger but well-preserved stromatolites, possibly from the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary (~543–548 million years ago).
Scientific Importance
- Geological Record: Stromatolites document Earth's atmospheric shift from a greenhouse gas-rich to an oxygen-rich environment — a transformation driven by photosynthetic cyanobacteria.
- The Great Oxidation Event (GOE): Occurred ~2.4 billion years ago, when oxygen produced by cyanobacteria began accumulating in the atmosphere, enabling the evolution of multicellular life.
- Tectonic History: Their presence in the Himalayas illustrates the story of the Gondwana supercontinent, India’s northward drift, and the closure of the Tethys Sea.
Global and Indian Context
- Oldest Stromatolites (Global): ~3.6 billion years old from Western Australia.
- Oldest in India: ~2.5 billion years old in the Dharwar Supergroup, Karnataka.
Prominent Stromatolite Sites in India:
Region Geological Feature
Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Columnar stromatolites in Vindhyan limestones
Morni Hills, Haryana Preserved stromatolites in dolomite
Mussoorie & Nainital, Uttarakhand Precambrian marine stromatolites in Krol Belt
Jaisalmer Fossil Park, Rajasthan Protected Mesozoic marine fossil site
Dharwar Supergroup, Karnataka Neoarchean stromatolites (~2.6 billion years old)
Bhima Basin, Karnataka Precambrian stromatolites in shallow marine limestones
Preservation and Geoheritage
Geologists and experts advocate for declaring Chambaghat as a Geoheritage Park, involving local communities and schools to foster awareness. The goal is to integrate science with tourism, conservation, and education.
- Challenge: Many stromatolitic sites across India face neglect or risk from mining and construction, despite their scientific and educational potential.
- Appeal: Proposal for UNESCO Geoheritage status to protect and promote this prehistoric legacy.
Pedicularis rajeshiana
- 30 May 2025
In News:
Researchers from the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), have discovered a new plant species — Pedicularis rajeshiana — in the high-altitude regions of Rohtang Pass, Himachal Pradesh.
Key Facts:
Taxonomy and Classification
- Scientific Name: Pedicularis rajeshiana
- Family: Orobanchaceae
- Common Group: Louseworts (Hemiparasitic plants – partially dependent on host plants for nutrients, but also photosynthetic)
- Named by: Botanist Dr. Arti Garg, formerly of BSI Prayagraj, now with BSI Dehradun
- Publication: Officially recorded in the international journal Phytotaxa (Mongolia)
Habitat and Discovery
- Location: Rohtang Pass, Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas
- Altitude: ~4,390 metres (14,400 feet)
- Habitat: Shaded rocky slopes in scattered patches
- Discovery Project: "Flora of India" initiative by MoEF&CC and BSI
Unique Botanical Characteristics
- Size: Smaller than related species like P. porrecta and P. heydei
- Floral Features:
- Deeply cut lower labium (lip)
- Stamens positioned at three distinct levels inside the flower
- Rare pollen morphology with croton-like surface texture
- Two flowers observed with twin galea (hood-like structures) — a first in the genus, possibly an evolutionary trait to enhance pollination
Ecological Significance
- Endemicity: Many Pedicularis species are habitat-specific and endemic to certain Himalayan regions
- India's Diversity: Home to 83 known species of Pedicularis, with 36 in the western Himalayas
- Conservation Value: The specificity of habitat and rarity suggest potential threat status; conservation is crucial.
India’s Sharp Decline in Poverty
- 29 May 2025
In News:
Recent Household Consumption Expenditure Surveys (2022–23 and 2023–24) by the National Statistical Office (NSO), alongside a World Bank Poverty & Equity Brief, highlight a historic decline in poverty in India. This achievement is largely attributed to sustained GDP growth and declining inequality.
Key Findings:
Poverty Reduction Trends (2011–12 to 2023–24)
- All-India Poverty Ratio: Fell from 29.5% (2011–12) → 9.5% (2022–23) → 4.9% (2023–24).
- Extreme Poverty (<$2.15/day, PPP): Declined from 16.2% → 2.3% (2011–12 to 2022–23).
- Lower-Middle Income Poverty (<$3.65/day): Declined from 61.8% → 28.1%.
Updated Poverty Lines (Rangarajan Committee Methodology):
Area 2011–12 2022–23 2023–24
Rural ?972 ?1,837 ?1,940
Urban ?1,407 ?2,603 ?2,736
- For a 5-member urban household, the 2023–24 poverty threshold is ?13,680/month.
Factors Driving Poverty Reduction:
- High GDP Growth: Rose from 7.6% (2022–23) to 9.2% (2023–24).
- Moderating Inflation: Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation dropped from 6.7% to 5.4%, enhancing real incomes. However, food inflation rose to 7.5%, affecting poor households disproportionately.
- Inequality Decline:
- Gini Coefficient fell from 0.310 (2011–12) → 0.282 (2022–23) → 0.253 (2023–24).
- Urban areas saw faster decline in consumption inequality.
Nature and Depth of Poverty:
- Poverty Near the Threshold:
- Over 50% of the poor lie between 75–100% of the poverty line.
- Large share of non-poor lie just above the line (115–125%), making them vulnerable.
- Depth Analysis (Raised Cut-Offs): Even at 125% of the poverty line, poverty fell by 34.2 percentage points (2011–24), showing broad-based gains.
Regional & Structural Challenges:
- Persisting Regional Disparities: States like Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha still report higher poverty levels.
- Urban Informality & Data Gaps: Recent surveys underrepresent informal workers and migrants, skewing urban poverty estimates.
- Vulnerability to Shocks: Health crises, climate events, or inflation could push the near-poor back into poverty.
- Gaps in Welfare Coverage: Urban poor and migrant populations face limited access to PDS and safety nets.
Policy Imperatives:
- Targeted Cash Transfers: Scale up schemes like PM-GKAY, DBT for LPG, and tailor transfers to those just above the poverty line.
- Strengthen Rural Employment: Enhance MGNREGA funding and integrate climate-resilient jobs.
- Build Urban Safety Nets: Develop a comprehensive urban social protection framework for gig and informal sector workers.
- Education & Nutrition Investments: Bridge human capital gaps via PM POSHAN, Saksham Anganwadi.
- Continuous Poverty Monitoring: Institutionalize annual poverty tracking using real-time and multidimensional indicators.
Menstrual Hygiene in India: Insights from the 2025 Survey
- 29 May 2025
In News:
Menstrual Hygiene Day, observed annually on May 28, raises awareness about safe menstrual practices and their role in ensuring health, dignity, and equality for women and girls. Ahead of the day, the everteen Menstrual Hygiene Survey 2025 has highlighted growing concerns around misinformation, stigma, and access to menstrual products in India.
Key Findings from the Survey:
- Social Media & Misinformation:
- 71.6% of women find social media informative on menstruation.
- However, only 11.5% trust it during emergencies.
- 1 in 4 women reported that misinformation online negatively affected their menstrual health.
- Examples of Misinformation:
- Harmful remedies such as applying menstrual blood for skincare, or drinking coffee/lemonade for cramps.
- Myths like avoiding exercise, temple visits, or not washing hair during periods.
- Misleading claims linking light flow to infertility or tampon use to anatomical changes.
- Menstrual Pain & Remedies:
- 82.7% of respondents experience menstrual pain.
- Only 14.2% use painkillers; 41.5% use no remedy at all.
- Cramps roll-ons used by just 5.5%.
- Menstrual Products Usage:
- 87.8% use sanitary pads (most common).
- Disposable period panties (5.7%) are more popular than menstrual cups (4.7%) or tampons (1.6%).
- 35.4% purchase menstrual products online citing convenience and discounts.
- A significant number of offline buyers report discomfort at physical stores.
- Online Discourse:
- 34% of women shared personal menstrual experiences online.
- Yet, 37.6% feared privacy breaches and 11.4% feared social judgment.
Menstrual Hygiene: Broader Context
- Definition: Safe and hygienic management of menstruation, including the use of clean products, proper disposal, access to sanitation, and health education.
- Global Concern: According to UNICEF, 500 million women globally lack access to adequate menstrual hygiene facilities.
Challenges in India:
- Digital Myths & Stigma: Despite digital access, online spaces are rife with misinformation and taboo-laden content.
- Access Inequality: Significant urban-rural divide in menstrual health services, infrastructure, and product availability.
- Awareness Gaps: Cultural silence and lack of comprehensive health education still persist.
Policy Interventions & Governance:
- Relevant Government Initiatives:
- SUVIDHA Scheme: Affordable biodegradable sanitary napkins at Jan Aushadhi Kendras.
- Swachh Bharat Mission: Incorporates Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) into sanitation programs.
- Global Frameworks: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 – Right to clean water and sanitation, encompassing menstrual hygiene.
Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)
- 29 May 2025
In News:
In 2025, the early onset of the southwest monsoon in Kerala (May 24) and Mumbai (May 26—the earliest on record) was significantly influenced by the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), as reported by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
What is the MJO?
- The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a large-scale atmospheric phenomenon observed in the tropical belt (30°N to 30°S).
- It is an eastward-moving disturbance involving winds, clouds, pressure, and rainfall that circles the globe every 30 to 60 days (occasionally up to 90 days).
- Identified in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian, it differs from ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) in being intra-seasonal and transient.
Phases of MJO:
- Enhanced Convective Phase:
- Associated with increased cloudiness, low pressure, and above-normal rainfall.
- Characterized by rising air and moisture convergence.
- Suppressed Convective Phase:
- Brings clearer skies and reduced rainfall due to subsiding dry air.
- These phases shift eastward and influence weather globally, including India.
Formation and Movement:
- Triggered by surface wind convergence that causes upward motion, cloud formation, and upper-level wind divergence.
- Travels at 4–8 m/s, completing a global circuit roughly every 30–60 days.
MJO’s Impact on Indian Monsoon:
- MJO in active phase over the Indian Ocean can:
- Trigger early monsoon onset, as seen in 2024 and 2025.
- Enhance cyclogenesis and monsoon depressions.
- Improve intra-seasonal rainfall variability.
- May 2025 Event:
- The MJO was in Phase 4 with amplitude >1, indicating strong activity conducive to rainfall.
- This condition, along with favorable local and oceanic factors, supported early monsoon advancement in India.
Global Influence of MJO:
- Cyclone Modulation: Alters frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones.
- Weather Extremes: Affects jet streams, triggering cold surges, heatwaves, or floods in mid-latitudes (e.g., U.S., Europe, Australia).
- Interaction with ENSO: While not always directly linked, MJO can amplify or be influenced by El Niño conditions.
Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) 2.0
- 28 May 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Panchayati Raj recently held a two-day national write-shop in New Delhi to roll out the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) Version 2.0 for the financial year 2023–24. This updated version marks a significant stride toward enabling evidence-based, participatory local governance in India.
What is Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI)?
The PAI is a multi-domain, multi-sectoral index designed to assess the developmental progress, performance, and governance efficiency of Gram Panchayats. It aligns with the Localization of Sustainable Development Goals (LSDGs) and India's broader commitment to the 2030 SDG Agenda.
Key Features of PAI 2.0
- Framework: Based on 435 unique local indicators (331 mandatory, 104 optional), drawn from 566 data points across 9 LSDG themes, aligned with the National Indicator Framework (NIF) of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
- Purpose:
- Measures holistic development and well-being at the grassroots level.
- Helps identify developmental gaps and supports data-driven planning for Panchayats.
- Encourages bottom-up planning and governance.
- Performance Classification:
- Achiever: 90 and above
- Front Runner: 75 to <90
- Performer: 60 to <75
- Aspirant: 40 to <60
- Beginner: Below 40
Evolution from PAI 1.0 to 2.0
- PAI 1.0 established the baseline, covering 2.16 lakh Gram Panchayats across 29 States/UTs.
- PAI 2.0 offers enhanced functionality, efficiency, and user-friendliness, with refined indicators and improved data usability, while maintaining thematic comprehensiveness.
Recent Developments
- Launch of the PAI 2.0 Portal and a comprehensive PAI 2.0 Booklet for FY 2023–24 to guide implementation.
- According to the Ministry, PAI 2.0 now contains over 100 indicators that collectively offer a robust picture of social and economic development at the Panchayat level.
Jinchuanloong niedu
- 28 May 2025
In News:
A newly discovered genus and species of sauropod dinosaur, Jinchuanloong niedu, has been identified from fossil remains found in the Xinhe Formation near Jinchang city in Gansu Province, northwestern China. This discovery adds to the growing diversity of early-diverging sauropods from the Middle Jurassic period, dating back approximately 165 million years.
About Jinchuanloong niedu
- Jinchuanloong niedu belongs to the group Eusauropoda, which comprises early-diverging, strictly herbivorous, long-necked, quadrupedal dinosaurs.
- The fossil specimen includes a nearly complete skull with mandible, five cervical vertebrae, and 29 articulated caudal vertebrae.
- The skull measures approximately 31 cm in length and 12.5 cm in height. Notably, complete skulls are rare in non-neosauropod eusauropods due to their fragile nature.
- The skull is well-preserved, although slightly deformed due to compression. Most cranial sutures remain distinctly visible, aiding paleontological study.
Paleontological Significance
- This species is the earliest sauropod identified from Gansu Province, enriching the diversity of known early-diverging sauropods in East Asia.
- The discovery contributes valuable insights into sauropod evolution in northwest China, particularly during the Middle Jurassic.
- The presence of Jinchuanloong niedu helps trace lineage continuity in the aftermath of a global warming event during the late Early Jurassic, which led to the extinction of other sauropod groups, leaving only eusauropods.
Eusauropoda and Sauropod Evolution
- Sauropods, which existed from the Early Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous, were the largest land animals to have ever lived and were found on all continents.
- Characterized by massive size, long necks and tails, and a herbivorous diet, sauropods include both neosauropods and non-neosauropods.
- During the Middle and Late Jurassic, non-neosauropod eusauropods like Shunosaurus, Omeisaurus, and Mamenchisaurus-like taxa became dominant.
Kumbakonam Vetrilai (Betel Leaf)
- 28 May 2025
In News:
Kumbakonam Vetrilai, a traditional betel (paan) leaf variety cultivated in Tamil Nadu, was recently granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Government of India. This recognition was published in the Government Gazette in November 2024 and officially announced in April 2025, taking Tamil Nadu’s total GI products to 62.
Geographical and Agricultural Context
Kumbakonam Vetrilai is predominantly grown in the Cauvery river basin in Thanjavur district, covering areas like Kumbakonam, Ayyampettai, Swamimalai, Rajagiri, Thiruvaiyaru, and Papanasam. The region's fertile soil gives the leaves a distinct taste and aroma.
The oblong, heart-shaped leaves, ranging from dark to light green, are known for their pungent flavour and are a staple in South Asian households, used primarily in preparing paan—a post-meal chew with cultural and ceremonial value.
Cultivation and Harvest
The cultivation cycle begins with planting during March–May and August–October. Banana suckers are commonly used to provide shade for the vines. The first leaves, called kolundhu vetrilai, appear 20–25 days after planting.
- Maaruvethalai (1st year harvest): Yields larger leaves with a shelf life of 6–7 days and fetches premium market prices.
- Kelavethalai and Kattavethalai (2nd and 3rd year harvests): Smaller leaves with reduced yield.
The cultivation is labour- and capital-intensive, with most farmers operating on less than one acre. Adverse weather, soil issues, and labour shortages frequently impact profitability.
Cultural and Medicinal Value
Apart from its ritual and culinary use, betel leaf is valued for medicinal properties. Rich in antioxidants and chavicol (an anti-inflammatory compound), it aids digestion and is believed to help manage oxidative stress and diabetes-related conditions.
Economic and Export Potential
The leaves are sold at Rs. 80–180 per 100 leaves and are also exported. However, only about 10 out of 100 days are considered profitable due to market and climatic fluctuations.
GI Tag Benefits and Challenges
The GI tag:
- Confirms the authenticity and regional uniqueness of Kumbakonam Vetrilai.
- Helps curb misuse of the name and ensures only genuine, high-quality products are marketed.
- Boosts export potential and preserves agro-cultural heritage.
Despite this recognition, many farmers and sellers remain unaware of the GI tag. As per Sanjai Gandhi, the IP attorney behind the GI application, there's a pressing need for awareness, capacity-building, and marketing support to help stakeholders leverage the tag effectively.
Efforts are underway through outreach programs and school and college awareness initiatives. This GI tag is also notable as Thanjavur’s first agricultural GI recognition, adding to the region’s rich cultural profile.
RBI Dividend Transfer to Government (FY 2024–25)
- 27 May 2025
In News:
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved a record dividend transfer of ?2.69 lakh crore to the Government of India for FY 2024–25.
- This amount is 27% higher than the ?2.10 lakh crore transferred in the previous year (2023–24).
- The transfer follows the Revised Economic Capital Framework (ECF), approved on May 15, 2025.
What is a Dividend in Public Finance?
- A dividend is the non-tax revenue received by the government as the sole shareholder of the RBI.
- It helps bridge the fiscal deficit.
- RBI dividend distribution is governed by the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
- Unlike corporate dividends that require shareholder approval, RBI transfers are governed by policy mechanisms set by the Central Board.
Economic Capital Framework (ECF) and Risk Buffer
- The Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) has been raised to 7.5% of the RBI’s balance sheet for FY 2024–25.
- Earlier CRB levels:
- 5.5% (2018–22)
- 6% (2022–23)
- 6.5% (2023–24)
- The CRB helps ensure the RBI maintains sufficient capital to absorb financial shocks.
Reasons for Higher Surplus in 2024–25
- Robust foreign exchange (forex) sales, especially in January 2025, with RBI being the top seller among Asian central banks.
- Increased interest income from government securities and foreign investments.
- Gains from forex transactions during high market volatility.
- Forex reserves had peaked at $704 billion in September 2024, from which large volumes of dollars were sold to stabilise the rupee.
Implications for the Union Budget 2025–26
- The Budget had projected ?2.56 lakh crore as dividend income from RBI and PSUs; the actual RBI dividend itself exceeds this estimate.
- Experts expect the fiscal deficit to reduce by 20 basis points (bps) from the budgeted 4.4% to ~4.2% of GDP.
- The surplus provides a non-tax revenue cushion, helping offset shortfalls in tax or disinvestment receipts and manage additional spending.
Expert Views
- Surplus driven by prudent RBI policy, forex gains, and high interest income. CRB increase reduced the possible surplus, otherwise it could have exceeded ?3.5 lakh crore.
- The surplus equals 0.4–0.5 trillion (?40,000–?50,000 crore) or 11–14 bps of GDP, offering fiscal flexibility.
- Market expected ?3 lakh crore; disappointment due to higher risk buffer provisioning.
Massive Solar Eruption: The ‘Bird-Wing’ Event
- 27 May 2025
In News:
In May 2025, astronomers observed a dramatic solar eruption, dubbed the “Bird-Wing” event, due to its unique wing-like plasma structure. Originating from the Sun’s northern hemisphere, the eruption stretched over 1 million kilometers—more than twice the Earth-Moon distance.
Key Components of the Event
- Solar Flare:
- A sudden, intense burst of electromagnetic radiation caused by magnetic field realignment on the Sun.
- Classified from A to X (increasing order of X-ray brightness).
- Travels at light speed, reaching Earth in about 8 minutes.
- Can disrupt radio communication and GPS systems by affecting the ionosphere.
- Coronal Mass Ejection (CME):
- A massive release of charged solar plasma and magnetic fields into space.
- Travels at 250–3000 km/s, reaching Earth in 18 hours to 3 days.
- Can cause geomagnetic storms, impacting power grids, satellites, navigation, and inducing auroras.
The “Bird-Wing” event involved both phenomena, but Earth narrowly avoided a direct hit, experiencing only a glancing blow. The impact was minimal and did not cause significant technological disruptions.
Associated Geomagnetic Effects
- A filament eruption, distinct from solar flares, was responsible for the minor geomagnetic activity observed. These are cooler plasma structures held by magnetic fields and appear as dark strands on solar imagery. When destabilized, they erupt and emit charged particles.
- Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis) were expected to be visible over parts of the UK, particularly Scotland, as the trailing edge of the CME brushed past Earth.
Space Weather Risks from Solar Storms
According to the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA:
- Solar flares can disrupt radio signals and satellite communication.
- Solar particles, including high-energy protons, may arrive hours later, posing risks to astronauts and electronics.
- Geomagnetic storms can:
- Disturb Earth's magnetic field.
- Affect power lines, pipelines, and satellites.
- Expand the upper atmosphere, increasing drag on low-orbit satellites, potentially altering their trajectory.
- Temporarily reduce the number of cosmic rays reaching Earth by deflecting them.
Bharat Seva Kendra (BSK)
- 27 May 2025
In News:
The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India (CCI India) has highlighted the role of Bharat Seva Kendra (BSK) in enhancing last-mile service delivery and addressing the urban-rural service gap.
About Bharat Seva Kendra (BSK):
- Launched by: Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India (CCI India).
- Objective: To provide essential government services and welfare benefits directly to rural citizens.
- Nature: A grassroots, nationwide service delivery initiative focused on creating self-reliant rural communities.
Key Features:
- Single-window access to schemes in sectors like healthcare, education, employment, agriculture, financial inclusion, and digital empowerment.
- Digital Inclusion: Modern infrastructure and digital literacy programs to help villagers use e-governance tools effectively.
- Human Network: Backed by a large cadre of 2.5 lakh sarpanches and 6.5 lakh BSK Sarthis, who act as facilitators between government schemes and rural beneficiaries.
- Goal: Reduce bureaucratic delays, enhance transparency, and ensure timely access to welfare schemes.
CCI India’s Role:
- Type: A national-level autonomous business body.
- Functions: Policy advocacy, business facilitation, and supporting domestic and foreign investment.
- Engagement: Represents diverse industries and collaborates with stakeholders including policymakers, industry, and civil society.
Significance for Governance:
- Promotes last-mile delivery of public services.
- Acts as a catalyst for rural digital transformation and inclusive development.
- Enhances administrative efficiency and citizen empowerment in rural India.
Turtle Conservation in Assam’s Temple Ponds
- 26 May 2025
In News:
On World Turtle Day (May 23, 2025), Assam’s Nagshankar Temple was officially declared a model temple for turtle conservation, highlighting the ecological role of temple ponds in preserving India’s turtle biodiversity.
Key Highlights
Nagshankar Temple – A Model for Turtle Conservation
- Location: Sootea town, Biswanath district, ~70 km from Tezpur, Assam.
- Established: Believed to be built in the 4th century AD by King Nagashankar of the Nagakha dynasty.
- Religious Importance: Dedicated to Lord Shiva, but turtles are revered as incarnations of Lord Vishnu.
- Ecological Value: Functions as a micro-wildlife sanctuary — home to 250–300 turtles, along with peacocks, pythons, and deer.
Turtle Conservation Initiatives
Species Conserved:
- Black Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia nigricans) – Critically Endangered
- Indian Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia gangetica)
- Malayan Softshell Turtle
These species thrive in the temple pond, which is fed by the Brahmaputra River basin, offering a suitable natural habitat.
Community & Scientific Collaboration:
- Key Stakeholders:
- Nagshankar Temple Committee
- Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) India
- Help Earth (NGO)
- Kaziranga National Park & Tiger Reserve
- Assam Forest Department
- Conservation Methods:
- Artificial egg incubation and wild release of hatchlings.
- Dried-fish diet introduced for temple turtles, replacing harmful offerings (e.g., biscuits, puffed rice).
- Capacity-building workshops for forest staff and students to aid in turtle surveys.
Result: 486 hatchlings of the black softshell turtle have been released into the wild from the Nagshankar Temple pond.
Statewide Turtle Conservation Model
- Assam houses ~25 temple ponds actively involved in turtle conservation.
- Notable site: Hayagriva Madhav Temple in Hajo (Kamrup district).
- State Zoo in Guwahati has a dedicated breeding facility (established 2010) for the Assam Roofed Turtle (Pangshura sylhetensis, "Asomi Dura").
India’s Coastline Redefined
- 26 May 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Home Affairs, in its 2023–24 annual report (Dec 2024), announced a significant update to India’s coastline length — revised from 7,516.6 km to 11,098.8 km. This change was not due to any new territorial acquisition or geological activity but resulted from improved measurement techniques, reflecting the "coastline paradox" in geography.
What Is the Coastline Paradox?
The coastline paradox, first explained by British mathematician Lewis Fry Richardson and later expanded by Benoît Mandelbrot, shows that the length of a coastline increases with finer measurement scales. This is because coastlines, like fractals, reveal more detail (creeks, estuaries, inlets) the more closely they are examined.
- Using large-scale maps (e.g., 1:4,500,000), previous estimates missed finer details.
- Modern tools allow capturing every tidal creek, sandbar, and estuarine curve, dramatically increasing measured length.
Measurement Methodology (2024 Update)
Aspect Details
Agencies Involved National Hydrographic Office (NHO), Survey of India
Previous Map Scale 1:4,500,000 (1970s)
New Map Scale 1:250,000 (electronic navigation charts)
Key Technologies GIS, LIDAR-GPS, satellite altimetry, drone imaging
Reference Line Used Highwater Line (based on 2011 data)
Mapped Features Included Tidal creeks, sandbars, estuaries, low-tide islands
Review Frequency Every 10 years from 2024–25
Geographical and Strategic Overview
- India’s New Coastline Length: 11,098.8 km
- No New Land Added: No change in land boundaries or annexation.
- Coastal States & UTs: 11 coastal States + 2 UTs (Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep)
- State with Longest Coastline: Gujarat (~1,600 km)
Why This Matters
1. Maritime Security
- Longer coast = More area to monitor and protect.
- Post-26/11, India enhanced coastal surveillance (radar grid, coastal police).
- Navy and Coast Guard deployment strategies need updates.
2. Disaster Management
- Accurate coastline data helps in cyclone, tsunami early warning systems (e.g., Odisha).
- Supports better Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) mapping.
3. Economic and Strategic Planning
- Affects Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and fishing rights.
- Informs infrastructure development: ports, shipping, Sagarmala, tourism.
- Boosts India’s aspirations in the Blue Economy.
Schistura densiclava
- 26 May 2025
In News:
A newly discovered species of cave-dwelling loach, Schistura densiclava, has been recorded from the Krem Mawjymbuin cave in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, India. This species becomes the sixth known cave-dwelling fish from the state, emphasizing Meghalaya’s rich subterranean biodiversity.
Taxonomy and Classification
- Family: Nemacheilidae (bottom-dwelling freshwater fishes)
- Type: Troglophile — adapted to live in caves but can survive and reproduce in surface (epigean) waters.
- Distinct Feature: Unlike typical cave fishes, S. densiclava retains pigmentation and functional eyes, indicating adaptability to both subterranean and overground aquatic environments.
Habitat and Environment
- Found 60 meters inside the Krem Mawjymbuin, a limestone cave with a surveyed length of 1.6 km and an altitude of 206 meters.
- The species inhabits a cool, fast-flowing stream with a temperature of 18°C and low oxygen levels.
- The cave is ecologically sensitive and was previously in the news due to a local ban on worship at a Shivalinga-like formation within it.
Morphological Characteristics
- Coloration: Pale yellow-green body with 14–20 greyish to faint black vertical bars.
- Named densiclava due to the thick dark stripe near the dorsal fin ("densiclava" = Latin for "thick stripe").
- Sexual Dimorphism:
- Males: Slimmer with irregular patterns and puffier cheeks.
- Females: Sturdier with more consistent markings.
Scientific Significance
- Genetic testing confirmed Schistura densiclava as a distinct and previously unrecorded species.
- Its endemic distribution, limited to a single cave system, marks it as a species of high conservation concern.
- The discovery was published in the Journal of Fish Biology by a team led by Kangkan Sarma from Gauhati University, along with other Indian ichthyologists.
Tamil Nadu’s Space Industrial Policy and IN-SPACe
- 26 May 2025
In News:
Recently, the Tamil Nadu Cabinet approved its Space Industrial Policy, becoming the third state after Karnataka and Gujarat to adopt a dedicated strategy to stimulate investments and innovation in the space sector. This move aligns with the national framework set by the Indian Space Policy 2023 and supports India's growing space economy.
IN-SPACe and its Role:
- IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre) is an autonomous, single-window agency under the Department of Space (DoS).
- Created as part of India’s space sector reforms, it promotes and authorises the participation of Non-Governmental Entities (NGEs) in space activities.
- Functions include:
- Supporting private entities in the development of launch vehicles, satellites, and space-based services.
- Facilitating access to ISRO infrastructure and co-development initiatives.
- Providing support for research, innovation, and educational collaboration.
- Headquartered at Bopal, Ahmedabad, it serves as the bridge between ISRO and private sector stakeholders.
- IN-SPACe encouraged Tamil Nadu to formulate the Space Industrial Policy to promote the state’s role in India’s space mission.
Tamil Nadu’s Strategic Space Assets:
- ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri (Tirunelveli): Engaged in testing cryogenic engines, liquid propulsion systems, and R&D activities.
- Second Spaceport at Kulasekarapattinam (Thoothukudi): Enhances satellite launch capacity, especially for small satellites and polar launches.
- Presence of space-tech startups in areas like:
- Reusable launch vehicles
- In-space manufacturing
- In-orbit refuelling
- Satellite data analytics
- Space Technology Incubation Centre (STIC) at NIT Trichy supports southern-region ISRO projects and academia-industry collaboration.
- Over 250 ISRO vendors operate in the state, creating a robust supply chain ecosystem.
Objectives of Tamil Nadu's Space Industrial Policy:
- Target investment: ?10,000 crore over the next 5 years.
- Employment generation: Estimated 10,000 direct and indirect jobs.
- Strengthens Tamil Nadu’s capabilities in:
- Electronics and precision manufacturing
- Strategic electronics and space-grade components
- Promotes integration of space technologies in governance (e.g., disaster management, fisheries, agriculture, health, transport).
Policy Incentives:
- Payroll subsidy for companies engaged in R&D or setting up Global Capability Centres.
- Space Bays: Select regions will be designated to offer structured incentive packages for investments below ?300 crore.
- Industrial housing incentive: 10% subsidy (capped at ?10 crore) for building residential facilities in space industrial parks.
- Green initiatives: 25% capital subsidy (capped at ?5 crore) for environmentally sustainable developments.
Institutional Support:
- TIDCO (Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation) signed an MoU with IN-SPACe to facilitate:
- Manufacturing activities
- Strategic collaborations with private companies
- R&D and design-based projects in the space domain
Landmine and Cluster Munition Treaties
- 07 Apr 2025
In News:
In a major shift that challenges global disarmament efforts, NATO members Poland, Finland, and the three Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—have announced their withdrawal from the 1997 Ottawa Convention banning anti-personnel landmines. These countries cite growing security threats from Russia amidst the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war as the primary reason for exiting the treaty.
Ottawa Convention (1997)
- Objective: To prohibit the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines, and to mandate the destruction of existing stockpiles within four years.
- Adoption and Enforcement: Finalized in Oslo on 18 September 1997, it came into force on 1 March 1999.
- Scope: The treaty bans anti-personnel mines but not anti-vehicle mines.
- Membership: 164 states are party to the convention. However, major powers like the US, Russia, China, and India have not signed or ratified it.
- Humanitarian Impact:
- Over 80% of landmine victims are civilians (ICRC).
- Ukraine has been declared the most mined country in the world (UN, October 2024), with 1,286 civilian victims reported as of August 2024.
- Victim Assistance: The Convention includes obligations to assist mine victims, many of whom suffer permanent disabilities.
Motivations Behind Withdrawals
- The withdrawing countries argue that their security environment has fundamentally changed, especially with the threat of Russian aggression.
- They fear that any ceasefire in Ukraine might allow Russia to regroup and pose a direct threat to bordering nations.
- By exiting the convention, these states aim to achieve military parity with Russia, which is not a party to the treaty.
- Poland has already indicated interest in resuming landmine production.
Impact on Global Demining and Humanitarian Efforts
- The move risks reversing decades of global advocacy and humanitarian work.
- Compounding the problem, global demining efforts are under stress due to sharp US funding cuts. The US had been the largest donor, contributing over $300 million annually, or 40% of global demining funds (Landmine Monitor 2024).
- Though the US has resumed some humanitarian demining programs (March 2024), specific details remain limited.
Convention on Cluster Munitions (2008)
- Purpose: Bans the use, production, transfer, and stockpiling of cluster munitions.
- Mechanism: These weapons disperse bomblets over large areas, posing serious risks to civilians long after deployment.
- Membership: 112 state parties and 12 signatories.
- Recent Withdrawal: Lithuania has signaled its withdrawal from this treaty.
- Non-Signatories: India, the US, Russia, China, Ukraine, and Israel have not joined the convention due to strategic and military considerations.
- Recent Usage: In 2023, the US supplied cluster munitions to Ukraine as part of its defense against Russian invasion.
6th BIMSTEC Summit
- 07 Apr 2025
In News:
The 6th BIMSTEC Summit was recently held in Bangkok, Thailand, under the theme “BIMSTEC: Prosperous, Resilient, and Open.”The Indian Prime Minister participated in the Summit, emphasizing regional connectivity, economic integration, and collective resilience.
About BIMSTEC
- Full Form: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
- Members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand
- Founded: 1997 (Bangkok Declaration)
- Initial Name: BIST-EC (later BIMST-EC, and finally BIMSTEC in 2004)
- Population & Economy: Covers 1.7 billion people (~22% of world population) with a combined GDP of USD 5.2 trillion (2023)
Key Outcomes:
- Summit Declarations and Documents
- Bangkok Vision 2030: Adopted as a roadmap for regional economic integration, technological collaboration, and resilience against global challenges.
- 21-point Action Plan: Proposed by India to revitalize BIMSTEC as a dynamic platform for regional cooperation, especially in light of SAARC’s dormancy.
- Institutional and Governance Reforms
- Enforcement of the BIMSTEC Charter.
- Institutionalization of the Home Ministers' Mechanism, with India offering to host the first meeting.
- Strengthening mechanisms to counter terrorism, cybercrime, and human trafficking.
India’s Key Announcements and Initiatives
A. Centres of Excellence
India announced the establishment of BIMSTEC Centres of Excellence in:
- Disaster Management
- Sustainable Maritime Transport
- Traditional Medicine
- Agricultural Research and Training
B. Connectivity and Digital Infrastructure
- Operationalization of the BIMSTEC Energy Centre in Bengaluru.
- Proposal to link India’s UPI with BIMSTEC payment systems.
- Launch of a pilot study on Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for governance and service delivery.
C. Trade and Economic Integration
- Proposal to create a BIMSTEC Chamber of Commerce.
- Plan for an Annual Business Summit.
- Suggestion for a feasibility study on trade in local currencies.
D. Maritime and Space Cooperation
- Proposal for a Sustainable Maritime Transport Centre in India.
- Support for electric grid interconnection across member states.
- Space cooperation: development of nano-satellites, remote sensing data sharing, and training via a dedicated ground station.
Human Development and Cultural Engagement
- BIMSTEC for Organized Development of Human Resource Infrastructure (BODHI):
- Training for 300 youth annually.
- Scholarships (e.g., Nalanda University, Forestry Research Institute).
- Diplomatic training programs.
Health Sector
- Cancer Care Capacity Building Program for BIMSTEC countries.
Youth and Cultural Initiatives
- BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival
- Young Leaders’ SummitandHackathon
- Young Professional Visitors Program
- BIMSTEC Athletics Meet (2025)
- BIMSTEC Games (2027)– to mark the 30th anniversary
India–Thailand Strategic Partnership (Announced on Sidelines)
Maritime and Regional Cooperation
- Strengthening ties via Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) and ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific (AOIP).
- Boosting connectivity via the India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway.
Defence and Security
- Expansion of defence dialogues and joint military exercises (e.g., Exercise Maitree).
- Cooperation in cybersecurity, counter-terrorism, and intelligence sharing.
Economic and Trade Engagement
- Enhancing supply chain resilience, boosting bilateral trade, and exploring FTA upgradation.
Science and Innovation
- Joint ventures in renewable energy, space technology, and biotech innovation.
- Cooperation on digital public infrastructure.
Cultural Relations
- Promotion of Buddhist heritage, education exchanges, and tourism.
- Engagement with the Indian diaspora in Thailand.
Technology and Innovation Report 2025
- 07 Apr 2025
In News:
India has been ranked 10th globally in terms of private sector investments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) in 2023, according to the Technology and Innovation Report 2025, released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The report highlights the evolving global AI landscape and underscores India's growing role in frontier technologies.
About the Technology and Innovation Report
- Published by: UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development).
- Objective: To provide policy-relevant insights on emerging issues in science, technology, and innovation (STI), especially from the perspective of developing countries.
- Theme of the 2025 Edition: “Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Development”.
- Purpose: Aims to assist policymakers in formulating inclusive and equitable STI policies amid the rapid expansion of AI technologies.
Key Highlights of the 2025 Report
- India’s Position:
- Ranked 10th globally for private AI investments, amounting to $1.4 billion in 2023.
- Among developing countries, only India and China feature prominently in global AI investments.
- India’s growing prominence reflects its rising technological capacity and startup ecosystem.
- Global Investment Trends:
- The United States led global AI investment with $67 billion (70% of global private investment).
- China ranked second with $7.8 billion.
- The report reveals that just 100 companies, mainly from the US and China, account for 40% of global private R&D investment in AI, signifying a concentration of technological power.
- AI and Global Employment:
- The report warns that up to 40% of global jobs could be influenced by AI-driven automation, necessitating adaptive policies, especially in the Global South.
- Governance Gaps:
- 118 countries, mostly from the Global South, are not participating meaningfully in global AI governance dialogues, highlighting a digital divide in international policy spaces.
- Recommendations for Developing Countries:
UNCTAD urges developing nations to strengthen three critical areas, termed “key leverage points”:- Infrastructure: Improve digital and physical infrastructure.
- Data Ecosystems: Ensure data accessibility, quality, and sovereignty.
- Human Capital and Skills: Invest in AI-related education and skilling.
- India’s Broader Performance:
- Ranked 36th out of 170 countries on the Readiness for Frontier Technologies Index 2024, an improvement from 48th in 2022.
Antimony Discovery in Balochistan, Pakistan
- 07 Apr 2025
In News:
In a recent geopolitical development, Pakistan has reportedly discovered a significant deposit of Antimony in the Balochistan region — an area marred by conflict and instability. This finding holds both economic and strategic significance, given the growing global demand for rare and critical minerals.
About Antimony
- Chemical Element: Antimony (Symbol: Sb, Atomic Number: 51) is a metalloid, meaning it exhibits properties of both metals and non-metals.
- Physical Properties:
- Solid at room temperature.
- Poor conductor of heat and electricity.
- Found in commercial forms such as ingots, broken pieces, granules, and cast cakes.
Geological Occurrence
- Primary Ore: The chief ore of Antimony is Stibnite (Sb?S?).
- Mode of Occurrence: Found in volcanic-associated deposits and deep-seated veins, formed under moderate to high temperature and pressure.
- Also commonly obtained as a byproduct from lead-zinc-silver mining operations.
Global Production Landscape
- China is the dominant global producer, accounting for over 88% of world production.
- Other notable producers include Russia, Bolivia, and Tajikistan.
- India currently does not have significant reserves or production of Antimony, making it dependent on imports for industrial use.
Key Industrial and Strategic Uses
- Electronics Industry:Used in manufacturing semiconductors, infrared detectors, and diodes.
- Alloys:
- Alloyed with lead and other metals to increase hardness and strength.
- Lead-antimony alloys are extensively used in lead-acid batteries.
- Defense and Printing:Utilized in the production of bullets, type metal for printing, and cable sheathing.
- Flame-Retardants and Ceramics:Antimony compounds are key ingredients in flame-retardant materials, as well as in paints, enamels, glass, and pottery.
Hansa-3 Trainer Aircraft
- 07 Apr 2025
In News:
In a significant milestone for India’s indigenous aviation sector, the Hansa-3 trainer aircraft has recently been approved for training aircrew for pilot licences. Notably, the production of this aircraft will now be undertaken by private industry, marking a step forward in India’s push for self-reliance in aviation technology and defence manufacturing.
About Hansa-3 Trainer Aircraft
- India’s First Indigenous Flying Trainer: The Hansa-3 is the country’s first indigenously developed light trainer aircraft.
- Developed by: The aircraft was designed and developed by the CSIR–National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bengaluru, under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
- Intended Use: Specifically designed for flying clubs in India, it is well-suited for Commercial Pilot Licensing (CPL) training, owing to its cost-effectiveness and low fuel consumption.
Key Features and Technological Advancements
- Configuration: It is a two-seater, low-wing monoplane, optimized for pilot training missions.
- Engine: Powered by a Rotax Digital Control Engine, known for high efficiency and performance.
- Advanced Airframe: Incorporates Just-In-Time Prepreg (JIPREG) composite lightweight material, enhancing aerodynamic efficiency and reducing fuel use.
- Modern Cockpit: Equipped with a glass cockpit and bubble canopy, offering a wide panoramic view — critical for pilot situational awareness.
- Electronic Systems:
- Electric Flaps for improved handling.
- Advanced Electronic Fuel Injection System for automatic adjustment of fuel-air mixture across varying altitudes, enhancing performance and fuel economy.
Significance for India
- Promotes Atmanirbhar Bharat: The transition to private manufacturing aligns with the government’s vision of strengthening the domestic aerospace ecosystem under the Make in India initiative.
- Reduces Dependency: Reduces reliance on imported aircraft for pilot training, supporting India’s goal of strategic autonomy in aviation technology.
- Skill Development: Enhances the capacity of Indian flying schools and contributes to the growth of the civil aviation sector by producing more trained pilots domestically.
Kannadippaya
- 06 Apr 2025
In News:
The traditional tribal mat Kannadippaya from Kerala has been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, marking a significant milestone in the protection and promotion of India’s tribal handicraft heritage.
About Kannadippaya
- Origin and Craftsmanship:Kannadippaya (literally, mirror mat) is a unique handicraft made by various tribal communities of Kerala, notably the Oorali, Mannan, Muthuvan, Malayan, Kadar, Ulladan, Malayarayan, and Hill Pulaya tribes. The craft is predominantly practiced in Idukki, Thrissur, Ernakulam, and Palakkad districts.
- Raw Material:The mat is woven using the soft inner layers of reed bamboo (Teinostachyumwightii) and other bamboo species such as Ochlandra sp., known locally by various names including Njoonjileetta and Kanjoora.
- Functional and Aesthetic Value:The mat’s reflective design gives it a mirror-like appearance. It offers thermal comfort by providing warmth during winter and cooling during summer, showcasing traditional ecological knowledge.
- Historical Significance:Historically, these mats were offered by tribal communities as a token of honour to kings, reflecting the cultural and symbolic value attached to the craft.
Significance of the GI Tag
- Cultural Recognition:Kannadippaya becomes Kerala’s first tribal handicraft to receive a GI tag, acknowledging its cultural uniqueness and heritage value.
- Economic Empowerment:The GI tag is expected to:
- Provide market protection for tribal artisans.
- Enable branding and certification, enhancing the product's authenticity.
- Open national and international markets, especially for eco-friendly, sustainable products.
- Encourage entrepreneurship among tribal communities, reducing dependency on intermediaries.
- Institutional Support:
- The Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) played a pivotal role in securing the GI tag, along with contributions from experts.
- The application was supported by tribal cooperatives like UnarvuPattikavarghaVividodeshaSahakarana Sangam and Vanasree Bamboo Craft, Idukki.
Challenges and the Way Forward
- Lack of Structured Market:Artisans have highlighted the absence of a robust marketing ecosystem. There is a need for State and Central government interventions to:
- Facilitate marketing infrastructure and e-commerce platforms.
- Provide training and capacity-building for artisans.
- Encourage younger generations to take up the craft through incentives and education.
- Sustainability and Global Demand:Given the rising demand for eco-friendly and sustainable products globally, Kannadippaya has the potential to become a symbol of India’s green and inclusive development model.
Artificial Rain to combat Delhi’s Air Pollution
- 06 Apr 2025
In News:
With the national capital grappling with chronic air pollution every winter, the Delhi Government is exploring artificial rain (cloud seeding) as a potential mitigation strategy. In a recent high-level meeting chaired by Environment Minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa, experts and representatives from key institutions brainstormed the feasibility and logistics of implementing cloud seeding in Delhi's airspace.
What is Artificial Rain (Cloud Seeding)?
- Cloud seeding is a form of weather modification aimed at inducing rainfall.
- It involves spraying chemical agents such as silver iodide or salt particles into clouds to stimulate condensation and precipitation.
- Requires favourable meteorological conditions, especially adequate moisture and cloud density.
- Usually conducted using aircraft or ground-based dispersal systems.
Significance for Delhi:
- Rainfall helps settle airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), thereby reducing pollution levels.
- Delhi’s air quality worsens in winter due to a combination of low wind speeds, crop residue burning, vehicular and industrial emissions, and construction dust.
- Artificial rain could serve as an emergency intervention to improve air quality during severe pollution episodes.
Key Highlights of the Meeting:
- Convened by Delhi Environment Department with participation from:
- CPCB, DPCC
- Ministry of Defence, MoEFCC
- IIT-Kanpur, India Meteorological Department (IMD)
- Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), AAI
- IIT-Kanpur scientists shared results from previous successful cloud seeding trials in Kanpur (2023), demonstrating its potential under ideal conditions.
- Past trials in 2018 also showed partial success, with rainfall occurring in 5 out of 6 attempts during pre-monsoon months.
Challenges Identified:
- Weather-dependence: Effectiveness relies heavily on cloud presence and moisture levels, which are limited in Delhi during winters.
- Airspace clearance and coordination among multiple agencies (civil aviation, defence).
- High costs and uncertain outcomes make it a supplementary, not primary, solution.
Complementary Measures Underway:
- Delhi’s 14-point action plan to curb dust pollution includes:
- Anti-smog guns, covering construction sites, cleaning of construction vehicles, andregulated debris disposal.
- Exploring static ionisation systems as an alternative to cloud seeding for artificial precipitation.
Mount Marapi Eruption
- 06 Apr 2025
In News:
In May 2025, Mount Marapi, one of Indonesia’s most active volcanoes, erupted, spewing a column of volcanic ash 1.5 km into the sky. The event has once again highlighted the seismic vulnerability of the Pacific Ring of Fire, where tectonic activity frequently triggers volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
About Mount Marapi
- Location: Situated in the Padang Highlands of western Sumatra, Indonesia.
- Type: A stratovolcano (composite volcano), consisting of successive layers of lava, ash, and pyroclastic material.
- Elevation: Rises to 2,891 meters (9,485 feet) above sea level, making it the highest peak in the region.
- Summit Feature: Contains the Bancah caldera (approx. 1.4 km wide), with multiple overlapping craters.
- Tectonic Setting: Lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire, a highly seismically active zone encircling the Pacific Ocean.
- Notable Eruption: In 1979, a deadly eruption-induced lahar (volcanic mudflow) caused by intense rainfall resulted in 60 fatalities.
Seaweed Farming in India
- 06 Apr 2025
In News:
With growing attention on sustainable marine resources and coastal livelihood enhancement, the Government of India is promoting seaweed cultivation as part of its broader Blue Economy strategy. Recognized for its nutritional, economic, and ecological value, seaweed farming is emerging as a viable livelihood and environmental solution for India's coastal communities.
What is Seaweed?
Seaweed is a nutrient-rich marine plant that grows in shallow ocean waters. It is:
- Rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and 54 trace elements.
- Known to aid in managing non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular ailments, and hypertension.
- Used in food, cosmetics, fertilizers, medicines, and industrial gelling agents like agar, alginate, and carrageenan.
Global Significance and Industry Potential
- The global seaweed market is valued at US$ 5.6 billion and projected to reach US$ 11.8 billion by 2030 (World Bank).
- Major consumers: Japan, China, and South Korea.
- India possesses vast untapped potential with over 7,500 km of coastline and 844 identified seaweed species, of which ~60 are commercially viable.
Seaweed and the Blue Economy in India
Government Initiatives:
- Pradhan Mantri MatsyaSampada Yojana (PMMSY) (launched in 2020):
- Total Outlay: ?20,050 crore.
- ?640 crore allocated for seaweed development (2020–25).
- Goal: Increase seaweed production to 1.12 million tonnes in five years.
- Projects funded:
- Multipurpose Seaweed Park in Tamil Nadu.
- Seaweed Brood Bank in Daman & Diu.
- Provision of 46,095 rafts and 65,330 monocline tubenets to farmers.
Supportive Regulatory Measures:
- Seaweed-based biostimulants regulated under the Fertilizer (Control) Order, 1985.
- Integrated with Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and MOVCDNER to promote organic farming.
Economic, Environmental & Social Benefits
Economic:
- Seaweed farming offers high returns — e.g., farming Kappaphycusalvarezii may yield up to ?13.28 lakh/hectare/year.
- Generates foreign exchange through exports of seaweed-based bio-products.
Environmental:
- Requires no land, freshwater, fertilizers, or pesticides.
- Absorbs CO?, combats ocean acidification, and enhances marine biodiversity.
Social:
- Provides alternative livelihoods for fishers.
- Particularly beneficial for women and youth, promoting inclusive growth in coastal regions.
Success Stories and Innovations
Women Empowerment in Tamil Nadu:
Four women from Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, trained under PMMSY, successfully cultivated seaweed, producing 36,000 tonnes despite cyclones and market challenges. Their venture created employment and inspired other women.
Tissue Culture Innovation:
The CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI)developed tissue-cultured Kappaphycusalvareziiseedlings, leading to:
- 20–30% higher growth rates.
- Better carrageenan quality.
- Enhanced farmer productivity in Tamil Nadu’s coastal districts.
Challenges and Way Forward
Challenges:
- Vulnerability to climatic shocks (cyclones, salinity changes).
- Limited market access and value chain infrastructure.
- Need for increased awareness and skill-building in coastal areas.
Recommendations:
- Strengthen public-private partnerships and R&D for better cultivars.
- Expand seaweed farming cooperatives with financial inclusion mechanisms.
- Promote Blue Economy integration in coastal development policies.
Domestically Manufactured Iron & Steel Products (DMISP) Policy – 2025
- 06 Apr 2025
In News:
To address the rising steel imports and strengthen domestic industry under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, the Government of India has notified the DMISP Policy – 2025, mandating the exclusive use of Indian steel in government procurement and incorporating a reciprocity clause against non-cooperative foreign countries.
About the DMISP Policy – 2025
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Steel
- Aim:To promote the use of domestically produced iron and steel in government-funded projects, thereby reducing import dependence, enhancing self-reliance, and safeguarding the interests of the Indian steel industry.
- Key Objectives
- Promote Self-Reliance: Advance the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat by boosting domestic steel production and consumption.
- Curb Imports: Mitigate the adverse impact of rising steel imports on Indian steelmakers.
- Support Domestic Industry: Provide a level playing field to Indian steel manufacturers in public procurement.
- Encourage Value Addition: Increase domestic sourcing and manufacturing of capital goods used in steel production.
Salient Features of the Policy
- Mandatory Use of Indian Steel:
- Applicable across all Union Ministries, PSUs, statutory bodies, and trusts.
- Covers products such as flat-rolled steel, rods, bars, and rails.
- Steel must meet the “Melt and Pour” condition — i.e., must be melted and solidified in India.
- Reciprocity Clause:
- Nations that restrict Indian firms from participating in their public procurement (e.g., China) are barred from Indian government tenders.
- Exceptions can be made only with the approval of the Ministry of Steel.
- Ban on Global Tenders (GTE):
- GTEs for steel products are prohibited.
- GTEs for capital goods (e.g., furnaces, rolling mills) are permitted only for contracts above ?200 crore, with prior clearance.
- Domestic Value Addition Requirement:
- Capital goods used in steel production must have at least 50% local value addition.
- Certification by statutory or cost auditors is mandatory.
- Procurement Applicability:
- Mandatory for all government procurement above ?5 lakh.
- Also extends to centrally funded but state-executed projects.
- Monitoring and Enforcement:
- A Standing Committee chaired by the Secretary (Steel) will:
- Oversee compliance and redress grievances.
- Grant exemptions in case of non-availability of Indian products.
- A Standing Committee chaired by the Secretary (Steel) will:
- Penalties for Non-Compliance:False declarations may result in blacklisting of suppliers and forfeiture of earnest money deposits.
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
- 05 Apr 2025
In News:
- An international team of astronomers, using NASA’s TESS mission, has discovered a new warm Jupiter-type exoplanet located over 1,000 light-years away.
- “Warm Jupiters” are gas giants that orbit their stars at moderate distances, experiencing higher temperatures than Jupiter but cooler than “hot Jupiters”.
About TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite)
- Launched: March 2018 by NASA.
- Objective: To discover thousands of exoplanets (planets outside our solar system) by observing the brightest dwarf stars in the sky.
- Successor to: NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope, which pioneered large-scale exoplanet discovery (2009–2018).
Working Principle:
- TESS uses the transit method:
- It monitors periodic dips in star brightness, caused when a planet crosses (or transits) in front of its host star.
- This reveals the size (diameter) of the exoplanet and helps estimate its orbital characteristics.
- Helps identify habitable zone planets, where liquid water may exist on Earth-like worlds.
Mission Highlights:
- Prime Mission Duration: Two years, completed on July 4, 2020.
- Covered nearly 75% of the sky, divided into 26 sectors.
- Discovered 66 confirmed exoplanets during the prime mission.
- Now operating under an extended mission, continuing to explore distant planetary systems.
- Finds planets of varied sizes and compositions, from rocky Earth-like bodies to gas giants.
Heard and McDonald Islands
- 05 Apr 2025
In News:
Donald Trump has imposed a 10% tariff on imports from the Heard and McDonald Islands.
Geographical Context
- Heard Island and McDonald Islands (HIMI) are remote, sub-Antarctic volcanic islands in the southern Indian Ocean, situated:
- ~4,100 km southwest of Perth (Australia),
- ~1,600 km north of the Antarctic coast.
- They are one of Australia’s seven external territories, administered directly by the Australian government.
Physical and Ecological Significance
- Volcanically active: Home to Big Ben (2,745 m, Mawson Peak), Australia’s highest mountain outside the mainland and Tasmania.
- McDonald Island has expanded due to recent eruptions in the 1990s and 2000s.
- Only volcanically active sub-Antarctic islands, making them valuable for studying:
- Earth’s crustal processes,
- Glacial dynamics,
- Oceanic and atmospheric changes.
- Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1997) and classified under IUCN Category Ia (Strict Nature Reserve).
Biodiversity
- Inhabited by marine birds and mammals like:Penguins, elephant seals, and seabirds.
- Notable for being free from invasive species, aiding biodiversity and evolutionary research.
- Largely uninhabited by humans; no known permanent population.
US Tariff Controversy
- The US President (Donald Trump) imposed a 10% tariff on imports from HIMI—despite the islands having no known exports or trade with the US.
- The islands have no recent human presence and are mainly home to wildlife.
- Other Australian external territories targeted by similar tariffs include:
- Norfolk Island – 29% tariff despite limited economic activity.
- Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island – 10% tariff.
- The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), including Diego Garcia, also faced a 10% tariff. Diego Garcia hosts a US-UK military base, with no civilian population.
Saturn becomes undisputed 'Moon King' of Solar System
- 05 Apr 2025
In News:
In a major astronomical breakthrough, scientists have discovered 128 new moons orbiting Saturn, raising its total confirmed moon count to 274—the highest for any planet in the solar system. This discovery has been officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).
About the Discovery
- The moons were detected using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope with a method called “shift and stack”, which enhances the visibility of faint objects moving across the sky.
- Most of the newly identified moons are irregular, small, and non-spherical, indicating a likely origin as captured asteroids or remnants of larger celestial bodies.
- Their clustered orbits suggest a history of violent collisions or fragmentation, possibly linked to the chaotic early evolution of the solar system.
Significance
- Confirms Saturn’s status as the planet with the most known moons, overtaking Jupiter (95 moons as of 2024).
- Enhances understanding of planetary formation, orbital dynamics, and the evolution of ring and satellite systems.
- May contribute to refining the scientific definition of a moon and deepen knowledge of irregular satellite formation in gas giants.
Key Facts about Saturn
- Position: Sixth planet from the Sun.
- Size: Second-largest planet after Jupiter.
- Type: Gas giant composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, with traces of methane and ammonia.
- Density: Approximately 0.69 g/cm³, the only planet less dense than water.
- Shape: Oblate due to rapid rotation—flattened at poles, bulging at the equator.
- Rings: Made of ice, dust, and rocky debris.
- Orbit: About 9.59 AU (1,434 million km) from the Sun; orbital period ~29.45 Earth years.
- Weather: Hosts extreme storms like the Great White Spot, recurring roughly once every Saturnian year (~29 Earth years).
Important Moons of Saturn
Titan
- Largest moon of Saturn and second-largest in the solar system, larger than Mercury.
- Only moon with a dense atmosphere, rich in nitrogen and methane.
- Features liquid hydrocarbon lakes near the poles.
- Explored by Cassini-Huygens mission; lander touched down in 2005.
Enceladus
- An icy moon with a subsurface liquid ocean.
- Known for its highly reflective surface and water-ice geysers.
- Cassini (2005) observed plumes of water vapor ejecting at ~400 m/s.
- Discovery of silica nanograins suggests hydrothermal activity, making it a prime target in the search for extraterrestrial life.
Mitathal and Tighrana: Newly Protected Harappan Sites in Haryana
- 05 Apr 2025
In News:
The Haryana Government has declared Mitathal and Tighrana, two historically significant Harappan civilisation sites in Bhiwani district, as protected archaeological sites under the Haryana Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1964.
Location and Legal Status
- Both sites are located in Mitathal and Tighrana villages of Bhiwani district, Haryana.
- The notification was issued on March 13, 2025, designating a 10-acre area at Mitathal for protection.
- The Heritage and Tourism Department will ensure preservation through site fencing and deployment of guards.
Mitathal Site: Key Highlights
- Period: Dates to the Copper-Bronze Age, roughly 3rd to 2nd millennium BCE.
- Archaeological Finds:
- Well-baked red pottery with black painted motifs like pipal leaves and fish scales.
- Beads, copper tools, bangles, terracotta, and bone artefacts.
- Historical Timeline:
- First identified in 1913 through Samudragupta coins.
- Systematic excavations began in 1965–68 and continued post-2016 by the Central University of Haryana.
- Cultural Features:
- Reflects urban planning and craftsmanship typical of the Harappan Civilization.
Tighrana Site: Cultural Significance
- Chronology: Rich in pre-Harappan, Harappan, and post-Harappan layers.
- Inhabitants: Associated with Sothian culture – early Chalcolithic farming communities (~2400 BCE).
- Settlement Traits:
- Mud-brick houses, some possibly fortified.
- Use of bichrome wheel-made pottery (black and white designs).
- Artefacts:Green carnelian bangles, beads, and tools suggest a thriving bead and jewellery industry.
Archaeological and Cultural Importance
- Continuity of Settlement: Offers insight into continuous human occupation from Pre-Siswal to Post-Harappan periods.
- Socio-economic Insights:Demonstrates early agricultural practices, urban planning, and craft traditions in the Indo-Gangetic divide.
Background: Harappan Civilization
- Also known as the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC); flourished around 2500 BCE.
- One of the world’s oldest urban civilizations, alongside Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China.
- Classified as Bronze Age due to artefacts made from copper-based alloys.
- Key excavations:
- Harappa (1921–22) by Daya Ram Sahni.
- Mohenjo-daro (1922) by R.D. Banerji, under supervision of Sir John Marshall (ASI).
Euphaeawayanadensis
- 05 Apr 2025
In News:
A new species of damselfly, Euphaeawayanadensis, has been discovered in the Wayanad region of Kerala, marking a significant addition to India’s odonate diversity.
Key Details:
- Taxonomy:
- Belongs to the family Euphaeidae.
- Officially recognized as Kerala’s 191stodonate species (including damselflies and dragonflies).
- 223rd species recorded from the Western Ghats.
- Discovery and Research:
- First observed in 2013 at Kalindi River, Thirunelli, Wayanad.
- Confirmed after field studies conducted until 2023 across Wayanad, Aralam (Kannur), and western Coorg slopes (Karnataka).
- Discovery published in the peer-reviewed journal ENTOMON.
- Research Contributors:Collaborative effort involving scientists from Kerala Agricultural University, Alphonsa College, and conservation groups like Warblers and Waders, Travancore Nature History Society.
- Identification Process:
- Initially mistaken for Euphaeapseudodispar (from Maharashtra).
- Declared a distinct species based on morphological traits and genetic analysis.
Distinct Morphological Features
- Hind wing: Longer black patch compared to similar species.
- Stripes: Broader, uninterrupted humeral and antehumeral stripes in males.
- Male genital vesicle: Structurally unique from related species.
Habitat & Distribution
- Inhabits fast-flowing rocky streams with aquatic vegetation.
- Found in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests along stream banks.
- Active throughout the year except March–April (dry season).
- Shows restricted distribution, making it ecologically vulnerable.
Conservation Importance
- The discovery underlines the biodiversity richness of the Western Ghats.
- Highlights the need for targeted conservation of aquatic invertebrates in fragile ecosystems like Wayanad.
- Emphasised by experts from the IUCN Dragonfly Specialist Group.
Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE)
- 04 Apr 2025
In News:
India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission, which successfully landed on the Moon’s south polar region on August 23, 2023, achieved a global first with its Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) — the first thermal probe to successfully penetrate the soil of a celestial body and measure subsurface temperatures in situ.
About ChaSTE:
- Full form: Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment.
- Part of: Vikram lander (Chandrayaan-3).
- Depth achieved: Successfully tunnelled10 cm into the lunar regolith.
- Duration of operation: From August 23 to September 2, 2023.
- Significance: First successful deployment of a thermal probe into extraterrestrial soil.
Key Features:
- Temperature sensors: 10 sensors spaced 1 cm apart near the probe’s tip.
- Deployment mechanism: Unique rotation-based system — unlike previous missions that used hammering mechanisms.
- Measurement technique: Monitored changes in motor resistance and tip temperature to determine soil contact and depth.
Scientific Outcomes:
- Provided direct temperature profiles of lunar subsurface near the south pole.
- Enabled insights suggesting greater-than-expected presence of water ice beneath the surface.
Comparison with Previous Attempts:
Mission Agency Celestial Body Instrument Outcome
Rosetta – Philae (2014) ESA Comet 67P MUPUS Deployment failed due to
landing bounce
InSight (2018) NASA Mars HP3 ("The Mole") Could not collect data;
probe failed to burrow
as intended
Chandrayaan-3 (2023) ISRO Moon ChaSTE Successful soil
penetration and
temperature measurement
- Innovation Edge: Unlike ESA’s and NASA’s hammer-based devices, ChaSTE used a rotating drill, allowing steady penetration despite lunar soil resistance.
- Developed by the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
INSV Tarini at Cape Town
- 04 Apr 2025
In News:
The Indian Naval Sailing Vessel (INSV) Tarini, crewed by women officers Lt CdrDilna K. and Lt Cdr Roopa A., reached Cape Town, South Africa, marking the final international port in the Navika Sagar Parikrama II — a global circumnavigation mission by the Indian Navy.
About INSV Tarini:
- Type: 56-foot indigenously built sailing vessel.
- Commissioned: February 2017.
- Builder:Aquarius Shipyard Ltd., Goa, under the Make in India initiative.
- Features:
- Equipped with Raymarine navigation suite, satellite communication systems, and emergency steering.
- Designed to operate in extreme maritime conditions.
- Name Origin: Named after the Tara-Tarini hill shrine in Odisha; ‘Tarini’ in Sanskrit means “boat” and “saviour.”
Navika Sagar Parikrama II:
- Flagged off from Goa: October 2, 2024, by Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi, Chief of the Naval Staff.
- Duration: ~8 months.
- Total distance: Approx. 23,400 nautical miles (43,300 km).
- Route across three oceans, rounding three major capes.
- Ports of call before Cape Town:
- Fremantle (Australia)
- Lyttelton (New Zealand)
- Port Stanley (Falkland Islands, UK)
Challenges Faced:
- Extreme weather: Winds > 50 knots (93 km/h), waves up to 7 metres.
- Rough seas and cold temperatures posed significant navigational challenges.
Significance:
- Demonstrates India’s commitment to women-led maritime expeditions.
- Strengthens India–South Africa naval cooperation:
- October 2024: INS Talwar participated in Exercise IBSAMAR.
- January 2025: INS Tushil made a port call at Durban.
Protection of Interests in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025
- 04 Apr 2025
In News:
The Protection of Interests in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025, recently passed by the Rajya Sabha, aims to implement two key international agreements in India’s legal framework:
- Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment (2001)
- Protocol to the Convention on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment
Objective:
To provide legal clarity and security to stakeholders in the aviation leasing industry by integrating global standards into Indian law.
Background:
- India became a signatory in 2008 after Cabinet ratification in 2007.
- The Cape Town Convention addresses complex issues of cross-border leasing and financing of high-value mobile assets like aircraft, helicopters, and engines.
- With over 86.4% of India's 840 commercial aircraft under leasing arrangements, there was an urgent need for a dedicated legal framework.
Key Provisions:
- Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is designated as the registry authority.
- Responsible for registration and deregistration of aircraft.
- Creditors must notify the DGCA prior to initiating recovery actions in case of defaults.
- In case of default by airlines:
- Creditors can reclaim aircraft or related equipment within two months, or as per a mutually agreed period.
- Lessors and airlines are required to regularly inform the DGCA about dues and lease activities.
- The central government is empowered to make rules for the implementation of the convention and protocol.
Expected Benefits:
- Enhances legal protection for creditors and lessors.
- Reduces leasing costs by an estimated 8–10%, potentially lowering airfares for consumers.
- Encourages the growth of a domestic aircraft leasing industry, reducing dependence on foreign jurisdictions like Ireland, Singapore, and Dubai.
Civil Aviation Minister’s Remarks:
- The Bill addresses a long-standing legislative vacuum.
- It will bolster investor confidence and attract leasing businesses to India.
- Airfare regulation remains complex and is influenced by multiple factors including fuel prices, leasing charges, and maintenance costs.
India’s Agricultural Trade Dilemma
- 04 Apr 2025
In News:
India faces growing global pressure to liberalise its agricultural markets amidst trade negotiations, FTAs, and WTO commitments. At the same time, ensuring food security and protecting rural livelihoods remains a domestic priority.
Benefits of Global Trade Integration
- Export Revenue Growth: Enhanced access to global markets has increased agri-exports.E.g., India’s agricultural exports to the US were worth $8.4 billion.
- Technology & Investment Inflow: FTAs can attract agri-tech innovations and cold-chain infrastructure.E.g., partnerships with developed nations enable modernisation of storage and logistics.
- Market Efficiency: Global competition improves price discovery and benefits quality producers.
- Geopolitical Leverage: Trade agreements strengthen India’s role in forums like the WTO and BRICS.
- Input Security via Diversified Imports: Import of essentials like palm oil and fertilisers protects supply chains. E.g., Indonesia’s 2022 palm oil export ban highlighted India’s vulnerability.
Importance of Domestic Food Security
- Rural Livelihoods: Agriculture employs ~42% of the workforce, primarily small and marginal farmers.Over 100 million dairy farmers depend on protective tariffs.
- Nutrition and Price Stability: Domestic self-sufficiency guards against global price shocks.
- Reduced Import Dependence: A strong domestic base cushions India during crises.E.g., Ukraine war caused a spike in fertiliser prices, exposing dependency.
- Political and Strategic Stability: Ensures rural harmony and policy autonomy.
Challenges of Trade Liberalisation
- Subsidy Imbalances: Developed nations offer massive farm subsidies.E.g., US farm aid of $10 billion distorts global price competitiveness.
- FTA Pressures: Demands from countries like New Zealand to lower dairy tariffs threaten Indian farmers.
- WTO Constraints: India’s MSP system faces scrutiny under global trade rules.
- Illegal Imports: Despite bans, cheap imports like Chinese garlic infiltrate markets, undermining domestic prices.
- Retaliatory Tariffs: India’s high tariffs invite reciprocal duties.E.g., the US “reciprocal tariff” policy under Trump era.
Macroeconomic Risks
- Rural Unemployment: Liberalisation could displace small-scale farmers.
- Trade Deficit Worsening: Import liberalisation without export flexibility can widen the deficit.
- Revenue Loss: Tariff cuts may reduce fiscal space for welfare schemes.
- Exposure to Global Shocks:E.g., Ukraine war disrupted fertiliser supply; Indonesia’s ban hiked edible oil prices by 27% in India.
Way Forward
India must adopt a calibrated, strategic approach:
- Selective Liberalisation: Lower tariffs only in non-sensitive sectors while safeguarding essential crops.
- Investment-Oriented FTAs: Prioritise infrastructure, tech transfer, and rural development over tariff cuts.
- Domestic Strengthening: Boost agri-logistics, seed innovation, and food processing capabilities.
- Trade Vigilance: Strengthen customs and surveillance to prevent substandard or banned imports.
- WTO Reforms: Advocate for fair subsidy norms and transparent trade rules.
Naini Lake
- 04 Apr 2025
In News:
Naini Lake record-low water levels in 2025.
Geographical and Environmental Significance
- Location: Heart of Nainital, Uttarakhand.
- Type: Natural, kidney-shaped freshwater lake.
- Surroundings: Enclosed by seven hills.
- Deepest Point: 89 feet.
- Gauge Level: 12 feet (normal level).
- Water Level (2025): 4.7 feet – lowest in 5 years, nearing “zero level”.
- Zero Level Meaning: Water level below normal gauge, not fully dry.
Ecological & Civic Importance
- Water Source: Supplies 10 million litres/day of drinking water.
- 2024 Dependence: Met 76% of Nainital’s water demand.
- Aquifer Recharge:Sukhatal Lake is a major recharge zone.
Factors Behind Depletion
1. Climate Variability
- Rising Temperatures: +1.5°C rise in Uttarakhand (1970–2022).
- Rainfall Data:
- 2022: 2400 mm (good year).
- 2024: Dropped to 2000 mm.
- Winter Rainfall (Jan–Mar 2025): 107 mm.
- Snowfall Days:
- 2022: Four.
- 2025: None.
2. Anthropogenic Pressures
- Urbanisation& Encroachment:
- Concrete construction → low rainwater infiltration.
- Encroachments on wetlands and recharge zones.
- Pollution Issues:
- Untreated wastewater discharge.
- Improper solid waste disposal.
- Overflowing sewage into stormwater drains.
- Tourism & Homestays:
- High tourist influx.
- Rise in homestays; ~1 in 3 houses converted.
Institutional & Governance Challenges
- Overlapping Jurisdictions:
- Inadequate coordination among agencies.
- Aging Infrastructure:
- Old water distribution system, unable to meet demand.
- Reports Highlighting Issues:
- USCST 2017:Naini Lake most manipulated among Kumaon lakes.
- 2024 Research (CEDAR): Faulty water governance exacerbating stress.
Legal and Civic Interventions
- SC Intervention (1993): Ban on commercial complex projects.
- Uttarakhand HC (2022): Stay on Sukhatal beautification project.
- Petitions Filed: Alleging degradation due to construction on recharge areas.
Way Forward
- Ecosystem-Based Approach: Recognize catchment area, slope vulnerability, and recharge zones.
- Rejuvenation Focus:Prioritisenatural hydrological restoration over tourism promotion.
- Sustainable Urban Planning: Regulation of construction, homestays, and infrastructure development.
Exercise Tiger Triumph 2025
- 03 Apr 2025
In News:
- India and the United States have commenced the fourth edition of their major tri-service military exercise ‘Tiger Triumph’ in the Bay of Bengal, beginning April 1, 2025.
- The two-week-long drill focuses on Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) and crisis response, marking a significant step in the growing strategic defence partnership between the two nations.
Key Objectives:
- Enhance interoperability between the Indian and U.S. armed forces for joint HADR operations.
- Formulate Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for establishing a Combined Coordination Centre (CCC) for joint response during natural disasters and contingency operations.
- Conduct massive maritime and amphibious operations off the coast of Kakinada, following a harbour phase at Visakhapatnam.
Participating Forces and Assets:
India:
- Indian Navy:
- Ships: INS Jalashwa, INS Gharial, INS Mumbai, and INS Shakti
- Aircraft: P-8I long-range maritime patrol aircraft
- Support: Integral helicopters and landing crafts
- Indian Army:
- Troops from 91 Infantry Brigade
- 12 Mechanised Infantry Battalion
- Indian Air Force (IAF):
- Aircraft: C-130J ‘Super Hercules’
- Helicopters: Mi-17
- Rapid Action Medical Team (RAMT)
United States:
- U.S. Navy:
- USS Comstock (amphibious warship)
- USS Ralph Johnson (guided-missile destroyer)
- U.S. Marine Corps:
- Marine division troops onboard naval vessels
- Medical personnel to collaborate with Indian RAMT
Additional Activities:
- Establishment of a Joint Command and Control Centre at the Kakinada naval enclave by the Indian Army and U.S. Marines.
- Setting up of a Joint Medical Camp for humanitarian aid by IAF, Indian RAMT, and U.S. Navy medical teams.
- Training exchanges, sports events, and social interactions between personnel to foster mutual understanding and cooperation.
Strategic Significance:
Exercise Tiger Triumph is part of the broader India-U.S. defence cooperation, which includes:
- Army exercises:YudhAbhyas, Vajra Prahar
- Naval drills:Malabar Exercise (with Australia and Japan)
The growing frequency and complexity of such joint drills underline the strategic convergence between India and the U.S. in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in strengthening maritime security and disaster response mechanisms.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
- 03 Apr 2025
In News:
- Ranchi, Jharkhand, is poised to become the first district in the state to launch a comprehensive campaign for the screening and management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), now redefined as Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).
- The initiative will be carried out under the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD).
- The campaign will begin on April 19, marking World Liver Day, and aims to raise awareness and strengthen early detection and treatment of liver disorders in the population.
About NAFLD/MASLD:
- NAFLD refers to fat accumulation in the liver not caused by alcohol consumption.
- It includes two types:
- Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFL) – mild form.
- Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) – severe form, can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, or cancer.
- It is increasingly prevalent in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
- NAFLD is asymptomatic in early stages but can elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and diabetes-related complications.
- Affects all age groups, including children.
Key Features of the Ranchi NAFLD Initiative:
- Two-phase Screening Drive:
- Phase 1 (April–June): Focus on 30,000 high-risk individuals—those with obesity, diabetes, or hypertension.
- Phase 2 (July–November): Screening expanded to all adults over 18 years in the district.
- Technical Support: Provided by the Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), New Delhi.
- Mobile Screening Vans:
- Each van costs approx. ?1 crore.
- Equipped with FibroScan, an advanced, non-invasive liver diagnostic tool.
- Services provided free of cost in both urban and rural areas.
- Capacity Building:
- 30–40 district-level officers to be trained as master trainers.
- Frontline healthcare workers will be trained to conduct screenings and data collection.
- Health System Strengthening:
- Referral mechanisms to ensure patients receive specialised care.
- Data tracking system to maintain records until integration with the national NCD portal.
Public Health Significance:
- As per the district's civil surgeon, 50% of OPD cases are liver-related.
- On average, 25 patients/day are diagnosed with liver disease; five require hospitalisation.
- Early detection through such initiatives can help prevent disease progression and mortality.
Treatment & Prevention of NAFLD:
- No specific drug currently exists for NAFLD.
- Weight loss remains the primary treatment—shown to reduce liver fat, inflammation, and fibrosis.
- Management of comorbidities like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes is also recommended.
Carbon Dioxide (CO?) Lasers
- 03 Apr 2025
In News:
A team of physicists in the United States has developed a novel method for remotely detecting radioactive substances using carbon dioxide (CO?) lasers. This advancement offers significant implications for national security, nuclear safety, and emergency response, where safe, long-distance detection is essential.
About CO? Lasers:
- Inventor: Prof. C.K.N. Patel, an Indian-American physicist.
- Laser Type: Four-level molecular gas laser.
- Active Medium: A gas mixture of CO?, nitrogen (N?), and helium (He).
- Wavelengths: 9.6 µm and 10.6 µm (Infrared region).
- Power Output: Can reach up to 10 kW, delivering continuous or pulsed beams.
- Mechanism: Operates through transitions between vibrational energy states of CO? molecules, facilitated by energy transfer from excited N? molecules.
Structure and Vibrational Modes of CO? Molecule:
- Composed of one carbon atom flanked by two oxygen atoms.
- Exhibits three vibrational modes:
- Symmetric Stretching – oxygen atoms move in tandem.
- Bending Mode – atoms move perpendicular to the axis.
- Asymmetric Stretching – oxygen and carbon atoms move in opposite directions.
Detection Principle: Avalanche Breakdown and Plasma Formation
- Radioactive decay emits charged particles (e.g., alpha particles) that ionize air, forming plasma.
- Seed electrons in this plasma gain energy via the CO? laser and initiate avalanche breakdown, causing further ionization.
- This chain reaction forms microplasmas, which produce optical backscatter detectable through sensors.
Key Experimental Insights:
- Laser Used: Long-wave infrared CO? laser at 9.2 µm, ideal for minimizing unwanted ionization.
- Alpha particle detection: Achieved from 10 meters, a tenfold improvement over previous techniques.
- Gamma ray detection (e.g., from Cs-137): Potential detection range of up to 100 meters, scalable with improved laser optics.
- Fluorescence imaging: Employed to analyze plasma dynamics and map seed electron distributions.
- Mathematical modeling: Successfully predicted backscatter based on plasma characteristics, validating the method.
Advantages of the Technique:
- Enhanced sensitivity to weak radioactive sources.
- Long-range detection without direct contact.
- Reduced risk for personnel during radiation monitoring.
- Scalability: Theoretically extendable to ~1 km with high-energy lasers and larger optics.
Challenges Ahead:
- Extended range detection requires larger optical systems and higher laser power.
- Signal degradation due to atmospheric interference and background noise at longer distances.
- Trade-off between detection range and signal clarity remains a critical engineering hurdle.
The use of CO? lasers for radioactive detection marks a significant leap in remote sensing technologies. While currently limited to tens or hundreds of meters, future developments may push detection ranges further, making it a valuable tool in defense, nuclear safety, and disaster management.
Tribhuvandas Patel
- 03 Apr 2025
In News:
The Lok Sabha recently approved a bill to establish the Tribhuvan Sahkari University in Anand, Gujarat, named in honour of TribhuvandasKishibhai Patel, a seminal figure in India’s cooperative movement and a founding architect behind Amul.
Who was Tribhuvandas Patel?
- Born in 1903 in a farming family in Gujarat, Tribhuvandas Patel was an Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, and social reformer.
- A dedicated follower of Mahatma Gandhi, he actively participated in the civil disobedience movement, anti-untouchability campaigns, and rural development initiatives.
- He was first arrested during the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 at Nasik and later in Visapur, where he resolved to commit his life to public service.
- Between 1948 and 1983, he served as the President of Harijan Sevak Sangh, an organisation founded by Gandhi to uplift marginalized communities.
Role in India's Cooperative Movement
- In 1946, with encouragement from Morarji Desai and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Tribhuvandas spearheaded the formation of the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. (KDCMPUL) to counter exploitative practices by private dairies such as Polson Dairy.
- His strategy began with organizing village-level milk cooperatives, where membership was inclusive, cutting across caste, class, and religion.
- Recognizing the need for professional management, he brought in Dr. VergheseKurien, who later led India’s White Revolution.
Institution Building and Legacy
Tribhuvandas Patel played a pivotal role in laying the foundations of several key institutions that transformed India’s dairy sector:
- Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF)
- National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
- Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA)
His lifelong efforts significantly empowered rural milk producers and contributed to India’s emergence as a dairy powerhouse.
Recognitions and Awards
- Ramon Magsaysay Award (1963) for Community Leadership
- Padma Bhushan (1964) from the Government of India for his services to society
6th BIMSTEC Summit
- 03 Apr 2025
In News:
- The 6th BIMSTEC Summit is scheduled for April 4, 2025, in Bangkok, Thailand, under the theme "Prosperous, Resilient, and Open BIMSTEC."
- It aims to deepen cooperation among member states on trade, security, connectivity, and sustainable development, while endorsing the long-term roadmap titled Bangkok Vision 2030.
About BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation)
- Established: 6 June 1997 (via Bangkok Declaration)
- Initial Name: BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooperation)
- Evolution:
- Renamed BIMST-EC in 1997 with Myanmar’s inclusion
- Full members as of 2004: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand
- Headquarters: Dhaka, Bangladesh (Operational since 2014)
- Chairmanship: Rotational, alphabetical order
- Structure: Guided by the BIMSTEC Charter (adopted in 2022)
Objectives and Strategic Focus
- Foster economic and technical cooperation among littoral states of the Bay of Bengal
- Promote collaboration in trade, energy, transport, security, technology, and environmental protection
- Enhance regional connectivity through infrastructure, digital links, and maritime transport
- Address shared challenges like terrorism, poverty, natural disasters, and climate change
- Strengthen people-to-people exchanges and institutional frameworks
Highlights of the 6th Summit
- Follows the 5th Summit held virtually in Colombo (2022)
- Preceded by:
- Senior Officials’ Meeting (April 2, 2025)
- Foreign/External Affairs Ministers’ Meeting (April 3, 2025)
Key Agendas and Agreements:
- 6th BIMSTEC Summit Declaration – outlining vision and action points
- Bangkok Vision 2030 – strategic roadmap for future cooperation
- Agreement on Maritime Transport Cooperation – enhancing cargo and passenger movement across Bay of Bengal
- MoUs with:
- Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
- Rules of Procedure for BIMSTEC Mechanisms – to operationalize the 2022 Charter
- Report of the Eminent Persons Group – outlines BIMSTEC's future direction; implementation has begun
Sectoral Priorities
- Reforms in 2021 streamlined BIMSTEC’s focus to seven core sectors:
- Trade, Investment and Development
- Environment and Climate Change
- Security and Counter-Terrorism
- Agriculture and Food Security
- Connectivity
- People-to-People Contact
- Science, Technology and Innovation
- Emerging Focus Areas: Blue Economy and Disaster Risk Management
Significance
- Geostrategic Bridge: Connects South Asia and Southeast Asia, supplementing SAARC and ASEAN efforts
- Reinforces BIMSTEC’s role as the sole regional platform in the Bay of Bengal
- Strengthens institutional architecture for regional peace, prosperity, and resilience
ISRO’s CARTOSAT-3
- 02 Apr 2025
In News:
Recently, a 7.7 magnitude earthquake struck Myanmar near the Sagaing-Mandalay border, causing severe damage in key cities such as Mandalay and Sagaing. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) used its advanced Earth observation satellite CARTOSAT-3 to assess the destruction via high-resolution post-disaster imagery.
CARTOSAT-3: An Overview
- Developer: ISRO
- Launched by: PSLV-C47
- Mission Type: Third-generation agile Earth observation satellite
- Successor to: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing) series
Key Specifications:
Feature Details
Resolution Panchromatic: 0.25 metres (sharpest civilian)
Orbit Altitude 509 km (Sun-synchronous orbit)
Inclination 97.5°
Weight 1,625 kg
Technologies Agile cameras, advanced onboard computers, high-speed data transmission
Commercial Use
- First commercial order executed by NewSpace India Ltd (NSIL), ISRO’s commercial arm.
Applications of CARTOSAT-3
- Disaster Management: Monitoring and assessing damage from earthquakes, floods, and landslides
- National Security & Strategic Operations: Surveillance and intelligence (used in 2016 LoC surgical strikes and 2015 Myanmar-Manipur ops)
- Urban & Rural Planning: Infrastructure development, land-use mapping, and road networks
- Environmental Monitoring: Coastal regulation and land-use changes
- Cartography and Remote Sensing: High-precision geospatial mapping and terrain analysis
Cartosat and Other ISRO Satellite Series
Satellite Series Focus Area
Cartosat-1 to 3 High-resolution Earth imaging for urban/rural planning
RISAT Radar-based imaging (all-weather surveillance)
Oceansat Oceanography, weather, and marine research
INSAT &Megha-Tropiques Atmospheric and climate monitoring
NITI NCAER States Economic Forum Portal
- 02 Apr 2025
In News:
The NITI NCAER States Economic Forum portal, jointly developed by NITI Aayog and the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), was launched on April 1, 2025, by the Union Finance Minister.
Key Highlights:
The portal serves as a comprehensive digital repository offering over 30 years (1990-91 to 2022-23) of state-wise data on social, economic, and fiscal parameters, promoting evidence-based policymaking and fiscal transparency.
Purpose and Significance
- Objective: To enable policymakers, researchers, and academics to access, compare, and analyze long-term trends in State finances and socio-economic indicators.
- Promotes data-driven governance, facilitates inter-State comparisons, and strengthens cooperative federalism.
- Addresses persistent demands for transparent, centralized, and accessible fiscal data, especially amid concerns of fiscal imbalance between Centre and States.
Core Features of the Portal
The portal is structured around four main components:
- State Reports:
- Covers all 28 Indian States.
- Summarizes macroeconomic and fiscal landscapes based on key indicators—demography, economic structure, social indicators, and fiscal metrics.
- Data Repository:
- Offers access to extensive datasets organized into five verticals:
- Demography
- Economic Structure
- Fiscal
- Health
- Education
- Offers access to extensive datasets organized into five verticals:
- Fiscal and Economic Dashboard:
- Interactive dashboards with graphical representations of vital statistics.
- Enables visualization of trends and download of datasets.
- Research and Commentary:Features expert analyses, research papers, and commentary on fiscal policies and State-level financial management.
Benefits and Policy Implications
- Enhances transparency and informed public debate.
- Supports benchmarking of States' performance against national averages and peer States.
- Aids in planning reforms, improving public finance management, and addressing regional disparities.
- A vital tool for academicians, policy analysts, and government officials working on State-level governance and development planning.
Arctic Geopolitics
- 02 Apr 2025
In News:
The Arctic region, traditionally isolated due to its extreme climate and thick ice cover, is rapidly emerging as a global geopolitical hotspot. Accelerated melting of ice caps due to climate change has unlocked access to untapped resources and new shipping routes, intensifying competition among major powers.
Resource Wealth and Strategic Significance
- The Arctic holds an estimated 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil and 30% of untapped natural gas (USGS, 2009).
- Rich in rare earth elements, phosphates, and copper, particularly in areas like Greenland.
- Melting ice is opening access to valuable fishing grounds and enabling commercial navigation.
Emerging Shipping Routes
- Northeast Passage (Northern Sea Route): Along Russia’s Arctic coast, connecting Europe and Asia. Reduces distance by ~8,000 km compared to the Suez Canal.
- Northwest Passage: Through Canada’s Arctic Archipelago. Disputed between Canada (claims internal waters) and the U.S. (asserts international strait).
These routes offer significant economic and strategic advantages, including reduced dependency on traditional chokepoints like the Suez Canal.
Governance: The Arctic Council
The Arctic Council, established by the 1996 Ottawa Declaration, is the key intergovernmental forum for Arctic affairs.
Members (8 Arctic States):
- Canada, Denmark (via Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States
These countries:
- Control Arctic land territories
- Have sovereign rights over resources within their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)
Permanent Participants:
- Six Indigenous groups representing Arctic communities.
Observers:
- Includes India, China, Japan, UK, among others.
- 13 countries, 13 intergovernmental, and 12 non-governmental organisations.
- All decisions require consensus of member states and consultation with Indigenous groups.
Legal Framework and Territorial Claims
- Governed primarily by UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).
- Allows Arctic states to extend claims beyond their 200-nautical-mile EEZ if they prove natural extension of the continental shelf.
- Russia, Canada, and Denmark have submitted overlapping claims to the Arctic seabed.
Unlike Antarctica, which is demilitarised under international treaties, the Arctic has no such binding legal framework, allowing military infrastructure and territorial claims.
Geopolitical Tensions in the Arctic
Russia’s Military Build-up:
- Largest fleet of Arctic icebreakers, including nuclear-powered vessels.
- Maintains Soviet-era Arctic military bases.
- Planted a flag on the Arctic seabed at the North Pole in 2007.
- In 2022, conducted naval exercises with China, signaling deepening strategic ties.
U.S. Interests:
- Renewed interest in Greenland, citing national security.
- Operates the Pituffik Air Base in Greenland.
- Dispute with Canada over Northwest Passage navigation rights.
NATO’s Arctic Response:
- All Arctic Council members except Russia are NATO allies.
- NATO has increased its Arctic presence post-Ukraine conflict.
- Strategic focus on GIUK (Greenland-Iceland-UK) Gap, a critical naval chokepoint for Russian submarines.
China’s Arctic Aspirations:
- Declared itself a "Near-Arctic State" in 2018.
- Investing in Arctic research and building its first nuclear-powered icebreaker.
- Interested in Russia’s Northeast Passage for trade under the proposed “Polar Silk Road”.
India and the Arctic
India, an observer in the Arctic Council, is closely monitoring developments. It has an Arctic Policy focusing on:
- Scientific research
- Climate and environmental protection
- International cooperation
Understanding "Vibe Coding"
- 02 Apr 2025
In News:
The concept of “vibe coding” gained traction after an OpenAI co-founder demonstrated how modern AI tools can translate intuitive prompts into working code—eliminating the need for in-depth technical expertise.
What is Vibe Coding?
Vibe coding is an intuition-driven, casual approach to programming where users describe what they want to build, and AI generates the code accordingly. Instead of relying on traditional programming logic, this method focuses on the user’s "feel" or intent—making it well-suited for low-stakes, creative, or personal projects.
How It Works:
- Users give natural language prompts describing their desired output (e.g., a simple game, utility, or web page).
- AI models like ChatGPT, Cursor, or Sonnet generate the corresponding code.
- The user then runs or copies the code without necessarily understanding its structure or logic.
Key Features of Vibe Coding:
- Prompt-first, logic-second: Relies on describing functionality rather than coding step-by-step.
- Low technical barrier: No deep knowledge of syntax, algorithms, or frameworks required.
- Trial-and-error approach: Users often accept AI-generated suggestions without critical review.
- Heavy dependence on AI: Debugging and improvements rely primarily on AI assistance.
- Limited focus on performance/security: Generated code may lack optimization or safeguards.
Why Vibe Coding Matters:
- Democratizes coding: Makes programming accessible to those without formal training.
- Fuels creativity: Encourages playful experimentation and rapid prototyping.
- Saves time for developers: Ideal for automating small, repetitive tasks.
- Inspires new learners: Attracts non-traditional audiences into tech through approachable tools.
- Useful for quick builds: Ideal for weekend hacks, personal utilities, or mock-ups.
Alzheimer’s Disease
- 02 Apr 2025
In News:
A new drug, Gantenerumab, has shown potential in slowing the progression of early-onset Alzheimer’s by significantly reducing the accumulation of amyloid plaques, a major indicator of the disease.
Alzheimer’s Disease Overview
- Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, primarily impairing memory, thinking, and reasoning.
- It is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60–80% of all dementia cases globally.
- The disease is marked by the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques, which interfere with neuronal communication and trigger brain inflammation, eventually leading to cell death.
What is Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (EOAD)?
- EOAD affects individuals below 65 years of age, comprising 5–10% of total Alzheimer’s cases.
- It progresses more rapidly and often strikes during a person’s prime working years.
- EOAD is strongly linked to genetic mutations in three genes: APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which result in overproduction of amyloid beta proteins.
Amyloid Plaques: The Disease Hallmark
- Amyloid plaques are clusters of misfolded amyloid beta proteins.
- These plaques disrupt brain function, contribute to inflammation, and kill neurons.
- They are central to the amyloid hypothesis, which posits that amyloid accumulation is a primary cause of Alzheimer’s progression.
Gantenerumab: A Potential Breakthrough
- Gantenerumab is a monoclonal antibody developed to target and eliminate amyloid beta plaques in the brain.
- It can cross the blood-brain barrier, a key obstacle in neurological drug delivery.
- The drug binds to amyloid plaques, signaling microglial cells (brain's immune cells) to break down and clear these plaques.
- This action may slow cognitive decline in early stages of the disease.
Recent Clinical Trial Findings
- A randomized, placebo-controlled trial involved 73 participants with rare inherited EOAD mutations.
- A subgroup of 22 asymptomatic participants showed reduced risk of symptom development from nearly 100% to 50% over eight years.
- Brain imaging confirmed a significant reduction in amyloid buildup.
Limitations and Risks
- Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) were observed in 53% of trial participants:
- Brain swelling in 30%
- Microbleeds in 27%
- Iron deposits in 6%
- No major hemorrhages or deaths occurred, but side effects necessitate regular monitoring.
- The cognitive benefits were modest, and the drug is costly to produce, raising affordability concerns.
- The study had a small sample size and focused only on a rare genetic subset of EOAD.
Significance and Future Prospects
- Gantenerumab supports the amyloid hypothesis, alongside other drugs like lecanemab and donanemab.
- Despite its discontinuation in 2022 due to limited efficacy, new findings may revive interest in its development.
- The trial highlights the critical importance of early diagnosis and biomarker testing for timely therapeutic intervention.
Strength of Cloud Bands and their role in Indian Monsoon
- 01 Apr 2025
In News:
A recent study by the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has shed new light on the role of equatorial cloud bands in determining the movement and intensity of monsoon rainfall over India. These insights could enhance the accuracy of seasonal and sub-seasonal climate models.
Key Findings of the Study:
- Importance of Cloud Band Strength:
- The northward movement of monsoon cloud bands—crucial for triggering wet spells in India—is not guaranteed. Only strong cloud bands originating near the equator successfully propagate northward.
- Weak cloud bands fail to initiate wet spells, countering earlier assumptions that all cloud bands move north regardless of strength.
- Role of BSISO:
- The Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO) governs alternating wet and dry spells during the monsoon. It helps transport convection (cloud activity and heat) from the Indian Ocean towards the Indian subcontinent.
- The size and strength of the cloud band influenced by BSISO determine the duration and intensity of wet phases.
- Air-Sea Interaction:
- Moisture buildup and wind strength, both vital for rain formation, are heavily influenced by air-sea interaction in the equatorial Indian Ocean.
- Strong coupling between the ocean and atmosphere enhances atmospheric moisture, aiding cloud formation and monsoon intensity.
- Impact of Climate Change:
- With rising global temperatures, background atmospheric moisture is expected to increase.
- This is projected to lead to a 42%–63% rise in rainfall during wet spells across India and surrounding seas in the future.
- Modeling and Forecasting:
- The study's findings help address gaps in current climate models, improving forecasts for monsoon rains at both seasonal and sub-seasonal scales.
What is BSISO?
- A large-scale monsoon phenomenon active between June and September.
- Alternates between active (rainy) and break (dry) spells.
- Modulated by global oceanic phenomena such as:
- El Niño: Weakens northward propagation of BSISO.
- La Niña: Enhances BSISO movement towards India.
Key Facts About Indian Monsoon:
- Monsoon Etymology: Derived from Arabic "mausim", meaning season.
Types of Monsoons in India:
- Southwest Monsoon (June–September):
- Also called the advancing monsoon.
- Brings 80% of India's annual rainfall.
- Driven by low pressure over the Indian subcontinent and high pressure over the Indian Ocean.
- Northeast Monsoon (October–December):
- Known as the retreating monsoon.
- Affects southeastern coastal regions, especially Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
Key Influencing Factors:
- Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ): Moves northward in summer, attracting moisture-laden winds.
- Tibetan Plateau Heating: Generates the Tropical Easterly Jet, enhancing monsoon inflow.
- Somali Jet: Strengthens monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea.
- Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD):
- Positive IOD (warmer west): Enhances monsoon.
- Negative IOD (warmer east): Weakens it.
- ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation):
- El Niño: Linked with weaker monsoons and droughts.
- La Niña: Associated with stronger and prolonged monsoon spells.
Maasai Tribe and the Carbon Credit Conflict in Tanzania
- 01 Apr 2025
In News:
The Maasai, a prominent indigenous community in East Africa, are resisting international carbon credit projects in Tanzania. They fear these initiatives may lead to land dispossession and the erosion of their traditional pastoralist lifestyle.
Who are the Maasai?
- Ethnic Group: Semi-nomadic pastoralists found primarily in Tanzania and Kenya, especially in the Great Rift Valley and semi-arid savannas.
- Language:Maa (Eastern Sudanic branch, Nilo-Saharan family).
- Cultural Identity:
- Known for distinct attire, beadwork, and warrior traditions.
- Socially organized through patrilineal clans, divided into moieties and age-sets (from junior warriors to senior elders).
- Youth (Morans) undergo bush training for resilience and discipline.
- Livelihood:
- Rely on cattle, sheep, and goats for milk, meat, and blood.
- Practice transhumance, moving seasonally for water and pasture.
- Reside in kraals—circular enclosures with mud-dung houses and thorn fences.
Carbon Credit Projects and Rising Tensions
- Projects Involved:
- Longido and Monduli Rangelands Carbon Project (Volkswagen ClimatePartners).
- Resilient Tarangire Ecosystem Project (The Nature Conservancy).
- Area Affected: Nearly 2 million hectares of Maasai grazing land.
- Project Goal: Store soil carbon and sell offsets to polluters globally.
Maasai Concerns and Resistance
- Forced Land-Use Changes:Carbon projects impose structured rotational grazing (e.g., 14-day grazing cycles), disrupting centuries-old mobility practices.
- Lack of Consultation:Research by the Maasai International Solidarity Alliance (MISA) shows widespread violations of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC).
- Women and youth were excluded from consultations.
- Some communities unknowingly entered 30–40 year contracts.
- Payments were often tokenistic and poorly explained.
- Economic and Legal Risks:
- Villages lack clarity on revenue shares from credits.
- Contracts lock communities into rigid systems despite village land-use plans being reviewed every 10 years.
- Intermediaries—not end buyers—dominate the agreements.
Government and Global Dimensions
- Tanzania’s Push:The government expects $1 billion/year from carbon credit sales and is streamlining the sector through the National Carbon Monitoring Centre (NCMC).
- Global Scrutiny:
- Investigations reveal over 90% of rainforest offsets by some certifiers are ineffective.
- Soil carbon in semi-arid areas (like Maasai rangelands) is volatile and hard to quantify.
Grassroots Resistance and Legal Action
- Cultural and Spiritual Attachment:Land is integral to Maasai identity, beyond livestock rearing—it holds spiritual and cultural significance.
- Legal Mobilization:Young warriors, once defending livestock from predators, now advocate legally to protect ancestral land.MISA, formed after violent evictions in 2022 (Ngorongoro, Loliondo), spearheads resistance against exploitative schemes.
India–Myanmar Free Movement Regime (FMR)
- 01 Apr 2025
In News:
In February 2024, Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced the scrapping of the Free Movement Regime (FMR) along the India–Myanmar border, citing national security concerns. The decision is reportedly influenced by the former Manipur Chief Minister, who blamed unregulated cross-border movement for ethnic violence in Manipur. However, the decision has not yet been implemented, and no formal notification or bilateral agreement has been issued. Mizoram and Nagaland have opposed the move, highlighting socio-cultural concerns.
What is the Free Movement Regime (FMR)?
- Introduced: 1968
- Current Limit: Movement up to 16 km on either side of the 1,643 km-long India–Myanmar border
- Eligibility: Members of hill tribes on both sides with a border pass valid for one year, allowing stay for up to 2 weeks per visit
- Purpose:
- Preserve historical, cultural, and familial ties between border communities
- Facilitate local trade and people-to-people exchanges
- Complement India’s Act East Policy by promoting cross-border cooperation
- Regulations: Initially 40 km (1968), reduced to 16 km (2004), with tighter checks from 2016
- Formal Implementation: 2018
Impact on Border Communities:
- Deep Ethnic and Familial Ties: Many communities across Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh share ancestry and cultural links with communities in Myanmar, such as the Chin and Mizo peoples.
- Local Trade & Livelihoods: FMR supports livelihoods through informal trade. Its removal could disrupt economic dependence in these remote areas.
- Perceived as Redundant: Locals report that cross-border interaction predates FMR and continues with or without official sanction.
Security Concerns and Contraband Issues:
- Despite increased military presence post the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) in the 1980s, smuggling of contraband such as drugs, gold, and areca nuts continues unabated.
- Centre’s View: FMR allegedly facilitates illegal migration, drug trafficking, and infiltration contributing to internal instability.
- Local View: Scrapping the FMR alone won’t stop cross-border crime without comprehensive border management and community engagement.
Challenges with Border Fencing:
- Difficult Terrain: The mountainous and forested landscape makes border fencing logistically and financially challenging.
- Social Sensitivity: Fencing may provoke protests as the border cuts across ethnically unified communities.
- Unified Homeland Demand: Risk of reviving separatist sentiments, especially in regions like Eastern Nagaland, where demands for Frontier Nagaland exist.
Legal and Strategic Concerns:
- The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 allows the use of forest land within 100 km of international borders for strategic projects, raising concerns about displacement and loss of ancestral lands.
Way Forward:
- Balanced Approach Needed:
- Any changes must consider security needs as well as local sensitivities.
- Community engagement and consultation are crucial to avoid unrest.
- Alternatives to Fencing:
- Strengthen customs and intelligence units along the border.
- Promote legal trade channels to formalize economic activities.
- Enhance monitoring mechanisms without disrupting historical ties.
- Long-Term Strategy:
- Address instability in Myanmar, Chinese influence, and Golden Triangle drug trade through coordinated regional efforts.
- Align border governance with India’s Act East Policy, focusing on connectivity and cultural diplomacy.
Mount Kenya’s Rapid Glacier Retreat due to Climate Change
- 01 Apr 2025
In News:
Mount Kenya, Africa’s second-highest peak after Kilimanjaro, is witnessing a dramatic loss of its glacial cover due to accelerating climate change. Scientists warn that the mountain may become completely ice-free by 2030.
Key Findings:
- The Lewis Glacier, once one of the most prominent ice bodies on Mount Kenya, has experienced substantial shrinkage.
- A 2011 study by the University of Innsbruck (Austria) reported a 90% volume loss in Lewis Glacier between 1934 and 2010.
- A 2023 satellite analysis revealed that only 4.2% of the ice present in 1900 remains today.
About Mount Kenya:
- Location: Central Kenya, just south of the Equator.
- Elevation:5,199 meters (17,058 feet) at its highest peak, Batian.
- Geological Nature: An extinct stratovolcano, heavily eroded over millennia.
- Glaciers: Includes Lewis Glacier and Tyndall Glacier, among the last surviving tropical glaciers in Africa.
- UNESCO Status: Declared a World Heritage Site in 1997 for its ecological and cultural value.
Exercise PrachandPrahar (2025)
- 01 Apr 2025
In News:
Exercise PrachandPrahar was a tri-service integrated multi-domain military exercise conducted by the Indian Armed Forces in the high-altitude terrain of Arunachal Pradesh, along the Northern Borders, specifically under the Eastern Army Command.
Timeline:
- Held: March 25–27, 2025
- Preceded by:Exercise PoorviPrahar (November 2024), which focused on integrated aviation asset application.
Objective:
To validate integrated operational capabilities of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, and enhance India's preparedness for future warfare scenarios along the 3,488-km long Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
Key Highlights:
- Location: High-altitude Himalayan terrain, eastern sector of the LAC in Arunachal Pradesh.
- Forces Involved:
- Indian Army (including Special Forces)
- Indian Air Force (IAF)
- Indian Navy
Major Components:
- Surveillance and Domain Awareness:
- Long-range surveillance aircraft (IAF)
- Maritime domain awareness aircraft (Navy)
- Helicopters and UAVs
- Space-based assets
- Precision Strike Capabilities:
- Fighter aircrafts
- Long-range rocket systems
- Medium artillery
- Armed helicopters
- Swarm drones
- Loitering munitions
- Kamikaze drones
- Operational Environment:
- Simulated electronic warfare and contested conditions.
- Focus on jointness, precision, and rapid response.
Strategic Importance:
- Demonstrated seamless command, control, and coordination among the three services.
- Validated the ability to conduct multi-domain operations (MDO) in challenging terrain.
- Reinforced India’s technological edge and combat readiness along strategic frontiers.
UK–Mauritius Deal on Chagos Islands
- 25 May 2025
Background:
The Chagos Archipelago, a remote group of over 60 islands in the Indian Ocean, has been at the center of a decades-long sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Mauritius. The UK separated the islands from Mauritius in 1965, three years before Mauritius gained independence, and established the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
In the 1970s, the UK allowed the United States to build a military base on Diego Garcia, the largest island in the archipelago. The local Chagossian population was displaced, leading to international criticism and legal challenges.
Recent Development
In May 2025, the UK government, led by Prime Minister Keir Starmer, agreed to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius. The agreement follows the 2019 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and United Nations resolutions urging the UK to end its colonial administration of the islands.
Key Provisions of the Treaty
- Sovereignty Transfer: Mauritius regains control over the Chagos Archipelago, including Diego Garcia.
- Lease Agreement: The UK will lease back Diego Garcia from Mauritius for 99 years, paying approximately:
- £101–136 million annually, totaling over £3 billion ($4 billion) across the lease term.
- Strategic Base Retained: The US-UK military base on Diego Garcia will continue operating. It is vital for counter-terrorism, surveillance, and regional stability in South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa.
Geographical Significance
- The Chagos Islands lie about 500 km south of the Maldives and are part of the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge.
- It is the southernmost archipelago of the ridge and is located over 9,000 km southeast of the UK.
- Major islands: Salomon Islands, PerosBanhos, Diego Garcia.
Strategic and Military Importance
- Diego Garcia serves as a key US military outpost, supporting operations in multiple global regions.
- Described as an “almost indispensable platform”, the base has hosted long-range bombers and surveillance missions.
- Recently, it has been used for nuclear-capable bomber deployments and airstrike missions.
Local and International Reactions
- Mauritius: The agreement is celebrated as the completion of its decolonisation process. Chagossian exiles expressed joy over the chance to return to their ancestral lands.
- India: Strongly supported the sovereignty restoration, aligning with its principles on decolonisation, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. India views the resolution as a positive development for Indian Ocean regional stability.
Criticism and Concerns
- Some UK opposition leaders raised concerns about national security and financial burden on taxpayers.
- There are apprehensions about Mauritius’s close trade ties with China, though the deal includes safeguards against “malign influence.”
Payments Regulatory Board (PRB)
- 25 May 2025
In News:
The Central Government has notified the Payments Regulatory Board Regulations, 2025, replacing the earlier Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS) with a new statutory authority — the Payments Regulatory Board (PRB).
About the PRB
- Legal Basis: Constituted under Section 3 of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
- Objective: To regulate and supervise payment systems in India with broader representation and holistic oversight.
Composition (Total: 6 Members)
- Chairperson: Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
- Ex-Officio Members:
- Deputy Governor of RBI in charge of the Department of Payment and Settlement Systems (DPSS)
- One RBI official nominated by the RBI Central Board
- Government Nominees:Three members nominated by the Central Government (previous BPSS had none)
Other Key Features:
- Expert Consultation: PRB can invite experts from fields like law and IT as permanent or ad hoc members.
- Eligibility Criteria:
- Members must be below 70 years of age
- Should not hold any legislative office or have material conflicts of interest
- Governance:
- Board meets at least twice a year
- Decisions are by majority vote; in case of a tie, the Chairperson (or Deputy Governor) casts the deciding vote.
- Delegation: PRB can delegate functions to RBI officers or sub-committees.
Institutional Support
- The PRB will be supported by the RBI’s DPSS, which will report directly to the board.
Significance of the Reform
- Marks a structural reform in the regulation of India’s rapidly growing payments ecosystem.
- Enhances government oversight through its nominees.
- Aims to improve coordination among various departments (e.g., fintech, digital payments).
- Seeks to provide uniform and consolidated regulation across diverse payment systems.
Acharya Charaka and Sage Sushruta
- 25 May 2025
In News:
The Vice-President of India recently inaugurated the statues of Acharya Charaka and Sage Sushruta at Raj Bhavan, Goa, to honour India's ancient medical heritage rooted in Ayurveda and surgery.
Acharya Charaka – Father of Indian Medicine
- Period: Circa 100 BCE – 200 CE
- Region: Associated with Taxila, under the Kushan emperor Kanishka.
- Key Contribution:
- Originally based on the Agnivesha Samhita, later revised and compiled by Charaka.
- Focused on internal medicine (Kayachikitsa).
- Discussed physiology, disease pathology, diagnosis, and therapeutic techniques.
- Introduced the concept of three doshas: Vata, Pitta, Kapha—the basis for diagnosis and treatment in Ayurveda.
- Provided early insights into embryology (Garbha Vigyan) and preventive healthcare.
- Stressed medical ethics, such as confidentiality, non-maleficence, and the moral duties of a physician.
- Emphasized the importance of diet, lifestyle, and environmental factors in health.
- The Charaka Samhita is part of the B?hatTrayi (Great Trilogy) of Ayurveda and was expanded by D??habala.
- Translated into Arabic, Latin, and other languages, reflecting its global medical influence.
Sage Sushruta – Father of Surgery
- Period: Circa 600–700 BCE
- Region:Practised in Kashi (Varanasi), likely under King Divodasa.
- Key Contribution:
- A pioneering treatise in surgery and medical science.
- Detailed 300+ surgical procedures and over 100 surgical instruments.
- Innovations include rhinoplasty (nasal reconstruction), skin grafts, cataract surgery, and caesarean sections.
- Explained fractures, dislocations, use of anaesthesia, and surgical training.
- Emphasized dissection-based anatomy, practical education, and simulation for surgical learning.
- Covered areas like public health, toxicology, pediatrics (Kaumarbhritya), and neonatal care.
- Integrated scientific observation, hygiene, and evidence-based methods long before modern systems.
Collective Significance:
- Both are part of the B?hatTrayi (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya), forming the backbone of Ayurvedic literature.
- Their work laid the foundation for:
- Holistic medicine and ethical healthcare practice.
- Advanced understanding of human physiology and embryology.
- Scientific surgery, centuries ahead of global developments.
- Contributions to child health (Kaumarbhritya) and public hygiene.
- Their texts influenced Arab and European medicine through translations such as Kitab-i-Susrud.
Asian Productivity Organization (APO)
- 25 May 2025
In News:
India has officially taken over the Chairmanship of the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) for the 2025–26 term during the 67th Governing Body Meeting.
About APO:
- Type: Regional intergovernmental organization.
- Established:1961.
- Headquarters:Tokyo, Japan.
- Membership: 21 member economies from the Asia-Pacific region, including India, Japan, Iran, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, and others.
- India:Founding member of the APO.
Key Objectives:
- Enhance productivity in member countries through mutual cooperation.
- Foster sustainable and inclusive socioeconomic development.
- Promote innovation-led growth across industry, agriculture, services, and public sectors.
Core Functions:
- Policy Advisory:Assists governments in designing national productivity strategies.
- Capacity Building:Conducts training programs, workshops, and research initiatives to boost productivity skills.
- Centres of Excellence:Facilitates innovation and best practices sharing among members.
- Green Productivity:Promotes environmentally sustainable growth models.
- Digital & Innovation Ecosystem:Encourages digital transformation and entrepreneurship through regional collaboration.
Organizational Structure:
- Governing Body:The apex decision-making entity; sets strategic direction and reviews performance annually.
- National Productivity Organizations (NPOs):Act as nodal agencies coordinating with the APO at the national level.
- Secretariat:Based in Tokyo, headed by a Secretary-General, manages daily operations.
Significance for India:
- India’s chairmanship marks a step forward in shaping regional productivity policies and highlights India’s commitment to sustainable development and economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific.
State of the World’s Animal Health Report 2025
- 25 May 2025
In News:
Infectious animal diseases are spreading to previously unaffected regions and species, with nearly half (47 per cent) capable of zoonotic transmission or spreading between animals, according to the inaugural State of the World’s Animal Health report released by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).
Key Details:
Published by:
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), formerly OIE (Office International des Epizooties), founded in 1924, headquartered in Paris.
- Recognized by the WTO for setting global standards on animal health and zoonotic disease control.
Objective of the Report:
- To provide a comprehensive global assessment of animal health trends, risks, and disease outbreaks.
- To promote a One Health approach, linking animal health with human health and environmental sustainability.
Major Findings:
1. Rising Zoonotic Threats:
- 47% of animal diseases reported between 2005–2023 have zoonotic potential (can spread from animals to humans).
- These include avian influenza, African swine fever (ASF), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR).
2. Geographic Expansion of Diseases:
- Diseases are emerging in new regions and species due to climate change, global trade, and ecosystem disruptions.
- Example: ASF jumped over 1,800 km to reach Sri Lanka in 2024, marking the year's most significant disease leap.
- PPR re-emerged in Europe, traditionally limited to developing regions.
3. Avian Influenza Evolution:
- Over 630 million birds culled or lost in 20 years.
- In 2024, more outbreaks were reported in non-poultry species (55 countries) than poultry (42 countries).
- Mammal infections doubled, raising concerns of cross-species transmission.
4. Other Notable Disease Events:
- Germany faced its first FMD outbreak since 1988.
- New World Screwworm, a parasitic fly, re-emerged in Mexico and Nicaragua.
- Bluetongue virus reported in 23 countries with over 3,500 cases in 2024.
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): A Global Threat
Key Data:
- By 2050, AMR may cause:
- Loss of livestock threatening food security for 2 billion people.
- $100 trillion global economic loss.
Drivers:
- Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock, aquaculture, and agriculture.
- Around 20% of countries still use antimicrobials as growth promoters, including high-priority drugs like colistin and enrofloxacin.
Trends:
- Global antibiotic use in animals fell by 5% (2020–2022).
- Europe: 23% decline.
- Africa: 20% decline.
Recommendations by WOAH:
- Enhance vaccine access and distribution, especially in low-income countries.
- Strengthen Veterinary Services, surveillance, and biosecurity.
- Improve hygiene and disease prevention to reduce antibiotic dependence.
- Promote international cooperation under the One Health framework.
- Ban or regulate the use of antibiotics as growth promoters.
About WOAH:
- Intergovernmental organization with 183 member countries, including India.
- Monitors, controls, and reports on animal diseases to ensure safe trade, public health, and food security.
- Partner in Global Action Plan on AMR with WHO and FAO.
Indian Initiatives on AMR & Animal Health:
- National Action Plan on AMR (2017–2021) – Focus on awareness, surveillance, infection control, and R&D.
- FSSAI guidelines to regulate antibiotic residues in food of animal origin.
- National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP) – Focus on vaccination against FMD and Brucellosis.
Keezhadi Excavations
- 24 May 2025
In News:
The Keezhadi archaeological site, located near Madurai along the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu’s Sivaganga district, is a major site of cultural and historical significance. It offers compelling evidence of an urban, literate, and industrialized Tamil civilization dating back to the Sangam Age.
Background and Discovery
- Discovered: Surveys in 2013–14; Excavations began in 2015.
- Excavating Agencies: Initially conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and later by the Tamil Nadu State Archaeology Department.
- Excavated Area: Only 1 out of 100 acres has been explored; over 4,000 artefacts recovered.
Significant Findings
- Carbon Dating (AMS) of charcoal: Indicates urban habitation existed by 200 BCE.
- Key Discoveries: Brick structures, ring wells, pottery with Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions, beads, graffiti, water storage facilities, and a large decorative pot unique to the region.
- Artefacts suggest links with North India and Western trade networks.
Cultural and Historical Significance
- Suggests early urbanization in South India, independent of northern influence.
- Supports theories of a pre-Sangam urban Tamil culture.
- Establishes Keezhadi as a centre of literacy, trade, and craftsmanship.
- Mention of nearby settlements like Manalur and Konthagai in Tamil classics such as Tiruvilayadal Puranam strengthens the site's literary links.
Sangam Period Context
- Spanned approximately 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE.
- Tamil academies or ‘Sangams’ under the Pandya dynasty produced extensive literature.
- Notable texts: Tolkappiyam, Ettuthogai, Pattupattu, Padinenkilkanakku, and epics like Silappadikaram, Manimekalai, and CivakaCintamani.
- Literature depicts advanced socio-political systems, agriculture, trade, and maritime activities.
Current Issues and ASI Involvement
- The excavation report prepared by archaeologist Amarnath Ramakrishna (submitted in January 2023) has been returned by ASI for revision to ensure:
- Accurate period classification.
- Better stratigraphic and cartographic details.
- Consistency in scientific dating and layer mapping.
- ASI has flagged the need for clearer mapping, missing illustrations, and precise scientific justification for dating claims, especially for Period I (8th to 5th century BCE).
Controversy and Criticism
- Concerns have been raised over delays in publishing excavation reports.
- Critics highlight a perceived bias in the handling of southern archaeological sites, pointing to similar delays with the Adichanallur site report.
- Experts stress the importance of transparent and timely reporting to enhance historical understanding.
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)
- 24 May 2025
In News:
To mark its 25th anniversary, the Union Minister of Earth Sciences inaugurated two landmark facilities—Polar Bhavan and Sagar Bhavan—at the NCPOR campus in Vasco da Gama, Goa.
About NCPOR
- Established: 25 May 1998 (originally as the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research – NCAOR).
- Status: Autonomous R&D institute under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
- Headquarters: Vasco da Gama, Goa.
- Governing Body: Includes 13 members; the Secretary of MoES serves as the ex-officio Chairman.
Mandate and Key Functions
- Polar Research Leadership:
- Manages India's scientific stations:
- Antarctica: Maitri and Bharati
- Arctic: Himadri
- Himalayas: Himansh
- Coordinates India’s Antarctic, Arctic, Southern Ocean, and Himalayan expeditions.
- Manages India's scientific stations:
- Oceanic Research:
- Implements projects under the Deep Ocean Mission.
- Conducts Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) mapping and continental shelf surveys.
- Explores deep-sea minerals, gas hydrates, and metal sulphides.
- Policy Implementation:
- Supports India’s Arctic Policy (2022) and Indian Antarctic Act (2022):
- Antarctic Act: Provides legal framework for governance and environmental protection via CAG-EP (Committee on Antarctic Governance and Environmental Protection).
- Arctic Policy: Based on six pillars—science, environment, development, connectivity, governance, and capacity building.
- Supports India’s Arctic Policy (2022) and Indian Antarctic Act (2022):
- Scientific Logistics and Collaboration:
- Operates research vessels (e.g., ORV Sagar Kanya).
- Engages in international polar networks and climate monitoring programs.
- Maintains India’s Antarctic Data Centre and conducts climate modelling.
New Facilities at NCPOR
Polar Bhavan:
- Area: 11,378 sq. m | Cost: ?55 crore
- Features:
- Advanced polar and ocean research laboratories
- Science on Sphere (SOS) 3D visualization platform
- Accommodation for 55 scientists
- Conference halls, library
- Home to India’s first Polar and Ocean Museum
Sagar Bhavan:
- Area: 1,772 sq. m | Cost: ?13 crore
- Features:
- Two -30°C ice core laboratories
- +4°C storage units for biological and sediment samples
- Class 1000 clean room for trace metal and isotope studies
Significance for India
- Strengthens India’s strategic presence in polar regions.
- Enhances research capacity in ocean and climate sciences.
- Enables India to fulfill international obligations under polar treaties.
- Promotes science diplomacy and public outreach through the upcoming museum.
Guttala Inscription
- 24 May 2025
In News:
A rare 16th-century sculptural inscription discovered near the Chandrashekara temple in Guttala village, Haveri district, Karnataka, marks the earliest known epigraphic evidence in India of a large-scale humanitarian disaster caused by a natural calamity—a drought (bara) that claimed 6,307 lives in 1539 CE (Saka 1461, August 18).
Key Features of the Inscription:
- Language and Script: Kannada.
- Medium: Stone slab.
- Depiction: A sculpture showing MarulaihOdeya, the son of NanidevaOdeya, carrying a basket containing dead bodies—representing his act of burying the deceased to earn religious merit for the regional ruler, TimmarasaSvami.
- Religious Context: The burial was conducted after paying homage to Basaveshwara, reflecting the spiritual and ritualistic practices of the time.
- Territorial Reference: Mentions the term "seeme", indicating the existence of local administrative divisions.
Significance:
- First explicit historical record in India of deaths caused by a natural disaster, making it an important source for disaster history and epigraphic heritage.
- Offers textual and visual representation of community response to drought.
- Provides insights into local governance, religious customs, and socio-economic conditions of 16th-century Karnataka.
- Adds depth to the study of historical climate events, with potential to track past climatic patterns and their impact on populations.
Broader Context:
- Inscriptions in India, typically engraved on stone or metal, serve as valuable primary sources for understanding royal decrees, battles, donations, and societal events.
- Other notable Karnataka inscriptions include:
- Maski Edict (3rd Century BCE) – First mention of Emperor Ashoka as "Devanampriya".
- Halmidi Inscription (c. 450 CE) – Oldest Kannada inscription referencing Kadamba king Kakusthavarma.
- Aihole Inscription (634 CE) – Chronicles the military achievements of Pulakeshin II.
Recent Epigraphic Developments:
- The Epigraphy Branch of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) discovered and documented over 1,000 inscriptions across India during 2024–25, including more than 100 new finds this year alone.
- These discoveries reinforce the role of epigraphy in reconstructing Indian history, especially in areas lacking detailed literary sources.
Weather Balloons and Global Forecasting Concerns
- 24 May 2025
Background:
Weather balloons, crucial for upper atmospheric observations, are facing reduced deployment in the United States due to recent budget cuts. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has significantly scaled back balloon launches since March 2025 following a 25% budget reduction. This has raised global concerns among meteorologists over the potential decline in forecast accuracy.
What are Weather Balloons?
- Inventor: Léon Teisserenc de Bort (France), first launched them in 1896; discovered the tropopause and stratosphere.
- Composition: Latex balloons filled with helium or hydrogen.
- Altitude: Can ascend up to 1,15,000 feet (35 km) in approximately 2 hours.
- Instrument Carried: Radiosonde – a small device suspended ~66 feet below the balloon that transmits real-time atmospheric data (temperature, pressure, humidity, wind) via radio signals.
- Technology: Modern radiosondes are lightweight, GPS-enabled, and energy-efficient.
Historical Context:
- Initial upper-air measurements in the 18th century used kites with meteorographs.
- Weather balloons replaced kites due to higher altitude capability and improved data reliability.
- The introduction of radiosondes in the 1930s revolutionized weather forecasting by enabling real-time data transmission.
Importance of Upper Air Observations
- Upper atmosphere (>5,000 feet) plays a vital role in generating surface-level weather conditions like rain, storms, and drought.
- Weather balloons help bridge the data gap between surface stations and satellites by offering vertical atmospheric profiles.
- Twice-daily launches at 0000 UTC and 1200 UTC (~5:30 AM and 5:30 PM IST) are globally coordinated at over 900 stations, including 56 in India.
India’s Scenario
- The India Meteorological Department (IMD) conducts routine balloon launches for weather forecasting.
- The National Balloon Facility (NBF) in Hyderabad, jointly managed by ISRO and TIFR, supports high-altitude atmospheric research.
Impact of Reduced Launches
- NOAA’s scaling down has sparked fears of reduced forecast accuracy globally.
- A similar move by Russia in 2015 led to a measurable decline in forecast quality across Europe, highlighting the critical role radiosondes play.
- NOAA plans to replace some balloon data with AI-powered alternatives developed by private firms to reduce costs.
Why Weather Balloons Still Matter in the Satellite Era
- Satellites provide large-scale imagery but lack the granularity of vertical atmospheric data.
- Weather balloons offer crucial insights into lower- and mid-atmospheric layers where storms and climate dynamics form.
- Radiosonde data is essential for calibrating satellite measurements, ensuring reliability in climate modeling and forecasting systems.
Sagar Mein Samman (SMS) Initiative
- 24 May 2025
In News:
The Government of India launched the Sagar Mein Samman (SMS) initiative on International Day for Women in Maritime (18 May), observed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The 2025 theme is “An Ocean of Opportunities for Women.”
About the Initiative:
- Objective: To build a gender-equitable maritime workforce by promoting inclusivity, safety, skill development, leadership, and equal opportunities for women across seafaring and shore-based maritime operations.
- Alignment:
- IMO’s gender inclusion mandate.
- UN SDG-5 (Gender Equality).
- India’s Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) framework.
- Maritime India Vision 2030 and Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.
Key Features:
- Structured Policy Roadmap covering:
- Planning & strategy.
- Training & development.
- Research & innovation.
- Governance & compliance.
- Outreach & communications.
- Financial Support: ~2,989 women received assistance since 2014.
- Incentives for Industry: Shipping companies are incentivized to hire women; scholarships support training.
Achievements:
- 649% growth in women seafarers:From 341 in 2014 to 2,557 in 2024.
- Rise in financial aid beneficiaries:From 45 in 2014-15 to 732 in 2024-25.
- Female representation target:12% in technical maritime roles by 2030.
- Increasing employment of Indian women on Indian and foreign-flagged ships.
Recognition and Outreach:
- Women Leaders Honoured: Ten outstanding women were felicitated for their contributions to maritime.
- Focus on awareness campaigns, onshore job facilitation, and leadership opportunities.
Significance:
- Aims to dismantle gender-based barriers and promote inclusive economic growth.
- Reinforces India’s commitment to gender equity as a strategic enabler of maritime sustainability and national development.
- Aligns with global maritime norms and India’s broader commitment to SDGs.
Other Key Maritime Initiatives:
- SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region): Maritime security and regional cooperation.
- Maritime India Vision 2030: Long-term strategy for port-led development and gender inclusion.
BrahMos-NG and Extended Range BrahMos
- 23 May 2025
In News:
India is advancing its supersonic missile capabilities with the development of two significant assets:
- The BrahMos-NG (Next Generation) missile—lighter, stealthier, and more versatile.
- The extended-range BrahMos, which pushes the missile’s reach up to 800 km, enhancing India’s strategic depth.
About BrahMos:
- Joint Venture: BrahMos Aerospace (DRDO of India and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia).
- First Induction: 2005 (anti-ship version).
- Name Origin: Combines names of Brahmaputra (India) and Moskva (Russia) rivers.
- Capabilities: Launch from land, sea, sub-sea, and air against land and sea targets.
BrahMos-NG (Next Generation):
A miniaturized, next-gen supersonic cruise missile designed for enhanced operational flexibility and platform compatibility.
Key Features:
- Size & Weight: ~1.33–1.5 tonnes, nearly half the current air-launched BrahMos (2.5–2.65 tonnes).
- Speed: Mach 2.8.
- Range: ~400–450 km; potential for 800 km with future trials.
- Stealth: Lower radar cross-section and advanced stealth design.
- Platforms: Compatible with Su-30MKI, LCA Tejas, Rafale, MiG-29, naval ships, and submarines.
- Launch Options: From air, land vehicles, surface warships, and submarine torpedo tubes.
- Advanced ECCM: Improved resistance against electronic warfare/jamming.
- Precision Targeting: Ideal for land-attack, anti-ship, and underwater combat scenarios.
Strategic Benefits:
- Higher platform density: E.g., a Su-30MKI can carry up to 4 BrahMos-NG missiles; Tejas can carry 2.
- Faster deployment and reload cycles due to reduced size and logistics burden.
- Future-ready design: Modular, stealthy, and agile—ideal for modern warfare.
Extended-Range BrahMos:
- Background: Initial range capped at 290 km under Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).
- Post-MTCR Membership: India joined MTCR in 2016, enabling range extension.
- Current Status: Successfully extended to 450 km; testing ongoing for 800 km version.
- Trial Update: Initial flight trial of the 800 km version conducted; more planned.
Operational Highlights:
- Combat Proven: BrahMos was used by the IAF for precision strikes on Pakistani airbases during the 2024 confrontation, demonstrating effective penetration of enemy air defence.
- Deterrence Capability: Former Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari called BrahMos-NG the IAF’s "primary deterrent weapon".
- Squadron Integration: 222 ‘Tiger Sharks’ squadron in Thanjavur equipped with BrahMos-armed Su-30MKIs.
Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI)
- 23 May 2025
In News:
The Department of Telecommunications (DoT), under the Ministry of Communications, has launched the Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) to counter the growing menace of cyber-enabled financial frauds, especially those involving mobile numbers.
What is FRI?
The Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) is a multi-dimensional analytical tool developed under the Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP). It classifies mobile numbers based on their risk level—Medium, High, or Very High—of being associated with financial fraud.
Purpose:
- To provide advance risk intelligence to financial institutions.
- To serve as a pre-transaction validation tool, flagging suspicious mobile numbers involved in digital transactions.
How It Works:
- The classification is based on data inputs from:
- National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP)
- DoT’s Chakshu facility
- Intelligence from banks and NBFCs
- Risk-tagged mobile numbers are flagged in real-time to stakeholders, including banks, UPI platforms, and payment service providers.
- Acts as a cyber shield, preventing fraudulent digital payments before they occur.
Implementation and Use Cases:
- PhonePe, an early adopter, uses FRI to:
- Block transactions involving "Very High" risk numbers.
- Warn users during transactions with "Medium" risk numbers via its "PhonePe Protect" feature.
- Other UPI giants like Google Pay and Paytm (collectively handling 90% of UPI traffic) are integrating FRI-based alerts.
- Banks have begun introducing transaction delays and alerts to curb cyber fraud using FRI data.
Why FRI is Crucial:
- India lost over ?3,207 crore to approximately 5.82 lakh cyber fraud cases between FY 2020–2024.
- The short operational window of fraudulent mobile numbers makes advance detection vital.
- Common cyber frauds include:KYC scams, UPI frauds, investment scams, digital arrest frauds, and get-rich-quick schemes.
Supporting Mechanisms:
- Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP): Facilitates real-time intelligence sharing between law enforcement and financial institutions.
- Chakshu on Sanchar Saathi: Enables citizens to report suspicious communication.
- Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting System: Part of I4C, it allows real-time fraud reporting via the 1930 helpline or cybercrime.gov.in.
- E-Zero FIR: Automatically registers FIRs for cybercrime complaints involving more than ?10 lakh.
- Mulehunter (RBI): AI-based tool to identify and track money mule accounts.
Blue Talks
- 23 May 2025
In News:
Recently, India successfully hosted the Second Blue Talks in New Delhi, organised by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) in collaboration with the Embassies of France and Costa Rica. This high-level consultation platform aims to contribute to the upcoming 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) scheduled from June 9–13, 2025 in Nice, France.
About Blue Talks
- Purpose: A multilateral platform for dialogue among governments, scientists, civil society, and stakeholders to promote the sustainable use of ocean resources and accelerate progress on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 – Life Below Water.
- Key Objectives:
- Promote marine sustainability, research, and education.
- Facilitate global scientific cooperation on ocean-related challenges.
- Share best practices and strategic knowledge tools.
- Strengthen consensus and policy alignment in the lead-up to UNOC3.
- Thematic Focus Areas of 2nd Blue Talks:
- Conservation and Restoration of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems.
- Scientific Cooperation, Marine Technology, and Ocean Literacy.
- Reduction of Marine Pollution from land and sea-based sources.
- Interlinkages among Oceans, Climate, and Biodiversity.
Highlights of the Event:
- White Paper Released: Transforming India’s Blue Economy: Investment, Innovation, and Sustainable Growth.
- Aim: To align government action, mobilize investments, and promote sustainable ocean development.
- Notable Themes:
- Mapping of marine resources.
- Promotion of offshore wind and deep-sea exploration.
- Technology and data-sharing gaps.
- Women-led seaweed farming, smart ports, and green ship recycling as success models.
About the 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3)
Feature Details
Host Countries France and Costa Rica
Venue & Dates Nice, France; June 9–13, 2025
Organiser United Nations
Theme “Accelerating action and mobilizing all actors to conserve and
sustainably use the ocean.”
Goal Strengthen global efforts under SDG 14
Key Outcome Nice Ocean Action Plan – a non-binding but politically influential declaration.
Focus Areas Marine conservation, pollution reduction, global partnerships, and
BBNJ ratification.
UN Ocean Conference Series
- 1st UNOC (2017): New York, USA – Raised awareness and voluntary commitments.
- 2nd UNOC (2022): Lisbon, Portugal – Focused on innovation and science-driven approaches.
- 3rd UNOC (2025): Nice, France – Aims to intensify action and collaboration.
India’s Blue Economy Vision
- India's Blue Economy is a critical pillar of the Viksit Bharat 2047 vision.
- MoES is the nodal agency for national ocean governance.
- The white paper integrates efforts from 25 ministries and all coastal states/UTs.
- Builds on India’s G20 Presidency and Chennai High-Level Principles for a Sustainable and Resilient Blue Economy.
International Booker Prize 2025
- 23 May 2025
In News:
In a historic win, Banu Mushtaq, a prominent Kannada writer, advocate, and activist, became the first Indian author writing in Kannada to win the International Booker Prize 2025 for her short story collection Heart Lamp. The book was translated into English by Deepa Bhasthi, who also became the first Indian translator to win this prestigious award.
About the International Booker Prize
- Established: 2005 by the Booker Prize Foundation, UK.
- Awarded: Annually.
- Purpose: To honour the best work of fiction translated into English, regardless of the original language or nationality of the author.
- Prize Amount: £50,000, shared equally between the author and the translator.
- Shortlisted nominees (authors and translators) receive £2,500 each.
- Focus: Unlike the Booker Prize, which honours original English-language works, the International Booker Prize exclusively celebrates translated fiction, highlighting the importance of translators in global literature.
Key Features
- Celebrates literary excellence, cultural richness, and the art of translation.
- Initially biennial (2005–2015), it became an annual award in 2016.
- Books must be translated into English and published in the UK or Ireland.
India and the International Booker Prize
Year Author Work Language Translator
2022 Geetanjali Shree Tomb of Sand Hindi Daisy Rockwell
2025 Banu Mushtaq Heart Lamp Kannada Deepa Bhasthi
About Banu Mushtaq
- Born: April 3, 1948, in Hassan, Karnataka.
- Professions: Advocate, journalist, feminist writer, women’s rights activist, and former municipal councillor.
- Affiliation: Prominent figure in the Bandaya movement, known for protest literature in Kannada addressing social injustices.
- Journalistic Background: Reported for LankeshPatrike (1981–1990) under the mentorship of P. Lankesh.
Literary Contributions
- Started writing: In 1974; first story published in Prajamatha.
- Themes: Focuses on gender justice, religious identity, caste oppression, and female autonomy.
Heart Lamp: The 2025 Winning Work
- Genre: Short story collection comprising 12 stories written between 1990 and 2023.
- Content: Explores the lives of ordinary South Indian Muslim women, addressing themes like patriarchy, faith, family roles, and self-determination.
- Significance:
- First short story collection to win the International Booker Prize.
- First Kannada-language work to win.
- First win for Indian translator Deepa Bhasthi.
Other Notable Works by Banu Mushtaq
- Benki Male (1999): Awarded the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award.
- HaseenaMattuItaraKathegalu (2015): Translated into English as Haseena and Other Stories.
- Black Cobra (Short Story): Adapted into the award-winning film Hasina by Girish Kasaravalli.
India’s Primary Forest Loss: 2024 Insights and Conservation Measures
- 23 May 2025
In News:
According to the latest 2024 data by Global Forest Watch (GFW) and the University of Maryland, India lost 18,200 hectares of primary forest in 2024, a slight increase from 17,700 hectares in 2023.
Primary forests are mature, humid tropical forests that have not been entirely cleared or regrown in recent history.
Key Highlights:
Globally, 6.7 million hectares of tropical primary forest were lost in 2024—almost double the loss in 2023.
For the first time in over two decades, wildfires surpassed agriculture as the leading driver of tropical forest loss, accounting for nearly 50% of the global total. This spike is largely attributed to climate change and El Niño, which intensified heatwaves and droughts.
Major Global Trends (2024)
- Brazil: Accounted for 42% of global tropical forest loss.
- Bolivia: Recorded a 200% rise in forest loss, overtaking the Democratic Republic of Congo.
- Fires: Emerged as the dominant cause of forest destruction globally.
India: Forest Cover Trends and Data (2001–2024)
- India lost 2.31 million hectares of tree cover since 2001—equivalent to a 7.1% decrease and 1.29 gigatonnes of CO? equivalent emissions.
- Humid primary forest loss between 2002 and 2024 stood at 3,48,000 hectares (5.4%), accounting for 15% of the total tree cover loss.
- Annual primary forest loss (in hectares):
- 2024: 18,200
- 2023: 17,700
- 2022: 16,900
- 2021: 18,300
- 2020: 17,000
- 2019: 14,500
2024 Indian Forest Loss Patterns
- Overall Tree Cover Loss: Decreased by 6.9% compared to 2023.
- Humid Primary Forest Loss: Rose by 5.9% in 2024.
- Fire-Induced Forest Loss: Increased to 950 hectares (a 158% rise from 2023).
- Regional Hotspots: Northeastern states such as Assam, Nagaland, and Mizoram, driven by shifting cultivation, logging, and agricultural expansion.
According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), India had the second-highest rate of deforestation globally from 2015 to 2020, with an annual forest loss of 6.68 lakh hectares.
India’s Forest Conservation Measures
Policy and Legal Framework
- Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (Amended 2023): Regulates diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes. Amendments aim to streamline processes while raising concerns about potential dilution of protections.
- National Forest Policy, 1988: Advocates maintaining 33% of geographical area under forest/tree cover.
- Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act (CAMPA), 2016: Ensures reforestation and eco-restoration using funds from forest land diversion.
Afforestation and Reforestation
- Green India Mission: Under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC); focuses on increasing forest cover and ecosystem resilience.
- State Initiatives: Example – Uttar Pradesh plans to plant 35 crore saplings in 2025.
Community Participation
- Joint Forest Management (JFM): Encourages community–forest department collaboration.
- Forest Rights Act, 2006: Legally empowers forest-dwelling communities to manage and conserve forests.
Technological Tools
- Satellite Monitoring: Real-time surveillance of forest cover and illegal activities.
- Mobile Apps: Tools like ‘My Plants’ facilitate public engagement in plantation efforts.
International Partnerships
- Forest-PLUS 3.0: A joint initiative with the United States, promoting sustainable forestry and climate resilience.
About Global Forest Watch (GFW)
- A project by the World Resources Institute (WRI), established in 1997.
- An open-access platform offering near real-time forest monitoring data.
- Users: Governments, NGOs, academia, journalists, and the public.
- Technology: Uses Landsat satellite imagery and region-specific algorithms to track forest change.
SPICED Scheme
- 22 May 2025
In News:
The Spices Board of India, under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, has introduced the SPICED Scheme (Sustainability in Spice Sector through Progressive, Innovative and Collaborative Interventions for Export Development) for the financial year 2025–26.
Key Objectives
The SPICED initiative is designed to:
- Promote sustainability and innovation in spice farming.
- Enhance productivity and quality of major spices like small and large cardamom.
- Encourage organic cultivation, GI-tagged spice production, and value addition.
- Improve post-harvest processing standards.
- Ensure compliance with international food safety and phytosanitary regulations.
- Strengthen the export ecosystem and support spice stakeholders, including farmers, SHGs, and MSMEs.
Major Components and Interventions
The scheme extends financial assistance and capacity-building support across the spice value chain, including:
1. Agricultural Support
- Rejuvenation and replanting of cardamom plantations.
- Development of water sources and micro-irrigation systems.
- Promotion of organic farming and Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs).
2. Post-Harvest Infrastructure
- Installation of modern processing machinery such as dryers, dehullers, slicers, and grading systems.
- Assistance to farmers and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) for acquiring spice-specific equipment like:
- Turmeric boilers
- Spice polishers
- Mint distillation units
- Threshers
3. Entrepreneurship and Innovation
- Establishment of Spice Incubation Centres to promote product development and branding.
- Support for startups and MSMEs in accessing markets and improving competitiveness.
4. Capacity Building
- Training and extension activities to disseminate knowledge on best practices and technical know-how.
- Skill enhancement for Self-Help Groups (SHGs), farmers, and FPOs.
5. Export Promotion
- Facilitation of participation in international trade fairs, buyer-seller meets, and market linkage events.
- Financial aid prioritised for:
- First-time exporters
- Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
- Registered exporters with a valid CRES (Certificate of Registration as Exporter of Spices).
Governance and Transparency
- All scheme activities will be geo-tagged.
- Status of applications, fund allocation, and beneficiary details will be made available on the Spices Board's website to ensure transparency and accountability.
INSV Kaundinya
- 22 May 2025
In News:
The Indian Navy formally inducted and named an ‘ancient stitched sail ship’ as the INSV Kaundinya at a ceremonial event held at the Naval Base in Karwar. INSV Kaundinya has been built based on a 5th century ship depicted in paintings seen in the Ajanta Caves.
What is INSV Kaundinya?
The INSV Kaundinya is a reconstructed ancient stitched ship, modeled after maritime imagery found in the Ajanta Cave murals. It represents India’s historical naval engineering capabilities and cultural exchanges across the Indian Ocean.
Construction and Origins
- The project was initiated in July 2023 as a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Culture, the Indian Navy, and Hodi Innovations.
- The ship was built using traditional stitched shipbuilding methods, where wooden planks are lashed with coir ropes and coconut fibre, sealed with natural resin—a method that avoids the use of nails or metal fasteners.
- The design took inspiration from 5th-century depictions in the Ajanta caves, interpreted through archaeological analysis, hydrodynamics, and naval architecture, as no original ship designs from that era have survived.
Planned Expedition
- INSV Kaundinya is slated to retrace an ancient maritime trade route in 2025, sailing from Gujarat to Oman, highlighting India's historical seafaring ties with West Asia.
Cultural Symbolism
- The ship’s sails are embellished with traditional motifs such as the Gandabherunda (a two-headed mythical eagle) and Sun iconography, symbolizing resilience and energy.
- A SimhaYali (lion-dragon hybrid) figure adorns the bow, a nod to Dravidian maritime symbolism.
- The deck features a Harappan-style stone anchor, linking the vessel to India’s ancient Indus Valley maritime practices.
- Named after Kaundinya, an ancient Indian voyager known for establishing early trade and cultural links with Southeast Asia, the ship reflects India's historic role in transoceanic interaction.
Ajanta Cave Paintings: Artistic Reference
- Located in Maharashtra, the Ajanta Caves date from the 2nd century BCE to the 6th century CE, renowned for some of the oldest surviving Indian mural art.
- These murals use the tempera technique—painting on dry plaster with natural dyes such as red ochre and black.
- They largely portray Buddhist narratives, including Jataka Tales, and scenes from the Buddha’s life, interwoven with nature and decorative elements.
- The paintings emphasize emotional expression, spiritual depth, and distinctive anatomical stylization.
Mizoram Becomes India’s First Fully Literate State
- 22 May 2025
In News:
Mizoram has officially become India’s first fully literate state, attaining a literacy rate of 98.2% according to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023–24. This achievement surpasses the 95% threshold defined by the Ministry of Education to classify a region as fully literate.
Definition of Literacy
- As per the Office of the Registrar General of India, a literate person is someone aged 7 years or above who can read and write with understanding in any language.
- Under NEP 2020 and in alignment with SDG 4.6, the definition has expanded to include the ability to read, write, and compute with comprehension, and includes digital and financial literacy and critical life skills.
India’s Literacy Landscape (2023–24)
- National Literacy Rate: 80.9% (age 7+)
- Mizoram: 98.2% (Highest; now declared fully literate)
- Ladakh: First UT to achieve full functional literacy under ULLAS
- Lowest Literacy Rates: Andhra Pradesh (72.6%), Bihar (74.3%)
ULLAS – Nav Bharat SaakshartaKaryakram
The achievement is attributed to the ULLAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society)programme, a centrally sponsored scheme running from 2022 to 2027, aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
Key Features:
- Target Group: Adults aged 15 years and above who missed formal education.
- Implementation: Based on volunteerism and the principle of Kartavya Bodh (sense of duty).
- Components:
- Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
- Critical Life Skills (including digital, legal, financial literacy)
- Basic Education
- Vocational Skills Development
- Continuing Education
- Assessment: Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT) is conducted periodically for certification.
- Digital Tools: Resources provided through the DIKSHA platform and the ULLAS mobile/web portal in regional languages.
What is Functional Literacy?
Functional literacy refers to an individual's ability to apply reading, writing, and numeracy in daily tasks, enabling personal development and community participation.
Other Key Educational Initiatives
- PM SHRI Schools
- Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
- PRAGYATA (Digital Education)
- Mid-Day Meal Scheme
- BetiBachaoBetiPadhao
- National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)
Asiatic Lion Census 2025
- 22 May 2025
In News:
According to the 16th Asiatic Lion Census (2025) conducted by the Gujarat Forest Department, the Asiatic lion (Panthera leopersica) population has grown from 674 in 2020 to 891 in 2025, marking a 32.2% increase in five years.
Key Highlights:
- Core Areas (Protected Forests & Sanctuaries): 384 lions
- Non-Forest Areas: 507 lions (up from 340 in 2020)
- 44.22% of the total population now lives outside traditional protected zones.
- Gir National Park, along with Gir Wildlife Sanctuary and Pania Wildlife Sanctuary, holds 394 lions—the core population.
- Amreli district leads with 257 lions, while Mitiyala Wildlife Sanctuary has seen its count double to 32.
- Barda Wildlife Sanctuary near Porbandar recorded 17 lions, marking a population return since 1879.
- New satellite populations identified near Jetpur and Babra-Jasdan.
- Adult Females: 330 recorded—a 27% increase since 2020, indicating strong reproductive potential.
Census Methodology
The 2025 census employed direct beat verification, a statistically rigorous method:
- The landscape was divided into zones and sub-zones.
- Personnel included officials, enumerators, supervisors, and volunteers.
- Unlike the tiger census (which spans 2 years), the lion census was completed in just 3 days.
Project Lion (Launched in 2020)
Aimed at ensuring the long-term conservation of Asiatic lions, Project Lion focuses on:
- Habitat restoration
- Strengthening the prey base
- Human-wildlife conflict mitigation
- Monitoring via advanced technology, including:
- Radio-collars
- Camera traps
- Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking
- GIS-based real-time surveillance
- AI-driven tools likeSIMBA, e-GujForest, andAlert Generation System
- Automated sensor grids (magnetic, motion, infrared)
Habitat and Legal Status
- Natural Habitat: Grasslands, open woodlands, savannas, and scrublands.
- Main Range: Gir Forests in Gujarat; Barda Wildlife Sanctuary emerging as a second habitat.
- Legal Protection:
- Schedule I and IV of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
- Appendix I of CITES
- IUCN Status: Vulnerable
Distinctive Traits
- Smaller in size compared to African lions.
- Males have a moderate mane allowing visible ears.
- A distinct belly fold—rare in African lions.
- No fixed breeding season.
Global Conservation Context
India is a founding member of the International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA), launched in 2023 to enhance global cooperation on big cat conservation, including lions.
Additionally, the IUCN’s Green Status of Species (2025) introduced a recovery-based conservation framework. Lions are currently classified as "Largely Depleted", highlighting the need for sustained and collaborative conservation actions.
e-Zero FIR System
- 22 May 2025
IN News:
In a significant stride toward modernizing cybercrime response mechanisms, Union Home Minister Amit Shah unveiled the e-Zero FIR system. This initiative ensures that complaints involving financial cyber frauds exceeding ?10 lakh—submitted via the 1930 helpline or the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP)—are automatically registered as FIRs, eliminating the need for the complainant to visit a police station.
Objective and Operational Rollout
The project, developed under the guidance of the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), is aimed at accelerating the registration and investigation of high-value cybercrime cases.
- Pilot Implementation: Initiated in Delhi as a testbed.
- National Expansion: Plans are underway to replicate the model across India.
Concept of Zero FIR
The Zero FIR mechanism permits the filing of an FIR at any police station, regardless of the location of the offence. This removes jurisdictional constraints and ensures prompt registration of cases.
- Legal Backing: Incorporated under Section 173 of the BharatiyaNagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023.
- Historical Context: Introduced following recommendations from the Justice Verma Committee post the 2012 Nirbhaya case, to address delays caused by jurisdictional rigidities.
Salient Features of Zero FIR
- No Jurisdictional Restrictions: Victims may file complaints at any police station or via electronic means.
- Initial Registration: The complaint is logged as a Zero FIR and then forwarded to the relevant jurisdictional police unit for investigation.
- Primary Goal: To facilitate timely intervention and prevent procedural delays for the complainant.
Integration with National Digital Systems
To enhance responsiveness and coordination, the e-Zero FIR system integrates with several key digital platforms:
- NCRP (National Cybercrime Reporting Portal) – Administered by I4C.
- Delhi Police’s e-FIR mechanism
- Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) – Maintained by theNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
This digital infrastructure enables real-time complaint registration at Delhi’s e-Crime Police Station, which then redirects the FIR to the appropriate jurisdiction.
Alignment with New Criminal Legislation
The initiative is fully aligned with India’s revised criminal justice framework effective from July 1, 2024, which includes:
- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023
- BharatiyaNagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023
- BharatiyaSakshyaAdhiniyam (BSA), 2023
Under the BNSS provisions:
- Mandatory Zero FIR registration under Section 173.
- Victim must visit a cybercrime police station within 72 hours to convert a Zero FIR into a formal FIR.
- Free copy of FIR to be provided to the complainant, ensuring transparency and empowering victims.
Vision for a Cyber-Secure India
The launch of the e-Zero FIR system underscores the government’s resolve to build a secure and digitally empowered India by:
- Ensuring easy and immediate access to justice for victims of cyber fraud.
- Facilitating quick action by investigative agencies without procedural bottlenecks.
- Strengthening citizen trust through digital governance and victim-friendly policing.
Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem
- 21 May 2025
In News:
At the 78th World Health Assembly in Geneva (May 2025), the World Health Organization (WHO) officially recognized Papua New Guinea (PNG) and India for eliminating trachoma as a public health problem. This marks a significant milestone in global efforts to combat neglected tropical diseases (NTDs).
What is Trachoma?
- Cause: Bacterial infection by Chlamydia trachomatis
- Transmission:
- Direct contact with infected eye/nasal discharges (via hands, clothes, bedding)
- Flies that have come into contact with infected discharges
- Reservoir: Predominantly spread among children in endemic regions
- Symptoms:
- Early: Red eyes, discharge, pain, light sensitivity
- Advanced:Trachomatous trichiasis – inward-turning eyelashes causing corneal damage and irreversible blindness
Risk Factors & Epidemiology:
- Major Risk Factors:
- Poor hygiene and sanitation
- Overcrowded housing conditions
- Limited access to clean water
- Gender Disparity: Women are 4 times more affected due to caregiving-related exposure
- Global Burden (as of 2023):
- Endemic in 38 countries
- Affects 1.9 million people with visual impairment/blindness
- Over 130,000 surgeries and 32.9 million antibiotic treatments administered globally in 2023
Trachoma Elimination in Papua New Guinea (2025):
- Validation: Based on detailed epidemiological data and surveillance (2015–2020)
- Key Findings:
- Presence of mild active trachoma in children but negligible trichiasis
- No need for mass drug administration or surgical interventions
- Intervention Strategy:Emphasis on surveillance, community-level assessments, andtargeted response
- Support & Partnerships:WHO, Fred Hollows Foundation, Australian DFAT, PNG Eye Care, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, among others
- Significance: First NTD eliminated in PNG; part of WHO’s NTD Road Map 2021–2030
Trachoma Elimination in India (Certified in May 2025):
- Timeline:
- Declared trachoma-free in October 2023
- WHO Certification in May 2025
- India’s Strategy:
- Implemented active surveillance through NPCBVI since 2019
- National Trichiasis Survey (2021–2024) covered 200 districts
- Regional Achievement:India is the third country in WHO South-East Asia Region, after Nepal and Myanmar, to eliminate trachoma
Global Status of Trachoma Elimination:
- Countries Validated for Elimination: 22 countries including India, Nepal, China, Pakistan, Iran, Morocco, Vietnam, Mauritania, and PNG
- Part of Broader NTD Goals: WHO supports member countries to eliminate at least one NTD under the 2021–2030 roadmap
Shirui Lily Festival
- 21 May 2025
In News:
The 5th State-Level Shirui Lily Festival resumed in Ukhrul district, Manipur from May 20–24, 2025, after a two-year pause due to ethnic unrest. It marks a symbolic step towards peace, as it involved significant movement through previously restricted areas with heightened security.
About the Shirui Lily Festival:
- Organised by: Manipur Tourism Department
- First Held: 2017
- Venue:Shirui Village, Ukhrul District
- Objective: Promote eco-tourism and create awareness about the endangered Shirui Lily
- Special 2025 Edition: Commemorates the 75th anniversary of the discovery of the Shirui Lily
Key Features (2025 Edition):
- Cultural Events: Traditional dances, gospel rock shows, and live performances at the ShiRock music festival
- Eco-Initiatives: Trash collection drives and conservation awareness campaigns
- Competitions:
- SheChef Cooking Contest (vegetarian & childhood memory dishes)
- Miss Shirui Lily 2025 beauty pageant
- Sports (football, wrestling, tug of war, mini-marathon)
- Adventure Activities: Ziplining, camping, biking
- Special Ceremonies: Unveiling of the 75th Anniversary Memorial and a drone show
- Closing Function: Hosted by senior officials from the Ministry of Tourism
About Shirui Lily (Lilium mackliniae):
- Botanical Name:Lilium mackliniae
- Discovered by: Botanist Frank Kingdon-Ward in 1946, named after his wife Jean Macklin
- Local Name:KashongTimrawon
- Geographic Range: Exclusively found in the Shirui Hills (2,673 m altitude) of Ukhrul district
- State Flower of Manipur
Ecological and Cultural Significance:
- Endemic Habitat: The species is not viable for transplantation outside its native micro-climate
- Flowering Season: April to June, marked by a breathtaking bloom of pinkish-white bell-shaped flowers
- Cultural Reverence: Associated with the local deity Philava, symbolising spiritual and ecological identity of the Tangkhul Naga tribe
- Global Recognition: Awarded by the Royal Horticultural Society at the London Flower Show in 1950
Conservation Status and Efforts:
- Threats: Habitat loss, invasive species, and climate change
- Conservation Status:Endangered
- Scientific Interventions: ICAR-NEH, under Dr. Manas Sahoo, has developed micropropagation techniques for in-situ conservation
India’s Climate Physical Risk (CPR)
- 21 May 2025
In News:
Amid rising climate-induced disasters—floods, heatwaves, droughts—the Union Home Minister recently called for proactive climate risk assessments. India, however, lacks a comprehensive and standardised system to assess Climate Physical Risks (CPR), exposing critical gaps in preparedness.
What is Climate Physical Risk (CPR)?
Definition: CPR refers to the potential damage from:
- Acute events: Floods, cyclones, heatwaves.
- Chronic stresses: Changing monsoon patterns, droughts.
IPCC Formula:
CPR = Hazard × Exposure × Vulnerability
- Hazard: Climate threats like floods or wildfires.
- Exposure: Presence of people/assets in risk-prone areas.
- Vulnerability: System's capacity to withstand and recover.
Why CPR Assessment Matters for India
- High Risk: Over 80% of Indians reside in districts exposed to climate disasters (World Bank).
- Systemic Threat: Affects not just the environment, but public health, agriculture, economy, and national security.
- Future-proofing Development: Long-term planning must consider CPR for sustainable infrastructure and financial stability.
Challenges in India’s CPR Management
- Fragmented Efforts: Multiple agencies (IMD, IITs, NIDM) conduct isolated studies with no integration.
- Lack of Standardised Data: No central repository for CPR metrics at the district or panchayat level.
- Modelling Limitations: Global models like RCPs and SSPs fail to capture India's hyper-local climate variations.
- Private Sector Constraints: Businesses lack tools to evaluate climate risks across supply chains.
Global Best Practices
- Mandatory Climate Disclosures: Global frameworks like ISSB S2 and EU Taxonomy require companies to report CPRs.
- Adaptation as Priority: Nations, including the Global North, are investing in adaptation infrastructure, recognizing its economic returns.
- UNEP estimates: $1 in adaptation = $4 saved in disaster recovery.
Initiatives by India
- Adaptation Communication (2023): India’s first report to the UNFCCC under Article 7 of the Paris Agreement.
- National Adaptation Plan (NAP): In progress; covers 9 thematic sectors with district-level focus.
- RBI Framework: Climate risk integrated into financial supervision and regulatory assessments.
Irula Tribe of Tamil Nadu
- 21 May 2025
In News:
In Tamil Nadu’s Kunnapattu, Irula families who have lived on the land for generations face eviction and denial of rights, as nearly half remain without legal ownership or recognition.
Who are the Irulas?
- Ethnic Group: Indigenous Dravidian community, primarily in Tamil Nadu and parts of Kerala.
- Constitutional Status: Recognized as a Scheduled Tribe and classified under Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in Tamil Nadu.
- Population: Second largest Adivasi group in Tamil Nadu.
- Language: Speak Irula, a Dravidian language related to Tamil and Kannada.
- Traditional Occupations: Snake-catching, healing, collection of forest produce, cattle rearing, and agricultural labour.
- Religious Beliefs: Pantheistic with reverence for spirits; worship Kanniamma (virgin goddess associated with cobras).
- Living Structures: Reside in small clusters called mottas, typically located on hill edges near forests.
Irulas and Snake Venom Economy
- The Irula Snake Catchers’ Cooperative Society supplies nearly 80% of venom for the production of anti-snake venom (ASV) in India.
- The community uses traditional knowledge to locate and capture snakes humanely, extract venom, and release them safely.
The Crisis in Kunnapattu and Beyond
Core Issue: Denial of Land Rights
- In Kunnapattu village, near Mamallapuram, ~40 Irula families have lived for generations. However, nearly 20 families lack legal land documents (pattas).
- The land is classified as meikalporamboke (grazing land), making it ineligible for patta allocation under current policies.
- Without pattas, families are denied access to electricity, government housing, and welfare schemes.
Government Response
- Officials proposed relocation with promised housing and legal ownership, but Irulas resist displacement due to ancestral ties, rituals, and local livelihoods.
- Affected families submitted multiple petitions, seeking in-situ recognition rather than relocation.
Broader Pattern across Tamil Nadu
Similar Issues in Other Villages
- Ottiyambakkam, Iyankulam, Keerapakkam, Chinnakayar, and Nemmeli show the same trend: ancestral tribal settlements without legal tenure, facing:
- Forced or incentivized relocation.
- Inadequate or delayed infrastructure (roads, electricity, water).
- Joint pattas that complicate individual welfare access.
Urbanization vs Indigenous Habitat
- Irula hamlets are increasingly surrounded or displaced by real estate developments.
- Some families resist high-rise housing due to loss of space, cultural disconnect, and impracticality for community rituals.
Notable Success: Senneri Model Village
- Near Chengalpattu, Senneri-Hanumantapuram-Dargesh is a model Irula settlement:
- Home to Padma Shri awardees in snake-catching.
- Over 10 active SHGs working in traditional medicine.
- Gender-inclusive education and organized habitation.
- However, even here, funding and timely housing construction remain challenges.
Challenges and Needs
- Lack of individual pattas limits access to electricity, housing schemes (e.g., PMAY-G), water, sanitation, and health services.
- Infrastructural gaps persist even in relocated areas.
- Traditional knowledge and community bonds are under threat from urban pressures and displacement.
Titan’s Dynamic Atmosphere
- 21 May 2025
In News:
In a significant breakthrough, NASA scientists using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hawaii’s W. M. Keck Observatory have captured first-ever evidence of convective cloud activity in the northern hemisphere of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. The observations were conducted in November 2022 and July 2023.
About Titan:
- Second-largest moon in the Solar System (after Jupiter’s Ganymede).
- Only moon known to have a dense atmosphere and liquid hydrocarbon bodies (methane and ethane lakes/seas).
- Exhibits Earth-like weather, including clouds, rainfall, and seasonal cycles, making it unique among planetary satellites.
Key Findings:
- Clouds were observed in the mid- and high-latitudes of Titan’s northern hemisphere, the region where most of its methane seas (e.g., Kraken Mare, Ligeia Mare) are located.
- This marks the first confirmed evidence of convection-driven weather in Titan’s north, suggesting active atmospheric dynamics during Titan’s summer season.
- These findings expand our understanding of Titan’s methane cycle, which parallels Earth’s hydrological cycle, though methane replaces water.
- The JWST also detected a key organic molecule — the methyl radical, a reactive compound with an unpaired electron, involved in complex hydrocarbon chemistry.
- This is significant because sunlight and Saturn’s charged particles break apart methane in Titan’s atmosphere, initiating prebiotic chemical reactions.
Scientific Significance:
- Offers a rare opportunity to study active chemical processes in real time — likened by scientists to seeing "a cake rising in the oven" instead of just its ingredients or finished form.
- Enhances understanding of prebiotic chemistry and the potential for habitability on icy celestial bodies.
- Builds on the legacy of the Cassini–Huygens mission (2004–2017), which studied Titan’s southern hemisphere.
Dragonfly Mission: The Next Leap
- NASA's Dragonfly, a nuclear-powered octocopter, is scheduled for launch in 2028 (on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy) and expected to reach Titan in 2034.
- Aims to conduct in-situ analysis of Titan’s surface, hopping between locations to study chemistry, weather, and possible signs of life.
- Recently passed the Critical Design Review, moving into the manufacturing phase.
About the W.M. Keck Observatory:
- Located at Mauna Kea, Hawaii, at 4,200 m elevation — ideal for infrared astronomy.
- Houses two 10-meter telescopes (Keck I and II), the world’s largest optical/infrared system.
- Features segmented mirrors and real-time computer-actuated adjustments for precision imaging.
- Uses stressed mirror polishing, a major advancement in off-axis mirror technology.
58thJnanpith Award Conferred
- 20 May 2025
In News:
Recently, the President of India, presented the 58thJnanpith Award to renowned Sanskrit scholar Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Ji at a function held at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi. She also extended congratulations to celebrated writer Gulzar, a fellow recipient who could not attend due to health reasons.
About Jagadguru Rambhadracharya
- A prominent Sanskrit scholar, spiritual leader, poet, and educationist.
- Despite being visually challenged, he has made significant literary and social contributions.
- Recognized for his multi-faceted excellence in Sanskrit literature and devotion to nation-building through literary and cultural service.
Highlights from the President’s Address
- Emphasized that literature unites and awakens society, playing a key role in movements from 19th-century social reform to the freedom struggle.
- Referenced the literary legacy of figures like Valmiki, Vyas, Kalidas, and Rabindranath Tagore as embodiments of India’s civilizational essence.
- Praised the BharatiyaJnanpith Trust for honoring literary excellence since 1965 across various Indian languages.
- Celebrated the contributions of women Jnanpith awardees such as Ashapurna Devi, Amrita Pritam, Mahasweta Devi, and Pratibha Ray, urging young women to draw inspiration from their works.
About the Jnanpith Award
Feature Details
Established 1961
First Awarded 1965 to Malayalam poet G. SankaraKurup for Odakkuzhal
OrganisedBy BharatiyaJnanpith, a literary and cultural organization founded in 1944
Eligibility Indian citizens writing in Schedule VIII languages of the Constitution or
in English
Award Components Cash prize, citation, and a bronze replica of Vagdevi (Saraswati)
Nature Annual, but may be withheld if no suitable candidate is found
One-Time Recognition A writer can receive the award only once
Language Rotation Rule A language that has received the award is ineligible for the next two years
New Calcedonia
- 20 May 2025
In News:
For decades, New Caledonia, a French island territory of approximately 2,71,400 people in the southwest Pacific Ocean, has been on a complex journey regarding its status.
Geography and Strategic Significance
- Location: South Pacific Ocean, ~1,500 km east of Australia.
- Status: French overseas territory; part of EU’s Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), but outside the Euro and Schengen zones.
- Key Resources: Holds ~25% of the world’s nickel reserves.
- UNESCO Heritage: Lagoons and coral reefs recognized in 2008.
- Capital: Nouméa
Demographics (2019 Census)
- Population: ~2,71,400
- Indigenous Kanaks: ~39%
- Others: European, Polynesian, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Algerian descent.
Historical Timeline
- 1853: France annexes the islands; becomes a penal colony.
- 1957: French citizenship granted to all residents.
- 1980s: Ethnic tensions escalate; near civil war.
- 1988: Matignon Agreements signed.
- 1998: Nouméa Accord grants wide autonomy, New Caledonian citizenship, and promised three referendums on independence.
Independence Referendums
- 2018 & 2020: Majority voted against independence.
- 2021: Final vote boycotted by pro-independence groups (FLNKS) citing COVID-19 and customary mourning; outcome rejected as illegitimate.
Recent Crisis (2024)
- Trigger: French proposal to “unfreeze” electoral rolls to include newer residents.
- Consequence: Violent riots, 14 deaths, and widespread unrest.
- Talks Collapse: May 2024 negotiations failed due to rejection of the “sovereignty in partnership” proposal by loyalists.
Sovereignty-in-Partnership Proposal
- Envisioned enhanced self-rule with international recognition.
- Power would be delegated back to France in certain domains (e.g., judiciary).
- Rejected by loyalists as “disguised independence”.
Alternate Proposal by Loyalists
- Partition Model:
- Pro-independence North & Loyalty Islands – special status
- Wealthier, loyalist South Province – remain French
- Rejected by all sides:
- France – violates territorial integrity.
- FLNKS – compared it to apartheid.
What Lies Ahead?
- Provincial Elections due by November 2025.
- No political consensus on institutional status raises concerns of prolonged instability.
Supreme Court Strikes Down Retrospective Environmental Clearances
- 20 May 2025
In News:
In a significant verdict for environmental governance, the Supreme Court of India, in the case Vanashakti v. Union of India (May 2025), struck down the 2017 notification and 2021 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). These instruments allowed retrospective (ex-post facto) environmental clearances—i.e., granting environmental approval to industries after they had begun operations without prior clearance.
What are Retrospective Environmental Clearances?
- Definition: Ex-post facto clearances permit projects to start operations without prior Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) approval and seek clearance later.
- Contradiction: These violate the EIA Notification, 2006, issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, which mandates prior approval before beginning any project impacting the environment.
Details of the 2017 Notification & 2021 SOP
- 2017 Notification:
- Provided a one-time 6-month window for industries that violated clearance norms to regularize operations.
- Central-level appraisal for all cases, regardless of project size or category.
- Violators remained subject to action by State Pollution Control Boards.
- Intended to bring violators under regulatory oversight and ensure remediation costs.
- 2021 SOP:
- Issued to standardize processing of violation cases following an NGT directive.
- Did not use the term “ex-post facto”, but allowed project appraisals after operations began—effectively regularising violations.
- Appraisal Committee: A committee led by NEERI’s former director S.R. Wate appraised such cases over 47 meetings between 2017–2021.
Supreme Court’s Rationale
- Violation of Fundamental Rights:
- Held the 2017 Notification and 2021 SOP unconstitutional as they violate:
- Article 21 – Right to a clean and pollution-free environment.
- Article 14 – Equality before law; violators were unjustly protected.
- Held the 2017 Notification and 2021 SOP unconstitutional as they violate:
- Against Environmental Jurisprudence:
- Reaffirmed past rulings:
- Common Cause v. Union of India (2017)
- Alembic Pharmaceuticals v. Rohit Prajapati (2020)
- These had declared ex-post facto clearances illegal and anathema to environmental law.
- Reaffirmed past rulings:
- On “One-Time” Justification:
- Rejected the Centre’s argument that the 2017 measure was a one-time exception.
- Even a one-time relaxation, the Court said, undermines environmental protections and encourages illegal practices.
- Criticized Centre's Intent:
- Noted that the SOP was a disguised attempt to bring back ex-post facto clearances.
- Warned against such “clever drafting” to bypass the law.
Implications of the Verdict
- Reinforces EIA Norms: Upholds the mandatory prior environmental clearance process under EIA 2006.
- Strengthens Environmental Rule of Law: Emphasizes precautionary principle and polluter pays principle.
- Curtails Regulatory Evasion: Sends a clear message that industries cannot bypass environmental safeguards.
- Protects Public Health: Highlights link between environmental damage and issues like pollution in Delhi.
- Judicial Oversight: Asserts constitutional checks on executive actions that dilute environmental protections.
Operation Olivia
- 20 May 2025
In News:
Operation Olivia is an annual conservation initiative launched by the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) in collaboration with the Odisha Forest Department, aimed at protecting the nesting habitats of Olive Ridley turtles along the Odisha coastline. It is conducted from November to May, aligning with the turtles’ mass nesting (Arribada) season.
Key Features of Operation Olivia (as of 2025)
- In February 2025, a record 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles nested at the Rushikulya river mouth.
- Since inception, the ICG has conducted:
- 5,387 surface patrol sorties
- 1,768 aerial surveillance missions
- 366 boats involved in illegal fishing were detained, ensuring effective protection of the turtles' breeding grounds.
- 225 ship days and 388 aircraft hours were dedicated to Operation Olivia during a recent season.
- Focus areas include Gahirmatha Beach, Rushikulya, and Dhamra river mouths in Odisha—home to over 8 lakh nesting turtles annually.
Conservation Measures
- Fishing ban within 20 km of nesting coasts (Devi, Dhamra, and Rushikulya rivers), enforced under:
- Orissa Marine Fishing Regulation Act, 1982
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
- Promotion of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) to reduce accidental bycatch.
- Community awareness campaigns and MoUs with NGOs to ensure local participation and education on marine conservation.
About Olive Ridley Turtles
- Scientific Name:Lepidochelysolivacea
- IUCN Status: Vulnerable
- Legal Protection:
- Schedule I, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
- Appendix I, CITES
- Habitat: Warm tropical waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans
- India’s Nesting Sites:
- Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary – world’s largest rookery
- Rushikulya and Devi river mouths in Odisha
- Unique Feature: Mass nesting behavior known as Arribada, where thousands of females lay eggs on the same beach.
- Behavior: Omnivorous and solitary; migrate thousands of kilometers annually between feeding and breeding grounds.
Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan
- 20 May 2025
In News:
The Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan is a nationwide agricultural outreach and awareness initiative being launched by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare from May 29 to June 12, 2025.
The campaign is part of the government’s vision of “Viksit Bharat” and seeks to empower farmers through the dissemination of modern agricultural knowledge, technologies, and innovations across India.
Key Objectives and Vision
- Enhance agricultural productivity, improve farmer incomes, and ensure national food security.
- Promote modern, sustainable, and scientific farming practices aligned with the Prime Minister’s Lab-to-Land vision.
- Strengthen agriculture’s contribution to making India the “Food Basket of the World.”
Campaign Features
- Coverage: 700+ districts, 65,000+ villages, targeting 1.3–1.5 crore farmers
- Organized by: Ministry of Agriculture, ICAR, agricultural universities, and state governments
- Teams Deployed: ~2,170 expert teams with scientists, officials, FPOs, and progressive farmers
- Sessions Held: Morning, afternoon, and evening village-level meetings daily
- Format: Two-way interaction for knowledge dissemination and farmer feedback
Strategic Focus Areas
- Lab-to-Land Technology Transfer:Dissemination of ICAR research, advanced seed varieties, scientific sowing practices, and balanced fertilizer use through 731 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs).
- Farm Productivity and Resource Use Efficiency:Recommendations based on Soil Health Cards, agro-climatic conditions, water availability, and rainfall data to reduce input costs and promote sustainable practices.
- Farmer Empowerment and Inclusivity:Addressing field-level challenges like pest infestation, enabling participatory feedback loops for future agricultural research.
- Six-Point Strategy by Ministry:
- Increase agricultural output
- Lower production costs
- Ensure fair pricing for farmers
- Compensate disaster-related losses
- Promote crop diversification and value addition
- Encourage natural and organic farming
Notable Achievements and Data
- Record Agricultural Output (2024–25):
- Foodgrains: 3309.18 lakh tonnes (up from 3157.74 lakh tonnes in 2023–24)
- Pulses: 230.22 lakh tonnes
- Oilseeds: 416 lakh tonnes
- Kharif Rice: 1206.79 lakh tonnes
- Wheat: 1154.30 lakh tonnes
- Maize: 248.11 lakh tonnes
- Groundnut: 104.26 lakh tonnes
- Soybean: 151.32 lakh tonnes
- Over 16,000 agricultural scientists are contributing to real-time research translation to the field.
Coral Reefs
- 19 May 2025
In News:
In a paper published in the Cell Press journal Trends in Biotechnology, researchers demonstrate that the ink could boost coral settlement by more than 20 times, which they hope could contribute to rebuilding coral reefs around the world.
Recent Development in Coral Restoration
- Institution: University of California, San Diego
- Innovation: Development of SNAP-X, a specialized bio-ink.
- Significance: SNAP-X boosts coral larvae settlement by 20 times, marking a major advancement in coral reef restoration, especially vital in the context of climate change-induced reef degradation.
What are Coral Reefs?
- Coral reefs are diverse marine ecosystems formed by colonies of coral polyps, which secrete calcium carbonate to create hard exoskeletons.
- These ecosystems thrive in warm, shallow, and clear tropical waters and are among the most productive on Earth.
Examples of Coral Reefs
- Global: Great Barrier Reef (Australia)
- India: Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep Islands
Importance of Coral Reefs
- Biodiversity Hotspots: Support thousands of marine species.
- Coastal Protection: Act as natural barriers against storms and erosion.
- Livelihoods: Sustain tourism and fisheries industries.
- Food Security: Provide fish and other resources to coastal communities.
Types of Coral Reefs
- Fringing Reefs
- Found close to coastlines
- Separated from land by shallow lagoons
- Most widespread type
- Barrier Reefs
- Located farther from shore
- Separated by deeper, wider lagoons
- Example: Great Barrier Reef
- Atolls
- Ring-shaped reefs surrounding a central lagoon
- Often form around subsiding volcanic islands
- Found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans
Favorable Conditions for Coral Reef Growth
Factor Requirement
Water Temperature Around 20°C; typically in tropical zones (30°N to 30°S)
Sunlight Shallow depths (up to ~55 meters) allow photosynthesis
Water Clarity Low nutrient and sediment levels for light penetration
Salinity Stable marine salinity levels
Pollution Minimal; corals are sensitive to chemical/sediment pollutants
Food Supply Plankton-rich water sustains coral polyp
World Food Prize 2025
- 19 May 2025
Latest Winner
- Recipient: Mariangela Hungria, a microbiologist from Brazil.
- Achievement: Recognized for her groundbreaking research in biological seed and soil treatments that improve crop nutrition and yields.
- Her innovations reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizers by helping crops derive nutrients through soil microbes, enhancing sustainable agricultural practices.
About the World Food Prize
- Nature of the Award: A prestigious international honour for outstanding contributions to the global food system.
- Often referred to as the “Nobel Prize for Food and Agriculture.”
Objectives
- Recognizes exceptional efforts in improving the quality, quantity, and accessibility of food worldwide.
- Contributions can come from fields such as:
- Agricultural science & technology
- Food production and nutrition
- Economics, policy, marketing
- Poverty reduction & social science
- Leadership in food security initiatives
Establishment
- Founded in: 1986 by Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1970) and father of the Green Revolution.
- Administered by: The World Food Prize Foundation, with support from public and private sector partners.
Award Details
- Prize Amount: $500,000
- Award Ceremony: Held annually in Des Moines, Iowa, USA, during the Borlaug Dialogue and around World Food Day (October 16).
Historical Note
- India’s Contribution: Renowned agricultural scientist M.S. Swaminathan was the first recipient of the World Food Prize in 1987.
- Honoured for introducing high-yielding wheat and rice varieties in India during the 1960s, contributing to food self-sufficiency.
Mosurafentoni
- 19 May 2025
In News:
A new species named Mosurafentoni—a small, three-eyed sea predator—has been discovered in fossils dating back 506 million years. The findings were published in Royal Society Open Science.
Key Highlights:
- Time Period: Cambrian Period (approx. 506 million years ago)
- Classification: Belonged to Radiodonts, an extinct group related to modern-day arthropods like insects, spiders, and crustaceans.
- Unique Traits:
- Three eyes – with a large third eye on the head.
- Jointed claws – similar to crabs or insects, possibly used for capturing prey.
- Swimming style – moved like a stingray using multiple undulating flaps; referred to as “flying underwater”.
- Body structure – featured a trunk-like segment with 16 parts and gills, aiding respiration.
- Mouth – circular, resembling a pencil sharpener lined with serrated plates for slicing prey.
- Size – around the length of a human finger.
- Nickname: Dubbed the "Sea Moth" due to its flapping motion and size.
Ecological Role
- Likely fed on smaller marine organisms like worms and crustaceans.
- Possibly preyed upon by larger predators such as ancient jellyfish.
Evolutionary Significance
- Shows early arthropod diversity and evolutionary complexity.
- Body structure similarities with modern species like horseshoe crabs and woodlice suggest parallel evolutionary adaptations.
- Helps understand the transition from simple worm-like organisms to complex body plans in early marine ecosystems.
Gyan Bharatam Mission
- 19 May 2025
In News:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi will launch the revamped National Manuscripts Mission, which was announced in the Union Budget earlier this year, on June 9.
Key Highlights:
- Implementing Body: Ministry of Culture, Government of India
- Earlier Version: National Manuscripts Mission (est. 2003), under Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA)
- Objective:To survey, document, conserve, and digitize over one crore (10 million) Indian manuscripts located in academic institutions, libraries, museums, and private collections.
Key Features
- Massive Coverage: Targets over 1 crore manuscripts, making it India’s largest manuscript preservation project.
- Digital Repository: Creation of a National Digital Repository of Indian Knowledge Systems to ensure accessibility for researchers and the public. Includes AI-powered tools for metadata tagging, translation, and archiving.
- Modern Techniques: Uses advanced scientific conservation methods, including AI and 3D imaging.
- Collaborative Model: Engages academic institutions, libraries, museums, private collectors, and international bodies.
- Budgetary Support: Budget raised from ?3.5 crore to ?60 crore, with a total outlay of ?482.85 crore for 2024–31.
Background and Need
- The earlier NMM (2003) made limited progress. Out of 52 lakh manuscripts surveyed, only 3 lakh titles were digitized, and only 70,000 are currently viewable due to lack of access policy.
- 80% of manuscripts in India are privately owned, underscoring the need for public-private collaboration.
- Over 9 crore folios have been conserved (preventive and curative) in the last two decades.
What is a Manuscript?
A manuscript is a handwritten document (on paper, palm leaf, birch bark, etc.), at least 75 years old, and of historical, scientific, or artistic significance.
Example: The Bakhshali Manuscript (3rd–4th century BCE) is a key Indian text on mathematics, featuring the earliest known use of the symbol for zero.
GRAIL Mission
- 19 May 2025
In News:
The Moon, Earth's only natural satellite, exhibits a striking hemispheric contrast. The nearside, visible from Earth, is dominated by dark, flat basaltic plains (mare), while the farside is rugged, heavily cratered, and lacks these features. This asymmetry has long puzzled scientists.
Recent findings from NASA's GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) mission, launched in 2011, have provided critical insights into this phenomenon.
GRAIL Mission: An Overview
- Objective: To map the Moon’s gravitational field in unprecedented detail.
- Spacecraft: Two identical probes named Ebb and Flow.
- Method: By measuring the tiny variations in the distance between the probes as they orbited the Moon, scientists could infer differences in crust thickness, interior composition, and subsurface structures.
Key discoveries:
- The Moon’s crust is more porous and thinner than previously thought.
- Detection of long, linear features called dikes, indicating early lunar expansion.
Reasons for Lunar Asymmetry
- Tidal Deformation and Gravitational Asymmetry
- The nearside flexes more than the farside during the Moon’s elliptical orbit, a result of tidal deformation caused by Earth’s gravity.
- The increased internal heat and flexibility on the nearside suggest it is warmer and more geologically active at depth.
- Volcanic Activity and Heat Distribution
- The nearside experienced intense volcanic activity billions of years ago, forming the large mare regions.
- This activity led to the concentration of radioactive, heat-producing elements (like thorium and titanium) in the nearside mantle.
- The nearside mantle is 100–200°C hotter than the farside, establishing a long-term thermal imbalance.
- Crustal Thickness and Surface Composition
- The nearside crust is significantly thinner, allowing magma to reach the surface more easily, contributing to extensive lava flows.
- The thicker farside crust restricted such activity, preserving its rugged, cratered appearance.
Implications for Space Science and Earth
- The findings aid in developing precise lunar navigation and positioning systems, essential for future human missions.
- The methodology can be applied to other celestial bodies like Enceladus (Saturn) and Ganymede (Jupiter), both candidates in the search for life.
- Understanding the Moon's structure enhances our grasp of Earth-Moon gravitational dynamics, which affect tides and planetary stability.
Bhargavastra: India’s Indigenous Anti-Drone Weapon System
- 18 May 2025
In News:
India has developed 'Bhargavastra', a cutting-edge indigenous weapon system designed to neutraliseenemy drones, including drone swarms. It has been developed by Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited (SDAL), marking a major advancement in India’s drone warfare capabilities.
Key Features:
- Type:A multi-layered anti-drone system using micro-rockets and guided micro-missiles.
- Detection & Destruction Range:
- Detects drones from 6–10 km using radar.
- Destroys drones up to 2.5 km away.
How It Works:
- Layer 1:
- Unguided micro-rockets target drone swarms.
- Each rocket has an effective kill radius of 20 meters.
- Layer 2:Guided micro-missiles provide precision strikes on individual drones.
- Additional Features:Jammers and spoofers to confuse and disable drones electronically.
Successful Testing:
- Date & Location:Conducted on May 13, 2025, at the Seaward Firing Range, Gopalpur, Odisha.
- Results:
- Three tests: two with single rockets, one with two rockets fired within two seconds.
- All rockets hit their intended targets successfully.
Technological Components:
- Integrated Command and Control Centre
- High-resolution cameras and infrared sensors
- Real-time battlefield awareness system
Operational Versatility:
- All-Terrain Capability:Effective even in high-altitude zones above 5,000 metres.
- User Base:Can be deployed by Indian Army, Air Force, and Navy.
- Modularity:System components such as radars and launchers can be configured based on operational requirements.
Significance:
- Strategic Defence Tool:Counters rising threats from low-cost drones and UAV swarms.
- Indigenous Development:Boosts the Make in India initiative in defence manufacturing.
- First-of-its-kind in India:Among the few operational drone defence systems globally with successful tests.
Ayurveda Day
- 18 May 2025
In News:
The Government of India has officially fixed September 23 as Ayurveda Day, replacing the earlier practice of celebrating it on Dhanteras, which follows a variable lunar calendar. This change, notified through a Gazette notification in March 2025, aims to bring uniformity and global visibility to Ayurveda observance.
About Ayurveda Day:
- Purpose:Ayurveda Day is observed to honour India’s ancient medicinal heritage and promote Ayurveda as a scientific, evidence-based, and holistic healthcare system rooted in preventive and sustainable wellness practices.
- New Fixed Date:Starting 2025, Ayurveda Day will be celebrated every year on 23rd September, coinciding with the autumnal equinox, a day when day and night are nearly equal, symbolizing balance—a core concept in Ayurvedic philosophy.
- Why the Shift?The previous observance on Dhanteras created logistical challenges due to its annual date fluctuation (between mid-October and mid-November). The new fixed date allows for better planning and consistent global celebrations.
- Symbolism of Autumnal Equinox:The equinox represents cosmic balance and harmony, aligning with Ayurveda’s emphasis on equilibrium between mind, body, spirit, and environment.
Ayurveda: Key Facts for UPSC
- Definition:Ayurveda, meaning the “Science of Life” (from Sanskrit Ayu = life, Veda = knowledge), is a traditional Indian medical system dating back over 5,000 years, with roots in the Atharva Veda.
- Core Principles:
- SwasthasyaSwasthyaRakshanam: Maintaining the health of the healthy
- AturasyaVikaraPrashamanam: Treating diseases in the sick
- Emphasis on natural healing, diet, seasonal routines, and mind-body balance
- Key Features:
- Focus on preventive healthcare
- Use of herbal medicines, detox therapies, yoga, and meditation
- Personalised treatment based on individual constitution (Prakriti)
Significance for Global Health:
The Ministry of AYUSH envisions Ayurveda Day as a global platform to promote India’s traditional knowledge system as a part of the international wellness movement. Health professionals, researchers, academic institutions, and global partners are encouraged to participate in its observance to integrate Ayurveda into broader healthcare dialogues.
Operation Black Forest
- 18 May 2025
In News:
One of India’s most extensive anti-Naxal offensives in recent years, Operation Black Forest, resulted in the elimination of 31 Maoists. The operation was conducted in the Kurraguttalu Hills, a strategic Maoist stronghold located on the Chhattisgarh–Telangana border.
Key Features of Operation Black Forest
- Type: High-intensity counterinsurgency operation
- Duration: 21 days
- Area of Operation:Kurraguttalu Hills (approx. 1,200 sq km), known for rugged terrain and dense forest cover
Objectives:
- Dismantle key Maoist bases and operational infrastructure
- Neutralize senior Maoist leadership
- Re-establish state control in insurgency-affected zones
- Contribute to the national target of eliminating Left Wing Extremism (LWE) by March 31, 2026
Security Forces Involved:
- Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
- CoBRA (Commando Battalion for Resolute Action) units
- Chhattisgarh Police, including:
- Special Task Force (STF)
- District Reserve Guard (DRG)
About Kurraguttalu (Karregutta) Hills
- Geographical Location: On the inter-state border of BhadradriKothagudem district (Telangana) and Sukma district (Chhattisgarh)
- Terrain Characteristics:
- Extends over 25–50 km
- Features include steep elevations (~5,000 feet), caves, waterfalls, and dense forest cover
- Topography ideal for guerrilla warfare and concealment
- Local Terminology: Referred to by tribal communities as “Black Hills” or “Carregutta”
Demographic & Socio-political Aspects:
- Inhabited by Koya, Gond, and Chenchu tribes
- Tribal communities have historically been vulnerable in the conflict zone, often caught between insurgents and state forces
Other Key Maoist-affected Regions
- Abujhmad (Chhattisgarh)
- Malkangiri (Odisha)
- Gadchiroli (Maharashtra)
These areas, like Karregutta, serve as critical Maoist corridors with difficult terrain and limited state presence, posing ongoing challenges to internal security operations.
India’s First Geothermal Production Well in Northeast
- 18 May 2025
In News:
In a significant advancement for clean energy in Northeast India, Dirang in Arunachal Pradesh has become the site of the region’s first operational geothermal production well. This marks a pivotal step in utilizing Earth’s internal heat for sustainable energy generation in the eastern Himalayas.
Project Details
- Location:Dirang, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh
- Terrain: Eastern Himalayan region
Technology Used
- The project employs a closed-loop binary Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system, which captures subsurface geothermal heat for applications such as:
- Electricity generation
- Space heating
- Agricultural processing
- Reservoir Temperature: Approx. 115°C — optimal for direct-use geothermal systems.
- Drilling Approach: Low-impact precision drilling aimed at fault zones between quartzite and schist rock formations.
Institutional Collaboration
- Implementing Agency:Centre for Earth Sciences and Himalayan Studies (CESHS), Itanagar
- Supported by:
- Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India
- Government of Arunachal Pradesh
- International partners from Norway, Iceland, and Guwahati research institutes
Significance
- First-of-its-kind in the entire Northeast region
- Potential to make Dirang energy self-reliant through clean geothermal power
- Helps replace diesel and firewood in cold climates, reducing emissions
- Can enhance agricultural productivity and living standards in high-altitude areas
- Strengthens India’s geothermal potential (~10,600 MW), offering reliable base-load renewable energy unlike solar or wind
Stagflation and Banking Sector Risks in the U.S.
- 18 May 2025
In News:
In 2025, economic analysts are raising alarms over growing signs of stagflation in the United States and its potential to trigger a renewed banking crisis similar to the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) in 2023.
Unrealized Losses in U.S. Banks
As of early 2025, U.S. banks are grappling with $482.4 billion in unrealized losses from securities investments, according to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). This marks a 32.5% rise from the previous quarter. The figure is approaching the $515 billion mark observed during the SVB crisis and could rise to $600–700 billion if interest rates hit 5%.
These losses are primarily linked to long-term securities like government bonds, whose prices have fallen due to rising benchmark 10-year Treasury yields, now exceeding 4.5%.
What is Stagflation?
Stagflation is a rare and difficult economic condition marked by:
- High inflation
- Stagnant or negative economic growth
- High unemployment
It complicates policymaking because:
- Tightening monetary policy (raising interest rates) to control inflation can worsen unemployment and slow growth.
- Loosening policy to boost growth can further fuel inflation.
Causes of Stagflation in 2025:
- Supply Shocks – Rising input costs (e.g., energy or tariffs).
- Tariff Hikes – New U.S. tariffs on imports have raised production costs.
- Policy Missteps – Uncoordinated fiscal and monetary measures.
Impacts on the Financial Sector
- Reduced Bond Values: High interest rates lower the market value of banks’ bond holdings.
- Risk of Bank Runs: Diminished asset values can trigger depositor panic.
- Credit Losses: Particularly in sectors like tech and venture capital where firms have weak earnings and poor debt coverage.
- Liquidity Crisis: A sudden negative news cycle could lead to another SVB-like collapse.
Experts warn that continued high interest rates could deepen banking stress and prolonged stagflation could amplify credit defaults.
India’s Agri-Export Regime
- 17 May 2025
In News:
India has recently inked free trade agreements (FTAs) with the United Kingdom, a trade and economic partnership agreement with the EFTA bloc, and concluded terms of reference for an India-US trade agreement. It is also negotiating with the European Union. In short, India is racing to plug itself into shifting global supply chains. Yet amid all the flashbulbs and photo?ops, India’s agriculture sector remains conspicuously absent.
Definition:
India’s agricultural export regime comprises the policies, institutions, and infrastructure that regulate and promote the export of farm produce.
Present Status:
- In 2023–24, India’s agricultural exports declined to $48 billion, down from $52 billion in 2022–23.
- Basmati rice accounts for approximately 21% of the total agri-export value.
- Bodies such as APEDA and branding tools like ODOP-GI tags play a role in market promotion.
- Agricultural products have been kept largely outside recent FTAs due to concerns over food security, rural employment, and political sensitivity.
Key Challenges in India’s Agri-Export Ecosystem
- Limited FTA Coverage:Agriculture is often excluded or granted extended transition periods in trade agreements, limiting access to foreign markets.
- High Rejection Rates:Several Indian agri-products face export rejections due to non-compliance with Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) norms and pesticide residue limits (e.g., mangoes, groundnuts).
- Governance Gaps:With agriculture under the State List and trade under the Union List, there is often a disconnect in policy coordination, affecting timely decisions.
- Lack of Value Addition:A significant share of exports is in the form of raw produce, with insufficient emphasis on processed or brandedagri-goods.
- Infrastructure Deficits:Inadequate cold storage, pre-cooling facilities, and container depots—particularly in landlocked states like Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh—hinder export readiness.
- Subsidy Distortions:Input subsidies on power, water, and fertilizers disincentivize farmers from diversifying to export-oriented, high-value crops.
Strategic Roadmap for Agri-Export Growth
- Boost Value Addition:
- Establish agro-processing zones near APMCs.
- Incentivize processed exports through output-linked schemes.
- Strengthen Policy Coordination:Form a National Agri Trade Council involving the Centre, States, APEDA, FSSAI, and industry stakeholders to harmonize regulations and streamline decision-making.
- Reform Subsidy Framework:Transition to Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) instead of input-based subsidies to encourage crop diversification and resource efficiency.
- Leverage Agri-Tech Solutions:Expand use of AI tools for crop health monitoring, promote vernacular advisories, and enhance access to real-time market data.
- Upgrade Infrastructure:
- Deploy GIS-based mapping for tracking surplus zones and export potential.
- Develop pre-cooling chains, inland ports, and container hubs in the hinterlands.
- Improve Connectivity in Interior States:Focus on building logistics networks in non-coastal states like UP and MP to integrate them with export supply chains.
Tsarap Chu Conservation Reserve
- 17 May 2025
In News:
Recently, the Himachal Pradesh Government notified the Tsarap Chu Conservation Reserve, making it India’s largest conservation reserve, spanning 1,585 sq km. It is located in the Spiti Valley of Lahaul-Spiti district, a high-altitude, cold desert ecosystem.
Legal Status:
- Declared under Section 36A(1) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
- It is Himachal Pradesh’s fifth conservation reserve after Darlaghat, Naina Devi, Potter Hill, and Shilli
Geographical Significance:
- Boundaries:
- North: Union Territory of Ladakh
- East: Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary (up to Malang Nala and LungarLungpa)
- South: KabjimaNala
- West: Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary
- Encompasses the confluence of Unam River and CharapNala
- Serves as the catchment area of Charap Nallah and a critical wildlife corridor linking Kibber and Chandratal sanctuaries
Ecological Importance:
- Identified as a high-density snow leopard habitat
- Other key species:
- Tibetan wolf, bharal (blue sheep), Himalayan ibex
- Kiang (Tibetan wild ass), Tibetan argali
- Rich in avian biodiversity: Rose Finch, Tibetan Raven, Yellow-billed Chough
Management and Community Involvement:
- To be managed by a Conservation Reserve Management Committee including local Panchayat representatives
- Emphasizes community-based conservation, balancing ecological goals with local livelihoods
- Promotes eco-tourism, wildlife research, and nature-based livelihood opportunities
Chenchu Tribe and Indiramma Housing Scheme
- 17 May 2025
In News:
In May 2025, the Telangana government announced the sanctioning of 10,000 Indiramma houses to Chenchu tribal families under a saturation approach in four Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDA)—Utnur, Bhadrachalam, Munnanur, and EturuNagaram. An additional 700 units per ST assembly constituency have also been approved within these ITDA areas.This move aligns with the state’s commitment to improving housing infrastructure in tribal areas.
About Chenchu Tribe
Classification:
- Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Andhra Pradesh
- Also found in Telangana, Karnataka, and Odisha
Habitat:
- Primarily inhabit the Nallamalai forests (Eastern Ghats)
- Chenchu settlements are called “Penta”, consisting of kin-based scattered huts
Language:
- Native Chenchu language (Dravidian family)
- Many also speak Telugu
Social Structure:
- Small conjugal families with gender equality
- Village elder, known as “Peddamanishi”, serves as the community authority
Livelihood:
- Forest-based subsistence lifestyle
- Depend on collection of non-timber forest produce (NTFPs) such as:
- Roots, tubers, fruits, beedi leaves, honey, gum, mohua flowers, tamarind
- Some serve as forest laborers, but mostly rely on traditional hunting and gathering
Religion & Culture:
- Worship local deities; blend of indigenous and Hindu practices
- Hold deep spiritual ties with the Srisailam Temple (dedicated to Lord Shiva and Devi Brahmaramba), which lies at the heart of their region
- Chenchus enjoy customary privileges at the Srisailam shrine
Dr. Ajay Kumar appointed as UPSC Chairman
- 17 May 2025
In News:
Dr. Ajay Kumar, former Defence Secretary and a 1985-batch IAS officer of Kerala cadre, took oath as the new Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) on May 2025. The oath was administered by Lt. Gen. Raj Shukla, the senior-most member of the Commission, following the end of Preeti Sudan’s tenure on April 29, 2025.
Profile of Dr. Ajay Kumar:
- Academic Qualifications:
- B.Tech in Electrical Engineering – IIT Kanpur
- M.Sc. in Applied Economics – University of Minnesota, USA
- Ph.D. in Business Administration – Carlson School of Management, USA
- Key Positions Held:
- Managing Director, IT Department, Government of Kerala
- Secretary, Defence Production
- Director General, National Informatics Centre
- Secretary, Ministry of Defence
- E-Governance Contributions:
- Initiated digital platforms like Jeevan Pramaan, MyGov, PRAGATI, and Cloud First Policy
- Introduced biometric attendance systems and digital OPD registrations in AIIMS
He brings over 35 years of administrative experience in both state and central governments and has several publications in reputed journals.
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) – At a Glance
Constitutional Backing:
- Established under Articles 315–323 of the Constitution
- Originally formed: October 1, 1926
- Became a constitutional body on January 26, 1950
Composition:
- Comprises a Chairman and other members, appointed by the President
- At least half the members must have held government office for 10+ years
- Presently, the Commission has vacancies for 2 members
Tenure:Chairman/Members hold office for 6 years or until 65 years of age, whichever is earlier
Resignation & Removal:
- Can resign by writing to the President
- Can be removed for misbehavior, only after an inquiry by the Supreme Court
Post-Tenure Restrictions:
- Chairman: Not eligible for any further government employment
- Members: Can be appointed as Chairman of UPSC or State PSC, but not to any other office of profit
Functions of UPSC:
- Central recruitment agency for:
- Civil Services Examination (CSE)
- Engineering Services (ESE)
- Combined Medical Services (CMS), and more
- Advises the government on:Recruitment rules, appointments, promotions, and disciplinary matters
Sakurajima Volcano Eruption
- 17 May 2025
In News:
Japan’s Sakurajima volcano, located in Kagoshima Prefecture on the southern island of Kyushu, recently erupted sending a dense ash plume 3,000 metres into the sky. The eruption originated from the Minamidake summit crater and was accompanied by a Level 3 volcanic alert, advising people to stay away from the vicinity.
Key Features of Sakurajima Volcano:
- Type: Stratovolcano (composite volcano)
- Geological Setting: Situated on a convergent plate boundary, formed from subduction-related volcanic activity.
- Structure: Comprises North Peak and South Peak, and lies on the southwestern rim of the Aira Caldera.
- Historical Significance: Was an island until the 1914 eruption, which connected it to the ?sumi Peninsula.
- Frequent Activity: One of Japan's most active volcanoes, experiencing daily minor eruptions and emitting continuous volcanic smoke.
Volcanic Characteristics:
- Lava Type:Andesitic – high in gas content and viscosity, leading to explosive eruptions.
- Hazards: Produces ash fall, pyroclastic flows, volcanic bombs, and toxic gases.
- Proximity to Populated Areas: Only 4 km from Kagoshima City, making it a high-risk volcano with strict monitoring by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA).
Impact and Preparedness:
- No injuries or major damages have been reported as of now.
- Ash fall warnings were issued for Kagoshima, Kumamoto, and Miyazaki prefectures.
- The eruption highlights Japan’s robust disaster preparedness and early warning systems, essential due to the country's location on the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Operation Keller
- 16 May 2025
In News:
On 13 May 2025, the Indian Army, in coordination with the J&K Police and CRPF, launched Operation Keller, a targeted counter-terrorism operation in the Keller forests of Shopian district, Jammu & Kashmir. The operation led to the elimination of three terrorists, including Shahid Kuttay, the chief of The Resistance Front (TRF) and the alleged mastermind behind the Pahalgam terror attack.
Key Objectives:
- Neutralise terrorists affiliated with The Resistance Front (TRF), a proxy of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).
- Specifically eliminate Shahid Kuttay, involved in the April 2025 Pahalgam attack that killed 26 civilians.
- Secure volatile forested zones in South Kashmir to prevent future infiltrations and retaliatory threats.
Details of the Operation:
- Launch Date: 13 May 2025
- Location:Shoekal Keller forest area, Shopian district, J&K
- Conducted By: Indian Army (Rashtriya Rifles), J&K Police, CRPF
- Method: Intelligence-based search and destroy mission
- Outcome: Elimination of three hardcore terrorists after a fierce gunfight; operation ongoing.
Pahalgam Terror Attack Link:
- Posters announcing ?20 lakh bounty per terrorist involved in the Pahalgam killings were circulated in Pulwama.
- J&K Police released sketches identifying the three LeT-linked terrorists responsible.
- Operation Keller targeted the network allegedly behind this attack.
About Shopian District:
- Location: Southern Kashmir Valley; bordered by Pulwama, Anantnag, Kulgam, and PirPanjal mountains.
- Elevation: ~2,146 metres; experiences harsh winters (up to −7°C).
- Economy: Agriculture-based, especially apple orchards.
- History:
- Upgraded to district status in 2007 (earlier part of Pulwama).
- Lies along the historic Mughal Road connecting Lahore and Srinagar.
- Name Origin: Possibly from “Shah-payan” (royal stay) or “Shin-van” (snow forest).
Extended Fund Facility (EFF)
- 16 May 2025
In News:
Recently, the IMF Executive Board approved a $1 billion disbursement to Pakistan under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF). This brings total disbursements under the current EFF arrangement to $2.1 billion out of a total planned support of $7 billion.
What is the Extended Fund Facility (EFF)?
- Governed by: International Monetary Fund (IMF), part of the Bretton Woods Institutions.
- Purpose: To support countries facing medium-term balance of payments problems caused by structural economic weaknesses.
- Nature of Support:Loan (not a grant or aid), with extended repayment periods.
- Tenure: Typically spans over three or more years, with phased disbursements.
- Objective: Enables countries to implement structural reforms such as:
- Broadening the tax base
- Strengthening financial institutions
- Reducing fiscal deficits
- Managing inflation
Eligibility for EFF:
To qualify, countries must:
- Exhibit persistent balance of payments stress
- Have deep-rooted economic weaknesses (e.g., poor governance, low investment, weak tax systems)
- Show a willingness to undertake IMF-monitored reforms
Pakistan’s Economic Situation:
- Stagnant GDP: Estimated at $338 billion in 2023, lower than in 2017.
- High Inflation: Averaging over 20% between 2020–2024.
- Frequent Borrowing: Pakistan has received 28 IMF loans in 35 years, and also borrows from:
- China
- UAE and Saudi Arabia
- ADB, IDB, Paris Club, Nordic Development Fund
Key Challenges:
- Economic mismanagement
- Low savings and investment
- Infrastructure gaps
- Low female workforce participation
- High population growth
Why Did IMF Approve the 2025 Tranche?
The IMF approved the tranche based on positive macroeconomic developments:
- Reduced inflation: Down to 0.3% in April 2025
- Improved forex reserves
- Fiscal reforms: Implementation of the FY2025 budget and Agricultural Income Tax
- Credible reform measures: IMF noted Pakistan’s “significant progress” in restoring economic stability.
Golden Dragon 2025
- 16 May 2025
In News:
In May 2025, Cambodia and China launched their largest-ever edition of the annual Golden Dragon military exercise, featuring coordinated land, sea, and air operations. This drill underscores deepening military and strategic cooperation between the two countries amidst shifting geopolitical alignments in Southeast Asia.
About Golden Dragon Exercise:
- Inception: Initiated in 2016, Golden Dragon is a bilateral military exercise between China and Cambodia.
- Objective: Strengthens defence ties, capacity building, and joint operational readiness.
- 2025 Theme: Focuses on joint counter-terrorism operations and humanitarian relief efforts, projecting it as a peace-oriented and technologically advanced drill.
Key Highlights
- Venue: Conducted at Ream Naval Base, located on Cambodia’s southern coast near Sihanoukville.
- Military Domains: Involves exercises across land, sea, and air.
- Technological Showcase:
- Reconnaissance and attack drones
- Surgical robots
- Robot dogs
- These technologies highlight an evolution toward AI-driven and robotic warfare capabilities.
Strategic and Geopolitical Significance:
- Ream Naval Base Expansion:
- China has funded upgrades to this naval base, raising concerns about possible dual-use military capabilities and Beijing's expanding naval footprint in the Gulf of Thailand.
- Cambodia denies hosting any exclusive foreign military presence but allows docking of ships from friendly nations, including recent arrivals from Japan, Vietnam, and China.
- China-Cambodia Relations:
- Cambodia is considered China’s closest ally in Southeast Asia.
- China is a major economic and military benefactor, with growing influence in Cambodian infrastructure and defence.
- Counterbalance to U.S. Influence:
- The drill coincides with the U.S.-led Balikatan exercise, which includes forces from the U.S., Philippines, Australia, and Japan.
- Reflects the strategic competition between China and the U.S. in the Indo-Pacific region.
- “String of Pearls” Strategy:
- China’s involvement in ports like Ream (Cambodia), Hambantota (Sri Lanka), and Gwadar (Pakistan) reflects its strategy to establish logistical and strategic outposts across the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
India assembles first Chromosome-Level Genome of the Yak
- 16 May 2025
In News:
India has achieved a significant breakthrough in livestock genomics with the successful assembly of the first-ever chromosome-level genome of the Indian yak (Bos grunniens). The initiative was led by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) through collaboration among four of its premier institutes.
Key Institutions Involved:
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak (NRC-Yak), Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IIAB), Ranchi
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle (CIRC), Meerut
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle (CIRC), Nagpur
Importance of the Indian Yak:
- Known as the “Ship of the Himalayas,” the domestic yak is crucial to the livelihoods of high-altitude pastoral communities.
- Provides meat, milk, fibre, dung for fuel, and is used for transport in rugged terrain.
- Found at elevations above 7,000 feet in regions like Ladakh, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir.
- Exhibits extraordinary cold tolerance, making it a valuable model for studying climate adaptation.
Scientific Achievement:
- Researchers used long-read sequencing technology and advanced bioinformatics tools to develop a chromosome-level genome assembly.
- This allows precise gene mapping, facilitating identification of genes related to:
- Cold tolerance
- Disease resistance
- Milk and meat quality
- Reproductive traits
Benefits and Applications:
- Conservation: Helps counter threats like genetic erosion, climate change, and loss of grazing lands.
- Livestock Improvement: Enables targeted breeding programs for improved productivity and adaptability.
- Scientific Research: Offers comparative insights into bovine genetics and facilitates allele mining for key traits.
- Sustainable Development: Aids in the socio-economic upliftment of yak herders by improving livestock performance.
About ICAR-NRC on Yak:
- Established in 1989, located in Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh.
- Premier institution for research on yak husbandry, health, nutrition, and genetics.
- Works to preserve the unique genetic resources of Himalayan livestock.
Desalination Technology
- 16 May 2025
The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO), under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative, has successfully developed a high-pressure, nanoporous, multilayered polymeric membrane for seawater desalination.
Developing Agency:
- The technology was developed by the Defence Materials Stores Research & Development Establishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur, a DRDO laboratory.
- It addresses the Indian Coast Guard's (ICG) operational needs aboard Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs), especially to counter instability caused by chloride ions in saline water.
Salient Features of the Technology:
- Indigenous development completed in a record time of 8 months.
- Successfully tested in existing desalination plants aboard ICG vessels.
- Undergoing 500-hour operational testing before final clearance by ICG.
- Can be adapted for use in coastal areas for civilian desalination purposes as well.
Strategic Significance:
- Enhances onboard freshwater self-reliance for maritime security forces.
- Reduces dependency on imported technologies.
- Contributes to India’s self-reliance in critical defence and water technologies.
Desalination Technology: Key Concepts
What is Desalination?
Desalination is the process of removing dissolved salts and minerals from seawater or brackish water to produce potable or industrial-grade water.
Main Technologies Used:
- Reverse Osmosis (RO):
- Pressure-driven membrane filtration.
- Uses semi-permeable membranes to separate salts from water.
- Thermal Desalination:Involves evaporation followed by condensation to obtain fresh water.
Working of RO Desalination:
- In osmosis, water naturally moves from low solute to high solute concentration across a membrane.
- In reverse osmosis, external pressure is applied to force water from high solute (saline) to low solute (freshwater) side.
- RO membranes allow only water molecules to pass, filtering out salts and impurities.
- Seawater with ~35,000 ppm Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) is reduced to 200–500 ppm, making it drinkable.
Axions and the HAYSTAC Experiment
- 15 May 2025
In News:
A recent study published inPhysical Review Letters reports that while the HAYSTAC experiment did not detect axions, it achieved a major technological milestone. The experiment significantly broadened the search range for axion masses and their interaction strengths, marking substantial progress in the hunt for dark matter.
What are Axions?
Axions are theoretical subatomic particles proposed in the late 1970s as a solution to the strong CP (Charge-Parity) problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). This problem involves the puzzling absence of CP violation in strong nuclear interactions, contrary to expectations.
- Axions were introduced to dynamically neutralize CP-violating effects by adjusting the QCD theta (θ) parameter to nearly zero.
- Over time, they have also gained prominence as a leading candidate for dark matter, the elusive form of matter believed to make up the bulk of the universe’s mass.
Why Axions matter in Dark Matter Research
Axions are particularly attractive as Cold Dark Matter (CDM) candidates due to their theoretical and cosmological properties:
- Electromagnetically neutral
- Extremely low mass
- Very weak interactions with ordinary matter and radiation
Foundational work by physicists like Sikivie, Wilczek, Dine, and Preskill demonstrated that axions produced in the early universe could account for the observed dark matter density—roughly 85% of the universe's matter content.
The HAYSTAC Experiment: A Precision Tool for Axion Detection
HAYSTAC (Haloscope At Yale Sensitive To Axion Cold Dark Matter) is a collaborative project led by Yale, Berkeley, and Johns Hopkins University, designed to detect axions by converting them into detectable photons using a haloscope.
Key Features:
- Haloscope Design: A microwave cavity placed in a strong magnetic field, following a design originally proposed by Pierre Sikivie.
- Quantum Squeezing: HAYSTAC is one of the few experiments—alongside Advanced LIGO—that uses quantum squeezing to reduce quantum noise, thereby enhancing measurement precision.
What is Quantum Squeezing?
Quantum squeezing is a technique that manipulates quantum uncertainty to minimize noise in one variable while tolerating increased uncertainty in another. This helps:
- Suppress random fluctuations, and
- Improve the signal-to-noise ratio—vital for detecting rare, weak signals like those possibly produced by axions.
Phase II Highlights of HAYSTAC
- Conducted the widest frequency sweep to date in the axion mass range.
- Marked a technical breakthrough in detection sensitivity.
- Although axions were not detected, the results helped rule out certain mass-coupling combinations, narrowing the parameter space for future searches.
Crohn’s Disease
- 15 May 2025
In News:
A former SpaceX employee has filed a lawsuit against the company, alleging wrongful termination. According to the claim, the individual was fired due to frequent restroom visits linked to Crohn’s disease, a chronic medical condition. The case has drawn attention to the difficulties faced by individuals managing long-term illnesses in demanding work environments.
Key Details:
Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. It is a lifelong condition that can significantly impact quality of life and daily functioning.
Key Features:
- Nature of the Disease:A persistent and often progressive condition marked by inflammation in different sections of the digestive tract, most frequently affecting the end of the small intestine (ileum) and the beginning of the large intestine (colon).
- Extent of Inflammation:Inflammation may penetrate deep into the bowel wall, leading to pain, damage, and complications over time.
- Common Symptoms:
- Persistent diarrhea
- Abdominal pain and cramping
- Weight loss
- Fatigue and sometimes malnutrition
Symptoms can vary in severity and may appear intermittently, often referred to as “flare-ups.”
Complications and Impact
Crohn’s disease can be debilitating and may result in serious complications, including:
- Intestinal blockages
- Fistulas (abnormal connections between body parts)
- Abscesses
- Nutritional deficiencies
Treatment and Management
- No Cure Available:While there is currently no cure for Crohn’s disease, medical therapies can effectively manage symptoms and inflammation.
- Goals of Treatment:
- Inducing and maintaining remission
- Healing affected intestinal tissues
- Improving overall quality of life
- Treatment Approaches:
- Anti-inflammatory medications
- Immune system suppressors
- Dietary changes
- In severe cases, surgery may be required
Many individuals with Crohn’s can lead productive lives with appropriate treatment and support.
Indian Grey Wolf
- 15 May 2025
In News:
The Indian grey wolf, a keystone predator crucial to maintaining the ecological balance of India’s grasslands, is facing a sharp population decline. The primary threat stems from increasing encounters with feral (free-ranging) dogs, which pose risks of disease transmission, competition, and hybridization.
Profile:
- Scientific Classification:A subspecies of the grey wolf (Canis lupus), native to the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southwest Asia.
- Habitat:Inhabits scrublands, semi-arid grasslands, and pastoral agro-ecosystems, often overlapping with human-dominated landscapes.
- Physical Traits:Intermediate in size between the Tibetan and Arabian wolves, the Indian grey wolf is adapted to warmer climates and lacks the dense winter coat of its colder-climate relatives.
- Behavioral Characteristics:
- Primarily nocturnal
- Hunts in small packs
- Less vocal than other wolf subspecies
- Geographical Range:Extends from Israel in the west to the Indian subcontinent in the east.
Legal and Conservation Status
- IUCN Red List:Least Concern globally, but considered locally endangered in India due to habitat loss and increasing threats.
- CITES Listing:Appendix I – Species facing extinction, with trade subject to strict regulation.
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I, ensuring maximum legal protection within India.
Conservation Dilemma: Feral Dogs
- The Maharashtra Forest Rules, 2014 permit the removal of non-wild species, like dogs, from protected forest areas if they pose a threat to native wildlife.
- Despite this provision, forest officials often refrain from culling dogs due to ethical and animal rights concerns.
- Vaccination programs are proposed as alternatives to mitigate disease risks like canine distemper virus (CDV), but implementation remains logistically challenging.
Key Threats
- Disease Transmission: Feral dogs carry zoonotic diseases such as CDV, which can infect and decimate wolf populations.
- Hybridization: Interbreeding with dogs leads to genetic dilution, threatening the purity and survival of the species.
- Competition: Feral dogs compete with wolves for food and territory.
Case Study: Kadbanwadi Grassland, Maharashtra
- Location: Situated in Indapur tehsil, Pune district, this grassland spans over 2,000 hectares.
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Home to species like the Bengal fox, striped hyena, Brahminy kite, and the Indian grey wolf.
- Cultural Coexistence: The local shepherd communities have shared a mutually respectful relationship with wolves over generations, reflecting a model of harmonious coexistence.
JenuKuruba Tribe
- 15 May 2025
In News:
In a significant move, families from the JenuKuruba tribe have begun returning to their ancestral lands located within Nagarhole National Park. This reoccupation marks an important step in their decades-long struggle to reclaim traditional forest habitats.
Who are the JenuKurubas?
The JenuKuruba are an indigenous tribal community classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in India. They are primarily concentrated in the Kodagu and Mysuru districts of Karnataka.
- Etymology:The term "JenuKuruba" derives from Kannada—“jenu” means honey, reflecting their age-old practice of honey collection. Traditionally, they depend on forest produce, minor agriculture, and gathering activities for their livelihood.
- Alternate Names:They are also known as Then Kurumba or KattuNaikar in various local contexts.
Settlement and Lifestyle
- Habitat:The community resides in compact settlements known as “Hadi.”
- Living Style:They follow a semi-nomadic lifestyle, shaped by their deep relationship with forest ecosystems rather than external authorities like the state, police, or religious institutions.
Community Structure
- Governance:
The JenuKurubas follow a traditional leadership hierarchy that includes:- Yajamana (Headman) – responsible for social matters
- Gudda (Ritual Head) – oversees religious ceremonies
While the Gudda handles spiritual issues, all other community functions are managed locally under the guidance of the Yajamana.
Belief System and Culture
- Spiritual Beliefs:Their religion is rooted in the worship of supernatural spirits and deities unique to their tradition. These spiritual entities have distinct identities and are central to their worldview.
- Cultural Expressions:Music, dance, and oral storytelling are vital cultural practices. Their traditional songs and dances revolve around themes of agriculture, marriage, mythology, and faith.
Significance of the return to Nagarhole
The recent return of JenuKuruba families to Nagarhole represents not just a physical homecoming, but a cultural revival. For the tribe, the forest is not just a resource—it is sacred ground tied to their identity, heritage, and spiritual life.
Their reoccupation reopens long-standing debates about conservation, indigenous rights, and forest governance in India.
Piprahwa Gems Controversy
- 15 May 2025
In News:
A group of international Buddhist scholars and monastics has voiced strong objections to the proposed auction of the Piprahwa Gems. These jewels, long venerated as relics intimately linked to the historical Buddha, are at the center of a heated debate over their sale.
Background of the Piprahwa Gems
- Discovery Site: The gems were unearthed in 1898 at Piprahwa, in present-day Uttar Pradesh, where a stupa (Buddhist burial monument) once stood.
- Historical Significance: An inscription on one of the reliquaries claims the stupa housed the physical remains of the Buddha, who passed away circa 480 BCE.
- Excavation: The find was made by William Claxton Peppé, a British colonial engineer, during work on his estate. It marked the first scientifically credible recovery of Buddha’s relics in modern times.
Composition and Distribution
- Material Variety: The collection comprises roughly 1,800 pieces, including amethysts, coral, garnets, pearls, rock crystal, shells, and gold, fashioned into beads, pendants, and other ornaments, as well as unworked specimens.
- Custodial History: Under the 1878 Indian Treasure Trove Act, the British Crown claimed the entire hoard. Most of these gems were subsequently transferred to the Indian Museum in Kolkata. Peppé retained around one-fifth of the collection—items colonial officials deemed “duplicates”—which later entered private hands.
- International Gift: The British gifted the stupa’s bone and ash fragments to King Chulalongkorn of Siam (modern-day Thailand), further dispersing relics tied to the find.
Contemporary Concerns
Many in the Buddhist community argue that auctioning these gems violates their sacred status and severs the spiritual connection believers feel to the Buddha’s remains. They call for the jewels to remain in public or religious trust, rather than being treated as collectors’ items in the art market.
Geotubing
- 14 May 2025
In News:
A joint study conducted by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) and the Kerala State Coastal Area Development Corporation (KSCADC) has confirmed the effectiveness of geotubing-based offshore breakwaters in managing coastal erosion at Poonthura, Kerala. The installation not only mitigated shoreline erosion but also contributed to sustainable beach formation—highlighting the method's potential for broader coastal protection strategies.
What is Geotubing?
Geotubing involves the use of large geotextile tubes, filled with sand or slurry, which are strategically placed underwater to reduce wave energy and prevent shoreline erosion. At Poonthura, three vertical layers of 15-meter circumference geotubes were installed perpendicular to the coast, forming submerged breakwaters that trap sediment and promote natural sand deposition.
Materials and Construction
- Geotubes Composition:Constructed from high-performance woven geotextiles, typically made of polypropylene (PP) or polyester (PET).
- Material Properties:These fabrics are designed to be permeable, durable, and resistant to UV radiation, chemical exposure, and microbial degradation, making them well-suited for long-term marine use.
Key Functional Features
- Wave Energy Dissipation:Submerged geotubes act as barriers that absorb and deflect wave energy before it reaches the shoreline.
- Beach Nourishment Support:By slowing wave action, the geotubes encourage natural sand accumulation, supporting beach regeneration.
Advantages of Geotubing
- High Durability:Withstands tensile stress and harsh environmental conditions, including chemical and biological exposure.
- Environmentally Friendly:Geotubing is non-toxic and contributes to coastal and wetland restoration without polluting ecosystems.
- Cost-Effective:More economical than traditional concrete or steel structures and easier to install, particularly in remote or variable terrains.
- Customizable Design:Geotubes can be tailored in size and configuration to suit specific project requirements and geographical conditions.
- Multi-Functional Utility:Beyond coastal defense, geotubes are effective in flood management, riverbank stabilization, sludge dewatering, and landfill containment.
Broader Applications of Geotubing
- Coastal Protection:Used in breakwaters, seawalls, and dune reinforcement projects.
- River and Lake Management:Effective for stabilizing riverbanks and controlling sedimentation.
- Wastewater Treatment:Applied in industrial and municipal dewatering processes.
- Infrastructure Support:Utilized in the construction of roads, railways, ports, and reservoirs.
- Environmental Remediation:Useful for site isolation, pollution control, and ecosystem restoration.
MY Bharat Portal
- 14 May 2025
In News:
During a recent address in Patna, the Union Minister called on India’s youth to actively engage with the ‘MeraYuva Bharat (MY Bharat)’ portal. Emphasizing the critical role of young people in shaping the nation’s future, he encouraged them to become active participants in developmental initiatives and contribute meaningfully to the country’s progress.
About MY Bharat Portal
What is MY Bharat?
Launched on October 31, 2023—the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel—MeraYuva Bharat (MY Bharat) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. It serves as a technology-driven, institutional platform designed to empower youth and enable youth-led transformation across India.
Objectives of MY Bharat
- Promote inclusive and active youth participation in nation-building activities.
- Prepare young individuals to be agents of change during Amrit Kaal, aligning with the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047.
- Ensure equal access to opportunities for learning, volunteering, and mentorship.
Key Features of the Portal
- Volunteer Mobilisation:Enables youth to engage in public welfare initiatives, disaster relief operations, and awareness campaigns across various sectors.
- Digital Youth Profiles:Participants can create profiles to showcase their skills, interests, and experiences, helping them connect with relevant programs and organizations.
- Experiential Learning Opportunities:Facilitates hands-on project work with local governments, private enterprises, and NGOs, offering real-world exposure.
- Mentorship and Peer Networking:Provides structured access to experienced mentors and national peer networks, fostering guidance and collaboration.
- Government Scheme Awareness:Empowers youth to act as grassroots ambassadors, promoting awareness of various government schemes within their communities.
State of the World’s Nursing 2025
- 14 May 2025
In News:
The World Health Organization’s upcoming “State of the World’s Nursing 2025” report raises an urgent alarm over the deepening global nursing shortage. It projects that by 2030, 70% of the global shortfall will be concentrated in Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean regions, underscoring the need for immediate and strategic workforce interventions.
Nursing in India: Current Status and Challenges
India is grappling with a critical shortage of nursing professionals, falling short of global standards in several key areas:
- Nurse-to-Population Ratio:India currently has approximately 30 nurses per 10,000 people, which is below the WHO-recommended threshold of 44.5 health workers per 10,000.
- Nursing Education:While the country has significantly increased the number of nursing graduates, quality concerns, infrastructure limitations, and faculty shortages persist across institutions.
- Migration Trends:India remains one of the leading exporters of trained nurses, especially to countries like the UK, Gulf nations, and Australia, contributing to a domestic workforce drain.
- Workforce Retention:Persistent issues such as low wages, limited opportunities for career advancement, and unsafe or stressful working environments contribute to high attrition rates.
Key Issues in India's Nursing Sector
- Inadequate Workforce Availability:India does not meet the WHO’s benchmark for health worker density, with rural areas facing the most severe shortages.
- Urban-Rural Imbalance:A large concentration of nurses in urban private hospitals severely restricts healthcare access in Primary and Community Health Centres (PHCs and CHCs) in rural regions.
- Poor Working Conditions:Nurses frequently endure long working hours, delayed salaries, insufficient mental health support, and unsafe work environments, which discourage long-term retention.
- Lack of Leadership Representation:The absence of Chief Nursing Officers (CNOs) at both state and national levels weakens the profession’s influence in health policy and governance.
- Limited Public Investment:Constraints in fiscal capacity and inadequate infrastructure hinder both the training and employment of nursing professionals.
- International Migration Without Compensation:The high rate of nurse outmigration is not matched by equitable bilateral agreements, leaving India's healthcare system vulnerable and under-resourced.
Strategic Recommendations:
- Expand Training Infrastructure:Increase the number of nursing colleges with a focus on faculty recruitment and clinical infrastructure, in line with the National Education Policy’s emphasis on vocational education.
- Strengthen Leadership and Governance:Establish Chief Nursing Officers at state and national levels, and bolster the role of nursing councils to advocate for reforms and oversee standards.
- Enhance Retention Strategies:Improve remuneration, ensure workplace safety, offer mental health support, and create clear career progression pathways to retain talent.
- Promote Rural Deployment:Introduce bonded scholarships, financial incentives, and housing support to encourage nursing professionals to serve in underserved rural regions.
- Leverage Technology and AI:Incorporate blended learning models, train nurses in electronic health record systems, and integrate AI-driven modules into nursing curricula for future-ready skills.
- Foster Fair International Cooperation:Develop bilateral agreements (e.g., India–UK healthcare MoUs) that ensure reciprocal benefits and support domestic capacity-building when nurses migrate abroad.
Raika Tribe
- 14 May 2025
In News:
The Raika community's deep-rooted knowledge of pasture cycles, animal health, and biodiversity continues to play a vital role in sustaining the delicate ecological balance of Rajasthan’s arid regions.
Who are the Raikas?
The Raika tribe, also known as Rabaris, is an indigenous pastoralist community predominantly residing in the arid and semi-arid landscapes of Rajasthan, especially around Kumbhalgarh in Rajsamand district.
Their identity is intricately linked to camel herding, particularly the breeding of the hardy Marwari camel—a breed renowned for its strength, endurance, and adaptability to desert conditions.
Cultural and Ecological Significance
For the Raikas, camel herding is more than just a livelihood—it is a way of life. Their cultural practices, seasonal migrations, and oral traditions are closely tied to their pastoral role.
Over generations, they have cultivated extensive traditional knowledge about:
- Pasture Cycles: Insight into optimal grazing periods and routes to maintain vegetation health.
- Animal Health: Natural methods to ensure the well-being of livestock, particularly camels.
- Biodiversity Management: Sustainable herding practices that promote ecological resilience.
Their traditional migratory routes enable camels to graze on medicinal desert plants, which not only improve animal health but also contribute to preserving the region’s unique biodiversity and ecological stability.
PL-15 Missile
- 14 May 2025
In News:
Amid rising tensions between India and Pakistan, a fully intact Chinese-made PL-15 long-range air-to-air missile has reportedly been recovered in Hoshiarpur, Punjab. The incident has sparked security and strategic concerns, given the missile's advanced capabilities and origin.
Overview of the PL-15 Missile
Also known as the "Thunderbolt-15," the PL-15 is a cutting-edge beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) developed by China’s 607 Institute and produced by the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC). It is specifically designed to engage enemy aircraft at extended distances, far beyond the visual range of the launching platform.
Key Features:
- Propulsion and Speed:The missile is powered by a dual-pulse solid-propellant rocket motor, enabling it to reach speeds of over Mach 5.
- Range Capabilities:The domestic Chinese version has an estimated operational range of 200 to 300 km. The export version, the PL-15E, is officially rated for a maximum range of 145 km, though in practice this may be limited to 100–120 km depending on the launch conditions and platform.
- Warhead:It carries a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing between 20 and 25 kg, engineered to effectively neutralize maneuvering aerial targets.
- Guidance System:The PL-15 is equipped with an advanced guidance package that includes:
- Inertial navigation
- Beidou satellite updates
- Two-way datalink for real-time mid-course adjustments
- Terminal active radar homing with an AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) radar seeker
NiveshakShivir
- 13 May 2025
In News:
In May 2025, the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA), under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, in collaboration with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), convened a strategic preparatory meeting at SEBI’s Mumbai office to launch the “NiveshakShivir” initiative. This nationwide investor outreach program aims to facilitate the reclamation of unclaimed dividends and shares by investors across India.
Key Features of “NiveshakShivir”
- Investor Helpdesks: Physical helpdesks will be set up to enable investors to interact directly with company representatives and Registrars and Transfer Agents (RTAs) for end-to-end assistance in recovering unclaimed assets.
- Digital Search Facility: IEPFA provides an online portal (https://iepfa.gov.in/login) where shareholders can check if their shares have been transferred to the IEPF and file claims using Form IEPF-5.
- Streamlined Process: Clear guidance is provided for shareholders holding shares in dematerialized or physical form to verify and reclaim their unclaimed dividends and shares efficiently.
- Coverage: The initiative is set to launch first in Mumbai and Ahmedabad, with plans to expand to other cities with high volumes of unclaimed investor assets.
Actions for Shareholders
- Demat Shareholders: Are encouraged to directly contact respective companies for clarification regarding shares liable for transfer to IEPFA.
- Physical Shareholders: Should verify share status on the IEPFA website and claim refunds if shares have been transferred.
- The initiative reduces dependence on intermediaries and improves transparency and efficiency in the recovery process.
About the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA)
- Legal Basis: Established under Section 125 of the Companies Act, 2013.
- Function: Operates under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs to protect investor interests, promote financial literacy, and manage the corpus of unclaimed dividends, matured deposits, and shares transferred by companies.
- Objective: To foster a transparent, investor-friendly financial ecosystem through outreach and education programs like “NiveshakShivir.”
India and Chile Sign Terms of Reference for CEPA Negotiations
- 13 May 2025
In News:
Recently, India and Chile signed the Terms of Reference (ToR) to initiate negotiations for a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), marking a significant step toward deepening bilateral economic ties.
Background and Significance
- The CEPA aims to expand and build upon the existing Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) between the two countries by covering a broader range of sectors including digital services, investment promotion, MSMEs, and critical minerals.
- India and Chile share warm, strategic bilateral relations strengthened over years through high-level exchanges. The economic partnership began with a Framework Agreement in 2005, followed by a PTA in 2006, an expanded PTA effective from 2017, and further discussions towards CEPA since 2019.
- A Joint Study Group report finalized in April 2024 laid the foundation for advancing to a CEPA to unlock the full trade and investment potential between the two nations.
- The recent State visit of Chile’s President Gabriel Boric Font to India in April 2025 reaffirmed both countries’ commitment to enhancing trade frameworks and fostering a balanced, ambitious, and mutually beneficial economic agreement.
About Chile: Geopolitical and Economic Profile
- Chile is a long, narrow South American country bordered by Peru and Bolivia to the north, Argentina to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
- It shares the longest border in South America with Argentina, which is also the third-longest international border worldwide.
- Key geographical features include the Andes Mountains (the world’s longest continental mountain range), the Atacama Desert (driest non-polar desert globally), the Loa River (Chile’s longest river, approx. 440 km), and Ojos del Salado volcano (world’s highest active volcano at 6,880 meters).
- Situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Chile is prone to frequent earthquakes and tsunamis.
- Chile is the world’s largest producer of copper and a significant member of the “Lithium Triangle” (alongside Argentina and Bolivia), holding over 75% of global lithium reserves found in salt flats.
- Other important resources include molybdenum, iron ore, timber, hydropower, and precious metals.
Importance for India
- The CEPA negotiations with Chile are expected to enhance trade and investment flows, promote MSMEs, and strengthen cooperation in critical sectors such as minerals and digital services.
- This move aligns with India’s broader strategy to diversify economic partnerships globally and deepen ties with Latin American countries.
- Enhanced economic integration with Chile will boost employment, trade balance, and strategic cooperation between the two nations.
Arnala
- 13 May 2025
In News:
Recently, the Indian Navy received Arnala, the first of eight indigenously designed and built Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASW SWCs). The vessel was constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata, in partnership with M/s L&T Shipyard, Kattupalli, under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP), exemplifying the growing collaboration in India’s defence manufacturing sector.
Key Features and Significance
- Arnala is named after the historic Arnala Fort located off Vasai, Maharashtra, symbolizing India’s rich maritime heritage.
- The ship measures 77 metres in length and is the largest Indian Naval warship powered by a Diesel Engine-Waterjet propulsion system.
- Designed and built according to the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS) classification rules, the vessel adheres to domestic naval architecture standards.
- Over 80% of the ship’s components are sourced indigenously, marking a significant stride toward the Government’s vision of ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ in defence production.
Operational Roles
The Arnala class ASW SWCs are specialized for:
- Underwater surveillance in coastal and littoral zones
- Conducting search and rescue (SAR) operations
- Engaging in Low Intensity Maritime Operations (LIMO)
- Performing coastal Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) missions
- Advanced mine-laying activities
The induction of these vessels enhances India’s capabilities in shallow water ASW, critical for safeguarding maritime security in near-shore environments and ensuring dominance in the strategically vital littoral areas.
Strategic Importance
The delivery of Arnala signifies a major milestone in the Indian Navy’s ongoing efforts to promote indigenous shipbuilding and strengthen domestic defence manufacturing. It highlights successful public-private collaboration in advanced warship construction and contributes directly to India’s broader strategic goal of self-reliance in defence technology.
ALICE Experiment
- 13 May 2025
In News:
The ALICE collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has experimentally observed the conversion of lead nuclei into gold nuclei through a rare nuclear transmutation process. This discovery, reported in Physical Review C, marks the first systematic detection of gold production via electromagnetic dissociation at the LHC.
Historical Context: The Dream of Chrysopoeia
The idea of turning lead, a common base metal, into gold—a precious metal—dates back to medieval alchemy and is known as chrysopoeia. Alchemists were motivated by the similarity in density between lead and gold, but modern chemistry has established that chemical reactions cannot change one element into another since elements differ by their number of protons.
With the advent of nuclear physics in the 20th century, scientists learned that nuclear reactions could transmute elements, either naturally (radioactive decay) or artificially (particle accelerators). However, the ALICE experiment at CERN has revealed a novel mechanism of such transmutation involving near-miss collisions of lead nuclei.
Mechanism of Transmutation at the LHC
The LHC, located on the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator. It accelerates two beams of lead nuclei (each containing 82 protons) to velocities close to the speed of light (about 99.999993% of the speed of light) inside a 27-kilometre ring.
During ultra-peripheral or near-miss collisions, lead nuclei pass close by each other without direct contact. The intense electromagnetic fields generated by the 82 protons in each lead nucleus compress into a short-lived pulse of photons, producing a process called electromagnetic dissociation.
This photon-induced excitation causes the nucleus to oscillate internally and emit a small number of protons and neutrons. When a lead nucleus (Pb-208) ejects three protons and two neutrons, it effectively becomes a gold nucleus (Au-203).
Role of ALICE Detector and Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDCs)
The ALICE detector uses Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDCs) to detect and count these nuclear dissociation events by measuring the number of emitted protons and neutrons. The emission of zero, one, two, or three protons corresponds to the creation of lead, thallium, mercury, and gold nuclei, respectively.
This capability allows ALICE to distinguish rare electromagnetic transmutations from the usual high-energy head-on collisions producing thousands of particles.
Key Findings and Quantitative Data
- The LHC produces gold nuclei at a rate of about 89,000 nuclei per second during lead–lead collisions.
- During LHC Run 2 (2015–2018), approximately 86 billion gold nuclei were generated.
- This corresponds to a mass of only 29 picograms (2.9 × 10?¹¹ grams), far too little for any practical use like jewelry.
- Run 3, with increased luminosity, has nearly doubled the amount of gold produced.
- The gold nuclei exist only for a fraction of a second before fragmenting into protons, neutrons, and other particles upon hitting the LHC’s beam pipe or collimators.
Significance
This discovery:
- Demonstrates a new pathway for nuclear transmutation via electromagnetic interactions at ultra-relativistic speeds.
- Provides experimental data that helps refine theoretical models of electromagnetic dissociation.
- Aids in understanding and predicting beam losses, which are critical for improving the performance of the LHC and future particle colliders.
About CERN and the LHC
- CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research), established in 1954, is Europe’s premier high-energy physics research organization with 23 member states and 10 associate members (including India).
- The LHC accelerates particles to nearly light speed in a 27-km circular tunnel under the Franco-Swiss border, facilitating collisions studied by four major experiments: ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb.
- These experiments aim to probe fundamental particles and forces, test the Standard Model of particle physics, and explore conditions of the early universe.
20th Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF20)
- 13 May 2025
In News:
India actively participated in the 20th session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF20) held from May 5 to 9, 2025, at the United Nations Headquarters, New York. UNFF, established in 2000 by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), is the sole intergovernmental platform dedicated to global forest policy dialogue and coordination, aiming to promote sustainable forest management (SFM) and strengthen political commitment worldwide.
Key Objectives and Functions of UNFF
- Promotes conservation, management, and sustainable development of all forest types.
- Supports the implementation of Agenda 21, Rio Forest Principles, and the UN Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030.
- Oversees six voluntary Global Forest Goals (GFGs) and 26 targets, including reversing deforestation and enhancing forest governance.
- Facilitates cooperation through technical exchanges, policy development, financing mechanisms like the Global Forest Financing Facilitation Network, and advocacy linking forests with climate, biodiversity, and sustainable development.
India’s Highlights at UNFF20
India reaffirmed its commitment to the Voluntary National Contributions (VNCs) under the UN Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030, reporting progress in increasing its forest and tree cover, which now constitutes 25.17% of the country’s geographical area, as per the latest India State of Forest Report. Major achievements include:
- Restoration efforts under the Aravalli Green Wall project.
- A 7.86% increase in mangrove cover over the past decade.
- Afforestation of over 1.55 lakh hectares through the Green India Mission.
- Plantation of 1.4 billion seedlings under the “Ek Ped MaaKe Naam” (Plant4Mother) campaign.
Global Contributions and Initiatives
India extended an invitation to all UN member states to join the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)—a global platform launched by India to conserve seven big cat species through collaborative research, knowledge exchange, and capacity-building.
India also emphasized the importance of incorporating the outcomes of the Country-Led Initiative (CLI) on forest fire management and forest certification—hosted by India in Dehradun in October 2023—into formal global mechanisms. It acknowledged contributions from other countries such as the Republic of Congo, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and Austria in this initiative.
Policy and Technical Engagements
India hosted a side event titled “Restoring Degraded Forest Landscapes: India’s Approach to Sustainable Forest Management and Climate Resilience”, showcasing integrated forest restoration strategies combining policy innovation, resource convergence, community participation, and technology.
In a high-level panel on “Valuing Forest Ecosystems in National Policy and Strategy,” India shared pilot study findings from Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, and tiger reserves that quantified ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, water provisioning, and biodiversity conservation. India stressed the need to incorporate ecosystem valuation into national planning to enhance forest governance and ecological sustainability.
Significance of UNFF20
The session focused on advancing three Global Forest Goals:
- Reversing forest cover loss.
- Increasing protected and sustainably managed forests.
- Promoting forest governance and legal frameworks.
UNFF20 aimed to strengthen global dialogue following the 2024 midterm review of the international arrangement on forests and set the agenda for future policy deliberations in 2026. It underscored the critical role forests play in climate resilience, biodiversity, livelihoods, and sustainable development.
Thalassemia Burden in West Bengal higher than National Average
- 12 May 2025
In News:
On World Thalassemia Day, health experts in West Bengal highlighted the state’s significantly higher prevalence of Thalassemia carriers, ranging from 6% to 10%, compared to the national average of 3% to 4% (2011 Census). The elevated rate is mainly attributed to low awareness, intra-community marriages, and inadequate genetic screening.
What is Thalassemia?
- Definition: Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorder marked by the body’s inability to produce adequate or normal haemoglobin, impairing oxygen transport in the blood.
- Genetic Cause:It arises from mutations or deletions in genes responsible for haemoglobin chains (alpha or beta globin), inherited from both parents.
- Types:
- Alpha Thalassemia: Involves up to four gene deletions; severity varies with number of deletions; common in Southeast Asian, Middle Eastern, and African populations.
- Beta Thalassemia: Caused by mutations in the beta-globin gene; prevalent in Mediterranean, South Asian, and Chinese communities. Includes:
- Thalassemia Minor: Carrier state with mild or no symptoms.
- Thalassemia Major (Cooley’s Anaemia): Severe form requiring lifelong blood transfusions.
- Symptoms:Fatigue, weakness, jaundice, facial deformities, stunted growth, enlarged spleen and liver, and breathlessness.
Thalassemia in India and West Bengal
- India sees about 10,000 to 15,000 babies born annually with Thalassemia Major (National Health Mission, 2016).
- Certain communities like Bengalis, Sindhis, Punjabis, and Gujaratis have higher carrier frequencies.
- West Bengal reports over 18,000 transfusion-dependent Thalassemia patients with a patient positivity rate of 2.5%.
Challenges in West Bengal
- Low Awareness: Many remain uninformed about genetic transmission and implications.
- Intra-community Marriages: Increase risk of two carriers marrying, leading to affected children.
- Insufficient Screening: Inadequate prenatal and adolescent screening limits early detection and prevention.
- No Legal Framework: India lacks laws to prevent marriages between carriers; awareness is the key preventive strategy.
Government Efforts and Recommendations
- West Bengal has established 36 Thalassemia Control Units (TCUs) across districts focusing on screening pregnant women (especially in the first trimester) and adolescents to reduce future disease incidence.
- Experts emphasize early parental screening, informed counseling, and timely medical care.
- Supportive care includes regular blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, vaccinations, nutritional balance (low iron diet), infection prevention, and mental health counseling.
Expanded Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS)
- 12 May 2025
In News:
In a significant push to support innovation, domestic manufacturing, and startup growth, the Government of India has doubled the credit guarantee limit under the Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS) from ?10 crore to ?20 crore per borrower. Additionally, it has enhanced the guarantee coverage and reduced the guarantee fees for selected high-priority sectors.
About CGSS (Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups)
- Launched: October 2022
- Under: Startup India Action Plan (initiated January 16, 2016)
- Nodal Ministry: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- Implemented by: National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company (NCGTC)
- Objective
- To enable collateral-free debt funding to DPIIT-recognised startups via:
-
- Term loans
- Working capital
- Venture debt and other fund-based/non-fund-based credit instruments
- To reduce the perceived credit risk for financial institutions and promote early-stage innovation, R&D, and self-reliant manufacturing.
Key Features of the Expanded CGSS
Parameter Previous Provision Revised Provision
Credit Guarantee Limit ?10 crore ?20 crore per borrower
Guarantee Coverage 75% 85% for loans ≤ ?10 crore, 75% for loans >
?10 crore
Annual Guarantee Fee (AGF) 2% 1% for startups in 27 Champion Sectors
Eligible Instruments Fund-based & non-fund based Includes venture debt, debentures,
subordinated debt
Guarantee Issuance Manual process Automated via NCGTC portal
Umbrella Guarantee Not earlier specified Covers pooled investments
(up to ?20 crore or 5% loss)
Eligible Startups & Lenders
Startups must be:
- Recognised by DPIIT
- Not classified as Non-Performing Assets (NPA)
- Certified eligible by the lending institution
Lending Institutions include:
- Scheduled Commercial Banks
- NBFCs (rated BBB+ and above, net worth ≥ ?100 crore)
- SEBI-registered Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)
Focus on Champion Sectors
To strengthen the Make in India initiative, the reduced AGF of 1% applies to 27 Champion Sectors, which include:
- 15 Manufacturing Sectors:Aerospace &defence, automotive components, biotechnology, chemicals, petrochemicals, electronics, pharmaceuticals, etc.
- 12 Services Sectors:IT &ITeS, tourism, hospitality, medical value travel, accounting and finance, audio-visual services, among others.
Expected Outcomes
- Improved Credit Access: More financial institutions are expected to extend funding to startups due to increased guarantee coverage and reduced risk.
- Encouragement for Innovation: Easier credit access will facilitate R&D, product development, and new-age technological innovation.
- Boost to Self-Reliance: Priority manufacturing and service sectors will benefit from reduced funding costs, promoting Atmanirbhar Bharat.
- Alignment with Viksit Bharat Vision: Supports long-term goals of inclusive economic growth through entrepreneurship and job creation.
Discovery of Chirality in KV?Sb?
- 12 May 2025
In News:
In a major advancement in condensed matter physics, researchers have identified a chiral quantum state in KV?Sb?, a topological material with a Kagome lattice structure. This discovery is significant as the material was earlier thought to be non-chiral, making this the first observation of intrinsic chirality in a bulk topological quantum system.
What is Chirality?
- Chirality refers to the geometric property of an object not being superimposable on its mirror image—a concept known as "handedness".
- It is common in nature, observed in:
- Amino acids
- The double helical structure of DNA
- Spiral patterns in biological systems
- Molecules often exist in left-handed (L) and right-handed (D) forms, a feature crucial to both biochemistry and quantum physics.
About KV?Sb? and the Kagome Lattice
- KV?Sb? is a bulk quantum material characterized by a Kagome lattice—a structure formed by corner-sharing triangles.
- The Kagome pattern, originating from Japanese basket-weaving, serves as a fertile platform for investigating topological and quantum phenomena like superconductivity, charge ordering, and now, chirality.
Scientific Technique Used
- Researchers employed a novel tool called the Scanning Photocurrent Microscope (SPCM).
- Unlike Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM), which offers atomic-resolution images, SPCM is designed to detect nonlinear electromagnetic responses in materials.
- The SPCM detected handedness in the photocurrent, confirming the circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE)—a definitive marker of chirality.
Key Findings
- The material exhibited spontaneous symmetry breaking, particularly the formation of a charge density wave (CDW).
- At 4 Kelvin, KV?Sb? responded differently to right- and left-handed circularly polarized light, demonstrating the breaking of mirror and inversion symmetries.
- This confirms the presence of intrinsic chiral charge order, marking the first such observation in a bulk topological material.
23rd South Asia Press Freedom Report (2024–25)
- 12 May 2025
In News:
The 23rd Annual South Asia Press Freedom Report 2024–25, titled “Frontline Democracy: Media and Political Churn”, flags a concerning decline in media freedom across South Asia, including India. Published by the Asia Press Freedom group, the report assesses press conditions in eight countries: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives.
Key Findings
- Over 250 violations of media rights recorded.
- 69 journalists were jailed or detained; 20 killed in the line of duty.
- India ranked 151st globally in press freedom; Bhutan dropped to 152nd—its lowest ever.
- Pakistan witnessed its most violent year for journalists in two decades, with eight killed.
India-Specific Observations
Legal and Institutional Suppression
- Increasing use of stringent laws like UAPA, PMLA, defamation, and sedition against journalists.
- Media organizations critical of the government have faced IT raids, ED investigations, and denial of government advertising.
- These actions have led to widespread self-censorship and a chilling effect on critical reporting.
Disinformation and Political Interference
- Political IT Cells play a key role in spreading fake news and hate speech, deepening the trust deficit in mainstream media.
- The Global Risks Report 2024 identifies “manipulated information” as the world’s most serious short-term threat.
Digital & Economic Challenges
- AI-generated content undermines journalistic credibility and originality.
- Media workforce faces challenges from:
- Declining advertisement revenue
- Contractualisation under new labour codes
- Mergers and corporate restructuring
- Precarity of gig and freelance journalists
Gender Inequality
- Poor representation of women in newsroom leadership roles.
- Pervasive gender-based harassment remains unaddressed.
Impacts of Eroding Media Freedom
- Democratic Deficit: Weakens the role of the press as the fourth pillar of democracy.
- Public Mistrust: Rising perception of media bias and loss of credibility.
- Reduced Information Access: Laws like the DPDP Act 2023 and changes to RTI provisions hinder public transparency.
Balochistan
- 12 May 2025
In News:
On May 9, 2025, Mir Yar Baloch announced the unilateral declaration of independence for Balochistan from Pakistan. In a public appeal, he urged India to formally recognize Balochistan as a sovereign state and open an embassy in New Delhi. He also called upon the United Nations to deploy peacekeeping forces and demanded the withdrawal of the Pakistani military from the region.
Geographical Profile
- Location: Balochistan lies in the southwestern part of Pakistan and is the country’s largest province by area, comprising nearly 44% of its total territory.
- Area: Approximately 347,190 square kilometers
- Capital: Quetta, situated near the Afghanistan border
- Borders:
- East: Sindh and Punjab provinces
- West: Iran
- Northwest: Afghanistan (across the Durand Line)
- South: Arabian Sea, with a coastline of around 770 km
Topography and Climate
- Characterized by rugged, mountainous terrain (notably the Sulaiman and Makran ranges)
- Arid and semi-arid climate zones, including desert and dry steppe regions
- Low population density, yet abundant in untapped mineral wealth
Demographics and Ethnicity
- Major Ethnic Group: The Baloch, who trace their ancestry to Iranian origins
- Other Communities: Pashtuns in the northern areas, and the Brahui ethnic group
- Languages Spoken: Balochi, Pashto, Brahui, and Urdu
- Religion: Predominantly followers of Sunni Islam
Strategic and Geopolitical Significance
Natural Resource Wealth
- Balochistan is rich in natural gas, coal, copper, and gold.
- The RekoDiq mining site is among the world’s largest undeveloped gold and copper reserves.
- The province contributes about 40% of Pakistan’s natural gas production, yet remains economically underdeveloped and politically marginalized.
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
- Gwadar Port, located in southern Balochistan, is a critical node in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- It provides China with direct maritime access to the Arabian Sea and strategic connectivity to West Asia, bypassing the Strait of Malacca.
India’s Strategic Perspective
- India has consistently highlighted human rights violations in Balochistan at international forums.
- The region’s geostrategic position intersects with India’s Indo-Pacific vision, and is relevant in India’s efforts to counter China’s growing footprint through CPEC.
Insurgency and Security Dynamics
- Balochistan has long witnessed separatist movements led by Baloch nationalist groups seeking either enhanced autonomy or full independence from Pakistan.
- These groups frequently target Pakistani military convoys, CPEC infrastructure projects, and Chinese nationals working in the region, signaling strong opposition to external control and resource exploitation.
SCALP Missile
- 11 May 2025
In News:
During Operation Sindoor, the Indian Air Force reportedly employed SCALP missiles launched from Rafale fighter jets to target high-value terror infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK).
What is the SCALP Missile?
- The SCALP (Système de CroisièreAutonome à Longue Portée) is a long-range, air-launched cruise missile designed for deep-strike missions.
- It is also known by its British designation, Storm Shadow.
- Developed jointly by France and the United Kingdom, it is built for precision attacks on strategic, fixed, and fortified targets.
- Global Operators: The missile is in operational use by the air forces of:India, France, United Kingdom, Egypt, Italy, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and UAE.
- Indian Integration: The Indian Air Force has integrated the SCALP missile with its Rafale fleet, enhancing India's capacity to conduct long-range precision strikes with minimal collateral damage.
Key Features:
Feature Description
Range Approximately 500 km
Warhead 450 kg high-explosive, designed to penetrate hardened structures
Weight Around 1,300 kg
Dimensions Length: ~5 metres; Wingspan: ~3 metres
Speed Subsonic (around Mach 0.8)
Guidance Systems Combined GPS/INS navigation, terrain-following radar, and
infrared homing for terminal precision
Stealth Capability Optimized for low-altitude flight to evade radar detection
Accuracy Uses image-based terminal guidance to match
preloaded target images
All-weather Capability Can operate under diverse weather conditions
Kosmos 482
- 11 May 2025
In News:
A 500-kg fragment of the Soviet-era Kosmos 482 spacecraft, launched in 1972 as part of the Venera programme, is expected to make an uncontrolled re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere around May 10, 2025, after over 53 years in orbit.
What was the Kosmos 482 Mission?
- Launched: March 31, 1972, by the Soviet Union.
- Objective: To land a probe on Venus and collect atmospheric and surface data.
- Programme: Part of the Venera series (1961–1984), which launched 28 probes to Venus.
- 13 entered the Venusian atmosphere.
- 10 successfully landed on the surface.
- Twin Mission:Venera 8, launched on March 27, 1972, successfully landed on Venus and transmitted data for 50 minutes.
Mission Failure and Orbit Status
- The mission failed due to a timer malfunction in the rocket's upper stage, which shut down prematurely, leaving the spacecraft stranded in low Earth orbit instead of heading to Venus.
- The main spacecraft eventually burned up in the atmosphere, but a lander module (approx. 500 kg) remained in orbit.
Expected Re-entry (May 2025)
- The lander module is currently being dragged down by atmospheric friction.
- No precise location or time of impact is known due to the uncontrolled nature of its descent.
- Expected re-entry corridor lies between 52° North and 52° South latitude, covering:
- Africa, Australia
- Most of the Americas
- Much of southern and mid-latitude Europe and Asia
Is it a risk to Earth?
- The lander is made of titanium, with a melting point of ~1,700°C, higher than typical atmospheric re-entry temperatures (~1,600°C).
- This increases the likelihood of survival through re-entry.
- Possible outcomes as per space debris experts:
- “A splash” (ocean impact) — least dangerous
- “A thud” — impact on uninhabited land
- “An ouch” — impact on populated area (least desired scenario)
- If intact, the object could impact Earth at a speed of ~242 km/h, similar to a high-speed train.
HAROP Drone
- 11 May 2025
In News:
On May 8, 2025, as part of Operation Sindoor, India reportedly used Israeli-made HAROP loitering munitions to destroy a Pakistani air defence system in Lahore, in response to Pakistan’s attempted attacks on Indian military installations.
What is HAROP?
- HAROP is an advanced loitering munition, also known as a suicide drone or kamikaze drone.
- Developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), it combines features of a UAV and a missile.
- It is designed to loiter over an area, search for high-value targets, and crash into the target with an explosive payload.
Key Characteristics and Capabilities
Feature Description
Function Combines surveillance and attack roles; can loiter, identify, and
strike autonomously or manually
Targets Designed to hit air defence systems, radars, command posts,
tanks, and moving military assets
Sensor Equipped with an Electro-Optical (EO) sensor for real-time
target tracking and acquisition
Endurance Up to 9 hours of loitering capability for deep-target missions
Launch Platforms Can be launched from truck-mounted canisters,
naval vessels, or ground stations
Navigation Resistance GNSS (GPS)-jam resistant, effective in communication-
denied environments
Strike Profile Executes attacks from various angles using
steep or shallow dive maneuvers
Evolution and Operational Use
- HAROP is an evolution of the earlier HARPY system, which was radio-frequency (RF) guided.
- Unlike the HARPY, HAROP uses EO sensors for improved visual target identification.
- HAROPs are "fire-and-forget" weapons, meaning they do not require active control after launch.
- The system has been described by IAI as the “King of the Battlefield”, with a claimed mission success rate of 98%.
- Proven effective in multiple combat scenarios, including suppression of enemy air defences (SEAD).
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
- 11 May 2025
In News:
India has warned it will retaliate if the United Kingdom implements its proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) from January 1, 2027, calling it a violation of the Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principle of international climate agreements.
What is Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)?
- It is a carbon tax on imports based on their carbon intensity of production.
- Aim: Prevent carbon leakage by aligning the cost of carbon between domestic and foreign producers.
- Sectors likely to be initially targeted include steel, cement, aluminium, and energy-intensive products.
- The UK is expected to implement its version of CBAM in 2027, following a similar approach by the European Union.
India’s Concerns
- Violation of CBDR Principle
- CBAM undermines the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement, which recognize that developing countries require flexibility and support for decarbonization.
- India’s per capita emissions are low, but its carbon intensity is higher due to developmental needs.
- Unfair Trade Practice
- CBAM could nullify tariff concessions negotiated under the India–UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
- Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal have labelled CBAM “unfair” and discriminatory.
- Double Taxation and Export Losses
- Indian exporters may face double taxation—domestic environmental levies and UK’s border tax.
- India proposed a ‘rebalancing mechanism’ and MSME carve-out, both of which the UK declined.
- Export-heavy sectors like textiles, leather, ceramics, engineering goods, and steel may be hit hard due to sustainability compliance burdens.
- MSME Vulnerability
- Labour-intensive MSMEs lack the capacity to meet expensive ESG norms and carbon tracking requirements.
- India's request for exemption or compensation for MSMEs was not accepted.
India’s Response Strategy
- India reserves the right to retaliate if CBAM is imposed.
- Potential responses include:
- Domestic carbon taxation to offset UK’s CBAM and use revenue for green transition.
- Invoking a rebalancing clause under the FTA’s “general exceptions” (similar to GATT), allowing trade countermeasures for environmental or public interest.
Strategic Implications for India
- Non-tariff barriers like CBAM can undermine market access gained through FTAs.
- India must stay alert to evolving trade conditions involving environment, labour, IPR, and gender standards, which often require policy adjustments.
- Calls for India to strengthen its carbon tracking, ESG frameworks, and climate-compliant production systems to remain globally competitive.
Saola Genome Mapping
- 11 May 2025
In News:
An international team of scientists has successfully mapped the genome of the saola (Pseudoryxnghetinhensis), the world’s rarest large land mammal, providing critical insights for conservation through genetic rescue and captive breeding.
About Saola
- Common Name: Asian Unicorn
- Scientific Name: Pseudoryxnghetinhensis
- First Described: 1993 (based on a skull found in Vietnam in 1992)
- Classification: Bovine species, closely related to cattle but resembling an antelope
- Habitat: Endemic to the Annamite Mountains along the Laos–Vietnam border; prefers humid evergreen forests
- IUCN Status: Critically Endangered
- Estimated Population (2015): 50–300 individuals
- Physical Traits:
- Height: ~33 inches at shoulder
- Both sexes possess straight, parallel horns (~20 inches)
- Distinct white facial markings and muzzle scent glands
Major Threats
- Habitat loss, primarily due to agricultural expansion and forest degradation
- Poaching and indiscriminate snaring, including by-catch in traps set for other animals
- Lack of successful captive care: Over 20 captured saolas died in the 1990s due to inadequate professional care
Genome Mapping and Key Findings
- Sample Base: Genomes of 26 individuals sequenced using remains sourced from hunter households
- Population Divergence: Two genetically distinct populations emerged 5,000–20,000 years ago, likely due to:
- Forest fragmentation during/after the Last Glacial Maximum
- Expansion of human activities such as agriculture, burning, and hunting around 4,000 years ago
- Genetic Complementarity: Each population retains different genetic variants, offering potential for enhanced genetic diversity if combined
- Scientific Importance:
- Confirms historical population isolation and genetic loss
- Provides a genetic foundation for targeted conservation efforts
Conservation Implications
- Captive Breeding Program: Plans underway in Vietnam to establish a well-equipped breeding center
- Goal: Capture at least a dozen individuals from both genetic lineages to create a genetically resilient population
- Long-term Vision: Reintroduction into protected forest areas with strict anti-poaching measures
Mission Sankalp
- 10 May 2025
In News:
Mission Sankalp is a large-scale counter-insurgency operation launched jointly by security forces of Chhattisgarh Police, Telangana Police, CRPF, and the elite CoBRA unit. The operation targets the dense forested Karregutta hills along the Chhattisgarh–Telangana border, focusing on dismantling Maoist strongholds and disrupting their operational capabilities.
Key Objectives and Area of Operation
- Primary Aim: Neutralize senior Maoist leaders, especially targeting Battalion 1 of the People’s Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA), the armed wing of the CPI-Maoist.
- Geographical Focus: Forested, hilly terrain covering parts of Bijapur district (Chhattisgarh) and Mulugu district (Telangana).
- Goals: Destroy Maoist hideouts, bunkers, arms caches, and logistics networks to cripple the insurgency infrastructure.
Forces Involved and Operational Scale
- Personnel: Over 28,000 personnel including District Reserve Guard (DRG), Bastar Fighters, Special Task Force (STF), CRPF, CoBRA, and support from the Indian Air Force.
- Tactics: Precision strikes guided by aerial surveillance and intelligence inputs in challenging forest terrain.
- Scope: The operation spans approximately 800 square kilometres across the inter-state border area.
Achievements and Impact
- Casualties and Encounters: Since its launch on April 21, around 35 encounters have taken place. At least 26 Maoists, including several senior cadres and three women cadres with bounties of ?8 lakh each, have been killed. Approximately 168 Maoists have been eliminated across Chhattisgarh in 2025, with 151 in the Bastar region.
- Seizures: Security forces have recovered over 2 tonnes of explosives, 400+ improvised explosive devices (IEDs), around 40 firearms, and more than 6 tonnes of ration, medicines, and daily essentials. Hundreds of Maoist hideouts and bunkers have been destroyed.
- Casualties Among Security Forces: Six personnel, including a CoBRA officer, were injured in IED blasts but are now stable.
- Strategic Outcome: The operation has dealt a severe blow to the Maoist command structure, disrupted logistics, and restored state authority in previously inaccessible tribal areas.
Strategic Importance
- Inter-State Cooperation: Mission Sankalp marks one of the largest coordinated anti-Naxal operations in recent years, reflecting enhanced synergy between central and state security forces.
- National Security: It aligns with the Centre’s zero-tolerance policy towards Left Wing Extremism, aiming to weaken the Maoists’ influence and support the restoration of governance and development in affected tribal regions.
- Long-Term Goals: By neutralizing the insurgency's core military units, the operation seeks to create conditions for improved infrastructure, welfare delivery, and civilian confidence in law enforcement.
New Framework for Regulation Formulation and Public Consultation
- 10 May 2025
In News:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced a structured framework designed to standardize the creation and revision of its regulatory policies. This initiative aims to enhance transparency, consistency, and public engagement throughout the regulatory process.
Key Aspects of the Framework
- Unified Application:The framework covers all forms of RBI regulations, including directions, guidelines, notifications, policies, and standards.
- Mandatory Public Consultation:Draft regulations are required to be published on the RBI’s official website along with a detailed Statement of Particulars. These drafts will remain open for public comments for a minimum period of 21 days, allowing stakeholders to provide their inputs.
- Impact Evaluation:Each draft must clearly outline its objectives, conduct an impact assessment, and reference relevant international best practices and global standards to ensure comprehensive evaluation.
- Response to Feedback:After considering public comments, the RBI will release a summary addressing the feedback alongside the final version of the regulations.
- Regular Review:Existing regulations will undergo periodic reassessment based on supervisory insights, alignment with global developments, and their continued applicability in a dynamic environment.
Significance of the Framework
- Enhances Transparency and Inclusiveness:By inviting public participation, the framework ensures a more open and accountable regulatory process.
- Encourages Evidence-Based Policy:The incorporation of impact analysis and stakeholder feedback supports more informed and effective policymaking.
- Aligns with Global Standards:The framework positions India’s regulatory governance in harmony with international best practices.
- Boosts Regulatory Efficiency:Continuous review and rationalization help in eliminating redundant regulations and improving overall governance.
International Maritime Defence Exhibition (IMDEX) Asia 2025
- 10 May 2025
In News:
The International Maritime Defence Exhibition (IMDEX) Asia is a leading biennial maritime and defence event in the Asia-Pacific region, held since 1997 in Singapore at the Changi Exhibition Centre. It serves as a key global platform for navies, coast guards, and maritime defence industries to showcase advanced naval platforms, cutting-edge technologies, and engage in strategic dialogue.
Indian Navy’s Participation
- In May 2025, the Indian Naval Ship INS Kiltan arrived in Singapore to participate in IMDEX Asia 2025.
- This deployment forms part of the Indian Navy’s operational commitments and highlights the strong maritime partnership between India and Singapore.
- During the exhibition, the Indian Navy crew engaged in multiple bilateral and multilateral activities, including professional exchanges with the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) and other participating navies.
- Activities included guided tours for schoolchildren, cross-deck visits with other navies, and curated visits for defence industry representatives to promote awareness of maritime security and India’s naval heritage.
Key Features of IMDEX Asia
- Platform for Defence Collaboration: IMDEX Asia facilitates showcasing of naval systems and debut of advanced maritime technologies.
- Strategic Dialogue: The event hosts high-level policy discussions and strategic dialogues on maritime security.
- International Maritime Security Conference (IMSC):
- Established in 2009, IMSC is a crucial component of IMDEX.
- Jointly organised by the Republic of Singapore Navy and the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS).
- It convenes navy chiefs, coast guard leaders, policymakers, and strategic analysts.
- The conference aims to enhance mutual maritime security, improve maritime domain awareness, and foster cooperative responses to challenges in the global maritime commons.
Significance
- The Indian Navy’s participation in IMDEX Asia underlines its commitment to regional maritime security and stability.
- It also reinforces the longstanding friendly ties between India and Singapore and highlights the importance of naval interoperability and defence cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.
Persian Gulf vs Arabian Gulf
- 10 May 2025
In News:
The United States, under then-President Donald Trump, proposed a shift in terminology by referring to the Persian Gulf as the “Arabian Gulf” during a state visit to Saudi Arabia, aligning with the preferences of some Arab Gulf countries.
Historical and Geopolitical Background
- The name “Persian Gulf” has been historically documented since the 16th century, appearing in treaties, maps, and international references.
- Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Bahrain use the term “Arabian Gulf” in national documents and cartography.
- The proposal by Trump faced criticism from Iran, which regards the renaming as a politically motivated act aimed at undermining its historical and cultural identity.
Iran’s Response
- Iran’s leadership, including Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi, has condemned any attempt to alter the name, calling it a hostile and invalid act with no legal or geographical legitimacy.
- In 2012, Iran had threatened to sue Google for omitting the name "Persian Gulf" from its maps.
International Standards
- The International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO), responsible for standardizing maritime names, continues to officially recognise the name “Persian Gulf.”
- While countries can adopt different terms domestically, they cannot enforce global changes unilaterally.
Geographical Features of the Persian Gulf
- Type: Marginal sea of the Indian Ocean, located in Western Asia.
- Size: ~251,000 km²
- Depth: Average ~50 m; Maximum ~90 m
- Coastline: ~5,117 km; Iran has the longest stretch (~1,536 km)
- Borders:
- North: Iran
- Southwest: Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar
- Northwest: Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain
- Islands:
- Qeshm Island (Iran): Largest in the Gulf (~1,491 km²)
- Bahrain: Sovereign island nation with over 50 islands and a key US naval base
Strategic and Economic Significance
- The Strait of Hormuz, linking the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea, is a critical chokepoint for global energy, with ~30% of global oil exports passing through.
- The region is a theatre of military presence, with navies of the US, Iran, and Gulf countries asserting control and influence.
- Strategic islands like Qeshm and Bahrain hold economic and military importance.
Operation Sindoor
- 10 May 2025
In News:
On May 7, 2025, the Indian Armed Forces launched Operation Sindoor, a coordinated precision strike on terrorist camps located in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). The operation was a response to the killing of civilians in Pahalgam by Pakistan-backed terrorists.
Key Facts:
- 21 terror camps across 9 locations were targeted.
- Advanced niche-technology weapons were employed to ensure minimal collateral damage.
- The operation highlights India's evolving capability in long-range, precision-guided weaponry.
Major Precision-Guided Weapons in India’s Arsenal
1. HAMMER (Highly Agile and Manoeuvrable Munition Extended Range)
- Origin: France (by Safran)
- Platform: Integrated with Rafale fighter jets
- Range: Up to 70 km
- Features:
- All-weather precision
- Autonomous guidance
- Jamming-resistant
- Operable at low altitude over rough terrains
- Role in Operation: Likely used for air-to-ground strikes on tactical targets.
2. SCALP (Storm Shadow in UK)
- Type: Air-launched stealth cruise missile
- Origin: Europe (by MBDA)
- Range: Up to 450 km
- Navigation: Uses INS, GPS, and terrain referencing
- Capabilities:
- Bunker-penetration
- Low radar signature
- All-weather and night operable
- Relevance: Designed for deep precision strikes, ideal for hardened terrorist infrastructure.
3. METEOR
- Type: Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM)
- Origin: MBDA (Europe)
- Propulsion: Solid-fuel ramjet for sustained high-speed interception
- Special Feature: Large No-Escape Zone, effective in electronic warfare conditions
- Use Case: Enhances air superiority and can neutralize enemy aircraft before visual contact.
4. BRAHMOS Supersonic Cruise Missile
- Developed by: DRDO (India) and NPOM (Russia) under BrahMos Aerospace
- Speed: Mach 2.8–3.0
- Range: Initially 290 km, now extended to 450–500 km after India’s MTCR entry
- Warhead: 200–300 kg
- Platforms: Compatible with land, sea, and air platforms
- Features:
- Fire-and-Forget
- Precision strike at low terminal altitude (~10 m)
- Strategic Role: Provides rapid, stealthy, and accurate strikes across the services.
5. Loitering Munitions ("Kamikaze Drones")
- Function: Combines surveillance and strike capabilities
- Features:
- Can loiter over target zones
- Autonomous or semi-autonomous targeting
- High precision against time-sensitive or mobile targets
- Adoption: Increasing induction across the Army, Navy, and Air Force
India–U.S. Energy Cooperation
- 09 May 2025
In News:
U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance recently reaffirmed strong bilateral engagement with India in the domains of energy and defence. In parallel, India underscored the need to prioritiseenergy security, technology transfer, and collaboration on critical minerals as pillars of this strategic partnership.
Major India–U.S. Energy Initiatives
- Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP):Facilitates cooperation across bioenergy, solar power, hydrogen fuels, and energy efficiency measures.
- Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET):Focused on advanced technologies such as clean energy, Artificial Intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
- Civil Nuclear Cooperation:Aims to enhance technology exchange and investments aligned with India’s goal of achieving 100 GW of nuclear capacity by 2047.
- Critical Minerals MoU (2024):Establishes a framework for resilient and transparent supply chains for rare earth elements and critical minerals, along with potential third-country investment opportunities.
Rationale for Strengthening the Energy Partnership
- Energy Security:India’s transition to a $5 trillion economy requires uninterrupted, affordable energy access.
?Example: India's energy import bill reached $153 billion in FY 2023–24, highlighting the need for long-term partnerships. - Climate Commitments:To achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, India must scale up investments in low-carbon technologies, including nuclear, renewables, and green hydrogen.
- Mineral Supply Chain Diversification:With China dominating over 90% of rare earth processing, India seeks reliable and democratic supply partnerships to support its clean energy transition.
- Infrastructure and Financing Needs:Developing nuclear energy infrastructure alone could demand over $180 billion by 2047, requiring foreign capital, joint ventures, and technology collaboration.
Proposed Roadmap for Enhancing Bilateral Energy Ties
- Legal Reform:Revisit the Civil Liability Act to facilitate private sector participation in India's nuclear sector.
?Example: Proposed transfer of SMR technology from Holtec to Indian companies (e.g., L&T, Tata Consulting) requires legal assurances. - Strategic Mineral Reserves Collaboration:Joint stockpiling via India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves and the U.S. National Defense Stockpile can buffer supply shocks.
- India–U.S. Mineral Exchange Platform:Launch a digital trade and traceability platform using blockchain technology to enhance transparency and co-investment.
- Leverage the Quad Partnership:Deepen trilateral mineral partnerships with Australia and Japan, focusing on processing facilities, R&D hubs, and outreach to resource-rich African nations.
- Accelerate Nuclear Rollout:Standardise nuclear reactor designs, streamline regulatory approvals, and aim to install 5–6 GW of new nuclear capacity annually by the early 2030s.
- Green Financing Mechanisms:Develop innovative funding frameworks such as green bonds, blended finance, and leverage multilateral funding for clean energy and mineral projects.
IMO’s Draft Net-Zero Framework for Shipping
- 09 May 2025
In News:
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has approved a draft Net-Zero Framework aimed at achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from global shipping by around 2050. This is a major milestone in aligning the maritime sector with global climate goals.
Overview of the Draft Net-Zero Framework
What is it?
The framework proposes a legally binding global mechanism to reduce GHG emissions in the maritime industry. It is the first international effort to combine sector-wide emissions caps with a carbon pricing model, setting a precedent for other global industries.
Key Features
- Legal Foundation: Introduced under Chapter 5 of MARPOL Annex VI, focusing on the prevention of air pollution from ships.
- Global Fuel Standard (GFI): Requires ships to reduce GHG intensity of fuel on a “well-to-wake” basis (i.e., accounting for emissions from fuel production to usage).
- Carbon Pricing Mechanism:
- Ships that exceed GFI thresholds must purchase remedial credits.
- Ships using low-GHG fuels can earn and trade surplus credits.
- IMO Net-Zero Fund:
- Redistributes carbon revenues to support:
- Zero-emission vessels
- R&D and capacity building
- Climate resilience initiatives in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs).
- Redistributes carbon revenues to support:
- Scope: Applies to ships over 5,000 gross tonnage (GT), covering approximately 85% of global maritime CO? emissions.
- Compliance Tools:
- Credit trading among ships.
- Purchase of credits through the IMO fund.
- Credit banking for future compliance.
Significance of the Framework
- First Global Regulation of Its Kind: Introduces a unified emissions and pricing system for international shipping, transcending national boundaries.
- Promotes Technological Shift: Encourages the adoption of green fuels, carbon capture systems, and hybrid propulsion technologies.
- Supports Climate Goals: Aligns with the Paris Agreement and the IMO’s 2023 Strategy for emissions reduction.
- Equity and Justice-Based Approach: Prioritises financial and technological support to vulnerable maritime nations.
- Catalyst for Green Shipping: Expected to boost demand for ammonia, green methanol, and hydrogen-based marine fuels.
Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims Scheme, 2025
- 09 May 2025
In News:
The Government of India has recently introduced the Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims Scheme, 2025, aimed at providing immediate, hassle-free medical care to individuals injured in road accidents. This initiative reflects the government's commitment to strengthening the emergency healthcare response system and reducing fatalities due to delays in treatment.
Key Features of the Scheme:
- Universal Eligibility: Any person injured in a road accident involving a motor vehicle on a public road anywhere in India is eligible for cashless treatment.
- Financial Coverage: The scheme offers a maximum coverage of ?1.5 lakh per accident victim, valid for up to seven days from the date of the accident.
- Designated Hospital Network: Victims can avail full cashless treatment only at empanelled hospitals under the scheme. In non-designated hospitals, treatment will be restricted to initial stabilisation, as per official guidelines.
Implementation Mechanism:
- National Health Authority (NHA): The NHA is the central coordinating body for scheme implementation. It will work closely with state health agencies, police, and hospital networks.
- State-Level Execution: In each state and Union Territory, the State Road Safety Council serves as the nodal agency, responsible for:
- Coordinating the onboarding of designated hospitals.
- Managing treatment procedures and claim settlements.
- Facilitating real-time communication through a dedicated online portal.
- Monitoring Framework: A 17-member Steering Committee, chaired by the Secretary, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, has been constituted to oversee and monitor implementation and address policy-level concerns.
Significance and Impact:
- Addresses Financial Barriers: By offering cashless access to emergency care, the scheme reduces the out-of-pocket burden on accident victims and their families.
- Improves Emergency Response: Ensures timely medical intervention, a critical factor in saving lives during the "golden hour" after a road accident.
- Promotes Inter-Agency Coordination: Brings together multiple stakeholders—healthcare, law enforcement, and road safety agencies—on a unified digital platform for better service delivery.
- Nationwide Coverage: Marks a paradigm shift in accident response policy, aiming to make quality trauma care accessible across both urban and rural India.
Lagrangian Growth-Advection Model
- 09 May 2025
In News:
In a significant advancement for climate science, researchers from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) and Florida State University have developed a novel method to more accurately estimate oceanic carbon export using satellite data. This method, called the Lagrangian Growth-Advection Model, enhances our understanding of the ocean’s role in sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO?).
What is the Lagrangian Growth-Advection Model?
The model integrates Lagrangian tracking (which follows individual fluid parcels in motion) with advection (the horizontal movement of water) and biological growth processes. This innovative framework allows scientists to trace the journey of phytoplankton and the associated carbon flux as they move with ocean currents—particularly in dynamic regions such as the California Current upwelling system.
Key Innovations:
- Captures Spatial and Temporal Lags: Unlike conventional models, this approach accounts for delays between carbon production at the surface and its eventual export to deeper waters.
- Incorporates Biological Complexity: The model factors in zooplankton activity, biological succession, and advection of plankton communities, offering a more comprehensive representation of the carbon cycle.
- Beyond Ocean Colour: Traditional models rely heavily on ocean colour data, which is limited to surface chlorophyll concentration. The new model goes beyond this by incorporating additional ecological and physical processes.
Validation and Performance:
The model’s predictions were validated against deep-sea carbon flux measurements, particularly at Station M—a long-term ocean floor observatory operated by MBARI. Remarkably, it explained episodic pulses of carbon export previously unaccounted for by older models, marking a significant improvement in understanding carbon dynamics.
Why this Matters:
The biological pump—the process by which marine organisms convert dissolved CO? into organic carbon that eventually sinks to the deep ocean—is a crucial mechanism for long-term carbon sequestration. The ocean currently absorbs a substantial share of anthropogenic CO? emissions, helping mitigate global warming. Accurate estimates of this process are vital for climate modelling and carbon budgeting.
Existing satellite-based models fall short in capturing the subsurface processes and time-lagged carbon fluxes that significantly impact overall carbon export. The Lagrangian Growth-Advection Model addresses these limitations, offering a more realistic and dynamic understanding of the ocean’s carbon cycle.
Global Space Exploration Conference (GLEX) 2025
- 09 May 2025
In News:
India is set to host the 12th edition of the Global Space Exploration Conference (GLEX) 2025 from 7th to 9th May 2025 in New Delhi, marking a significant milestone in the nation's emergence as a key global player in space exploration.
Key Highlights of GLEX 2025:
- Theme: “Reaching New Worlds: A Space Exploration Renaissance”
- The conference theme underscores a renewed global commitment to innovation, inclusivity, and international collaboration in space science and technology.
- Organisers:
- International Astronautical Federation (IAF) – The world’s foremost space advocacy organisation.
- Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) – Serving as the primary host, reflecting India’s growing stature in the global space ecosystem.
- Astronautical Society of India (ASI) – Acting as the co-host and supporting India's role in global space diplomacy.
GLEX 2025 is expected to bring together global experts, policymakers, scientists, and industry leaders to discuss cutting-edge advancements, collaborative missions, and the future of space exploration. It will also highlight India's evolution from a regional space power to a central figure in the international space community.
About the International Astronautical Federation (IAF):
- Established: 1951
- Membership: Over 500 organisations from 78 countries, including major space agencies, private companies, academic institutions, and research bodies.
- Vision: “A space-faring world cooperating for the benefit of humanity”
- Motto: “Connecting @ll Space People”
- The IAF promotes global space cooperation and knowledge exchange. Through platforms like GLEX, it fosters dialogue on programmatic, technical, and policy aspects of space missions.
Significance for India:
GLEX 2025 reflects India’s growing prominence in the global space domain, reaffirming its commitment to peaceful space exploration and international collaboration. The event offers a valuable opportunity for India to showcase its achievements, build new partnerships, and contribute to shaping the future of global space policy and science.
GhassemBasir Missile unveiled by Iran
- 08 May 2025
In News:
Iran has recently introduced a new solid-fuel medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) named GhassemBasir.
About the GhassemBasir Missile
The missile is designed to engage targets at distances exceeding 1,200 kilometers, enhancing Iran’s strategic strike capabilities.
Key Features:
- Size and Weight: The missile measures approximately 11 meters in length and weighs around 7 tons.
- Advanced Materials: Its airframe is reportedly constructed using carbon fiber composite materials, which reduce structural weight and lower its radar signature.
- Warhead: The missile carries a warhead estimated to weigh about 500 kilograms.
- Propulsion: Powered by a solid-fuel system, the missile benefits from quicker launch readiness and improved storage stability compared to liquid-fuel missiles.
- Speed: Capable of reaching speeds up to Mach 12.
- Guidance System: Equipped with a thermal imaging sensor that enables the missile to detect and home in on targets by sensing heat signatures during the final flight phase.
- Maneuverable Reentry Vehicle (MaRV): The missile features a MaRV that separates from the booster, reducing aerodynamic drag, decreasing radar detectability, and enhancing ballistic performance.
- Mobility: It can be launched from mobile transporter-erector-launchers (TELs), including vehicles resembling civilian trucks, increasing its operational flexibility and survivability.
Alcatraz Island
- 08 May 2025
In News:
The President of the United States has recently instructed his administration to undertake a project to rebuild and expand Alcatraz, the notorious prison that has been closed for over six decades. This historic site is located on a remote island off the coast of San Francisco, California.
About Alcatraz Island
Alcatraz Island, often referred to as “The Rock,” is a small rocky island situated in San Francisco Bay, California, covering approximately 22 acres (9 hectares).
Historical Overview
- 1849: The island was sold to the U.S. government.
- 1854: Alcatraz became home to the first lighthouse on California’s coast.
- 1859: The first permanent army troops were stationed on the island.
- 1861: Alcatraz was converted into a military prison.
- 1907: It was officially designated as the Pacific Branch of the U.S. Military Prison.
- 1933: The U.S. Army vacated the island.
- 1934–1963: Alcatraz functioned as a federal prison, housing some of America’s most dangerous criminals.
Prison Details
The prison had a capacity to hold over 330 inmates in cells measuring approximately 10 feet by 4.5 feet (3 meters by 1.5 meters). However, the actual number of prisoners rarely exceeded 260 at any given time. Known as the most secure and inescapable prison in the United States, Alcatraz was famous for its isolation and strict security measures. Although a few inmates attempted to escape, the harsh currents of San Francisco Bay made survival unlikely.
Closure and Current Status
Due to the high costs of upkeep, the prison was officially closed in March 1963. In 1972, Alcatraz was incorporated into the newly established Golden Gate National Recreation Area and was opened to the public. Today, it remains a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from around the world.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
- 08 May 2025
About the OIC
The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the world’s second-largest intergovernmental organization after the United Nations, comprising 57 member states across four continents. It was established on September 25, 1969, following the historic summit held in Rabat, Morocco, which was convened in response to the arson attack on the Al-Aqsa Mosque in occupied Jerusalem.
Objectives and Purpose
The OIC’s primary goals are to:
- Preserve and promote Islamic values.
- Safeguard the national sovereignty and independence of its member states.
- Contribute to international peace and security.
- Serve as the collective voice of the Muslim world, protecting their interests across economic, social, and political spheres.
Structure and Headquarters
- The OIC’s headquarters is located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Its official languages are Arabic, English, and French.
Membership
Notable member countries include Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, the Palestinian Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen, among others.
Principal Organs of the OIC
- Islamic Summit Conference (ISC):The highest authority of the OIC, meeting every three years to set the organization’s policies and strategic direction.
- Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM):Convening annually, the CFM reviews and oversees the implementation of decisions made by the Islamic Summit.
- General Secretariat:The executive branch responsible for executing the resolutions of the ISC and CFM.
Additionally, the OIC has established various ministerial-level committees—some chaired by heads of state—to coordinate cooperation among member countries in political, economic, cultural, social, spiritual, and scientific fields.
Partnerships and Global Engagement
The OIC collaborates closely with international organizations, including all specialized agencies of the United Nations, as well as governments and civil society organizations (CSOs). These partnerships help address concerns affecting its member states and the global Muslim community.
INS Sharda
- 08 May 2025
In News:
The Indian Navy’s offshore patrol vessel, INS Sharda, has reached Maafilaafushi Atoll in the Maldives to participate in its first-ever Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) exercise, scheduled from May 4 to May 10, 2025.
Strengthening Regional Maritime Cooperation and Disaster Preparedness
This exercise is a key part of India’s strategic efforts to enhance regional maritime cooperation and bolster disaster readiness within the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). It underscores India’s steadfast commitment to its “Neighbourhood First” Policy, which recognizes the Maldives as a close maritime neighbour with deep strategic and cultural ties.
Aligning with the MAHASAGAR Vision
The HADR exercise supports the recently unveiled MAHASAGAR vision—Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions—introduced by the Prime Minister during the Mauritius visit. MAHASAGAR reaffirms India’s role as a net security provider and first responder in the Indian Ocean, building on the earlier SAGAR doctrine (Security and Growth for All in the Region). Both frameworks emphasize inclusive security, regional cooperation, and disaster resilience.
Objectives of the HADR Exercise
According to the Indian Navy, the exercise aims to:
- Enhance interoperability between the Indian Navy and the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF).
- Conduct joint drills focusing on Search and Rescue (SAR), disaster response coordination, logistical support, and medical aid.
- Facilitate training programs for capacity building among personnel.
- Engage with local communities to raise awareness and strengthen disaster preparedness.
This maiden HADR exercise by INS Sharda marks a significant step toward deepening India-Maldives maritime collaboration and regional disaster management capabilities.
Metal-Free Catalyst for Hydrogen Fuel Production
- 08 May 2025
In News:
In a significant breakthrough for clean energy technology, Indian scientists have engineered a metal-free catalyst capable of generating hydrogen fuel by harnessing mechanical energy. This innovation marks a major step forward in sustainable hydrogen production, aligning closely with India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission and its goal to lead in green energy solutions.
What is the Metal-Free Catalyst?
The catalyst is a specially designed donor-acceptor covalent organic framework (COF) that functions as a piezocatalyst without relying on any metal components. It can efficiently split water molecules to produce hydrogen gas (H?) when subjected to mechanical forces such as vibrations or pressure.
Development and Collaboration
This pioneering catalyst was developed at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) in Bengaluru, under the leadership of Professor Tapas K. Maji. The project was carried out in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune and Wroc?aw University of Science and Technology in Poland.
Key Features of the Catalyst
- Metal-Free Composition: Made entirely from organic molecules, specifically TAPA (donor) and PDA (acceptor), connected through stable imide bonds.
- Ferrielectric Ordering (FiE): This internal property creates strong electric fields within the material, driving the catalytic water-splitting process.
- Porous, Sponge-like Structure: Enhances water permeability and promotes efficient separation of charges generated during the reaction.
- Mechanically Activated: The catalyst produces electron-hole pairs when exposed to mechanical pressure, enabling effective hydrogen generation.
Significance and Impact
- Environmentally Friendly: Eliminates the need for expensive and potentially harmful metal-based catalysts by using sustainable organic materials.
- Energy-Efficient: Utilizes ambient mechanical energy sources, such as vibrations or applied pressure, to power hydrogen production.
- Supports India’s Clean Energy Goals: Advances the objectives of the National Green Hydrogen Mission, strengthening India’s position in global clean energy innovation and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
- Scalable and Cost-Effective: Offers a practical and affordable alternative to conventional metal-based hydrogen production technologies, making it suitable for widespread adoption.
India to Receive INS Tamal
- 07 May 2025
In News:
India is set to induct INS Tamal, the second advanced stealth frigate of the Krivak-III class, built in Russia under a bilateral defence contract.
About INS Tamal
- Type & Class:INS Tamal is a 3,900-tonne stealth frigate, part of the Krivak-III class deal signed in 2016 between India and Russia. It is the sister ship of INS Tushil, commissioned in December 2024.
- Builder & Collaboration:Constructed at the Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad, Russia, under India-Russia defence cooperation.
The contract includes four frigates: two built in Russia and two under construction at Goa Shipyard with technology transfer.
Key Features
- Stealth Technology:Equipped with advanced suppression systems for radio, infrared, and acoustic signatures to enhance survivability.
- Armaments:
- BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles (range approx. 450 km)
- Shtil surface-to-air missiles
- Anti-submarine torpedoes and rocket launchers
- Performance:
- Speed exceeding 30 knots
- Can deploy Kamov-28 and Kamov-31 helicopters for anti-submarine warfare and airborne early warning.
- Automation: High automation reduces crew workload and improves operational efficiency.
Strategic Importance
- Enhances India’s blue-water naval capabilities across air, surface, underwater, and electromagnetic domains.
- Strengthens naval deterrence and force projection in the Indo-Pacific region, especially amid rising tensions in the Arabian Sea.
- Demonstrates successful Make in India initiative combined with global collaboration, as two of the frigates are being built domestically at Goa Shipyard.
Rare 7th-Century Old Kannada Inscription unearthed at Madapura Lake, Karnataka
- 07 May 2025
In News:
A rare 7th-century Old Kannada inscription from the reign of Vikramaditya I of the Badami Chalukyas has been discovered at Madapura Lake in Davangere, Karnataka. The inscription sheds light on taxation, land grants, and regional governance during his rule.
About the Badami Chalukyas
- Origins: Emerged as a regional Kannada power claiming descent from Ayodhya to establish legitimacy.
- Capital:Vatapi (present-day Badami, Karnataka).
- Notable Rulers and Political History:
- Pulakesin I (543–566 CE): Founder of the dynasty; fortified Badami.
- Pulakesin II (609–642 CE): Most celebrated ruler; defeated Harshavardhana at the Narmada river; established diplomatic contacts with Persia (depicted in Ajanta caves).
- Vikramaditya I (644–681 CE): Son of Pulakesin II; reclaimed Badami from Pallavas and expanded influence over southern kingdoms like the Cholas, Pandyas, and Keralas.
- Administration:
- Centralised monarchy with limited autonomy granted to villages.
- Economy relied on land revenue and military conquests.
- Maintained a naval fleet—Pulakesin II had around 100 ships.
- Religion:Patronised Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Jainism. Vikramaditya I and others made donations to Jain institutions; Pulakesin I performed Ashvamedha Yajna.
- Art and Architecture:
- Developed the Vesara style, a fusion of northern Nagara and southern Dravida temple architecture.
- Constructed rock-cut and structural temples in Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal.
About Vikramaditya I
- Background: Son of Pulakesin II; ascended the throne during a period of political turmoil following his father's death and Pallava invasion.
- Military Achievements:
- Defeated Narasimhavarman I of the Pallavas, who had earlier seized Badami.
- Reunited the fractured Chalukya empire, restoring its former prestige.
- Subdued southern powers including the Cholas, Pandyas, and Keralas, consolidating control over the southern Deccan.
- Political Consolidation:
- Re-established central authority across Karnataka and surrounding regions.
- Appointed loyal feudatories, such as Singhavenna (mentioned in the new Davangere inscription), to manage local governance.
- Legacy:
- Known by titles such as Rajamalla (King of Kings) and Yuddhamalla (Warrior King).
- His reign marked a revival of Chalukya power and paved the way for cultural and architectural achievements under his successors Vikramaditya II and Kirtivarman II.
India-Angola Bilateral Talks and Strategic Cooperation
- 07 May 2025
In News:
The Prime Minister of India recently held bilateral talks with Angolan President João Lourenço in New Delhi. During the meeting, India offered Angola a $200 million defence credit line and discussed expanding cooperation in sectors such as infrastructure, defence, and space technology. The visit also commemorates the 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations between India and Angola.
About Angola
- Location: Southwestern Africa, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
- Capital: Luanda, a major coastal port city.
- Neighbouring countries: Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Namibia, and the Atlantic Ocean.
- Special territory: Includes the exclave of Cabinda, located north of the main territory.
Geographical Features
- Major Plateaus:Bié Plateau (~2,600 m), Huíla Plateau (~2,300 m), Malanje Highlands.
- Highest Point: Mount Moco (2,620 m or 8,596 ft) near Huambo.
- Rivers:
- Cuanza (Kwanza): Largest river entirely within Angola.
- Cunene River: Forms part of the border with Namibia.
- Cuango River: Tributary of the Congo River.
- Other rivers drain into the Zambezi and Okavango river systems.
- Desert: Southwest Angola forms part of the Namib Desert.
- Climate: Tropical with distinct rainy and dry seasons, influenced by the cold Benguela ocean current.
Demographics and Economy
- Ethnic groups: Predominantly Bantu-speaking, including Ovimbundu, Kimbundu, and Bakongo communities.
- Economic importance:
- One of Africa’s leading oil producers.
- Rich mineral resources including diamonds, iron ore, copper, and gold.
- The northeast is notable for diamond deposits found in river gravels.
ECINET: India’s Unified Digital Platform for Elections
- 07 May 2025
In News:
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is set to launch ECINET, a single, unified digital platform aimed at consolidating and simplifying election-related services for voters, officials, political parties, and civil society organizations.
About ECINET:
ECINET will merge over 40 existing mobile and web applications—including the Voter Helpline, cVIGIL, Suvidha 2.0, ESMS, Saksham, KYC App, Voter Turnout app, Know Your Candidate app, and election results app—into one integrated system. This platform will also serve election officials such as Electoral Registration Officers and Booth Level Officers by providing a comprehensive interface.
Objectives:
- Simplify access to electoral services through a single window and one login (single sign-on).
- Eliminate the redundancy of multiple applications and multiple logins.
- Provide real-time access to verified and authenticated election data for all stakeholders.
- Strengthen electoral infrastructure by fostering digital innovation and integration.
- Enhance cybersecurity through robust testing and protocols.
Key Features:
- Unified Platform: Consolidates all election-related apps into one.
- Single Sign-On: One login credential for all services reduces confusion.
- Cross-Device Compatibility: Accessible on smartphones and desktops alike.
- Modern User Interface: Intuitive and user-friendly design.
- Data Integrity: Only authorized ECI officials can enter data, with statutory forms prevailing in case of discrepancies.
- Robust Cybersecurity: Rigorous trials to ensure safety and performance.
- Nationwide Coverage: Designed to serve nearly 100 crore voters and the entire electoral administration.
Timeline:
The ECINET platform is in advanced stages of development and testing and is expected to be launched before the Bihar Assembly elections later this year.
Stratospheric Airship Platform by DRDO
- 07 May 2025
In News:
India successfully conducted the maiden flight trial of its indigenous Stratospheric Airship Platform, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). The trial took place at Sheopur, Madhya Pradesh, and marked a significant milestone in India’s pursuit of advanced high-altitude surveillance technologies.
About the Stratospheric Airship Platform
- Nature: A lighter-than-air, high-altitude airship designed to operate at stratospheric heights (~17 km altitude).
- Developer: Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE), Agra under DRDO.
- Purpose: To provide extended surveillance and real-time observation capabilities for military and civilian applications.
Key Features and Flight Trial Details
- Successfully reached an altitude of about 17 km (stratosphere).
- Carried an instrumental payload for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) tasks.
- Flight duration: Approximately 62 minutes.
- Tested crucial systems such as envelope pressure control and emergency deflation mechanisms.
- Data from onboard sensors will aid in developing simulation models for future flights.
- The platform was recovered post-mission for further analysis.
Strategic and Operational Significance
- Enhanced ISR: Boosts India’s military surveillance over borders, coastal regions, and conflict zones.
- Earth Observation: Supports disaster management, environmental monitoring, and communication relays.
- Cost-Effective: Provides persistent coverage at a fraction of the cost of satellite launches.
- Technological Edge: Places India among a select group of nations with indigenous high-altitude airship capabilities, crucial amid rising regional security challenges.
- Dual-Use Potential: Suitable for both defence and civilian applications, including atmospheric sensing.
Khelo India Youth Games 2025
- 06 May 2025
In News:
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually inaugurated the 7th edition of the Khelo India Youth Games (KIYG) on May 4, 2025, marking Bihar’s first time hosting a national-level multi-sport event.
- The event will be held across five cities in Bihar: Patna, Rajgir, Gaya, Bhagalpur, and Begusarai from May 4–15, 2025.
About Khelo India Youth Games (KIYG)
Feature Details
Launch Year 2018
Nodal Ministry Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
Target Group Youth athletes under 17 and 21 years of age
Objective Promote grassroots sports, mass participation, and talent
development for global competition
Host Cities in 2025 Patna, Rajgir, Gaya, Bhagalpur, Begusarai
Total Athletes (2025) Over 6,000 participants
Special Highlights of KIYG 2025
- Medal Events: Competitions held in 27 sporting disciplines.
- New Inclusions:
- Sepaktakraw included as a medal sport for the first time.
- Esports introduced as a demonstration event, reflecting the rise of digital-age sports.
- Support for Athletes: Winners eligible for scholarships under the Khelo India Scheme to pursue professional training.
Significance
- PM Modi emphasized the role of regular tournaments like KIYG in shaping India’s sports ecosystem.
- Cited Vaibhav Suryavanshi, a 14-year-old cricketer who scored a 38-ball century in IPL 2025, as a symbol of emerging youth talent.
- Highlighted that platforms like Khelo India events (youth, para, winter, and senior levels) help identify, nurture and promote talent, building confidence among young athletes.
Previous Editions of KIYG
Edition Host City
1st (2018) New Delhi
2nd (2019) Pune
3rd (2020) Guwahati
4th (2021) Panchkula
5th (2022) Bhopal
6th (2023) Chennai
7th (2025) Bihar (multiple cities)
DRR Dhan 100 (Kamala) &Pusa DST Rice 1
- 06 May 2025
In News:
- Recently, the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare launched India’s first genome-edited rice varieties—DRR Dhan 100 (Kamala) and Pusa DST Rice 1.
- Developed by ICAR-IIRR (Hyderabad) and ICAR-IARI (New Delhi) using CRISPR-Cas9 technology under SDN1/SDN2 methods.
About the Varieties
DRR Dhan 100 (Kamala)
- Developed by: ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Hyderabad
- Parent variety: Samba Mahsuri (BPT 5204)
- Features:
- 19% increase in yield
- Matures in ~130 days (20 days earlier than parent)
- Stronger stem – reduces lodging
- Saves ~7,500 million cubic meters of irrigation water
- Lower methane emissions
- Edited gene: CKX2 (Gn1a) – increases grain number per panicle
Pusa DST Rice 1
- Developed by: ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi
- Parent variety: MTU 1010 (Cotton Dora Sannalu)
- Features:
- Improved tolerance to drought and salinity
- Yield increase: Up to 30.4% in saline/alkaline soils
- Edited gene: DST gene
- Developed using SDN1 genome editing – no foreign DNA inserted
Technology Used
- CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system:
- Enables precise editing of native genes without inserting foreign DNA
- SDN1/SDN2 methods approved by India’s biosafety regulations
- Genome editing vs GMOs:
- Genome editing makes internal gene alterations
- GMOs involve insertion of foreign genetic material
- GM crops are banned for cultivation/import in India (except Bt cotton)
Benefits Claimed
- Increased agricultural productivity:
- 19% increase in yield (DRR Dhan 100)
- Up to 30.4% increase in saline soils (Pusa DST Rice 1)
- Environmental benefits:
- Reduced greenhouse gas emissions (~20%)
- Lower methane release due to early maturation
- Major water conservation
- Target states: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Puducherry
Concerns and Criticisms
Biosafety and Unintended Effects
- Unintended mutations: CRISPR-Cas enzymes may cause off-target gene edits, potentially resulting in unknown protein formations.
- Lack of global standardisation on enzyme concentration and specificity.
- Some scientists warn of genetic instability in SDN1-based edits.
Seed Sovereignty & Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
- Genome editing tools are IPR-protected, raising concerns over farmers' seed sovereignty.
- Activist groups like Coalition for a GM-Free India demand transparency on IPR ownership and oppose reliance on proprietary technologies.
- Risk of monoculture, loss of rice genetic diversity, and trade barriers for India’s non-GM rice exports.
Policy and Regulatory Framework
- India’s biosafety guidelines (2022) permit SDN1 and SDN2 genome editing for general crops.
- The Union Budget 2023–24 allocated ?500 crore for advancing genome editing in agriculture.
- ICAR expanding genome editing to oilseeds and pulses.
Neanderthal Spear Tip Discovery
- 06 May 2025
In News:
Ancient bone spear tip found in Russia is oldest in Europe and made by Neanderthals.
What Was Discovered?
- Oldest known spear tip in Europe, crafted by Neanderthals, not Homo sapiens.
- Found in a cave in the North Caucasus region, Russia.
- Dated to 70,000–80,000 years ago, prior to modern human arrival in Europe (~45,000 years ago).
- Study published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.
Artefact Features
- Length: ~9 cm
- Material: Bone (likely from bison)
- Construction:
- Shaped using stone tools
- Attached to a wooden shaft with natural tar (early adhesive use)
- Function:
- Micro-cracks indicate impact with a hard target – used in hunting or combat
- Minimal wear, suggesting it was used shortly after construction
Excavation Details
- Excavated in 2003, thoroughly analyzed recently.
- Found with animal bones and campfire remains – evidence of Neanderthal habitation.
- Analytical techniques used: Spectroscopy, CT scans, Microscopy
Shear-Wave Splitting
- 06 May 2025
In News:
Scientists from the University of Oxford have proposed a new method to monitor volcanic eruptions by using the seismic phenomenon of shear-wave splitting, demonstrated at Mount Ontake in Japan.
What is Shear-Wave Splitting?
- Shear-wave splitting is a seismic phenomenon where shear (S) waves split into two components that travel at different speeds based on their polarisation.
- Occurs when waves pass through aligned cracks or fractures in subsurface rocks.
- Movement of magma and volcanic fluids changes stress conditions, causing rock cracks to open or close.
- These changes influence the speed and direction of shear waves.
- Increased shear-wave splitting can indicate rising internal pressure, serving as a potential early warning for volcanic eruptions.
Mount Ontake – Key Facts
- Type: Active stratovolcano
- Location: Honsh? Island, Central Japan, near Tokyo
- Status: Japan’s second-highest volcano
- Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire
- Major Eruption:
- Year: 2014
- Type: Phreatic eruption (steam-driven)
- Casualties: 60+ people, mainly hikers
- Notably occurred without significant seismic warning
- Phreatic Eruptions:
- Caused by steam pressure from heated underground water
- Do not involve new magma
- Difficult to predict using conventional methods
Pulsar G359 and Galactic ‘Bone’
- 06 May 2025
In News:
Astronomers have discovered a likely explanation for a fracture in a huge cosmic "bone" in the Milky Way galaxy, using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and radio telescopes.
About G359.13-0.20005 ("The Snake")
- G359.13 is a non-thermal filament in the Milky Way, resembling a "galactic bone."
- It stretches about 230 light-years and is located ~26,000 light-years from Earth, near the Galactic Center.
- These filaments are visible primarily in radio waves and aligned with galactic magnetic field lines.
- Emissions result from charged particles spiraling along magnetic fields, producing synchrotron radiation.
Key Discovery
- A fracture has been observed in the continuous structure of G359.13.
- This fracture aligns with the location of a pulsar, identified using:
- Chandra X-ray Observatory (X-ray data)
- MeerKAT and VLA (radio data)
About the Pulsar
- A highly magnetized, fast-moving neutron star formed by a supernova explosion.
- Estimated speed: 1–2 million miles per hour.
- The pulsar likely collided with G359.13, causing:
- Distortion in the magnetic field
- Fracture in the radio filament
- Chandra data revealed blue-colored X-ray emissions from the pulsar.
- Nearby X-ray sources may be from electrons and positrons accelerated to high energies.
Scientific Significance
- Provides insights into:
- High-energy astrophysical processes
- Pulsar interactions with galactic magnetic structures
Chandra X-ray Observatory – Key Facts
- Launched: July 23, 1999, aboard Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-93)
- Function: Detects X-ray emissions from hot cosmic objects (e.g., black holes, supernova remnants)
- Orbit: High Earth orbit (~139,000 km altitude) to avoid atmospheric X-ray absorption
- Part of NASA’s “Great Observatories” (with Hubble, Spitzer, Compton)
- Capabilities:
- 8x better resolution than previous X-ray missions
- Detects X-ray sources 20 times fainter than predecessors
- Managed by: NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center
Orange Economy
- 05 May 2025
In News:
At the World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit (WAVES) held in Mumbai, Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the transformative potential of India's Orange Economy—a sector driven by creativity, content, and culture. With Indian films now screened in over 100 countries and a surge in OTT platform consumption, India is fast emerging as a global content leader.
What is the Orange Economy?
Also known as the Creative Economy, the Orange Economy encompasses industries rooted in individual creativity, talent, and intellectual property. Coined by Colombian economists Felipe Buitrago and Iván Duque, the term “orange” reflects the vibrancy of cultural identity and innovation.
Core Sectors:
- Advertising, architecture, and design
- Arts and crafts, fashion, and publishing
- Film, music, performing arts, and photography
- Animation, gaming, software, and digital media
- Television, radio, and electronic publishing
- Research and development (R&D)
Key Features of the Orange Economy
- Knowledge-driven and innovation-centric
- Promotes cultural diversity and economic inclusivity
- Combines economic, social, and cultural dimensions
- Strong links to technology, tourism, and intellectual property rights
Global and National Significance
- As per UNESCO, the Orange Economy contributes approximately 3% to global GDP and supports over 30 million jobs worldwide.
- The global animation industry alone is valued at $430 billion.
- In India, the creative sector is being nurtured through flagship initiatives like Skill India, Startup India, and platforms such as WAVES, aiming to empower young creators—from Guwahati musicians to Kochi podcasters.
Government Support and Vision
Emphasized that though the "screen may be shrinking, the scope is infinite," underlining the massive potential of digital platforms and content innovation. The government is actively working to build an enabling ecosystem for the creative economy, blending economic growth with cultural preservation.
Vizhinjam International Seaport
- 05 May 2025
In News:
The Vizhinjam International Seaport in Kerala is set to be inaugurated by the Prime Minister, marking a significant milestone in India’s maritime infrastructure.
Key Highlights
- Location: Situated at Vizhinjam, near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala.
- Type: India’s first dedicated transshipment port and semi-automated seaport.
- Development Model: Built under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model at an estimated cost of ?8,900 crore. The port is operated by the Adani Group, while the Kerala Government retains majority ownership.
Technical Features
- Deepest Breakwater in India: Spanning about 3 km with a natural depth of ~20 metres, enabling accommodation of large container vessels.
- Minimal Littoral Drift: Reduced sediment movement along the coast helps lower maintenance costs significantly.
- AI-Powered Vessel Traffic Management: India’s first indigenous VTMS system developed in collaboration with IIT Madras.
- Advanced Automation:
- Fully automated yard cranes.
- Remotely operated ship-to-shore cranes for efficient and safe cargo handling.
Strategic Importance
- Proximity to Global Shipping Lanes: Located just 10 nautical miles from a key international East-West shipping route.
- Boost to Domestic Transshipment:
- Currently, around 75% of India’s transshipment traffic is handled by foreign ports such as Colombo and Singapore.
- Vizhinjam is expected to reduce foreign exchange outflows and increase India's share in global maritime trade.
- International Connectivity: The port is now connected to global maritime hubs like Shanghai, Singapore, and Busan.
Future Prospects
- Multi-Modal Integration:
- Direct linkage to National Highway-66 (NH-66).
- Kerala’s first cloverleaf interchange for seamless traffic movement.
- An upcoming railway link to integrate the port with the national railway grid.
- Vision: Aims to become a major multi-modal logistics hub supporting India’s broader maritime and trade ambitions under Sagarmala and PM Gati Shakti initiatives.
Annual Survey of Services Sector Enterprises (ASSSE)
- 05 May 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) recently released findings from a pilot study on the Annual Survey of Services Sector Enterprises (ASSSE). This initiative aims to fill a crucial data gap regarding India’s incorporated service sector, which is not currently covered by regular surveys like the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE).
Significance of the Services Sector
- Contribution to Economy: The services sector contributed ~55% of India's Gross Value Added (GVA) in FY 2024–25, up from 50.6% in FY14.
- Employment: It employs around 30% of India’s workforce, spanning industries like IT, finance, education, tourism, and healthcare.
- Trade: India’s services exports stood at USD 280.94 billion (April–Dec 2024). In ICT services, India is the 2nd-largest global exporter, accounting for 10.2% of global exports.
- FDI Magnet: The sector attracted USD 116.72 billion in FDI (April 2000–Dec 2024)—about 16% of total FDI inflows.
- Support to Digital India & Urbanization: The sector underpins the Digital India initiative and Smart Cities Mission by enabling digital payments, urban mobility, e-governance, and waste management.
About the ASSSE Pilot Study
Purpose & Objectives
- To test the suitability of the GSTN (Goods and Services Tax Network) database as a sampling frame.
- To develop robust survey instruments and methodology for a full-scale annual survey starting January 2026.
- To gather data on economic characteristics, employment, and financial indicators from incorporated enterprises under:
- Companies Act, 1956/2013
- Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act, 2008
Survey Coverage
- Conducted in two phases:
- Phase I (May–Aug 2024): Verified enterprise data for 10,005 units.
- Phase II (Nov 2024–Jan 2025): Collected detailed data from 5,020 enterprises under the Collection of Statistics Act, 2008.
- Data collected for FY 2022–23 using CAPI (Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing).
Key Findings:
Enterprise Type Distribution
- Private Limited Companies: 82.4%
- Public Limited Companies and LLPs: ~8% each
Size-Class Analysis (FY 2022–23)
Output Class (?) % Share of Gross Value Added (GVA) % Share of Fixed Assets % Share of Employment
< 10 crore 1.19% 2.64% 9.28%
10–100 crore 9.45% 9.58% 20.03%
100–500 crore 19.90% 25.00% 33.73%
> 500 crore 69.47% 62.77% 36.96%
- Large enterprises (output > ?500 crore) dominate in assets, value addition, and compensation paid, but smaller units employ over 63% of the total workforce in the sample.
Additional Establishments
- 28.5% of enterprises reported having additional business locations within the state.
- Highest in the Trade sector (41.8%).
Insights and Challenges from the Pilot
- Suitability of GSTN as Sampling Frame: Confirmed.
- Challenges Faced:
- Data retrieval from enterprises with headquarters in other states.
- Centralized data (CIN-based) posed difficulty in disaggregating state-level data.
- Positive Outcomes:
- High response rate and cooperation.
- Survey instruments found largely clear and functional.
Challenges Faced by the Services Sector
- Skill Gaps:
- Only 51.25% of youth are employable (Economic Survey 2023–24).
- Merely 5% of workforce is formally skilled (WEF).
- Informality:
- About 78% of service jobs were informal in 2017–18.
- Gig workers lack social protection.
- Global Competition:
- Visa restrictions (e.g., H-1B in the US).
- Competing hubs: Philippines, Vietnam.
- Rising IT wage costs in India.
- Infrastructure Deficiencies:
- Inadequate AI/ML adoption.
- Digital divide persists in rural and marginalized MSMEs.
- Post-COVID Recovery:
- Inbound tourism yet to reach pre-pandemic levels (90% of 2019 arrivals in H1 2024).
Way Forward
- Upskilling Initiatives:
- Expand Skill India Digital and PMKVY 4.0.
- Promote Prime Minister Internship Scheme (PMIS) for bridging academia-industry gap.
- Boosting Global Competitiveness:
- Negotiate FTAs with EU, UK, Australia.
- Expand Global Capability Centres (GCCs).
- Digital Infrastructure & Security:
- Strengthen cybersecurity frameworks and promote secure cloud adoption.
- Improve digital literacy, especially in financial services.
- Decentralized Growth:As per NITI Aayog, promote services sector in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities with better infrastructure and connectivity.
Global Wind Energy Report 2025
- 05 May 2025
In News:
The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), in its Global Wind Report 2025, has warned that current global wind energy growth is insufficient to meet the targets aligned with the Paris Agreement and net-zero emissions by 2050. As per the report, at current trends, only 77% of the wind capacity required by 2030 will be achieved — putting the 1.5°C global warming limit at serious risk.
Global Wind Energy Landscape (as of 2024)
- New Capacity Added: 117 GW (up from 116.6 GW in 2023)
- Total Global Capacity: 1,136 GW
- Leading Countries:
- China: 70% of new installations
- USA, Brazil, India, and Germany followed.
- Emerging Markets: Uzbekistan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia showed significant growth.
- Regional Progress:
- Africa and Middle East: Onshore wind capacity doubled compared to previous years.
- Offshore Wind: Only 8 GW added (down 26% from 2023), the lowest since 2021.
Key Challenges Identified by GWEC
- Policy Uncertainty: Regulatory delays and instability in key markets.
- Grid Infrastructure Deficits: Underinvestment in transmission and distribution systems.
- Financial Constraints: Inflation, high interest rates, trade protectionism.
- Market Inefficiencies: Weak renewable energy auction systems.
Global Commitments & Urgency
- At COP28 (Dubai), countries pledged to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030.
- To align with this goal, annual wind installations must rise to 320 GW by 2030.
- Failure to scale up urgently risks missing a vital climate mitigation window.
Wind Energy in India – Status and Prospects (as of March 2025)
- Total Installed Capacity: 50.04 GW
- Capacity Added (FY 2024–25): 4.15 GW
- (Up from 3.25 GW in FY 2023–24)
- Global Rank: 4th largest wind power producer (after China, USA, Germany)
- Top States:
- Gujarat
- Tamil Nadu
- Karnataka
- Manufacturing Strength: Domestic wind turbine manufacturing capacity is ~18,000 MW/year.
- Offshore Wind Potential:
- Gujarat: 36 GW
- Tamil Nadu: 35 GW
Exercise DUSTLIK
- 05 May 2025
In News:
The 6th edition of Exercise DUSTLIK, a bilateral joint military exercise between India and Uzbekistan, was recently held at the Foreign Training Node in Aundh, Pune. The previous edition (2024) was conducted in Termez, Uzbekistan.
Key Highlights:
- Exercise Theme: Joint Multi-Domain Sub-Conventional Operations in Semi-Urban Terrain.
- Aimed at simulating counter-terrorism operations, especially in scenarios involving territorial capture by terrorist groups.
- Indian contingent: 60 personnel from the JAT Regiment and the Indian Air Force (IAF).
- Uzbek contingent: Personnel from the Uzbekistan Army.
Core Activities:
- Establishment of a Joint Operations Centre at the battalion level.
- Execution of population control, raids, search-and-destroy operations.
- Use of air assets: drones, helicopters for reconnaissance, Special Heliborne Operations (SHBO), Small Team Insertion and Extraction (STIE).
- Focus on counter-UAS (unmanned aerial systems) measures and logistics support in hostile conditions.
Objectives:
- Enhance interoperability, tactical coordination, and operational synergy between the two armies.
- Promote defence cooperation and strengthen bilateral relations between India and Uzbekistan.
- Exchange of best practices in conducting joint sub-conventional operations.
About Uzbekistan:
- Doubly landlocked country in Central Asia, located between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers.
- Borders: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan.
Operation Hawk 2025
- 04 May 2025
In News:
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has launched Operation Hawk in 2025 to combat international cybercrime networks involved in online child sexual exploitation (OCSE). The operation led to arrests in Delhi and Mumbai, following inputs from foreign agencies including the United States.
About Operation Hawk
Feature Details
Launched By CBI’s International Operations Division
Year of Launch 2025
Main Objective Target and dismantle cybercriminal networks engaged in OCSE
Scope International cooperation, digital forensics, and prosecution
Key Objectives
- Disrupt organized cyber-pedophile networks.
- Enhance coordination with agencies like Interpol, FBI, and foreign governments.
- Strengthen legal action under IPC, IT Act, and POCSO Act.
- Address complaints involving Indian nationals from foreign jurisdictions.
- Boost cross-border digital evidence collection and swift response systems.
Previous Related Operations
- Operation CARBON (2021):Targeted dark web CSAM (Child Sexual Abuse Material) users globally.
- Operation MEGH CHAKRA (2022):Pan-India action based on Interpol alerts; resulted in large-scale arrests and digital data seizures.
India’s First Inter-State Cheetah Conservation Corridor
- 04 May 2025
In News:
Rajasthan has joined hands with Madhya Pradesh to develop India’s first inter-state cheetah conservation corridor, a landmark initiative under the Cheetah Reintroduction Project. The corridor will facilitate the safe movement of cheetahs across a 17,000 sq. km protected landscape, enhancing conservation and habitat connectivity.
Key Features of the Cheetah Conservation Corridor
Aspect Details
Total Area 17,000 sq. km (MP: 10,500 sq. km; Rajasthan: 6,500 sq. km)
States Involved Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
Supported by National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
MoU Status In progress between Chief Ministers of MP and Rajasthan
Geographical Scope and Key Sites
- PalpurKuno National Park (MP):Core site for cheetah reintroduction; located in Sheopur district.
- Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary (MP):Being developed as a second habitat for cheetahs; located in Mandsaur district along the Chambal River.
- Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve (Rajasthan):Proposed extension site; comprises parts of Darrah, Jawahar Sagar, and Chambal sanctuaries in Kota division.
- Rajasthan Districts Involved:Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Chittorgarh
- Proposed Future Expansion:Forest regions of Jhansi and Lalitpur in Uttar Pradesh
Objectives and Benefits
- Inter-State Wildlife Connectivity:India’s first corridor linking cheetah habitats across state borders.
- Seamless Migration:Enables cheetahs to roam freely between reserves, mimicking natural ecological patterns.
- Ecological Restoration:Aims to revive and conserve India’s arid grassland ecosystems, which are essential habitats for cheetahs.
- Federal Conservation Model:Demonstrates cooperative federalism in wildlife management and biodiversity conservation.
- Global Recognition:Touted as a unique conservation model in Asia, aligning with Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) targets.
India’s Green Hydrogen Push
- 04 May 2025
In News:
India has signed agreements to supply 4.12 lakh tonnes of green hydrogen derivatives to Japan and Singapore, signaling its emergence as a global leader in green hydrogen. Simultaneously, the Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme of India (GHCI) was launched to ensure transparent and credible verification of green hydrogen production.
Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme of India (GHCI)
- Launched by: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
- Nodal Agency: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
- Support: National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023; outlay ?19,744 crore)
- Certification by: Accredited Carbon Verification (ACV) Agencies
- Operational Basis: Evaluated annually, aligned with the financial year
- Objective:
- Certify hydrogen produced exclusively using renewable energy (e.g., solar, wind, biomass) as "green."
- Promote transparency, traceability, and market credibility.
- Align with India’s target of 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of green hydrogen production by 2030.
- Enable integration with India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme from 2026.
- Key Features:
- Scope: Applies at the project level up to hydrogen purification (excludes transport/storage).
- Eligibility: Applies to hydrogen produced via electrolysis and biomass conversion; additional methods subject to BEE approval.
- Compliance: Mandatory for domestic producers; exempt for export-only units.
- Verification: Annual third-party audits with data logging via the Green Hydrogen Portal.
- GHG Measurement: Emissions calculated in kg CO? equivalent per kg of H?.
- Guarantee of Origin (GO): Validates green hydrogen claims, crucial for global markets.
Significance and Impact
- Credibility Boost: Certified hydrogen gains international recognition and competitive advantage.
- Export Readiness: Facilitates global trade through verified green hydrogen standards.
- Investment Attraction: Defined certification process encourages private and foreign investment.
- Carbon Market Linkage: Future integration with India's carbon trading market allows certificates to become tradable assets.
- Fossil Fuel Reduction: Supports India’s long-term goal of energy transition and emission reduction.
International Agreements
- India to supply 4.12 lakh tonnes of green hydrogen derivatives to Japan and Singapore, enhancing strategic energy ties and export potential.
- Discussions ongoing with state governments to facilitate Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) for renewable energy sourcing.
- Coordination underway with Ministry of Power and Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) to address regulatory barriers.
Global push for complete ban on Chlorpyrifos
- 04 May 2025
In News:
At the ongoing 2025 Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm (BRS) Conventions in Geneva, there has been a renewed global call to list chlorpyrifos under Annex A of the Stockholm Convention, which would mandate a complete global ban without exemptions.
About Chlorpyrifos
- Type: Organophosphate insecticide.
- Usage: Widely used in agriculture and public health to control pests like mosquitoes, termites, and roundworms.
- Mechanism: Inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, disrupting nerve functions in pests and non-target species including humans.
- Introduced in India: Registered under the Insecticides Act, 1968 since 1977.
- Consumption in India: Accounted for 9.4% of total insecticide use in 2016–17 (IPEN Report).
Health and Environmental Concerns
- Human Impact: Exposure via skin, inhalation, or ingestion can cause headache, nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps, and in severe cases, paralysis and respiratory distress. Forms a toxic byproduct (chlorpyrifos oxon) in the body.
- Environmental Impact:
- Persistence: Remains in soil for weeks to years; degrades slowly in acidic conditions.
- Water Contamination: Reaches water bodies through erosion.
- Toxicity: Highly toxic to birds, fish, bees, and earthworms.
- Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification: Accumulates in organisms and magnifies through the food chain.
- Detection in India: Residues found in agricultural produce, water, human blood, and breast milk.
- A 2003 Indian study recorded levels 41 times higher than WHO safety limits.
Stockholm Convention on POPs (2001; in force since 2004)
- Objective: Eliminate or restrict Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
- Annex A: Complete elimination of listed chemicals (e.g., aldrin, chlordane).
- Annex B: Restricted use.
- Annex C: Minimize unintentional emissions.
- Financial Mechanism: Supported by Global Environment Facility (GEF).
- India’s Status: Ratified in 2006.
- Enacted "Regulation of POPs Rules, 2018" under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Overview
- Definition: Toxic, long-lasting, bioaccumulative chemicals resistant to degradation.
- Health Effects: Cause cancer, endocrine disruption, immune suppression, neurotoxicity, and reproductive harm.
- Examples: DDT, Endosulfan, Aldrin, Dieldrin, PCBs.
Debate at Geneva Meeting (2025)
- Proposal: Listing chlorpyrifos in Annex A without exemptions.
- Supporting Arguments:
- Recommended by the POPs Review Committee (POPRC).
- Detected even in remote areas like the Arctic.
- Long-term harm to child brain development (as per PAN International).
- Disproportionate impact on vulnerable and developing nations.
- Safe alternatives (e.g., agroecological and organic practices) are available.
- India’s Opposition: Cited lack of viable alternatives and threat to food security.
AI-Based Real-Time Forest Alert System
- 04 May 2025
In News:
Madhya Pradesh has become the first state in India to implement an AI-based Real-Time Forest Alert System (RTFAS), marking a significant leap in leveraging technology for sustainable forest management.
Key Highlights
- The AI-based Real-Time Forest Alert System integrates satellite imagery, machine learning, and mobile app feedback for proactive forest monitoring.
- The system is currently being piloted in five forest divisions: Shivpuri, Guna, Vidisha, Burhanpur, and Khandwa—regions with high incidences of encroachment and deforestation.
- Developed using the Google Earth Engine, the system analyses multi-temporal satellite data to detect land use changes, such as:
- Encroachment
- Tree felling
- Construction
- Agricultural expansion
Features of the AI System (RTFAS)
- Custom AI Model: Detects forest degradation by comparing satellite images from three different dates.
- Real-Time Alerts: Sent to forest staff via a mobile application, enabling instant field verification with:
- GPS-tagged photographs
- Voice notes
- Geo-fencing tools
- Interactive Dashboard: Displays live alerts categorized by beat and region with filters for area, density, and time.
- Data Enrichment: Includes indices such as:
- NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)
- SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index)
- EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index)
- SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)
Forest Status in Madhya Pradesh & India
- Madhya Pradesh:
- Has the largest forest cover in India: 85,724 sq. km (India State of Forest Report 2023)
- Also reported the highest deforestation: 612.41 sq. km lost in 2023
- India:
- Forest and tree cover: 25.17% of total geographical area
- Below the 33% target set by the National Forest Policy, 1988
Role of Technology in Forest Conservation
Application Technology Used
Forest Monitoring AI + Satellite imaging (e.g., RTFAS)
Forest Fires AI cameras, thermal sensors, satellite constellations (e.g., FireSat), drones
Encroachment Detection Satellite alerts with 2–3 day response time
Human-Wildlife Conflict AI camera traps, GPS tracking, RFID tags, geofencing
Afforestation Green bots for planting and monitoring tree growth
Biodiversity Monitoring Acoustic AI (e.g., Rainforest Connection), Environmental DNA (eDNA)
India’s Initiatives for Sustainable Forest Management
Government Initiatives:
- Green India Mission: Increased forest cover by 0.56% (2017–2021)
- National Agroforestry Policy (2014): Promotes tree farming on private lands
- CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund): Reforestation of diverted forest lands
- Trees Outside Forests in India (TOFI): Involves private stakeholders in increasing green cover
Community & Corporate Involvement:
- CSR-driven plantations by auto, cement, and energy sectors
- Agroforestry: Integrates timber, fruit, and medicinal plants with crops
- Carbon Credit-linked Afforestation
Digital Access now a Fundamental Right
- 03 May 2025
In News:
Recently, the Supreme Court of India, in the case of Amar Jain v. Union of India &Ors., declared that inclusive digital access to e-governance and welfare systems is an integral part of the fundamental right to life and liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. The Court issued a set of 20 binding directions to enhance the accessibility of digital services, especially the Know Your Customer (KYC) process, for persons with disabilities (PwDs) and other marginalized groups.
Background of the Case
The ruling arose from petitions filed which highlighted that digital KYC processes, which rely heavily on visual and facial inputs, were discriminatory and inaccessible to individuals with visual impairments or facial disfigurements. This impeded their access to banking, welfare schemes, and essential services.
Key Supreme Court Observations
- Digital access is part of Article 21: The right to life and liberty must now be interpreted to include meaningful digital access, particularly as governance, education, and financial services shift online.
- Constitutional mandate, not policy choice: Bridging the digital divide is not discretionary but a constitutional obligation under Articles 14, 15, 21, and 38.
- Substantive Equality: Digital services must be inclusive and equitable, particularly for:
- Persons with Disabilities (PwDs)
- Rural and remote communities
- Linguistic minorities
- Senior citizens
- Economically weaker sections
- Exclusion through technology: Digital platforms, in their current form, further alienate historically disadvantaged groups rather than empowering them.
Key Directives Issued by the Court
- Revise digital KYC norms to be PwD-inclusive.
- Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other regulators must ensure universal accessibility.
- Mandate accessibility audits by certified professionals.
- Appoint nodal officers in each department to monitor compliance.
- Include PwDs in digital platform design processes.
- Ban discriminatory design features that rely solely on facial inputs.
Relevant Constitutional Provisions
Article Provision
Article 14 Equality before law
Article 15 Prohibition of discrimination
Article 21 Right to life and personal liberty
Article 38 Directive for securing social justice and reducing inequalities
Precedents in Digital Rights Jurisprudence
- Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978): Expanded Article 21 to include fair, just, and reasonable procedures.
- Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala (2019): First Indian case to recognize right to internet access as part of Right to Life and Right to Education (Article 21A).
- Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020): Held that freedom of speech (Article 19(1)(a)) and right to trade (Article 19(1)(g)) apply to the internet.
Barriers to Digital Empowerment of PwDs
- Digital Literacy Gap: PwDs are underrepresented in programs like PMGDISHA.
- Weak Enforcement: Accessibility mandates under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 are poorly implemented.
- Limited Assistive Technology (AT): Lack of affordable tools for facially disfigured or visually impaired individuals.
- Design Exclusion: Platforms that depend on facial cues (e.g., blinking, alignment) exclude acid attack survivors and visually impaired users.
Way Forward: Recommendations for Inclusive Digital Access
- Accessible Digital Infrastructure:
- Promote screen readers, voice commands, haptic navigation, and AI-based assistive tech under Digital India.
- Adhere to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).
- Disability-Focused Digital Literacy:
- Collaborate with tech giants like Google/Microsoft to provide training in assistive technologies.
- Expand schemes like PMGDISHA to include PwD-specific modules.
- Disability-Sensitive Urban Planning:
- Incorporate assistive tech into Smart City projects.
- Public infrastructure should have Braille, audio, and sign language-based digital signage.
- Inclusive Innovation Lab:
- Establish Public-Private Innovation Hubs for developing affordable accessibility tech.
- Encourage startups and NGOs to co-create need-based digital solutions for PwDs.
National Security Advisory Board (NSAB)
- 03 May 2025
In News:
The Government of India has reconstituted the National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) with former R&AW chief Alok Joshi appointed as its Chairman. The move comes in the backdrop of increasing national security threats, including the recent terrorist attack in Pahalgam, which prompted a series of high-level security meetings chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
What is NSAB?
The NSAB is an advisory body functioning under the National Security Council (NSC). It offers independent, long-term strategic assessments and policy recommendations on national security issues.
- Established: December 1998, under NSA Brajesh Mishra
- Parent Body: National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS)
- Associated Bodies:
- National Information Board (NIB)
- Technology Coordination Group (TCG)
Composition of the Newly Reconstituted Board (2025)
- Chairman: Alok Joshi (Former R&AW Chief)
- New Members Include:
- Military:
- Air Marshal P.M. Sinha (ex-Western Air Commander)
- Lt Gen A.K. Singh (ex-Southern Army Commander)
- Rear Admiral Monty Khanna
- Police:
- Rajiv Ranjan Verma (Retd IPS)
- Manmohan Singh (Retd IPS)
- Diplomacy:
- B. Venkatesh Varma (Retd IFS, ex-Ambassador to Russia)
- Military:
Current NSAB Strength: 16 members, including military veterans, diplomats, academics, and civil society experts.
Functions and Objectives
- Provide non-partisan, long-term strategic inputs to the National Security Council.
- Recommend policy measures on defence, diplomacy, cyber security, and internal security.
- Assist in drafting key national security documents:
- Nuclear Doctrine (2001)
- National Security Review (2007)
- Hold monthly or emergency meetings to assess national and global threats.
- Submit independent reports to the NSA for evidence-based policy making.
- Act as a bridge between the strategic community and the government.
India’s First Certified Green Municipal Bond
- 03 May 2025
In News:
The Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam has become the first municipal body in India to issue a certified Green Municipal Bond, successfully raising ?150 crore to construct a Tertiary Sewage Treatment Plant (TSTP) — a major step toward sustainable urban water management.
What is a Green Municipal Bond?
A Green Municipal Bond is a financial instrument issued by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to finance projects with environmental benefits, such as:
- Renewable energy
- Water and wastewater treatment
- Pollution control
- Solid waste management
These bonds are aligned with international Green Bond Principles and require sustainability certification through independent third-party audits.
Key Features
- Targeted Use of Funds: Capital raised is exclusively allocated to environmentally certified projects.
- Independent Certification: Must meet Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) standards.
- Investor Confidence: Appeals to climate-focused investors, ESG funds, and global financial institutions.
- Municipal Creditworthiness: Encourages better financial management and credit ratings for ULBs.
Significance of the Initiative
- Supports SDGs: Contributes to UN Sustainable Development Goals, especially SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).
- Promotes Green Infrastructure: Enables low-emission urban development and enhances climate resilience.
- Enhances Water Security: Facilitates wastewater recycling, reducing dependence on freshwater sources.
- Replicable Model: Serves as a template for other municipalities to mobilize green capital for eco-projects.
Natural Hydrogen
- 03 May 2025
In News:
Governments and private players globally are increasingly exploring natural hydrogen as a low-cost, zero-emission energy source. Recent discoveries in France’s Moselle region and growing interest in countries like India and the U.S. signal a new frontier in clean energy exploration.
What is Natural Hydrogen?
Natural hydrogen, or geologic hydrogen, refers to free molecular hydrogen (H?) naturally present underground due to geological processes. Unlike manufactured hydrogen (grey, blue, or green), it occurs naturally and can be extracted directly from the Earth.
Key Geological Sources:
- Serpentinisation: Water reacts with ultramafic rocks.
- Radiolysis: Water splits due to radioactive decay of rocks.
- Organic decomposition: Deep-seated carbon-rich matter releases hydrogen.
- Co-existence with helium: Indicates deep crustal origins.
Extraction Process
- Exploration: Detection of hydrogen seeps using geophysical tools.
- Drilling: Boreholes drilled in hydrogen-rich zones (e.g., Mali, U.S., France).
- Capture & Compression: Hydrogen is purified and compressed.
- Distribution: Delivered for use in fuel cells, refineries, or industries.
Why is it Important?
- Zero Emissions: Burns to produce only water vapor — no CO?.
- Cost-Effective: Estimated cost ~$1/kg, cheaper than green hydrogen.
- Renewable & Sustainable: Can replenish naturally in rock formations.
- High Efficiency: Hydrogen fuel cells are 3x more efficient than gasoline.
Historical Background
- 1987, Mali: Accidental discovery of a hydrogen-rich well during water drilling.
- 2012: Confirmed to be 98% pure hydrogen, sparking interest in natural reserves.
- Once viewed as a geological oddity, it is now recognized for its energy potential.
Global Exploration Trends
- Over 40 companies exploring hydrogen in Australia, U.S., Spain, France, Albania, Colombia, South Korea, Canada.
- USGS model (2022): Suggests potential to meet global hydrogen demand for ~200 years.
- France (2025): Moselle region found to contain ~92 million tonnes of natural hydrogen — worth ~$92 billion.
India’s Natural Hydrogen Potential
India has favourable geology for natural hydrogen generation:
- Ophiolite belts: Himalayas, Andaman.
- Cratons: Dharwar, Singhbhum greenstone belts.
- Sedimentary basins: Vindhyan, Cuddapah, Gondwana.
- Hydrothermal systems: Hot spring regions.
- Basement rocks: With deep fractures and mafic/ultramafic content.
A comprehensive geological survey is needed to assess extractable reserves.
Challenges in Adoption
- Lack of Mapping: Global hydrogen reserves are poorly explored.
- Scattered Deposits: Difficult to commercialize if reserves are dispersed.
- Storage & Transport: Requires high-pressure systems due to low density.
- Safety Risks: Odourless and flammable — hard to detect leaks.
- Infrastructure Deficit: Refuelling stations and pipelines still underdeveloped.
Way Forward
- National Hydrogen Mapping: Focus on cratonic belts and ophiolites in India.
- Policy Framework: Integrate natural hydrogen into the National Hydrogen Mission.
- Public-Private Collaboration: Offer PPPs, tax breaks, and R&D incentives.
- Global Partnerships: Collaborate with USGS, France, U.S. on exploration models.
- Infrastructure Investment: Build hydrogen hubs, refuelling stations, and pipelines.
Caste Census in India
- 03 May 2025
In News:
The Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (CCPA) has recently approved the inclusion of caste enumeration in the forthcoming national Population Census. This marks a significant policy shift from its 2021 position, where the idea was set aside.
Understanding the Caste Census
A caste census involves the systematic recording of individuals' caste affiliations during a national population count. This exercise aims to generate detailed socio-economic profiles of various caste groups, facilitating better policy planning, especially in the context of welfare schemes and affirmative action.
Legal and Constitutional Framework
- No Direct Provision: The Constitution does not expressly mandate a caste census.
- Permissibility Under Article 340: The government is empowered to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes, which provides scope for caste-based data collection.
- Union Subject: As per Entry 69 of the Union List (Seventh Schedule), the Census falls within the legislative jurisdiction of the Union Government under Article 246.
Historical Context
- Colonial Era (1881–1931): The British administration included caste enumeration in decennial censuses, the last being in 1931.
- Post-Independence Practice (1951 onwards): Independent India has only counted Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in its censuses.
- Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011: Though it aimed to gather caste-related data, the caste-specific findings remain unpublished due to concerns over accuracy.
Why a Caste Census is Relevant Today
- Evidence-Based Policy Making:Reliable data on Other Backward Classes (OBCs) is absent. For example, the Mandal Commission (1980) estimated OBCs at 52%, but this figure lacks empirical validation. Recent data from Bihar's 2023 caste survey pegged the OBC+EBC population at 63%.
- Restructuring Reservation:A caste census can guide rationalisation of quotas and potential sub-categorisation within OBCs, ensuring benefits reach the most deprived segments.
- Social Welfare Targeting:Caste-disaggregated data allows for focused delivery of healthcare, education, and livelihood schemes.
- Women’s Political Representation:Accurate population data is necessary for delimitation, a precursor to implementing the recently passed Women’s Reservation Act, which reserves seats for women in legislatures.
- Constitutional Backing:Article 15(4) enables the state to provide for the advancement of backward classes, but this requires reliable data for identification.
AIM4NatuRe
- 02 May 2025
In News:
On Earth Day 2025 (April 22), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations launched the AIM4NatuRe (Accelerating Innovative Monitoring for Nature Restoration) initiative with funding from the United Kingdom (GBP 7 million / USD 9.38 million).
Key Highlights:
- The programme aims to enhance countries’ capacities to monitor and report ecosystem restoration as part of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF).
- Objective: To support Target 2 of the Global Biodiversity Framework:Restore at least 30% of degraded ecosystems globally by 2030.
- Key Features
- Lead Agency: FAO (United Nations)
- Funding:
- GBP 7 million from the UK (approx. USD 9.38 million)
- Project duration: 2025–2028
- Scope of Restoration:
- Forests
- Wetlands
- Grasslands
- Marine ecosystems
- Degraded agricultural lands
- Technology Integration:
- Uses satellite tools, data analysis, and advanced monitoring systems
- Promotes standardized data formats and data interoperability
- Monitoring Support Tools:
- Introduces the Framework for Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring (FERM)
- Provides technical guidance and capacity development training
- Inclusivity & Indigenous Participation:
- Pilot projects in Brazil and Peru
- Supports Indigenous Peoples in biocentric monitoring — respecting traditional knowledge and holistic ecosystem restoration
Why It Matters
- Global Restoration Commitments: Nearly 1 billion hectares pledged for restoration
- Transparency & Accountability:
- Creation of a harmonized global dataset
- Public tracking of progress toward restoration goals
- Bridging Gaps:
- Responds to 80% of countries reporting lack of monitoring capacity (CBD survey)
- Provides tools and training for effective implementation and reporting
- Broader Goals:
- Tackles climate change, biodiversity loss, and land degradation
- Enhances food security and livelihoods
India moves to curb GM Alfalfa Seed imports amid US push for market access
- 02 May 2025
In News:
India is preparing to restrict the import of genetically modified (GM) alfalfa (lucerne) seeds, even as the United States urges a reduction in import duties on the crop. Alfalfa is a high-protein forage crop widely used for animal feed.
Key Highlights
- Alfalfa (Lucerne):
- Botanical Name: Medicago sativa
- Origin of Name: From Arabic al-fasfasa, meaning "the best forage"
- Nutritional Profile: Rich in vitamins A, C, K, B-complex, minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium), proteins, fiber, and antioxidants
- Uses: Primarily as fodder, also consumed by humans for its health benefits
- Agricultural Benefit: Being a leguminous crop, it helps in nitrogen fixation
India’s Regulatory Stand
- The government plans to bar GM alfalfa seed imports under powers granted by the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
- A rapid detection kit may be developed by Indian scientists to identify GM seeds before unloading at ports.
- Phytosanitary Certification: All imported alfalfa seeds must be accompanied by valid certificates meeting India’s plant protection standards.
Current Import Policy & Tariffs
- HS Code: 12092100 (Lucerne seed for sowing)
- Effective Import Duty: 50.045%, broken down as:
- 30% Basic Customs Duty (BCD)
- 30% AIDC (Agri Infrastructure and Development Cess) on BCD
- 10% Social Welfare Surcharge on (BCD + AIDC)
- 5% IGST
- Import Status: Currently, India does not import alfalfa seeds due to high domestic availability and high import duty.
- Domestic Price: ?500–800/kg; imported seeds would cost more.
Other Forage Imports
- Berseem (Trifolium spp.): India imports mainly from Egypt and CIS countries
- Import Drop: From 5,776 tonnes (2023-24) to 618 tonnes (April 2024–Jan 2025) due to increased domestic production
Environmental and Agricultural Considerations
- Water Requirement: Alfalfa is water-intensive, making seed cultivation less viable in water-scarce regions.
- Alternative Option: Experts suggest importing direct alfalfa fodder instead of seeds to meet demand while conserving water and preserving agricultural land for oilseeds and pulses.
Global Context
- USA:
- World’s largest alfalfa producer
- Grows both GM and non-GM varieties
- Alfalfa is mostly grown under rainfed conditions, with lower yield compared to irrigated regions
Amazon’s Project Kuiper
- 02 May 2025
In News:
Amazon successfully launched the first 27 satellites of Project Kuiper aboard an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida. This marks the beginning of a large-scale effort to deploy a global satellite internet network to compete with SpaceX’s Starlink.
What is Project Kuiper?
Project Kuiper is Amazon’s satellite-based broadband project aimed at delivering high-speed internet across the globe, especially in underserved and remote regions, using Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites.
- Implementing Agency: Amazon
- FCC License: Approved in July 2020 by the US Federal Communications Commission
- Launch Name: KA-01 (Kuiper Atlas 1)
- Total Satellites Planned: 3,232 satellites in LEO (~630 km altitude)
- Current Launch: 27 satellites deployed; over 80 launches are planned to build the full constellation.
Objectives
- Provide affordable, high-speed internet to users across the globe.
- Support education, healthcare, disaster response, rural connectivity, and government services.
- Serve sectors requiring resilient communications in low-connectivity areas.
Internet Speed Tiers
Terminal Type Speed
Compact (Home Use) Up to 100 Mbps
Standard (Schools/Hospitals) Up to 400 Mbps
Large (Govt/Enterprise) Up to 1 Gbps
Comparison with Starlink and Other Satellite Internet Systems
Network Organisation Satellites Planned Current Status
Starlink SpaceX 40,000+ ~7,200 operational satellites; 5M+ users
OneWeb UK/India 648 Hundreds in orbit
Telesat Lightspeed Canada 298 In development
Guowang China 13,000+ Under planning
Project Kuiper Amazon 3,232 First 27 launched (May 2025)
How Satellite Internet Works
- Constellation: A network of satellites working in coordination to provide continuous global coverage.
- LEO Orbit: Satellites operate between 500–2,000 km altitude, offering low latency (20–40 ms).
- Ground Stations: Transmit and receive data to and from satellites.
- Inter-satellite Links: Use lasers/radio waves to relay data between satellites.
- AI-based Routing: Manages network traffic and reduces lag.
Technical Features
- Frequency Bands Used:
- Ka-band: High speed, weather-sensitive
- Ku-band: Balanced speed and reliability
- C-band: Slower, good in poor weather
- V-band: Experimental, ultra-fast but obstructed easily
- ACM Technology: Adjusts signal strength dynamically during adverse weather conditions.
Challenges
- High Cost: Satellite launches and user equipment are expensive.
- Weather Sensitivity: Rain and storms disrupt signals, especially in Ka/V bands.
- Space Debris Risk: Dense constellations increase chances of satellite collisions.
- Astronomical Interference: Bright satellite trails obstruct telescopic observations.
Strategic and Commercial Implications
- Project Kuiper marks Amazon’s entry into a growing space-based internet economy, competing with SpaceX’s Starlink.
- Expected to play a commercial and strategic role, including possible defence applications.
- With over 80 launches planned, Amazon will use various launch providers including ULA, Arianespace, Blue Origin, and SpaceX.
Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle
- 02 May 2025
In News:
After nearly 30 years of absence, the Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle (Batagurkachuga) has been rediscovered in the Ganga River — a significant success for conservation efforts aimed at reviving endangered freshwater species.
Overview
- Commonly known as the Bengal Roof Turtle, it is a rare species of freshwater turtle found only in South Asia.
- Scientific Name: Batagurkachuga
Geographical Distribution
- Native Range: India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
- Historical Presence: Widely distributed across the Ganga River system in India and Bangladesh, with additional presence in the Brahmaputra River basin.
- Current Habitat in India: The most viable population is now confined to the National Chambal Sanctuary, a protected riverine stretch for species like gharials and turtles.
Distinctive Features
- Size: Medium-sized species, females can grow up to 56 cm in length and weigh up to 25 kg, while males are significantly smaller.
- Coloration: Notable for their reddish-orange head marked with a black crown, and a greenish-brown carapace patterned with yellow streaks.
- Plastron (under-shell): Yellow with distinctive black markings.
- Adaptations: Possess a broad head, strong jaws, and webbed feet, suited for an aquatic lifestyle.
- Diet: Omnivorous — consumes both plant material and small aquatic organisms.
Conservation Status
- IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I – providing the highest level of legal protection in India.
- CITES: Included in Appendix II, regulating international trade.
International Labour Day (May Day)
- 02 May 2025
In News:
International Labour Day, also known as May Day, is observed annually on May 1 to honor the dedication and contributions of workers across the globe.
Key Highlights:
- Observed On: May 1
- Also Known As: International Workers’ Day, May Day
- Purpose: To commemorate the contributions of workers and honor the global labor movement's struggles and achievements.
Historical Background
- Origin: The roots of International Labour Day trace back to Chicago, USA, where on May 1, 1886, workers launched a strike demanding an 8-hour workday.
- The protest culminated in the Haymarket Affair on May 4, 1886, when a bomb explosion led to the deaths of six police officers and several civilians, marking a major milestone in labor rights activism.
- In 1889, the Second International (Paris) declared May 1 as a day of international workers’ solidarity.
Global Observance
- Observed in over 160 countries, including India, China, Cuba, France, Germany, Brazil, South Africa, Russia, Vietnam, among others.
- Celebrated through parades, union meetings, and public demonstrations advocating workers’ rights and social justice.
Country-wise Observance Differences
- India: First observed in 1923 in Chennai by the LabourKisan Party of Hindustan. It is a public holiday, widely recognized across the country.
- United States: Despite its historical origin, the U.S. celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday of September, officially declared in 1894 after the Pullman Strike. The shift was made to distance the holiday from socialist and communist affiliations.
- Canada: Also celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday of September, following U.S. traditions, though May 1 has some informal recognition by trade unions.
- United Kingdom: Celebrates a related holiday called the Early May Bank Holiday on the first Monday of May, which may or may not fall on May 1. It is not explicitly labor-themed like in other countries.
Significance
- Serves as a global reminder of workers’ rights, the historical fight for humane working conditions, and the ongoing struggles of labor communities.
- Symbolizes solidarity among workers across nations, cutting across political ideologies and economic systems.
WAVES 2025 & WAM!
- 01 May 2025
In News:
In line with the vision of “Create in India, Create for the World,” the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, in partnership with the Media & Entertainment Association of India (MEAI), is hosting WAVES 2025—India’s largest summit for the Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector. A major highlight of this summit is the WAM! (WAVES Anime & Manga Contest)—India’s first national initiative to promote original Indian IPs in anime, manga, webtoons, and cosplay.
What is WAM!?
- Full Form: WAVES Anime & Manga Contest.
- Nature: India’s first national initiative focused on discovering and nurturing original Indian creative intellectual properties (IPs) in:Anime, Manga, Webtoons&Cosplay
- Organisers: Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, in collaboration with MEAI.
- Finale: To be held at WAVES 2025, from May 1–4, 2025, at the Jio World Convention Centre, Mumbai.
- Participants: Finalists from 11 cities selected through regional contests.
Global Support & Incentives
- Crunchyroll, a global anime platform (a joint venture of Sony Pictures Entertainment and Aniplex, Japan), is the Title Sponsor of WAM! 2025.
- It has introduced a Creator Development Grant to support Indian talent and foster global-ready original content.
Grant Details
Category Student (INR) Professional (INR)
Manga 25,000 25,000
Webtoon 25,000 25,000
Anime 50,000 50,000
- Winners of WAM! 2025 will represent India at Anime Japan 2026 in Tokyo—one of the world's leading anime conventions—marking India’s presence on the global animation stage.
About WAVES 2025
- Full Form: World Audio-Visual & Entertainment Summit.
- Objective: Showcase India's capabilities in content creation, technological innovation, and media & entertainment IP development.
- Hosted by: Government of India.
- Venue: Jio World Convention Centre, Mumbai
Key Pillars of WAVES 2025
- AVGC-XR Sector Focus:Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics&Extended Reality (XR) including AR, VR, and Mixed Reality.
- "Create in India" Challenges (CIC):
- Season 1 witnessed over 1 lakh registrations, including 1,100 international participants.
- 750+ finalists selected through 32 unique creative challenges.
- Thematic Focus Areas:
- Broadcasting, Films, Television, Radio
- Print & Digital Media, Advertising, Social Media Platforms
- Sound & Music
- Generative AI, Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), Extended Reality (XR)
- Target Audience: Content creators, industry professionals, investors, technology innovators, and global studios.
Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect
- 01 May 2025
In News:
With accelerating urbanization and climate change, the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon has emerged as a significant public health and environmental concern. Recent studies, including one published in Nature Climate Change, highlight that while UHIs elevate heat-related mortality, they simultaneously reduce cold-related deaths, especially in colder regions. This dual impact has major implications for urban planning and climate adaptation strategies.
What is Urban Heat Island (UHI)?
- Definition: UHI refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural regions due to human activities and urban infrastructure.
- Cities Affected: Notable examples include New Delhi, Moscow, New York, Paris, and London, where dense infrastructure and limited vegetation intensify urban heat.
Key Causes of UHI
- Impervious Surfaces: Materials like asphalt and concrete absorb heat during the day and release it slowly at night due to low albedo.
- Lack of Vegetation: Reduced greenery limits evapotranspiration, curbing natural cooling.
- Anthropogenic Heat: Heat from vehicles, air conditioners, and industries raises ambient temperatures.
- Air Pollution: Black carbon and particulates absorb solar radiation, compounding heat effects.
- Urban Morphology: Dense construction and narrow streets create a canyon effect, trapping heat and reducing airflow.
Dual Impact on Mortality
A 2025 study led by Dr. Wenfeng Zhan analyzed temperature-related mortality across 3,000+ cities globally using remote sensing and socioeconomic data:
- Cold-related Deaths Reduced: In 2018, the decline in cold-related fatalities was 4.4 times higher than the rise in heat-related deaths due to UHI.
- High-Latitude Cities: In cities like Moscow, cold-related deaths decreased 11.5 times more than heat-related deaths increased.
- Key Insight: The UHI effect's net mortality impact can vary significantly by region and season.
Consequences of UHI
- Increased Energy Demand: Higher temperatures raise demand for air conditioning, increasing fossil fuel use and emissions.
- Health Risks: Elevated risks of heat stroke, dehydration, and cardiovascular stress, especially among the elderly and urban poor.
- Deterioration of Air Quality: Heat-induced formation of ground-level ozone exacerbates respiratory ailments.
- Water Stress: Faster evaporation and increased demand for cooling water pressure urban water resources.
- Biodiversity Decline: Excessive heat and lack of green spaces threaten urban flora and fauna.
Mitigation Strategies
- Cool Roofs (Los Angeles):Mandates reflective roofing in new buildings and renovations to reduce heat absorption.
- Smart Cooling Systems (Dubai):Centralized chilled water systems reduce cooling energy by 30–50% compared to individual AC units.
- Cool Streets Initiative (Paris):Converts streets to pedestrian zones, replaces asphalt with vegetation, and expands urban greenery.
India and the USTR Special 301 Report
- 01 May 2025
In News:
India has once again been placed on the Priority Watch List(PWL) in the United States Trade Representative (USTR) Special 301 Report, alongside countries such as China, Russia, and Venezuela. The report has raised concerns over India's Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime, prompting debates on the implications for India's trade and innovation environment.
What is the USTR Special 301 Report?
- Mandate & Purpose: The Special 301 Report is an annual review mandated under Section 182 of the US Trade Act of 1974, identifying countries that the US believes do not offer "adequate and effective" protection of IPR or deny fair and equitable market access to US IPR holders.
- Designations:
- Priority Foreign Country (PFC): Most severe classification; can trigger investigations and trade sanctions.
- Priority Watch List (PWL): Countries with serious IPR concerns requiring close monitoring and bilateral engagement.
- Watch List: Countries with moderate IPR issues.
- Historical Context: India has been consistently listed under the Priority Watch List in the report, including in the years 2020, 2021, and 2024.
Concerns Raised by the USTR Regarding India
- IP Enforcement Deficiencies:
- Weak enforcement mechanisms against online piracy.
- Backlogs in trademark opposition proceedings.
- Lack of a strong legal framework for protecting trade secrets.
- Pharmaceutical Patents:
- Alleged lack of transparency and delays in resolving pre-grant patent disputes.
- Absence of effective mechanisms for early resolution of disputes in the pharmaceutical sector.
- Copyright Issues:The report criticizes India for not fully aligning with WIPO Internet Treaties, especially regarding the protection of content in interactive transmissions like streaming and downloads.
- Market Access Concerns:The US claims that India imposes high tariffs on IP-intensive products and creates procedural barriers for foreign firms seeking patent protection.
India’s Response and Position
- India maintains that its IPR laws fully comply with the WTO’s TRIPS Agreement, which sets minimum standards for IP protection globally.
- India rejects unilateral pressure to conform to IP standards beyond TRIPS, asserting its right to balance IP protection with public health, access to medicines, and developmental needs.
- Progress has been acknowledged in areas like trademark investigation reforms and IP policy transparency through bilateral platforms such as the US-India Trade Policy Forum.
US Measures to Push IPR Standards
- The USTR uses a mix of bilateral negotiations, WTO forums, and technical assistance to persuade countries to adopt stricter IP regimes.
- It also undertakes anti-counterfeiting initiatives, capacity-building programs, and trade diplomacy to influence global IPR enforcement.
India's Arbitration Ecosystem
- 01 May 2025
In News:
India's growing stature as a global economic powerhouse has led to an upsurge in commercial transactions—both domestic and international. With the traditional litigation system overburdened (nearly 50 lakh cases pending for over 10 years), arbitration is increasingly viewed as a faster and more efficient alternative for dispute resolution. However, despite legislative reforms, the effectiveness of India’s arbitration landscape remains hindered by structural flaws, especially concerning arbitrator quality and institutional credibility.
What is Arbitration?
Arbitration is a quasi-judicial mechanism of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) wherein a neutral third party (arbitrator) delivers a binding decision outside the court system. It is governed by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, which aligns with the UNCITRAL Model Law. Amendments in 2015, 2019, and the draft Bill of 2024 aim to promote institutional arbitration, reduce delays, and enhance credibility.
Historical and Institutional Evolution
- 1899: Indian Arbitration Act introduced (limited to Presidency towns).
- 1940: Comprehensive domestic arbitration law enacted.
- 1996: Post-liberalization, India adopted UNCITRAL-compliant Arbitration and Conciliation Act.
- 2019: Establishment of India International Arbitration Centre (IIAC) to offer cost-effective and globally competitive arbitration services.
- Arbitration Council of India (ACI): Set up under 2019 Amendment to regulate and promote quality arbitration, headed by a retired SC/HC judge or expert.
Why Arbitration is Gaining Importance in India
- Judicial Backlog: With only 21 judges per million people, courts are overwhelmed. Arbitration offers a time-bound alternative (mandated 12-month timeline for award delivery).
- Economic Growth and FDI Surge: India attracted $1 trillion in FDI (2024), heightening cross-border disputes that demand specialized, swift dispute resolution.
- Confidentiality and Expertise: Arbitration provides procedural flexibility and protects sensitive commercial data—key for tech, pharma, and IP-driven sectors.
- Global Recognition: India is a signatory to the New York Convention, making its arbitral awards globally enforceable.
- Policy Push: Civil Procedure Code and National Litigation Policy (2010) encourage ADR to reduce court burden.
Core Challenges in India’s Arbitration Framework
- Judicial Dominance in Arbitrator Appointments:
- Retired judges dominate arbitration panels.
- Their court-centric mindset leads to lengthy, costly, and rigid processes, often mimicking litigation.
- The Ministry of Finance (2024) criticized these arbitrations as lacking efficiency and innovation.
- Narrow Arbitrator Pool:
- Predominantly comprises legal professionals and ex-judges.
- Lacks subject-matter experts like engineers, economists, and technologists, crucial for technical or industry-specific disputes.
- Insufficient Training and Accreditation:
- No mandatory certification or capacity-building for arbitrators.
- Skills like cross-cultural communication, financial analysis, and evidence handling are often underdeveloped.
- Low Global Representation:
- Indian arbitrators are rarely appointed in international disputes without an Indian party.
- As highlighted by former CJI D.Y. Chandrachud (2024), this points to gaps in credibility, visibility, and networking.
Reforms Needed to Build a Robust Arbitration Ecosystem
- Diversify and Professionalize Arbitrator Pool:
- Move beyond reliance on retired judges.
- Include professionals from fields like law, finance, engineering, and management.
- Accreditation and Skill Development:
- Establish a National Accreditation Board for Arbitrators under the Ministry of Law and Justice.
- Mandate rigorous training via institutions like IIAC or professional bodies.
- Encourage soft-skills and exposure to global best practices.
- Institutional Strengthening:
- Boost the functioning of IIAC and ACI for better standards, accountability, and case management.
- Promote institutional arbitration over ad hoc arbitration.
- Awareness and Capacity Building:
- Launch a National Arbitration Awareness Mission targeting MSMEs and Tier-2/3 cities.
- Integrate with existing platforms like Startup India, Skill India, and MSME Sambandh.
- Limit Judicial Interference:
- Strict adherence to the “minimum judicial intervention” principle (as per the 1996 Act).
- Establish dedicated commercial courts with arbitration-specialist judges for related matters.
- International Engagement and Visibility:
- Partner with global arbitral institutions (e.g., SIAC, ICC).
- Organize International Arbitration Summits to showcase Indian capabilities.
- Use forums like UN, IBA, and G20 to promote Indian arbitrators globally.
Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Breakthrough
- 01 May 2025
In News:
In a pioneering advancement in neurotechnology and assistive healthcare, scientists at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)have developed a stable Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) system that enables a paralysed individual to control a robotic arm using only brain signals. This innovation holds transformative potential for people with paralysis, significantly enhancing autonomy and quality of life.
What is Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)?
A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a neurotechnological system that establishes direct communication between the brain and external devices, bypassing damaged neural pathways. It decodes neural signals related to intended movements and translates them into actionable commands to control robotic limbs, computers, or speech systems.
Key Technological Achievements
- Long-Term Stability: The developed BCI system allowed continuous and accurate control of a robotic arm for over 7 months with minimal recalibration, overcoming a major limitation of earlier BCI systems.
- Sensor Implantation: Tiny electrodes were implanted in the motor cortex, the region of the brain that governs movement.
- AI-Powered Signal Decoding: The system used machine learning algorithms to decode brain activity and adapt to daily shifts in neural signals, ensuring consistent performance.
- Virtual to Real Transition: The participant underwent virtual training with a robotic arm before controlling a real-world robotic limb, aiding in precision and neural calibration.
Functionality Demonstrated
The paralysed participant, who had lost all movement and speech abilities due to a stroke, could:
- Pick up and rotate blocks
- Open cabinets
- Retrieve and position a cup under a water dispenser
These basic actions, enabled purely by imagined movement, highlight the immense real-world utility of the BCI system.
Scientific Insights
- High-Dimensional Neural Mapping: Although neural signals shifted slightly each day, their overall structure remained consistent. This allowed researchers to create a dynamic AI framework that predicted and compensated for signal changes.
- No Direct Brain Stimulation: The system only read signals and did not send any electrical impulses to the brain.
- End-to-End Signal Processing Pipeline: From capturing brain signals to executing robotic arm movement, a seamless pipeline was established for fluid, real-time motion.
Broader Applications
The implications of this BCI research go beyond limb movement:
- Restoration of Speech: In cases of ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and brainstem stroke, BCIs can decode intended speech from neural activity and render it as text, synthesized voice, or avatar speech.
- Faster Communication: A recent trial showed an ALS patient using BCI technology to communicate at 62 words per minute, nearly 3.4 times faster than earlier systems.
Future Prospects & Challenges
- Scalability: More work is needed to generalize this system for diverse forms of paralysis.
- Complex Environments: Future BCIs must function in real-world environments filled with distractions, like grocery stores or public spaces.
- Ethical and Regulatory Oversight: Given the invasive nature of electrode implantation, ethical considerations around consent, privacy, and long-term effects must be addressed.
Nag Anti-Tank Missile System (NAMIS)
- 31 Mar 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) signed contracts worth approximately ?2,500 crore for procuring advanced anti-tank missile systems and light vehicles to enhance the Indian Army's operational capabilities.
Nag Anti-Tank Missile System (NAMIS)
- Development and Production:Developed by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).
- System Overview:NAMIS is a tracked, third-generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system mounted on a BMP-2 chassis (Nag Missile Carrier or NAMICA). It features a ‘fire-and-forget’ capability, employing an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker to lock on to heavily armored targets before launch.
- Key Features:
- Range: 500 meters to 4 kilometers.
- Attack Modes:
- Top Attack Mode: Missile climbs and strikes the target from above to penetrate weaker top armor.
- Direct Attack Mode: Missile flies directly to strike the target.
- Night Capability: Operates effectively under low visibility.
- Mobility: Based on the amphibious BMP-2, NAMIS can operate across varied terrains.
- Significance:The tracked NAMIS enhances the anti-tank capabilities of mechanized infantry, marking a crucial step in modernizing the Indian Army’s battlefield readiness.
- Other Nag Variants:The Helina is a helicopter-launched version designed for deployment on Rudra and Light Combat Helicopters (LCH), successfully tested in 2018.
Light Vehicles Procurement
- The MoD signed contracts with Force Motors Limited and Mahindra & Mahindra Limited for around 5,000 light vehicles.
- These vehicles are equipped with enhanced engine power and designed to carry payloads of up to 800 kg, ensuring mobility across diverse terrains and operational conditions.
Additional Defence Contract
- Zen Technologies Limited secured a contract worth approximately ?152 crore for supplying Integrated Air Defence Combat Simulators (IADCS) for the Army’s L70 air defence guns.
- The IADCS is a virtual training system developed under the Make-II category to provide realistic simulation-based training for air defence operations.
CAG and BISAG-N collaborate to enhance auditing through advanced Geo-spatial Technologies
- 31 Mar 2025
In News:
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has entered into a significant partnership with the Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N) to leverage advanced technologies in geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and satellite image analytics for strengthening audit processes.
About BISAG-N
- Institution Profile: BISAG-N is an autonomous scientific society under the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India, located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. It operates under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
- Core Domains: The institute specializes in satellite communication, geo-informatics, and geo-spatial technologies.
- Functions: BISAG-N develops and manages GIS databases, creates and updates maps, conducts data migration and format translation, provides software customization and systems integration, and offers technical consulting for large-scale GIS implementations.
- Applications: It delivers comprehensive geo-spatial solutions including photogrammetry, cartography, remote sensing applications for agriculture (crop monitoring), watershed management, forest fire mapping, and environmental resource management.
- Collaborations: BISAG-N works closely with central ministries and state government agencies to support planning and development activities using space and geo-spatial technologies.
Details of the CAG-BISAG-N Partnership
- Objective: The partnership aims to integrate cutting-edge geo-spatial tools such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Big Data Analytics into the CAG's audit methodologies. This will enhance audit accuracy, efficiency, and accountability.
- Key Focus Areas:
- Developing customized geo-spatial solutions and platforms for audit analysis.
- Utilizing data available from government initiatives like PM GatiShakti for comprehensive audit evaluations.
- Conducting joint research in geo-spatial analysis, remote sensing, and satellite image analytics.
- Organizing training and capacity-building programs to equip CAG officials with skills in geo-spatial technologies.
- Significance: This collaboration reflects the CAG’s commitment to adopting digital public infrastructure and technological innovation, enhancing governance, and reinforcing financial accountability in India’s public institutions.
Gaia Space Observatory
- 31 Mar 2025
In News:
The European Space Agency (ESA) has officially retired its Gaia space observatory after over nine years of pioneering work in astrometry. Launched in December 2013, Gaia was designed to create the most detailed three-dimensional map of the Milky Way galaxy, transforming our understanding of its structure, evolution, and constituents.
About Gaia
- Mission Objective: Gaia aimed to precisely measure the positions, distances, motions, and physical properties of over 2 billion stars within the Milky Way. Its data helps scientists study the galaxy’s formation, predict its future evolution, and explore celestial phenomena.
- Orbit & Technology: Stationed at the second Lagrange point (L2), about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, Gaia operated beyond the disturbances of Earth’s atmosphere, sun, and moon. Equipped with twin telescopes focusing light onto a nearly one-billion-pixel digital camera—the largest ever deployed in space—the observatory had three key instruments: an astrometer, photometer, and spectrometer to measure stellar positions, brightness, and compositions.
Major Contributions and Discoveries
- 3D Galactic Map: Gaia revealed the warped and wobbling nature of the Milky Way’s disc, mapped its spiral arms and central bulge, and detailed its dynamic evolution shaped by ancient galactic collisions. These findings shed light on events influencing the formation of stars including our Sun.
- New Black Holes: The mission identified previously unseen black holes detectable only by their gravitational influence, marking a first in astronomical observations.
- Asteroid Cataloguing: Gaia tracked the paths of over 150,000 asteroids, enabling better prediction of their trajectories and potential threats to Earth.
- Legacy and Data: Although Gaia has mapped approximately 2% of the galaxy’s stars so far, its extensive data sets continue to be processed and released, promising decades of future scientific breakthroughs.
End of Mission and Legacy
In March 2025, ESA safely deactivated Gaia by draining its energy and shifting it to a retirement orbit around the Sun, ensuring it does not interfere with upcoming missions. While the spacecraft’s active observations have ended, Gaia’s rich data legacy remains invaluable to astronomers worldwide.
Sahkar Taxi
- 31 Mar 2025
In News:
The government has announced the upcoming introduction of ‘Sahkar Taxi’, a cooperative-based ride-hailing platform designed to directly benefit drivers by eliminating intermediary commissions.
What is ‘Sahkar Taxi’?
‘Sahkar Taxi’ is a ride-hailing service supported by the government, operated through cooperative societies. Unlike conventional app-based services such as Ola and Uber, this platform allows drivers to retain their full earnings, without deductions by middlemen or aggregators. It draws inspiration from existing app-based models but is fundamentally driven by cooperative principles.
Why is ‘Sahkar Taxi’ Needed?
- Concerns Over Commission Charges: Leading ride-hailing apps have faced criticism for imposing high commission fees, reducing the take-home earnings of drivers.
- Pricing Transparency Issues: Allegations of differential pricing based on the type of user device (e.g., iPhone versus Android) have sparked doubts regarding fairness and transparency.
- Driver Challenges: Centralized control by large platforms often leaves drivers with limited negotiation power and inadequate income security.
Importance and Impact of ‘Sahkar Taxi’
- Driver Empowerment: By establishing a cooperative ownership model, drivers gain a stronger stake in the business, leading to improved financial stability.
- Decentralized Economic Participation: The initiative encourages local involvement and collective growth, aligning with the government’s vision of ‘Sahkar Se Samriddhi’ (Prosperity through Cooperation).
- Sustainable Alternative: It presents a viable, inclusive option to the dominant profit-driven ride aggregator market, focusing on equitable benefit sharing.
- Enhanced Consumer Confidence: The cooperative framework promotes transparent pricing and greater accountability in digital service delivery, fostering trust among users.
National Technical Textiles Mission
- 31 Mar 2025
In News:
India’s textile sector plays a vital role in the country’s economy, contributing nearly 2% to GDP and ranking as the world’s 6th largest textile exporter with a 3.9% share of global textile exports. The sector is projected to grow to USD 350 billion by 2030, generating around 3.5 crore jobs. Alongside traditional textiles, technical textiles—specialized fabrics designed for specific industrial and functional uses—are emerging as a major growth driver.
What are Technical Textiles?
Technical textiles are fabrics engineered for performance rather than aesthetics. They serve diverse sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, construction, automotive, and safety by providing solutions like protective gear, medical textiles, geotextiles, and industrial fabrics. The industry segments technical textiles into 12 categories based on application.
National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM)
To capitalize on this potential, the Ministry of Textiles launched the National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM) in 2020, with an outlay of ?1,480 crore running through 2025-26. The mission aims to position India as a global leader in technical textiles by focusing on innovation, research, market expansion, export promotion, and skill development.
Four Pillars of NTTM:
- Research, Innovation, and Development: Funding and supporting R&D projects to develop new materials and processes.
- Promotion and Market Development: Facilitating wider adoption of technical textiles domestically and internationally.
- Export Promotion: Establishing dedicated export councils to enhance global market access.
- Education, Training, and Skill Development: Training 50,000 individuals, from students to professionals, through specialized courses and industry internships.
Since its inception, NTTM has approved 168 research projects worth ?509 crore and allocated ?517 crore towards mission activities. So far, ?393.39 crore has been utilized for research, market promotion, export, and skill training.
Key Initiatives under NTTM
- GIST 2.0 (Grant for Internship Support in Technical Textiles): Bridges academia and industry by providing hands-on learning and internships, fostering innovation and supporting the Make in India initiative.
- GREAT Scheme (Grant for Research & Entrepreneurship across Aspiring Innovators in Technical Textiles): Funds startups and educational institutions to commercialize innovative technical textile products. For example, 8 startups received ?50 lakh each to develop medical, industrial, and protective textiles. IIT Indore and NIT Patna were awarded ?6.5 crore to launch specialized courses in geotextiles and sports textiles.
- Skill Development: Courses developed by premier textile research associations like SITRA, NITRA, and SASMIRA train workers in sectors such as medical, protective, mobile, and agricultural textiles.
- Technotex 2024: A platform showcasing cutting-edge projects under the NTTM Innovation Zone, featuring 71 innovations to attract global investments.
Impact and Success Stories
India is witnessing rapid innovation in technical textiles. For instance, Eicher Goodearth’s “Mahina” is India’s first bonded leak-proof period underwear, providing 12-hour protection using natural materials and reusable up to 100 washes.
Several states are prioritizing technical textiles growth through policy support. Tamil Nadu’s budget highlights include establishing the PM MITRA Park in Virudhunagar and a textile park in Salem, along with increased subsidies for machinery modernization in spinning units—from 2% to 6%—to lower costs and boost competitiveness.
New Pamban Rail Bridge
- 30 Mar 2025
In News:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the newly constructed Pamban Rail Bridge on April 6, 2025, coinciding with Ram Navami. The bridge connects Mandapam (mainland Tamil Nadu) to Rameswaram Island, replacing the century-old Pamban bridge.
Key Highlights:
- Total Project Cost: ?531 crore
- Constructed by:Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL)
- Bridge Type:Vertical-lift railway bridge – thefirst of its kind in India
- Total Length:2.2 km
- Lift Span:72 metres, enabling automated vertical clearance for ships
- Technology: Fully automated lift mechanism (unlike manual operation in the old bridge)
- Materials: Constructed with corrosion-resistant materials for improved longevity
- Sustainability:Solar-compatible design for future energy efficiency
Significance:
- Enhances rail connectivity to Rameswaram, a major religious and tourist destination.
- Improves maritime navigation safety by enabling faster ship movement through the lift span.
- Strengthens coastal infrastructure in Tamil Nadu, supporting economic and strategic interests.
Old Pamban Bridge (1914–2022): A Legacy
- Inaugurated: 1914 by British India (under Madras Railway)
- Length: 2.065 km with 143 piers
- Mechanism:Double-leaf bascule (Scherzer lift) manually operated for ship passage
- Structure Height: 12.5 m above sea level
- Distinction: India’s first sea bridge; remained operational for over 108 years
- Reason for Closure: Severe corrosion led to decommissioning in 2022
Safety and Commissioning Notes:
- The Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) conducted a statutory inspection in November 2024.
- CRS had flagged structural and planning lapses; rectification was completed before inauguration.
- Parts of the old bridge will be preserved due to its historical value, though full relocation is not feasible.
Additional Developments:
- New Train Flagged Off: PM Modi flagged a new train service between Tambaram and Rameswaram.
- Rameswaram Station Redevelopment: Work is underway and expected to be completed by September 2025.
Great White Sharks
- 30 Mar 2025
In News:
A 20-year study in South Africa reveals that the decline of Great White Sharks disrupted marine ecosystems, causing cascading food web imbalances.
Key Highlights:
- Scientific Name:Carcharodon carcharias
- IUCN Red List Status:Vulnerable
- Habitat and Distribution:
- Commonly found in temperate coastal waters, including regions off the USA, South Africa, Australia, and Japan.
- Highly migratory, often venturing into tropical waters but returning to temperate zones for feeding.
- Key Biological Features:
- Endothermic Adaptation: Capable of maintaining body temperature higher than surrounding waters (regional endothermy).
- Body Structure: Streamlined, torpedo-shaped body with serrated teeth for efficient hunting.
- Feeding Behavior: Ambush predator – uses a "bite-and-wait" strategy to hunt seals, dolphins, and large fish.
- Reproduction:
- Viviparous: Gives birth to live young.
- Gestation Period: Around 12 months.
- Maturity:
- Females: Mature at 15–16 feet, around 12–18 years of age.
- Males: Mature at 11–13 feet, around 10 years of age.
- Ecological Importance:
- Apex Predator: Plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems by regulating populations of prey such as seals and mid-level predators.
- Indicator Species: Their presence signals the health and stability of marine ecosystems.
- Ecological Disruption in South Africa – Key Findings:
- A 20-year study in False Bay, South Africa, revealed a significant decline in Great White Shark numbers.
- This led to:
- A surge in seal populations and sevengill sharks.
- A corresponding collapse in populations of smaller sharks and fish, showcasing a trophic cascade and food web imbalance.
USCIRF’s 2025 Report
- 30 Mar 2025
In News:
In its 2025 Annual Report, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) recommended designating India as a "Country of Particular Concern" (CPC), citing alleged systemic violations of religious freedom.
Key USCIRF Recommendations:
- Label India as a CPC under the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA), 1998.
- Impose targeted sanctions on Indian institutions, including the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), and individuals such as Vikash Yadav.
- Review bilateral defence agreements, including drone deals.
- Prioritise religious freedom in diplomatic dialogues with India.
- Reintroduce the Transnational Repression Reporting Act, 2024 to monitor global religious freedom violations.
About USCIRF:
- Established by: U.S. Congress (1998) under IRFA.
- Nature: Independent, bipartisan federal agency.
- Not affiliated with: U.S. State Department (but works in coordination).
- Structure: 9 Commissioners appointed by the U.S. President and Congressional leaders.
- Mandate: Monitor global religious freedom (FoRB), advise U.S. leadership, recommend sanctions, and publish annual reports.
Core Functions:
- Track global trends in freedom of religion or belief.
- Recommend policy actions including CPC designation.
- Advocate for religious prisoners of conscience.
- Maintain a FoRB Victims List and issue thematic reports.
India’s Official Response:
The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) firmly rejected USCIRF’s report, calling it “biased and politically motivated.”
- MEA Spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal criticized the report for misrepresenting isolated incidents and ignoring India’s multicultural and pluralistic society.
- Highlighted India’s 1.4 billion diverse population, representing all major religions.
- Emphasized that USCIRF’s assessments reflect a deliberate narrative rather than genuine concern for religious rights.
- Asserted that such reports would not affect India’s image as a democratic and tolerant nation.
- Called for USCIRF itself to be recognized as an “entity of concern.”
Vertically-Launched Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)
- 30 Mar 2025
In News:
India successfully conducted a flight test of the VL-SRSAM from a defence testing range off the Odisha coast.
Overview:
- Type: Indigenous short-range surface-to-air missile (SRSAM)
- Developed by: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
- Purpose: Designed for quick reaction air defence, capable of intercepting a variety of aerial threats including low-altitude sea-skimming targets.
- Users:Originally developed for the Indian Navy, with applications now extending to the Indian Air Force for safeguarding air bases.
Performance Parameters:
- Initial range: 40 km (Navy version)
- Extended range: Up to 80 km
- Maximum altitude: 16 km
- Top speed: Mach 4.5
Technical Specifications:
- Length: 3.93 meters
- Diameter: 178 mm
- Wingspan: 508 mm
- Weight: ~170 kg
- Propulsion: Solid fuel
- Guidance System:
- Mid-course: Inertial navigation based on fibre-optic gyroscope
- Terminal phase: Active radar homing
- Launcher Configuration: Twin quad-pack canisters integrated with weapon control systems (WCS) for multiple missile launches.
Significance:
- Enhances India's self-reliant air defence capability.
- Supports indigenous development under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
- Strengthens India's maritime and aerial defensive posture through versatile deployment.
Baalpan ki Kavita Initiative
- 30 Mar 2025
In News:
To fulfil the vision of NEP 2020, the Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSE&L), Ministry of Education has launched “Baalpan ki Kavita initiative: Restoring Bhartiya rhymes/poems for young children” for preparing a compendium of nursery rhymes/poems in all Bhartiya Bhasha and also in English, focusing on content relevant to the Indian context.
Key Highlights:
Objective:To compile a national-level compendium of nursery rhymes and poems in all Bhartiya Bhashas (Indian languages) and English, with a focus on culturally relevant content for early childhood learning.
Key Features:
- Encourages multilingual and mother-tongue based education, in line with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
- Aims to make foundational learning joyful, relatable, and rooted in Indian ethos.
- Invites existing folklore rhymes and newly composed poems across three age-based categories:
- Pre-primary: Ages 3–6
- Grade 1: Ages 6–7
- Grade 2: Ages 7–8
- Open to submissions in all Indian languages and English.
Significance:
- Reinforces foundational literacy through culturally contextual content.
- Promotes regional literature, creativity, and early multilingualism.
- Strengthens identity and connection to Indian culture from an early age.
Baalpan ki Kavita Initiative
- 30 Mar 2025
In News:
To fulfil the vision of NEP 2020, the Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSE&L), Ministry of Education has launched “Baalpan ki Kavita initiative: Restoring Bhartiya rhymes/poems for young children” for preparing a compendium of nursery rhymes/poems in all Bhartiya Bhasha and also in English, focusing on content relevant to the Indian context.
Key Highlights:
Objective:To compile a national-level compendium of nursery rhymes and poems in all Bhartiya Bhashas (Indian languages) and English, with a focus on culturally relevant content for early childhood learning.
Key Features:
- Encourages multilingual and mother-tongue based education, in line with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
- Aims to make foundational learning joyful, relatable, and rooted in Indian ethos.
- Invites existing folklore rhymes and newly composed poems across three age-based categories:
- Pre-primary: Ages 3–6
- Grade 1: Ages 6–7
- Grade 2: Ages 7–8
- Open to submissions in all Indian languages and English.
Significance:
- Reinforces foundational literacy through culturally contextual content.
- Promotes regional literature, creativity, and early multilingualism.
- Strengthens identity and connection to Indian culture from an early age.
Tejas LCA Mk1A
- 29 Mar 2025
In News:
GE Aerospace has commenced delivery of F404-IN20 jet engines to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Mk1A. This marks a significant milestone in India’s indigenous defence production capabilities and is vital for bridging the Indian Air Force's (IAF) operational gaps.
Background on Tejas LCA Mk1A
- Tejas LCA Mk1A is an advanced version of the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) developed by HAL.
- It incorporates over 40 improvements over the Mk1 variant, aimed at enhancing combat readiness, survivability, and ease of maintenance.
Key Features:
- Radar Systems:
- Israeli EL/M-2052 AESA Radar.
- Indigenous Uttam AESA Radar (under integration).
- Electronic Warfare:
- Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS).
- Advanced Self-Protection Jammer Pod.
- Weapons Capability:Nine hardpoints supporting Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles, Air-to-Air and Air-to-Ground missiles, and Advanced Short-Range Air-to-Air Missiles (ASRAAM).
- Digital Fly-by-Wire System:Upgraded Flight Control Computer (DFCC Mk1A).
- Improved Operational Efficiency:Reduced weight, enhanced maintainability, and faster sortie turnaround.
Engine Deliveries and Production Status
- First Engine Delivered: March 26, 2025; expected in India by April.
- Engine Type: F404-IN20 by GE Aerospace – a high-thrust variant tailored for IAF needs.
- Key Engine Features:
- Higher-flow fan, single-crystal turbine blades, and customized components.
- Achieved Mach 1.1 during Tejas’ maiden flight in 2008.
Delivery Commitments:
- 2025 Target: 12 engines and 12 Tejas Mk1A jets to be delivered.
- Full Order: 99 engines ordered in 2021.
- Production Goal: HAL to produce 24 aircraft per year.
- Current Readiness: Three Mk1A jets flying; 11 more expected by end-2025 (10 from Bengaluru, 1 from Nasik).
Production Challenges:
- Engine production was dormant for five years.
- Reinitiating during the COVID-19 pandemic caused further delays.
- GE has now stabilized its supply chain and resumed engine production.
Strategic Importance for IAF
- Current IAF Strength: 31 fighter squadrons (sanctioned strength: 42.5).
- Urgency: Older aircraft like Jaguar, MiG-29UPG, and Mirage-2000 will begin phasing out by decade-end.
- Future Platforms: LCA Mk2 is under development; AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft), India’s 5th-gen stealth fighter, is still a decade away.
Policy Push:A high-level committee led by the Defence Secretary submitted recommendations to the Defence Minister for enhancing IAF capabilities in short, medium, and long-term.
Lyme Disease
- 29 Mar 2025
In News:
Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks, commonly known as deer ticks. These ticks become carriers when they feed on infected animals, such as rodents. Importantly, Lyme disease does not spread from person to person, nor through food, water, air, pets, or other insects like mosquitoes and flies.
The disease is primarily reported in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia, particularly in wooded and grassy regions during the warmer months. In the United States, it is most prevalent in the northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and upper Midwestern states.
Symptoms and Progression
Lyme disease often begins with a characteristic red, expanding rash called erythema migrans, which may appear in a bull’s-eye pattern. Early symptoms also include fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches, headache, and swollen lymph nodes. If untreated, it can progress to cause:
- Neurological issues: meningitis, facial palsy (Bell’s palsy), nerve pain, and brain inflammation.
- Cardiovascular problems: irregular heartbeat and heart block.
- Musculoskeletal symptoms: arthritis, joint pain (especially in the knees), and swelling.
- Other effects: dizziness, vision problems, memory issues, and concentration difficulties (often referred to as “brain fog”).
Treatment Protocol
Lyme disease is primarily treated with antibiotics, especially when diagnosed early. Common antibiotics include doxycycline (for adults and children over 8 years), amoxicillin (for younger children and pregnant women), cefuroxime, and azithromycin (for those allergic to other options). The treatment duration varies:
- Localized skin infections: 14 days
- Early disseminated infections: 21 days
- Lyme arthritis: 28 to 60 days
- Severe or neurological cases may require intravenous antibiotics like ceftriaxone
In some cases, symptoms may persist even after treatment, a condition known as Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS). While the exact cause is unknown, continued antibiotic use does not improve outcomes, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms.
Recent Scientific Breakthrough
In a major scientific advancement, researchers have identified a crucial enzyme—lactate dehydrogenase specific to Borrelia burgdorferi (BbLDH)—which plays a vital role in the bacterium's survival and infectivity. Unlike most organisms that rely on thiamin-dependent metabolism, B. burgdorferi uniquely depends on BbLDH to convert pyruvate to lactate, maintaining its NADH/NAD+ balance.
The research, conducted at Virginia Commonwealth University and published in mBio, demonstrated through genetic, biochemical, and structural analysis that BbLDH is essential for the growth and infection capability of the Lyme disease bacterium. Loss-of-function studies confirmed its indispensability, both in laboratory and in vivo models.
High-throughput screening of chemical compounds led to the identification of several promising BbLDH inhibitors. These inhibitors could form the basis for future, highly targeted treatments against Lyme disease. Moreover, the findings have broader implications for tackling other tick-borne illnesses.
Delhi Joins National e-Vidhan Application (NeVA)
- 29 Mar 2025
In News:
The Delhi Legislative Assembly has become the 28th legislature in India to sign a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (MoPA) and the Government of NCT of Delhi for implementing the National e-Vidhan Application (NeVA). This move marks a significant advancement in India's push for paperless, transparent, and efficient legislative processes.
About NeVA:
- Developed by: Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
- Hosted on:Meghraj 2.0, India’s national cloud infrastructure
- Objective: To digitize legislative operations across State Legislatures and Union Territory Assemblies
- Vision: Aligned with the “One Nation, One Application” initiative
Key Features:
Feature Description
Device-Neutral Accessible via smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktops
Real-Time Access Legislators can view agendas, bills, questions, committee reports, and proceedings anytime
Digital Repository Secure storage for legislative documents with confidentiality and integrity
Multilingual Support Facilitates linguistic inclusivity across India
Member-Centric Tools Access to member directories, notices, starred/unstarred Q&A, digital bulletins, and
house business
Public Interface Allows citizens and media to access legislative documents and updates
Smart Legislative Tools Aids Speakers/Chairs in conducting proceedings smoothly
Stakeholders Benefiting from NeVA:
- Members of Legislative Assemblies and Councils
- Government Ministers and Department Staff
- Assembly Secretariat Officials
- Media and General Public
Delhi’s Onboarding Highlights:
- Signed By: Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, Delhi Legislative Assembly, and GNCTD
- Purpose: To empower Delhi MLAs with digital tools and reduce paper-based procedures
- Significance: Part of Delhi’s 100-day governance agenda aimed at modernization and transparency
Coeliac Disease
- 29 Mar 2025
In News:
Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) may significantly accelerate the diagnosis of coeliac disease, an inherited autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption. Researchers at the University of Cambridge have developed an AI-based tool capable of diagnosing the disease swiftly and accurately, potentially transforming current diagnostic practices.
What is Coeliac Disease?
- Nature: An inherited autoimmune disorder.
- Cause: Triggered by consumption of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.
- Mechanism: Gluten intake causes an immune reaction in the small intestine, damaging the intestinal lining (villi), leading to malabsorption of nutrients.
Key Symptoms:
- Gastrointestinal: Diarrhoea, bloating, stomach cramps, weight loss
- Systemic: Fatigue, anaemia, skin rashes
- In children: Impaired growth and development
- Long-term complications: Malnutrition, osteoporosis, infertility, anaemia, and increased risk of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers
Prevalence and Risk Factors:
- Affects approximately 1 in 100 people worldwide
- About 700,000 people in the UK live with the disease
- Individuals with a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) with coeliac disease have a 1 in 10 risk
- It can develop at any age after gluten consumption begins
Diagnosis and Treatment:
- Current Diagnostic Method:
- Blood tests to detect gluten antibodies
- Duodenal biopsy to assess damage to villi (requires analysis by pathologists)
- Treatment: No cure; managed through a strict lifelong gluten-free diet
AI-Based Diagnostic Advancement:
- Development: By University of Cambridge researchers
- Function: The AI model analyses biopsy images to detect villous damage
- Training: Based on 4,000+ biopsy images from five hospitals using scanners from four manufacturers
- Efficiency: Matches the accuracy of expert pathologists, with diagnosis in under a minute
- Impact: Could eliminate delays caused by backlog in pathology labs and speed up diagnosis for patients
Significance of AI in Healthcare:
- Benefits:
- Faster diagnosis for patients
- Reduces burden on pathologists and NHS waiting lists
- Frees up time for pathologists to focus on more critical cases (e.g., cancer)
- Expert Support:Recognised by the Royal College of Pathologists as a tool with the potential to transform diagnostic pathology
- Future Requirements:
- Investment in digital pathology
- Integrated IT systems across health organisations
- Training for medical professionals in AI-based diagnostic tools
Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
- 29 Mar 2025
In News:
Karnataka Forest Department has initiated a "soft release" strategy to address the escalating human-elephant conflict in the districts of Hassan, Chikkamagaluru, and Kodagu. The strategy involves the phased rehabilitation of captured elephants into the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS).
Soft Release Strategy – Key Highlights
- Objective: To rehabilitate conflict-prone wild elephants and reduce human-elephant encounters.
- Implementation Site:Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS), Chikkamagaluru district.
- Initial Step: Captured elephants will be placed in a 20 sq. km enclosure within the sanctuary.
- Purpose of Enclosure:
- Acclimatisation to the wild.
- Health monitoring and behavioural assessment.
- Final Release: Once deemed fit, elephants will be released into one of four pre-identified zones in BWS, chosen based on:
- Availability of water and forage.
- Absence of human activity.
- Road connectivity.
Monitoring & Management
- The enclosure will be fenced using railway barricades.
- A dedicated team of veterinarians will supervise the elephants from a nearby veterinary centre.
- Minimal human interaction will be ensured during the acclimatisation period.
- Expert guidance is being provided by Prof. R. Sukumar (Indian Institute of Science) and senior forest officials.
About Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS)
- Location: Western Ghats, Karnataka.
- Area: 492.30 sq. km.
- Also Known As:Muthodi Wildlife Sanctuary.
- Named After: Bhadra River.
- Status: A designated Project Tiger Reserve.
Ecological Significance
- Forest Types:
- Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous Forests.
- Dry Deciduous Forests.
- Shola Forests.
- Wildlife Diversity:
- Mammals: Tigers, leopards, elephants, gaurs, dholes, and deer.
- Birds: ~250 species, including endemic birds like Hornbills, Malabar Trogon, and Hill Myna.
Significance of the Initiative
- Biodiversity Conservation: Enhances protection of endangered species and habitats in the Western Ghats.
- Conflict Mitigation: Aims to provide a sustainable solution to frequent elephant incursions, crop damage, and human casualties.
- Model Strategy: Draws upon similar practices implemented in West Bengal and tailors them to Karnataka’s ecological conditions.
Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)
- 28 Mar 2025
In News:
The Government of India discontinued the Medium-Term and Long-Term Government Deposits (MLTGD) under the Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS) with effect from March 26, 2025. Earlier, the Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) scheme was also discontinued.
What is the Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)?
- Launched: 15th September 2015 (improved version of earlier Gold Deposit Scheme and Gold Metal Loan Scheme).
- Objective:
- Mobilize idle gold held by households and institutions.
- Bring privately held gold into the formal economy.
- Reduce the country's dependence on gold imports.
- Help lower the Current Account Deficit (CAD).
- Eligibility: Individuals, institutions, and government entities could deposit their idle gold in banks.
- Redemption:
- Gold is not returned in the same form (e.g., jewellery).
- Maturity proceeds are redeemed in the form of cash, gold bars, or coins (depending on the type of deposit).
Types of Deposits under GMS (Before Discontinuation of MLTGD):
- Short-Term Bank Deposit (STBD):
- Tenure: 1–3 years
- Interest Rate: Variable; decided by banks
- Redemption: Gold or cash
- Use: Lending by banks for domestic needs
- Medium-Term Government Deposit (MTGD):
- Tenure: 5–7 years
- Interest Rate: 2.25%; decided by Govt. in consultation with RBI
- Redemption: Cash only
- Use: Government and RBI reserves
- Long-Term Government Deposit (LTGD):
- Tenure: 12–15 years
- Interest Rate: 2.5%; decided by Govt. in consultation with RBI
- Redemption: Cash only
- Use: Monetary policy operations and reserves
Note: As of 2025, only the Short-Term Bank Deposit remains operational.
Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme – Overview:
- Launched: 2015
- Objective:
- Reduce demand for physical gold.
- Promote investment in financial gold instruments.
- Channel household savings into productive financial assets.
- Key Features:
- Issued in denominations of 5g, 10g, 50g, and 100g.
- Tenure: 8 years (with exit option after 5 years).
- Interest Rate: 2.5% per annum (paid semi-annually).
- Capital gains tax exemption on maturity.
- Backed by the Government of India.
- Status: Discontinued as of 2025, alongside MLTGD and LTGD under GMS.
Other Gold-Related Initiative:
- Indian Gold Coin Scheme (2015):
- First-ever national gold coin with the Ashoka Chakra emblem.
- Launched alongside GMS and SGB to promote domestically branded gold and reduce reliance on imported gold bars/coins.
Parker Solar Probe
- 28 Mar 2025
In News:
Recently, the NASA’s Parker Solar Probe made another close approach to the Sun, reaching within 6 million km of its surface. It continues to break records as the closest any human-made object has come to the Sun, aiming to improve our understanding of solar activity and space weather.
Key Highlights:
- Background:Launched on August 12, 2018, by NASA from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the Parker Solar Probe is designed for in-situ study of the Sun's outer atmosphere (corona), solar wind, and magnetic field. It was named after physicist Eugene Parker, who first theorized the existence of the solar wind in the late 1950s.
- Mission Objectives:
- Investigate the structure and dynamics of the solar corona
- Understand the origin and evolution of solar wind
- Study energetic particles responsible for solar storms
- Examine the mechanisms that heat the corona to over a million degrees Celsius while the Sun’s surface remains relatively cooler at ~6,000°C
- Orbital Details & Speed:The Parker Probe moves in a highly elliptical orbit using Venus' gravity for repeated assists to get closer to the Sun. It is the fastest human-made object, reaching speeds of up to 692,000 km/hr. Its closest planned approach is 6.16 million km (3.83 million miles) from the Sun—about seven times closer than any previous spacecraft.
- Heat Protection Technology:To withstand extreme solar radiation, the probe uses an 8-foot-wide, 4.5-inch-thick carbon-carbon composite heat shield capable of resisting temperatures up to 1,377°C. The shield’s sun-facing side is coated with white ceramic paint to reflect sunlight, and its design ensures that just behind the shield, temperatures drop to a manageable 29°C, protecting the onboard instruments.
- Scientific Instruments Onboard:
- FIELDS – Measures electric and magnetic fields in the corona.
- ISoIS (Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun) – Studies high-energy solar particles.
- SWEAP (Solar Wind Electrons, Alphas, and Protons) – Captures data on solar wind particles.
- WISPR (Wide-Field Imager) – Takes images of the solar corona and heliosphere.
- Faraday Cup – An external device made of molybdenum alloy (melting point: 2,349°C), measures ion and electron densities in solar wind.
- Key Discoveries:
- First ‘Touch’ of the Sun (April 2021): The probe crossed the Sun’s Alfvén surface — the boundary where solar wind escapes the Sun’s influence — thus officially entering the solar corona.
- Magnetic Switchbacks: Detected sudden reversals in the Sun’s magnetic field direction, providing clues about how solar wind accelerates.
- Dust-Free Zones: Found regions near the Sun unexpectedly devoid of dust, challenging earlier theories about uniform dust distribution in the solar system.
- Corona Heating Mystery: Parker’s data, especially on Alfvén waves and magnetic switchbacks, may help solve why the corona is vastly hotter than the Sun’s surface
- Challenges Overcome:Contrary to expectations, the Sun’s gravity, not heat, posed a significant challenge. High speeds needed careful navigation to avoid crashing into the Sun. The mission used Earth and Venus flybys to gradually spiral inward for closer approaches rather than the initial, longer route via Jupiter.
- Mission Timeline:The Parker Solar Probe is scheduled to make 24 close passes of the Sun, continuing into the 2030s. Each pass provides new insights into solar activity and its potential impacts on Earth.
- Comparison with India’s Aditya-L1 Mission:While the Parker Solar Probe performs in-situ analysis by flying into the corona, ISRO’s Aditya-L1, launched in 2023, is stationed at the Lagrange Point 1 (L1), 1.5 million km from Earth. Aditya-L1 remotely observes solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and magnetic storms using seven payloads, including a coronagraph.
IEA Global Energy Review 2025
- 28 Mar 2025
In News:
The world's energy demand grew at 2.2% in 2024, a pace described as "faster than average" by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in its Global Energy Review.
Key Highlights:
Global Energy Demand
- Global energy demand grew by 2.2% in 2024, faster than the average of the past decade.
- Emerging and developing economies accounted for over 80% of the increase, with Asia leading the growth.
- Electricity demand rose 4.3%, nearly double the past decade's average.
Rise of Renewables
- Renewables were the fastest-growing energy source, contributing 38% of global energy growth.
- A record 700 GW of renewable power capacity was added globally in 2024 (22nd consecutive annual record).
- Low-emission sources (renewables + nuclear) accounted for 80% of the increase in electricity generation.
Key Country Contributions:
- China added:340 GW solar and 80 GW wind (≈ two-thirds of global additions).
- India added:30 GW solar, triple the previous year's addition.
Global Renewable Generation (2024):
- Solar: +480 TWh
- Wind: +180 TWh
- Hydropower: +190 TWh (mainly due to favorable weather, not capacity increase)
Coal Trends:
- Coal demand rose 1%, reaching a record high in 2024.
- China derives 60% of its electricity from coal; India, about 75%.
- Coal’s global electricity share dropped to 35% – the lowest since the IEA's inception in 1974.
- The seaborne coal market is shrinking as top consumers are also top producers with domestic-use policies.
Natural Gas Outlook
- Natural gas demand rose 2.7%, hitting a record 115 billion cubic metres in 2024.
- Driven by:
- China's adoption of LNG trucks
- Heatwaves increasing power demand
- However, demand fell in late 2024 due to rising LNG spot prices, indicating price sensitivity in Asia.
Crude Oil Demand Slows
- Oil demand grew just 0.8%, mainly from the petrochemical sector.
- Transport-related oil use declined due to:
- Growth in electric vehicles (EVs) (especially in China)
- Expansion of LNG trucks and high-speed rail networks
About the International Energy Agency (IEA)
- Founded: 1974 (post-1973 oil crisis) by OECD nations.
- HQ: Paris, France.
- Members: 31 countries (only OECD nations can be full members); India is an association country.
- Mandate: Energy security, sustainability, and global cooperation.
- Key Reports: World Energy Outlook, India Energy Outlook, World Energy Investment Report, Global Energy Review.
Accelerated Glacier Loss in Hindu Kush Himalayas
- 28 Mar 2025
In News:
On World Day for Glaciers (March 21, 2025), the United Nations World Water Development Report 2025 revealed that glaciers globally are retreating at an alarming rate, with the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region witnessing the most severe impact — glacier loss accelerated by 65% between 2011–2020 compared to the previous decade.
Key Facts about Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) Region
- Geographical Spread: Extends over 3,500 km across 8 countries — Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.
- Population Impact:
- 240 million people live in the HKH region.
- An additional 1.65 billion people downstream depend on its waters for drinking, agriculture, hydropower, and sanitation.
- Glacial Reservoir: Known as the “Third Pole” or “Water Tower of Asia”, the HKH stores more ice than anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic.
- River Systems: Source of 10 major river basins, including the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, and Mekong.
Projected Glacier Loss (HKH and Global)
Temperature Rise (°C) HKH Glacier Volume Loss by 2100
1.5°C to 2°C 30%–50%
Above 2°C ~45% (from 2020 baseline)
- Global Glacier Loss: Mountain glaciers may lose 26%–41% of total mass globally by 2100, affecting 1.1 billion people in mountain regions.
Disaster Risks from Glacier Melt
- Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs):
- Trigger flash floods and landslides.
- Have caused over 12,000 deaths globally in the past 200 years.
- In the HKH region alone, GLOFs are linked to over 7,000 deaths in the last 190 years.
- Risk of GLOFs may triple by 2100.
- Glacial Lakes: Rapid warming is expanding the number and area of glacier-fed lakes, increasing hazard potential.
Cryosphere and Climate Change
- Hydrological Changes: Melting glaciers alter water runoff patterns, with varied impacts across river basins — increasing monsoon runoff in some while reducing dry-season flows in others.
- Hydropower Challenges:
- Glacial melt initially boosts hydropower potential but may be offset by increased evaporation and reduced glacier mass over time.
- Many hydropower and cryptocurrency mining projects are unregulated and stress fragile mountain ecosystems.
- Mountain-Based Industries: Lithium mining in the Andes, for instance, uses up to 2,000 m³ of water per tonne, intensifying water stress.
Governance and Cooperation Gaps
- Weak Water Governance: Mountain regions, including the HKH, lack effective transboundary cooperation due to mutual distrust and poor data sharing.
- Transboundary Action Plan (HKH):
- Enhance cooperation at all levels.
- Prioritize rights and knowledge of mountain people.
- Limit global warming to 1.5°C.
- Fast-track SDG implementation in mountain areas.
- Strengthen ecosystem resilience and biodiversity.
- Promote regional data sharing and scientific collaboration.
UN Actions and Global Recognition
- International Year of Glacier Preservation (IYGP): 2025
- Decade of Action on Cryospheric Science: 2025–2034 — to advance global efforts in glacier conservation, data collection, and sustainable development in cryosphere-dependent regions.
IISc Study on Monsoon Cloud Bands and Rainfall Intensity
- 28 Mar 2025
In News:
A recent study by the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has challenged the conventional understanding of monsoon dynamics by highlighting the critical role of cloud band strength in determining the movement and intensity of rainfall during the Indian monsoon season.
Key Findings of the Study:
- Strength Determines Propagation: Only strong equatorial cloud bands are capable of northward movement, initiating wet spells over the Indian subcontinent. Weak cloud bands fail to propagate, contradicting earlier models that assumed uniform northward movement.
- Role of BSISO: The Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO) governs alternating wet and dry spells by transporting cloud bands from the equator to India. The duration and intensity of wet spells are influenced by the size and strength of these cloud bands.
- Air-Sea Interaction: Interaction between the equatorial Indian Ocean’s sea surface and atmosphere significantly influences moisture buildup and wind strength. A stronger ocean-atmosphere coupling enhances moisture transport, intensifying the monsoon.
- Impact of Climate Change:
- Warmer atmosphere → Increased background moisture.
- Future wet spells may see 42%–63% more rainfall over India and adjoining seas.
- Improving Forecast Models: These insights will enhance the accuracy of seasonal and sub-seasonal monsoon prediction models, crucial for agriculture and disaster preparedness.
Understanding BSISO (Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation)
- A dominant monsoon variability pattern active from June to September.
- Modulates ‘active’ (rainy) and ‘break’ (dry) phases of the monsoon.
- Moves cloud activity and convection from the Indian Ocean towards the Western Pacific.
- ENSO link:
- La Niña enhances BSISO propagation → stronger monsoon.
- El Niño suppresses it → weaker monsoon.
Key Facts about the Indian Monsoon
Aspect Details
Definition “Monsoon” comes from Arabic mausim meaning season.
Southwest Monsoon June–September; moist winds from Indian Ocean bring ~80% of India’s
annual rainfall.
Northeast Monsoon October–December; brings rain to Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh.
Key Drivers ITCZ shift, Tibetan heating, Tropical Easterly Jet, Somali Jet.
Oceanic Influences IOD (positive enhances, negative weakens monsoon), ENSO (El Niño
weakens,La Niña strengthens monsoon).
Monsoon Importance Critical for agriculture, water supply, economy; affects ~50% of India’s
population directly.
Rushikonda Beach Regains prestigious Blue Flag Certification
- 27 Mar 2025
In News:
Rushikonda Beach, located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, has successfully regained its Blue Flag certification after a temporary withdrawal due to non-compliance issues. It remains the only Blue Flag-certified beach in Andhra Pradesh and one of 13 such beaches in India.
What is the Blue Flag Certification?
- Administered by: Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), Denmark.
- National Operator in India: Blue Flag India under the Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM).
- Purpose: Recognizes beaches meeting strict standards of environmental management, safety, cleanliness, and facilities.
- Criteria: Beaches must comply with 33 environmental and safety criteria, including water quality, waste management, safety measures, and environmental education.
- Control Visits: National Operator conducts scheduled and surprise inspections.
Reasons for Temporary Withdrawal
- The Blue Flag tag was withdrawn after complaints of poor maintenance and non-compliance with amenities.
- Non-compliance types:
- Minor issues require rectification within 10 days.
- Multiple or major issues can lead to temporary or season-long withdrawal.
- Rushikonda Beach lost the tag for about two weeks before corrective measures were implemented.
Measures Taken for Regaining the Blue Flag
- Repair and upgrade of beach amenities.
- Plans to install bamboo fencing around the premises to protect the area.
- Public appeals to avoid littering and misuse.
- Education drives for local fisherfolk on beach cleanliness.
- Plans to promote tourism with new beach shacks and regulated alcohol sales, awaiting government approval.
- Identification of 10 other beaches in Andhra Pradesh for upgradation and Blue Flag certification.
Importance of the Blue Flag Tag for Rushikonda Beach
- Tourism Impact: The Blue Flag is internationally recognized by tourists as a mark of safety, cleanliness, and eco-friendliness.
- Environmental Awareness: Promotes responsible tourism and protects coastal ecosystems.
- Local Economy: Supports livelihoods of petty vendors and fisherfolk by attracting visitors.
Key Facts About Rushikonda Beach
- Location: Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
- Awarded Blue Flag: First awarded in 2020.
- Features: Golden sands, clear waters, and well-maintained recreational amenities.
- Significance: The only Blue Flag beach in Andhra Pradesh and among 13 in India.
India’s First Frozen Zoo
- 27 Mar 2025
In News:
In a pioneering conservation step, Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park (PNHZP) in Darjeeling, West Bengal, has become India’s first zoo to launch a DNA cryogenic conservation project—popularly known as a “frozen zoo”.
About the DNA Cryogenic Conservation Initiative
- Objective: Preserve genetic material of endangered Himalayan species for future research, assisted reproduction, and biodiversity conservation in case of extinction threats.
- Launched in:2023, with 60 DNA samples already collected.
- Collaborators:
- PNHZP, Darjeeling
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad
- Species covered: Red pandas, snow leopards, Himalayan black bears, and other native animals.
- Source of Samples: Tissue collected from animals deceased in captivity or road accidents.
- Storage Method:
- DNA samples stored in liquid nitrogen at –196°C.
- A dedicated in-zoo laboratory with steel cryo-containers established.
About the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB)
- Established: 1977; full national lab status in 1981–82.
- Location: Hyderabad, Telangana.
- Affiliation: Under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
- Recognition: Designated a “Center of Excellence” by UNESCO’s Global Molecular and Cell Biology Network.
- Mandate: Advanced research and training in frontier areas of modern biology.
About Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park
Feature Description
Location Darjeeling, West Bengal
Altitude 2,150 metres (7,050 feet) – India’s highest-altitude zoo
Area 67.8 acres
Established 14 August 1958
Renamed 1975 in memory of Padmaja Naidu, former Governor of West Bengal
Transferred to State 1993; now under Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
Focus Areas Ex-situ conservation, education, research, and captive breeding
Notable Species Red pandas, snow leopards, Himalayan wolves, gorals, Siberian tigers
India’s First Indigenous MRI Scanner Installed at AIIMS
- 27 Mar 2025
In News:
AIIMS New Delhi is set to install India’s first indigenously developed MRI scanner for clinical evaluation by October 2025. This marks a major milestone under the government's push for import substitution and promotion of ‘Make in India’ in the medical device sector.
Key Highlights:
- MRI Type: 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system.
- Developed by: SAMEER (Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research), an autonomous R&D institution under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
- Initiative under: National Mission SCAN-ERA (Swadeshi Chumbakiya Anu-naadChitran – EkRashtriyaAbhiyaan), launched in December 2014.
- Purpose: Clinical evaluation and performance feedback at AIIMS to refine the system for wide-scale clinical use.
- Objective: Reduce dependence on imported diagnostic equipment and lower treatment costs.
Significance:
- Currently, 80–85% of India's medical devices are imported.
- In FY 2023–24, India’s medical device import bill rose by 13% to ?69,000 crore.
- The initiative aligns with the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for medical devices, under which 7 critical devices (including MRI machines, CT scanners, LINACs, heart valves, etc.) are now being domestically manufactured.
- 19 PLI-supported projects have been commissioned to manufacture 46 medical devices.
MRI: How It Works
- Principle: Uses strong magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to align protons in tissues. As protons return to their original alignment, they emit signals that are captured to create detailed 3D anatomical images.
- Applications:
- Imaging soft tissues, brain, spinal cord, joints, and internal organs.
- Detecting tumors, strokes, neurological disorders, and musculoskeletal injuries.
- Functional MRI (fMRI) maps brain activity during cognitive tasks.
Safety & Limitations:
- Magnetic interference: Risky for patients with implants (e.g., pacemakers).
- Noise: Loud clicking sounds may cause discomfort.
- Claustrophobia: May cause anxiety in closed spaces; open MRI designs mitigate this.
- Contrast agents: Use of gadolinium-based agents can pose risks to dialysis patients.
Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024
- 27 Mar 2025
In News:
The Parliament has passed the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, aiming to strengthen disaster response mechanisms.
Ministry: Home Affairs
Background
The Disaster Management Act, 2005 established a three-tier structure:
- National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
- State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs)
- District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs)
These bodies were responsible for disaster planning, mitigation, and response at national, state, and district levels respectively.
Key Amendments
1. Preparation of Disaster Management Plans
- Earlier: Executive Committees were responsible for preparing disaster plans.
- Now: NDMA and SDMA will directly prepare and approve national and state disaster management plans.
2. Expanded Functions of NDMA and SDMA
New responsibilities include:
- Periodic risk assessments, including risks from climate-related events.
- Technical guidance to lower-level authorities.
- Minimum standards of relief recommendations.
- Creation of disaster databases containing:
- Disaster risk profiles
- Fund allocations and expenditures
- Preparedness and mitigation strategies
- NDMA-specific roles:
- Assessment of state preparedness
- Post-disaster audits to evaluate response effectiveness
3. Urban Disaster Management Authorities (UDMAs)
- To be established in state capitals and municipal corporation areas.
- Composition:
- Chairperson: Municipal Commissioner
- Vice Chairperson: District Collector
- Additional members as per state government notification
- Responsible for urban disaster planning and implementation.
4. State Disaster Response Force (SDRF)
- States are empowered to establish SDRFs for specialized disaster response.
- Functions and service conditions to be defined by state governments.
5. Statutory Status to Key Committees
- National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC):
- Nodal body for major national disasters
- Chaired by the Cabinet Secretary
- High-Level Committee (HLC):
- Sanctions financial assistance to states
- Chaired by the concerned Union Minister
6. NDMA Staffing and Appointments
- NDMA can determine the number and type of officers and staff.
- Can appoint experts and consultants with prior central government approval.
Rationale Behind the Amendment
- Climate Change: Increased frequency of extreme weather events necessitates proactive strategies.
- Decentralization Gaps: States faced implementation challenges under the 2005 Act.
- Institutional Strengthening: Clearer roles for national and sub-national bodies.
- Technology and Data Integration: Emphasis on real-time data and performance audits.
Key Concerns and Criticism
- Centralization of Power:NDMA’s enhanced role may reduce state autonomy in disaster response.
- Overlap with State Authority:Potential encroachment on state disaster planning and fund utilization.
- Delayed Relief via NDRF:Increased central oversight may slow localized relief efforts.
- Omission of Emerging Threats:Excludes disasters like heatwaves from official definitions.
- Lack of State-Specific Relief Funds:Demand for region-focused financial provisions by states like Bihar.
Way Forward
- Ensure Federal Balance: Maintain cooperation between Centre and states.
- Update Definitions: Include climate-induced disasters like heatwaves.
- Transparent Funding Mechanism: Clear protocols for fund allocation and usage.
- Empower Local Bodies: Strengthen DDMAs and UDMAs through training and resources.
- Institutional Audits: Regular post-disaster audits to enhance future readiness.
FAO’s 3rd Report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2025)
- 27 Mar 2025
In News:
The diversity of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture was under growing threat as despite 6,000 plant species cultivated, 60 per cent of the global crop production was alarmingly dependent on just nine crops, an important report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Key Highlights:
- Released by:Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), under the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA-20).
- Crop Dependency & Diversity:
- 60% of global crop production is dependent on just 9 crops:Sugarcane, Maize, Rice, Wheat, Potatoes, Soybeans, Oil Palm Fruit, Sugar Beet, Cassava.
- Though 6,000 plant species are cultivated globally, there is a rising loss of genetic diversity, increasing vulnerability to climate shocks and food insecurity.
- Farmers’ Varieties / Landraces (FV/LRs):
- Traditional crop varieties adapted to local conditions, offering greater resilience to climate, pests, and diseases.
- Globally, 6% of FV/LRs are threatened; this figure exceeds 18% in some regions like Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Western Asia.
- In India, over 50% of FV/LRs across five agro-ecological zones are at risk of extinction.
- Conservation Efforts
- In-situ (on-farm): Around 35 million hectares in 51 countries are under cultivation with FV/LRs.
- 42% of plant taxa are threatened at species or varietal level.
- Ex-situ (off-farm):
- Over 5.9 million accessions preserved globally.
- Many stored in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.
- Conservation is constrained by funding, political support, infrastructure, and skilled personnel shortages.
- In-situ (on-farm): Around 35 million hectares in 51 countries are under cultivation with FV/LRs.
India-Specific Initiative
- Seed Hub Initiative (2016) by the Ministry of Agriculture:
- Aimed at promoting high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of pulses.
- Resulted in increased production from 14.76 million tonnes (2007–08) to 24.42 million tonnes (2020–21).
Impact of Climate Change
- Increasing frequency of extreme weather events threatens crop diversity.
- Countries lack mechanisms to assess disaster impacts on crop genetics.
- Post-disaster germplasm distribution often suffers due to poor seed adaptation to local agro-climatic and cultural contexts.
Key Challenges
- Genetic erosion due to monoculture, urbanization, and climate stress.
- Underfunded gene banks and weak institutional capacity.
- Lack of trained plant genetic experts and documentation gaps.
- Limited access to locally adapted seeds, especially post-disaster.
Way Forward
- Integrate in-situ and ex-situ conservation with community participation.
- Enhance funding and explore public-private partnerships.
- Build capacity in taxonomy, plant breeding, and genebank management.
- Promote participatory breeding with farmers and Indigenous communities.
- Strengthen policy support for crop diversification and climate-resilient agriculture.
About CGRFA
- Established: 1983 by FAO.
- Mandate: Only intergovernmental body focusing on sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity.
- Membership: 179 countries + European Union.
- Major Achievement:Instrumental in adoption of International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), 2001.
Abolition of Equalisation Levy on Online Advertisements
- 26 Mar 2025
In News:
The Indian government has proposed to abolish the Equalisation Levy (digital tax) on online advertisements, effective April 1, 2025. This move is set to benefit digital advertisers on platforms like Google, Meta (formerly Facebook), and X (formerly Twitter), reducing their tax burden.
Overview of Equalisation Levy
- Introduction:
- The Equalisation Levy was introduced by the Finance Act of 2016. Its primary objective was to tax foreign digital service providers (such as Google, Meta, etc.) for income generated from digital transactions in India, ensuring these businesses contribute fairly to India’s tax system, despite having no physical presence.
- Coverage:
- Initially, the levy applied to online advertising services, imposing a 6% tax on payments made to non-resident providers. This was later expanded in 2020 to include e-commerce transactions, imposing a 2% levy on revenues from e-commerce operations. The e-commerce levy was abolished in August 2024.
- Conditions: The levy is applicable if:
- The payment is made to a non-resident service provider.
- The annual payment to the service provider exceeds Rs. 1 lakh in a financial year.
- Exclusions:
- If the non-resident service provider has a permanent office in India or if the income qualifies as royalties or technical services fees, it is not subject to the levy.
- Transactions under Rs. 1 lakh or involving exempt income under Section 10(50) are not taxed under the Equalisation Levy.
Key Reasons for Abolishing the Equalisation Levy
- Improved Tax Relations with the US: The levy has been a point of contention, particularly with the US, which threatened retaliatory tariffs. The move to abolish the 6% levy is seen as a step to improve trade relations and avoid escalation of trade disputes.
- Simplification of Tax Laws: Experts believe that removing the levy aligns with India’s broader efforts to simplify and streamline its tax legislation, making it easier for digital service providers to operate within the country.
- Addressing Global Concerns: The proposal to remove the levy is also in response to concerns raised by partner nations, like the US, about the unilateral nature of the tax. This step aims to reduce friction and maintain smoother diplomatic and trade ties.
Implications of the Abolition of the Equalisation Levy
- Reduced Costs for Advertisers: The removal of the 6% tax will lower the financial burden on advertisers in India who use platforms like Google, Meta, and X. This is expected to encourage more investment in digital advertising and benefit the broader digital economy.
- Enhanced Competitiveness: By removing the levy, India aims to create a more level playing field for both domestic and foreign companies involved in digital advertising, fostering fairer competition.
- Impact on International Relations: The decision could help defuse trade tensions, particularly with the US, and might avoid reciprocal tariffs that could affect Indian companies operating internationally.
- Tax Revenue Implications: While the abolition may result in short-term revenue loss from the digital services sector, it is anticipated that the long-term benefits from increased digital advertising spending and improved international relations will outweigh the initial loss.
Future Outlook
- Monitoring and Adjustments: While the government has moved to abolish the Equalisation Levy, experts suggest that further monitoring and analysis of digital taxation might be required, especially considering global trends and the evolving digital economy. The impact of this abolition on India’s digital tax landscape will need to be observed closely.
- Diplomatic Measures: Along with the abolition of the levy, the government continues to pursue diplomatic efforts to ensure fair trade practices and avoid potential retaliatory measures by foreign nations.
Permafrost Degradation in the Kashmir Himalayas
- 26 Mar 2025
In News:
Permafrost, the ground that remains frozen for at least two years, has long been a critical feature in high-altitude regions like the Kashmir Himalayas. Recent studies have highlighted that melting permafrost is emerging as a significant environmental threat, with the potential to disrupt both ecological systems and infrastructure in the region.
Key Findings of Recent Studies
- Extent of Permafrost: Permafrost covers 64.8% of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) and Ladakh, with 26.7% being continuous, 23.8% discontinuous, and 14.3% sporadic.
- Regional Distribution: Ladakh has the highest concentration of permafrost (87%), while areas like the Shigar Valley and Siwaliks have no permafrost.
- Impact on Infrastructure: Permafrost degradation threatens key infrastructure, including roads, settlements, and hydropower projects. Approximately 193 km of roads, 2,415 households, and eight hydropower projects are at risk due to thawing permafrost.
- Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): Permafrost thaw increases the likelihood of GLOFs, as seen in recent events like the 2021 Chamoli disaster and the 2023 South Lhonak GLOF. These floods, triggered by the instability of glacial lakes formed by melting ice, can cause significant destruction.
Environmental Impacts of Permafrost Thawing
- Carbon Release: As permafrost melts, it releases stored organic carbon, including methane, a potent greenhouse gas that exacerbates climate change.
- Hydrological Changes: Thawing permafrost can alter river flow and groundwater availability, impacting water resources for local communities and ecosystems.
- Geological Instability: The breakdown of permafrost leads to landslides and slope instability, posing risks to both natural landscapes and human settlements.
Factors Contributing to Permafrost Degradation
- Global Warming: Rising surface temperatures are the primary driver of permafrost thaw.
- Human Activities: Construction activities, including road-building, dam construction, and real estate development, disturb the stability of permafrost. Additionally, deforestation and land-use changes increase the exposure of permafrost to solar radiation, accelerating its degradation.
- Natural Events: Earthquakes and natural processes, like rock-ice avalanches, also contribute to the destabilization of permafrost.
Risks to Local Communities and Infrastructure
- Vulnerable Regions: Thousands of households and critical infrastructure in permafrost-rich areas, such as Ladakh, are at risk due to permafrost thawing. Military and strategic infrastructure, including roads vital for connectivity, may face serious disruptions, compromising national security.
- Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): The melting of glaciers can lead to the formation of proglacial lakes, increasing the risk of GLOFs. In J&K, 332 such lakes have been identified, with 65 showing significant flood risks. GLOFs are a major threat to downstream communities and infrastructure.
Way Forward: Mitigating Risks
- Integrated Planning: Future infrastructure development, especially roads and hydropower projects, should incorporate data on permafrost zones. Risk-sensitive land-use planning and construction methods must be adopted to minimize environmental damage.
- Enhanced Monitoring: Remote sensing technologies, including satellite-based monitoring and ground-based LiDAR systems, should be employed to track permafrost degradation and associated environmental changes more effectively.
- Comprehensive Environmental Assessments: Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) must be strengthened to include the risks of permafrost thawing, particularly in relation to GLOFs, landslides, and groundwater depletion. This is crucial for ensuring that development projects in these regions do not exacerbate the environmental risks posed by permafrost degradation.
Targeted Species Conservation
- 26 Mar 2025
In News:
A major global study published in PLOS Biology (March 2025) has reaffirmed that targeted species-specific conservation measures are critical in reversing biodiversity loss and preventing extinctions. Despite the ongoing biodiversity crisis, where six times more species are declining than improving, the study found that where conservation efforts were applied, results were overwhelmingly positive.
Analyzing over 67,000 animal species from the IUCN Red List, researchers from institutions including the University of Cambridge, IUCN, and BirdLife International discovered that 99.3% of species that improved in threat status since 1980 had benefitted from conservation interventions, such as habitat protection, reintroduction, breeding programmes, and legal protections. Of the 969 species with globally increasing populations, 78.3% were under active conservation.
Notable global success stories include:
- Iberian Lynx: Rebounded from a few hundred to several thousand through breeding and habitat restoration.
- K?k?p? (New Zealand parrot): Revived via intensive monitoring and predator control.
- European Bison: Successfully reintroduced in Eastern Europe after extinction in the wild.
- Marine species such as humpback and blue whales also recovered after international moratoriums on whaling.
Island ecosystems like New Zealand, Mauritius, and the Seychelles showed the highest concentration of species recovery, while decline hotspots included the Tropical Andes, Sumatra, Malaysia, and Borneo.
Despite these successes, the study cautions that since 1980, 1,220 species of birds, mammals, and amphibians have deteriorated in Red List status compared to only 201 species that improved.
Causes include habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, climate change, invasive species, and disease.The study called for landscape-scale conservation and ambitious implementation of Goal A of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework to halt extinction risk and restore resilient populations.
India’s Species-Specific Conservation Efforts
India has adopted a multi-pronged species-specific conservation approach, primarily under the Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats (IDWH), 2008, which continues under the 15th Finance Commission (2021–26). The scheme focuses on critically endangered species through captive breeding, habitat restoration, and community participation.
Key initiatives include:
- Species Recovery Programme: Prioritizes 22 species (16 terrestrial and 6 aquatic) for focused conservation.
- Project Tiger (1973) and Project Elephant (1992): Flagship conservation efforts for apex species.
- Project Crocodile: Initiated post-Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, supported by the UN. Saltwater crocodiles in Bhitarkanika increased from 95 (1975) to 1,811.
- Sea Turtle Conservation Project (1999): Focuses on Olive Ridley Turtles, listed as Vulnerable (IUCN), Schedule I (WLPA), and Appendix I (CITES).
- Vulture Action Plan 2020–25: Aims to eliminate diclofenac use and protect food sources for vultures. India's first Vulture Conservation and Breeding Centre (VCBC) was set up in Pinjore, Haryana.
- Indian Rhino Vision 2020: Increased the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros population in Kaziranga National Park to over 2,600 (2022).
- Project Cheetah (2022): Reintroduces cheetahs extinct in India since 1952, with cheetahs from Namibia and South Africa released in Kuno National Park. India saw its first wild cheetah birth in 2023 after 75 years.
- Maharashtra’s Pangolin Action Plan: The first dedicated plan for pangolin conservation. Pangolins are listed under Schedule I of the WLPA, receiving the highest level of protection.
Revival of Vikramshila University
- 26 Mar 2025
In News:
Following the revival of Nalanda University, another historic centre of learning—Vikramshila University in Bihar—is now set for rejuvenation. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) began developing the site in December 2023 to boost heritage tourism. Simultaneously, the Bihar government has earmarked 202.14 acres of land in Antichak village, Bhagalpur district, for setting up a Central University at the ancient site.
The revival project was approved by the Central Government in 2015 with a sanctioned budget of ?500 crore. However, work was delayed due to issues in land acquisition. With recent approval of ?87.99 crore for land procurement and the identification of suitable land, the project has regained momentum. The site is located about 3 km from the ancient ruins of the original university.
Historical Background:
- Vikramshila University was founded in the late 8th or early 9th century AD by King Dharmapala of the Pala Dynasty as a response to declining academic standards at Nalanda.
- Situated along the banks of the Ganges in eastern India, Vikramshila emerged as a major hub of Tantric Buddhism (Vajrayana) and occult studies, distinguishing itself from the broader curriculum of Nalanda.
- During its peak, Vikramshila housed over 1,000 students and 100 teachers, many of whom came from other parts of India and abroad.
- The university became renowned for its scholarship in theology, logic, metaphysics, grammar, philosophy, and especially tantric studies, which were popular in both Buddhism and Hinduism during that era. Among its most prominent scholars was AtisaDipankara, who played a key role in the spread of Buddhism to Tibet.
- The university featured a central cruciform brick stupa surrounded by 208 monk cells, arranged symmetrically on all four sides. A major architectural marvel of the site is its library, which had an innovative cooling system where water from a nearby reservoir was used to preserve manuscripts. This reflects the advanced engineering and scholarly focus of the institution.
- Although Nalanda and Vikramshila were separate entities, they often collaborated and shared scholars under the patronage of King Dharmapala. At one point, Vikramshila even held administrative authority over Nalanda.
Decline:
Vikramshila flourished for nearly four centuries before being destroyed around 1203 AD during the invasions of Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, the same event that marked the end of Nalanda University. The decline was also contributed to by the waning influence of Buddhism in India and the rise of Hinduism.
Recent Initiatives:
The ASI has divided the Vikramshila ruins into grids for careful excavation and preservation. A museum at the site displays several important antiquities, including sculptures of Buddhist and Hindu deities like Avalokiteshvara, Loknath, Surya, Vishnu, Ganesh, and more. Restoration work is also underway on NH-80, which connects Vikramshila to Bhagalpur city, about 50 km away.
Indian Ocean Ship (IOS) Sagar & AIKEYME
- 26 Mar 2025
In News:
India’s Maiden India-Africa Naval Exercise: Indian Ocean Ship (IOS) Sagar & AIKEYME.
Indian Ocean Ship (IOS) Sagar
- Launched: April 5 – May 8, 2025
- Vessel: INS Sunayna (Offshore Patrol Vessel)
- Objective: Maritime security cooperation in the Southwest Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
- Participants:India + 9 African & IOR nations:Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and South Africa
- Activities:
- Port Visits: Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania), Nacala (Mozambique), Port Louis (Mauritius), Port Victoria (Seychelles), Male (Maldives)
- Joint EEZ Surveillance: With Tanzania, Mozambique, Mauritius, and Seychelles
- Training: Personnel from participating countries trained at Indian naval institutions in Kochi on operations, navigation, and maritime security
AIKEYME (Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement)
- Meaning: "Unity" (from Sanskrit)
- Type: First Multilateral Naval Exercise between India and African nations
- Duration: Six days in mid-April 2025
- Co-hosts: Indian Navy and Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF)
- Inauguration: By Indian Defence Minister at Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
- Participants:India + 10 African nations:Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania
- Exercise Phases:
- Harbour Phase:
- Table-top exercises
- Command post exercises on piracy and information sharing
- Training in Seamanship and Visit, Board, Search & Seizure (VBSS)
- Sea Phase:
- Maritime security drills
- Search and Rescue (SAR)
- Small arms firing
- Helicopter operations
- Harbour Phase:
Strategic Context & Broader Framework
SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) – 2015
- Aim: Promote a free, open, inclusive and secure Indo-Pacific
- Key Pillars:
- Countering China's influence in the region
- Enhancing maritime security (anti-piracy, anti-terrorism)
- Capacity building in disaster management and infrastructure
- Promoting regional economic and connectivity projects
MAHASAGAR Initiative
- Announced by PM Modi in Mauritius
- Stands for Advancement for Security Across the Regions
- Focuses on bolstering maritime security partnerships across the Indian Ocean
Key Supporting Indian Initiatives
- Mission SAGAR: Delivered COVID-19 aid to Indian Ocean nations
- Vaccine Maitri: Supplied vaccines to neighbours like Maldives and Bhutan
- South Asia Satellite: Enhanced communication & disaster response
- Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Project: Boosted India-Myanmar-Southeast Asia connectivity
India to Host FATF Private Sector Collaborative Forum 2025 in Mumbai
- 25 Mar 2025
In News:
- India will host the FATF Private Sector Collaborative Forum (PSCF) 2025 in Mumbai from March 25-27, 2025. This event will focus on global priorities such as payment transparency, financial inclusion, and the digital transformation of financial systems.
- The forum will be a critical platform for addressing the evolving challenges of money laundering and terrorist financing through the use of digital tools and enhanced transparency.
Key Agenda
The discussions at PSCF 2025 will revolve around tackling contemporary financial crimes, including those linked to cryptocurrency-related laundering. Key topics will include:
- Strengthening Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Counter-Terrorist Financing (CFT) compliance mechanisms.
- Promoting financial inclusion through risk-based supervision of regulated entities.
- Enhancing transparency in beneficial ownership and using digital tools to bolster AML/CFT measures.
- Addressing emerging risks, including terrorist financing and proliferation financing.
The forum will also assess how the private sector can enhance information-sharing practices to address these threats more effectively.
About FATF
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), established in 1989 during the G7 Summit in Paris, is an intergovernmental body that sets international standards to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. The FATF’s mission is to develop policies, establish guidelines, and promote global cooperation to mitigate the financial risks associated with these crimes.
- Headquarters: Paris, France.
- Membership: FATF has 39 member countries, including major economies such as the United States, India, China, Saudi Arabia, Germany, and theEuropean Union.
- Regional Bodies: In addition to its direct members, FATF affiliates over 180 countries through FATF-Style Regional Bodies (FSRBs) like the Asia Pacific Group (APG) and the Eurasian Group.
- FATF Recommendations are recognized as the global standard for AML/CFT measures.
FATF evaluates countries' efforts to comply with these standards, providing assessments and promoting policy changes to counteract financial crimes. Countries that fail to comply may be placed on the grey list or blacklist.
FATF Grey and Black Lists
Countries that fail to meet FATF standards are placed on one of two lists:
- Black List: Countries known as Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (NCCTs), which directly support terrorist financing and money laundering. North Korea, Iran, and Myanmar are currently on this list.
- Grey List: Countries considered at risk of supporting financial crimes but not yet fully engaging in those activities. Being on the grey list serves as a warning, with the risk of moving to the blacklist if improvements are not made.
Countries on the blacklist face severe international sanctions, including restrictions on financial aid and economic interactions from organizations like the IMF, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank.
India's Role in FATF
India became a member of FATF in 2010 and has made significant strides in improving its AML/CFT frameworks. In 2024, FATF acknowledged India’s efforts towards anti-money laundering and countering terrorist financing, placing it in the "regular follow-up" category for continued compliance.
The upcoming PSCF 2025 will be a milestone in India’s ongoing commitment to global financial security, as it seeks to enhance international collaboration and discuss innovative ways to address evolving threats in financial crimes.
Global Environmental Data Strategy (GEDS)
- 25 Mar 2025
In News:
- The Global Environmental Data Strategy (GEDS), spearheaded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), is a comprehensive framework designed to address the triple planetary crises of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.
- GEDS aims to leverage high-quality, accessible environmental data to support informed decision-making, foster innovative digital solutions, and promote sustainable development.
- The strategy is currently under development, with UNEP working to finalize it by December 2025. It emphasizes overcoming barriers such as data fragmentation, lack of interoperability, and limited access, which hinder the effective use of environmental data.
Key Focus Areas of GEDS
The GEDS framework is built around five key pillars that focus on overcoming challenges and unlocking the potential of environmental data:
- Data Quality and Provenance:
- Establishing standardized frameworks and mechanisms to classify and ensure the accuracy of environmental data.
- Focusing on data quality and developing systems to trace its origin (provenance).
- Data Governance:
- Promoting ethical and sustainable methodologies for managing environmental data.
- Developing governance models to ensure data is managed in a transparent and responsible way.
- Data Interoperability:
- Federating global and thematic data standards to allow seamless data sharing and integration.
- Ensuring that data across different platforms and systems can communicate with each other, facilitating better collaboration.
- Inclusive Data Access:
- Ensuring open, affordable, and machine-readable access to environmental data for all stakeholders.
- Addressing issues related to data discoverability and making data AI-ready to foster innovative solutions.
- Capacity-Building:
- Enhancing the skills and knowledge needed for effective data collection, governance, and use.
- Focusing on strengthening global initiatives, particularly in the Global South, to improve data management capabilities and foster inclusive participation.
Significance of GEDS
- Tackling Environmental Crises: GEDS provides a data-driven approach to addressing the challenges of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss, aligning with global efforts to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Supporting Informed Decision-Making: By ensuring the availability of high-quality environmental data, GEDS helps governments, organizations, and communities make evidence-based decisions that are crucial for environmental sustainability.
- Fostering Innovation: The strategy facilitates the development of AI and data analytics tools to create innovative solutions for environmental management and protection.
- Global Collaboration: By promoting international cooperation and sharing of environmental data, GEDS aims to improve global collaboration to combat environmental challenges.
Urban Heat Island Effect in Hyderabad
- 25 Mar 2025
In News:
The Telangana Socio-Economic Outlook 2025 highlights a concerning rise in night-time temperatures in Hyderabad, attributed to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. This growing urban microclimatic issue has critical public health and environmental implications.
What is Urban Heat Island (UHI)?
- Definition: UHI is a climatic phenomenon where urban areas record significantly higher temperatures than surrounding rural or peri-urban regions, particularly at night.
- Cause: Result of urbanization and human activities that alter land surfaces and trap heat.
Key Factors Contributing to UHI
- Reduced green cover: Shrinking vegetation limits natural cooling via shade and evapotranspiration.
- High density of concrete structures: Buildings and roads absorb solar radiation during the day and release heat slowly at night.
- Urban layout: Tall buildings and narrow streets trap warm air, reducing air circulation.
- Anthropogenic heat: Emissions from vehicles, air conditioners, and industries contribute to localized warming.
- Surface characteristics: Dark tarred roads absorb more heat and release it at night, worsening night-time UHI.
Hyderabad Case Study: Telangana Socio-Economic Outlook 2025
- Temperature Difference:
- Night-time: Core city is 1.9°C warmer than surrounding peri-urban and outer zones.
- Daytime: Interestingly, the core is 0.7°C cooler due to shade from tall buildings.
- Peak UHI Season: March to August.
- Most Affected Zones: High-rise, concrete-dense city centers with low vegetation.
Health Impacts of UHI
According to medical experts:
- Physical Effects:
- Heat exhaustion & heat strokes
- Dehydration, skin issues
- Cardiovascular and kidney stress
- Vulnerable Groups: Elderly, children, and those with pre-existing conditions.
- Biological Mechanism: Prolonged exposure increases pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to immune suppression and chronic fatigue.
- Mental Health: UHI contributes to sleep disturbances, psychological stress, and anxiety.
Government Response
- Clean and Green Energy Policy 2025: Telangana aims to promote cooler, greener cities.
- Recommended Actions:
- Interdisciplinary collaboration among urban planners, healthcare professionals, and community experts.
- Urban design incorporating green infrastructure and heat-resilient materials.
World Water Day 2025
- 25 Mar 2025
In News:
Marking World Water Day, the Ministry of Jal Shakti, in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change and the Government of Haryana, launched the much-anticipated sixth edition of Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain - 2025 in Panchkula, Haryana.
World Water Day 2025
- Observed On: 22nd March 2025
- 2025 Theme: ‘Glacier Preservation’
- Global Context: Declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 1993, conceptualized at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
- Linked SDG: Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG-6) – Clean Water and Sanitation for All by 2030.
- Purpose: To raise global awareness on water conservation and promote sustainable water use.
India's Observance: Launch of Jal Shakti Abhiyan – Catch the Rain 2025
- Launched by: Ministry of Jal Shakti, in collaboration with Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and Government of Haryana.
- Launch Venue: Panchkula, Haryana (first time outside Delhi).
- Theme: “????????????????: ??????????????” (People’s Action for Water Conservation – Towards Intensified Community Connect).
- Focus Areas:
- Rainwater harvesting
- Groundwater recharge
- Community-led water conservation
- Ecological restoration (forests, rivers, springs)
Key Campaigns & Initiatives
Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain 2025 (JSA:CTR)
- Targeted Districts: 148 water-stressed districts across India.
- Tagline: “Catch the Rain where it falls, when it falls.”
- Objective: Promote localized water conservation through people’s participation and decentralized planning.
“Jal-Jangal-Jan” Abhiyan
- Aim: Restore ecological connectivity between water, forests, and communities.
- Collaborators: MoEFCC and Jal Shakti Ministry.
- Tools Used: Awareness videos, AV content, best practice compilations.
State-Level Innovations: Haryana Model
- Launched:
- Mukhyamantri Jal Sanchay Yojana – Enhancing water harvesting through community participation.
- Water Resources Atlas – Scientific mapping of water availability.
- Online Canal Water Management System – Real-time irrigation data for efficiency.
- E-booklet on Integrated Water Resources Management.
- Infrastructure Projects under SBM-G & JSA:
- Community Sanitary Complexes
- Solid & Liquid Waste Management
- Gobardhan (Biogas) Projects
- Borewell Recharge Systems
- Micro-irrigation and Rainwater Harvesting Projects
Key Government Schemes Related to Water
- Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) – Time-bound, mission-mode campaign for water conservation.
- Atal Bhujal Yojana – Participatory groundwater management in critical areas.
- AMRUT 2.0 – Urban water supply and sewerage services improvement.
India and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
- 25 Mar 2025
In News:
Charting a route for IORA under India’s chairship
What is IORA?
The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) is a regional inter-governmental organization established on 7 March 1997 to promote economic cooperation, regional integration, and sustainable development among countries bordering the Indian Ocean. The idea was initiated during Nelson Mandela’s visit to India in 1995, leading to the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative (IORI).
- Membership: 23 Member States and 10 Dialogue Partners
- Geographical Reach: Connects Asia, Africa, and Oceania via the Indian Ocean
- Secretariat: Based in Mauritius
Importance of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
- Geopolitical Relevance: Subset of the Indo-Pacific but with unique characteristics
- Demographics: Home to two-thirds of the global population
- Economic Significance:
- Handles 75% of global trade volume
- Accounts for 50% of global daily oil consumption
- Generates USD 1 trillion worth of goods/services annually
- Intra-IORA trade: USD 800 billion (2023)
India’s Chairship of IORA (2025–27)
India is set to take over as Chair of IORA in November 2025 (currently Vice-Chair). It aims to enhance the organization’s governance and effectiveness by focusing on:
- Strengthening IORA’s Budget:
- Promote public-private partnerships
- Encourage investments from key maritime industries (shipping, oil & gas, marine tourism)
- Learn from other models like the Indian Ocean Commission ($1.3 billion budget for 2020–25)
- Technology Integration:
- Adopt digital tools for data governance
- Enable faster policy analysis and decision-making
- Reduce inefficiencies in record-keeping
- Maritime Education and Capacity Building:
- Collaborate with academic and research institutions
- Launch maritime-ready and interdisciplinary courses (e.g., marine accounting)
- Develop a skilled workforce to support the blue economy
Strategic Synergy with India’s SAGAR Vision
India’s Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) vision aligns with IORA’s objectives:
- Enhancing maritime safety and security
- Fostering economic growth and sustainable development
- Promoting regional peace and cooperation
India is expected to leverage its diplomatic ties with member states and encourage collaborative problem-solving across the region.
RBI’s 6th Remittance Survey (2023–24)
- 24 Mar 2025
In News:
India remains the world’s top recipient of remittances, with total inward remittances doubling from USD 55.6 billion in 2010–11 to USD 118.7 billion in 2023–24, as per the Reserve Bank of India’s Sixth Round of the Remittances Survey.
Shift in Sources of Remittances
- A significant trend in 2023–24 is the growing dominance of Advanced Economies (AEs) over traditional Gulf sources.
- The United States emerged as the largest contributor with a 27.7% share, followed by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) at 19.2%.
- AEs including the UK, Singapore, Canada, and Australia now account for over 50% of India’s total remittance inflows.
- The UK’s share increased notably from 3.4% (2016–17) to 10.8% (2023–24).
- Australia contributed 2.3%, reflecting rising skilled migration.
- The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain) collectively contributed 38%, a decline from 47% in 2016–17.
Reasons for the Shift
- Robust Job Markets in AEs: High-paying jobs for skilled Indian migrants in the US, UK, Canada, and Australia.
- UK-India Migration and Mobility Partnership (MMP) tripled Indian migration to the UK from 76,000 in 2020 to 250,000 in 2023.
- Favorable immigration policies in Canada (Express Entry) and Australia boosted skilled migration.
- Declining Opportunities in GCC:
- Post-pandemic return of Indian migrants and reduced demand for low-skilled labor due to automation and economic diversification.
- Nationalization policies (e.g., Nitaqat in Saudi Arabia, Emiratization in UAE) favor local employment.
- Changing Migration Patterns:
- Southern states (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) now prefer AEs due to higher education levels.
- Northern states (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan) still send migrants to GCC, but limited by lower skill levels.
- Rise in Education-Driven Migration:
- Many Indian students pursue higher education abroad and stay back for employment.
- Indian students abroad: Canada (32%), US (25.3%), UK (13.9%), Australia (9.2%).
State-Wise Remittance Distribution (2023–24)
- Maharashtra: 20.5%
- Kerala: 19.7%
- Tamil Nadu: 10.4%
- Telangana: 8.1%
- Karnataka: 7.7%
- Notable increases observed in Punjab and Haryana.
Mode of Transfers
- The Rupee Drawing Arrangement (RDA) remains the dominant channel.
- Other channels include direct Vostro transfers and fintech platforms.
- Digital transactions account for 73.5% of remittance flows.
Inner Line Permit (ILP)
- 24 Mar 2025
In News:
The Inner Line Permit (ILP) system plays a significant role in regulating entry into certain states of India's Northeast. Originally derived from the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation (BEFR) of 1873, the ILP aims to protect indigenous communities and preserve their cultural identity by regulating the movement of non-residents into restricted areas. This system requires Indian citizens who are not permanent residents of these states to obtain an ILP to enter and stay in these areas for a limited period.
Currently, four states—Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Manipur—require an ILP for entry. In recent years, the ILP system has become a topic of contention in Meghalaya, where local opposition to developmental projects, particularly railway expansion, has intensified.
What is the Inner Line Permit (ILP)?
The ILP is an official travel document issued by the respective state governments and regulates the entry of Indian citizens into restricted tribal areas. The system's primary aim is to safeguard indigenous communities from exploitation and prevent land alienation.
- Legal Basis: The Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation (BEFR), 1873, introduced by the British, created an "Inner Line" to restrict the movement of outsiders. The Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958 and Foreigners (Restricted Areas) Order, 1963 further delineated areas where foreigners and Indian citizens from other states require special permits to enter.
- Difference Between ILP and PAP: The Inner Line Permit (ILP) applies to Indian citizens in certain northeastern states, while the Protected Area Permit (PAP) is for foreigners wishing to enter restricted areas, including parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, and Rajasthan.
Current Status of Rail Connectivity in Meghalaya
Meghalaya has limited rail connectivity, with Mendipathar in North Garo Hills being the only operational railway station since 2014. Passenger services run daily between Mendipathar and Guwahati, and the station recently received its first freight shipment. However, several proposed railway projects in the state face significant opposition from local groups, particularly in the Khasi and Jaintia Hills.
The Northeast Frontier Railways (NFR) had planned three key projects in Meghalaya:
- Tetelia-Byrnihat Railway Line (21.5 km connecting Assam to Meghalaya)
- Byrnihat-Shillong Railway Line (108.76 km)
- Chandranathpur-Jowai Railway Line (connecting Assam to Jowai)
These projects are now at risk of being shelved due to local resistance, particularly from Khasi pressure groups such as the Khasi Students' Union (KSU).
Opposition to Railway Projects in Meghalaya
The opposition to these railway projects stems from fears of an influx of “outsiders” into the state, potentially threatening the cultural identity and livelihood of indigenous communities. The Khasi Students' Union (KSU) has been opposed to the extension of railway lines into the Khasi Hills since the 1980s, arguing that such projects would facilitate large-scale migration and overwhelm local populations. The group's concerns have now expanded to include other regions, such as the Jaintia Hills, where protests have emerged against the proposed Chandranathpur-Jowai line.
The KSU has long advocated for the introduction of the ILP system in Meghalaya to prevent non-residents from settling in the state. They argue that the ILP would serve as a safeguard against uncontrolled migration, offering a mechanism to regulate entry, especially at railway stations, where people can be monitored and restricted from staying beyond their designated period.
The KSUemphasized that while the group does not oppose railway development in principle, it seeks safeguards like the ILP to ensure that the state's indigenous communities do not become minorities.
Economic Considerations and Government Response
While the local opposition is strong, there is also significant support for railway connectivity, particularly from economic perspectives. Chief Minister Conrad Sangma has argued that improved rail connectivity would reduce logistical costs and facilitate the movement of goods, benefiting both the state's economy and its local entrepreneurs. Toki Blah, a political commentator, noted that railway expansion could lower the cost of goods, particularly in a state where much of the population depends on small-scale agriculture and service-based industries.
Additionally, representatives from the Garo Hills, another major tribal region in Meghalaya, have advocated for expanding existing rail links from Mendipathar to Baghamara in the South Garo Hills, citing the need for better transportation infrastructure.
Shaheed Diwas
- 24 Mar 2025
In News:
On Shaheed Diwas (23rd March), the nation commemorates the supreme sacrifice of three iconic freedom fighters—Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar. Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to these martyrs, remembering their unwavering resolve and courageous efforts in the struggle for India's independence. This day marks the execution of these three revolutionaries by British colonial authorities in Lahore Jail in 1931.
Background of the Martyrs
The trio was convicted for their involvement in the 1928 Lahore Conspiracy Case, which revolved around the killing of J.P. Saunders, a British officer. The incident occurred after Saunders was mistakenly identified as Superintendent James Scott, who was blamed for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai during a protest against the Simon Commission. The execution of these freedom fighters on 23rd March 1931 became a symbol of their sacrifice for the cause of India’s freedom.
The three were members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), a revolutionary group that sought to overthrow British rule through armed struggle. Their fearless actions continue to inspire the nation to this day.
Brief Profiles of the Martyrs
- Bhagat Singh (1907–1931): Born in Punjab, Bhagat Singh was a prominent revolutionary who played a key role in the fight against British rule. He is remembered for his bold actions, such as the bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1929, and his fearless stand against colonial oppression. His execution at the age of 23 became a catalyst for the freedom struggle.
- Shivaram Rajguru (1908–1931): Born in Maharashtra, Rajguru was a committed revolutionary who, along with Bhagat Singh, was involved in the assassination of J.P. Saunders. He was known for his dedication to the cause of armed resistance and his determination to fight colonial oppression. Rajguru was executed at the age of 23.
- Sukhdev Thapar (1907–1931): A key figure in mobilizing youth for the freedom struggle, Sukhdev was born in Punjab. He played a significant role in the activities of the HSRA and was instrumental in organizing protests and revolutionary activities. His execution, like that of his fellow revolutionaries, became a symbol of the ultimate sacrifice for India's freedom.
Financial Assistance for Promotion of Art and Culture
- 24 Mar 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Culture has implemented several schemes aimed at supporting the growth and preservation of India's rich art and cultural heritage. One of the key initiatives is the ‘Financial Assistance for Promotion of Art and Culture’ Scheme, a Central Sector Scheme that provides financial support to eligible cultural organizations across the country. Below is an overview of the scheme, its components, and eligibility criteria.
Eligibility Criteria for Organizations
To be eligible for assistance under this scheme, cultural organizations must meet the following criteria:
- Registered as a society, trust, or not-for-profit company for at least three years.
- Registered on the NGO Darpan Portal of NITI Aayog.
- Have a primary focus on cultural activities.
- Submit audited financial statements for the last three years.
- Have filed Income Tax returns during the last three years.
Sub-Components of the Scheme
The scheme consists of eight sub-components, each designed to support different aspects of art and culture across India.
- Financial Assistance to Cultural Organizations with National Presence
- Objective: To support large cultural organizations with a nationwide presence.
- Grant Amount: Up to Rs. 1 crore (may increase to Rs. 5 crore in exceptional cases).
- Cultural Function & Production Grant (CFPG)
- Objective: Provides financial aid for cultural events like seminars, conferences, research, workshops, festivals, exhibitions, and productions of dance, drama, and music.
- Grant Amount: Up to Rs. 5 lakh (may increase to Rs. 20 lakh in exceptional cases).
- Financial Assistance for the Preservation & Development of Cultural Heritage of the Himalayas
- Objective: To promote and preserve the cultural heritage of the Himalayan region, including Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
- Grant Amount: Up to Rs. 10 lakh per year (may increase to Rs. 30 lakh in exceptional cases).
- Financial Assistance for the Preservation & Development of Buddhist/Tibetan Organizations
- Objective: To support Buddhist/Tibetan organizations, including monasteries, in preserving and developing Buddhist/Tibetan culture and traditions.
- Grant Amount: Up to Rs. 30 lakh per year (may increase to Rs. 1 crore in exceptional cases).
- Financial Assistance for Building Grants including Studio Theatres
- Objective: To provide financial support for creating cultural infrastructure, such as studio theatres, auditoriums, and rehearsal halls, along with providing essential facilities like lighting, acoustics, and sound systems.
- Grant Amount: Up to Rs. 50 lakh in metro cities and Rs. 25 lakh in non-metro cities.
- Financial Assistance for Allied Cultural Activities
- Objective: To assist in the creation of assets that enhance the audio-visual spectacle for live performances and cultural activities.
- Grant Amount:
- Audio: Up to Rs. 1 crore.
- Audio + Video: Up to Rs. 1.5 crore (includes 5 years of operation and maintenance costs).
- Intangible Cultural Heritage
- Objective: To safeguard and promote India’s intangible cultural heritage, supporting institutions, groups, and NGOs involved in relevant activities.
- Grant Amount: Varies based on specific activities.
- Domestic Festivals and Fairs
- Objective: To assist in organizing RashtriyaSanskritiMahotsavs (National Culture Festivals) across India, engaging artists and showcasing various cultural traditions.
- Grant Amount: Event-based assistance; Rs. 38.67 crore was released in the last three years for these events.
Implementation and Monitoring
The Ministry of Culture closely monitors the effective utilization of funds under this scheme through:
- Utilization Certificates and audited financial statements.
- On-site physical inspections to assess the progress and impact of the funded projects.
- Regular oversight ensures that the assistance is used for its intended purpose and meets the objectives of cultural promotion and preservation.
Support for Individual Artists and Cultural Research
In addition to the above schemes, the Ministry of Culture also supports individual artists and cultural researchers through the ‘Scheme of Scholarship and Fellowship for Promotion of Art and Culture’. This scheme includes the following components:
- Award of Scholarships to Young Artists (SYA)
- Objective: To support young artists aged 18-25 years in various cultural fields.
- Duration: 2 years.
- Eligibility: Applicants should have undergone at least 5 years of training under a recognized guru or institution.
- Award of Senior/Junior Fellowships
- Senior Fellowship: For individuals 40 years and above to support cultural research.
- Junior Fellowship: For individuals 25-40 years for cultural research.
- Up to 400 Fellowships are awarded annually.
- Tagore National Fellowship for Cultural Research
- Objective: To provide funding for cultural research under two categories: Tagore National Fellowship and Tagore Research Scholarship.
- Selection: Fellows and scholars are selected by the National Selection Committee.
- Project Grants for Research in Performing Arts
- Objective: To provide financial assistance to individuals conducting research in performing arts.
Eurasian Goshawk sighting at Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary
- 24 Mar 2025
In News:
A significant wildlife discovery has been made at Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra, where the Eurasian goshawk, a large bird of prey, was spotted for the first time. This marks the first documented instance of the Eurasian goshawk in the sanctuary, although the species has been previously recorded in Maharashtra three times.
About the Eurasian Goshawk
- Scientific Name: Accipiter gentilis
- Description: A powerful raptor known for its short, broad wings and long tail.
- Habitat: Dense forests, particularly coniferous and mixed woodlands across Europe, Asia, and parts of North America.
- Winter Visitor: The Eurasian goshawk is a winter visitor to India, making this sighting at Tansa particularly noteworthy.
Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary
- Located in the foothills of the Western Ghats in Thane District, Maharashtra, Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary covers 320 sq. km.
- Positioned approximately 90 km northeast of Mumbai, it serves as a vital catchment area for Tansa Lake and is bordered by the Tansa and Vaitarna rivers.
Flora and Fauna
The sanctuary boasts a rich diversity of flora and fauna, including:
- 200 bird species
- 54 animal species, including endangered animals like:
- Panther
- Hyena
- Barking Deer
- Notable species include:
- Critically Endangered vultures
- Vulnerable Pallas’s fish-eagle
Vegetation and Landscape
- Southern Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest with patches of Evergreen Forest.
- Flora includes trees like Kalamb, Bibla, Khair, Hed, Teak, and Bamboo.
Avian Discoveries
Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary is also renowned for its avian discoveries, such as the critically endangered Forest Owlet, which was first documented here in 2014. This discovery highlighted the sanctuary’s significance for bird conservation.
Conservation Efforts and Ecological Role
The sighting of the Eurasian goshawk further emphasizes the critical need for ongoing conservation efforts at Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary.
Role of the Eurasian Goshawk in Ecosystem
As a bird of prey, the Eurasian goshawk plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance by controlling populations of smaller mammals and birds.
Though listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List, the Eurasian goshawk’s presence underscores the sanctuary’s importance in the region’s biodiversity.
India-ASEAN and EU Cooperation on Counter-Terrorism
- 23 Mar 2025
In News:
- 14th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) Experts’ Working Group on Counter-Terrorism (EWG on CT) was held in New Delhi.
- India and Malaysia took over as co-chairs for the 2024–2027 cycle, succeeding Myanmar and Russia (2021–2024).
- Two major exercises were announced:
- Table-top Exercise in Malaysia – 2026
- Field Training Exercise in India – 2027
- These are part of the EWG on CT 2024–2027 Work Plan.
Purpose and Agenda:
- To devise a comprehensive and coordinated counter-terrorism strategy.
- To share on-ground experiences of ASEAN and partner nations’ defence forces.
- Focus on evolving threats like violent extremism, radicalisation, and terrorism financing.
Participants in ADMM-Plus EWG on CT:
- ASEAN Member States: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia.
- Dialogue Partners: India, China, U.S., Russia, Japan, South Korea, Australia.
- ASEAN Secretariat also participated.
India-EU Counterterrorism Engagement:
- On the sidelines of the Raisina Dialogue, the European Union (EU) conducted a technical workshop in New Delhi on preventing and countering violent extremism.
- Organized with the Embassy of the Netherlands and attended by security experts from EU states like Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Netherlands, as well as the Strong Cities Network (SCN).
- Discussions focused on:
- De-radicalisation strategies
- Rehabilitation of extremists
- Whole-of-government approaches
- Risk evaluation and reintegration
- Reinforced the India-EU commitment made during the EU College of Commissioners' visit to India and in the Joint Leaders' Statement.
About ASEAN:
- Established: August 8, 1967 (Bangkok Declaration)
- Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia
- Motto: "One Vision, One Identity, One Community"
- Members (10):
- Founding (1967): Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
- Later: Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995), Laos & Myanmar (1997), Cambodia (1999)
- Population: ~662 million (2022)
- Combined GDP: $3.2 trillion (2022)
ASEAN Institutional Mechanisms:
- ASEAN Summit – Annual heads-of-state meeting.
- ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC) – Implements decisions and agreements.
- ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) – India joined in 1996; focuses on regional security dialogue.
- ASEAN Secretariat – Administrative support to ASEAN initiatives.
India-ASEAN Relations:
- Sectoral Dialogue Partner since 1992; Full Dialogue Partner since 1996.
- India-ASEAN FTA:
- Goods (2009)
- Services & Investments (2014)
- Strategic Partnership: Established in 2012.
- India in ADMM-Plus: Actively participates in defence and security cooperation mechanisms.
- ASEAN Future Forum: Proposed by Vietnam (2023); India is a founding member.
2030 Global Forest Vision (GFV)
- 23 Mar 2025
In News:
The 2030 Global Forest Vision (GFV), released in March 2025 by the Forest Declaration Assessment (FDA), outlines priority actions for governments to reverse forest loss and align environmental and trade policies ahead of UNFCCC COP30 (November 2025).
Background:
- The Forest Declaration Assessment (FDA) was established in 2015 to monitor progress on the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF), a voluntary pact launched in 2014.
- NYDF includes 10 goals aimed at halting deforestation by 2030 and is supported by governments, corporations, indigenous groups, and civil society.
- India is not a signatory to the NYDF as of 2025.
Current State of Forests (Key Data):
- Despite commitments from 140 countries, 6.37 million hectares of forests were lost in 2023.
- Major drivers of deforestation:
- Agricultural demand for palm oil, soy, beef, and timber.
- 80% of Amazon deforestation is due to cattle ranching.
- 800+ million trees lost between 2017–2022 to meet Brazilian beef exports.
- In Indonesia and Malaysia, palm oil expansion threatens orangutans and Sumatran tigers.
Eight Priority Actions for Governments (GFV 2025):
- Ambition:Integrate forest conservation into national climate and biodiversity plans and COP30 commitments.
- Trade:Ensure legal, deforestation-free, and degradation-free trade through international partnerships.
- Finance:Scale up results-based payments and forest carbon credit systems, as agreed in the 2024 Forest & Climate Leaders’ Statement.
- Rights:Secure land rights of Indigenous Peoples (IPs) and Local Communities (LCs) to protect traditional forest stewardship.
- Supervision:Mandate financial institutions to assess and manage forest-related risks.
- Subsidies:Repurpose harmful subsidies to support sustainable food systems, bioeconomy, and forest management.
- Governance:Align land-use sector governance with global forest and climate commitments.
- Debt Flexibility:Recognize forests as natural capital in debt management to enhance fiscal space for forest-rich countries.
Global and Regional Efforts:
- EU Deforestation Regulation (2026):Bans imports linked to deforestation; companies must ensure supply chain transparency.
- U.S. Initiatives:Stricter laws against illegal logging and deforestation-linked imports.
- Challenges:
- China and India have not implemented deforestation-free trade regulations.
- Smallholder farmers lack the resources to certify products as deforestation-free.
- Developing nations (Brazil, Indonesia, African countries) express concerns over economic impacts of stricter trade rules.
Recommendations by GFV 2025:
- Tighten Global Trade Policies:Prevent companies from rerouting products to markets with weak regulations.
- Adopt Deforestation-Free Trade Laws:India, China, and other major economies urged to enact such policies.
- Support Local Economies:Provide technical and financial support to farmers for sustainable practices.
- Enhance Global Monitoring:Improve tracking systems for forest-linked commodities and promote global cooperation.
Kerala Establish Senior Citizens Commission
- 23 Mar 2025
In News:
In a landmark move, Kerala has become the first state in India to pass legislation creating a Senior Citizens Commission, with the passing of the Kerala State Senior Citizens Commission Bill, 2025.
Background: Rising Elderly Population in Kerala
- Kerala is witnessing rapid population ageing, outpacing national trends.
- Elderly (60+) as % of total population:
- 1961: 5.1% (Kerala) vs. 5.6% (India)
- 2001: 10.5% (Kerala) vs. 7.5% (India)
- 2015: 13.1% (Kerala) vs. 8.3% (India)
- Current elderly population: Approximately 4.8 million, expected to rise to 8.4 million by 2036.
- Key issues: neglect, abuse, financial insecurity, and loneliness.
Senior Citizens Commission: Key Highlights
- Statutory body under the Kerala State Senior Citizens Commission Act, 2025.
- Objective: Protection, welfare, rehabilitation, and empowerment of senior citizens.
- Will act as an independent authority with powers similar to a civil court.
Structure:
- Chairperson (status of Govt. Secretary) and three members (all senior citizens).
- Composition includes at least one woman and one member from SC/ST communities.
- Term: 3 years.
- Experts may be invited as special invitees (no voting rights).
Core Functions and Responsibilities:
- Policy Advisory:
- Recommends policies for elderly welfare.
- Aligns with national goals, such as the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.
- Legal and Grievance Redressal:
- Investigates complaints of abuse, neglect, or exploitation.
- Can summon individuals, record evidence, and recommend protective actions.
- Healthcare and Mental Well-being:
- Promotes geriatric care, regular health check-ups, and mental health support.
- Addresses loneliness, depression, and social isolation.
- Social Inclusion and Engagement:
- Encourages intergenerational bonding and community programs.
- Utilizes skills and experience of the elderly for social and community development.
- Financial Security Support:Aids in accessing pensions, social security schemes, and financial counselling.
- Monitoring and Reporting:
- Submits periodic reports to the state government.
- Makes recommendations for policy improvement and conflict resolution.
- Custodial Oversight:Addresses issues related to elderly detainees in prisons and lock-ups.
Budget and Administrative Details:
- Annual expenditure: Approx. ?1 crore (salaries, allowances, operations).
- One-time setup cost: ?9 lakh from the Consolidated Fund of the State of Kerala.
Significance:
- First such commission in India, fulfilling recommendations under the National Policy on Senior Citizens, 2011.
- Aims to serve as a model for other Indian states facing similar demographic shifts.
- Reinforces Kerala’s leadership in elderly welfare policies.
GPS Interference and Spoofing in Indian Airspace
- 23 Mar 2025
In News:
Between November 2023 and February 2025, 465 incidents of GPS interference and spoofing were reported, predominantly in the Amritsar and Jammu border regions. This was disclosed by Minister of State for Civil Aviation MurlidharMohol in a written reply to the Lok Sabha.
What is GPS/GNSS Spoofing?
- GPS (Global Positioning System) and GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) spoofing involves broadcasting false GPS signals that deceive receivers into calculating incorrect locations.
- It is a form of cyberattack exploiting weak satellite signal strength to override legitimate GPS data.
- It can mislead aircraft navigation systems, creating flight safety risks in sensitive regions like international borders.
How GPS Spoofing Works:
- GPS satellites transmit weak signals to Earth.
- Spoofers broadcast stronger fake signals mimicking these satellites.
- Receivers (like those in aircraft) pick up false data, resulting in mislocation or navigation errors.
Types of Spoofing Attacks:
- GPS Spoofing – False location data.
- IP Spoofing – Hides origin of data, often used in DDoS attacks.
- SMS/Caller ID Spoofing – Disguises identity to deceive users.
Government Response:
DGCA Circular (Nov 2023):
- Mandated reporting of GPS interference.
- Issued mitigation guidelines for:
- Aircraft operators
- Pilots
- Air Traffic Controllers
- Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP)
Use of International Best Practices:
- Guidelines align with ICAO and EASA standards.
- NOTAMs (Notice to Airmen) are issued in affected areas.
- Airlines implement Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to manage spoofing incidents.
Navigation Redundancy Measures:
- Retention of ground-based navigation systems as backups.
- Ensures continued navigation in the event of GPS disruption.
Role of AAI (Airports Authority of India):
- Sole Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) in India.
- Continuously upgrading air navigation infrastructure to counter emerging threats like spoofing.
World Happiness Report 2025
- 23 Mar 2025
In News:
The World Happiness Report (WHR) 2025 was released on 20th March (World Happiness Day) by the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, in collaboration with Gallup and the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (UNSDSN).
India’s Performance:
- India’s Rank (2025):118th out of 147 countries (Improved from 126th in 2024).
- Sub-Indicator Performance:
- Donations: 57th
- Volunteering: 10th
- Helping a Stranger: 74th
- Wallet Return Probability:
- 115th (by neighbor)
- 86th (by stranger)
- 93rd (by police)
- Sub-Indicator Performance:
- Happiness Score: Increased from 4.054 (2021–23) to 4.389 (2022–24).
- Rank among Neighbors:
- Nepal: 92nd
- Pakistan: 109th
- Myanmar: 126th
- Sri Lanka: 133rd
- Bangladesh: 134th
Top 10 Happiest Countries (2025):
- Finland (8th consecutive year)
- Denmark
- Iceland
- Sweden
- Israel
- Costa Rica (new entrant)
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Luxembourg
- Mexico(new entrant)
Least Happy Countries (Bottom 5):
- 147th: Afghanistan (4th consecutive year as lowest)
- 146th: Sierra Leone
- 145th: Lebanon
- 144th: Malawi
- 143rd: Zimbabwe
About the Report:
- Purpose: Measures global well-being through life evaluations and promotes policy focus on happiness, mental health, and quality of life over mere economic growth.
- Methodology:
- Based on Gallup World Poll (2022–2024 data).
- Uses Cantril Ladder Scale (0–10) for life evaluation.
- Six Key Indicators:
- GDP per capita
- Healthy life expectancy
- Social support
- Freedom to make life choices
- Generosity
- Perception of corruption
Global Trends in Happiness (2025):
- Nordic Dominance: Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden occupy top ranks.
- Decline in Western Countries:
- USA: 24th (down from 11th in 2012)
- UK: 23rd (lowest since 2017)
- Rising loneliness and social isolation major causes.
- Israel (5th): Maintained high rank despite ongoing conflict.
- Social Support Decline: 19% of young adults globally report having no one to rely on.
Special Focus: India vs Pakistan – The Paradox
Despite India’s:
- Higher GDP per capita ($2,480.8 vs Pakistan’s $1,365.3),
- Better health indicators (life expectancy: 58.1 vs 56.9),
- Better corruption perception rank (India: 96th, Pakistan: 135th),
India still ranks lower in happiness.
Reason: Low scores in perceived freedom and individual life satisfaction.
World Happiness Day:
- Observed on: 20th March
- Initiated by: Bhutan, which pioneered the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH).
- Adopted by UNGA: July 2012
- Theme 2025:"Caring and Sharing"
Exercise Sea Dragon 2025
- 22 Mar 2025
In News:
India successfully concluded its participation in Exercise Sea Dragon 2025, a two-week multinational anti-submarine warfare (ASW) drill conducted in the Indo-Pacific region, hosted by the United States Navy’s 7th Fleet.
About Exercise Sea Dragon 2025
- Type: Annual Multinational Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Exercise
- Duration: Two weeks
- Location:Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, Western Pacific
- Host: U.S. Navy’s 7th Fleet
- Inception: Started as a bilateral US-Australia exercise in 2019; expanded to include more Indo-Pacific allies.
- India’s Participation: Since 2021; SD25 marks India’s 4th consecutive participation.
Objectives of Sea Dragon 2025
- Enhance Maritime Security and regional naval cooperation
- Strengthen anti-submarine warfare capabilities
- Improve interoperability and coordination among Indo-Pacific allies
- Promote a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific
- Address undersea threats, particularly in light of China’s growing maritime presence
Key Features of Sea Dragon 2025
- Live ASWEX: Tracking of real U.S. Navy submarines
- Mobile Drills: Use of MK-30 ‘SLED’ (Submarine Launch Expendable Device) as training targets
- Competitive Phase: Crews evaluated and graded based on ASW tactics and effectiveness
- Theoretical + Practical Training: Included tactical discussions, submarine detection, and neutralization scenarios
- Deployment of Advanced MPRA (Maritime Patrol and Reconnaissance Aircraft): Equipped with sonobuoys and sensors for submarine tracking
Significance for India
- Improves ASW Readiness and operational capabilities of the Indian Navy
- Strengthens ties with Quad members (U.S., Australia, Japan) and other Indo-Pacific partners
- Supports India’s broader strategy of naval modernization
- Aligns with India’s efforts to safeguard its interests in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and maintain regional stability.
Outcome
- RAAF (Australia) emerged as the top-performing team in the competitive phase.
- India successfully demonstrated its capabilities and reaffirmed commitment to Indo-Pacific security cooperation.
AFSPA in the Northeast
- 22 Mar 2025
In News:
The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is reviewing the scope of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) in the Northeast, especially in light of ongoing ethnic violence in Manipur and security reviews in Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam.
What is AFSPA?
- AFSPA (1958) empowers the armed forces to maintain public order in ‘disturbed areas’.
- It authorizes armed forces to:
- Use force or open fire after due warning.
- Arrest without a warrant.
- Conduct searches without a warrant.
- Enjoy legal immunity from prosecution without prior sanction of the Central Government.
Declaration of Disturbed Area
- A region is declared ‘disturbed’ through a notification in the Official Gazette.
- The declaration can be made by:
- Governor of a State, or
- Central Government.
- Duration: Notifications are valid for 6 months, reviewed periodically for extension or withdrawal.
AFSPA in Manipur: Recent Developments
- AFSPA was withdrawn from all valley police stations between April 2022–April 2023 due to improved law and order.
- However, after ethnic violence erupted on May 3, 2023, the Act was reimposed in 6 police stations across 5 districts (mostly in valley areas) as of November 14, 2024.
- At a review meeting on March 20, 2025, the Indian Army proposed re-imposition of AFSPA in 12 more police station limits in Manipur Valley for operational efficiency.
- President’s Rule has been in force in Manipur since February 13, 2025.
- The final decision on AFSPA expansion in Manipur will be taken by the MHA.
Status in Other Northeastern States
- The MHA held a multi-agency review on March 19, 2025, regarding AFSPA coverage in Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur.
- Current Authority to Notify Disturbed Areas:
- MHA: Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.
- State Governments: Manipur and Assam.
- Possible De-Notification: One district in Assam may be removed from AFSPA coverage based on the latest review.
Legal and Administrative Background
- AFSPA came into force in Manipur in 1981.
- Manipur attained Statehood in 1972, earlier being a Union Territory.
- The Imphal Municipality area has remained outside AFSPA since 2004.
- The most recent “disturbed area” notification for hill districts in Manipur was issued on September 26, 2024.
States Under AFSPA (as of February 2025)
- Manipur
- Nagaland
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Assam
- Jammu and Kashmir
PEPSU Muzhara Movement
- 22 Mar 2025
In News:
The PEPSU Muzhara Movement, commemorated annually on March 19, was a significant agrarian uprising by landless tenant farmers (muzharas) in Punjab demanding ownership rights over the land they cultivated. It stands as a historic resistance against feudal and colonial exploitation.
Background & Region
- Initiation: Started in the 1930s in the Patiala princely state.
- Expanded Across: 784 villages in present-day Patiala, Barnala, Mansa, Sangrur, Bathinda, Mohali, Fatehgarh Sahib, Faridkot (Punjab), and Jind (now in Haryana).
- After independence, the region was reorganized into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), where the movement intensified.
Who Were the Muzharas?
- Muzharas were landless tenant farmers who cultivated land owned by biswedars (feudal landlords).
- They were forced to give one-third of their produce to landlords, who further paid a share to princely rulers, who in turn paid the British.
- Even after Independence (1947), landlords continued this exploitative practice, leading to widespread unrest.
Causes of the Movement
- Feudal oppression and loss of ancestral land.
- Colonial revenue structure perpetuated peasant poverty.
- Post-independence continuation of feudal demands.
- Denial of land ownership despite generations of cultivation.
Key Leaders
- Jagir Singh Joga – Organised and united tenant farmers.
- Buta Singh – Advocate for land redistribution.
- Teja Singh Sutantar – Linked the struggle with broader peasant movements.
- Sewa Singh Thikriwala – Anti-feudal ideologue and early inspiration.
- Bhai Jodh Singh – Strengthened the movement through grassroots mobilisation.
Phases and Nature of the Movement
- Peaceful Protests: Initial petitions and mobilisations.
- Armed Resistance: Tenant farmers took up arms for self-defense as repression increased.
- Mass Mobilisation: Conferences, rallies, and united action across villages.
Significance of March 19
- In March 1949, landlords attempted to reclaim cultivated lands in Kishangarh (Mansa district).
- The muzharas resisted by harvesting crops themselves, leading to a violent standoff.
- On March 17, a police officer was killed, resulting in the arrest of 35 muzharas—all acquitted by 1950.
- On March 19, 1949, the army surrounded the village, and four muzharas were killed.
- Since 1953, March 19 has been observed as “Muzhara Shaheedi Diwas”, honouring martyrs of the movement.
Outcome
- Land Reforms (1952): The movement culminated in reforms granting ownership rights to tenant farmers.
- Became a symbol of peasant resistance against exploitation and injustice.
Samarth Incubation Programme
- 22 Mar 2025
In News:
The ‘Samarth’ Incubation Programme is a strategic initiative launched by the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) to foster startup-driven innovation in India’s rapidly evolving telecommunications and IT sectors. This programme aligns with the goals of Atmanirbhar Bharat and Digital India, aiming to build indigenous capabilities in cutting-edge technologies.
Key Highlights:
- Launched By:Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), an autonomous R&D centre under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Government of India.
- Implementation Partner:Software Technology Parks of India (STPI), under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), which promotes IT/ITES innovation, startups, and R&D.
- Launch Date:19th March 2025.
- Objective:To support DPIIT-recognized startups developing next-generation technologies in the fields of:
- Telecom Software
- Cybersecurity
- 5G/6G Communications
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Internet of Things (IoT)
- Quantum Technologies
- Program Structure:
- Two cohorts, each of six months duration.
- 18 startups per cohort (Total of 36 startups).
- Hybrid mode of delivery (virtual + physical support).
Support and Benefits Provided
- Financial Assistance:Grant of up to ?5 lakh per selected startup.
- Infrastructure Access:
- Fully furnished office space for 6 months at the C-DOT campus.
- Access to C-DOT’s lab and testing facilities.
- Mentorship & Networking:
- Guidance from C-DOT technical experts and industry leaders.
- Connection with investors, stakeholders, and potential collaborators.
- Future Opportunities:Eligible startups may be offered continued collaboration under the C-DOT Collaborative Research Program, based on their performance and innovation outcomes.
Selection Process
- Eligibility:Open to startups recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
- Screening:Applications are evaluated through a structured selection process:
- Screening of applications based on innovation potential.
- Pitch presentation before an expert selection committee.
- Final cohort selection.
Significance for India’s Tech Ecosystem
- Promotes self-reliance in telecom and IT hardware/software innovation.
- Encourages the commercialization of research and ideas in emerging technology domains.
- Creates a supportive ecosystem for startups to thrive through structured mentorship and funding.
- Contributes to job creation and skill development in advanced digital sectors.
APAAR ID
- 22 Mar 2025
In News:
The Centre and several State governments are pushing for large-scale adoption of the APAAR ID, leading to concerns over privacy, data security, and its voluntary status.
What is APAAR?
APAAR stands for Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry, a 12-digit unique student identification number. It is a central digital record system introduced under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and is part of the broader ‘One Nation, One Student ID’ initiative. The ID consolidates students’ academic and co-curricular achievements across school and higher education, accessible via DigiLocker and generated through the UDISE+ portal.
Objectives and Benefits:
- Seamless Academic Mobility: Enables smooth transfers between schools and institutions.
- Permanent Record Keeping: Stores marksheets, qualifications, and affiliations in one place.
- Career and Skill Support: Facilitates use in entrance exams, job applications, skill training, and admissions.
- Data for Policymaking: Helps track educational outcomes and inform targeted interventions.
- Integration with Other Platforms:
- DigiLocker: Cloud-based certificate storage recognized under IT Rules, 2016.
- Academic Bank of Credits (ABC): Links credit transfers with APAAR ID.
Is APAAR Mandatory?
- Legally Voluntary: The Union Government clarified in Parliament (Dec 2024) that APAAR registration is not compulsory.
- Implementation Pressure: CBSE and states like Uttar Pradesh have aggressively pushed for 100% coverage, leading to confusion.
- Opt-Out Provision: Parents can submit a written refusal to schools. Templates are available from digital rights organizations like the Software Freedom Law Centre (SFLC).
Generation Process:
- School verifies student’s demographic details.
- Parent/guardian provides consent (especially for minors).
- ID is generated post-authentication.
Key Challenges:
- Privacy Concerns: Collection of children's personal data without a dedicated legal framework raises constitutional questions.
- Section 9(3) of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 prohibits tracking and profiling of children.
- Risk of data exposure due to open APIs and lack of cybersecurity safeguards.
- Lack of Transparency: No clear policy document; RTI applications have been redirected multiple times without clear answers.
- Administrative Burden: Teachers duplicate data already recorded under UDISE+, leading to extra workload.
- Technical Glitches: Issues in Aadhaar linking and data mismatches delay generation. Example: Only 24% APAAR generation in Bengaluru Urban South due to such errors.
Way Forward:
- Clear Communication: Government must ensure schools inform parents about the voluntary nature.
- Legal Safeguards: A robust data protection mechanism should be mandated before full-scale rollout.
- Capacity Building: Train school authorities on secure data handling and informed consent procedures.
- Monitoring and Accountability: States should report progress and resolve grievances via helplines and grievance redress mechanisms.
WEF UpLink Annual Impact Report 2025
- 21 Mar 2025
In News:
The World Economic Forum’s (WEF) UpLink Annual Impact Report 2025 underscores the significant contributions of early-stage start-ups in tackling climate and sustainability challenges globally.
About UpLink:
- Launched: 2020 at Davos by WEF in collaboration with Deloitte and Salesforce.
- Objective: Open innovation platform to support the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by connecting entrepreneurs with experts, investors, and stakeholders.
Key Environmental and Social Impacts (2023–2024):
Category Impact
Carbon Emissions 142,400 tonnes of CO? prevented (equal to emissions
of ~30,000 cars)
Ecosystem Protection 140 million hectares of land and water safeguarded
Water Management 2.5 billion litres of hazardous wastewater treated
Waste Management 28 million tonnes of waste tracked
Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) 2.7 million people gained improved access
Job Creation 30,000+ new jobs generated
Livelihood Support ~500,000 smallholder farmers and fishers experienced
income growth
Waste Collector Empowerment 18,000 collectors integrated into formal markets
Notable Indian Contributions:
- Indra Water: Processed 1.2 billion litres of wastewater in 2024 (243% rise from 2022).
- S4S Technologies: Reduced 60,000 tonnes of food waste — enough to feed 2.7 million people for a month.
Global Innovations Highlighted:
- EnviCore (Canada): Uses mining waste in construction to cut emissions.
- Umgrauemeio (Brazil): AI-based wildfire monitoring across 6.7 million hectares of forests.
- SHAYP: Saved 7 billion litres of water in 2024 using leakage detection; aims for 100 billion litres by 2027.
- GreenPlat (Brazil): Tracked 12.3 million tonnes more waste in 2024 than the previous year.
Investment and Innovation Trends:
- Total Funds Raised by UpLink Ventures in 2024: $633 million (up by $196 million from 2023).
- Customer Base Growth: Nearly 50% of ventures reported over 40% increase in customers.
- Circular Economy Focus: 13 ventures supported under the Traceability for Circularity Challenge to promote ethical and waste-reducing value chains.
Future Focus Areas (Planned by UpLink):
- Sustainable mining
- Carbon capture technologies
- AI-driven environmental monitoring
State of the Global Climate 2024 Report
- 21 Mar 2025
In News:
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released its State of the Global Climate 2024 Report at COP29 (Baku), warning that global warming is dangerously close to breaching the 1.5°C threshold set by the Paris Agreement.
About WMO
- Type: UN Specialized Agency
- Established: 1950
- Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
- Membership: 193 (187 Member States + 6 Territories)
- Mandate: Meteorology, operational hydrology, and geophysical sciences.
- Reports Released:
- State of the Global Climate Report
- Greenhouse Gas Bulletin
- Global Water Resources Report
- State of Climate Services Report
- United in Science Report
Key Findings – State of Global Climate 2024
Global Temperature Rise
- Current warming: 1.34°C–1.41°C above pre-industrial levels.
- 19 of the last 20 months crossed the 1.5°C threshold temporarily.
- 2024: Warmest year in the 175-year observational record.
- Projected crossing of the 1.5°C threshold: by September 2029.
Greenhouse Gases (2023)
- CO?: 420 ppm – 151% of pre-industrial levels (highest in 800,000 years)
- CH? (Methane): 1923 ppb – 266% of pre-industrial levels
- N?O (Nitrous Oxide): 335.8 ppb – 124% of pre-industrial levels
Ocean & Cryosphere
- Ocean Heat Content: Highest in 65 years – oceans absorb 90% of global heat
- Sea Level Rise:
- 1993–2002: 2.1 mm/year
- 2015–2024: 4.7 mm/year (rate doubled)
- Glacier Melt:
- 2022–2024: Largest 3-year negative mass balance on record
- Severe loss in Norway, Sweden, Svalbard, and Andes
- Arctic Sea Ice: Record lows for 18 consecutive years
- Antarctic Sea Ice: 2nd-lowest extent ever
- Ocean Acidification:
- Surface pH falling fastest in Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Pacific
- Effects irreversible for centuries
Extreme Weather Events & Displacement
- 2024: Record-high displacements from climate disasters
- Cyclones, floods, and droughts worsened food and humanitarian crises
- Worst-hit regions: East Asia, Southeast Europe, West Asia, Mediterranean
Reasons Behind These Trends
- GHG Emissions: Fossil fuel combustion, industrial emissions, agriculture, and deforestation.
- El Niño Effect: Warm Pacific currents intensified 2024’s global heat.
- Urban Heat Islands: Dense cities retain heat, increasing local warming.
- Ocean Absorption: Excess atmospheric CO? and heat absorbed by oceans.
Global Climate Governance
- UNFCCC (1992): Multilateral treaty for climate action.
- Paris Agreement (2015):
- Goal: Limit warming to below 2°C, aim for 1.5°C.
- Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
- $100 billion/year climate finance pledge
- Global Methane Pledge (2021): Cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030.
- Global Ocean Treaty (2023): Protect 30% of oceans by 2030.
- UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030): Forest and marine recovery.
- IPCC: UN scientific body for climate assessments (doesn’t conduct research).
India’s Climate Initiatives
Targets & Strategies
- Net Zero by 2070 (COP26)
- LT-LEDS (2022): Long-term low emissions strategy
- Updated NDC (2022):
- Reduce GDP emissions intensity by 45% by 2030 (vs. 2005)
- 50% electricity capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030
Renewable Energy & Alliances
- International Solar Alliance (ISA):
- Launched with France in 2015 (COP21)
- Aim: Mobilize $1 trillion in solar investments by 2030
Afforestation & Ecosystem Protection
- Green Credit Program (2023) – incentivizes afforestation
- Ek Ped MaaKe Naam (2024) – tree plantation campaign
- NAP, CAMPA, Forest Act 1980 – promote forest restoration
- MISHTI (2023) – Mangrove restoration (?12.55 cr in 2024–25)
Behavioral Change
- LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) – promotes sustainable consumption
Challenges to Climate Action
Sector Key Challenges
Energy High coal dependence (>50%), renewable intermittency, grid gaps, foreign tech reliance
Urbanization Rising energy/waste demand, land use conflicts
Industry Hard-to-abate emissions in cement, steel, transport
Agriculture Fossil fuel inputs, livestock methane, fertilizer N?O
Finance Climate finance disparities; India criticized COP29’s $300 bn/year goal as insufficient
Equity Developed nations emit more, but developing nations suffer more
Greenwashing Misleading climate claims by corporates/governments
SansadBhashini Initiative
- 21 Mar 2025
In News:
The SansadBhashini Initiative is a collaborative project between the Lok Sabha Secretariat and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), launched to enhance digital and linguistic accessibility in India's parliamentary functioning.
About SansadBhashini
- Objective:To provide real-time AI-powered translation and transcription of parliamentary proceedings and documents across multiple Indian languages, ensuring greater transparency, inclusivity, and accessibility.
- Associated Platform:It is built on MeitY’sBhashini platform, a part of the National Language Translation Mission (NLTM), focused on democratizing access to digital content in Indian languages.
Key Features and Technologies Used
- AI-Powered Real-Time Translation: Enables instantaneous multilingual translation of legacy debates, legislative documents, and committee reports.
- Speech-to-Text Transcription System
- Converts spoken parliamentary debates into text with features such as:
- Background noise reduction
- Customizable vocabulary suited for legislative discourse
- High transcription accuracy
- Converts spoken parliamentary debates into text with features such as:
- Automatic Summarization: Generates concise and coherent summaries of long parliamentary discussions, aiding in faster decision-making and better public understanding.
- AI-Driven Chatbot Support
- Assists MPs, researchers, and officials with quick access to:
- Procedural rules
- Parliamentary archives
- Legislative documents
- Assists MPs, researchers, and officials with quick access to:
- Multilingual Accessibility and Inclusivity: Enhances linguistic diversity in governance by making proceedings available in multiple regional languages, thereby fostering greater public engagement.
Significance
- Strengthens e-Governance and digital democracy by making Parliament more accessible to citizens, especially non-Hindi/English speakers.
- Enhances documentation, transparency, and archiving through digitization and AI tools.
- Empowers MPs and legislative staff with real-time information and language tools, improving efficiency.
- Supports India’s Digital India mission and promotes linguistic equity in democratic institutions.
SagarmalaProgramme
- 21 Mar 2025
In News:
The SagarmalaProgramme, launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW) in 2015, aims to revolutionize India’s maritime sector by focusing on port-led development, logistics optimization, and coastal economic growth. With a 7,500 km coastline and strategic positioning on global trade routes, India is set to leverage its maritime potential for sustainable economic development.
Key Components of the SagarmalaProgramme
- Port Modernization & New Port Development: Upgrading existing ports and constructing new ones to enhance operational capacity, reduce bottlenecks, and improve efficiency.
- Port Connectivity Enhancement: Fostering seamless multi-modal logistics, including inland waterways and coastal shipping, to optimize time and cost of cargo transportation.
- Port-Led Industrialization: Establishing industrial clusters near ports, boosting economic growth while minimizing logistics costs.
- Coastal Community Development: Focusing on the sustainable development of coastal communities, through skill development, livelihood generation, and fisheries enhancement.
- Coastal Shipping & Inland Waterways Transport: Promoting eco-friendly cargo transportation via coastal and inland waterways to alleviate road and rail congestion.
Key Achievements and Outcomes
- Project Implementation: 839 projects worth ?5.79 lakh crore have been identified, with 272 projects already completed, amounting to ?1.41 lakh crore in investments.
- Growth in Coastal Shipping: Coastal shipping has surged by 118% over the last decade, significantly reducing logistics costs and emissions.
- Increased Inland Waterway Cargo: A 700% increase in inland waterway cargo, reducing congestion on roadways and railways.
- Improved Global Maritime Standing: Nine Indian ports now rank among the world’s top 100, with Vizag among the top 20 container ports globally.
Sagarmala 2.0 and Strategic Initiatives
- Sagarmala 2.0, launched with a ?40,000 crore budgetary support, aims to position India among the top five shipbuilding nations by 2047.
- It introduces a focus on shipbuilding, repair, recycling, and further port modernization, which will help India become a global maritime hub.
- The initiative targets a shipbuilding capacity of 4 million GRT and an annual port handling capacity of 10 billion metric tons.
- Additionally, the Sagarmala Startup Innovation Initiative (S2I2), launched in March 2025, seeks to promote innovation, research, and startups in the maritime sector.
- The program emphasizes green shipping, smart ports, and sustainable coastal development, providing funding, mentorship, and industry partnerships to boost technological advancement in the sector.
Funding and Project Implementation
- The SagarmalaProgramme follows a strategic and stakeholder-driven approach, involving central ministries, state governments, major ports, and other agencies.
- The funding structure utilizes a combination of public-private partnerships (PPP), internal resources of MoPSW agencies, and grant-in-aid for high-social-impact projects.
- The establishment of the Sagarmala Development Company Limited (SDCL) facilitates equity participation in key projects.
Future Outlook and Alignment with Vision 2047
Sagarmala 2.0 and its strategic initiatives are aligned with the Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 (MAKV), which aims to make India a leader in global maritime affairs. By enhancing port efficiency, expanding shipbuilding capacity, and fostering innovation, these initiatives will support India's vision of a Viksit Bharat (developed India) and Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) by 2047.
Revised Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM)
- 21 Mar 2025
In News:
The Union Cabinet has approved the implementation of the Revised Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM) for 2024–25 and 2025–26, with an enhanced financial outlay.
Background:
- Launched: December 2014
- Type: Central Sector Scheme under the Development Programmes
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying
- Primary Aim: Conservation and development of indigenous bovine breeds and enhancement of milk productivity through advanced breeding technologies.
Revised Allocation:
- Total Outlay: ?3,400 crore
- Additional Allocation: ?1,000 crore for 2024–25 and 2025–26
- Finance Commission Cycle: 15th (2021–22 to 2025–26)
Objectives of Revised RGM:
- Enhance productivity of bovines and sustainable milk production.
- Promote scientific breeding using high genetic merit (HGM) bulls.
- Expand Artificial Insemination (AI) coverage across India.
- Conserve indigenous cattle and buffalo breeds through genomic and reproductive technologies.
Key New Initiatives (2024–26):
- Heifer Rearing Centres:
- One-time assistance of 35% of capital cost.
- To establish 30 housing facilities with a total of 15,000 heifers.
- Interest Subvention Scheme:
- 3% interest subsidy on loans for purchasing HGM IVF heifers.
- Applicable to farmers borrowing from milk unions, banks, or financial institutions.
Major Achievements (as of 2023–24):
- Milk Production Increase: 63.55% rise in 10 years.
- Per Capita Milk Availability:
- 2013–14: 307 grams/day
- 2023–24: 471 grams/day
- Productivity Increase: 26.34% over the last decade.
Nationwide Artificial Insemination Programme (NAIP):
- Coverage: 605 districts with <50% baseline AI coverage.
- Animals Covered: 8.39 crore
- Farmers Benefitted: 5.21 crore
- Service: Free AI at farmer's doorstep.
Technological Interventions:
- IVF Labs: 22 labs set up across States and Universities.
- HGM Calves Born: 2,541 through IVF.
- Indigenous Technologies Developed:
- Gau Chip &Mahish Chip: Genomic chips by NDDB & ICAR-NBAGR.
- Gau Sort: Indian-developed sex-sorted semen technology by NDDB.
Significance:
- Strengthens Atmanirbhar Bharat in livestock genomics and AI.
- Enhances livelihoods of 8.5 crore dairy farmers.
- Preserves India’s indigenous bovine biodiversity.
- Promotes scientific cattle rearing and milk self-sufficiency.
BHIM-UPI Incentive Scheme 2024–25
- 20 Mar 2025
In News:
The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister, approved the Incentive Scheme for Promotion of Low-Value BHIM-UPI Transactions (Person-to-Merchant or P2M) for FY 2024–25 to encourage digital payment adoption, particularly among small merchants and in rural and remote areas.
Key Features of the Scheme:
- Duration: 1 April 2024 to 31 March 2025
- Outlay: ?1,500 crore
- Coverage: UPI (P2M) transactions up to ?2,000 for small merchants only
- Incentive Rate:0.15% per transaction value
- MDR (Merchant Discount Rate):
- Zero MDR for all UPI P2M transactions
- Incentive applicable only for small merchants on transactions ≤ ?2,000
Incentive Disbursement Conditions:
- 80% of claim amount: Paid upfront each quarter
- Remaining 20%: Conditional on:
- 10%: If acquiring bank’s technical decline < 0.75%
- 10%: If acquiring bank’s system uptime > 99.5%
Objective:
- Promote adoption of indigenous BHIM-UPI platform
- Achieve ?20,000 crore P2M transaction volume in FY 2024–25
- Expand UPI in Tier 3 to Tier 6 cities, especially rural areas
- Promote inclusive tools: UPI 123PAY (for feature phones), UPI Lite/LiteX (offline payments)
Expected Benefits:
- Cost-free UPI usage for small merchants (encouraging cashless transactions)
- Enhanced digital footprint helps merchants access formal credit
- Ensures round-the-clock availability of payment systems
- Strengthens financial inclusion and less-cash economy
- Balanced fiscal support from the government while encouraging systemic efficiency
Digital Payments Background:
- Since January 2020, MDR has been made zero for BHIM-UPI and RuPay Debit Cards via amendments to:
- Payments and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 (Section 10A)
- Income-tax Act, 1961 (Section 269SU)
- Previous incentive outlays (in ? crore):
Financial Year RuPay Debit Card BHIM-UPI Total
2021–22 432 957 1,389
2022–23 408 1,802 2,210
2023–24 363 3,268 3,631
What is BHIM-UPI?
- UPI: Real-time payment system developed by NPCI; allows instant money transfer between bank accounts via mobile apps.
- BHIM-UPI: Government-promoted UPI app launched in 2016.
- NIPL, NPCI’s international arm, is expanding UPI globally. UPI is accepted in Singapore, UAE, France, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and more.
Hmar-Zomi Clashes and Peace Efforts
- 20 Mar 2025
In News:
Following inter-community clashes between the Hmar and Zomi tribes in Churachandpur district of Manipur, efforts have been initiated by tribal leaders to restore peace. These communities are constituents of the larger Kuki-Zo ethnic group, which has been in conflict with the non-tribal Meitei community since May 2023.
Key Developments:
- Peace Initiative:Leaders of the Hmar Inpui and Zomi Council, apex bodies of the two communities, issued a joint statement on March 18, 2025, expressing concern over the violence and agreed to:
- Lift the shutdown in Churachandpur.
- Resolve disputes through customary laws.
- Work jointly for peace and normalcy.
- Government Response:
- Restrictions under Section 163 of BNSS (BharatiyaNagarik Suraksha Sanhita) were imposed as a preventive measure.
- President’s Rule was imposed in Manipur on February 13, 2025, and the State Assembly was placed under suspended animation following Chief Minister N. Biren Singh's resignation.
Ethnographic Background
Zomi Tribe:
- Ethnic Affiliation: Tibeto-Burman (Mongoloid race).
- Distribution: Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Assam; also in Myanmar and Bangladesh.
- Language: Belong to the Kuki-Chin (Kukish) group of languages.
- Religion: Predominantly Christian (Baptist, Presbyterian); formerly animistic.
- Features: Short stature, straight black hair, dark brown eyes.
Hmar Tribe:
- Ethnic Affiliation: Part of the Chin-Kuki-Mizo group, Mongoloid stock.
- Distribution: Manipur, Assam, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura.
- Language: Hmar language under Kuki-Chin group (Tibeto-Burman family).
- Traditional Beliefs: Animism; now mostly Christian.
- Social Structure: Clan-based; village led by a chief called “Lal”.
- Occupation: Mainly slash-and-burn (jhum) cultivators.
- Migration History: Folk traditions trace origin to Sinlung, believed to be in China.
Audible Enclaves
- 20 Mar 2025
Context:
Audible enclaves are highly localized zones of sound that remain undisturbed by ambient noise. These allow only specific individuals—usually within a defined space—to hear the sound, even in crowded or noisy environments.
Science Behind the Concept
- Nature of Sound:Sound travels as waves through a medium, causing its particles to vibrate back and forth.
- Frequency: The rate of this vibration determines the pitch of the sound.
- Higher frequency = Higher pitch.
- Diffraction: As sound propagates, it naturally spreads out. Higher-frequency waves tend to diverge more.
- Frequency: The rate of this vibration determines the pitch of the sound.
How Audible Enclaves are created
- Parametric Array Loudspeakers:These devices emit high-frequency ultrasonic waves modulated with an audio signal. As they move through air, the waves undergo self-demodulation, converting into audible sound in a narrow, focused beam. This beam is heard only by those directly in its path.
- Advanced Audible Enclaves (New Research – 2024):A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (March 17, 2024) demonstrated a more precise technique:
- Two ultrasonic waves of slightly different frequencies are emitted.
- These are inaudible on their own.
- When they intersect, non-linear acoustic interactions occur at that point.
- This generates an audible sound wave only at the intersection point, creating an enclave audible only to nearby individuals.
Applications and Relevance
- Private Communication in public places.
- Augmented Reality and targeted advertising.
- Assistive technology for the hearing-impaired.
- Security and military operations, where discreet communication is required.
Tren de Aragua
- 20 Mar 2025
In News:
In March 2025, the United States deported 261 Venezuelans, including alleged members of the violent Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua (TdA). The deportation invoked the Alien Enemies Act of 1798, used for the first time since World War II.
What is the Tren de Aragua (TdA)?
- Origin: Formed in 2014 inside Tocorón Prison in Aragua state, Venezuela.
- Evolution: Began as a prison gang under the “pran” system—where incarcerated crime bosses operated external criminal networks.
- Operations: Expanded amid Venezuela's economic crisis (post-2017) to Colombia, Peru, Chile, and later the United States, exploiting Venezuelan migrants.
- Criminal Activities: Drug trafficking, human trafficking, extortion, murder, and kidnapping.
- International Links: Chile accused the Venezuelan regime of facilitating the murder of a former opposition officer in 2023 via TdA operatives.
Presence in the United States
- Size: Estimated 5,000 global members; only a few hundred suspected in the U.S.
- Incidents: Linked to violent crimes in New York, Florida, Texas, Pennsylvania, California, and a high-profile case in Aurora, Denver.
- Designation: Labeled a "Transnational Criminal Organization" in 2023 by the Biden administration. Assets in the U.S. frozen and a $12 million reward announced for its leaders.
Alien Enemies Act (1798):
- Purpose: Allows the U.S. President to detain, deport, or restrict foreign nationals from hostile nations during war or invasion.
- Historic Use:
- War of 1812: Used against British citizens.
- WWI & WWII: Used for surveillance, restrictions, and internment of citizens from enemy nations (Japanese, Germans, Italians).
- Post-War: Used in 1948 to deport a Nazi operative; upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Controversial Invocation in 2025
- First use since WWII to target non-state criminal actors (TdA).
- The White House termed TdA a "terrorist gang" and a "direct threat to national security".
- Claimed that illegal immigration and cartel activity constituted a modern “invasion”, thereby justifying use of the Act.
- Legal Backing: The Act remains constitutional and in force unless revoked.
- Criticism: Civil rights advocates argue its use may violate due process; calls for repeal by some lawmakers due to historical misuse.
Identification of Gang Members
- Criteria (ICE Directive, 2017): Gang tattoos, prior convictions, confessions, or identification by reliable sources.
- Due Process Concerns: Migrants can be deported even if gang membership is unproven before a judge.
National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP)
- 20 Mar 2025
In News:
In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of India is formulating the National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP) to address the growing threat of zoonotic diseases through integrated wildlife health management. Over 60% of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate from animals, underscoring the importance of a "One Health" approach—integrating human, animal, and environmental health.
Key Objectives of NWHP
- Establish a comprehensive wildlife disease surveillance system.
- Strengthen diagnostic infrastructure and research capacity.
- Facilitate cross-sectoral collaboration among environment, agriculture, and animal husbandry ministries.
- Integrate existing animal and human health data systems with wildlife health information.
Institutional Framework & Implementation
- National Referral Centre for Wildlife (NRC-W):
- Inaugurated in Junagadh, Gujarat (March 2024).
- India’s first wildlife disease diagnostic and research centre.
- Will serve as a referral hub for investigating wildlife mortality and outbreak events.
- Wildlife Health Information System (WHIS):
- Proposed digital system for real-time disease data collection, reporting, and analysis.
- Will integrate with National Animal Disease Reporting System (NADRS) and National Animal Disease Referral Expert System (NADRES).
- Satellite Diagnostic Labs:To be established near important forest zones for timely wildlife disease detection and diagnosis.
- Community Engagement:Involves measures like cattle vaccination near national parks to reduce disease transmission risks.
Key Agencies Involved
- Central Zoo Authority (CZA): Nodal agency under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; responsible for policy coordination and implementation.
- Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser and IIT-Bombay: Supporting technical and policy formulation.
- Ernst & Young: Consultancy support.
- Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC): Policy oversight.
Alignment with Existing Conservation Frameworks
- National Wildlife Action Plan (2017–31):
- Provides for 103 actions and 250 projects.
- Includes protocols for disease surveillance in protected areas and tiger reserves.
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Provides legal basis for wildlife health regulation and zoonotic disease control.
Chhareda Panchayat Water Conservation Model
- 19 Mar 2025
In News:
Rajasthan’s Chhareda Panchayat in Dausa district has emerged as a leading example of effective water conservation, driven by a community-driven initiative that has significantly transformed agricultural practices and farmer livelihoods. The project, led by Vipra Goyal, an alumnus of IIT-Kharagpur, has revolutionized water usage in the region through the construction of 250 farm ponds.
Key Aspects:
- Objective:The model aims to address water scarcity and groundwater depletion through rainwater harvesting and the construction of farm ponds, reducing dependence on overexploited groundwater sources.
How Farm Ponds are Contributing to Water Conservation in Rajasthan
- Rainwater Harvesting:Farm ponds serve as storage systems for rainwater, minimizing reliance on deep, contaminated groundwater sources. This helps prevent the further depletion of underground water reserves.
- Year-Round Water Availability:The ponds provide consistent water supply for both kharif and rabi crops, ensuring that farmers can grow crops throughout the year without facing water shortages.
- Groundwater Conservation:By reducing the need to extract groundwater, this initiative has helped conserve approximately 30 crore litres of water annually, easing the pressure on local aquifers.
- Boosting Agricultural Productivity and Income:With reliable water sources, farmers have shifted from subsistence farming to growing cash crops, which has resulted in a collective increase of about ?5 crore in household incomes.
- Reduced Water Pollution:The initiative avoids the use of groundwater contaminated with harmful substances like arsenic and fluoride, which are prevalent in many areas of Rajasthan.
- Sustainability and Climate Resilience:The farm ponds offer a climate-resilient solution, ensuring that agriculture in water-scarce regions is sustainable even in the face of erratic rainfall patterns.
- Cost-Free Construction:The construction of the ponds has been facilitated through CSR funds and government schemes, making the project cost-free for farmers.
Huajiang Grand Canyon Bridge
- 19 Mar 2025
In News:
China is set to unveil the Huajiang Grand Canyon Bridge, a record-breaking steel truss suspension bridge that will become the world’s highest bridge. The bridge, located in Zhenfeng County, Guizhou Province, is part of the Shantou–Kunming Expressway, connecting the coastal city of Shantou with Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province.
Key Facts about the Bridge:
- Height: The bridge will stand 625 meters (2,051 feet) above the Beipan River, 200 meters taller than the Eiffel Tower (at 330 meters).
- Length: Spanning 2,890 meters (9,482 feet) in total.
- Construction Period: Started on January 18, 2022, and took 3.5 years to complete.
- Cost: Estimated at £216 million (?2,200 crore).
- Travel Time Reduction: It will reduce the travel time across the canyon from 60 minutes to just 2 minutes.
Design and Engineering:
- Steel Framework: The steel trusses of the bridge weigh approximately 22,000 tons, about three times the weight of the Eiffel Tower.
- Engineering Feat: The bridge is a significant engineering achievement, showcasing China’s capabilities in bridge construction. The structure’s design and dramatic location are expected to attract tourists, bolstering the region’s economy.
Strategic and Economic Impact:
- The bridge is a major transportation infrastructure project aimed at improving connectivity in the remote Guizhou Province, a mountainous region that already hosts many of the world’s tallest bridges.
- Tourism and Regional Growth: Besides serving as a crucial transportation link, the bridge is expected to boost tourism and contribute to economic development in the region.
China’s Engineering Milestones:
- The Huajiang Grand Canyon Bridge surpasses the Millau Viaduct in France (343 meters), which previously held the record for the tallest bridge.
- China has been a leader in the construction of the world’s tallest bridges, further solidified by this record-breaking structure.
International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)
- 19 Mar 2025
In News:
The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), a treaty-based intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the conservation of seven major big cat species, has officially signed an agreement with the Government of India, establishing India as the permanent host of its headquarters and secretariat.
Background and Launch
- Launched: April 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Project Tiger.
- Objective: To facilitate global cooperation for the conservation of seven big cats:Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Puma, andJaguar.
- The IBCA is implemented through the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
International Status and Membership
- The IBCA became a treaty-based intergovernmental alliance after five countries ratified the framework agreement:India, Liberia, Eswatini, Somalia, andNicaragua.
- India formally joined the IBCA in September 2023.
- The alliance is open to all UN Member States, including:
- Range countries (where big cats are native), and
- Non-range countries that wish to support conservation efforts globally.
Headquarters and Agreement
- On March 28, 2024, the Union Cabinet approved the establishment of the IBCA headquarters in India.
- An agreement was signed in May 2024 between the IBCA and the Indian government, outlining:
- Privileges and immunities for IBCA personnel,
- Visa facilitation, and
- Operational and legal provisions for the headquarters.
Funding and Support
- India has committed a total of ?150 crore (2023–2028) for:
- Creating a corpus fund,
- Building infrastructure, and
- Meeting recurring expenditures over five years.
NASA’s Curiosity Rover
- 19 Mar 2025
In News:
NASA's Curiosity Rover has made a significant breakthrough by detecting carbon-bearing minerals on Mars, offering the first direct evidence of a potential carbon cycle on the planet. This finding adds a crucial piece to the puzzle of Mars' climatic and geological history.
Curiosity Rover: Mission Overview
- Launch Date: 26 November 2011
- Landing Date: 5 August 2012 (via sky crane system)
- Mission: Part of NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) initiative
- Power Source:Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) using plutonium-238, unlike solar-powered predecessors
- Size and Capabilities: Approximately 3 meters long and 900 kg in weight, equipped with an onboard chemical laboratory for rock analysis
Scientific Objectives
- Investigate whether Mars ever supported microbial life
- Analyze the planet’s climatic history
- Study Martian geology, especially sedimentary layers
- Contribute data for future human missions to Mars
Key Scientific Discovery
- The finding occurred while Curiosity was exploring an ancient lakebed region in Gale Crater, over an 89-meter-long stretch.
- It drilled into sulfate-rich rocks and discovered siderite (a carbonate mineral composed of iron, carbon, and oxygen), marking the first detection of this mineral on Mars.
- Rocks containing 5–10% siderite by weight imply that substantial amounts of ancient atmospheric CO? may have been locked within the Martian crust, rather than being lost to space.
- The presence of iron oxyhydroxides in the same rocks suggests that acidic water interactions could have dissolved siderite, potentially releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere—indicating a slow and limited carbon cycle on Mars.
Colossal Squid
- 19 Mar 2025
In News:
In a landmark moment for marine biology, scientists have captured the first-ever footage of a colossal squid in its natural deep-sea habitat. The sighting was made by an international research team using a remotely operated submersible in the South Atlantic Ocean, near the South Sandwich Islands, and was announced by the Schmidt Ocean Institute in April 2025.
About the Colossal Squid
- Scientific Name:Mesonychoteuthishamiltoni
- Distribution: Found in the cold, deep waters of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica
- IUCN Status:Least Concern
The colossal squid is among the largest and most elusive invertebrates on Earth. The filmed specimen was a juvenile about 30 cm (1 foot) long, observed at a depth of 600 meters. However, fully grown adults can reach up to 7 meters (23 feet) in length and weigh around 500 kg.
Key Features
- Body: Tube-shaped and soft-bodied, similar to octopuses but far more massive
- Arms & Tentacles: Equipped with suckers and sharp, swivelling hooks — a feature unique to the species
- Eyes: Possess the largest eyes known in the animal kingdom, aiding visibility in the pitch-dark ocean depths
- Coloration:
- Juveniles are nearly transparent, giving them a glassy, ghost-like appearance
- Adults become opaque, with dark red or purple hues and muscular limbs
Scientific Importance & Recent Discovery
- This deep-sea sighting comes almost a century after the species was first identified, and confirms long-standing hypotheses based on carcasses found in the stomachs of whales and seabirds.
- The team is now testing improved camera systems to attempt capturing footage of an adult colossal squid in action.
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology
- 18 Mar 2025
In News:
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is an innovative energy solution that allows Electric Vehicles (EVs) to not only draw power from the grid (charging) but also send excess stored electricity back to the grid (discharging) when not in use. This bi-directional energy flow creates a unique opportunity to support grid stability, especially when renewable energy (RE) sources like solar and wind are intermittent. When connected via bi-directional chargers, EV batteries can act as decentralized storage systems, offering a potential solution to address the challenges posed by renewable energy integration and peak demand periods.
Global Adoption and Benefits of V2G
V2G technology has gained significant traction in developed EV markets like Europe and the U.S., where it is seen as a cost-effective solution for distributed energy storage.
- In the U.K. and the Netherlands, EV owners are compensated for supplying excess energy to the grid, particularly during peak hours.
- In California, EVs are integrated into the ancillary services market, helping improve grid reliability.
- Additionally, V2G technologies have shown promise in offering emergency power during natural disasters and grid failures, proving to be an essential tool for enhancing grid resilience.
V2G in India: Current Status and Challenges
In India, V2G technology is still in its nascent stages. While there is a growing adoption of EVs and charging infrastructure, integrating these vehicles into the national grid remains a challenge. The electricity market in India is not yet fully equipped to support decentralized energy solutions like V2G. The current grid structure, characterized by variable RE generation and mismatches in supply and demand, requires significant regulatory and structural changes for successful V2G integration.
The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) and the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) have launched a pilot V2G project to assess the feasibility of this technology in the state. This project will explore how EVs can help support grid demand during peak hours, particularly when solar energy generation is low, as Kerala experiences both rapid EV adoption and increasing rooftop solar installations.
Key Features of V2G
- Charging (G2V): When an EV is charged, it functions as a load on the grid. This process can be managed through Time of Use (ToU) electricity tariffs, which incentivize charging during off-peak hours to reduce grid stress.
- Discharging (V2G): When EV batteries discharge power back to the grid, they act as distributed energy resources. This is especially valuable during periods of high demand or when renewable energy generation is insufficient.
- Decentralized Energy Storage: V2G enables EVs to serve as decentralized storage units, reducing the dependency on centralized storage systems and making the grid more resilient and efficient.
Advantages for the Indian Power Sector
- Grid Stability: V2G can help modulate the power flow in the grid by reducing the impact of variable RE generation. It also helps to stabilize grid operations during peak demand periods.
- Support for Renewable Energy: By enabling EVs to store excess solar energy during the day, V2G can assist in using this stored power during nighttime or when renewable energy generation is low, contributing to true decarbonization.
- Smart Charging: Integrating V2G with smart charging systems can help optimize energy use, ensuring that EVs charge during periods of high renewable energy generation and discharge during peak demand.
Potential for Wider Adoption
The Kerala pilot project is expected to pave the way for broader V2G implementation across India. The project aims to test how EVs can provide support during peak demand, particularly when solar power generation is unavailable. The integration of smart charging solutions and V2G will help mitigate concerns about increasing electricity demand due to the growing number of EVs. Additionally, incentives for EV owners to participate in V2G systems can lead to cost-effective solutions for grid management.
The Indian government, through the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), has already initiated steps to frame guidelines for reverse charging (V2G). With the increasing adoption of EVs and solar power, V2G has the potential to become a cornerstone of India's energy future.
Operation ATALANTA
- 18 Mar 2025
In News:
The European Union Naval Force (EUNAVFOR) Operation ATALANTA has proposed a significant joint anti-piracy naval exercise with the Indian Navy, scheduled for the end of May 2025. This initiative reflects the growing strategic cooperation between India and the European Union in maritime security, particularly in the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.
Key Highlights
Proposed Exercise:
- The exercise, if approved, will involve two European warships and the Indian Navy practicing advanced counter-piracy operations, tactical manoeuvres, and inter-naval communications.
- This drill goes beyond the routine Passage Exercises (PASSEX) and aims to enhance interoperability, coordination, and mutual confidence between the two navies.
Strategic Objectives:
- Strengthen maritime security in the Indian Ocean, ensuring it remains a free, open, sustainable, and inclusive area.
- Address resurgent piracy threats, especially off the Horn of Africa, amid ongoing instability in the Red Sea due to Houthi rebel activity.
- Build operational synergy to respond swiftly to piracy incidents-EUNAVFOR claims the capability to tackle pirate cases within 48–72 hours.
Recent Developments:
- Piracy incidents near the Horn of Africa have declined recently, but the threat persists, necessitating continued vigilance and cooperation.
- In 2024, joint anti-piracy efforts led to the apprehension of 70 suspected pirates, with the Indian Navy responsible for 44 captures.
- The Indian Navy is recognized as a major actor in the region, with both sides regularly coordinating through maritime information fusion centers.
Operation ATALANTA: Overview
Aspect Details
Launch Year 2008
Initial Focus Preventing piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast
Expanded Mandate - Protecting World Food Programme (WFP) vessels
- Enforcing UN arms embargo on Somalia
- Monitoring drug and arms trafficking
- Combating Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing
- Disrupting illicit charcoal trade
Area of Operations Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea
Recent Activities - Joint drills with Indian Navy
- Successful coordination in anti-piracy operations, e.g., MV Ruen hijacking
India–EU Maritime Engagement: Significance
- Geopolitical Context:
- The Indian Ocean is a critical global trade route, and its security is vital for international commerce.
- The resurgence of piracy and instability in the Red Sea has heightened the need for robust maritime partnerships.
- Strategic Partnerships:
- The EU and India share a vision of maintaining maritime order and security.
- The vastness of the Indian Ocean requires significant assets and robust logistics, making cooperation essential.
- Professional Interactions:Encounters with other navies, including China, are described as professional, underscoring the importance of multilateral engagement.
Hyperloop Project
- 18 Mar 2025
In News:
India is moving closer to realizing ultra-high-speed transportation with the development of indigenous Hyperloop technology. The Ministry of Railways, has announced that Integral Coach Factory (ICF), Chennai will develop the electronics component for the country’s Hyperloop initiative. This decision follows promising test results at IIT Madras, which hosts the longest Hyperloop testing facility in Asia.
What is Hyperloop?
Hyperloop is a next-generation, ultra-fast transportation system that combines magnetic levitation (maglev) and near-vacuum tubes to enable passenger pods to travel at speeds up to 1,220 km/h. It was first proposed by Elon Musk in 2013 through the Hyperloop Alpha white paper and has since evolved into a global open-source research initiative.
Working Mechanism:
- Low-pressure tubes drastically reduce air resistance.
- Magnetic levitation allows pods to float without touching surfaces, minimizing friction.
- Electromagnetic propulsion moves pods forward efficiently.
Key Features:
- Highly energy-efficient and sustainable, with low emissions.
- Can surpass air travel speeds on shorter routes.
- Reduces road congestion, travel time, and noise pollution.
India’s Hyperloop Developments:
- Institutions Involved:
- IIT Madras – Developed the 410-meter test facility.
- Avishkar Hyperloop Team – Leading design and innovation.
- ICF Chennai – To develop electronics and technical components.
- Government Support:
- The Railway Ministry has provided financial and technical support.
- The testing system uses fully indigenous technology.
Challenges Ahead:
Despite its promise, Hyperloop faces significant hurdles:
- High infrastructure costs.
- Technical challenges in maintaining vacuum conditions.
- Safety concerns due to the high speed and pressure system.
Sarthi and Pravaah Initiatives
- 18 Mar 2025
In News:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was awarded the Digital Transformation Award 2025 by Central Banking (UK) for its in-house digital innovations — Sarthi and Pravaah — marking a significant step in the digitization of internal and external regulatory processes.
Sarthi System (Launched January 2023)
- Objective: Digitize RBI’s internal workflows and reduce reliance on paper-based systems.
- Key Features:
- Secure document storage and sharing for over 13,500 employees across 40+ locations.
- Enhanced record management and data analysis through dashboards and reports.
- Automation of internal tasks such as approvals, tracking, and documentation.
- Support Infrastructure:
- SarthiPathshala: Online and in-person training module for staff.
- SarthiMitras: Designated personnel in each office to provide user assistance.
Pravaah System (Launched May 2024)
- Objective: Facilitate external submission of regulatory applications digitally.
- Key Features:
- Integration with Sarthi for streamlined processing.
- Supports 70+ regulatory application types across 9 departments.
- Enhanced efficiency, transparency, and real-time tracking.
- Centralized cybersecurity and monitoring framework.
- Impact:
- 80% increase in monthly application submissions.
- Major reduction in delays caused by manual and paper-based procedures.
Significance
- Reflects India’s push toward governance digitization and institutional efficiency.
- Demonstrates how indigenous technology solutions can modernize financial regulation and public administration.
Shishtachar Squads
- 18 Mar 2025
In News:
To enhance women's safety in public spaces, Delhi Police has launched district-wise Shishtachar Squads, a dedicated initiative to curb eve-teasing and harassment. The move comes in line with the Bharatiya Janata Party’s pre-poll promise and is inspired by Uttar Pradesh’s Anti-Romeo Squads.
Key Features:
- Purpose: To prevent, intervene, and assist in cases of sexual harassment against women in public areas.
- Deployment: 30 squads have been formed across Delhi, with at least two squads in each district.
- Composition: Each 12-member squad includes:
- 1 Inspector (Head)
- 1 Sub-Inspector
- 4 Female Constables
- 5 Male Constables
- 1 Constable from the Anti-Auto Theft Squad (technical support)
- Supervision: Squads function under the ACP of the district's Crime Against Women (CAW) Cell.
Operational Strategy:
- Patrolling: Daily drives in at least two vulnerable spots identified by District DCPs.
- Surprise Checks: Plainclothes officers inspect public transport and engage with DTC staff, market associations, and RWAs.
- Victim-Centric Approach: Emphasis on sensitive handling of cases, ensuring swift action under relevant provisions of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (e.g., Sections 74 for molestation and 78 for stalking).
- Monitoring:
- Weekly Reports by ACP-CAW submitted to the DCP of the Special Police Unit for Women and Children (SPUWAC).
- Monthly Evaluations based on feedback from schools, RWAs, MWAs, and control rooms.
India’s Space Docking Capability
- 17 Mar 2025
In News:
Recently, ISRO successfully demonstrated autonomous space docking and undocking with its Space Docking Experiment (SpaDEx), making India the fourth country—after the USA, Russia, and China—to achieve this advanced space capability.
Two satellites, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), were launched into a 470 km orbit. From a starting separation of 20 km, they were autonomously maneuvered, docked using an indigenous androgynous docking mechanism, and later undocked after two months of in-orbit operation.
What is Space Docking and Why It Matters?
Docking is the process where two spacecraft in orbit are brought together and joined. Undocking is the controlled separation of these joined vehicles. These procedures are vital for:
- Assembling large structures (e.g., space stations) in orbit, bypassing launch weight limits.
- Orbital servicing of satellites (repairs, refueling).
- Interplanetary missions requiring in-space assembly and resupply.
- Crewed missions to space stations and planetary bodies (e.g., Moon, Mars).
Historical Context
- 1966 (USA): First manual docking by NASA’s Gemini VIII (Neil Armstrong with Agena).
- 1967 (USSR): First autonomous docking using Kosmos 186 & 188.
- 2011–12 (China): First unmanned and then crewed docking.
- 2025 (India): Successful autonomous docking and undocking via SpaDEx.
Strategic and Technological Significance for India
Future Missions:
- BharatiyaAntariksh Station (BAS) by 2035 and Human Moon Mission by 2040 will rely heavily on in-orbit docking and assembly.
- Chandrayaan-4, aiming to return lunar samples, will use docking systems for orbital rendezvous and return modules.
Global Space Economy
- Positions ISRO as a leader in modular satellite design, orbital assembly, and international collaborations.
- Enables NewSpace India Ltd. (NSIL) to attract commercial contracts for space stations, satellite servicing, and deep-space ventures.
Domestic Technological Advancements
- Promotes indigenous innovation in docking systems, AI-driven autonomous navigation, robotics, and in-space power sharing.
- Supports R&D in microgravity, space manufacturing, and even space agriculture (e.g., orbital seed germination experiments).
Strategic and Diplomatic Impact
- Enhances India’s soft power and strengthens ties with space agencies like NASA and ESA.
- Contributes to space security by enabling orbital refueling and satellite servicing during emergencies.
- Offers collaborative platforms for BRICS and developing countries through BAS.
Capacity Building
- Encourages STEM education and youth engagement via initiatives like YUVIKA.
- Expands India’s aerospace industrial base, creating skilled jobs and fostering innovation.
Birefringence
- 17 Mar 2025
Context:
Birefringence, or double refraction, is an optical phenomenon observed in certain anisotropic materials where a single light ray splits into two rays upon entering the material. Each ray travels at a different speed and experiences a different refractive index based on the direction of light propagation and its polarization.
Refraction vs Birefringence
- Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed. It is governed by the refractive index, defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in the medium.
- Birefringence occurs when a material has multiple refractive indices in different directions, causing light to split into two rays.
Key Terms
- Refractive Index:
- Vacuum: 1
- Air: ≈1.0003
- Glass: ≈1.5
- Diamond: ≈2.4
- Polarization: The direction in which the light’s electric field oscillates. It influences how light behaves in birefringent media.
Types of Materials
- Isotropic Materials:
- Structure is uniform in all directions.
- Refractive index is the same regardless of direction.
- Examples: Glass, Sodium Chloride (NaCl).
- Anisotropic Materials:
- Structure varies along different crystal axes.
- Show different refractive indices in different directions.
- Exhibit birefringence.
- Examples: Calcite, Quartz, Mica, Tourmaline.
Sources of Birefringence
- Natural Birefringent Materials: Calcite, Mica, Quartz.
- Synthetic Birefringent Materials: Barium borate, Lithium niobate.
- Induced Birefringence: Can be generated by applying mechanical stress, electric, or magnetic fields to otherwise non-birefringent materials.
Applications of Birefringent Materials
- Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
- Medical and Polarising Microscopes
- Optical Switches and Waveplates
- Laser Technology
- Nonlinear Optics (e.g., Frequency Converters)
U.S. airstrikes in Yemen
- 17 Mar 2025
In News:
In March 2025, the United States launched a series of airstrikes on Houthi-controlled areas in Yemen, targeting bases, missile defenses, and key leadership. The operation aimed to neutralize threats to international shipping and assert freedom of navigation through the vital Bab-el-Mandeb Strait. The Houthis, backed by Iran, vowed retaliation, intensifying tensions in an already volatile region.
Who are the Houthis?
- Sect and Origin: Houthis belong to the Zaidi Shia sect, primarily based in Yemen’s northwestern Sa’dah province. The movement originated in the 1990s as a sociopolitical rebellion against President Ali Abdullah Saleh’s regime.
- Role in Yemen’s Civil War: Since 2014, the Houthis have controlled large parts of Yemen, including the capital, Sana’a. They are one of the main belligerents in the civil war, opposing the internationally recognized Yemeni government (backed by Saudi Arabia and the U.S.).
- Foreign Links: The Houthis are aligned with Iran and are considered part of the Iran-led "Axis of Resistance" opposing Israel and Western interests in West Asia.
Geopolitical Importance of Yemen
- Strategic Location: Yemen borders Saudi Arabia and Oman and has coastlines along the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Arabian Sea.
- Bab-el-Mandeb Strait: This narrow maritime chokepoint between Yemen and Djibouti is a crucial link between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (via the Suez Canal and Red Sea).
- It is essential for global oil shipments and international maritime trade.
- Disruptions here threaten energy security and commercial shipping routes.
U.S. Justification and Objectives
- Freedom of Navigation: The U.S. stated that the strikes aimed to protect commercial and naval vessels from attacks and ensure navigational freedom.
- Military Goal: According to U.S. officials, the campaign will continue until the Houthis lose the capability to threaten global shipping.
Regional Reactions
- Iran: Strongly condemned the U.S. airstrikes, asserting that Washington had no authority to dictate West Asian security dynamics.
- Houthi Response: Warned of retaliation, indicating a potential escalation in the Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula.
Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs
- 17 Mar 2025
In News:
The Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs of Narayanpet district, Telangana have been included in India’s UNESCO Tentative World Heritage Sites list in 2025, highlighting their archaeological, cultural, and astronomical significance. Telangana now has two tentative UNESCO heritage sites, the first being the Ramappa Temple (inscribed in 2021).
What are Menhirs and Megaliths?
- Menhirs are large, upright standing stones, often tapered at the top, used by prehistoric communities.
- They served ritual, memorial, or astronomical purposes and are found globally, with prominent examples in Europe such as Stonehenge (UK) and Carnac (France).
- Megaliths refer broadly to prehistoric stone structures, used for burials (like dolmens, cairns, cists) or as commemorative monuments (like menhirs).
- In India, megalithic culture thrived during the Iron Age (c. 1500 BCE–500 BCE), especially in the Deccan Plateau (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana).
Significance of the MudumalMenhirs
- Age: Estimated to date back 3,500–4,000 years (1000 BCE–300 BCE).
- Site extent: Spread across 80 acres near the Krishna River, the site comprises:
- Around 80 large menhirs (10–14 feet tall).
- Nearly 3,000 alignment stones set in rows, believed to represent funerary rites and astronomical alignments.
- Astronomical importance: The alignments correspond with solar events such as solstices and equinoxes.
- A unique cup-marked stone represents the Ursa Major (Saptarshi) constellation—South Asia’s earliest known star depiction.
- Suggests advanced prehistoric knowledge of celestial navigation and calendar calculation.
Cultural and Living Traditions
- The site continues to hold spiritual value among locals.
- Menhirs are revered as "NilurallaThimmappa" (Thimmappa of the Standing Stones).
- One stone is worshipped as Goddess Yellamma, blending ancient heritage with living cultural practices.
Path Toward UNESCO World Heritage Status
- The MudumalMenhirs are among six sites added to India’s Tentative List in 2025, alongside:
- Kanger Valley National Park (Chhattisgarh)
- Ashokan Edict Sites (Multiple States)
- Chausath Yogini Temples (MP & Odisha)
- Gupta Temples (Multiple States)
- Palace-Fortresses of the Bundelas (MP & UP)
- India now has 62 sites on the Tentative List, a prerequisite for UNESCO nomination.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
- 17 Mar 2025
In News:
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) has emerged as a public health concern in Uttar Pradesh, particularly in Lucknow, due to poor measles vaccination coverage. Despite being rare globally, cases remain alarmingly high in regions with incomplete immunisation.
About SSPE:
- SSPE is a progressive and fatal neurological disorder that appears several years after a person has recovered from measles (rubeola).
- It is caused by a persistent measles virus in the brain, which triggers chronic inflammation and gradual destruction of nerve cells.
- Though globally rare, SSPE is more prevalent in areas with low immunisation rates. Males and children from low-income families are more commonly affected.
Symptoms:
- Early signs: cognitive decline, poor academic performance, behavioural changes (irritability, hallucinations), and sleep disturbances.
- Progression: seizures, involuntary muscle jerks, speech deterioration, visual impairment, and motor dysfunction.
- Advanced stage: muscle rigidity, difficulty swallowing, risk of aspiration pneumonia, coma, and eventual death.
Treatment & Prevention:
- No cure exists, and the mortality rate approaches 100%.
- Treatment focuses on symptom management; antiviral and immune-boosting drugs may slow progression.
- Timely measles vaccination is the only effective prevention strategy.
Significance for Public Health:
- SSPE underscores the critical importance of achieving universal immunisation coverage.
- Experts recommend stronger awareness campaigns and better enforcement of the Universal ImmunisationProgramme (UIP) to eliminate measles and prevent SSPE.
Maritime Security Belt 2025
- 16 Mar 2025
In News:
Amid rising tensions over Iran’s expanding nuclear program and threats from Yemen's Houthi rebels, China, Iran, and Russia conducted the Maritime Security Belt 2025 naval exercise in the Gulf of Oman, strategically located near the Strait of Hormuz. This region is of global significance as it serves as a major maritime route, through which a fifth of the world’s crude oil is transported daily.
Key Highlights of the Exercise
- Location: Gulf of Oman, near the Strait of Hormuz, connecting the Persian Gulf to the open seas. This waterway is crucial for global energy supplies and trade.
- Participating Navies:
- Iran: State-run media highlighted the drills as a show of strength, particularly after Israeli strikes targeted Iran’s defense and missile programs.
- Russia: Participated with corvettes Rezky and Aldar Tsydenzhapov as well as the tanker Pechenega. Russia continues to rely on Iran for drone supplies, particularly in the ongoing war in Ukraine.
- China: Sent guided-missile destroyer Baotou and supply ship Gaoyouhu. China maintains deep ties with Iran, especially in the oil sector, despite facing Western sanctions.
- Operational Objectives:
- The exercise aimed to enhance coordination and operational synergy between the three nations, with a focus on maritime security, countering threats to shipping lanes, and addressing global security challenges.
- It featured live-fire drills, night operations, and complex naval maneuvers, ensuring the readiness of all three navies to respond to maritime threats.
- Regional Significance: The Gulf of Oman serves as the only maritime access for Iran to the open seas, making it critical for global trade. The Strait of Hormuz is particularly significant as it handles a significant portion of the world’s oil trade.
Strategic Context and Implications
- Nuclear Tensions: Iran's nuclear program, which has drawn concerns from both Israel and the U.S., remains a central issue in the region. The exercises coincide with the growing concerns over Iran’s stockpiling of uranium enriched to near weapons-grade levels, despite Tehran's assertions that its nuclear ambitions are peaceful.
- Impact of Drills: These joint naval exercises highlight the growing influence of China and Russia in the Middle East, both of which have strategic ties with Iran. While these countries do not patrol the wider Middle East region, their naval presence in the Gulf signals their deepening involvement in the region’s security dynamics, particularly in opposition to the U.S.-led presence.
- Yemen's Role: The Houthi rebels in Yemen have previously targeted international shipping in the Red Sea and Bab el-Mandeb Strait, and have threatened to resume attacks unless humanitarian aid is allowed into Gaza. The instability in the region further complicates security, as seen in the potential for maritime disruptions.
Geopolitical Dimensions
- China’s Interests: China, as a major consumer of Iranian crude oil, continues to engage with Iran despite facing Western sanctions. These drills serve as a symbol of China’s increasing military presence and its growing role in the Middle East, particularly in energy security.
- Russia’s Involvement: Russia's reliance on Iran for bomb-carrying drones in the Ukraine conflict further deepens the military relationship between the two nations. The maritime drills highlight Russia’s interest in securing its position in the Middle East amidst growing tensions with the West.
- U.S. Interests: The U.S., which monitors the region through its 5th Fleet based in Bahrain, remains cautious of the growing military cooperation between China, Russia, and Iran. The drills, especially the interference with GPS systems, have raised concerns about regional stability and the ability to ensure free navigation through critical maritime chokepoints.
Bongosagar 2025 Naval Exercise
- 16 Mar 2025
In News:
India and Bangladesh conducted the Bongosagar 2025 naval exercise in the Bay of Bengal, aimed at enhancing maritime cooperation, operational interoperability, and regional security. This joint exercise aligns with India's maritime foreign policy doctrine — SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region).
Key Highlights
- Participants:
- Indian Navy: INS Ranvir, a Rajput-class guided missile destroyer, commissioned in 1986.
- Bangladesh Navy: BNS Abu Ubaidah.
- Objectives:
- Strengthen tactical planning, information sharing, and coordinated response capabilities.
- Enhance interoperability for seamless maritime operations.
- Reinforce regional trust and cooperation under the SAGAR framework.
- Exercise Components:
- Surface firing drills
- Tactical manoeuvres
- Underway replenishment
- VBSS (Visit, Board, Search and Seizure) operations
- Cross-deck boarding exercises
- Communication drills
- Professional knowledge quizzes and steam past ceremonies
Strategic Significance
- Supports India’s SAGAR initiative (2015), promoting security and growth in the Indian Ocean region.
- Aligns with the broader MAHASAGAR (2025) vision — Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions — targeting deeper engagement with the Global South.
- Enhances the ability of both navies to counter maritime threats, uphold freedom of navigation, and ensure regional maritime stability.
India-Bangladesh Defence Cooperation
- Army-level: Exercise Sampriti
- Navy-level: Exercises Bongosagar and Coordinated Patrol (CORPAT)
India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)
- 16 Mar 2025
In News:
To meet its climate commitments under the Paris Agreement, India is moving towards a market-based mechanism for emissions reduction through the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), 2023. The scheme was made possible by amending the Energy Conservation Act, 2021 and replaces the Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme operational since 2012.
What is the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)?
- CCTS is India’s version of an emissions trading system (ETS) designed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity — emissions per unit of output — rather than absolute emissions.
- It introduces Carbon Credit Certificates (CCC), each representing one tonne of CO? equivalent (tCO?e) reduction.
- Managed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) and coordinated by a National Steering Committee, the scheme involves various regulatory bodies including electricity exchanges, MoEFCC, and the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission.
Key Features of the CCTS
Aspect Description
Transition from PAT - Shifts focus from energy efficiency (PAT) to emission intensity (CCTS).
Coverage - Initially targets energy-intensive sectors: Iron & Steel, Cement, Aluminium,
Fertilisers, Refineries, Pulp & Paper, and Textiles (~16% of national
GHG emissions). Power sector (~40%) may be included later.
Dual Mechanisms - 1. Compliance: Mandates targets for large emitters. 2. Offset:
Voluntary participants earn credits by reducing emissions.
Implementation Timeline - Expected to launch fully by mid-2026, in a phased manner.
Global Context of Carbon Pricing
- As of June 2024, 89 countries operate carbon pricing mechanisms, covering 12.8 Gt CO?e (25% of global emissions).
- Carbon pricing methods:
- ETS (Cap-and-Trade / Baseline-and-Credit): Companies trade allowances or credits based on performance.
- Carbon Tax: Fixed price on emissions; provides cost certainty but not emissions certainty.
- Crediting Mechanism: Projects generating verified emission reductions earn tradable carbon credits.
Challenges in Implementing CCTS
- Target Setting: Overly lenient targets may cause credit oversupply, reducing prices; overly strict ones risk high compliance costs.
- Compliance Gaps: Under PAT, over half the required energy certificates were never purchased, with no penalties imposed.
- Delays: Credit issuance under PAT (Phase IV onwards) has been delayed since 2021, affecting market confidence.
- Transparency: Lack of public access to data on actual performance undermines accountability.
- Monitoring and Verification (MRV): Requires robust systems to prevent double counting and ensure credible reporting.
Steps to Strengthen India’s Carbon Market
- Align with global practices: Learn from the EU ETS — implement strict monitoring, gradual tightening of caps, and price stability mechanisms.
- Robust MRV Framework: Ensure accuracy in emission data to boost trust.
- Digital Trading Platform: Track and authenticate credit transactions; avoid fraud.
- Industry Incentives: Encourage early compliance via tax benefits and access to green finance.
- Trade Compatibility: Prepare for global measures like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) by ensuring transparency and comparability.
India’s CCTS represents a significant shift in climate governance by institutionalizing carbon pricing. While it brings India in line with evolving global practices, the success of the Indian carbon market will depend on credible enforcement, transparent functioning, and strong regulatory architecture. If implemented effectively, it can drive low-carbon growth and support India’s target of reducing emissions intensity by 45% by 2030.
India's Foreign Exchange Reserves witness sharpest rise in two years
- 16 Mar 2025
In News:
In a notable economic development, India’s foreign exchange (forex) reserves rose sharply by $15.267 billion to reach $653.966 billion during the week ending March 7, 2025. This marks the largest weekly increase in over two years, as per data released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
Key Reason for the Surge
- The jump is attributed primarily to a $10 billion forex swap conducted by the RBI on February 28, 2025, where the central bank purchased US dollars in exchange for rupees.
- The objective was to inject liquidity into the domestic financial system while strengthening forex reserves.
Component-wise Breakdown
- Foreign Currency Assets (FCA): Increased by $13.993 billion to $557.282 billion.
(FCAs are held in major currencies like USD, Euro, Pound, Yen and are affected by their exchange rate fluctuations.) - Gold Reserves: Decreased by $1.053 billion to $74.325 billion.
- Special Drawing Rights (SDRs): Rose by $212 million to $18.21 billion.
- Reserve Tranche Position (RTP) with IMF: Declined by $69 million to $4.148 billion.
Understanding Forex Reserves
- Foreign Exchange Reserves are external assets held by a country's central bank, used to support its monetary and exchange rate policies.
- These reserves include:
- Foreign Currency Assets (FCA)
- Gold
- SDRs (with the International Monetary Fund)
- RTP (Reserve capital with the IMF)
Purpose and Importance
- Ensure external stability and maintain confidence in the currency.
- Help manage the exchange rate and balance of payments (BoP).
- Act as a buffer against external shocks, such as volatile capital flows or currency crises.
- Strengthen India’s international creditworthiness.
Global Context
- RBI is the custodian of India’s forex reserves.
- China holds the largest forex reserves globally.
India’s First CAR T-Cell Therapy
- 16 Mar 2025
In News:
India has achieved a significant milestone in cancer treatment with the successful clinical trials of its first CAR T-cell therapy, marking a crucial step in indigenous biomedical innovation. The findings were recently published in The Lancet, making it the first CAR T-cell clinical trial from India to appear in an international journal.
What is CAR T-Cell Therapy?
- CAR T-cell therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy) is a form of immunotherapy where a patient’s own T-cells are genetically modified to identify and destroy cancer cells.
- Primarily used for blood cancers, especially those unresponsive to first-line treatments, such as:
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
- Large B-cell Lymphoma
Indian Breakthrough
- Developed by ImmunoAct, a start-up incubated at IIT Bombay.
- 73% response rate recorded in Phase I and II clinical trials.
- Approved by India’s drug regulator in 2023, bypassing Phase III trials under conditional approval due to the urgent need and novelty.
- Therapy is now available in major hospitals like Apollo, Fortis, Max, and Amrita.
Key Findings (Lancet Report)
- Median progression-free survival:
- 6 months for ALL patients
- 4 months for lymphoma patients
- Therapy costs approx. ?25 lakh, about 1/20th of global CAR T-cell therapy prices (?8–10 crore abroad).
Side Effects
- Severe immune reaction (Haemophagocyticlymphohistiocytosis) in 12% patients, leading to at least one death.
- Other adverse effects:
- Neutropenia (96%) – Low white blood cells
- Thrombocytopenia (65%) – Low platelet count
- Anemia (61%) – Low red blood cell count
- Febrile neutropenia (47%) – Infection risk due to low immunity
Significance
- Makes advanced cancer care more accessible and affordable within India.
- Positions India among a select group of countries with indigenous CAR T-cell therapy capabilities.
- Marks progress towards self-reliance in high-end medical technologies.
Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary
- 15 Mar 2025
In News:
Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Assam, is renowned for its high density of the Great Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros and diverse biodiversity. The sanctuary, covering 38.85 km², is facing a growing concern as one of its major wetlands, TamulidobaBeel, is drying up. This situation underscores the urgent need for habitat management to protect the sanctuary's wildlife.
About Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary:
- Location: Located within 30 km of Guwahati, Assam, it was established in 1998 and spans 48.81 km².
- Fauna: Famous for its rhino population, the sanctuary also houses leopards, wild boars, barking deer, wild buffaloes, and over 2,000 migratory birds.
- Flora: The sanctuary is dominated by wet savannah and marshland, though the invasive water hyacinth is a significant problem, especially for waterfowl.
TamulidobaBeel: A Crucial Wetland
- Role: A key water body within the sanctuary, TamulidobaBeel is vital for rhinos, water buffaloes, and migratory birds.
- Drying Concern: Experts and locals have observed the early drying up of the Beel, a trend that has worsened over the past few years. Migratory birds have already abandoned the wetland earlier than expected, signaling a broader ecological imbalance.
Factors Contributing to Drying of the Wetland:
- Siltation: The deposition of silt has significantly reduced water retention in the Beel.
- Climate Change: Predictions of a hotter weather season (March-May 2025) by the India Meteorological Department suggest further strain on the sanctuary's water resources, affecting biodiversity.
Ecological Implications:
- Rhino Habitat Impact: About 20-25 rhinos are regularly found near TamulidobaBeel. The drying of this wetland increases water scarcity in their core habitat, risking human-animal conflicts as rhinos may stray outside the sanctuary.
- Bird Migration: The Beel also serves as a migratory bird hub, particularly in winter. Early drying may disrupt migration patterns, affecting bird populations.
Government Response and Measures:
- Desilting Efforts: The Forest Department has taken proactive measures, including desilting the Beel to restore water levels and maintain its ecological functions.
- Expert Consultations: Collaborations with institutions like IIT Guwahati are underway to assess and manage the wetland restoration scientifically.
- Long-term Plans: Restoration efforts are focused on improving water retention and managing silt deposition, alongside broader habitat management initiatives.
Expert Recommendations:
- Experts emphasized the critical need for scientific habitat management and stressed the importance of restoring wetlands to ensure the sanctuary's long-term ecological balance.
- The government must focus on sustainable habitat conservation and water management strategies to protect species, especially the rhinos.
PM-YUVA 3.0: Mentoring Young Authors Scheme (2025)
- 15 Mar 2025
In News:
Recently, the Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education, launched the third edition of the Prime Minister’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors (PM-YUVA 3.0). The scheme is a part of India’s broader efforts to cultivate literary talent among youth and promote a vibrant reading and writing culture.
About PM-YUVA Scheme:
- Launched by: Ministry of Education, Government of India
- Implementing Agency: National Book Trust (NBT), India
- Target Group: Young authors below 30 years of age
- Launch Date: March 11, 2025
- Application Window: March 11 to April 10, 2025, via MyGov portal
- Number of Authors Selected: 50
- Eligibility: Applicants of PM-YUVA 1.0 and 2.0 are not eligible
Objectives:
- To mentor young writers and encourage storytelling in Indian languages and English
- To promote a book culture, literacy, and intellectual engagement among youth
- To reflect Indian heritage, knowledge systems, and contemporary progress through literature
Themes for PM-YUVA 3.0:
- Contribution of Indian Diaspora in Nation Building
- Indian Knowledge System (IKS)
- Makers of Modern India (1950–2025)
Mentorship and Publishing:
- Selected authors will undergo training from June 30 to December 30, 2025, under the guidance of eminent mentors
- Books authored during the programme will be published by NBT and translated into Indian languages to promote Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat
- Authors will participate in literary festivals and gain exposure to the publishing world
Financial Support and Recognition:
- Scholarship: ?50,000 per month for 6 months (Total ?3 lakh per author)
- Royalty: 10% on successful publication of books
- Platform: Authors will receive national-level exposure for promoting their books and themes
Background:
- PM-YUVA 1.0 (2021): Focused on India’s freedom struggle and unsung heroes
- PM-YUVA 2.0 (2022): Highlighted democracy and constitutional values
- PM-YUVA 3.0 (2025): Explores diaspora, knowledge systems, and nation-building post-independence
Significanc:
- Aligns with NEP 2020 goals of holistic development and youth empowerment
- Encourages intellectual and cultural contributions by the youth
- Promotes awareness of India’s diaspora and indigenous knowledge systems
Raisina Dialogue 2025
- 15 Mar 2025
In News:
The 10th edition of the Raisina Dialogue, India’s premier conference on geopolitics and geo-economics, is scheduled to be held in New Delhi from March 17–19, 2025.
About Raisina Dialogue:
- Launched: 2016
- Organisers: Observer Research Foundation (ORF) in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India
- Format: Multi-stakeholder, cross-sectoral conference bringing together global leaders in politics, business, media, academia, and civil society
- Modelled On: Munich Security Conference (Germany) and Shangri-La Dialogue (Singapore)
- Annual Venue: New Delhi
- 2025 Theme: Kalachakra: People. Peace. Planet.
Significance for India and the World:
- Provides a platform for dialogue on global strategic and security issues
- Enhances India’s image as a thought leader in international diplomacy
- Fosters multilateral cooperation on contemporary global challenges such as conflict resolution, climate change, technological disruption, and global governance
- Reflects India’s growing role as a bridge between the Global North and Global South
World Air Quality Report 2024
- 15 Mar 2025
In News:
India remains among the world’s most polluted countries despite slight improvements in air quality.
Published by: IQAir (Swiss Air Quality Technology Firm)
Key Findings:
- India’s Global Rank: 5th most polluted country in 2024 (improved from 3rd in 2023).
- Average PM2.5 Level (India): 50.6 µg/m³ in 2024 — 10 times higher than the WHO guideline of 5 µg/m³.
- Top Polluted Cities:
- Byrnihat (Assam-Meghalaya border) — most polluted city globally with PM2.5 at 128.2 µg/m³.
- Delhi — most polluted capital city globally with PM2.5 at 91.6 µg/m³.
- 13 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities are in India, including Mullanpur, Faridabad, Gurugram, Bhiwadi, Noida, and Ganganagar.
- Northern India: Faces severe pollution due to crop stubble burning (contributes ~60% of PM2.5 levels).
- Global Air Quality: 91% of countries exceeded WHO PM2.5 safe limits; only 12 countries met the recommended levels.
Major Sources of PM2.5 Pollution:
- Vehicular emissions
- Industrial discharges
- Biomass burning (e.g., firewood, crop residue)
Health & Environmental Impact:
- Health: Linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, cancers; reduces life expectancy by ~5.2 years in India.
- Annual Death Toll: ~1.5 million deaths in India linked to PM2.5 exposure (2009–2019, Lancet Study).
- WHO: 99% of the world’s population breathes polluted air.
India’s Measures to Combat Air Pollution:
Initiative Description
NCAP (2019) - Aims to reduce PM levels by 20–30% in non-attainment cities by
2026. Focuses on monitoring, emissions control, public awareness.
BS-VI Emission Standards - Implemented in 2020 for vehicles to reduce vehicular pollution.
FAME Scheme - Promotes electric and hybrid vehicles to cut down transport-related emissions.
PM Ujjwala Yojana - Provides LPG connections to reduce indoor air pollution from biomass.
GRIHA - Encourages eco-friendly construction practices.
GRAP - Emergency action plan in Delhi-NCR during high pollution episodes.
Commission for Air Quality Management - Coordinates air quality actions across NCR and
nearby areas.
Public Transport & Regulation - Expanding metro/bus networks, penalising high-emission vehicles.
Way Forward:
- Strengthen enforcement of emission norms for vehicles and industries.
- Promote LPG usage over biomass for cooking, especially among rural poor.
- Increase public transport options and incentivise clean technologies.
- Raise awareness and improve inter-state coordination on stubble burning.
Uniyalakeralensis
- 15 Mar 2025
In News:
Researchers have confirmed the discovery of a new flowering plant species named Uniyalakeralensis (family: Asteraceae) in the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve (ABR), located in the southern Western Ghats of Kerala. Endemic to southwest India, the species is named in honour of the state of Kerala.
Key Features:
- Plant Type: Dense shrub with light purple flowers, growing 1–3 metres tall.
- Distinctive Traits: Larger leaves, longer petioles (leaf stalks), and fewer lateral veins compared to related species like U. comorinensis and U. salviifolia.
- Flowering & Fruiting Period: August to April.
- Habitat: Open areas on western mountain slopes of ABR, at elevations between 700–1,400 metres.
- Distribution: Around 5,000 individuals across four subpopulations, covering an estimated area of 250 km².
- IUCN Status (2024): Data Deficient (DD) due to limited information on long-term population trends.
The plant was first collected in 1998 and initially misidentified as Vernonia multibracteata. Later taxonomic revisions led to the recognition of Uniyala as a separate genus, named after botanist B.P. Uniyal, with this species formally described as new.
About Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve (ABR):
- Location: Spans parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the southern Western Ghats.
- UNESCO Status: Recognized under the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme in 2016.
- Biodiversity Highlights: Home to over 2,254 higher plant species, including 405 endemics; key fauna includesNilgiriTahr, Lion-tailed Macaque, Bengal Tiger, and Indian Elephant.
- Indigenous Communities: Inhabited by the Kani tribes in both states.
NECTAR to Lead Agri-Tech Revolution
- 14 Mar 2025
In News:
In a major policy and scientific initiative, the Government of India is transforming the Northeast into the country’s next saffron cultivation hub, following the successful model of Jammu & Kashmir’s Pampore. The development is being led by the North East Centre for Technology Application and Reach (NECTAR), an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
Mission Saffron and the Saffron Bowl Project
Originally launched in 2010–11 for Jammu and Kashmir, Mission Saffron was expanded to the Northeast in 2021 through the Saffron Bowl Project. The initiative now promotes saffron cultivation in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya, with further expansion planned for Nagaland and Manipur.
Saffron, derived from the stigmas of Crocus sativus, requires high-altitude (approx. 2000m), well-drained loamy or calcareous soils, and a dry to temperate climate. These agro-climatic conditions are present in parts of the Northeast, making it a viable region for saffron farming.
NECTAR’s Role in Agri-Tech and Regional Development
Established in 2014, NECTAR is driving technology-based interventions in agriculture, infrastructure, and economic development across the Northeastern states. The foundation stone for its permanent campus in Shillong was laid in March 2025 by Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh, marking a significant boost for scientific infrastructure in the region.
NECTAR's notable initiatives include:
- Saffron cultivation under the Saffron Bowl Project.
- Use of drone technology for land mapping under the Swamitva Yojana.
- Promotion of bamboo-based industries and honey production.
- Supporting indigenous technologies for sustainable rural development.
The Shillong campus is envisioned as a Centre of Excellence for advanced technological demonstrations and skill development, helping bridge last-mile gaps in technology adoption.
Significance for India’s Development
The Northeast is integral to India's aim of becoming a developed nation by 2047. Improvements in connectivity—roads, railways, and air links—have laid the groundwork for economic and scientific transformation in the region. The government sees the Northeast as a key growth frontier to unlock the country’s untapped potential.
Supersolid Light
- 14 Mar 2025
In News:
In a groundbreaking achievement, Italian scientists have successfully created the world’s first ‘supersolid’ made from light, marking a new milestone in quantum physics. This discovery demonstrates that light, traditionally understood as pure energy, can be manipulated into a rare state of matter that combines the order of a solid with the frictionless flow of a superfluid.
What Is a Supersolid?
A supersolid is an exotic quantum phase of matter exhibiting dual characteristics:
- Solid-like structure: Maintains a periodic, lattice-like spatial arrangement.
- Liquid-like behavior: Flows without internal resistance (zero viscosity), like a superfluid.
Previously, supersolidity was observed in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs)—ultracold atomic systems cooled near absolute zero (–273.15°C), where quantum effects dominate.
How was Supersolid Light created?
Researchers used semiconductor nanostructures (gallium arsenide with micro-ridges) to create polaritons—hybrid quasiparticles formed by coupling photons (light) with excitons (matter).
- When cooled and stimulated with a laser, these polaritons condensed into a coherent quantum fluid arranged in a regular pattern, exhibiting both superfluid and solid-like properties.
Key Features of Supersolid Light:
- Quantum Coherence: Particles move in a synchronized, wave-like manner due to shared quantum states.
- Frictionless Flow: Can move through obstacles without energy loss.
- Crystalline Order: Particles maintain a rigid spatial configuration.
- Symmetry Breaking: Demonstrates both spatial order and dynamic fluidity.
Significance and Applications:
- Quantum Computing: Enhances qubit stability and coherence, essential for error-free quantum operations.
- Photonics and Optical Devices: Enables development of light-based circuits with high efficiency.
- Energy Technologies: Potential applications in superconductors and frictionless systems.
- Fundamental Research: Offers insights into non-equilibrium quantum systems and phase transitions.
Why it matters for Science & Technology?
This marks the first time light has been shown to form a supersolid, expanding the boundaries of material science. It provides a new experimental platform for studying quantum behavior in light-matter systems, bridging the gap between theoretical physics and practical innovation.
PM-ABHIM
- 14 Mar 2025
In News:
The Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) is a major Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2021 to strengthen public health systems across India, with a focus on pandemic preparedness and infrastructure development at all levels of healthcare.
In March 2025, the Delhi government agreed to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to implement PM-ABHIM, marking a policy shift after earlier resistance. Under the agreement:
- 553 existing Mohalla Clinics will be upgraded to Urban Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (U-AAMs).
- 413 new U-AAMs will be established.
- A total of 1,139 Urban AAMs will cater to Delhi’s primary healthcare needs.
Key Features of PM-ABHIM (2021–26):
- Total outlay: ?64,180 crore.
- Goal: Strengthen health infrastructure for effective response to future pandemics and disasters, and improve public health systems at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
- Scope: Combines Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) components.
Major Components:
- 17,788 Sub-Centres asAyushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs)in rural areas.
- 11,024 Urban AAMs, focusing onslum areas.
- 3,382 Block Public Health Units (BPHUs).
- 730 Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs)—one per district.
- 602 Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs)in districts with populations above 5 lakh.
Governance & Implementation:
- Health being a State subject, implementation is carried out by State/UT governments.
- The MoHFW provides technical and financial assistance.
- Awareness and IEC (Information, Education, Communication) activities are integrated with other National Health Mission programs.
Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict
- 14 Mar 2025
In News:
In a landmark development, Armenia and Azerbaijan have finalized a peace agreement in 2024, aiming to end decades of hostilities over the Nagorno-Karabakh region—a flashpoint in the South Caucasus with deep-rooted ethnic and geopolitical tensions.
About Nagorno-Karabakh:
- A landlocked, mountainous region in the South Caucasus, referred to as Artsakh by Armenians.
- Located within internationally recognized Azerbaijani territory, but historically inhabited by ethnic Armenians.
- Features diverse geography: steppe lowlands, dense forests, and alpine meadows.
Historical Background:
- Soviet Era (1920s): USSR established Nagorno-Karabakh as an autonomous region within Muslim-majority Azerbaijan, despite its Armenian Christian majority.
- Post-USSR Collapse (1991): Karabakh declared independence; First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994) broke out.
- Result: Armenian forces took control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding Azerbaijani districts.
- 2017: A referendum in Karabakh changed the government to a fully presidential system and renamed the region from Nagorno-Karabakh Republic to Republic of Artsakh.
- Second War (2020): Azerbaijan regained significant territory; thousands of soldiers were killed on both sides.
- 2023 Azerbaijani Offensive: In a swift one-day operation, Azerbaijan reasserted full control over the region.
- The Republic of Artsakh (unrecognized government) was officially dissolved in 2024.
- Over 1 lakh ethnic Armenians fled to Armenia.
India’s Position:
- India maintains a neutral stance, supports a peaceful diplomatic resolution under the aegis of the OSCE Minsk Group.
- Both Armenia and Azerbaijan are part of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), critical for India’s strategic connectivity and trade with Central Asia and Russia.
Mission Amrit Sarovar
- 14 Mar 2025
In News:
Launched in April 2022, Mission Amrit Sarovar is a Government of India initiative aimed at addressing water scarcity, particularly in rural areas, by constructing or rejuvenating 75 water bodies in every district, targeting over 50,000 ponds nationwide. As of October 2024, over 68,000 ponds have been completed.
Key Features:
- Minimum Pond Size: 1 acre with a water holding capacity of ~10,000 cubic metres.
- Community Participation: Sites approved by special Gram Sabha, with a Panchayat Pratinidhi supervising development.
- Multi-Ministerial Collaboration: Involves the Ministries of Rural Development, Jal Shakti, Panchayati Raj, Culture, Environment, and others.
- Technical Support: BISAG-N (Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics) is the technical partner, offering a dedicated portal and mobile app for tracking progress.
- Whole-of-Government Approach: Ensures coordinated implementation across ministries.
Railways' Involvement (2025 Initiative):
- Under Phase II of the mission, Indian Railways is tasked with:
- Desilting existing water bodies or constructing new ponds near railway tracks.
- Using excavated soil for railway embankments, where suitable.
- Coordinating with district authorities and the Ministry of Rural Development to identify appropriate sites.
- The goal is to complete a significant number of ponds by August 15, 2025.
- Promotes climate resilience, ecological balance, and sustainable water resource management.
Ponzi Schemes in India
- 13 Mar 2025
In News:
Probe agency seizes Business Jet at Hyderabad Airport in "Ponzi Scam" Case.
What is a Ponzi Scheme?
A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation where returns to earlier investors are paid using the capital of new investors, not from legitimate business profits. It creates an illusion of high returns with low or no risk.
- Origin: Named after Charles Ponzi, who orchestrated such a scam in the USA in 1920.
- Mechanism:
- Relies on a continuous influx of new investors.
- Uses word-of-mouth, high-return promises, and deceptive marketing.
- Collapses when new investments stop, leading to default on payouts.
Ponzi vs Pyramid Scheme
- Ponzi Scheme: Pays earlier investors from newer investors' money, without involving them in recruitment.
- Pyramid Scheme: Rewards early participants for recruiting others, creating a hierarchical structure that collapses as recruitment slows.
Recent Developments
- ED Action (2024): The Enforcement Directorate (ED) seized a business jet at Hyderabad airport in connection with a ?850 crore Ponzi scam involving a Hyderabad-based company.
- Odisha Case: The STA Crypto scheme operated as a Ponzi-cum-multi-level marketing (MLM) scam, luring people with promises of crypto earnings in return for recruiting more members.
Legal Safeguards Against Ponzi Schemes in India
- Prize Chits and Money Circulation (Banning) Act, 1978
- Bans prize chits and money circulation schemes.
- Enforced by State Governments.
- Banning of Unregulated Deposit Schemes Act, 2019
- Specifically prohibits unregulated deposit-taking schemes including Ponzi models.
- Provides a unified framework to protect depositors.
- Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002: Used by ED to trace and seize proceeds of crime from Ponzi operators.
Red Flags of Ponzi Schemes
- Unusually high and consistent returns
- No clear investment strategy or revenue model
- Over-emphasis on recruitment
- Difficulty in withdrawing funds
- Lack of regulatory approval or transparency
Consequences of Participation
- Investors: Risk of complete loss of capital.
- Promoters: Face legal action, asset seizure, and imprisonment.
- General Public: Erosion of trust in financial systems.
Preventive Measures for Individuals
- Verify if the scheme is registered with SEBI, RBI, or other regulators.
- Be cautious of too-good-to-be-true returns.
- Conduct due diligence and consult financial advisors.
- Report suspicious schemes to authorities like SEBI or EOW.
Madhav National Park
- 13 Mar 2025
In News:
Madhav National Park in Madhya Pradesh has been declared India’s 58th Tiger Reserve and the 9th in Madhya Pradesh, strengthening the state's status as a leader in tiger conservation.
About Madhav National Park
- Location: Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh; part of the Chambal region and the Upper Vindhyan Hills on the northern fringe of the Central Highlands.
- Established: As Madhya Bharat National Park in 1955; renamed Madhav National Park in 1959.
- National Park Status: Since 1958.
- Area: Approx. 354 sq km (expanded from 165 sq km).
- Historical Significance: Former hunting ground of Mughal emperors and Maharaja of Gwalior; named after Maharaja Madhav Rao Scindia.
Ecological Profile
- Vegetation:
- Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
- Dry Thorn Forests typical of North-Western Madhya Pradesh
- Fauna:
- Large Mammals: Tigers, leopards, wolves, jackals, foxes, wild dogs
- Antelopes: Nilgai, Chinkara, Chowsinga
- Deer Species: Chital, Sambar, Barking Deer
- Others: Crocodiles, porcupines, wild pigs, pythons
- Aquatic Ecosystems:
- Two major lakes: Sakhya Sagar and Madhav Sagar support aquatic biodiversity
Tiger Conservation Highlights
- Declared a Tiger Reserve: In 2024, becoming India’s 58th and Madhya Pradesh’s 9th.
- Tiger Reintroduction: Began in 2023; currently home to five tigers, including two cubs.
- Core and Buffer Zones:
- Core Zone: Strictly protected, no human activity
- Buffer Zone: Allows limited, regulated human use to support coexistence
Governance and Protection Framework
- Tiger Reserve Status:
- Notified under Section 38V of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
- Falls under Project Tiger (1973), monitored by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
- Approval Process:
- State Government Proposal
- NTCA Evaluation
- MoEFCC Final Notification
- Monitoring System: M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) used for surveillance and conservation.
Brahmastra Hypersonic Missile
- 13 Mar 2025
In News:
Indian scientists, under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), have successfully developed and tested a hypersonic missile named Brahmastra, officially called the Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRAShM). It represents a major milestone in indigenous defence technology.
Key Features of Brahmastra (LRAShM)
- Type: Hypersonic glide missile
- Developer: DRDO
- Speed: Mach 10 (≈12,144 km/h) — 10 times the speed of sound
- Range: 1,500 km
- Flight Time to Target: Can destroy enemy warships within 7–8 minutes of launch
- Launch Platforms: Compatible with both land and naval platforms
- Technology:
- Scramjet propulsion and glide vehicle technology
- Advanced heat-resistant materials to withstand extreme thermal conditions
- Radar evasion and trajectory maneuverability, making interception extremely difficult
Strategic Significance
- Naval Superiority: Enhances India’s maritime strike capabilities, especially in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Counter to China: Outperforms China’s DF-17 missile, which has a shorter range (1,000 km).
- Quick Response: For instance, a warship near Pakistan’s Karachi port could be neutralized within 4–5 minutes from India’s western coastline.
- Technological Benchmark: Establishes India’s lead in scramjet and hypersonic glide vehicle technology.
Comparative Edge Over Global Counterparts
- China's DF-17: Also hypersonic (Mach 10) but limited to a 1,000 km range.
- U.S. Programs: Still under testing; India’s successful deployment marks it as a front-runner in this emerging domain.
- Strategic Camouflage: Experts speculate India may have publicly understated the missile's actual capabilities for security reasons.
U.S. Strategic Bitcoin Reserve
- 13 Mar 2025
In News:
In March 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order establishing a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, positioning the United States as a frontrunner in digital asset storage and long-term crypto strategy.
What is the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve?
- A government-backed stockpile of Bitcoin and select other cryptocurrencies, managed by the U.S. Department of Treasury and Department of Commerce.
- Intended to serve as a digital financial reserve, akin to the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve or gold reserves (e.g., Fort Knox).
- Aims to enhance U.S. leadership in digital currency markets, provide a hedge against inflation, and integrate digital assets into national reserve strategy.
Key Features:
Aspect Details
Establishment By executive order of President Trump, March 2025
Management U.S. Treasury & Commerce Departments
Funding Source Bitcoin and other digital assets seized in criminal and civil forfeiture
proceedings
Assets Held Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), XRP, Solana (SOL), Cardano (ADA)
Ownership As of 2025, U.S. government reportedly holds 200,000 BTC ($18.1 billion)
Policy No short-term sales; assets to be held long-term
Cost to Taxpayers Budget-neutral – funded through seized assets only
Audit Directive Full accounting of federal digital asset holdings mandated
Strategic Rationale:
- Limited Supply Advantage: Bitcoin’s capped supply of 21 million gives it value retention properties similar to gold.
- Inflation Hedge: Cryptocurrencies offer resistance to fiat currency inflation.
- Diversification: Adds a new asset class to U.S. strategic reserves.
- Legitimacy Boost: Government backing may encourage broader adoption of digital currencies.
Concerns & Criticisms:
- Volatility: High market risk; value of crypto assets can fluctuate rapidly.
- Speculation Risk: Critics argue buying crypto at peak prices (BTC ~$109,000) may backfire.
- Ideological Contradiction: Centralized crypto reserve contradicts the decentralized ethos of cryptocurrencies.
- Market Manipulation Potential: Large-scale government holdings could distort free market dynamics.
- Public Benefit Questioned: Critics argue early investors may benefit more than the general public.
Global Context:
- El Salvador: First nation to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender and build a crypto reserve.
- Gold Reserves Trend: Countries like India, China, Turkey, Poland have increased gold holdings—crypto reserves may reflect a similar diversification strategy.
Mukhyamantri Majhi LadkiBahin Yojana
- 13 Mar 2025
In News:
Ahead of International Women's Day 2025, the Maharashtra government has promised to deposit the 8th and 9th installment of Mukhyamantri Majhi LadkiBahin Yojana
Objective:
A flagship women-centric welfare scheme launched by the Maharashtra government in 2024 to provide monthly financial assistance to economically disadvantaged women and promote their socio-economic empowerment.
Key Features:
- Target Group: Economically weaker women aged 21 to 65 years, who are permanent residents of Maharashtra.
- Eligibility Criteria:
- Annual family income must not exceed ?2.5 lakh.
- No family member should be an income taxpayer.
- Financial Assistance: ?1,500 per month via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
- Scheme Performance (as of Dec 2024):
- Total disbursement: ?17,500 crore
- Total beneficiaries: 2.38 crore women
Recent Update (March 2025):
- Installment Release: On the occasion of International Women’s Day 2025, the government released the 8th and 9th installments (?3,000 total) to 2.52 crore women for the months of February and March.
- Delay & Clarification: Due to technical delays in February’s payment, both months' amounts were disbursed together in March 2025.
Policy Outlook:
- Proposed Enhancement: During the 2024 election campaign, the government promised to raise the monthly benefit from ?1,500 to ?2,100.
- Current Status: No official decision has been made regarding the increase as of the 2025 budget session.
Woolly Mice
- 12 Mar 2025
In News:
Scientists at Colossal Biosciences, a US-based biotechnology company, have genetically engineered mice with mammoth-like traits, dubbed “woolly mice”, as part of a broader project aiming to revive the extinct woolly mammoth.
What are Woolly Mice?
Woolly mice are genetically modified laboratory mice that express specific traits observed in woolly mammoths, such as thick, wavy fur and cold adaptation features. These traits were introduced to validate the feasibility of editing multiple genes for the potential de-extinction of the woolly mammoth.
How Were Woolly Mice Created?
- Methodology:
- Scientists compared ancient DNA of woolly mammoths with modern Asian elephants (their closest living relatives) to identify unique cold-adaptation genetic variants.
- Selected 10 mammoth-associated gene variants related to hair length, thickness, color, and fat metabolism were mapped to their equivalents in lab mice.
- Using CRISPR gene-editing technology, seven key genes were edited across eight changes in mouse embryos.
- Key Gene Edits:
- FGF5: Regulated hair cycle, producing hair three times longer than normal.
- MC1R: Altered coat color to golden, similar to mammoths.
- FABP2: Modified lipid metabolism for potential cold resistance.
- Additional genes affected hair texture, follicle structure, and whisker curling.
Significance of the Experiment
- Proof of Concept: Demonstrates that mammoth-like traits can be recreated in living organisms through targeted gene editing.
- Model for Cold Adaptation Studies: Offers insights into thermoregulation and climate resilience, useful for biodiversity research.
- Potential for Conservation: Highlights the emerging role of gene editing in preventing extinctions and enhancing species’ adaptability.
Scientific and Ethical Concerns
- Some experts argue that the research lacks conclusive evidence that the mice are truly cold-adapted.
- Critics note that while physical traits were achieved, this does not equate to reviving a mammoth, but rather mimicking select features in a different organism.
- There are broader debates on whether such de-extinction efforts are beneficial or divert resources from conserving existing endangered species.
ParvatmalaPariyojana
- 12 Mar 2025
In News:
The ParvatmalaPariyojana, launched in the Union Budget 2022–23, is a Central Government initiative aimed at developing ropeway infrastructure across the country, especially in hilly, forested, and difficult terrains. It aims to provide safe, sustainable, and efficient transport alternatives to reduce congestion, improve tourism, and enhance last-mile connectivity.
Key Features of the Programme
- Implementing Agency:National Highways Logistics Management Limited (NHLML), a 100% SPV of NHAI, under the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH).
- Funding Model:
- Projects are implemented under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, specifically Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT) mode.
- The Government of India contributes ~60% of the total cost.
- Target:Development of over 250 ropeway projects covering 1,200+ km, with an estimated investment of ?1.25 lakh crore.
- Budget Allocation:?300 crore was allocated in FY 2024–25, with ?200 crore utilized by December 2024.
Recent Cabinet Approvals in Uttarakhand (March 2025)
Two major ropeway projects under the scheme received Union Cabinet approval:
- Govindghat to Hemkund Sahib Ji Ropeway
- Length: 12.4 km
- Technology:
- Monocable Detachable Gondola (MDG): Govindghat to Ghangaria (10.55 km)
- Tri-cable Detachable Gondola (3S): Ghangaria to Hemkund Sahib (1.85 km)
- Capacity: 1,100 passengers/hour/direction (PPHPD); up to 11,000 passengers/day
- Elevation: Hemkund Sahib is located at 15,000 ft in Chamoli district
- Pilgrim Footfall: Approx. 1.5–2 lakh annually
- Sonprayag to Kedarnath Ropeway
- Length: 12.9 km
- Technology: Tri-cable Detachable Gondola (3S)
- Capacity: 1,800 PPHPD; up to 18,000 passengers/day
- Elevation: Kedarnath is at 3,583 m (11,968 ft) in Rudraprayag district
- Pilgrim Footfall: Around 20 lakh annually
- Total Project Cost: Over ?6,811 crore
Advantages of Ropeways
- Lower land acquisition requirements
- Suitable for eco-sensitive and congested areas
- More cost-effective than roads in difficult terrains despite higher construction cost per km
- Boosts religious and adventure tourism, generating local employment and economic development
Other Ropeway Projects (2024–25 Update)
- Under Construction:Varanasi Ropeway (Uttar Pradesh): 3.85 km
- Awarded Projects:Bijli Mahadev (HP), Dhosi Hill (Haryana), Mahakaleshwar Temple (MP) – Total 4.93 km
PashuAushadhi Initiative
- 12 Mar 2025
In News:
The Government of India has launched the PashuAushadhi initiative to establish dedicated stores across the country offering affordable, high-quality generic veterinary medicines. This move aims to reduce the out-of-pocket expenditure of farmers and enhance animal health and productivity, especially in the livestock and dairy sectors.
Key Features:
- Modelled on PMBJK: Inspired by the success of the Pradhan Mantri BharatiyaJanaushadhiKendras (PMBJK) that provide generic human medicines, the PashuAushadhiKendras will serve the same purpose for animals.
- Affordable Veterinary Drugs: These Kendras will provide non-branded (generic) veterinary medicines at significantly lower prices.
- Ethnoveterinary Medicines: Alongside allopathic drugs, they will also stock traditional remedies based on indigenous knowledge, compiled by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). These include formulations for fever, diarrhoea, indigestion, mastitis, and more.
Implementation Framework
- The initiative is part of the revised Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP), approved by the Union Cabinet.
- Run by Co-operative Societies & PM-KisanSamriddhiKendras (PMKSKs).
- An initial budget of ?75 crore has been allocated under the LHDCP for veterinary medicine access and sales incentives.
Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP)
- With an outlay of ?3,880 crore for 2024–25 and 2025–26, the LHDCP focuses on:
- Prophylactic vaccination against major animal diseases (e.g., FMD, Brucellosis, CSF, PPR, Lumpy Skin Disease).
- Disease surveillance and veterinary infrastructure strengthening.
- Capacity building of veterinary services across India.
Need and Significance
- As per the 20th Livestock Census (2019), India has 535.78 million livestock, including over 302 million bovines.
- Livestock productivity is often hampered by preventable diseases.
- Farmers bear significant expenses on veterinary care, highlighting the need for cost-effective treatment options.
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) Slowing Down
- 12 Mar 2025
In News:
Recent scientific studies have revealed that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)—the strongest and most powerful ocean current on Earth—is slowing down due to accelerated melting of Antarctic ice sheets caused by global warming.
What is ACC?
- The ACC flows clockwise around Antarctica and is the only ocean current that connects the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
- It is five times stronger than the Gulf Stream and over 100 times more powerful than the Amazon River.
- Driven by strong westerly winds, it is the largest wind-driven ocean current and plays a vital role in regulating the Earth’s climate.
Key Functions and Significance
- Climate Regulation: Distributes heat, nutrients, and water across ocean basins.
- Carbon Sink: Aids in oceanic absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide, mitigating global warming.
- Marine Barrier: Acts as a natural wall preventing invasive species (e.g., bull kelp, mollusks, shrimp) from reaching Antarctica.
- Prevents Warm Water Intrusion: Helps keep warm ocean currents away from the fragile Antarctic ice shelves.
Findings from Recent Research
- A study by the University of Melbourne and NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, published in Environmental Research Letters, warns that the ACC could slow down by 20% by 2050 under high emissions scenarios.
- Researchers used high-resolution ocean and sea ice simulations on Australia’s GADI supercomputer to project these changes.
- The weakening is largely attributed to the freshwater input from melting ice, which alters ocean salinity and disrupts the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)—a crucial component of global ocean circulation.
Reasons for ACC Weakening
- Freshwater Dilution: Melting ice reduces salinity, weakening the density-driven AABW circulation.
- Altered Wind Patterns: Climate change may shift westerly wind patterns that drive the ACC.
- Positive Feedback Loop: Reduced sea ice further warms oceans, accelerating ice melt and weakening the current further.
Potential Global Impacts
- Climate Extremes: Disruption in global heat distribution may lead to increased climate variability and extreme weather events.
- Accelerated Global Warming: Slower circulation reduces the ocean’s carbon sequestration capacity.
- Biodiversity Threats: Invasive species could reach Antarctica, disrupting native ecosystems and food chains (e.g., penguins and krill).
- Global Ocean Circulation Impact: AABW weakening may disrupt the thermohaline circulation affecting global ocean systems.
AI Kosha
- 12 Mar 2025
In News
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has launched AI Kosha, a secure platform to catalyze Artificial Intelligence (AI) innovation by providing centralized access to high-quality datasets, models, and development tools. This initiative is part of the broader IndiaAI Mission, which has an outlay of ?10,371 crore and aims to democratize AI access and boost research and governance applications.
Key Features and Infrastructure
- Datasets & Models: AI Kosha hosts 316 datasets and over 80 AI models, covering areas such as Indian language translation, health, census, meteorology, pollution, and satellite imagery.
- AI Sandbox Environment: Offers integrated development tools, tutorials, and an IDE for training AI models.
- Security Protocols: Implements encryption, secure API-based access, real-time threat filtering, and tiered permissions for users (researchers, startups, government bodies).
- AI-readiness Scoring: Aids users in selecting relevant and usable datasets.
Compute Capacity Boost
Under the Compute Capacity pillar of the IndiaAI Mission, the government has commissioned 14,000 GPUs (up from 10,000 announced earlier in 2025) to support shared access for startups and academic institutions. This infrastructure is vital for training large AI models, particularly foundational models tailored for Indian needs.
Policy and Data Governance Background
- AI Kosha complements earlier government efforts like data.gov.in, which already hosts 12,000+ public datasets.
- A 2018 committee, led by Infosys co-founder Kris Gopalakrishnan, proposed access to non-personal data from private firms to promote innovation—a proposal that faced resistance from industry stakeholders.
- The platform promotes ethically sourced and consent-based datasets, aligning with responsible AI practices.
Challenges
- Limited Dataset Diversity: Current datasets are mostly government or research-based, limiting private-sector applicability.
- Access Barriers: Strong security protocols, while crucial, may hinder ease of access for some innovators.
- Early Stage Evolution: Wider participation from industry is essential to expand dataset variety and utility.
5th Edition of Lineman Diwas
- 11 Mar 2025
In News:
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA), in partnership with Tata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd (Tata Power-DDL), organized the 5th Edition of Lineman Diwas on March 4, 2025, in New Delhi. The event commemorates the invaluable service of linemen and ground maintenance staff—frontline workers vital to ensuring uninterrupted power supply across India.
Key Highlights:
- Theme: Seva, Suraksha, Swabhiman (Service, Safety, Self-respect).
- Over 180 linemen from 45+ state and private utilities attended.
- Recognized 5 linemen and 4 DISCOMs for exemplary safety and service standards.
- Special Anthem on linemen launched by CEA Chairperson Ghanshyam Prasad.
- Safety videos and demonstrations of modern equipment were showcased.
- Participants visited the Distribution Operations & Safety Excellence Center (DOSEC) for exposure to training modules and tools.
The event highlighted the importance of Hotline Maintenance Training, which enables linemen to safely work on live power lines, improving both worker safety and power grid reliability.
About Central Electricity Authority (CEA):
- Statutory Body under the Ministry of Power, Govt. of India.
- Established: Originally under Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948; reconstituted under Electricity Act, 2003.
- Headquarters: New Delhi.
- Functions:
- Advises government on electricity policy, planning, and technical standards.
- Monitors power generation, transmission, and distribution efficiency.
- Promotes safety, training, and regulatory compliance.
- Key Divisions:
- Power Planning & Monitoring
- Grid Operations & Transmission
- Distribution & Regulatory Affairs
- Safety & Training
Japan’s Largest Wildfire in Decades
- 11 Mar 2025
In News:
Japan is currently battling its most extensive wildfire in over three decades, with flames spreading across approximately 1,200 hectares of forest in Ofunato, a coastal city in Iwate Prefecture, located in northern Honshu Island. This is Japan's largest wildfire since the 1992 Kushiro fire in Hokkaido, which burned 1,030 hectares.
The cause remains unknown, and the situation is worsened by record-low rainfall (2.5 mm in February) and the hottest year on record in 2023, highlighting the growing impact of climate change. The region is also vulnerable due to its dense forests, dry winter winds, and limited precipitation during February–April, a peak season for wildfires in Japan.
About Ofunato and Iwate Prefecture
- Location: Ofunato is in Iwate Prefecture, northern Japan, along the Pacific coast.
- Ecological Importance: It features mountainous terrain, coastal forests, and is known for fisheries, tourism, and biodiversity.
Japan – Geographical Context
- Location: East Asia, surrounded by the Pacific Ocean.
- Capital: Tokyo.
- Neighbouring Countries (via maritime boundaries): China, South Korea, North Korea, Russia, Taiwan.
- Geological Features:
- Over 80% mountainous terrain; part of the Pacific Ring of Fire (earthquake and volcanic activity-prone).
- Major Islands: Honshu (location of Ofunato), Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku.
- Climate: Ranges from humid subtropical (south) to cold continental (north).
- Major Rivers: Shinano, Tone, Kiso.
Gandiva (Astra MK-III) Missile
- 11 Mar 2025
In News:
India’s cutting-edge air-to-air missile, previously known as Astra MK-III, has been officially renamed Gandiva, inspired by the mythical bow wielded by Arjuna in the epic Mahabharata. This rebranding marks a symbolic nod to India's cultural legacy while highlighting its growing defence capabilities.
Overview of the Gandiva (Astra MK-III) Missile
Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Gandiva is a beyond-visual-range (BVR) missile currently undergoing final stages of development. It is designed to be equipped on frontline fighter aircraft such as the Sukhoi Su-30MKI and LCA Tejas of the Indian Air Force (IAF).
Upon induction, Gandiva is set to become one of the longest-range air-to-air BVR missiles globally, significantly enhancing India's aerial combat capabilities.
Key Capabilities and Features
- Engagement Range:
- Up to 340 km when the target is flying at 20 km altitude.
- Around 190 km if the target is at an altitude of 8 km.
- Propulsion System: Powered by a dual-fuel ducted ramjet engine, allowing high-speed performance across various altitudes—from sea level to 20 km.
- Speed and Maneuverability:
- Launch speed: Between Mach 0.8 and 2.2.
- Target engagement speed: Between Mach 2.0 and 3.6.
- Can engage agile aerial targets with an angle of attack up to 20 degrees.
- Altitude Adaptability: Features a ±10 km snap-up/snap-down capability, enabling it to intercept targets that are significantly above or below the altitude of the launching aircraft.
Strategic Importance
Gandiva is designed to neutralize a wide spectrum of aerial threats, including:
- Enemy fighter jets
- Bombers and transport aircraft
- Aerial refueling planes
- AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control Systems)
Open Market Operations
- 11 Mar 2025
In News:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced a liquidity injection of ?1.9 lakh crore into the banking system through Open Market Operations (OMOs) and USD/INR forex swaps, in response to tightening liquidity conditions observed since December 2024.
What are Open Market Operations (OMOs)?
- Open Market Operations refer to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market by the central bank to regulate liquidity in the banking system.
- It is a monetary policy tool used to manage inflation and ensure financial stability.
How OMOs Work:
- To inject liquidity: RBI purchases government securities from banks, increasing their cash reserves, which lowers interest rates, encourages lending, and boosts economic activity.
- To absorb liquidity: RBI sells government securities, reducing cash reserves in the system, which raises interest rates, discourages excessive lending, and cools inflation.
RBI’s Recent Measures (March 2025):
- OMO Purchase Auctions:Government securities worth ?1 lakh crore to be bought in two tranches of ?50,000 crore each on March 12 and March 18.
- Forex Swap Auction:
- A USD/INR Buy/Sell Swap worth $10 billion with a 36-month tenor, scheduled for March 24, to inject long-term dollar liquidity.
- A similar $10 billion swap was conducted on February 28, which saw strong demand.
Ayushman Arogya Mandirs
- 11 Mar 2025
In News:
The Government of India has operationalisedAyushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) across the country, marking a transformative step towards holistic, accessible, and preventive health care. As of January 31, 2025, a total of 1,76,141 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs have been established nationwide.
Recent Development in Delhi:
Recently three Primary Health Centres (PHCs) in Najafgarh, Palam, and Ujwa were converted into Ayushman Arogya Mandirs. These are among the first AAMs in Delhi, focused on:
- Preventive and promotive healthcare, beyond clinical and immunisation services.
- Free access to 172 medicines and 63 diagnostic tests.
- Dissemination of health awareness via health talks and educational displays (e.g., ear health, lifestyle diseases).
- Community outreach through ASHA and ANM workers under IEC and BCC programmes.
These centres operate under the Rural Health Training Centre, Najafgarh, affiliated with the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The Najafgarh PHC, one of Delhi’s oldest (established in 1937), is undergoing certification under National Quality Assurance Standards (NQAS) and Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS).
Key Features of Ayushman Arogya Mandirs:
- Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC): Includes preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative services.
- Staff trained in yoga, lifestyle counselling, diabetes and blood pressure screening.
- Universal, free healthcare services located closer to communities.
Institutional Framework:
Ayushman Arogya Mandir is a rebranded initiative under the broader Ayushman Bharat scheme, launched as per the National Health Policy 2017 to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
It consists of two major components:
- Ayushman Arogya Mandirs – Delivering comprehensive primary healthcare services.
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) – Providing health insurance coverage of ?5 lakh per family/year for secondary and tertiary hospitalization to over 12 crore poor and vulnerable families (covering approximately 55 crore individuals).
Mount Erebus
- 10 Mar 2025
In News:
- Volcanic ice caves beneath Mount Erebus host thriving microbial life, offering insights into extremophile survival and potential life on alien planets.
About Mount Erebus:
- Location: Ross Island, Antarctica, in the Ross Sea.
- Type:Glaciated intraplate stratovolcano; part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
- Altitude:3,794 meters (12,448 feet) above sea level.
- Rank:Second tallest volcano in Antarctica (after Mount Sidley).
- Discovered: In 1841 by British explorer Sir James Clark Ross.
- Name Origin: Named after Ross’s ship, HMS Erebus.
Volcanic Activity:
- Southernmost active volcano on Earth.
- Continuously active since 1972.
- Eruptions are Strombolian in nature — small, explosive, with lava bombs ejected onto crater rim.
- Contains a persistent lava lake with alkalic lava, typical of rift volcanoes.
Proximity to Human Activity:
- Near McMurdo Station, the largest Antarctic research base, just ~40 km away.
Scientific Significance:
- The microbial ecosystems in volcanic ice caves could help understand:
- Life in extreme environments
- Astrobiological prospects on Mars or Europa
Bollgard-3
- 10 Mar 2025
In News:
Punjab's cotton sector is facing a severe crisis due to increasing pest infestations and declining yields. In response, there is a rising demand for advanced genetically modified (GM) cotton varieties, particularly Bollgard-3, ahead of the 2025 sowing season.
Key Facts:
Decline in Cotton Cultivation in Punjab:
- Cotton acreage in Punjab has drastically declined from ~8 lakh hectares (1990s) to just 1 lakh hectares (2024).
- The ginning industry has also shrunk — only 22 ginning units remain functional, down from 422 in 2004.
- The main causes are whitefly (2015–16) and pink bollworm (2018–19) infestations.
About Bollgard Series of Bt Cotton:
Version Introduced in India Features
Bollgard-1 2002 Contains Cry1Ac gene — limited pest resistance
Bollgard-2 2006 Added Cry2Ab gene — wider pest control, still ineffective against
whiteflies and pink bollworms
Bollgard-3 Not approved in India Contains Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A — effective against
lepidopteran pests like pink bollworm
- Bollgard-3, developed by Monsanto, offers enhanced pest resistance, but remains unapproved in India despite global usage.
- Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) is a soil-dwelling bacterium used in GM crops for pest resistance by producing insecticidal proteins.
Alternative in Pipeline – BG-2RRF:
- Bollgard-2 Roundup Ready Flex (BG-2RRF) is aherbicide-tolerant GM cotton variety pending final regulatory approval in India.
- Enables better weed control and potentially reduces pest hosts, boosting yield.
- Field trials for BG-2RRF were conducted in 2012–13, but commercial approval remains pending.
- Experts argue that regulatory hurdles are delaying the adoption of next-generation GM seed technologies, affecting India's cotton competitiveness.
Current Agronomic Recommendations:
- In absence of new GM varieties, experts suggest:
- High-density planting
- Drip fertigation
- Proper seeding and mulching
- However, pest management remains a critical issue under current practices.
Comparative Global Context:
- Countries like Brazil are using Bollgard-5, achieving yields of 2400 kg/ha, compared to 450 kg/ha in India.
- India's profit margin from cotton is just 15%, whereas Brazil enjoys 85% margins due to advanced biotech adoption.
Rare Civet Cat
- 10 Mar 2025
In News:
Recently, a rare civet cat, typically native to the Seshachalam forests near Tirumala, was unexpectedly sighted near Tadepalli in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. The animal entered a residential area, startling locals, and was later safely rescued and examined by forest officials.
About Civet Cats
- Taxonomy:Civets belong to the Viverridae family, which includes civets, genets, oyans, and linsangs. There are 15–20 species across 10–12 genera.
- Distribution:Found in Africa, southern Europe, and Asia, including eight wild species in India.
- Common Palm Civet and Small Indian Civet are widely distributed.
- The Malabar Large-spotted Civet (Viverracivettina) is critically endangered and endemic to the Western Ghats.
- Conservation Status:The Malabar Civet is listed as Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List.
Physical Characteristics:
- Appearance: Cat-like, with thickly furred tail, pointed snout, and small ears.
- Size: Body length: 40–85 cm; Tail: 13–66 cm; Weight: 1.5–11 kg.
- Coloration: Usually buff or grayish, with black spots, stripes, or both.
Behavior and Habitat:
- Nocturnal and Solitary: Typically dwell in tree hollows, rocks, or similar secluded areas.
- Diet: Primarily frugivorous and insectivorous, occasionally feeding on small animals.
- Habitat Range: Though mostly forest-dwelling, rare sightings in urban zones have occurred, as seen in the Tadepalli incident.
Significance of Recent Sighting:
- The civet descended from Tadepalli hills and entered a home, prompting forest department intervention.
- Identified as a rare species similar to African civets.
- Medically examined, found healthy, and is to be rehabilitated into the wild.
- The incident highlights growing human-wildlife interactions and the need for urban wildlife awareness.
Dragon Copilot
- 10 Mar 2025
In News:
Microsoft has launched Dragon Copilot, a voice-activated AI assistant designed specifically for the healthcare sector. It aims to reduce administrative burdens on clinicians by automating documentation and providing quick access to medical information.
Key Features and Functionalities:
- Platform Integration: Part of Microsoft Cloud for Healthcare, Dragon Copilot integrates with Electronic Health Records (EHR) and is accessible via desktop, browser, or mobile app.
- Technology Base: Built on Nuance’s Dragon Medical One (DMO) and DAX (Dragon Ambient eXperience) platforms, which have supported transcription of billions of patient records and over 3 million ambient patient interactions.
- Voice & AI Capabilities:
- Uses natural language dictation and ambient listening technologies.
- Enhanced with generative AI and healthcare-specific safeguards.
- Allows drafting of memos, referral letters, clinical summaries, and after-visit notes in personalized formats.
- Facilitates real-time voice-to-text transcription and AI-generated notes via user prompts or templates.
- Supports automated search for verified medical information.
Benefits:
- Reduces clinician paperwork and burnout, enhancing focus on patient care.
- Survey Data (Microsoft Findings):
- Saves ~5 minutes per patient interaction.
- 70% clinicians reported reduced fatigue.
- 62% were less likely to leave their organizations.
- 93% patients reported improved experiences.
Concerns and Risks of Healthcare AI:
- AI Hallucinations: Tools like OpenAI’s Whisper have produced fictitious content, including inappropriate or incorrect medical information.
- Regulatory Caution:
- The US FDA warns of risks from generative AI in healthcare, including false diagnoses or biased outputs.
- Emphasizes the need for transparent and accountable development practices.
- Microsoft’s Response:
- Claims to have integrated “clinical, chat, and compliance safeguards” into Dragon Copilot.
- Built in alignment with Microsoft’s Responsible AI principles, although technical specifics remain undisclosed.
Broader AI Healthcare Landscape:
- Companies like Google Cloud, Abridge, and Suki are developing similar AI-based healthcare assistants.
- Growing interest in generative AI for reducing clinician workload and improving patient outcomes is driving innovation and investment across the sector.
Doubtful (D) Voters in Assam
- 10 Mar 2025
In News:
The issue of ‘D’ (Doubtful) voters recently resurfaced in the Assam Legislative Assembly, with the Opposition demanding closure of the state’s lone detention centre (now termed a transit camp) and the tabling of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) report.
Who are ‘D’ Voters?
‘D’ voters are individuals whose Indian citizenship is under suspicion. Introduced by the Election Commission of India (ECI) in 1997 specifically for Assam, these individuals are barred from voting or contesting elections until their citizenship is verified.
Legal and Procedural Aspects:
- Not Defined in Law: The term 'Doubtful Voter' is not defined under the Citizenship Act, 1955 or the Citizenship Rules, 2003.
- As per Citizenship Rules, 2003:
- The Local Registrar must mark individuals with doubtful citizenship in the National Population Register (NPR) for further verification.
- Affected individuals must be informed through a prescribed format and granted a hearing before the Taluk or Sub-district Registrar.
- A decision on citizenship status must be made within 90 days.
- Foreigners Tribunal (FT): Cases of D-voters are referred to FTs, which decide whether the person is an Indian citizen or a foreigner. Based on the verdict, individuals can be:
- Cleared and subsequently included in the NRC and electoral rolls.
- Declared foreigners, leading to deportation or detention.
Key Features of D-Voter Status:
- Temporary Tag: The 'D' classification is not permanent and must be resolved within a set timeframe.
- Appeal Mechanism: Individuals can appeal to the Foreigners Tribunal for clearance.
- Impact on Families: Often, some members of a family are citizens while others are tagged as D-voters, leading to legal and social complications.
- Detention Concerns: Several individuals, including potential Indian citizens, have been detained for years without a clear mechanism for release.
Recent Developments:
- Political demands in Assam include the closure of detention centres and transparency regarding NRC implementation.
- Debates continue over the legal ambiguity and humanitarian implications of the D-voter category.
U.S. Reciprocal Tariffs
- 09 Mar 2025
In News:
On April 2, 2025, the United States is set to implement reciprocal tariffs as announced by President Donald Trump during his address to a joint session of the U.S. Congress. The move targets major trade partners including India, China, the European Union, Canada, and Mexico.
What Are Reciprocal Tariffs?
- Definition: A reciprocal tariff is a trade measure in which a country imposes import duties equal to the tariffs its exports face in other nations.
- Objective: To establish a level playing field, correct trade imbalances, and respond to unfair tariff structures by trading partners.
- Application:
- If a foreign nation imposes high tariffs on U.S. goods, the U.S. will match that rate on goods imported from that country.
- Applies to goods, services, and even non-tariff barriers limiting U.S. market access.
Why Now? Trump’s Trade Strategy
- President Trump cited India’s high tariffs on automobile imports (reportedly over 100%) as an example of unfair trade.
- The U.S. also flagged China, EU, Brazil, and Mexico for imposing higher duties on U.S. exports.
- Trump emphasized that the U.S. has been “taken advantage of for too long” and that reciprocal tariffs are necessary to protect American jobs and industry.
WTO Implications
- May violate WTO's Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) rule, which mandates equal treatment of trade partners.
- The U.S. could invoke Article XX (general exceptions) or Article XXI (national security exception) of the WTO Agreement to justify its policy.
Potential Impacts of Reciprocal Tariffs
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
Boosts U.S. manufacturing by reducing import dependency May trigger retaliatory tariffs,
escalating trade wars
Encourages tariff reductions by partner nations Leads to higher import prices and
consumer inflation
Aims to reduce the trade deficit Causes economic uncertainty
and hurts investor confidence
Promotes domestic job creation May lead to WTO disputes and
strain diplomatic relations
PUNCH Mission
- 09 Mar 2025
In News:
NASA is set to launch the PUNCH (Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere) mission on March 6, 2025, from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. It will be the third major solar mission launched globally in the past 18 months.
About the PUNCH Mission:
Aspect Details
Agency NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Launch Date March 6, 2025
Mission Objective Study the Sun’s corona (outer atmosphere) and how solar wind evolves as it moves
into the heliosphere
Unique Features - First dedicated mission to image the transition from the corona to the heliosphere
- Will use four identical suitcase-sized satellites for continuous imaging of the inner corona
Importance - Improves understanding of space weather
- Helps predict solar storms, safeguarding satellites, astronauts, and
communication networks
What is the Solar Cycle?
- The solar cycle is an ~11-year periodic change in the Sun’s magnetic field, where the north and south poles flip positions.
- This cycle governs the level of solar activity, including sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
- Solar Maximum: Period of peak activity with increased sunspots and solar eruptions.
- Solar Minimum: Period of least activity.
The current solar cycle began gaining momentum around May 2022, and solar activity remained above normal through 2024. The solar maximum is anticipated around 2025, offering an ideal window for solar observation.
Why the Surge in Solar Missions?
- Solar maximum periods offer the best conditions to observe high-energy events like flares and CMEs.
- Scientists aim to maximize data collection before the next solar minimum (next solar max expected ~2035–36).
- Monitoring solar activity is crucial because solar storms can disrupt satellite communications, navigation systems, and power grids on Earth.
Recent Major Solar Missions (2023–25):
Mission Agency Launch Date Purpose
Aditya-L1 ISRO (India) Sept 2, 2023 India’s first solar observatory; studies solar flares, solar winds, and magnetic fields
Proba-3 ESA (Europe) Dec 4, 2024 Dual-satellite mission to study solar corona and space weather
PUNCH NASA (USA) Mar 6, 2025 First mission to study continuous evolution from solar corona to heliosphere
Lake Tanganyika
- 09 Mar 2025
In News:
- The countries bordering Lake Tanganyika—Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Tanzania, and Zambia—have launched a five-year biodiversity conservation project.
- The initiative, led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), aims to tackle transboundary threats to the lake’s biodiversity.
About Lake Tanganyika:
Feature Details
Location East Africa
Bordering Countries Burundi, DRC, Tanzania, Zambia
Length Over 400 miles (Longest freshwater lake in the world by length)
Depth One of the world’s deepest lakes
Geological Setting Located in the Western Rift Valley
Major Inflows Malagarasi, Ruzizi, Kalambo Rivers
Outflow Lukuga River (into the Lualaba River)
Flora Located at the floral transition zone of eastern and western Africa; oil palms found along shores
Livelihood Agriculture (rice, subsistence crops) and fishing are common
Key Features of the Conservation Project:
- Project Title:Biodiversity Conservation, Sustainable Land Management and Enhanced Water Security in Lake Tanganyika Basin
- Budget: USD 14.5 million
- Implementing Agency: UNOPS
- Strategic Partner: Lake Tanganyika Authority
- Framework Basis: Convention on the Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika (2003)
Project Objectives:
- Transboundary Cooperation: Foster collaboration among the four bordering nations
- Sustainable Fisheries: Establish fishing standards, including gear type, mesh sizes, and quotas
- Critical Habitat Protection: Secure core conservation zones in three protected areas and ensure sustainable use in buffer zones
- Community Involvement: Promote local participation in fisheries management and livelihood alternatives
- Land Restoration: Rehabilitate degraded landscapes and reduce environmental stressors
- Biodiversity Protection: Align with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework goals
Why It Matters:
- Biodiversity Hotspot: The basin supports over 10 million people and is home to rich and unique freshwater biodiversity
- Threats: Habitat destruction, overfishing, pollution, invasive species, climate change, and uncoordinated lake management
- Alarming Trend: Global freshwater biodiversity has declined by 84% in the last century, faster than terrestrial or marine biomes
- Economic Risk: The global value of lake ecosystem services (~USD 3 trillion) could drop by 20% by 2050 if degradation continues
Marbled Cat
- 09 Mar 2025
In News:
- Rare marbled cats (Pardofelis marmorata) were recently captured on camera traps in DehingPatkai National Park, located in Assam's Tinsukia district.
- This was part of a two-month biodiversity monitoring initiative launched in November 2024 by the Assam Forest Department in collaboration with the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).
Significance of the Sighting:
- 2–3 individuals were recorded, marking a significant discovery for biodiversity documentation in Northeast India.
- Assam's Forest Minister and conservationists hailed the event as a testament to successful conservation efforts and the rich biodiversity of DehingPatkai.
About the Marbled Cat:
- Scientific Name: Pardofelis marmorata
- IUCN Status: Near Threatened (NT)
- Habitat: Dense tropical and subtropical forests; found at elevations up to 2,500 metres
- Distribution:
- Countries: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos
- In India: Found primarily in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, and Nagaland
Physical Features:
- Small wild cat with distinctive marbled-patterned fur (brown/grey with black stripes and spots)
- Excellent arboreal climber, capable of leaping between trees
- Males weigh 4.5–9 kg; females weigh 2.5–5 kg
- Solitary and territorial; marks territory with scent
Conservation Implications:
- The sighting underscores the ecological value of DehingPatkai, a critical habitat for many rare and threatened species.
- Experts stress the need for continued research, habitat preservation, and protection of Eastern Himalayan forests to ensure the survival of elusive species like the marbled cat.
Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3)
- 09 Mar 2025
In News:
Manohar Lal, Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs, announced the Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3), a multi-nation alliance for city-to-city collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and private sector partnerships.
- Platform: 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific
- Venue: Rajasthan International Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan
What is C-3?
- The Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3) is a multi-national alliance aimed at enhancing city-to-city collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and public-private partnerships.
- It focuses on promoting circular economy principles, resource efficiency, and low-carbon development.
Organizers and Supporters:
- Organized by: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (India), United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD), and Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
- Supported by: United Nations ESCAP, Ministry of Environment (Japan), and other global organizations
Key Announcements:
- Formation of a Working Group to finalize the coalition’s structure and operational framework
- Adoption of the Jaipur Declaration (2025–2034) – a nonpolitical, nonbinding declaration guiding the next decade of action for resource-efficient and sustainable urban growth
Highlights of the Forum:
- Theme: Realizing Circular Societies Towards Achieving SDGs and Carbon Neutrality in Asia-Pacific
- 3R India Pavilion: Inaugurated by Union Minister and Rajasthan CM Bhajanlal Sharma, showcasing 40+ Indian and Japanese start-ups in waste management and circular solutions
What is a Circular Economy?
A circular economy is a regenerative system where:
- Products, materials, and resources are maintained in use for as long as possible
- Waste is minimized through reuse, recycling, remanufacturing, composting, etc.
- It aims to decouple economic growth from resource consumption, addressing climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.
Colossal A23a Iceberg
- 08 Mar 2025
In News:
The colossal iceberg A23a -- which is more than twice the size of Greater London and weighs nearly one trillion tonnes -- has been drifting north from Antarctica towards South Georgia island since 2020.
What is A23a?
A23a is currently the world’s largest iceberg, covering an area of approximately 3,672 sq. km—more than twice the size of Greater London—and weighing nearly one trillion tonnes. It calved from the Filchner Ice Shelf (Antarctica) in 1986 and remained grounded in the Weddell Sea for over 30 years before breaking free in 2020 and drifting northward.
Current Status:
As of March 2025, A23a appears to have run aground about 70–73 km from South Georgia Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. This grounding may spare the island’s rich wildlife, particularly penguins and seals, from disruption in feeding routes and breeding patterns.
Ecological Implications:
- If it had drifted closer, it could have blocked access to feeding grounds, leading to increased mortality of chicks and pups.
- In its current position, nutrients released by its melting and grounding may enhance marine food availability, supporting the local ecosystem.
- This comes as a relief after a difficult season caused by an avian flu outbreak among local wildlife.
Geopolitical Context:
- South Georgia Island is a British Overseas Territory administered by the UK but also claimed by Argentina.
- There is no permanent human population on the island, minimizing direct human impact.
Iceberg Dynamics & Climate Change Link:
- Icebergs such as A23a are natural parts of the Antarctic ice sheet lifecycle, calving from glaciers or ice shelves.
- They are made of freshwater ice, with around 90% submerged below the surface.
- While large icebergs are not new, the rate of calving and ice loss has accelerated, with Antarctic ice shelves losing ~6,000 billion tonnes of mass since 2000.
- Scientists warn that a global temperature rise of 1.5–2°C above pre-industrial levels may trigger irreversible melting, potentially causing sea-level rise of several metres.
Navigation and Fishing Impact:
- The iceberg currently poses no danger to shipping due to its visibility and size.
- However, as it breaks into smaller fragments (bergy bits), it may pose navigation hazards and force commercial fishing vessels to avoid the area.
Colossal A23a Iceberg
- 08 Mar 2025
In News:
The colossal iceberg A23a -- which is more than twice the size of Greater London and weighs nearly one trillion tonnes -- has been drifting north from Antarctica towards South Georgia island since 2020.
What is A23a?
A23a is currently the world’s largest iceberg, covering an area of approximately 3,672 sq. km—more than twice the size of Greater London—and weighing nearly one trillion tonnes. It calved from the Filchner Ice Shelf (Antarctica) in 1986 and remained grounded in the Weddell Sea for over 30 years before breaking free in 2020 and drifting northward.
Current Status:
As of March 2025, A23a appears to have run aground about 70–73 km from South Georgia Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. This grounding may spare the island’s rich wildlife, particularly penguins and seals, from disruption in feeding routes and breeding patterns.
Ecological Implications:
- If it had drifted closer, it could have blocked access to feeding grounds, leading to increased mortality of chicks and pups.
- In its current position, nutrients released by its melting and grounding may enhance marine food availability, supporting the local ecosystem.
- This comes as a relief after a difficult season caused by an avian flu outbreak among local wildlife.
Geopolitical Context:
- South Georgia Island is a British Overseas Territory administered by the UK but also claimed by Argentina.
- There is no permanent human population on the island, minimizing direct human impact.
Iceberg Dynamics & Climate Change Link:
- Icebergs such as A23a are natural parts of the Antarctic ice sheet lifecycle, calving from glaciers or ice shelves.
- They are made of freshwater ice, with around 90% submerged below the surface.
- While large icebergs are not new, the rate of calving and ice loss has accelerated, with Antarctic ice shelves losing ~6,000 billion tonnes of mass since 2000.
- Scientists warn that a global temperature rise of 1.5–2°C above pre-industrial levels may trigger irreversible melting, potentially causing sea-level rise of several metres.
Navigation and Fishing Impact:
- The iceberg currently poses no danger to shipping due to its visibility and size.
- However, as it breaks into smaller fragments (bergy bits), it may pose navigation hazards and force commercial fishing vessels to avoid the area.
Carbon Intensity
- 08 Mar 2025
What is Carbon Intensity?
Carbon intensity refers to the amount of carbon dioxide (CO?) emitted per unit of output in a particular sector or economy. It integrates environmental accountability into performance metrics across industries and nations.
- Sectoral Carbon Intensity: For example, in the steel sector, it is measured as tonnes of steel produced per tonne of CO? emitted.
- National Carbon Intensity: At the country level, it is calculated by dividing GDP per capita by CO? emissions, offering insights into how efficiently a nation grows economically while managing emissions.
Why is Carbon Intensity Important?
- It allows for the tracking of emissions relative to economic or production output, highlighting whether growth is becoming cleaner over time.
- It enables comparison across sectors and geographies by normalizing emissions data.
Relevance for India and Global Commitments:
- Under the Paris Agreement (2015), India has committed to reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels.
- Monitoring carbon intensity helps India evaluate progress toward this Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) goal while ensuring sustainable development.
Global Context:
- China recently reported a 3.4% reduction in carbon intensity in 2024, although it fell short of its 3.9% target.
- Such data underscores the challenge of balancing economic growth with climate responsibility, especially for large emitters.
Quantum Computing
- 08 Mar 2025
In News:
NITI Ayog releases strategic paper on implication of quantum computing on national security.
What is Quantum Computing?
Quantum computing utilizes quantum bits (qubits), which leverage the principles of superposition and entanglement, enabling them to exist in multiple states simultaneously. Unlike classical bits (0 or 1), qubits can perform parallel computations, exponentially increasing processing power.
Global Landscape and India's Position
- Global Investments: Over $40 billion invested by 30+ nations.
- China: $15 billion (leader)
- USA and EU: Close followers
- India: Launched the National Quantum Mission (NQM) in 2023 with a budget of ?6,003 crore (~USD 750 million) to boost indigenous capabilities in computing, cryptography, communication, and sensing.
National Quantum Mission (NQM): Key Highlights
- Timeframe: 2023–2031
- Quantum Computers: Build systems with 50–1000 physical qubits using superconducting, photonic, and other platforms
- Secure Communication: Satellite-based secure quantum links over 2000 km within India and long-distance secure communication with other nations
- Quantum Sensing & Metrology: Development of precision navigation tools like atomic clocks and magnetometers
- Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs): To be established in premier R&D institutes in four domains:
- Quantum Computing
- Quantum Communication
- Quantum Sensing & Metrology
- Quantum Materials & Devices
Quantum Technology in Defence& National Security
- Cybersecurity
- Existing encryption standards will become obsolete.
- Urgent need for Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) to protect critical digital infrastructure.
- Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) & Espionage
- Quantum computers can decrypt communications at scale, risking exposure of classified diplomatic and military data.
- Enables real-time data processing for advanced surveillance.
- Military Applications
- Quantum materials improve stealth detection and weapon precision.
- Enhances autonomous weapons and navigation in GPS-denied environments.
- Logistics & Planning: Quantum AI can optimize defence logistics, battlefield resource allocation, and strategic decision-making.
- Economic Security: Quantum computing can protect or exploit vulnerabilities in financial systems, posing potential risks to economic stability.
Challenges for India
- Funding Gap: India’s allocation is modest compared to global peers.
- Hardware Dependence: Relies on imports for cryogenic systems, high-purity materials, and specialized lasers.
- Limited Industry Participation: India's ecosystem is academia-driven, with limited private sector engagement.
- Cybersecurity Risk: Legacy systems vulnerable to quantum attacks.
- Talent Shortage: Lack of trained quantum scientists and engineers.
- Geopolitical Race: Export restrictions by advanced countries can limit India’s access to key technologies.
Recent Advances in Quantum Technology
- Atom Computing/ColdQuanta: Improved qubit coherence for stable computations.
- IBM/Quantinuum: Enhanced qubit control and error reduction.
- Google Willow Chip: Introduced self-correcting qubit system.
- Microsoft Majorana-1: Developed topological qubits to improve fault tolerance.
Recommendations by NITI Aayog
- Policy & Preparedness:
- Form a National Quantum Task Force to monitor global trends and threats.
- Develop an Early Warning System for quantum vulnerabilities.
- Implement a PQC Transition Plan across critical sectors.
- R&D & Startups:
- Increase funding to scale quantum startups and indigenous hardware.
- Promote public-private partnerships to commercialize academic research.
- Supply Chain Development:Invest in domestic manufacturing for quantum components like chips and lasers.
- Global Engagements:
- Strengthen partnerships with the US, EU, and Japan.
- Advocate for easing export controls to access vital technologies.
T-72 Tanks
- 08 Mar 2025
In News:
India has signed a $248 million contract with Russia’s Rosoboronexport for the procurement of 1,000 horsepower (HP) engines to upgrade its fleet of T-72 main battle tanks (MBTs). This marks a significant step in enhancing the Indian Army's offensive and mobility capabilities.
Key Features of the Deal
- Engines to replace existing 780 HP ones in T-72 tanks.
- Delivered in fully formed, completely knocked down (CKD), and semi-knocked down (SKD) formats.
- Includes Transfer of Technology (ToT) to Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVNL) at the Heavy Vehicles Factory, Avadi (Chennai).
- Boosts the ‘Make in India’ initiative in the defence sector through local assembly and licensed production.
About T-72 Tanks
- Origin: Developed by the Soviet Union in the 1970s; designed by Uralvagonzavod.
- India’s Usage: Operates over 2,400 units, making it the backbone of India’s armored forces.
- Manufacturing in India: Locally produced and upgraded at the Heavy Vehicles Factory, Avadi.
Specifications
- Armament:
- 125 mm smoothbore main gun
- 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun
- 12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine gun
- Mobility: With new 1,000 HP engines, improves maneuverability and combat speed.
- Protection: Equipped with composite and reactive armour.
- Night Capability: Advanced thermal imaging systems.
- Operational Range:
- ~460 km on-road
- ~300 km off-road (with auxiliary fuel)
Strategic Significance
- Combat Readiness: Enhances battlefield performance in high-altitude and desert environments like Ladakh.
- Cost Efficiency: Upgrading older platforms is more economical than procuring new MBTs.
- India-Russia Defence Ties: Reinforces long-standing military cooperation between the two countries.
New Species of Jumping Spiders Discovered in Western Ghats
- 08 Mar 2025
In News:
Two new species of jumping spiders belonging to the genus Epidelaxia have been discovered from the Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary in Kollam, Kerala, marking the first recorded presence of this genus in India. Previously, Epidelaxia was considered endemic to Sri Lanka.
Details of the Discovery
- Species: Epidelaxiafalciformis sp. nov. and Epidelaxiapalustris sp. nov.
- Discovered during field studies in December 2022 and April 2023.
- Conducted by researchers from:
- University of Kerala
- Saveetha Medical College, Chennai
- Bharata Mata College, Kochi
- Published in Zootaxa (Feb 2025), a peer-reviewed journal.
Physical Features
- Females: Yellow triangular mark on the prosoma (front body) and white orbital setae around the eyes.
- Males of E. falciformis: Brown carapace with a yellow-brown stripe.
- Males of E. palustris: Pale brown band along the side of the body.
- Size:
- E. falciformis: 4.39 mm
- E. palustris: 4.57 mm (males), 3.69 mm (females)
Ecological Context
- These species are highly adapted to dense foliage in the Western Ghats, a recognized global biodiversity hotspot.
- The discovery extends the known geographical range of the genus and highlights the rich, yet underexplored, arachnid diversity of the Western Ghats.
IRCTC and IRFC Granted ‘Navratna’ Status
- 07 Mar 2025
In News:
The Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) and Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) have been granted Navratna status by the Government of India, becoming the 25th and 26thNavratna CPSEs (Central Public Sector Enterprises) in India. This recognition enhances their operational autonomy and positions them for further growth and expansion.
What is Navratna Status?
Navratna status is a prestigious classification granted by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) under the Ministry of Finance to select CPSEs that demonstrate exceptional financial and operational performance. The status provides these enterprises with enhanced autonomy, empowering them to make decisions independently and engage in significant investments without needing government approval.
Eligibility Criteria for Navratna Status:
- Must be a Miniratna-I CPSE with a positive net worth.
- Must secure an Excellent or Very Good MoU rating for three of the last five years.
- Must score 60+ points on key financial indicators, such as net profit, net worth, and manpower cost.
- The board must have at least four independent directors.
Benefits of Navratna Status:
- Investment Autonomy: Ability to invest up to ?1,000 crore or 15% of net worth without government approval.
- Global Expansion: Freedom to form joint ventures, subsidiaries, and alliances globally.
- Increased Market Credibility: Attracts strategic partnerships and enhances business growth.
About IRCTC and IRFC
- Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC):
- Establishment: 1999
- Ministry: Ministry of Railways, Government of India
- Key Functions:
- E-Ticketing: Manages online train reservations through portals and mobile apps.
- Catering Services: Operates onboard catering and manages railway food plazas.
- Tourism Services: Offers rail-based tourism packages, including luxury trains like Maharajas’ Express.
- Rail Neer: Supplies packaged drinking water for railway passengers.
- Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC):
- Establishment: 12 December 1986
- Ministry: Ministry of Railways, Government of India
- Key Functions:
- Funding Indian Railways: Provides low-cost capital for railway expansion and modernization.
- Market Borrowings: Raises funds through bonds, external borrowings, and public offerings.
- Rolling Stock Leasing: Finances the procurement of locomotives, coaches, and wagons.
- Infrastructure Development: Supports the modernization and electrification of railway networks.
Performance of IRCTC and IRFC for FY 2023-24:
- IRCTC:
- Annual Turnover: ?4,270.18 crore
- Profit After Tax (PAT): ?1,111.26 crore
- Net Worth: ?3,229.97 crore
- IRFC:
- Annual Turnover: ?26,644 crore
- Profit After Tax (PAT): ?6,412 crore
- Net Worth: ?49,178 crore
Implications of Navratna Status for IRCTC and IRFC
The grant of Navratna status is a significant milestone for both IRCTC and IRFC, offering them several advantages:
- Operational Autonomy: Both entities can now make larger investments independently, enhancing their capabilities to drive further growth and development.
- Business Expansion: The status will facilitate the ability to enter into joint ventures, partnerships, and alliances, both within India and internationally.
- Enhanced Market Credibility: This recognition will likely attract more investors and strategic partners, boosting the financial health and market standing of IRCTC and IRFC.
Harpoon Missile
- 07 Mar 2025
In News:
The U.S. Air Force is exploring a new approach to naval warfare by integrating the Harpoon anti-ship missile onto its F-16 fighter aircraft. This development signifies a shift in operational capabilities and enhances the U.S. Air Force’s ability to conduct anti-surface warfare.
Overview of the Harpoon Missile:
The Harpoon missile is a subsonic anti-ship cruise missile developed by Boeing for the U.S. Navy, first introduced in 1977. It is designed to strike surface targets, such as ships and land-based structures, and is currently in service with over 30 countries, including India.
Key features:
- Length: 4.5 meters
- Weight: 526 kilograms
- Range: 90 to 240 kilometers
- Speed: Mach 0.85 (approximately 647 mph or 1,041 km/h)
- Guidance System: GPS-assisted inertial navigation and active radar seeker, enabling both anti-ship and land-strike capabilities
- Warhead: 221-kilogram blast warhead
- Launch Platforms: The Harpoon can be launched from various platforms including ships, submarines, aircraft, and shore batteries
- All-Weather Operations: Designed to perform under various environmental conditions, Harpoon can execute both over-the-horizon and sea-skimming maneuvers for high survivability.
U.S. Air Force Integration with F-16 Aircraft:
The integration of the Harpoon missile onto F-16 aircraft represents a strategic shift for the U.S. Air Force, as traditionally, the missile has been used exclusively by naval platforms. The 53rd Test and Evaluation Group demonstrated a new gateway system that allows for rapid integration of the Harpoon with the F-16, significantly enhancing its anti-surface capabilities.
This integration system enables communication between the missile and aircraft without requiring extensive modifications, potentially shortening the deployment timeline for advanced weaponry. The F-16 fighter aircraft, traditionally designed for air-to-air combat, would now also have the capability to engage surface targets, improving the Air Force’s combat readiness and operational versatility.
Implications for Naval Warfare:
The potential for deploying the Harpoon missile from F-16s would mark a shift in the U.S. Air Force’s role in naval warfare. Traditionally, the Air Force has not employed anti-ship missiles, relying instead on the Navy for such capabilities. The integration of Harpoon onto F-16s would diversify the operational roles of the aircraft, adding flexibility to U.S. military strategies and improving overall effectiveness in anti-surface warfare.
This move would also enable the Air Force to act more autonomously in surface combat scenarios, without relying solely on naval assets. The introduction of this capability could prove critical in multi-domain operations, where air, land, and sea forces must be seamlessly integrated to respond to evolving threats.
Future Developments:
The success of integrating the Harpoon missile onto the F-16 could pave the way for future projects involving the integration of other advanced weapon systems across various military platforms. The flexibility to adapt quickly and innovate beyond bureaucratic constraints is crucial in maintaining a strategic advantage and responding effectively to emerging threats.
The U.S. military’s ongoing commitment to technological advancements and interoperability across its branches signals its readiness to maintain supremacy in naval and aerial warfare. The integration of Harpoon onto F-16s is an example of this evolving capability, with potential implications for future military operations worldwide.
Payodhi Milk Bank at AIIMS
- 07 Mar 2025
In News:
Payodhi, a human milk bank and lactation management centre at AIIMS, New Delhi, has emerged as a critical facility for premature and critically ill newborns in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Launched in September 2024, it provides pasteurised donor breast milk to newborns who require it due to medical conditions or where the mother cannot breastfeed.
Objectives:
- Provide Safe and Processed Human Milk: Ensures critically ill or premature infants receive the essential nutrients they need for survival, brain development, and immune system strengthening.
- Support Lactating Mothers: Provides counselling, milk donation, and storage facilities to lactating mothers, helping them contribute to milk banks if they have excess milk or cannot breastfeed.
- Free-of-Cost Service: The milk bank offers these services free of charge, ensuring equitable access to life-saving nutrition for vulnerable newborns.
- Global Standards: Payodhi follows guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Government of India on infant nutrition.
Significance:
- Lifesaving Nutrition: The use of donor milk reduces mortality risks in preterm babies, helping to prevent conditions like sepsis, necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), and retinopathy—common complications faced by premature infants.
- Prevents Milk Wastage: By utilising excess milk from donor mothers, Payodhi prevents the wastage of breast milk, which could otherwise be discarded.
- Support for Medical Conditions: The milk bank is crucial for infants whose mothers cannot produce sufficient milk due to medical reasons, such as pulmonary hypertension or those undergoing surgery.
Medical and Health Benefits of Donor Milk:
- Sepsis Reduction: Donor breast milk reduces the risk of sepsis by 19%, compared to formula feeding.
- Reduction in NEC: It significantly lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) by 79%, a severe infection with a high mortality rate in premature infants.
- Improved Health Outcomes: Early initiation of breast milk within an hour of birth can reduce neonatal deaths by 22%. It also reduces feeding intolerance, vomiting, and shortens NICU stays.
Expansion and Reach:
Payodhi is one of around 90 milk banks in India, contributing to the nationwide effort to reduce neonatal deaths. AIIMS is working to expand its donor pool by reaching out to mothers whose babies have undergone surgery or those whose infants are in long-term NICU care. The milk bank also plans to reach out to working mothers, encouraging them to express and donate excess milk, benefiting both the infants and their own health.
Why Donating Milk is Beneficial:
Donating milk not only helps save newborns but also benefits the donor mothers by stimulating lactation and preventing milk suppression. The act of expressing milk helps maintain milk production, which is essential for the health of both the baby and the mother.
‘One Day as a Scientist’ Initiative
- 07 Mar 2025
In News:
In response to Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s call during his Mann Ki Baat address, the Ministry of Ayush has launched the ‘One Day as a Scientist’ initiative. This program offers students an immersive experience in scientific research, providing them hands-on exposure to advanced laboratory equipment and modern research methodologies. The initiative aims to nurture the scientific temperament among young minds and encourage them to explore the integration of traditional medicine with modern science.
Key Features of the Initiative:
- Hands-on Lab Experience: Students visit Ayush research institutions where they explore cutting-edge scientific tools and technologies, gaining firsthand insight into the research process.
- Mentorship by Experts: Scientists and researchers guide students, offering valuable insights into research methodologies and the potential of Ayush systems in mainstream healthcare.
- Integration of Traditional and Modern Sciences: The initiative emphasizes the role of Ayush therapies, including Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy, combined with modern scientific advancements.
- Nationwide Participation: The program is implemented across various institutions such as the National Institute of Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), and the Central Research Institute for Yoga & Naturopathy (CRIYN), facilitating student engagement in scientific exploration.
Objectives of the Initiative:
- Encouraging Youth Participation: By providing direct exposure to scientific research, the initiative aims to inspire students to pursue careers in research and innovation.
- Bridging the Gap Between Traditional and Modern Medicine: The program focuses on scientifically validating and innovating traditional medicine, making it an integral part of India’s healthcare system.
- Fostering a Scientific Temperament: Students gain a deeper understanding of scientific processes, enhancing their curiosity and critical thinking, key traits for future leaders in research and innovation.
Alignment with National Science Day:
The National Science Day 2025 theme, “Empowering Indian Youth for Global Leadership in Science and Innovation for Viksit Bharat,” aligns perfectly with the goals of this initiative. The program aims to inspire students to become future leaders in science and innovation, contributing to India’s vision of becoming a developed nation.
Aadhaar Governance Portal
- 07 Mar 2025
In News:
The government has introduced the Aadhaar Governance Portal, a new initiative developed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). This platform is designed to streamline the approval process for Aadhaar authentication requests and further enhance citizen services.
Key Features:
- Simplified Authentication Process: The portal offers a step-by-step guide to help both government and private entities apply for Aadhaar authentication. It aims to improve the overall delivery of services, reducing administrative delays.
- Seamless Onboarding: Entities can now access detailed Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for onboarding Aadhaar authentication services. The portal serves as a comprehensive resource for entities seeking authentication approval.
- Wide Applications Across Sectors: The portal will be used for Aadhaar authentication in multiple sectors, including healthcare, education, e-commerce, and hospitality. It enables citizens to access essential services with ease.
- Face Authentication: The integration of face authentication in customer-facing applications will allow for anytime, anywhere authentication, enhancing the flexibility and accessibility of services.
Impact on Governance:
This initiative comes as part of the government's broader agenda to support good governance through technology and improve the delivery of welfare services. The new rules, introduced under the Aadhaar Authentication for Good Governance (Social Welfare, Innovation, Knowledge) Rules, 2025, aim to enhance service delivery and simplify processes for both citizens and service providers.
Role of Aadhaar:
Aadhaar, a 12-digit unique identification number, serves as proof of identity linked to an individual’s biometric and demographic information. Launched by UIDAI in 2009, Aadhaar has become integral to the delivery of government services and is now widely used by private entities for identification purposes.
With its ability to ensure verified identities, Aadhaar is crucial for streamlining processes in sectors ranging from welfare distribution to digital banking.
Juanga Tribe
- 06 Mar 2025
In News:
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has sought an Action Taken Report (ATR) from the District Magistrate of Keonjhar, Odisha, over alleged human rights violations concerning the Juanga tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in the region.
About Juanga Tribe
- One of 13 PVTGs among 62 tribal communities in Odisha.
- Population: ~50,000 (2011 Census).
- Primarily located in Keonjhar and Dhenkanal districts, especially in the Gonsaika hills of Banspal block, Keonjhar.
- Language: Juang, a Munda language of the Austroasiatic family.
- Known for their clan structure, kinship ties, and animistic beliefs blended with Hindu practices. Their sun god is regarded as the supreme deity.
- Traditional livelihood: Initially hunters and gatherers, later adapted to basket-weaving and bartering after forest reserves were declared during British rule.
- Traditional clothing: Women wore leaf girdles; men used small loincloths. Post-contact, they adopted external clothing practices.
Alleged Human Rights Violations
- The petition highlighted lack of basic amenities in 114 Juanga villages:
- Healthcare: Nearest PHC is 15 km away; residents must carry patients on cots. Limited access to Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana or National Health Card.
- Infrastructure: Absence of all-weather roads, schools, and safe drinking water.
- Tragic case: Deaths of SuniaJuanga (35), his wife Rashmi (30), and their six-month-old daughter due to lack of timely medical help in Jantari village.
- Social issues: No official records on child marriages, orphans, or other vulnerable groups among the Juangas.
NHRC's Directive
- NHRC asked for a detailed report within four weeks from the district administration.
- The petition also criticized underutilization of the District Mineral Foundation (DMF) funds, despite Keonjhar being one of the top fund-holding districts.
India–Nepal MoU on WASH Sector Cooperation
- 06 Mar 2025
In News:
Recently, India and Nepal signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to strengthen bilateral cooperation in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector, including waste management. The signing ceremony took place at Sushma Swaraj Bhawan, New Delhi.
Key Objectives and Components of the MoU
- Capacity Building: Training programs for Nepali personnel in water resource management.
- Technology and Knowledge Transfer: Exchange of best practices and innovations in WASH.
- Groundwater Management: Joint efforts on:
- Groundwater quality monitoring
- Artificial recharge
- Rainwater harvesting and conservation practices
Strategic Significance
- Promotes regional cooperation and sustainability in public health and water management.
- Nepal seeks to learn from India’s successful initiatives under the Jal Jeevan Mission and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
- The agreement includes official visits, site inspections, and regular bilateral meetings to monitor progress.
Sashakt Panchayat-Netri Abhiyan
- 06 Mar 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Panchayati Raj launched the “Sashakt Panchayat-Netri Abhiyan” at a National Workshop held in Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. The initiative is a significant step toward gender-sensitive governance and enhancing the role of Women Elected Representatives (WERs) in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
Key Features of the Initiative
- Objective: Capacity-building of WERs to strengthen their leadership, decision-making, and active participation in local governance.
- Scale: Over 1,200 WERs from across India participated.
- Representation: Women from all three tiers of PRIs took part, marking a first-of-its-kind national gathering.
Model Women-Friendly Gram Panchayats (MWFGPs)
- Launched alongside the Abhiyan.
- Aim: Establish at least one Model Women-Friendly Gram Panchayat in each district.
- Purpose: Promote gender-sensitive, inclusive, and girl-friendly local governance models.
Primer on Gender-Based Violence
- A "Primer on Law Addressing Gender-Based Violence and Harmful Practices" was released.
- Targeted at elected representatives to raise awareness and promote legal literacy regarding women's safety and rights.
Context and Background
- India has over 1.4 million women elected representatives in PRIs.
- Some states, like Bihar, report over 50% representation, surpassing the 33% constitutional mandate.
- The campaign also addresses the elimination of "Sarpanch Pati" culture, emphasizing the independent authority of WERs.
Panel Discussions and Sectoral Themes
- Themes included:
- Women’s participation and leadership in PRIs
- Health, education, safety, digital empowerment, and economic opportunities for women
Cultural Integration and Recognition
- Cultural performances by UNFPA celebrated women’s achievements.
- Outstanding WERs from various states/UTs were felicitated for contributions to rural governance.
Significance
- Aligns with PM Narendra Modi’s “Mann Ki Baat” (119th episode) highlighting Nari Shakti in nation-building.
- Reinforces commitment to inclusive, safe, and socially just Gram Panchayats.
Giloy (Tinosporacordifolia)
- 06 Mar 2025
In News:
Giloy, also known as Guduchi and referred to as Amrita in Sanskrit—meaning the "herb of immortality"—is gaining global attention for its therapeutic potential, with scientific research on the herb witnessing a remarkable surge.
Surge in Scientific Publications
According to PubMed, a globally recognised biomedical database, there has been a 376.5% increase in research publications on Giloy between 2014 and 2024:
- 2014: 243 studies
- 2024: 913 studies
This significant rise reflects growing interest in natural and plant-based therapies, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, which intensified focus on immunity boosters and holistic healthcare.
Therapeutic Properties and Uses
- Giloy is used in Ayush systems for:
- Fever management
- Gouty arthritis
- Autoimmune diseases
- Inflammatory disorders
- Cancer therapy (emerging evidence)
- Bioactive compounds in Giloy have shown:
- Immunomodulatoryeffects
- Anti-inflammatoryaction
- Adaptogenicandantiviralproperties
Botanical & Agricultural Features
- Scientific name: Tinosporacordifolia
- Distribution: Widely found across India
- Growth conditions:
- Grows in most soil types
- Propagated via stem cuttings (May–June)
- Large climber with corky, grooved stems
Recent Research Highlights
- Feb 2025 (Gujarat University): Giloy extracts showed promise in HPV-positive cervical cancer treatment through immunomodulation.
- Jan 2025 (Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai): Giloy-based phytopharmaceuticals were effective in managing Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (IGM), offering a safe, steroid-free, and cost-effective alternative to surgery.
Government Initiatives
- The Ministry of Ayush has launched a technical dossier on Giloy, compiling scientific research and therapeutic insights.
- Aim: Promote evidence-based integration of Ayurveda with modern healthcare systems.
- Emphasis on global collaboration, research funding, and mainstreaming traditional medicine.
Recent ASI Discoveries in Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary
- 06 Mar 2025
In News:
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) recently made significant archaeological findings in the Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. During an epigraphical survey, ASI discovered three rock shelters, rock paintings, and 30 inscriptions, highlighting the region’s historical and cultural significance.
Key Facts:
- Location: Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh.
- Water bodies:
- The sanctuary forms the catchment area of the Pennar River.
- The Telugu Ganga Canal flows through the eastern part and drains into the Pennar.
Biodiversity:
- Vegetation types:
- Southern tropical dry deciduous forests (hills)
- Scrub forests (plains)
- Southern dry mixed deciduous forests
- Tropical thorn forests
- Tropical dry evergreen forests
- Flora:
- Rare and endangered species: Red Sanders, Sandalwood
- Riparian vegetation: Terminalia spp., Syzygium spp. (Jamun), Wild Mangoes, Anogeissuslatifolia, Phoenix spp., Bamboo, Hardwickiabinata
- Fauna:
- Notable species: Common toad, Bullfrog, Common Indian skink, Green vine snake
- Critically endangered species: Jerdon’s Courser — this sanctuary is the only known habitat of this bird.
World Wildlife Day 2025
- 05 Mar 2025
In News:
World Wildlife Day is observed on March 3 every year, and in 2025, it will be observed under the theme of “Wildlife Conservation Finance: Investing in People and Planet.”
Key Details:
- Declared by: United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)
- First Observed: 2014
- Occasion: Commemorates the signing of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) in 1973.
- Theme 2025:“Wildlife Conservation Finance: Investing in People and Planet”
Purpose and Significance
World Wildlife Day is an annual UN-recognized global event aimed at:
- Raising awareness about wild fauna and flora.
- Highlighting threats such as climate change, poaching, habitat destruction, and illegal wildlife trade.
- Encouraging global cooperation for wildlife protection.
- Promoting innovative financing models to bridge the estimated $824 billion global biodiversity funding gap.
2025 Theme Focus: Conservation Finance
The 2025 theme calls for sustainable financial strategies, emphasizing:
- Wildlife Conservation Bonds
- Debt-for-Nature Swaps
- Green Bonds and Carbon Credits
- Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES)
- Public-Private Partnerships
These mechanisms aim to support conservation while fostering economic opportunities for local communities.
Timeline of Key Events
- 1973: CITES adopted.
- 2013: UNGA designates March 3 as World Wildlife Day.
- 2014: First official celebration.
- 2021: Theme – Forests and Livelihoods.
- 2025: Theme – Finance for Conservation.
Wildlife Status in India
- Protected Areas: 1,014 total (as of 2024), including:
- 106 National Parks
- 573 Wildlife Sanctuaries
- 115 Conservation Reserves
- 220 Community Reserves
(Covers ~5.32% of India’s total area)
- Tiger Population (2022): 3,682 – ~75% of global wild tigers
- Asiatic Lion Population (2020): ~674 (only in Gujarat's Gir Forest)
- India's Biodiversity Share:
- 7.6% of global mammal species
- 14.7% of amphibians
- 6% of birds and reptiles
- 6% of flowering plants
Major Causes of Wildlife Decline
- Habitat loss & fragmentation
- Illegal wildlife trade and poaching
- Climate change and pollution
- Invasive species
- Industrialization & urban expansion
Conservation Measures in India
- Project Tiger (1973): Boosted tiger numbers significantly.
- Project Elephant (1992): Focuses on elephant corridors and human-wildlife conflict mitigation.
- Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Key legal framework to safeguard endangered species.
- Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs): Buffer areas around protected habitats.
- Community Initiatives: Ecotourism, local participation in conservation.
Blue Ghost Mission
- 05 Mar 2025
In News:
Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost lunar lander successfully achieved a stable, upright landing on the Moon's Mare Crisium region on March 2, 2025, marking it as the second private spacecraft to land on the Moon and the first to do so upright. This mission is a part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative.
Key Details of the Blue Ghost Mission
- Developer: Firefly Aerospace, Texas-based private aerospace firm
- Launch Date: January 15, 2025
- Launch Vehicle: SpaceX Falcon 9
- Landing Site: Near Mons Latreille, a volcanic formation in the Mare Crisium
- Descent & Duration: 16-day lunar orbit followed by powered descent; operates for one lunar day (14 Earth days)
Mission Objectives
- Scientific Research:
- Study heat flow from the Moon’s interior to understand its thermal history
- Analyze plume-surface interactions to refine lunar landing techniques
- Collect data on magnetic and electric fields to infer geological evolution
- Conduct X-ray imaging of Earth's magnetosphere
- Examine lunar dust dynamics, particularly its levitation due to solar radiation
- Investigate soil adhesion for improved lunar hardware design
- Technology Demonstration:
- Test radiation-hardened systems
- Evaluate the use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals on the Moon
Payload and Instruments
- Number of Payloads: 10 NASA scientific payloads
- Notable Tools:
- Vacuum device for soil collection
- Subsurface drill measuring temperature up to 3 meters deep
Significant Observations
- Eclipse Imaging: Scheduled to capture a total lunar eclipse (March 14)
- Lunar Sunset: Will image lunar horizon glow during sunset (March 16), a phenomenon first noted during Apollo 17
- Firsts Achieved:
- First commercial lander to land upright on the Moon
- First of three major private lunar missions scheduled in 2025
Relevance for India and the World
- Demonstrates the viability of public-private partnerships in deep space missions
- Advances NASA’s Artemis program by developing cost-effective lunar logistics
- Paves the way for international lunar commerce and exploration
Obesity in India: A Public Health Challenge
- 05 Mar 2025
In News:
Obesity has emerged as a critical public health issue in India, with rising prevalence across age groups and socio-economic strata. It is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. Recognizing its growing burden, the Government of India has adopted a multi-ministerial, community-driven, and policy-integrated strategy to promote healthier lifestyles.
What is Obesity?
- Definition (WHO): Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health.
- Measurement: Body Mass Index (BMI = kg/m²)
- Body Mass Index (BMI), previously known as the Quetelet index, is a simple way to check if an adult has a healthy weight. It is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared (kg/m²). To find BMI, take a person’s weight (kg) and divide it by their height (m) squared.
- WHO Standard:
- Overweight: BMI ≥ 25
- Obese: BMI ≥ 30
- Indian Criteria (lower threshold):
- Overweight: BMI 23–24.9 kg/m²
- Obese: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²
- Morbid Obesity: BMI ≥ 35
Prevalence of Obesity
Global Trends (1990–2022):
- Children (5–19 yrs) with obesity: ↑ from 2% to 8%
- Adults with obesity: ↑ from 7% to 16%
India-Specific Data (NFHS-5, 2019–21):
- Overweight/obese: 24% women, 23% men
- Obese (15–49 yrs): 6.4% women, 4.0% men
- Children under 5 (overweight): ↑ from 2.1% (NFHS-4) to 3.4%
Causes of Obesity
- Increased consumption of processed, calorie-dense foods
- Sedentary lifestyle and urbanization
- Reduced physical activity
- Environmental and socio-economic factors
- Excessive use of edible oil, salt, and sugar in Indian diets
Key Government Initiatives to Combat Obesity
1. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
- NP-NCD (National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases):
- Integrated under Ayushman Bharat Health & Wellness Centres
- Focus: Screening, early diagnosis, IEC/BCC awareness, and NCD clinics
- Facilities: 682 District NCD Clinics, 191 Cardiac Units, 5408 CHC Clinics
2. Ministry of AYUSH
- All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA): Specialized treatments (Panchakarma, diet, yoga)
- Ayurswasthya Yojana (2021–22): Funds projects tackling obesity, diabetes, and NCDs
- Research by CCRAS: Validating Ayurvedic lifestyle interventions (Dincharya, Ahara, Yoga)
- Collaboration with CSIR for integrating Ayurveda with modern science
3. Ministry of Women and Child Development
- POSHAN Abhiyaan (2018):
- Focus: Nutrition for children, adolescent girls, pregnant/lactating women
- Mission Saksham Anganwadi &Poshan 2.0 (2021): Combines nutrition, health, wellness
- Use of PoshanVatikas, millet promotion, and fortified food
- Jan Andolan for community-level awareness
4. Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
- Fit India Movement (2019):
- Fitness pledges, Fit India School certification, community fitness programs
- Khelo India Programme (2016–17):
- Sports infrastructure and talent development
- Promotes sports culture and active lifestyles in youth
5. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
- Eat Right India Movement:
- Supply-Side Reforms:FoSTaC, hygiene ratings, food fortification
- Demand-Side Awareness: Eat Right Schools/Campus, DART Book, Magic Box
- Aaj Se Thoda Kam Campaign: Reduce fat, salt, and sugar intake
- RUCO Initiative: Repurposing Used Cooking Oil into biodiesel
- HFSS Food Labelling: Front-of-pack labels for High Fat, Salt, Sugar foods
Innovative Tools
Tool Description
DART Book Simple home tests for food adulteration
Magic Box 102 school-level food safety experiments
Food Safety on Wheels Mobile food testing & awareness vans
Fit India App Daily fitness tracking and motivation
India’s Way Forward: Towards Amrit Kaal
- Whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach
- Emphasis on lifestyle change, preventive healthcare, and regulation
- Stronger public health infrastructure and education
- Leveraging traditional wellness systems (Ayurveda & Yoga)
- Community empowerment via awareness drives and behavior change
Dramatic Performances Act, 1876
- 05 Mar 2025
In News:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, at the NXT Conclave, highlighted the Dramatic Performances Act, 1876, as an example of outdated colonial legislation that continued in India long after independence. Though declared unconstitutional in 1956, the Act was formally repealed in 2017 as part of the government's initiative to eliminate obsolete laws and improve ease of doing business.
About the Dramatic Performances Act, 1876
Purpose and Background:
- Enacted by the British colonial government to suppress nationalist sentiments expressed through theatre and performance arts.
- Followed the 1875–76 visit of Prince of Wales (Albert Edward) to India, a period that saw increased resistance against colonial rule.
- Part of a broader strategy alongside other repressive laws such as the Vernacular Press Act (1878) and the Sedition Law (1870).
Key Provisions:
- Wide Banning Powers: Authorities could prohibit any play, pantomime, or public performance deemed seditious, defamatory, scandalous, or obscene.
- Search and Seizure: Magistrates had the authority to raid venues, seize performance materials, and cancel licenses.
- Punishment: Violations could lead to up to 3 months' imprisonment, fines, or both.
- Covered theatre groups, performers, and venues hosting dramatic works.
Post-Independence Status:
Continued Operation:
- Article 372 of the Indian Constitution allowed pre-existing colonial laws to remain valid until repealed or declared unconstitutional.
- The Act was adopted in some states like Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu.
Judicial Rejection:
- In 1956, the Allahabad High Court, in State vs. Baboo Lal &Ors., ruled the Act unconstitutional, citing violation of Article 19(1)(a) (Freedom of Speech and Expression).
- The Court found the Act’s procedural provisions ultra vires and beyond the permissible limits under Article 19(2).
Notable Case:
- In 1953, the Indian People’s Theatre Association (IPTA) attempted to stage ‘Idgah’, based on Munshi Premchand's story.
- The performance was abruptly banned mid-show by the local magistrate. The theatre group defied the order, leading to the court case that triggered the judicial review.
Final Repeal:
- Although unused since 1956, the law remained on the statute books until its formal repeal through the Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017.
- This repeal was part of a larger reform initiative launched by the Modi government in 2014, which has repealed over 2,000 obsolete laws to streamline the legal system and boost administrative efficiency.
Dholavira
- 05 Mar 2025
In News:
President DroupadiMurmu recently visited Dholavira, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Gujarat, India. She expressed appreciation for the Archaeological Survey of India’s (ASI) meticulous conservation efforts to preserve this ancient site, despite its remote location.
Location and Significance:
Dholavira is situated on Khadir Bet Island in the Great Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, within the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary and along the Tropic of Cancer. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021 due to its remarkable contributions to understanding the Harappan (Indus Valley) Civilization, one of the world's earliest urban cultures.
Key Features:
- City Layout and Construction:Dholavira is distinct from other Harappan sites in its layout, divided into three main sections: the Citadel, the Middle Town, and the Lower Town. The city is unique for its extensive use of stone in construction, unlike the brick-built cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It also featured multi-purpose grounds, including a marketplace and a festive area.
- Water Conservation System:The site is renowned for its sophisticated water management techniques, which included 16 massive reservoirs, stepwells, check dams, and underground water storage systems. This advanced water conservation system earned it the name "Jal Durga" or "Water Fort." The engineering skills of the Harappans, especially in water harvesting, were far ahead of their time and continue to be admired today.
- Trade and Cultural Exchange:Dholavira was a significant trade hub, connected to regions such as Magan (modern Oman) and Mesopotamia. It is believed to have been involved in the trade of copper, jewelry, and timber. The site yielded a variety of artifacts, including terracotta pottery, seals, ornaments, and evidence of metallurgy, along with inscriptions in the Indus Valley script.
- Archaeological Discoveries:The site was first discovered by Jagat Pati Joshi in 1967 and excavated systematically between 1990 and 2005 under Dr. Ravindra Singh Bisht of ASI. It is the fifth-largest site of the Indus Valley Civilization and provides evidence of habitation over seven cultural phases from 3000 to 1500 BCE. Notably, no human remains have been found, but the presence of architectural structures, artifacts, and inscriptions gives a rich understanding of the ancient civilization's culture and economy.
- Technological Advancements:The President, during her visit, highlighted the technological advancements of the Harappans, particularly in urban planning and water management, which were superior in many respects to the technology of modern times.
Historical Context:
The Harappan Civilization, flourishing from around 3300 to 1300 BCE along the Indus River, was an urban society known for its advanced city planning, sanitation systems, and trade networks. Dholavira stands out as a crucial link in understanding the broader scope of this civilization. Other key Harappan sites include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Banawali, Lothal, and Ropar.
Exercise Desert Hunt 2025
- 04 Mar 2025
In News:
Exercise Desert Hunt 2025 was a high-intensity Tri-Service Special Forces military drill conducted by the Indian Air Force at Air Force Station Jodhpur, Rajasthan, from 24 to 28 February 2025.
Participating Forces
- Indian Army: Para (Special Forces)
- Indian Navy: Marine Commandos (MARCOS)
- Indian Air Force: Garud Special Forces
Objective
- To enhance interoperability, coordination, and operational synergy among the Special Forces of the three services.
- To ensure swift and effective responses to emerging security threats through joint operations.
Key Activities
- Airborne insertion and combat free-fall
- Precision strikes and counter-terrorism drills
- Hostage rescue operations
- Urban warfare simulations
- Validation of joint operational doctrines under realistic combat conditions
Significance
- Strengthens tri-service integration and fosters inter-service cooperation.
- Reinforces the commitment of the Indian Armed Forces to national security.
- Provides a platform for doctrinal validation and operational readiness.
Bond Central
- 04 Mar 2025
In News:
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has launched Bond Central, a centralized and authentic information portal for corporate bonds in India. The initiative aims to enhance transparency, standardize data, and enable informed decision-making in the corporate debt market.
About Bond Central
- Launched by: SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India)
- Developed by: Online Bond Platform Providers Association (OBPP Association) in collaboration with Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs)—including stock exchanges and depositories
- Operated by: OBPP Association (a not-for-profit entity)
- Accessibility: Free and open to the public
- Purpose: To serve as a centralized, authentic source of information on corporate bonds issued in India
Key Features of Bond Central
- Unified Listings:
- Offers a comprehensive view of corporate bonds across all exchanges and issuers.
- Enhances transparency by allowing investors to compare bond data seamlessly.
- Price Comparison Tool:Enables investors to compare corporate bond prices with Government Securities (G-Secs) and other fixed-income indices, supporting better investment decisions.
- Investor-Centric Information:
- Provides access to risk assessments, disclosures, and corporate bond documentation.
- Helps investors effectively evaluate and compare investment opportunities.
- Standardization & Transparency:
- Standardizes corporate bond-related data to reduce information asymmetry.
- Builds trust in the bond market by ensuring consistency and reliability of information.
Significance for the Market
- Promotes Transparency: Makes vital market data openly accessible.
- Empowers Investors: Facilitates research-based and informed investment decisions.
- Strengthens Market Infrastructure: Aligns with SEBI’s goal of improving market efficiency and trust.
Current Status
- Phase 1 of Bond Central is live as of early 2025.
- More features are to be added progressively based on stakeholder feedback.
Why Mars is Red?
- 04 Mar 2025
In News:
Mars, often called the Red Planet, owes its distinctive hue to the iron-rich mineral ferrihydrite, according to a recent multi-agency study published in Nature Communications. This research offers significant insights into Mars’ ancient climate, the possibility of past water, and the planet’s habitability.
Key Discoveries:
- Primary Cause of Red Color:
- Ferrihydrite, a water-formed iron oxide, has been identified as the main source of Mars’ red dust.
- Previously, hematite—an iron oxide that forms in dry conditions—was believed responsible. The new evidence suggests cooler, water-rich conditions prevailed when ferrihydrite formed.
- Martian dust, dispersed globally by winds, contains ferrihydrite, giving Mars its iconic red appearance.
- Significance of Ferrihydrite:
- It forms only in the presence of liquid water and oxygen, implying that ancient Mars had a more temperate and moist environment.
- Hydrogen bound to ferrihydrite suggests past interactions between water and iron.
- Methodology:
- The study used data from NASA and ESA missions, including:
- Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
- Mars Express
- Trace Gas Orbiter
- Ground-level data from rovers like Perseverance, Curiosity, and Opportunity
- Lab simulations recreated Martian conditions to study how ferrihydrite interacts with light and other minerals.
- The study used data from NASA and ESA missions, including:
Role of NASA’s Perseverance Rover:
- Launched in 2020, landed in 2021, Perseverance is collecting soil and rock samples.
- These samples will help validate the presence of ferrihydrite and the climatic conditions required for its formation.
Climatic Evolution of Mars:
- Mars once likely supported liquid water and a mild climate, possibly suitable for life.
- Over billions of years, the solar wind stripped away its atmosphere due to the absence of a strong magnetic field.
- This led to a transition to today's cold, dry, and barren landscape.
Facts about Mars:
- Position: 4th planet from the Sun
- Size: Radius ~3,390 km (~half of Earth’s)
- Moons: 2 – Phobos and Deimos (likely captured asteroids)
- Day (Sol): 24.6 hours
- Year: 687 Earth days
- Tilt: 25° (similar to Earth’s 23.4° → seasonal changes)
- Temperature Range: +20°C to -153°C
- Surface Features:
- Olympus Mons: Largest volcano in the solar system
- Valles Marineris: Giant canyon system, 10x longer than Grand Canyon
- Atmosphere: Thin, mostly CO?; lacks global magnetic field
- Dust Storms: Frequent and planet-wide, lasting months
Key Mars Missions:
- NASA: Perseverance, Curiosity, Spirit, Opportunity
- India: Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)
- UAE: Hope Mission
- China: Tianwen-1
State of India’s Digital Economy Report 2025
- 04 Mar 2025
In News:
The Indian digital economy is growing twice as fast as the overall economy and is projected to contribute 20% of India’s GDP by 2029, according to the State of India’s Digital Economy (SIDE) 2025 Report released by the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) and its Prosus Centre for Internet and Digital Economy (CIDE).
Key Highlights:
- Global Standing:
- India is the 3rd largest economy globally.
- However, it ranks only 28th in digital user spending, reflecting a significant per capita digital adoption gap.
- In terms of a combined ranking of economic size and digital user economy, India stands 8th globally.
- CHIPS Framework for Digitalisation:The report uses the CHIPS framework to assess digital development:
- Connect: Internet access, affordability, and quality.
- Harness: Usage intensity, fintech adoption.
- Innovate: Start-up ecosystem, AI readiness.
- Protect: Cybersecurity and digital rights.
- Sustain: Green energy investments in the digital sector.
Strengths:
- Harnessing Digital Potential:
- India performs strongly in ICT service exports.
- The Indian IT sector has the third-highest global market capitalisation, after the U.S. and China.
- High levels of fintech usage and a robust start-up ecosystem contribute to digital growth.
- Digital Growth Rate:
- The digital economy is expanding at twice the pace of the broader economy.
Challenges:
- Low Per Capita Spending:Despite high internet penetration, digital service usage and spending are low, particularly among the average user.
- Regional Digital Divide:Southern and Western states are significantly ahead in digital adoption compared to Northern and Eastern states, pointing to the need for region-specific policy support.
- Weakness in Emerging Technologies:
- India ranks 11th in AI research and 16th in AI infrastructure.
- It lags behind countries like the U.S., China, Singapore, South Korea, and the Netherlands in AI and advanced tech innovation.
- Adoption of Consumer IoT and the metaverse remains well below global medians.
Way Forward:
To bridge the digital usage gap and fully harness the potential of the digital economy:
- Policies must focus on increasing affordability, especially in under-served regions.
- There is a need to strengthen AI infrastructure and research.
- Investment in emerging technologies, decentralised finance, and digital skilling is vital.
- A targeted approach to address regional disparities will ensure inclusive digital growth.
HeroRATS and the Future of Tuberculosis Detection
- 04 Mar 2025
In News:
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases globally, with over 10 million new cases annually. India carries the highest TB burden, accounting for about 28% of global cases and recording nearly five lakh TB-related deaths each year—roughly one death every minute. Despite progress under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP), which aims to eliminate TB by 2025 (ahead of the global 2030 target), early and accurate diagnosis remains a major hurdle, especially in children, low bacillary load cases, and underserved regions.
A Novel Solution: HeroRATS in TB Diagnosis
In a groundbreaking initiative, APOPO, a Tanzanian non-profit, has trained African giant pouched rats (HeroRATS) to detect TB by sniffing sputum samples. These rats have highly sensitive olfactory receptors, enabling them to detect TB cases that conventional diagnostics often miss.
Key Features of HeroRATS:
- Can screen 100 samples in 20 minutes, compared to 3–4 days by sputum-smear microscopy.
- Trained through operant conditioning, rewarded with food after accurate detection.
- Detect twice as many TB cases in children and six times more in low-bacillary-load patients than traditional methods.
- Confirmatory tests: Ziehl-Neelsen and fluorescent microscopy.
A 2023 study involving over 35,000 patients in Tanzania showed that HeroRATS detected over 2,000 additional TB cases, particularly among smear- or Xpert-negative patients. The method offers a fast, cost-effective, and scalable secondary diagnostic tool.
Relevance to India
With India facing challenges like poor health infrastructure in rural areas and reluctance to seek re-testing after a negative result, integrating HeroRATS into the NTEP could boost case detection. Experts suggest a phased rollout in high-burden states like Maharashtra and West Bengal. The Central TB Division’s collaboration with APOPO could help accelerate TB diagnosis and reduce transmission.
About Tuberculosis
- Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mainly affects the lungs, spread via airborne droplets.
- Prevalence: One-fourth of the global population is infected; only 5–10% show symptoms.
- Risk Factors: Weakened immunity, malnutrition, diabetes, tobacco and alcohol use.
- Diagnosis: WHO recommends rapid molecular tests like Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra.
- Prevention: BCG vaccine at birth.
- Treatment: Standard 4–6 month antibiotic course.
- Drug-Resistant TB:
- MDR-TB: Resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin.
- XDR-TB: Resistant to multiple drug classes, harder to treat.
- TB-HIV Link: HIV patients are 16 times more likely to develop TB.
Bio-detection Beyond Rats: Macrosmatic Species in Medicine
Several animals with heightened olfactory senses are being used in disease detection:
- Dogs: Detect Parkinson’s, cancers, and diabetes using their 125–300 million olfactory receptors and Jacobson’s organ.
- Ants: Trained to detect cancer cells within three days using chemical signals.
- Honeybees: Can differentiate between types of lung cancer with 88% accuracy using synthetic biomarkers.
MISHTI Scheme
- 03 Mar 2025
In News:
Gujarat has emerged as the national leader in mangrove afforestation, covering 19,020 hectares in just two years under the Centre’s ‘MISHTI’ scheme.
Key Highlights:
- The Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) scheme was launched in 2023 under the Union Budget for 2023-24.
- The scheme aims to restore degraded mangrove ecosystems and increase India’s mangrove cover, enhancing coastal resilience while fostering sustainable livelihoods for coastal communities.
- Implemented from 2023 to 2028, the scheme is funded through various channels, including the CAMPA Fund (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority), MGNREGS (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme), and other governmental and private funding sources.
- The initiative also supports India’s participation in the global Mangrove Alliance for Climate (MAC) launched at COP27.
Key Objectives of MISHTI
- Ecological Restoration: To restore degraded mangrove ecosystems and expand mangrove cover across coastal areas.
- Coastal Resilience: To strengthen coastal resilience against climate change, such as coastal erosion and rising sea levels.
- Livelihood Generation: To promote ecotourism, sustainable livelihoods, and fishing opportunities for coastal communities.
- Climate Change Mitigation: The scheme plays a crucial role in protecting shorelines from storms, supporting India's commitments under the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Gujarat’s Role in MISHTI Scheme
- Gujarat has emerged as the national leader in mangrove afforestation under the MISHTI scheme, planting over 19,000 hectares of mangroves in just two years.
- The state is spearheading the mangrove expansion efforts, with its coastline covering diverse ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrasses.
- Gujarat has surpassed the Central Government’s target of planting 540 sq. km of mangroves in five years, completing plantation across 190 sq. km in the initial two years of the scheme.
Mangrove Distribution in Gujarat
- Gujarat's mangrove cover is distributed strategically across different coastal regions:
- Kutch: 799 sq. km, including the Gulf of Kutch, home to the Marine National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary.
- Other Coastal Districts: Jamnagar, Rajkot (Morbi), Porbandar, DevbhoomiDwarka (236 sq. km).
- Central and Southern Belt: Includes Bhavnagar, Ahmedabad, Anand, Bharuch, Surat, Navsari, and Valsad, covering 134 sq. km, with important areas like the Gulf of Khambhat and Dumas-Ubhrat.
- Saurashtra Region: Amreli, Junagadh, and Gir-Somnath maintain 6 sq. km of mangrove cover.
Significance of Mangroves
- Erosion Prevention: Mangroves act as a natural barrier, protecting coastal regions from erosion caused by waves and storms.
- Biodiversity Support: They provide vital breeding grounds for fish and other marine species, supporting coastal livelihoods.
- Climate Resilience: Mangroves help mitigate the effects of climate change by shielding vulnerable coastal communities from cyclones, reducing salinity, and preserving agricultural lands.
Global and National Mangrove Status
- Global Mangrove Distribution: Mangroves are found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, providing critical ecosystem services.
- India’s Mangrove Cover: According to the India State of Forest Report 2023, India has a total mangrove cover of 4,991.68 km², which accounts for 15% of the country’s total geographical area. The MISHTI scheme plays a pivotal role in further expanding this cover.
Amir Khusrau
- 03 Mar 2025
In News:
In his address to the 25th edition of Jahan-e-Khusrau at New Delhi’s Sunder Nursery, Prime Minister Narendra Modi described the annual music festival that commemorates the Sufi poet-musician Amir Khusrau as imbued with the “fragrance of the soil of Hindustan”.
Introduction
- Amir Khusrau, a 13th-century poet, musician, and scholar, is a prominent figure in India’s cultural history.
- Known as Tuti-yi-Hind (the Parrot of India), Khusrau’s contributions spanned literature, music, and the Sufi spiritual tradition.
- Revered for his role in shaping India’s syncretic culture, blending Persian, Turkic, and Indian elements.
Early Life and Background
- Born in 1253 in Patiyali, Uttar Pradesh, to a Turkic father and Indian Muslim mother.
- His family migrated to India due to Mongol invasions of Transoxiana.
- Grew up under the patronage of the Delhi Sultanate, serving five rulers: MuizuddinQaiqabad, JalaluddinKhalji, AlauddinKhalji, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah, and GhiyasuddinTughlaq.
Literary Contributions
- Wrote in Persian and Hindavi, blending Turkic, Persian, and Indian traditions.
- Contributed significantly to the development of Hindavi, the precursor to modern Hindi and Urdu.
- Works include Divans (poetry collections), Mathnawis (narrative poems), and treatises.
- Advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity, promoting syncretic culture (Ganga-JamuniTehzeeb).
- Known for writing riddles, proverbs, and playful verses, which made literature accessible to the common people.
- Praised Hindu philosophical thought in his works, such as MasnaviNuhSiphir.
Musical Contributions
- Credited with creating several ragas, developing khayal (a classical Hindustani music form), and tarana (rhythmic vocal composition).
- Played a significant role in popularizing qawwali, a devotional Sufi music genre, by blending Persian, Arabic, and Indian musical traditions.
- Believed to have invented the sitar and tabla, though evidence is debated.
- Famous qawwalis include ChhaapTilak, Zehal-e-Maskeen, and Sakal Ban PhoolRahiSarson.
Role in the Delhi Sultanate
- Served as a court poet for at least five Delhi Sultans over five decades, a testament to his literary excellence.
- His compositions were vital in enhancing the Sultan’s political and cultural legitimacy.
- Sultan JalaluddinKhalji bestowed upon him the title Amir in recognition of his contributions to poetry.
Spiritual and Sufi Influence
- A devoted disciple of the Chishti Sufi saint NizamuddinAuliya, whose teachings on love and devotion to God deeply influenced Khusrau’s poetry and music.
- Balanced his role as a court poet with devotion to the Sufi order, bridging the worlds of royal courts and spiritual practices.
- His deep spiritual connection to NizamuddinAuliya is immortalized by their shared burial site in Delhi.
Sufism in India
- Sufism is the mystical and spiritual dimension of Islam, emphasizing love, devotion, and inner purification.
- Sufism emerged as a reaction to the rigidity of institutionalized religion and developed alongside India’s Bhakti movement.
- Key Sufi Orders in India:
- Chishti Order: The most influential in India, founded by KhwajaMoinuddin Chishti, focusing on love, devotion, and harmony.
- Suhrawardi Order: Focused on combining religious knowledge with mysticism.
- Naqshbandi Order: Opposed innovations like musical recitals and pilgrimages.
- Rishi Order: Based in Kashmir, drawing from the Shaivite bhakti tradition.
Impact of Sufism in India
- Sufism promoted religious tolerance, social reform, and a deep connection to spirituality.
- It attracted marginalized communities and weakened caste hierarchies.
- Sufi shrines and dargahs became pilgrimage sites for spiritual blessings.
- Influenced Indian music (especially qawwali) and literature, with poets like Bulleh Shah and Sultan Bahu.
- Promoted Sulh-e-Kul (peace with all), a concept that influenced Akbar’s religious tolerance policies.
Khusrau’s Lasting Legacy
- Amir Khusrau’s influence extends across literature, music, and spirituality in India.
- His poetry and music are celebrated today in both sacred and secular contexts.
- His works laid the foundation for the development of Urdu and Hindi literature.
- Khusrau’s teachings on Hindu-Muslim unity and cultural synthesis remain relevant in contemporary India.
Agritourism in Himachal Pradesh
- 03 Mar 2025
In News:
With a public debt exceeding ?1 lakh crore, Himachal Pradesh (HP) is actively exploring sustainable and innovative ways to boost its economy. Tourism contributes around 7% to the state's GDP, and the state is now integrating agriculture with tourism through agritourism to enhance rural livelihoods and extend tourist engagement.
What is Agritourism?
Agritourism is a form of tourism where visitors are engaged in agricultural activities such as farm stays, crop tours, and interactive farming experiences. It provides farmers with additional income, promotes sustainable tourism, and preserves agricultural and cultural heritage.
Opportunities and Features in Himachal Pradesh
Crop and Farm-Based Tourism
- Tulip farming in Kangra has already attracted tourist interest.
- Scope for cultivation of high-value crops like saffron and Himalayan medicinal herbs.
- Promotion of nutraceutical farming to tap into the growing demand for preventive health-based tourism.
Educational Tourism
- Farm visits can be organized for school and college students to raise awareness about food systems and sustainability.
- Farmers can charge nominal fees, benefiting financially while educating the younger generation.
Cultural and Experiential Engagement
- Local youth can be involved in storytelling, showcasing unique farming practices and regional traditions.
- Farm stays, panchayat-level fairs, and cultural activities (folk music, traditional cuisine) can enrich tourist experiences.
Economic and Employment Benefits
- Diversifies farmer income beyond conventional crops like apples.
- Creates jobs for local guides, cooks, transport providers, and artisans, particularly empowering rural women and youth.
Market Integration
- Organizing crop fairs and displaying agricultural products in urban spaces (e.g., malls) can help secure pre-orders and boost local brands.
- Encourages direct farmer-consumer connections.
Environmental and Social Impact
- Promotes organic farming, eco-friendly practices, and water conservation.
- Builds social capital by fostering urban-rural understanding and collaboration.
- Requires visitor sensitization and capacity building among locals to ensure respectful, responsible tourism.
Learning from Other States
- Maharashtra: First state to promote agritourism (Agro-Tourism Development Corporation, 2005); successful models include Baramati's pilot farm and Nashik’s vineyards.
- Kerala: Agro-Tourism Network for spice cultivation experiences.
- Sikkim: Organic farming tourism in the first organic state of India.
- Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar, NE States: Promote local heritage, farming traditions, and eco-tourism (e.g., Ziro Valley’s wet rice farming, Amul’s dairy tourism).
Policy and Government Support
- Swadesh Darshan Scheme: Develops thematic rural and tribal tourism circuits.
- DekhoApnaDesh: Encourages domestic tourism in lesser-known destinations.
- PMJUGA: Focus on tribal homestays and livelihood promotion.
- National Strategy for Promotion of Rural Homestays (2022): Supports agritourism under Atmanirbhar Bharat.
- Agriculture Infrastructure Fund: Helps build infrastructure and marketing support for farm-based tourism.
Way Forward for Himachal Pradesh
- Develop a dedicated agritourism policy, like Goa’s, focusing on farm diversification and long-term returns.
- Promote public-private partnerships (PPP) for integrated agritourism models in each district.
- Leverage the nutraceutical potential of Himalayan herbs to attract health-conscious visitors.
- Institutionalize farm festivals, crop exhibitions, and story-driven agritourism to diversify Himachal’s tourism landscape.
Naval Anti-Ship Missile – Short Range (NASM-SR)
- 03 Mar 2025
In News:
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy successfully conducted flight trials of the indigenous Naval Anti-Ship Missile – Short Range (NASM-SR) with a ‘Man-in-Loop’ capability from a Seaking 42B naval helicopter at the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur.
Key Features and Capabilities:
- Man-in-Loop Functionality:
- Provides real-time human intervention during flight.
- Enables in-flight retargeting by transmitting live seeker images to the pilot through a high-bandwidth two-way data link.
- Offers tactical flexibility in selecting and engaging specific targets among multiple options.
- Guidance and Navigation:
- Launched in Bearing-Only Lock-On After Launch (BOLOAL) mode.
- Equipped with an Indigenous Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) Seeker for terminal phase guidance.
- Uses an Indigenous Fiber Optic Gyroscope-based Inertial Navigation System (INS) and a Radio Altimeter for accurate mid-course and low-altitude navigation.
- Design and Control:
- Features Electro-Mechanical Actuators and Jet Vane Control for enhanced maneuverability.
- Integrated avionics module, thermal batteries, and PCB warhead support precise targeting and mission efficiency.
- Stealth and Strike Capability:
- Operates in Sea-Skimming Mode to evade radar detection.
- Demonstrated a direct hit on a small ship target at its maximum range during trial.
- Propulsion:Powered by solid propulsion, featuring an in-line ejectable booster and long-burn sustainer.
Development and Significance:
- Jointly developed by DRDO and the Indian Navy.
- Key DRDO labs involved:
- Research Centre Imarat (RCI)
- Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL)
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL)
- Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL)
- Marks India’s capability in indigenous anti-ship missile systems with advanced features like man-in-loop control and high-precision targeting.
- Enhances India’s naval warfare and coastal defense capabilities, aligning with Atmanirbhar Bharat in defense manufacturing.
NASA’s Lunar Trailblazer and IM-2 Mission
- 03 Mar 2025
In News:
NASA launched the Lunar Trailblazer spacecraft aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy Space Center to enhance understanding of water distribution on the Moon—crucial for long-term human exploration under the Artemis program.
Lunar Trailblazer Mission:
- Type: Small satellite (orbiter); part of NASA’s Small, Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration (SIMPLEX) program.
- Developed by: NASA in collaboration with Lockheed Martin.
- Objective:
- Map and analyze the presence of water, particularly in permanently shadowed craters near the Moon’s poles.
- Study the lunar water cycle and evaluate water as a potential resource for future missions.
- Instruments:
- Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM): Measures surface temperature to track water movement.
- High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper (HVM3): Detects spectral signatures of water molecules.
- Timeline:
- Fuel-efficient trajectory to reach the Moon in 4 months.
- Mission duration: At least 2 years of mapping operations.
- Significance:
- Supports Artemis program objectives—long-term human presence on the Moon.
- Identifies potential water sources for drinking, fuel, and oxygen.
- Enhances understanding of water on airless planetary bodies and may offer clues to Earth’s water origins.
IM-2 Mission and Intuitive Machines’ Lunar Lander:
- Landing Site:Mons Mouton, near the Moon’s south pole (landing scheduled for March 6).
- Under: NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) and Artemis campaign.
Key Scientific Objectives and Instruments:
- Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment-1 (PRIME-1):
- TRIDENT Drill: Extracts lunar soil samples.
- MSolo Spectrometer: Detects volatile compounds in samples (e.g., water vapor).
- Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA): Provides a precise, passive reference point for future orbiters using laser ranging.
- Micro Nova Hopper (“Grace”):
- Autonomous drone developed under NASA’s Tipping Point initiative.
- Capable of hopping into shadowed craters to collect and transmit data.
- Nokia Lunar Surface Communications System (LSCS):
- 4G/LTE system for high-definition video, telemetry, and command messaging.
- Supports inter-device connectivity between the lander, rover, and hopper.
Strategic Importance:
- Pioneers in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) demonstrations.
- Tests surface communications and autonomous mobility systems.
- Lays groundwork for sustainable human presence and commercial space infrastructure.
All-India Consumer Price Index for Agricultural and Rural Labourers
- 02 Mar 2025
In News:
The Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour& Employment released the All-India Consumer Price Index (CPI) for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL) and Rural Labourers (CPI-RL) for January 2025.
Key Highlights:
- Inflation Rates:
- CPI-AL: 4.61%
- CPI-RL: 4.73%
- Marked a decline from January 2024, when rates were 7.52% (CPI-AL) and 7.37% (CPI-RL).
- Also lower than December 2024: 5.01% (CPI-AL) and 5.05% (CPI-RL), indicating easing rural inflation.
- Index Levels:
- CPI-AL: 1316 (down by 4 points from 1320 in December 2024)
- CPI-RL: 1328 (down by 3 points from 1331 in December 2024)
Group-wise Index Comparison (Dec 2024 vs Jan 2025):
Group CPI-AL (Dec → Jan) CPI-RL (Dec → Jan)
General Index 1320 → 1316 1331 → 1328
Food 1262 → 1255 1269 → 1261
Pan, Supari, etc. 2093 → 2103 2100 → 2111
Fuel & Light 1382 → 1390 1372 → 1380
Clothing, Bedding, Footwear 1329 → 1332 1392 → 1396
Miscellaneous 1376 → 1385 1377 → 1385
About CPI-AL and CPI-RL:
- CPI-AL: Measures cost-of-living changes for agricultural labourers; used for revising minimum wages in agriculture.
- CPI-RL: Captures cost-of-living changes for rural labourers (includes CPI-AL as a subset).
- Compiled monthly for 20 states and at the All-India level.
- Base Year: 1986–87=100 (used to measure price change over time).
Significance:
- Declining CPI reflects lower rural price pressure, beneficial for wage policy formulation, poverty analysis, and rural development planning.
Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs)
- 02 Mar 2025
In News:
A recent study on the Tra2b gene in mice has revealed a potential reason why certain segments of the genome called Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs) have remained unchanged for over 80 million years across species like humans, mice, rats, chickens, and even fish.
What are Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs)?
- Definition:DNA sequences at least 200 base pairs long that have remained perfectly identical across diverse species for tens of millions of years.
- Number in Human Genome:Around 500 UCEs have been identified in the human genome.
- Location:Found in both coding regions (genes) and non-coding regulatory regions like enhancers and silencers.
- Species Overlap:Identical UCEs are shared by humans, mice, rats, chickens, and fish, reflecting their evolutionary conservation.
Key Findings from the Tra2b Gene Study
- Research Insight:A UCE embedded in the first intron of the Tra2b gene acts as a “poison exon” to regulate production of the Tra2β protein, which is involved in RNA splicing.
- Mechanism:
- When Tra2β levels rise, the UCE is included as an extra exon in the mRNA.
- This exon contains multiple stop codons, halting protein synthesis.
- The mRNA is then degraded, preventing excess Tra2β protein.
- Experimental Result:
- Deleting this UCE in mouse sperm-producing cells led to overproduction of Tra2β, causing cell death and infertility.
- This implies that any mutation in the UCE that disrupts its function would lead to infertility and thus prevent its transmission, explaining its evolutionary stability.
Significance of UCEs
- Evolutionary Importance:Their intolerance to mutation suggests they are critical for basic survival and reproductive success.
- Functional Role:
- Do not typically code for proteins.
- Regulate gene expression, often during early development, fertility, and immune response.
- Act as enhancers, silencers, or splice regulators (as in the case of poison exons).
- Medical Relevance:
- Help understand gene regulation and disease mechanisms.
- Their conservation across species makes them valuable for comparative genomics and biomedical research.
- Mice are used as model organisms due to ~85% genetic similarity with humans.
Aditya-L1 Mission
- 02 Mar 2025
In News:
ISRO’s Aditya-L1 mission has made a significant breakthrough by capturing the first-ever image of a solar flare 'kernel' using the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) payload.
Key Highlights:
- Captured Phenomenon:
- An X6.3-class solar flare (among the most intense categories) was observed on February 22, 2024.
- SUIT detected localized brightening in the Near Ultraviolet (NUV) wavelength (200–400 nm), a range never before observed in such detail.
- Scientific Significance:
- Observation occurred in the lower solar atmosphere (photosphere and chromosphere).
- Confirmed energy transmission from the flare through multiple solar atmospheric layers.
- Demonstrated a direct link between flare energy deposition and plasma temperature increase in the solar corona.
- Validated longstanding theories while offering new insights into solar flare physics.
About Aditya-L1 Mission:
- Launch Date: September 2, 2023
- Orbit: Placed in a halo orbit around the first Earth-Sun Lagrange Point (L1) on January 6, 2024.
- Objective: Study solar activities and their impact on space weather.
- Significance: India’s first space-based solar observatory, and ISRO’s second astronomy mission after AstroSat (2015).
Solar Flares – Quick Facts:
- Solar flares are massive explosions on the Sun's surface that release energy, light, and high-speed charged particles.
- Often associated with Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) that can affect Earth's magnetosphere and satellites.
- Classification: A, B, C, M, and X — with X-class being the most powerful, increasing tenfold in energy per class.
Amazon’s Ocelot Quantum Chip
- 02 Mar 2025
In News:
Amazon Web Services (AWS) has unveiled its first in-house quantum computing chip, Ocelot, aimed at significantly reducing the development time for commercially viable quantum computers.
Key Highlights:
- Developed By: AWS Center for Quantum Computing at the California Institute of Technology.
- Objective: To accelerate the development of scalable and error-resilient quantum computers using novel architecture.
What is Ocelot?
- Type: Prototype quantum computing chip.
- Technology: Utilizes “cat” qubits—named after Schrödinger’s cat paradox—to suppress certain types of quantum errors intrinsically.
- Efficiency: Achieves 1 logical qubit using only 9 physical qubits, compared to the industry norm of ~1 million physical qubits for similar output.
Technical Features:
- Chip Design:
- Dual silicon microchips (~1 sq. cm each) stacked together.
- 14 core components:
- 5 cat qubits (for data storage),
- 5 buffer circuits (for qubit stabilization),
- 4 ancillary qubits (for error detection).
- Material Used: Standard chip fabrication techniques with tantalum.
Significance:
- Developmental Impact:
- Expected to reduce quantum computer development timelines by 5–10 years.
- Enables building practical quantum systems with around 100,000 qubits instead of the previously assumed 1 million.
- Potential Applications:
- Advanced drug discovery,
- New material development (e.g., batteries),
- Financial modeling, and
- Climate simulations.
- Strategic Implication: Strengthens Amazon’s position in the global quantum computing race alongside rivals like Google, Microsoft, and PsiQuantum.
Understanding Quantum Chips:
- Qubits vs Classical Bits:
- Classical bits = 0 or 1;
- Qubits = 0 and 1 simultaneously (superposition).
- Entanglement:Interlinked qubits can influence each other instantly, enhancing computational capacity.
- Quantum Gates:Operations are performed via gates like Hadamard, CNOT, and Pauli.
- Error Correction:Quantum systems are fragile; Ocelot’s built-in cat qubit architecture enhances stability and reliability.
One Nation-One Port Initiative
- 02 Mar 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) has launched the ‘One Nation, One Port Process (ONOP)’, a transformative initiative aimed at standardizing port operations across India to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and bolster India’s position in global trade. This move aligns with PM Gati Shakti, the National Logistics Policy, and India’s ambition to become a leading maritime and logistics hub under Viksit Bharat@2047.
Key Components of the Maritime Reform Package:
1. One Nation, One Port Process (ONOP):
- Seeks uniform documentation and standardized customs procedures across all Indian ports.
- Reduced container operation documents by 33% (from 143 to 96) and bulk cargo documentation by 29% (from 150 to 106).
- Aims to eliminate procedural inconsistencies, boost ease of doing business, and cut logistics delays.
2. Sagar Ankalan – Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI):
- Evaluates performance of major and non-major ports under Bulk (Dry & Liquid) and Container categories.
- Assesses indicators like cargo handling, turnaround time, berth idle time, and container dwell time.
- Encourages data-driven port benchmarking and fosters transparency in maritime logistics.
- Supports India’s improvement in the World Bank’s LPI (International Shipments) – from rank 44 to 22 in 2023.
3. MAITRI (Master Application for International Trade and Regulatory Interface):
- A digital platform using AI and Blockchain to automate trade clearances and enable Virtual Trade Corridors (VTC).
- Initial linkage with UAE, to expand towards BIMSTEC and ASEAN nations.
- Reduces bureaucratic redundancies, improves supply chain integration, and enhances trade resilience.
4. Bharat Ports Global Consortium:
- A collaborative body combining IPGL (operations), SDCL (finance), and IPRCL (infrastructure).
- Focuses on port development, global trade connectivity, and supporting the Make in India initiative.
- Strengthens India's presence in global logistics networks.
5. Financial and Policy Support:
- Launch of a ?25,000 crore Maritime Development Fund to facilitate long-term port and shipping investments.
- Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy 2.0 to aid Indian shipyards in competing globally.
- Customs duty exemptions on shipbuilding inputs extended for 10 years.
- Inclusion of large ships in the Infrastructure Harmonised Master List (HML) to ease access to funding.
6. Sustainability and Green Shipping:
- Launch of the National Centre of Excellence in Green Port and Shipping (NCoEGPS).
- Focus on carbon footprint reduction, cleaner fuels, and eco-friendly port operations.
7. Promotion and Maritime Diplomacy:
- Announcement of India Maritime Week (Oct 27–31, 2025) in Mumbai to showcase India’s Maritime Virasat (Heritage) and Vikaas (Development).
- Will host the 4th Global Maritime India Summit and the 2nd Sagarmanthan Dialogue, with representation from 100 countries and over 1 lakh delegates.
Strategic Significance:
- Aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat, Blue Economy, and India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).
- Boosts domestic manufacturing and export potential through better port infrastructure and trade facilitation.
- Reflects India’s push toward a digital, green, and globally competitive maritime sector.
Make the World Wear Khadi Campaign
- 01 Mar 2025
In News:
The “Make the World Wear Khadi” campaign is a strategic initiative launched to globalize Khadi, India’s iconic hand-spun fabric, by integrating it with contemporary fashion trends. It is part of the inaugural World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit (WAVES), scheduled from 1–4 May 2025at theJio World Convention Centre, Mumbai.
Key Highlights:
Organizers
- Advertising Agencies Association of India (AAAI)
- Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
Objectives
- Elevate Khadi as a global, aspirational brand.
- Celebrate and modernize India's textile heritage.
- Engage creative professionals in branding and marketing of Khadi through various media.
- Showcase India’s soft power in the global Media & Entertainment (M&E) space.
Campaign Highlights
- Part of the broader Create in India Challenges under WAVES.
- Participants: Open to advertising professionals and freelancers globally.
- Format: Creative entries in digital, print, video, and experiential marketing.
- Total Registrations for Create in India Challenges: 73,000+
- Registrations for Khadi Challenge (as of Feb 15, 2025): 112
Khadi – Key Facts
- What is Khadi?
- A traditional Indian fabric made from hand-spun and hand-woven cotton, silk, or wool.
- Historical Significance:
- Promoted by Mahatma Gandhi during the freedom movement as a symbol of swadeshi, self-reliance, and economic independence.
- Key Characteristics:
- Hand-spun using a charkha (spinning wheel).
- Woven on traditional looms.
- Eco-friendly and sustainable, made from natural fibers.
- Supports rural employment and cottage industries.
WAVES Summit 2025 – Snapshot
- A flagship Media & Entertainment event with a hub-and-spoke model.
- Four thematic pillars:
- Broadcasting & Infotainment
- AVGC-XR (Animation, VFX, Gaming, Comics, Extended Reality)
- Digital Media & Innovation
- Films
- The Khadi campaign falls under the Broadcasting & Infotainment category.
Plastic Parks in India
- 01 Mar 2025
In News:
The Department of Chemicals and Petro-Chemicals is implementing the Scheme for Setting up of Plastic Parks under the umbrella scheme of New Scheme of Petrochemicals, to support setting up need-based Plastic Parks, with requisite state-of-the-art infrastructure, enabling common facilities through cluster development approach, to consolidate the capacities of the domestic downstream plastic processing industry.
What is a Plastic Park?
- A Plastic Park is a dedicated industrial zone for plastic-related industries.
- Aims to synergize capacities of the plastic processing sector and promote investment, production, export, and employment.
- Encourages sustainable development through waste management and recycling.
Plastic Parks Scheme
- Implemented by the Department of Chemicals and Petro-Chemicals under the New Scheme of Petrochemicals.
- Financial Support: 50% of project cost, up to ?40 crore per park.
- Focus: Common infrastructure, cluster development, employment generation, and environmental sustainability.
Plastic Parks Approved (as of April 2025):
Location State Year Approved Grant Sanctioned (? crore) Amount Released (? crore)
Tamot Madhya Pradesh 2013 40.00 36.00
Jagatsinghpur Odisha 2013 40.00 36.00
Tinsukia Assam 2014 40.00 35.73
Bilaua Madhya Pradesh 2018 34.36 30.92
Deoghar Jharkhand 2018 33.67 30.30
Tiruvallur Tamil Nadu 2019 40.00 22.00
Sitarganj Uttarakhand 2020 33.93 30.51
Raipur Chhattisgarh 2021 21.04 11.57
Ganjimutt Karnataka 2022 31.38 6.28
Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 2022 34.79 19.13
Objectives
- Boost competitiveness, polymer absorption, and value addition.
- Support R&D-led growth and enhance exports.
- Promote eco-friendly practices like plastic recycling, effluent treatment, and hazardous waste management.
- Encourage cluster-based industrial growth.
Process of Setting up
- States submit proposals → In-principle approval by Scheme Steering Committee → Submission of DPR → Final approval.
- Implementation via Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) formed by states.
Other Government Measures
13 Centres of Excellence (CoEs) established at premier institutions (IITs, CSIR labs, CIPET) for:
- Sustainable polymers
- Bio-engineered polymer systems
- Advanced polymeric materials
- Wastewater management in petrochemical industries
Skill Development:
- CIPET offers short- and long-term training in plastic processing technology.
Sustainability Measures
- Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) mandates recycling targets, use of recycled content.
- Hazardous Waste Management Rules enforce safe disposal practices.
- Ban on certain single-use plastics.
- Promotion of circular economy and biodegradable alternatives.
- Active engagement with WTO, UNEP, ISO for global compliance.
India in Global Plastic Trade
- 12th largest plastic exporter globally (World Bank, 2022).
- Exports increased from USD 8.2 million (2014) to USD 27 million (2022).
Prelims Facts to Remember
- Scheme launched under Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals.
- Max central grant per park = ?40 crore.
- Plastic Park = cluster-based industrial zone for plastic processing industries.
- Gorakhpur (UP) &Ganjimutt (Karnataka) approved in 2022.
- India is actively integrating sustainability and innovation in the plastic sector.
National Science Day 2025
- 01 Mar 2025
In News:
National Science Day to be celebrated with theme ‘Empowering Indian Youth for Global Leadership in Science & Innovation for Viksit Bharat’.
Key Details:
- Observed On: February 28 annually
- Purpose: To commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by Sir C.V. Raman in 1928. The day highlights the importance of science and promotes scientific temper among the public.
- Theme 2025:“Empowering Indian Youth for Global Leadership in Science & Innovation for Viksit Bharat”
- This theme reflects the vision of building a developed India (Viksit Bharat) by nurturing youth-led scientific innovation and aligning with India’s S&T ambitions for 2047.
About Sir C.V. Raman and Raman Effect:
- Born: 7 November 1888, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu
- Major Contributions:
- Discovered the Raman Effect (1928), for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, becoming the first Asian Nobel Laureate in science.
- Founded: Indian Journal of Physics (1926), Indian Academy of Sciences (1934), Raman Research Institute (1948).
- First Indian Director of IISc, Bangalore (1933).
- Awarded Bharat Ratna in 1954.
Raman Effect:A phenomenon where light passing through a substance changes in wavelength due to interaction with molecular vibrations. This principle is used in Raman Spectroscopy, widely applied in material science, chemistry, forensics, and even nuclear waste analysis.
National Science Day – History & Celebrations:
- Established: 1986 by the Government of India
- First Observed: 1987
- Organisedby:National Council for Science & Technology Communication (NCSTC) under the Department of Science & Technology (DST).
- Celebrations include lectures, open labs, science fairs, and awareness drives across the country, especially for students.
Key Developments in Science & Technology (2024-25):
- Innovation & IP Rankings:
- 39th in Global Innovation Index 2024 (WIPO)
- 6th in Global IP Filings
- Major Initiatives:
- Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF): Boosts R&D and supports innovation in EVs, materials, and emerging technologies.
- National Quantum Mission (NQM): ?6003.65 crore mission to advance quantum computing, communication, and sensing.
- National Supercomputing Mission (NSM):
- Deployed 33 supercomputers, capacity: 32 PetaFlops.
- Target: 77 PetaFlops using indigenous technology.
- Artificial Intelligence:
- BharatGen: India’s first multilingual, multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) for Generative AI.
- STEM Inclusivity:
- Programs like WISE-KIRAN support women in science.
- PM Early Career Research Grant nurtures young researchers.
- INSPIRE continues to attract school and college students to science careers.
- Geospatial & Climate Research:
- Expansion of spatial thinking programs in schools (116 schools across 7 states).
- Establishment of 4 Centres of Excellence for climate risk mapping to enhance disaster preparedness.
Cali Fund
- 01 Mar 2025
In News:
‘Cali Fund’ launched at CBD COP16 in Rome to boost biodiversity finance.
Key Details:
- Launched at: COP16 to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), held in Rome in 2025.
- Purpose: The Cali Fund aims to promote the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of Digital Sequence Information (DSI) on genetic resources, marking a major step towards fulfilling Goal C and Target 13 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)—which targets halting and reversing biodiversity loss by 2030.
Key Features of the Cali Fund:
- Origin: It builds on the multilateral mechanism adopted during COP15 (2022) and was operationalised at COP16 (2025).
- Objective:Mobilise financial contributions from the private sector to support biodiversity conservation and implementation of National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs).
- Hosted By: Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office (MPTFO).
- Managed By: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
- Secretariat: Hosted by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Funding Mechanism:
- Source of Contributions: Companies commercially utilisingDSI—genetic data from plants, animals, and microorganisms—especially in sectors like:
- Pharmaceuticals
- Cosmetics
- Agriculture and biotechnology
- Industrial biotech and AI-assisted research
- Exemptions: Academic institutions, public research bodies, and entities not reliant on DSI are exempt.
- Allocation:
- 50% of resources are earmarked for indigenous peoples and local communities, especially women and youth, recognising their key role in biodiversity protection.
Significance:
- Global First: First UN biodiversity fund to receive direct contributions from private companies.
- Support for Biodiversity Action Plans: Assists developing countries in implementing their KMGBF targets and NBSAPs.
- Boosts Scientific Research: Enhances capabilities for storing, using, and analysing DSI.
- Promotes Collective Action: Encourages industries benefiting from biodiversity to reinvest in its protection—ushering in a new era of biodiversity finance.
About Digital Sequence Information (DSI):
- Definition: Digitally stored genetic data from DNA, RNA, and proteins.
- Use Cases: Vital for research in health, food security, climate change, conservation, and bioeconomy.
- Governance: Discussed under CBD, WHO PIP Framework, UN Law of the Sea, and others.
NASA’s SPHEREx Telescope
- 01 Mar 2025
In News:
NASA is set to launch the Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization, and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx) aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. The telescope is megaphone-shaped, infrared-based, and is designed for a 2-year mission to scan the entire sky in infrared and optical light.
Key Details:
Mission Objectives
- Cosmic Inflation: SPHEREx will investigate the phenomenon of cosmic inflation, the ultra-rapid expansion of the universe that occurred a fraction of a second after the Big Bang (~13.8 billion years ago). By mapping the 3D positions of nearly 450 million galaxies, the mission aims to refine theories about the universe’s earliest moments.
- Spectroscopic Mapping: It will divide light into 96–102 spectral bands, creating a 3D map of the sky. It will collect 8 million spectroscopic images, allowing the study of the composition and distribution of celestial objects on an unprecedented scale.
- Biogenic Molecules Detection: The telescope will identify life-forming (biogenic) molecules like water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methanol in cold molecular clouds of the Milky Way. These icy particles are essential for understanding the chemical preconditions for life.
- Cosmic Glow & New Phenomena: SPHEREx will also measure the collective glow from intergalactic space, which could help uncover previously unknown cosmic events and structures.
Comparison with Other Telescopes
Unlike the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) or the Hubble Space Telescope, which focus on high-resolution, narrow field observations, SPHEREx is designed to scan the entire sky. The full-sky mapping capability makes it a complementary tool for large-scale statistical cosmology.
Significance for Astronomy and Astrobiology
- It provides a comprehensive sky census of galaxies, stars, and asteroids (around 1 billion galaxies, 100 million stars, and 10,000 asteroids).
- By locating regions rich in life-bearing molecules, it enhances our understanding of how life-essential chemistry emerges in the galaxy.
- It lays the groundwork for future targeted studies of exoplanets and habitable environments in space.
Mount Fentale
- 28 Feb 2025
In News:
Mount Fentale, a stratovolcano located in Awash National Park in northern Ethiopia, has recently gained global attention due to its unprecedented release of massive methane plumes. This rare and unusual volcanic event, has raised significant concerns about its potential impacts on climate change and the necessity for better global methane tracking.
About Mount Fentale
Mount Fentale, standing 600 meters above the Rift Valley floor, is known for its elliptical caldera, approximately 6 km in diameter. The volcano's eruptions, historically infrequent, have typically involved the release of lava and ash.
The Methane "Burp" and Its Unusual Nature
What distinguishes this event from typical volcanic activity is the massive emission of methane—58 metric tonnes per hour. Volcanic eruptions are generally associated with carbon dioxide (CO?) and sulfur dioxide (SO?), not methane. Methane, however, is significantly more effective at trapping heat than CO?, being 28 times more potent over a 100-year period. The scale of the methane release is far greater than what is typically associated with volcanic activity, prompting scientific investigations into the cause and potential implications for the global climate.
The methane release is believed to result from deep magma movements that opened underground gas pockets, allowing the methane to escape through newly formed fissures. Unlike a surface eruption, which would involve molten lava, this "burp" suggests that magma at depth caused the gas to surface without the typical visual eruption.
Scientific and Environmental Concerns
Methane is the second-largest contributor to global warming, responsible for around 11% of total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Even short-term spikes in methane levels can have a significant impact on global temperature rise. This phenomenon underscores the urgency for enhanced global methane monitoring systems, particularly from natural sources like volcanic eruptions.
While Mount Fentale is not a frequent eruptor, the discovery of massive methane emissions from the volcano highlights the need for comprehensive tracking of both natural and human-driven sources of greenhouse gases. The event suggests that volcanic activity may be a more significant contributor to climate change than previously understood, particularly in the context of methane.
Recent Developments and Earthquake Activity
Following the methane release, Mount Fentale experienced a magnitude 6.0 earthquake the strongest to hit Ethiopia since 1989. This earthquake, likely associated with tectonic movements beneath the volcano, adds a layer of complexity to the ongoing geological activity in the region.
The volcano's stratovolcanic nature, characterized by steep sides built up by alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material, makes it particularly prone to explosive events. Stratovolcanoes like Fentale are among the most active types of volcanoes on Earth, and their eruptions can have far-reaching environmental impacts.
Global Significance and the Role of Satellite Monitoring
The unexpected methane release from Mount Fentale is not just a local environmental concern but has global implications. As a powerful greenhouse gas, methane's release into the atmosphere accelerates global warming, making it a key target in climate change mitigation efforts. The event highlights the importance of satellite monitoring programs, like those operated by the European Space Agency’s Copernicus program, which detected thermal anomalies in January, and GHGSat, which later confirmed the methane emissions.
The U.S. "Gold Card" Visa
- 28 Feb 2025
In News:
In a significant shift from traditional immigration programs, U.S. President Donald Trump proposed a new immigration initiative—the “Gold Card”—intended to replace the existing EB-5 investor visa program. The Gold Card, requiring a hefty $5 million investment, offers wealthy foreign nationals a direct route to U.S. permanent residency and eventual citizenship, positioning it as a premium alternative to the existing Green Card and EB-5 programs.
Key Differences Between the Gold Card and Green Card
The Green Card remains the standard route to permanent U.S. residency, typically obtained through employment, family sponsorship, or asylum, and involves a detailed, multi-step application process. The EB-5 Investor Visa, introduced in 1990, allows foreign investors to gain U.S. residency by investing a minimum of $1.05 million (or $800,000 in economically distressed areas) in U.S. businesses, provided they create or preserve at least 10 American jobs. The EB-5 program, however, has faced criticism for fraud, misuse, and its association with high-profile real estate projects, including some linked to the Trump family.
The Gold Card, in contrast, offers a simplified and expedited process for wealthy investors to gain permanent residency, bypassing the job creation requirement of the EB-5. For a $5 million investment, foreign nationals can directly purchase their way into U.S. citizenship, bypassing many of the traditional barriers associated with U.S. immigration.
Benefits of the Gold Card Program
- Streamlined Immigration: Investors can gain U.S. residency without the need for job creation or business involvement, unlike the EB-5 program.
- Attracting Wealthy Investors: The program appeals to high-net-worth individuals who can contribute to the U.S. economy through luxury markets, real estate, and business investments.
- Faster Processing: With potentially fewer regulatory hurdles, the Gold Card is designed to have a quicker processing time compared to traditional immigration routes.
- Reduced Fraud Risks: The fixed high-cost nature of the Gold Card may reduce the misuse and fraud that plagued the EB-5 program, offering a more straightforward investment approach.
Potential Concerns and Criticisms
- Ethical and Political Issues: The Gold Card raises questions about "selling" U.S. citizenship, prioritizing wealth over merit, and potentially disadvantaging skilled professionals or individuals seeking to contribute to the U.S. economy.
- Risk of Financial Misuse: Investment-based immigration programs have been criticized for facilitating money laundering, foreign influence, and the movement of illicit capital.
- No Economic Contribution Requirement: Unlike the EB-5, which mandates job creation, the Gold Card does not require any direct investment in U.S. businesses or job creation, limiting its economic impact.
- Legislative and Legal Challenges: Immigration policies in the U.S. are subject to Congressional approval. The Gold Card proposal is likely to face opposition from both Democrats and some Republicans who may object to its perceived elitism or to the legal challenges it might face.
Comparison with Other Investment Visa Programs
The U.S. Gold Card is part of a broader global trend of "Golden Visa" programs, where countries offer residency or citizenship to foreign investors in exchange for significant financial contributions. For instance:
- Portugal: Offers residency for a €500,000 investment in economic development funds, with a pathway to citizenship after five years.
- UAE: Requires an AED 2 million investment for a 10-year residency.
- New Zealand: Offers relaxed requirements for wealthy investors to attract capital following the recession.
These programs, while controversial, aim to attract high-net-worth individuals who can contribute to local economies through investments in real estate, business ventures, or government funds.
India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
- 28 Feb 2025
In News:
India and the United Kingdom (UK) have resumed negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) after an eight-month gap, with the latest round of talks marking the continuation of discussions that began in January 2022. To date, 14 rounds of talks have been held. The FTA aims to strengthen bilateral economic relations by reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers, enhancing market access, and increasing investments between the two nations.
What is a Free Trade Agreement (FTA)?
An FTA is a trade pact between two or more countries that aims to eliminate or reduce import duties on goods traded between them. It also seeks to minimize non-tariff barriers, enhance services trade, and foster investments. By reducing tariffs, FTAs make goods more competitive in foreign markets, which can help boost exports, create jobs, and enhance diplomatic ties.
India’s Trade Strategy and Focus
India has signed 13 FTAs and six preferential trade agreements with various countries and regional blocs, with a recent emphasis on Western nations, particularly the UK, the European Union (EU), and the United States (US). These agreements are part of India’s strategy to diversify its export markets, expand trade, and attract more foreign direct investment (FDI). FTAs with the UK and EU are seen as vital steps in this direction, given the opportunities they present in key sectors such as technology, healthcare, and education.
Key Objectives of the India-UK FTA
The India-UK FTA aims to:
- Boost Trade and Investment: By reducing tariffs and addressing non-tariff barriers, the FTA seeks to facilitate smoother trade between India and the UK.
- Market Access for Services: India is looking to expand its services exports, particularly in sectors like IT, healthcare, and education.
- Enhance Mobility: India aims to secure greater access for students and professionals in the UK, addressing visa and mobility challenges.
- Investment Opportunities: The agreement includes a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), which will safeguard investments and create a more favorable environment for foreign investment.
Benefits of the India-UK FTA
For India, the FTA presents opportunities in both merchandise trade and services:
- Merchandise Trade: India's exports to the UK totaled $12.9 billion in FY24. The FTA is expected to provide tariff reductions on Indian goods, including textiles, apparel, footwear, cars, marine products, and agricultural exports such as grapes and mangoes. These goods currently face relatively low to moderate tariffs in the UK, and the FTA would make them even more competitive.
- Services: Indian sectors like IT, healthcare, and education are poised to benefit significantly from the FTA due to greater market access.
- Investments: The BIT will promote UK investments in India by providing a more stable and transparent investment environment, including mechanisms for dispute resolution.
For the UK, the FTA would reduce high import tariffs on certain goods, making UK products more competitive in the Indian market. Key UK exports such as automobiles, whisky, and machinery, which currently face high tariffs in India, would benefit from reduced duties.
Key Demands and Challenges
While both nations stand to gain from the FTA, several challenges and demands need to be addressed:
- India’s Demands: India seeks greater access for its students and professionals in the UK, alongside more favorable market access for key goods. It also wants to ensure that its domestic industries are protected from a surge in imports, particularly in sensitive sectors.
- UK’s Demands: The UK is pushing for significant cuts in import duties on products like scotch whisky, electric vehicles, and lamb meat. Additionally, the UK seeks improved market access for its services in India, particularly in telecommunications, legal, and financial sectors.
- Dispute Resolution: One of the key areas of negotiation is the dispute resolution mechanism in the BIT. India prefers foreign firms to exhaust local judicial remedies before seeking international arbitration, while the UK has concerns about the efficiency of India’s judicial system.
Sectoral Gains
- Technology: Both countries can collaborate on digital trade, innovation, and technology transfer, fostering mutual growth in the tech sector.
- Green Energy: The FTA could also serve as a platform for enhanced cooperation in renewable energy, aligning with both countries' commitments to climate goals.
- Education and Healthcare: Increased opportunities for educational exchanges and professional mobility in these sectors would enhance bilateral cooperation.
Way Forward
To successfully conclude the FTA, both India and the UK need to:
- Balance Tariff Reductions: Ensure that tariff reductions are fair and that sensitive domestic industries are adequately protected.
- Enhance Market Access: Address concerns related to visa and mobility, ensuring that professionals and students from both countries can benefit from easier movement.
- Finalize Investment Protections: Ensure that the BIT offers clear and mutually beneficial terms for dispute resolution and investment safeguards.
- Strengthen Sector-Specific Cooperation: Focus on areas such as technology, green energy, and digital trade to drive innovation and growth.
PRAKRITI 2025
- 28 Feb 2025
In News:
- The International Conference on Carbon Markets – PRAKRITI 2025 was inaugurated by the Minister of Power and Housing and Urban Affairs.
- Organized by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power, the event served as a major platform for global dialogue on carbon markets, climate finance, and sustainability strategies.
Key Highlights:
PRAKRITI 2025 (Promoting Resilience, Awareness, Knowledge, and Resources for Integrating Transformational Initiatives) aimed to:
- Understand the functioning of Indian and global carbon markets.
- Discuss challenges, dynamics, and opportunities in carbon trading.
- Strengthen carbon credits, offset mechanisms, and compliance systems.
- Promote renewable energy, green innovations, and ecosystem-based interventions.
- Foster collaboration between governments, industries, and citizens.
Insights from PRAKRITI 2025
- Global Linkages:India’s carbon market will increasingly be influenced by global policies such as the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which imposes carbon pricing on imports like steel and aluminium. Indian industries must prepare to maintain competitiveness.
- Carbon Market Mechanisms:
- Under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, carbon trading allows entities to buy carbon credits to offset emissions.
- Carbon credit = reduction of 1 metric ton of CO? or equivalent GHGs.
- India’s Progress:
- India ranks second globally in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project registrations.
- The Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme, regulated by BEE, has saved over 106 million tonnes of CO? since 2015.
- Development of a domestic carbon market is a priority to align with global standards and leverage international finance.
- Challenges Highlighted:
- Need for robust Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) frameworks.
- Ensuring fair benefit distribution among stakeholders.
- Developing policies tailored to India’s economic and social realities.
- Increasing private sector engagement and incentivizing renewable energy developers.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
- Established: 1 March 2002 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
- Mandate: Develop policies and programmes to promote energy efficiency, coordinate with stakeholders, and promote self-regulation within market principles to reduce India's energy intensity.
- Role in Carbon Market: BEE is the nodal agency regulating India’s carbon trading schemes and energy conservation initiatives.
AI in Indian Agriculture
- 28 Feb 2025
In News:
Microsoft Chairman Satya Nadella recently showcased the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indian agriculture through Project Farm Vibes in Baramati, Maharashtra, where AI-driven techniques led to a 40% increase in crop yields while reducing resource consumption significantly.
What is Project Farm Vibes?
Developed by Microsoft Research in collaboration with the Agricultural Development Trust, Baramati, Project Farm Vibes is an open-sourced AI suite aimed at making farming more data-driven, efficient, and sustainable.
Key Technologies:
- Azure Data Manager for Agriculture: Aggregates satellite imagery, weather data, and sensor inputs for a complete view of field conditions.
- FarmVibes.AI: Analyzes soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and pH to offer precise, AI-driven farming recommendations.
- Agripilot.AI: Provides real-time, localized, and personalized farming advice, including in regional languages.
Impact:
- 40% increase in crop production with healthier crops.
- 25% reduction in fertilizer costs through precision spot fertilization.
- 50% decrease in water usage, promoting sustainable irrigation.
- 12% reduction in post-harvest wastage, improving profitability.
- Environmental gains through reduced chemical runoff, soil erosion, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions.
How is AI Revolutionizing Indian Agriculture?
- Smart Irrigation:
- AI-based soil and climate analysis optimizes irrigation.
- Schemes like "Per Drop More Crop" are integrating AI with drip and sprinkler systems.
- IoT-driven irrigation systems by ICAR automate water supply based on real-time data.
- Pest and Weed Control:
- The National Pest Surveillance System uses AI to detect pests early and issue real-time alerts.
- AI-enabled computer vision distinguishes between crops and weeds, minimizing herbicide use.
- Economic Impact:
- The AI in agriculture market is projected to grow from USD 1.7 billion (2023) to USD 4.7 billion (2028) at a CAGR of 23.1%.
- Tools like Kisan e-Mitra, an AI chatbot, are improving farmer access to government schemes like PM-Kisan.
Challenges in AI Adoption
- Lack of Awareness: Limited digital literacy in rural areas hampers effective use.
- High Costs: Expensive AI tools like drones and IoT devices are unaffordable for small and marginal farmers (85% of farming community).
- Infrastructure Gaps: Poor internet connectivity; over 25,000 villages lack mobile/internet access.
- Data Issues: AI needs accurate, real-time agricultural data, which is often missing or unreliable.
- Limited Customization: Generic AI models fail to address India's diverse agro-climatic conditions, requiring localized solutions.
Way Forward
- Strengthening Data Frameworks: Utilize platforms like AgriStack and IDEA for integrated farm data management.
- Develop Region-Specific Solutions: Leverage National AI Centres of Excellence to create localized AI applications.
- Improving Digital Infrastructure: Expand PM-WANI and BharatNet to enhance rural connectivity.
- Farmer Skilling and Awareness: Scale initiatives like NeGPA and FutureSkills PRIME for farmer education in digital technologies.
- Financial Support: Promote subsidized loans and investments through the Digital Agriculture Mission (2021-2025) to empower agri-tech startups and farmer cooperatives.
Zagros Mountains and Iraq’s Tectonic Subsidence
- 27 Feb 2025
In News:
Recent geological studies have found that the hilly region around the Zagros Mountains in northern Iraq is slowly sinking into the Earth, a process attributed to ancient tectonic dynamics. This discovery has implications for earthquake prediction and geothermal energy potential.
Zagros Mountains
- Location: Stretches ~1,500 km from eastern Turkey and northern Iraq across the Iranian Plateau to the Strait of Hormuz.
- Highest Peak: Mount Dena (4,409 m / 14,465 ft).
- Geological Composition: Primarily limestone and shale from the Mesozoic Era and Paleogene Period.
- Climate: Semi-arid temperate – cold winters and dry, arid summers.
- Vegetation: Dominated by oak and pistachio trees with steppe vegetation.
Geological Process Behind Iraq’s Sinking
- The Zagros region is influenced by the tectonic collision between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates.
- A sinking oceanic slab, part of the ancient Neotethys Ocean floor (over 66 million years old), is pulling the region down.
- This slab is subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate, a process occurring over tens of millions of years, making it imperceptible in human timescales.
Research Insights
- The studyused rock records, sediment analysis, and deep-earth imaging to understand the tectonic architecture of the region.
- The findings explain why the depressions around the Zagros Mountains are deeper than the current topography would suggest.
Significance of the Study
- Helps develop precise geological models critical for:
- Earthquake prediction – by understanding fault depths and configurations.
- Geothermal energy exploration – estimating areas with high geothermal gradients.
- Especially relevant in a region prone to seismic activity (e.g., 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquakes).
First Regional Dialogue and ESIC Foundation Day
- 27 Feb 2025
In News:
- India hosted the first-ever Regional Dialogue on Social Justice under the Global Coalition for Social Justice in New Delhi (Feb 2025).
- Event coincided with the 74th Foundation Day of Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), established in 1952.
Global Coalition for Social Justice (GCSJ)
- Launched by ILO in 2023, GCSJ aims to address social justice deficits globally, aligned with SDGs.
- Membership: Open to governments, businesses, academia; India is a key member.
- Promotes inclusive, sustainable development, responsible business conduct, and labor rights.
- India leads the Asia-Pacific Coordinating Group and spearheads responsible business initiatives.
India’s Achievements in Social Protection
- As per ILO’s World Social Protection Report 2024-26:
- India’s social protection coverage (excluding health) has doubled from 24.4% (2021) to 48.8% (2024).
- India contributed 5% of the global increase in social protection coverage.
- Employability of Indian graduates rose from 33.95% (2013) to 54.81% (2024).
Key Government Initiatives
- e-Shram Mobile App launched to improve access to welfare schemes, curated job listings, and multilingual support.
- Focus on extending coverage to:
- Informal sector (unorganized, gig, platform, construction, agricultural workers).
- Women and youth, with targets like 70% female workforce participation by 2047.
- Emphasis on AI and the Future of Work, living wages, and Global Value Chains through the Decent Work Country Programme.
Constitutional Provisions Supporting Social Justice
Provision
Focus
Preamble
Social, economic, and political justice
Art. 23 & 24
Prohibit trafficking, forced and child labour
Art. 38
Reduce social and economic inequalities
Art. 39 & 39A
Fair wages, legal aid, livelihood opportunities
Art. 46
Promote education and welfare of weaker sections
About Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)
- Statutory body under the ESI Act, 1948, Ministry of Labour& Employment.
- Eligibility: Employees earning ≤ ?21,000/month.
- Coverage: Establishments with ≥10 employees (or <10 in hazardous sectors).
- Benefits: Medical care, maternity, sickness, disability, dependent benefits, and unemployment allowance.
Significance of the Dialogue
- Platform for global best practices exchange from countries like Germany, Brazil, Australia, Philippines, and Namibia.
- Showcased India’s leadership in technology-driven social security, gender-responsive policies, and youth skilling.
- Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) and CII-EFI signed a Joint Statement on Responsible Business Conduct.
- Publications released include:
- Best Practices on Responsible Business Conduct
- Compendium on Social Protection in India
- Social Security for Informal Workers
Three-Language Formula and NEP 2020
- 27 Feb 2025
In News:
The Three-Language Formula (TLF) under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has sparked controversy, particularly with Tamil Nadu opposing its implementation. The Union government’s withholding of ?573 crore under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) for non-compliance has intensified the Centre-State standoff.
What is the Three-Language Formula?
- NEP 2020 mandates students learn three languages, of which at least two must be Indian languages.
- States, schools, and students have flexibility to choose the languages, with no imposition from the Centre.
- The medium of instruction should be the home language, mother tongue, or regional language at least until Grade 5, preferably till Grade 8 and beyond.
- Foreign languages like French, German, and Japanese can be offered at the secondary level.
Historical Background:
- Kothari Commission (1964–66) proposed the Three-Language Formula to promote national unity and linguistic diversity.
- Formally adopted in the NPE 1968 under PM Indira Gandhi, reaffirmed in 1986 (Rajiv Gandhi), and revised in 1992 (Narasimha Rao).
- Article 351 of the Constitution mandates the Union to promote the spread of Hindi.
- Tamil Nadu has historically rejected Hindi imposition, favoring a two-language policy (Tamil and English) since CM C.N. Annadurai’s tenure.
Benefits of the Three-Language Formula (UNESCO-backed):
- Improved Learning:
- Multilingual students show better cognitive development and academic performance.
- Education in the mother tongue improves comprehension and parental engagement.
- Social Inclusion:
- Helps include marginalized communities and preserve indigenous languages.
- Promotes unity in diversity and national integration.
- Economic & Environmental Gains:
- Preserves traditional ecological knowledge.
- Example: Switzerland attributes 10% of its GDP to its multilingual heritage.
Challenges and Criticisms:
- Politicization: Language policies can fuel regionalism and identity politics.
- Educational Burden: Students, especially from monolingual or low-literacy households, may struggle with an extra language.
- Infrastructure Gaps: There’s a shortage of trained language teachers.
- Diverse States: Linguistically complex states like Nagaland may face logistical issues.
- Technological Alternatives: Tools like AI translators reduce the need for multilingual proficiency.
Way Forward:
- Focus on quality of education before adding languages.
- Promote cooperative federalism—respecting state autonomy while aligning with NEP goals.
- UNESCO-aligned implementation:
- Use sociolinguistic data for planning.
- Develop learning materials in regional languages.
- Train bilingual teachers.
- Encourage community participation in language education.
Ancient Tea Horse Road
- 27 Feb 2025
In News:
The Tea Horse Road, also known as the Southern Silk Road, was an ancient trade network connecting China, Tibet, and India. It played a pivotal role in economic, cultural, and strategic exchanges between these regions for over a millennium. Though less popular than the Silk Road, it was vital for the tea-horse trade and strategic logistics.
Geography and Route
- Length: Over 2,000 km
- Route Type: Not a single path, but a network of caravan routes
- Regions Covered:
- Originated in Southwest China (Yunnan & Sichuan)
- Passed through Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan
- Extended into India via Himalayan passes, reaching Kalimpong and Kolkata
- Key Nodes:
- Dali & Lijiang (Yunnan): Tea production centers
- Lhasa (Tibet): Central convergence point for trade
- Kalimpong& Kolkata (India): Export destinations to Europe and Asia
- Elevation: Reached up to 10,000 feet in the Himalayas
- Terrain: Extremely challenging — cold, steep, and remote
Historical Evolution
- Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE): Early mentions by Buddhist monk Yijing; trade included sugar, textiles, rice noodles, gold, saffron, and medicinal herbs
- Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE): Institutionalized the tea-for-horse exchange; established official markets for regulated trade
- Mongol Period (13th century): Heightened need for horses for military use against nomadic tribes
- Qing Dynasty's Fall (1912): Political instability weakened trade, but the road was used for global tea exports
- World War II: Gained renewed importance as a logistical route after Japanese blockade of China’s coastline
Tea and Horses – The Core Trade
- Tea: Essential in Tibetan climate; popularized due to practicality and possibly a royal dowry tradition
- Tibetan staple: Yak butter tea
- Pressed tea bricks used as currency in medieval Tibet
- Horses: Sourced from Tibet and Yunnan, vital for China’s cavalry
- Tibetan horses were prized for battles against Mongolian tribes
Decline and Modern Legacy
- Post-1949 (PRC Formation):
- Land reforms and modern infrastructure reduced reliance on traditional portering
- Mechanized transport replaced mule and porter-based systems
- Modern Times:
- Revival through tourism and heritage promotion
- Lijiang declared UNESCO World Heritage Site (1997) for its trade history and cultural legacy
Significance for India-China Relations
- Demonstrates centuries-old economic and cultural exchanges
- Reflects shared heritage through trade, Buddhism, and ethnic interactions
- Ambassador Xu Feihong recently invoked the Tea Horse Road to highlight historical Indo-China links, reinforcing its symbolic role in bilateral diplomacy
HKU5-CoV-2 (Bat Virus)
- 27 Feb 2025
In News:
A newly discovered bat coronavirus named HKU5-CoV-2 has been identified in China by a research team led by Shi Zhengli (Wuhan Institute of Virology), known for her work on bat coronaviruses.
About HKU5-CoV-2
- Type: Bat coronavirus
- Subgenus: Merbecovirus
- This group includes MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus).
- Similarity: Shares traits with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus).
- Discovery Location: China
Virological Features
- ACE2 Receptor Binding:
- HKU5-CoV-2 can bind to the human ACE2 receptor, the same one used by SARS-CoV-2 for cell entry.
- Binding Affinity: Lower than SARS-CoV-2, indicating weaker infectivity in current form.
- Intermediate Hosts:Can bind to ACE2 receptors in multiple mammalian species → possible spread through intermediate animals (like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV).
- Laboratory Studies:The virus could infect lab-grown human lung and gut tissues, suggesting potential zoonotic transmission.
- Pandemic Potential:
- No immediate threat of a pandemic.
- Requires ongoing surveillance for possible mutations enhancing transmission.
Transmission Pathways
- Direct Transmission:From bats to humans through contact with bodily fluids (saliva, urine, feces).
- Zoonotic Transmission via Intermediate Host:Could jump species before infecting humans, similar to MERS and SARS-CoV.
Symptoms (Speculative)
- No confirmed human cases so far.
- Possible respiratory symptoms (based on similarity to MERS and COVID-19):
- Fever
- Cough
- Shortness of breath
- Sore throat
- Fatigue
- Body aches
Northern Pintail Duck
- 26 Feb 2025
In News:
A flock of Northern Pintail ducks was recently sighted at an unprecedented altitude of 13,500 feet in Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh—far above their typical wintering habitats. This rare event has sparked interest in their migration behavior and adaptability to high altitudes.
About Northern Pintail Duck
- Scientific Name:Anas acuta
- Type: Migratory waterfowl known for elegance and long-range migration
- Common Nickname: Northern nomads
Distribution & Migration
- Found across every continent except Antarctica
- Breed in northern regions of Europe, Asia, and North America
- Migrate southward in winter to regions including the Indian subcontinent
- Typically observed in low-lying wetlands; rarely at high altitudes
- Do not breed or reside south of the equator
- Seen in the high-altitude region of Arunachal Pradesh during winter, raising questions about changing migration patterns and climate adaptability
Key Features
- Size: Around 60 cm in length, over 1 kg in weight
- Wingspan: Up to 91 cm
- Speed: Capable of flying at 48 miles per hour due to aerodynamic build
- Male Appearance: Buff-gray body, chocolate-brown head, broad white stripe on chest, black back patterns
- Female Appearance: Mottled brown body, lighter chest and neck
Conservation Status
- Listed as “Least Concern” under the IUCN Red List
- Despite being widespread, their migratory nature warrants regular monitoring to track habitat changes and population health
African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO)
- 26 Feb 2025
In News:
The 21st AARDO Conference recently concluded in New Delhi, reaffirming the commitment to community-led rural development, local knowledge sharing, and South-South cooperation.
About AARDO
- Full Form: African-Asian Rural Development Organization
- Nature: Intergovernmental, autonomous organization
- Established:March 31, 1962
- Headquarters:New Delhi, India
- Origin:
- Conceptualized at the 1955 East Asian Rural Reconstruction Conference (Tokyo)
- Formalized after the 1961 Afro-Asian Conference on Rural Reconstruction (New Delhi)
- Permanent HQ established in 1966 in India
Membership
- Full Members:32 countries from Asia and Africa (e.g., India, Bangladesh, Egypt, Zambia, Malaysia)
- Associate Members:3 entities (e.g., Korea Rural Community Corporation, Agricultural Bank of Sudan)
- Eligibility: Open to Afro-Asian countries that are full or associate members of the UN or its specialized agencies focused on rural development
Observer Status with International Organizations
AARDO has observer status with:
- FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization
- IFAD – International Fund for Agricultural Development
- UNDP – United Nations Development Programme
- UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
- UNCTAD – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Objectives & Aims
- South-South Cooperation: Enhance technical and economic collaboration in rural development between Asia and Africa
- Sustainable Rural Development: Promote poverty alleviation, food security, and climate-resilient agriculture
- Capacity Building & Knowledge Sharing: Encourage exchange of best practices, innovations, and research
Functions
- Policy & Dialogue Platform: Facilitates discussions among member countries on rural development strategies
- Training & Capacity Building: Organizes international, regional, and national training programs to strengthen rural institutions
- Research & Action Studies: Initiates and disseminates research on shared challenges in agriculture and rural livelihoods
- Pilot Projects: Offers technical and financial assistance for pilot projects to serve as replicable models
- International Collaboration: Partners with UN agencies, regional bodies, and NGOs for integrated rural development
- Data Sharing: Provides members with disaggregated statistics and information for informed decision-making
Soliga Tribe and Tiger Conservation
- 26 Feb 2025
In News:
In the 119th edition of Mann Ki Baat, Prime Minister Narendra Modi lauded the Soliga tribe of the BiligiriRanganathaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve in Karnataka for their significant role in tiger conservation and sustainable forest practices.
Who are the Soligas?
- Location: Indigenous, forest-dwelling tribe residing primarily in Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, and parts of Tamil Nadu, especially around Biligiri Rangana Hills and Male Mahadeshwara Hills.
- Meaning of the Name: "Soliga" translates to “children of bamboo”, symbolizing their deep ecological ties.
- Language: They speak Sholaga (a Dravidian language), along with Kannada and Tamil.
- Lifestyle:Soligas live in bamboo-and-mud huts, practice shifting cultivation, and depend on non-timber forest produce (NTFP) for sustenance.
- Diet & Livelihood:Honey is a staple in their diet; they extensively forage and harvest forest produce like amla, gooseberries, and medicinal herbs, leaving a portion for wildlife—a reflection of their conservation ethos.
Religious and Cultural Practices:
- Soligasworship wildlife, especially the tiger, locally called “DoddaNayi” (Great Dog). They have even built temples dedicated to tigers.
- Their belief system includes Hindu customs, animism, and naturism, highlighting their spiritual connection with nature.
- They produce eco-friendly artifacts like ‘jottai’ (leaf cups), showcasing sustainable craftsmanship.
Recognition of Forest Rights:
- In 2011, Soligas became the first tribal community in India to receive legal recognition of their forest rights within a tiger reserve, under the Forest Rights Act (FRA).
- This ruling allowed them to reside within the BRT Tiger Reserve and sustainably collect forest produce without displacing wildlife.
Role in Tiger Conservation:
- Soligas’ traditional knowledge of forest ecology helps them coexist peacefully with wildlife, minimizing human-animal conflict.
- They assist the Forest Department in fire prevention, wildlife tracking, and ecological management.
- Their cultural practices ensure minimal disturbance to wildlife. For instance, during harvest, they intentionally leave 25–33% of the produce in the forest for animals.
BiligiriRanganathaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve:
- Location: Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka; lies at the confluence of the Western and Eastern Ghats, forming a critical wildlife corridor.
- Ecosystem: Rich in biodiversity with forest types including:
- Southern Tropical Evergreen
- Semi-Evergreen
- Moist Deciduous
- Flora:Axlewood, Rosewood, Terminalia spp., Indian Gooseberry, Ceylon Oak, Golden Shower Tree.
- Fauna: Tigers, Wild Dogs, Sloth Bears, Sambars, Bison, and endangered species like the Icthyophisghytinosus (Caecilian).
- Cultural Site: Named after Lord Rangaswamy, the reserve houses the Biligiri Temple atop mist-covered hills.
USD-INR Buy/Sell Swap Auction
- 26 Feb 2025
In News:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced its largest-ever USD-INR Buy/Sell Swap Auction worth $10 billionfor a tenor of three years. This strategic move is aimed at addressing the persistent liquidity deficit in the banking system and stabilizing the Rupee-Dollar exchange rate.
What is a USD-INR Buy/Sell Swap Auction?
A Dollar/Rupee Buy-Sell Swap Auction is a foreign exchange (forex) tool used by RBI to manage domestic liquidity and curb currency volatility. It is a two-leg transaction:
- First Leg (Buy Phase):Banks sell US dollars to the RBI and receive rupee liquidity.
- Reverse Leg (Sell Phase):RBI sells back the same amount of US dollars to banks at a future date (here, after 3 years), along with a swap premium.
Key Features of the February 2025 Swap Auction:
- Auction Size: USD 10 billion
- Tenor: 3 years (long-term)
- Rupee Liquidity Injected: Approx. ?86,000 crore
- Auction Date: 28 February 2025
- Spot Settlement Date: 4 March 2025
- Far-leg Settlement Date: 6 March 2028
- Reference Rate: Based on FBIL (Financial Benchmarks India Pvt Ltd) benchmark
Objectives and Benefits:
- Liquidity Management:
- Addresses durable liquidity needs; helps ease banking system deficit (estimated at ?1.7 lakh crore).
- Supports credit flow to businesses, aiding economic growth.
- Exchange Rate Stability:
- Reduces volatility in the USD/INR rate (expected to stabilize around ?86.30).
- Mitigates pressure from foreign fund outflows.
- Efficient Forex Reserve Utilization:
- Uses RBI’s reserves productively to manage monetary conditions.
- Enhances Policy Transmission:
- Aligns money market interest rates with RBI’s monetary policy stance.
- Supports Inflation Control:
- Infuses liquidity without directly adding to inflationary pressures.
Challenges and Limitations:
- Impact on Forex Reserves:Large-scale swaps temporarily tie up reserves.
- Global Dependencies:Effectiveness may be affected by global interest rate differentials, capital flows, and external shocks.
- Market Speculation Risks:Poor timing or execution could trigger speculative activity in the forex market.
- Temporary Measure:Swap auctions offer short- to medium-term relief; structural reforms are needed for long-term liquidity management.
Bharat Tech Triumph Program (TTP)
- 26 Feb 2025
In News:
Launched under the Create in India Challenge Season 1, the Bharat Tech Triumph Program (TTP) is a flagship initiative aimed at promoting India’s gaming and interactive entertainment ecosystem on the global stage.
Key Highlights
- Launch Year: 2025
- Ministry Involved: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB)
- Organizing Partner: Interactive Entertainment and Innovation Council (IEIC)
Objectives:
- Identify and showcase Indian gaming talent internationally.
- Support the growth of the gaming, animation, visual effects, and immersive technology (AR/VR/Metaverse) sectors.
- Boost the 'Create in India' initiative in the media and entertainment domain.
- Enable Indian developers and startups to create globally competitive digital products.
Program Features:
- Eligibility:
Open to developers, studios, startups, and tech companies with working prototypes in:- Game development
- Esports
- Business solutions for gaming ecosystem
- Selection Process:
- Game Submission
- Expert Evaluation – Based on product, pitch, and team viability
- Final Showcase – Winners selected by a jury
Global Exposure Platforms:
- Game Developers Conference (GDC) 2025
- Location: San Francisco
- Dates: March 17–21, 2025
- World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit (WAVES) 2025
- Location: Mumbai
- Dates: May 1–4, 2025
- Venue: Jio World Convention Centre &Jio World Gardens
- Focus Areas: Broadcasting, AVGC-XR, Digital Media, Innovation, and Films
Relevance of WAVES Summit:
- WAVES acts as a global convergence point for the Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector.
- AVGC-XR (Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics + AR/VR/Metaverse) is a central pillar, aligning with TTP’s goals.
Significance for India:
- Positions India as a global hub for innovation in digital entertainment.
- Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat in the tech and creative economy sectors.
- Encourages cross-border collaborations and export of Indian intellectual property in the gaming domain.
Quality of Public Expenditure (QPE) Index
- 25 Feb 2025
In News:
The Quality of Public Expenditure (QPE) Index, developed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), measures how efficiently public funds are allocated and utilized by the Central and State governments. Unlike traditional fiscal measures that focus on total expenditure, the QPE Index assesses the composition and developmental impact of government spending, emphasizing long-term economic growth and social development.
Key Components of the QPE Index
Indicator What it Measures Significance
Capital Outlay to GDP Ratio - Share of GDP spent on physical infrastructure - Higher ratio = better quality of expenditure
Revenue Expenditure to Capital Outlay Ratio - Relative spending on salaries, pensions vs. asset creation - Lower ratio = better efficiency
Development Expenditure to GDP Ratio - Spending on education, healthcare, R&D, infrastructure - Higher ratio = enhanced productivity
Development Expenditure as % of Total Expenditure - Proportion of total expenditure directed to development sectors - Higher share = improved allocation
Interest Payments to Total Expenditure Ratio - Financial burden from past borrowings - Lower ratio = better fiscal health
Evolution of Public Expenditure (1991–2025)
- 1991–1997(Early liberalization):
- Slight improvement at Centre; states faced fiscal pressure.
- Public investment declined due to focus on fiscal deficit reduction.
- 1997–2003:Decline in QPE due to Fifth Pay Commission, rising interest burden, dominance of revenue expenditure.
- 2003–2008(FRBM Era):
- Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003 improved fiscal discipline.
- States gained from higher tax devolution; capital spending rose.
- Growth momentum sustained until the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC).
- 2008–2013(GFC response):
- Stimulus spending initially boosted development but later widened fiscal deficits.
- Spending quality eroded over time.
- 2013–2019(GST & 14th Finance Commission):
- 14th Finance Commission (2015) increased states' tax share to 42%, improving state-level development spending.
- GST rollout (2017) benefited states more than Centre initially, stressing Centre’s finances.
- 2019–2025(COVID-19 & Recovery):
- Pandemic-induced fiscal stimulus reduced QPE temporarily.
- Post-pandemic recovery led by record capital expenditure boosted infrastructure, improving QPE.
- By FY 2024–25, India's QPE reached its highest level since 1991 reforms.
Recent Trends in Public Expenditure (as per Economic Survey 2024–25 & Budget 2025–26)
- Capital expenditure (Capex) rose 8.2% YoY.
- Revenue expenditure (primarily by states) increased 12% YoY.
- FY 2025–26 Budget allocated ?11.21 lakh crore for Capex (3.1% of GDP).
- Capex to GDP ratio increased from 1.5% in 2000 to 2.5% in 2023.
- Revenue expenditure to Capex ratio improved from 8:1 in 2000 to 5:1 in 2023.
- Development expenditure rose from 6% to 8% of GDP between 2000–2023.
- Interest payments declined from 25% to 20% of total expenditure in the same period.
Why Quality of Public Expenditure Matters
- Governments use citizens’ money (via taxes or borrowing). Efficient use ensures better socio-economic outcomes.
- High QPE means greater focus on productive investment over populist spending (freebies, subsidies).
- Better QPE leads to:
- Higher GDP growth (average 6.5% annually since 2000).
- Improved infrastructure and service delivery.
- Enhanced social indicators like literacy (77.7% in 2023) and life expectancy (70 years).
Challenges Affecting Public Expenditure Quality
- Persistent revenue deficits (3.3% of GDP in 2023) limit fiscal space for Capex.
- Rising populism: Loan waivers, cash handouts, free electricity.
- Welfare scheme inefficiencies: Leakages in MGNREGA, PDS.
- Debt servicing: High interest payments constrain spending.
- Inter-state disparities: Unequal fiscal capacity hampers balanced development.
Way Forward
- Boost Capex to over 3% of GDP to enhance infrastructure-led growth.
- Rationalize subsidies via Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT).
- Strengthen fiscal federalism through equitable devolution and performance-based grants.
- Leverage technology for transparent and outcome-based expenditure tracking.
- Reform FRBM Act:
- Focus on debt-to-GDP targets.
- Introduce flexibility in deficit norms during crises.
Biotechnology and Bioeconomy in North East India
- 25 Feb 2025
In News:
The North Eastern Region (NER) of India, endowed with rich biodiversity, cultural heritage, and indigenous knowledge, is undergoing a transformation through biotechnology-led initiatives. The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) under the Ministry of Science and Technology is spearheading this change to harness the region’s biological resources for inclusive and sustainable development.
Biotechnology: Definition and Types
Biotechnology involves the use of biological systems or organisms to develop products and technologies that improve healthcare, agriculture, industry, and the environment.
Types of Biotechnology:
- Medical Biotechnology – Vaccines, gene therapy, diagnostics.
- Agricultural Biotechnology – Pest-resistant crops, high-yield seeds, and sustainable agriculture.
- Industrial Biotechnology – Biofuels, biodegradable plastics, enzyme-based processes.
- Environmental Biotechnology – Waste treatment, pollution control, and bioremediation.
Why North East India is Ideal for Biotech Development
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Home to 8,000+ plant species, including 850+ medicinal plants and agro-climatic diversity.
- Indigenous Knowledge: Rich traditional practices in herbal medicine and organic farming.
- Agri-Biotech Potential: Ideal for medicinal crops, essential oils, and organic produce.
- Industrial Opportunity: Scope for biofuel production, value-added food processing, and pharmaceutical industries.
Key DBT Programmes and Initiatives in the North East
- DBT North Eastern Programme
- Since 2010, 10% of DBT’s annual budget is dedicated to NER.
- Focus: R&D, education, infrastructure, entrepreneurship, and employment generation in biotechnology.
- Twinning R&D Programme (2010–11)
- Promotes collaborative biotech research between NER and national institutes.
- Over 65 institutional partnerships, supporting 650+ projects and benefiting ~2,500 researchers/students.
- Biotech Hubs Network (Since 2011)
- 126 Biotech Hubs established across universities and colleges.
- Phase II supports 54 hubs for focused research on local issues.
- BLiSS (Biotech Labs in Senior Secondary Schools): Started in 2014 to introduce biotechnology at the school level.
- Visiting Research Professorship (VRP) Programme:Launched in 2015 to utilize the expertise of top scientists for NER biotechnology development.
- Chemical Ecology Programme (2015): Collaborative training by NCBS, UAS, and IISc for Ph.D. scholars in the field of chemical ecology.
- Genomics Training Programme (2016):Conducted by DBT-NIBMG, Kalyani, for biomedical researchers in the region.
Agri-Biotech and Livelihood-Oriented Initiatives
- DBT-NECAB (Phase III): Enhancing biotech applications in agriculture.
- Citrus Research: Disease-free scion material of Khasi mandarin and sweet orange developed at IHT, Assam.
- Medicinal Crop Cultivation: 64.1 acres under Curcuma caesia and lemongrass cultivation; 649 farmers trained.
- Essential Oil Distillation: Facility set up in Mudoi village, Arunachal Pradesh, for revenue support.
- Value-Addition in Wild Fruits: Docynia indica (Assam apple) processed into products like jam, pickles, and candy.
Technology-Driven Achievements
- Bacterial Blight-Resistant Rice (Patkai): Developed by Assam Agricultural University; notified by CVRC.
- Brucellosis Detection Kit: Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) to detect anti-Brucella antibodies in livestock.
- Pig Disease Diagnosis Expert System (PDDES): Mobile app for livestock disease detection and management (available on Google Play Store).
Challenges in NER’s Biotech Growth
- Limited infrastructure for biotech R&D and production.
- High cost of commercial biotech projects.
- Shortage of trained professionals in advanced biotech fields.
- Vulnerability to climate change and poor connectivity with markets.
Way Forward
- Strengthen Infrastructure: Develop biotech parks, R&D centers, and incubators.
- Skill Development: Train local youth, researchers, and farmers.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Foster industrial collaboration for startups and innovation.
- Eco-friendly Technologies: Promote sustainable and low-impact biotech industries.
- Digital Integration: Use AI and data analytics for agricultural and healthcare biotech solutions.
Northern White Rhino
- 25 Feb 2025
In News:
The Northern White Rhino (NWR) is on the brink of extinction, with only two females—Najin and Fatu—remaining at the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya. However, a breakthrough in In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) has rekindled hope for reviving this subspecies, with 36 lab-created embryos ready for implantation. This effort is part of an international project named BioRescue.
About the White Rhino
- Scientific Name: Ceratotherium simum
- Common Name: Square-lipped rhinoceros (due to broad upper lip)
- Subspecies:
- Northern White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)
- Southern White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum simum)
- Habitat:
- Southern White Rhino: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya
- Northern White Rhino: Historically central and eastern Africa; now only in captivity
- IUCN Status:
- White Rhino (overall): Near Threatened
- Northern White Rhino: Critically Endangered
- Southern White Rhino: Near Threatened
Biological Features
- Second-largest land mammal after elephants
- Square upper lip adapted for grazing on short grasses
- Two horns, with the front horn being larger
- No actual color difference between black and white rhinos
Social & Dietary Behavior
- Diet: Pure herbivores; feed almost exclusively on short grasses
- Behavior:
- Semi-social and territorial
- Males mark territories with dung
- SWRs form larger social herds; NWRs were found in smaller groups
Threats to Survival
- Poaching for horns
- Habitat loss due to human encroachment
- Civil unrest, particularly in their native range
- Low genetic diversity, especially critical in the NWR
- Climate change, affecting habitat and water sources
Conservation Through Reproductive Technology
BioRescue Initiative
- An international scientific effort launched in 2015 to save the NWR using advanced reproductive technologies.
- Uses frozen sperm from deceased males and eggs from Najin and Fatu to create embryos in the lab.
- 36 embryos have been successfully created and are stored for future implantation.
IVF and Surrogacy
- First-ever rhino pregnancy via lab-made embryo announced recently.
- Southern white rhinos are used as surrogate mothers due to genetic similarity and higher population.
- IVF and embryo transfers are the only options since the last male NWR, Sudan, died in 2018, and both remaining females are non-reproductive due to age and health.
Challenges & Concerns
- Limited gene pool restricts genetic variability.
- Loss of unique traits if crossbred with southern white rhinos.
- Behavioral imprinting: IVF calves must learn from remaining NWR females before they pass away.
- Ethical and ecological concerns: Critics argue conservation must also address root causes like poaching, habitat destruction, and lack of genetic diversity, not just focus on “test-tube” solutions.
Indian Rhinoceros
- Scientific Name: Rhinoceros unicornis (Greater One-Horned Rhino)
- IUCN Status: Vulnerable
- Habitat: Indian subcontinent (Assam, West Bengal, UP, Nepal)
- It is distinct from African rhinos, both genetically and ecologically.
Electronic Personnel License (EPL) for Pilots
- 25 Feb 2025
In News:
India has launched the Electronic Personnel License (EPL) for pilots, becoming the second country globally, after China, to implement this advanced digital licensing system.
What is EPL?
- Electronic Personnel License (EPL) is a digital version of pilot licenses, replacing the traditional physical cards.
- Pilots can securely access their EPL via the eGCA Mobile Application developed by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).
- It ensures real-time verification, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and security in licensing procedures.
Significance of EPL
- Aligns with:
- Digital India and Ease of Doing Business initiatives.
- ICAO’s Amendment 178 to Annex 1 on Personnel Licensing, promoting digital transformation.
- Enhances:
- Safety and efficiency in civil aviation operations.
- Environmental sustainability by reducing the use of plastic and paper.
- Global employability of Indian pilots through instant international credential verification.
Implementation & Governance
- Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India.
- Executing Agency: Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).
- EPL implementation positions India as a leader in aviation innovation and modern governance.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO):
- Established: 1947 under the Chicago Convention (1944).
- Headquarters: Montreal, Canada.
- Nature: A specialized intergovernmental agency affiliated with the United Nations (UN).
- Functions:
- Sets standards and regulations for aviation safety, security, efficiency, and environmental performance.
- Promotes peaceful and efficient international air transport.
- Facilitates global cooperation and market liberalization in aviation.
Jhumoir Binandini (Jhumur) Dance
- 25 Feb 2025
In News:
The Prime Minister of India is set to attend the Jhumoir Binandini (Mega Jhumoir) 2025, a grand cultural event featuring around 8,600 performers showcasing the traditional Jhumur dance. This event highlights the rich cultural contributions of the tea tribe community of Assam.
About Jhumoir (Jhumur) Dance
- Jhumur, also known as Jhumoir, is a traditional folk dance performed predominantly by the Adivasi tea tribes of Assam.
- It is typically showcased during the harvest season, as well as on occasions like weddings and community festivals.
- The dance was introduced to Assam by the tea garden workers, who originally migrated from regions like Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal in the 19th century under British colonial rule.
Cultural Origins and Community
- The dance traces its roots to the Sadan ethnolinguistic group from the Chotanagpur plateau (present-day Jharkhand).
- The tea tribe community is a multi-ethnic group comprising descendants of migrant tea garden laborers.
- These communities have significantly shaped Assam’s socio-cultural landscape.
Performance Style and Attire
- Jhumur is performed in a circular formation, with dancers often holding each other's waists.
- The performance features rhythmic footwork, swaying movements, and energetic music.
- Women typically wear colorful sarees, often in red and white, while men dress in dhotis and kurtas.
- The musical accompaniment includes traditional instruments like the Madal, Dhol, Dhak, Taal (cymbals), and Flute.
Themes and Social Significance
- Jhumur songs blend liveliness with social commentary, often highlighting the struggles, exploitation, and migration experiences of the tea plantation workers.
- Major tea garden festivals where Jhumur is performed include Tushu Puja and Karam Puja, both celebrating the harvest.
- The dance fosters community bonding, promotes cultural pride, and represents Assam’s syncretic cultural heritage.
- It stands as a symbol of inclusivity, unity, and the resilience of the tea tribe community.
Dr. Purnima Devi Barman
- 24 Feb 2025
In News:
Indian wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman has been named among TIME Magazine’s Women of the Year 2025, recognizing her as one of 13 global leaders working toward a more equitable and sustainable world. She is the only Indian woman on the list.
Key Contributions:
- Known for her pioneering conservation work with the greater adjutant stork (locally called Hargila), once critically endangered and culturally stigmatized in Assam.
- Founded the Hargila Army, a women-led grassroots movement focused on protecting the stork’s habitat and changing negative local perceptions.
- Her model uniquely blends wildlife conservation with women’s empowerment, engaging thousands of rural women in ecological and livelihood activities.
Impact:
- Due to her efforts, the greater adjutant stork’s population in Assam has significantly recovered, leading to its status being upgraded from “endangered” to “near threatened” by IUCN.
- The Hargila Army, with over 10,000 members, participates in bird rescue, awareness campaigns, tree planting, and embroidery-based income generation.
- Her approach has become a global model for community-based conservation.
Background:
- Hails from the Kamrup region of Assam.
- Holds a Master’s degree in Zoology from Gauhati University.
- Inspired by her early life near the Brahmaputra and her grandmother’s teachings on biodiversity.
Awards & Recognition:
- Nari Shakti Puraskar (2017) – India’s highest civilian award for women.
- UN Champions of the Earth Award (2022) – For entrepreneurial vision in conservation.
- Whitley Gold Award (2017, 2024) – Often called the "Green Oscar".
Other Roles:
- Director of Women in Nature Network (YNN) – India chapter.
- Member of IUCN’s Stork, Ibis, and Spoonbill Specialist Group.
About TIME Magazine:
- Founded in 1923, USA.
- Known for its global recognitions like Person of the Year and Women of the Year.
- Now operates as a multimedia platform covering politics, science, and culture.
Microsoft’s Majorana 1 Quantum Chip
- 24 Feb 2025
In News:
Microsoft has unveiled Majorana 1, a new quantum chip that marks a significant advancement in quantum computing, suggesting that scalable quantum systems could be achieved in years rather than decades.
What is Majorana 1?
- It is the world’s first quantum chip built on a topological architecture, using Majorana fermions, exotic subatomic particles that are both particles and antiparticles.
- The chip is designed to be more stable and error-resistant than current quantum technologies developed by competitors like Google and IBM.
Core Technology & Innovation:
- Material Composition: Made from indium arsenide (a semiconductor) and aluminum (a superconductor).
- Topological Superconductivity: When cooled near absolute zero and exposed to magnetic fields, it enables the formation of Majorana Zero Modes, which serve as building blocks for stable qubits.
- Topoconductor Architecture: A new class of materials creating a topological state, offering enhanced fault tolerance.
Quantum Advantage:
- Qubit Efficiency: Majorana 1 reduces the number of physical qubits needed to generate logical (error-corrected) qubits.
- Error-Resistance: Its design addresses two major quantum computing limitations — qubit instability (decoherence) and high error rates.
- Scalability Potential: The chip includes eight topological qubits, with future potential to scale up to a million-qubit system.
Why This Matters:
- Improved Reliability: Lower error rates enhance the practical applicability of quantum systems.
- Accelerated Development: Brings the world closer to realizing commercially viable quantum computers.
- Wide Applications: Potential use in drug discovery, material science, clean energy solutions, and more.
- AI Integration: May combine with artificial intelligence to tackle global challenges like microplastic degradation.
Quantum Computing in Brief:
- Quantum Computers use qubits and properties like superposition and entanglement to perform highly complex calculations.
- Major Challenges: Qubit instability and error correction.
- Significance: Quantum computing could revolutionize fields by solving problems beyond the reach of classical computers.
Technology Adoption Fund (TAF)
- 24 Feb 2025
In News:
IN-SPACe, India’s space sector regulator under the Department of Space, has launched the Technology Adoption Fund (TAF) to accelerate the commercialization of indigenous space technologies.
About TAF:
- Objective: To bridge the gap between early-stage innovation and market-ready space solutions developed by Indian startups, MSMEs, and industries.
- Goal: Reduce dependence on imported technologies and strengthen India's position in the global space sector.
Key Features:
- Financial Support:
- Startups/MSMEs: Up to 60% of project cost.
- Larger industries: Up to 40%.
- Funding cap: ?25 crore per project.
- Eligibility: Open to all non-government entities (NGEs) with commercially viable space innovations.
- Support Provided:
- Partial funding for development and commercialization.
- Technical mentoring and guidance.
- Focus Areas: Launch vehicles, satellites, space-based applications, and related services.
- Outcomes Expected:
- Development of new space products.
- Intellectual property generation.
- Enhanced production capabilities.
- Economic growth and job creation.
About IN-SPACe:
- Established: 2020
- Ministry: Department of Space
- Location: Ahmedabad, Gujarat
- Role: Single-window agency promoting private participation in India's space ecosystem.
- Functions:
- Authorizes and monitors private sector space activities.
- Facilitates access to ISRO infrastructure.
- Collaborates with academia, industry, and research bodies.
Significance:
- Encourages private innovation in space tech.
- Aligns with the larger vision of making India a hub for space entrepreneurship.
- Strengthens India’s self-reliance and competitiveness in global space technology.
Remission and the Supreme Court’s 2025 Ruling
- 24 Feb 2025
In News:
Recently, the Supreme Court directed states with remission policies to consider the premature release of prisoners even if they don’t apply for remission beforehand.
What is Remission?
- Remission refers to the reduction of a convict's sentence by the government before the term is completed. It does not nullify the conviction, but shortens imprisonment.
- It is governed by:
- Section 473 of BNSS, 2023 (earlier Section 432 of CrPC, 1973) – empowers state governments to grant remission.
- Articles 72 and 161 of the Constitution – empower the President and Governors respectively to remit sentences.
- Section 475 of BNSS (earlier Section 433A CrPC) – restricts remission for life convicts found guilty of offences punishable by death until 14 years of imprisonment are completed.
Background: SC’s Suo Motu Intervention
- The Supreme Court in 2025, in the suomotu case In Re: Policy Strategy for Grant of Bail, altered the interpretation of remission rules to address prison overcrowding.
- The Court held that states must consider remission for eligible convicts even without a formal application, if a remission policy exists.
Shift in Judicial Interpretation
- Earlier rulings (Sangeet v. Haryana and Mohinder Singh v. Punjab, 2013) required a convict's application for remission.
- The 2025 judgment acknowledges that many state prison manuals already mandate prison authorities to initiate remission review.
- It recognized that failing to consider remission proactively could lead to arbitrary discrimination, violating Article 14 (Right to Equality).
Key Guidelines Issued by the Supreme Court
- Suo motu Remission:States must automatically assess eligibility under remission policies—no application needed.
- Mandatory Remission Policy:States without existing remission policies must formulate a comprehensive one within two months.
- Conditions for Remission Must Be:
- Reasonable, non-oppressive, and clearly defined.
- Based on factors like motive, criminal background, and public safety.
- Aimed at rehabilitation and prevention of recurrence.
- Safeguards Against Arbitrary Cancellation:
- Minor breaches shouldn’t lead to automatic cancellation.
- Notice and hearing must be given before cancellation.
- Transparency:
- Legal aid bodies must monitor remission cases.
- States to maintain real-time digital data on remission.
Significance and Implications
- The ruling helps streamline remission processes and could contribute to decongesting Indian prisons, which are heavily overcrowded.
- It ensures uniformity and fairness in the exercise of executive powers related to sentencing.
- Reinforces constitutional values of equality and procedural fairness for prisoners.
Note:
- Remission ≠ Pardon: Remission reduces sentence, doesn’t erase conviction.
- Articles 72 & 161: Concern constitutional remission powers (President & Governor).
- BNSS Sections 473 & 475: Replace CrPC Sections 432 & 433A, relevant for state remission powers.
- Suo motu action by SC: Taken to address systemic prison overcrowding.
- Article 14 invoked: To ensure equitable treatment of eligible prisoners.
Brazil Joins OPEC+
- 24 Feb 2025
Brazil Joins OPEC+
Source: Times of India
In News:
In February 2025, Brazil officially joined OPEC+, a coalition of oil-producing nations. This development comes ahead of Brazil hosting COP30, the annual UN climate summit.
About OPEC and OPEC+
- OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries):
- A permanent intergovernmental organization established in 1960 at the Baghdad Conference.
- Aims to coordinate and unify petroleum policies to ensure stable prices and regular supply.
- Headquartered in Vienna, Austria.
- Current members include Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, UAE, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, and others.
- OPEC+ Formation:
- Created in 2016 to stabilize oil markets, particularly in response to rising U.S. shale oil production.
- Includes 12 OPEC members plus 11 non-OPEC countries like Russia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, and now Brazil (2025).
- Functions as a forum for strategic discussions but not all members are bound by production quotas.
Brazil’s Role and Strategic Significance
- Oil Production Status:
- Seventh-largest oil producer globally, with around 4.3 million barrels/day.
- In 2024, crude oil became Brazil’s top export, overtaking soybeans.
- OPEC+ Membership:
- Brazil joins the Charter of Cooperation but retains autonomy in production decisions.
- It seeks to influence global oil policy while protecting its energy interests.
- Balancing Act:
- While focusing on oil revenue for economic growth and energy transition funding, Brazil also pursues renewable energy through agencies like IRENA.
- This dual approach reflects an attempt to align development with environmental commitments.
Environmental Concerns and Criticism
- Brazil’s decision to expand oil exploration—especially near sensitive ecosystems like the Amazon—has drawn criticism.
- Environmentalists argue it contradicts climate goals, particularly as Brazil prepares to host COP30.
Note:
- OPEC+ is not a formal organization but a strategic alliance.
- Brazil is part of OPEC+ but is not bound by production quotas.
- OPEC’s headquarters is in Vienna, Austria (Austria is not an OPEC member).
- India is not a member of OPEC or OPEC+.
Ali Ai Ligang Festival and the Mising Tribe
- 23 Feb 2025
In News:
The Mising tribe, Assam’s largest tribal community, celebrated Ali Ai Ligang in Shankarpur, Jorhat, on the first Wednesday of the Fagun month.
About the Mising Tribe
- Region: Indigenous tribe from Northeast India; primarily reside in Upper Assam and parts of Arunachal Pradesh, with some presence in South Tibet (China).
- Population: As per Census 2011, there are 6,80,424 Mising people in Assam.
- Ethnolinguistic Group: Belong to the Tani group, speak Tibeto-Burmese languages.
- Referred as: Called “Lhobhas” (southerners) by Tibetans.
- Unique Feature: Known as the only riparian tribe of Northeast India, with livelihoods closely linked to rivers like the Brahmaputra.
- Habitat: Construct stilt houses known as Chang Ghar to withstand seasonal floods.
Cultural and Religious Practices
- Religion: Practice Donyi-Poloism – worship of the Sun (Donyi) and the Moon (Polo) as supreme deities.
- Traditional Economy:
- Traditionally practiced Jhum (slash and burn) cultivation.
- Now settled cultivators skilled in wet paddy cultivation.
- Engage in fishing, weaving, and vegetable farming.
- Women are proficient in weaving traditional Mising textiles.
Ali Ai Ligang Festival
- Main Festival of the Mising community.
- Timing: Celebrated in February, on the first Wednesday of Fagun month (as per the Assamese calendar).
- Name Meaning:
- Ali – edible root
- Ai – seed
- Ligang – sowing
Signifies the beginning of the agricultural cycle – first sowing of seeds and roots.
Significance and Rituals
- Purpose: Marks the start of cultivation, invokes blessings from Donyi-Polo to protect crops from pests and natural calamities.
- Community Importance: Strengthens communal ties and preserves agrarian traditions.
- Ritual Practices:
- Morung Okum (Morung Ghar) – youth dormitory where offerings like Apong (rice beer), dry meat, and fish are made.
- Gumrag Dance – performed by men and women to signify joy, unity, and prosperity.
- Feast and Dress – Traditional Mising delicacies are prepared, and people wear colorful ethnic attire.
Modern Celebrations
- Originally village-based, now also celebrated in urban centers like Jorhat.
- Includes stage performances, cultural competitions, and large community gatherings.
- In Jorhat, it has been celebrated for the past 40 years, organized annually by Mising Agom Kebang (Mising apex literary and cultural body).
SWARBICA Executive Body Meeting 2025
- 23 Feb 2025
In News:
- The Executive Body Meeting of the South and West Asian Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives (SWARBICA) was held on 20–21 February 2025 at the India International Centre, New Delhi.
- It was inaugurated by Union Minister for Culture and Tourism, Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, and hosted by the National Archives of India.
- This is the second time India has hosted the SWARBICA meeting, the last being in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in 2017.
Key Highlights
- The event marked the first SWARBICA Executive Meeting in eight years.
- Participating nations included Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
- Pakistan joined the meeting virtually, while Iran could not attend due to visa-related issues.
- The meeting provided a platform for regional cooperation in archival development, emphasizing shared cultural and religious heritage.
Agenda and Focus Areas
- Digital Preservation & Archives Digitization:
- Arun Singhal, Director General of the National Archives of India (NAI) and Treasurer of SWARBICA, presented NAI’s ongoing efforts in the digitization of archival records.
- Emphasis was placed on training programs, technical exchange, and conservation practices.
- AI in Digital Archiving:
- Aseminar titled "Using AI for Digital Preservation in Archives" was organized.
- Experts from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and SAMHiTA (India International Centre) discussed the potential of artificial intelligence in archival science.
About SWARBICA
- It functions as a regional arm of the International Council on Archives (ICA), fostering collaboration among archival institutions in South and West Asia.
- Established: The idea was proposed in 1973 at an ICA meeting in Brussels and officially launched on 11th December 1976 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
- SWARBICA promotes professional networking, training, resource sharing, and advancement in archival practices among member countries.
Significance for India
- Reflects India’s leadership in regional cultural cooperation.
- Aligns with national goals of digital governance, knowledge preservation, and heritage conservation.
- Strengthens India's cultural diplomacy in South and West Asia.
Mass Stranding of False Killer Whales in Tasmania
- 23 Feb 2025
In News:
Recently, over 150 false killer whales were found stranded on a remote beach near Arthur River on the northwest coast of Tasmania, Australia. The incident is one of several mass strandings reported in the region in recent years.
The event echoes earlier mass strandings:
- In 2022, 230 pilot whales stranded at Macquarie Harbor.
- In 2020, 470 long-finned pilot whales were stranded at the same site—the largest mass stranding in Australian history.
Possible Causes of Whale Strandings
Although the precise cause remains uncertain, potential factors include:
- Disorientation from loud underwater noises (e.g., naval exercises, seismic surveys)
- Illness, old age, injury
- Fleeing predators
- Severe weather events
- Geomagnetic anomalies
About False Killer Whales
- False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) are not true killer whales but belong to the Delphinidae family, which also includes dolphins and pilot whales.
- They are large, social cetaceans, often found in warm, deep oceanic waters.
- These whales are highly vocal and social, forming strong social bonds within pods.
- Like other cetaceans, they rely on echolocation (underwater sound) for communication, hunting, and navigation.
About Killer Whales (Orcas)
- Although not involved in the stranding, killer whales (Orcinus orca) are relevant as close relatives within the same family (Delphinidae).
- Known for their distinct black and white markings, orcas are the largest members of the dolphin family.
- They are globally distributed in both open oceans and coastal waters.
- Killer whales live in stable matrilineal pods and use complex vocalizations.
Conservation Status
- The IUCN Red List classifies false killer whales and killer whales as Data Deficient, indicating that there is insufficient information to assess their risk of extinction.
WEST Tokamak Reactor
- 23 Feb 2025
In News:
The WEST Tokamak reactor in southern France has set a new world record by sustaining a nuclear fusion plasma for 1,337 seconds (22 minutes and 17 seconds), surpassing the previous record of 1,066 seconds held by China’s EAST reactor by 25%. This achievement is a major milestone in the global quest for clean, limitless energy through nuclear fusion.
About Nuclear Fusion
- Nuclear Fusion is the process of combining two light atomic nuclei (typically deuterium and tritium) to form a heavier nucleus, releasing vast amounts of energy.
- The mass defect (loss of mass) in the fusion process converts into energy, as per Einstein’s equation E=mc2E = mc^2E=mc2.
- This reaction occurs in the plasma state—a hot, ionized gas consisting of free electrons and atomic nuclei.
How Tokamak Reactors Work
- A Tokamak is a doughnut-shaped (toroidal) magnetic confinement device that replicates the Sun’s fusion process.
- It uses superconducting magnetic coils to confine and heat the plasma to temperatures exceeding 50 million°C, about three times hotter than the Sun's core.
- Fusion reactors inject external power (WEST used 2 MW) to maintain the plasma and prevent it from touching reactor walls.
WEST Reactor: Key Highlights
- Operated by the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA).
- Aims to simulate long-duration, high-temperature plasma conditions.
- Reached a plasma state sustained for over 22 minutes at 50 million°C.
- Contributes critical insights and validation to the ongoing ITER project, the world’s largest nuclear fusion experiment also based in southern France.
Significance of the Achievement
To make fusion viable for electricity generation, three key conditions must be met:
- High temperature – to overcome electrostatic repulsion between nuclei.
- Sustained confinement time – achieved by WEST.
- Sufficient plasma density – to ensure high collision rates.
Maintaining plasma for extended durations is crucial for transitioning from experimental reactors to commercial fusion energy systems.
Advantages of Nuclear Fusion
- High Energy Output: Produces 4x more energy per kg of fuel than fission, and nearly 4 million times more than fossil fuels.
- Environmentally Clean: Emits no greenhouse gases or long-lived radioactive waste. Only byproducts are inert helium and neutrons.
- Abundant Fuel Supply: Fusion uses deuterium (from seawater) and tritium, eliminating the need for uranium mining.
- Inherent Safety: Fusion reactions are inherently safe as they cannot trigger uncontrolled chain reactions, unlike fission.
Fusion vs. Fission: A Comparison
Aspect Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission
Process Combines light nuclei Splits heavy nuclei
Fuel Deuterium and Tritium Uranium or Plutonium
Energy Output Extremely high Moderate
Waste Minimal and short-lived Long-lived radioactive waste
Emissions No greenhouse gases Potential radiation hazards
Safety No risk of meltdown Risk of runaway reactions/meltdowns
Global Perspective
- Over 200 tokamaks are operational globally.
- The ITER project is set to become the centerpiece of global fusion research.
- Recent breakthroughs like those at WEST provide a technical roadmap for future commercial reactors.
Nvidia's Evo 2
- 23 Feb 2025
In News:
Nvidia, in collaboration with the Arc Institute and Stanford University, has launched Evo 2 — the world’s largest publicly available AI model for genomic data — aiming to revolutionize genetic research and biomedical innovation.
About Evo 2
- Type: Foundation AI model for genomics.
- Function: Understands and designs genetic code across all domains of life.
- Scale: Trained on ~9 trillion nucleotides from 128,000+ organisms, including bacteria, plants, animals, and humans.
- Platform: Built using 2,000 Nvidia H100 processors on Amazon Cloud, through the NVIDIA DGX Cloud platform.
- Access: Freely available on Nvidia’s BioNeMo research platform.
Key Features
- Accuracy in Mutation Detection:Accurately identified 90% of harmful mutations in BRCA1 — a gene linked to breast cancer.
- Speed and Efficiency:Enables rapid pattern recognition in vast genomic datasets — research that would otherwise take years.
- Collaborative Development:Created by Nvidia in partnership with Arc Institute (nonprofit research body founded in 2021 with $650 million funding) and Stanford University.
Applications
- Healthcare & Medicine:
- Predicts form and function of proteins.
- Identifies gene mutations and their impact.
- Facilitates precision medicine and gene therapy development.
- Agricultural Biotechnology:
- Aids in designing climate-resilient crops.
- Industrial & Environmental Science:
- Assists in creating enzymes to break down pollutants.
- Supports development of new bio-materials.
Significance for India & Global Science
- Accelerates biomolecular research and biotech innovation.
- Contributes to scientific self-reliance and the bioeconomy.
- Enhances capability in combating diseases like cancer and improving food security.
Meta’s Project Waterworth
- 22 Feb 2025
In News:
Meta has launched Project Waterworth, its most ambitious subsea cable initiative to date, aimed at enhancing global digital connectivity. The project involves the deployment of AI-driven subsea cable infrastructure, with India being a key beneficiary.
Key Features:
- Massive Scale:A multi-billion dollar, multi-year global initiative, the project will lay over 50,000 km of undersea cables, connecting five continents, including India, the USA, Brazil, South Africa, and others.
- AI Integration:The project leverages advanced machine learning models to predict and mitigate network disruptions, ensuring greater resilience and reliability of global internet infrastructure.
- Deep Water Deployment:The cable will operate at depths reaching 7,000 meters, using enhanced burial techniques in high-risk areas to prevent damage from ship anchors and other maritime hazards.
- Digital Backbone:Subsea cables like those in Project Waterworth currently carry over 95% of global internet traffic, forming the backbone of international digital communication, video streaming, e-commerce, and cloud-based AI services.
Strategic Relevance for India:
- India’s Digital Push:The project supports India’s growing digital economy by ensuring faster, more reliable internet connectivity and fostering digital inclusion and innovation.
- AI and Infrastructure Synergy:With AI-driven maintenance and deployment, the initiative complements India's vision of becoming a global hub for AI, data centers, and digital services.
- Economic and Strategic Benefits:Enhanced connectivity is expected to boost economic cooperation, cross-border trade, and participation in global digital platforms.
India–Qatar Strategic Partnership
- 22 Feb 2025
In News:
In February 2025, His Highness Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani, Amir of Qatar, paid a State Visit to India, during which India and Qatar elevated their bilateral relations to a Strategic Partnership.
Major Outcomes of the 2025 Summit
- Strategic Partnership Agreement:Formalized multifaceted cooperation across sectors—trade, investment, energy, security, technology, and people-to-people ties.
- Trade and Economic Engagement:
- Target set to double bilateral trade to $30 billion by 2030 (from $14 billion in FY 2023–24).
- Joint Commission on Trade and Commerce established to monitor economic ties.
- Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) pledged $10 billion in Indian infrastructure, green energy, and startups.
- Revised Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement signed.
- Energy Cooperation:
- A landmark 20-year LNG supply deal (2028–2048) between QatarEnergy and Petronet LNG.
- Collaboration in renewable energy including green hydrogen, solar energy, and AI-based efficiency solutions.
- Investment and Digital Integration:
- QIA to open an office in India; Qatar National Bank to set up presence in GIFT City.
- India’s UPI system operationalized in Qatar's POS infrastructure; nationwide rollout planned.
- Technology and Innovation:
- Cooperation in AI, semiconductors, IoT, robotics and digital governance.
- Indian startups to participate in Web Summits in Doha (2024–25).
People-to-People and Cultural Ties
- Over 830,000 Indians reside in Qatar, forming the largest expatriate community.
- MoUs signed on youth, sports, education, archives, and cultural cooperation.
- Agreement to celebrate India-Qatar Year of Culture, Friendship and Sports.
Security and Counter-Terrorism
- Strong condemnation of terrorism in all forms, including cross-border terrorism.
- Commitment to enhanced cooperation in intelligence sharing, cybercrime, anti-money laundering, and countering transnational crimes.
- Emphasis on regular meetings of the Joint Committee on Security and Law Enforcement.
Labour and Health Cooperation
- Agreement to hold regular Joint Working Group on Labour and Employment to address expatriate welfare and mobility.
- Collaboration in the health sector, including pharma exports, device registration, and pandemic response mechanisms.
Geopolitical and Multilateral Cooperation
- Exchange of views on Middle East stability, UN reforms, and India-GCC engagement.
- Appreciation for Qatar’s Chairmanship of the India-GCC Strategic Dialogue (Sept 2024).
- Agreement on UN Security Council reform and advancing SDG goals through multilateralism.
Challenges Ahead
- Trade Imbalance: Imports of LNG/LPG ($12B) far exceed exports (<$2B).
- Labour Rights Concerns: Working conditions of Indian laborers in Qatar remain under scrutiny.
- Legal and Judicial Issues: Over 600 Indians in Qatari jails; need for agreement on transfer of sentenced persons.
- Geopolitical Complexities: Qatar’s involvement in West Asian diplomacy presents nuanced challenges.
- Naval Veterans Case: Pending resolution affects diplomatic sentiment.
Way Forward
- Boost Indian exports in pharmaceuticals, IT, engineering goods.
- Expedite India-Qatar Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) to streamline FDI.
- Expand collaboration in green hydrogen, carbon capture, and energy diversification.
- Strengthen ministerial-level engagements, labor welfare frameworks, and regional security dialogue.
NAKSHA Programme
- 22 Feb 2025
In News:
The Union Ministry of Rural Development has launched a pilot project titled NAKSHA(National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations) in 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across 26 States and 3 Union Territories, with the inauguration taking place in Raisen, Madhya Pradesh.
Key Highlights:
Objective of NAKSHA
The NAKSHA initiative aims to:
- Create and update urban land records for accurate, reliable documentation of property ownership.
- Empower citizens by improving ease of access to land records.
- Facilitate urban planning and reduce land-related disputes.
- Promote transparency, efficiency, and sustainable development through an IT-based system.
Key Features
- Technical Partner: The Survey of India will carry out aerial surveys and provide orthorectified imagery via third-party vendors.
- Implementation Partners:
- Madhya Pradesh State Electronics Development Corporation (MPSEDC) will develop a web-based GIS platform.
- National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI) will provide data storage facilities.
- Execution at State Level: States and UTs will conduct field surveys and ground truthing, leading to the final publication of urban and semi-urban land records.
Kaveri 2.0 Cyberattack
- 22 Feb 2025
In News:
In January–February 2025, Karnataka's property registration portal, Kaveri 2.0, faced major disruptions due to a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, severely affecting property registrations and revenue generation. The portal, launched in 2023, is a key component of the state's e-governance infrastructure.
What is a DDoS Attack?
A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack aims to disrupt a server, service, or network by flooding it with excessive traffic, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users.
How it works:
- Botnet Formation: Hackers compromise multiple devices using malware, turning them into bots.
- Traffic Overload: These bots generate huge volumes of fake traffic directed at the target system.
- Service Disruption: The targeted service slows down or crashes, affecting user access.
Types of DDoS Attacks:
- Bandwidth Saturation – Exhausting the target's internet capacity.
- Protocol Exploitation – Abusing vulnerabilities in network protocols.
- Application Targeting – Crashing specific applications or services.
Kaveri 2.0 Case: AI-Based DDoS Attack
- The Stamps and Registration Department (SRD) of Karnataka confirmed that the portal was targeted using AI tools that generated over 20 lakh fake search queries per day—far beyond its capacity of 2.5 lakh.
- These queries mainly targeted services like Encumbrance Certificate (EC) searches, causing widespread slowdown and outages.
- On February 1, only 556 property registrations occurred, compared to the usual 8,000–9,000 daily, with revenue dipping to ?15.18 crore from an average of over ?62 crore.
- After mitigation, services were restored by February 7, returning to normal levels of 7,225 registrations and ?62.59 crore in revenue.
Impact of DDoS Attacks on Public Services
- Operational Disruption: Essential citizen services are halted, creating public inconvenience.
- Financial Loss: Delayed transactions and reduced revenue, as seen in the Kaveri 2.0 case.
- Reputational Damage: Public trust in digital governance platforms may erode.
- Cybersecurity Risks: DDoS attacks can mask more sophisticated intrusions.
Preventive Measures
- Traffic Filtering: Using AI tools to detect and block abnormal traffic.
- Rate Limiting: Restricting the number of queries per user/IP.
- Bot Detection: Implementing CAPTCHAs and behavior analysis.
- Robust Authentication: Enhancing security for administrative access.
- Incident Response Teams: Dedicated cybersecurity units to respond to threats promptly.
Chief Election Commissioner Appointment
- 22 Feb 2025
In News:
Gyanesh Kumar has been appointed as the new Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) of India, becoming the first to be selected under the new legislative framework — The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act, 2023. He succeeds Rajiv Kumar. Simultaneously, Dr. Vivek Joshi, former Haryana Chief Secretary, was appointed as an Election Commissioner.
Constitutional Basis
- Article 324 of the Indian Constitution provides for the Election Commission of India (ECI), consisting of the CEC and such other Election Commissioners as the President may determine.
- It vests the superintendence, direction, and control of elections in the ECI for conducting elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and for the offices of the President and Vice President.
Earlier Appointment Process
- Governed by convention and the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991.
- The CEC was appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister, with no formal selection mechanism defined in law.
New Appointment Process (2023 Act)
The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act, 2023 introduced a formal selection process:
- Selection Committee:
- Prime Minister (Chairperson)
- A Union Cabinet Minister (nominated by the PM)
- Leader of Opposition (or largest opposition party leader) in the Lok Sabha
- Search Committee:
- Headed by the Cabinet Secretary, this body shortlists eligible candidates.
- Eligibility Criteria:
- Must be a person of integrity
- Must have experience in election management
- Must be or have been a Secretary (or equivalent) to the Government of India
Service Conditions (As per 2023 Act)
- Salary & Status: Equivalent to that of a Cabinet Secretary (earlier: Supreme Court judge).
- Tenure: 6 years or till the age of 65, whichever is earlier.
- Reappointment: Not permitted.
Removal Process
- CEC: Can only be removed in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Supreme Court judge (i.e., by Parliament through impeachment).
- Election Commissioners: Can only be removed on the recommendation of the CEC.
Functions & Powers of CEC
- Conducts elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Assemblies, and offices of the President & Vice President.
- Regulates political parties and election funding.
- Enforces the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
- Maintains and updates electoral rolls and supervises the voter registration process.
- Has the authority to disqualify candidates and cancel elections in case of serious irregularities.
- Advises the President and Governors on election-related matters.
Judicial Context & Controversy
- In the Anoop Baranwal vs Union of India case, the Supreme Court ruled that the independence of the ECI must be preserved and directed that a law be enacted to define the appointment process.
- Until such legislation was passed, the Court had prescribed a selection committee comprising:
- The Prime Minister
- The Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha
- The Chief Justice of India (CJI)
- However, the 2023 Act excluded the CJI, replacing the judiciary with another executive appointee, raising concerns about executive dominance.
- Multiple petitions challenging the constitutionality of the Act are pending before the Supreme Court.
Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA)
- 21 Feb 2025
In News:
Context:
The Government of India has approved the continuation of the PM-AASHA Scheme till 2025–26, aligning with the 15th Finance Commission cycle, to strengthen farmer income security and achieve self-sufficiency in pulses production.
Overview of PM-AASHA Scheme
- Launched by: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare
- Objective: To ensure remunerative prices to farmers and stabilize market prices of key crops.
- Type: Umbrella scheme combining various price support mechanisms.
Key Components
- Price Support Scheme (PSS)
- Procurement of pulses, oilseeds, and copra at Minimum Support Prices (MSP) through NAFED and NCCF.
- Covers 25% of national production, except for 100% procurement of Tur, Urad, and Masur during 2024–25 and extended for the next four years.
- Procurement is done from pre-registered farmers through State-level agencies.
- Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS)
- Farmers receive direct payments for the shortfall between the MSP and market price.
- Covers 40% of oilseed production for a duration of four months.
- Price Stabilization Fund (PSF)
- Maintains buffer stocks of pulses and onions.
- Aims to stabilize prices, prevent hoarding, and ensure affordable supply for consumers.
- Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)
- Provides price support for perishable horticultural crops.
- Covers 25% of production with direct financial transfers to farmers, not physical procurement.
Recent Developments (2025)
- Procurement Commitment:The Union Government announced 100% procurement of Tur (Arhar), Urad, and Masur under PSS for 2024–25, extended for four years, to reduce import dependence and promote self-sufficiency.
- Tur Procurement Approval:Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan approved procurement of 13.22 Lakh Metric Tonnes (LMT) of Tur for Kharif 2024–25 in 9 states:
Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh. - Procurement Progress(as of 15 Feb 2025):
- 0.15 LMT of Tur procured from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Telangana.
- 12,006 farmers have benefited so far.
- Procurement in remaining states will commence shortly.
- Central procurement is conducted by NAFED and NCCF.
UNESCO’s “Imagine a World with More Women in Science” Campaign
- 21 Feb 2025
In News:
On February 11, 2025, to mark the 10th anniversary of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, UNESCO, with support from Canada’s International Development Centre (IDRC), launched the global campaign titled “Imagine a World with More Women in Science.”
Campaign Highlights
- Objective: Promote gender equality in science and innovation by encouraging the active participation and leadership of women in STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine).
- Social Media Drive: The campaign uses the hashtag #EveryVoiceInScience to amplify diverse voices and encourage global engagement.
- Focus: Emphasizes the real-world impact of gender disparities in science, including missed innovations, biased artificial intelligence, and inequitable scientific opportunities.
Background
- The UN General Assembly (UNGA) declared February 11 as the International Day of Women and Girls in Science in 2015 to foster female participation in scientific research and innovation globally.
Current Status of Women in Science
Global Trends
- Representation: Women comprise only one-third of the global scientific workforce.
- Leadership Gap: Merely 10% of STEM leadership positions are held by women.
India-Specific Data
- STEMM Enrolment: Women account for 43% of enrolment in STEMM disciplines.
- Women Scientists: Only 18.6% of scientists in India are women.
- R&D Projects: About 25% of R&D projects are led by women researchers.
Challenges Faced by Women in Science
Challenge Description
Restrictive Social Norms Traditional gender roles hinder women’s
scientific pursuits.
Lack of Role Models Few visible female leaders discourage young women from
aspiring to scientific careers.
Workplace Inequality Gender biases, hostile work environments, and lack of inclusive
policies create barriers.
Educational Gaps Gender-biased teaching content and insufficient support systems
limit girls’ access to science education.
Recommended Measures
Dismantle Gender Stereotypes
- Remove gender biases from teaching and learning materials.
- Include contributions of female scientists in textbooks with visuals.
- Promote equitable representation of women in boards, panels, and decision-making bodies.
Enhance Visibility of Women Role Models
- Highlight discoveries by female scientists.
- Increase media and curriculum exposure to successful women in science.
Open Educational Pathways
- Promote inclusive teaching practices and gender-neutral curricula.
- Encourage CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) initiatives to support girls in science education.
Create Inclusive Work Environments
- Enforce policies for diversity, equity, and inclusion.
- Take strong action against gender-based violence, including sexism and harassment in the workplace.
- Advance women into leadership roles in scientific institutions.
mRNA-Based Cancer Vaccine
- 21 Feb 2025
In News:
Russia has announced the development of an mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccine, expected to be available free of cost to patients by early 2025. It is being developed under the Russian Ministry of Health, with pre-clinical trials showing promising results in suppressing tumour growth and metastasis.
What is an mRNA-Based Cancer Vaccine?
- mRNA (Messenger RNA) vaccines deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce antigens—proteins that trigger an immune response.
- In the case of cancer, these vaccines train the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor-specific antigens, thereby attacking cancer cells.
- Unlike conventional vaccines, these are therapeutic, not preventive, and are used in existing cancer patients.
How Does It Work?
- The vaccine prompts the body to produce proteins that mimic tumor markers.
- These markers stimulate the immune system to target and destroy cancer cells.
- The treatment is personalized, with the mRNA sequence tailored to match the unique antigens of a patient’s tumour, enhancing precision and efficacy.
- It can potentially target multiple antigens simultaneously, unlike standard mRNA vaccines such as those for COVID-19.
Advantages Over Conventional Therapies
- Selective Action: Targets only cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissue.
- Fewer Side Effects: Compared to chemotherapy, the side effects are significantly reduced.
- Customizable: Can be adapted to target various cancers through tumor-specific markers.
- Boosts Immunity: Enhances the body’s natural defense mechanisms for long-term protection.
mRNA Technology – Core Concepts
- mRNA is a single-stranded RNA transcribed from DNA.
- It delivers genetic instructions to ribosomes (protein factories) in cells to produce specific proteins.
- In mRNA vaccines, this mechanism is harnessed to make the body generate target antigens, which the immune system learns to combat.
India and mRNA Vaccines
- India has approved two mRNA COVID-19 vaccines developed by Gennova Biopharmaceuticals with DBT-BIRAC support:
- GEMCOVAC-OM(Omicron-specific)
- GEMCOVAC-19
- Features include needle-free delivery and thermostability, marking India’s entry into mRNA-based immunotherapy platforms.
Cautions and Limitations
- Not Preventive: These are not preventive like HPV or Hepatitis B vaccines, which protect against cancers linked to viruses.
- Limited Data: Russian vaccine data is not yet publicly available; clinical validation is pending.
- Not Universally Effective: Immunotherapy may not work for all types or stages of cancer.
- Time-Consuming Trials: New treatments must undergo phased trials, often spanning years, before general approval.
AI-Powered Surveillance in Similipal Tiger Reserve
- 21 Feb 2025
In News:
The Similipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha has seen a significant drop in poaching activities following the deployment of TrailGuard AI-enabled surveillance cameras. These advanced systems are helping protect both forest personnel and wildlife by providing real-time alerts and enhancing enforcement actions.
About TrailGuard AI System
- Developed by: Nightjar Technologies, Gurgaon.
- Design:
- Two-part system: a pen-sized camera unit and a notepad-sized battery/communication unit connected via a 2-metre cable.
- Camouflaged and compact, reducing chances of being detected or stolen.
- Operation:
- Operates in low-power mode by default, switches to high-power mode upon sensing movement.
- Uses on-device AI inference to identify object classes (e.g., humans, animals, vehicles).
- Sends alerts via cellular network within 30–40 seconds to a central control room.
- Battery life: 6 months to 1 year.
- Cost: ?50,000–53,000 per unit.
Impact and Achievements
- Installed: 100–150 AI-enabled cameras in Similipal.
- In 10 months, led to:
- 96 poachers arrested
- 86+ country-made guns seized
- 40+ arrests in December 2024 alone
- Enabled quick house raids and identifications using photographic evidence.
- Enabled one conviction within six months, with more expected.
Integrated Enforcement System
- Real-time alerts displayed on a central control room screen.
- Information shared swiftly via WhatsApp groups and VHF radio.
- Ground teams rely on human intelligence sources (including undercover staff) to identify suspects.
- Raids and arrests are executed only after 100% identity confirmation, ensuring due process.
Advantages of the System
- Enhances forest ranger safety.
- Enables targeted and proactive patrolling.
- Effective in challenging terrains with minimal maintenance.
- Also used to monitor wildlife, including profiling of tuskers.
- Functions as an anti-poaching as well as human-wildlife conflict mitigation tool.
Wider Adoption and Future Plans
- Apart from Similipal, TrailGuard AI has been deployed at:
- Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh (20 cameras)
- Dudhwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh (10 cameras)
- Total: Active in 14+ sites across five states
- Planned expansion to other protected areas in Odisha.
Community Sensitivity and Tribal Engagement
- Similipal is surrounded by tribal communities, where hunting has traditional roots.
- Increased surveillance has caused concerns over restricted forest access for collecting firewood and non-timber forest products.
- The forest department is:
- Holding awareness meetings in local languages.
- Exploring safe and non-intrusive access solutions for villagers.
- Ensuring that enforcement doesn’t indiscriminately impact local livelihoods.
Conservation Significance
- Demonstrates the fusion of technology with conservation.
- Aligns with India’s broader environmental goals under:
- Project Tiger
- National Wildlife Action Plan
- Digital India initiatives in conservation.
Exercise Komodo
- 21 Feb 2025
In News:
The Indian Navy's platforms—INS Shardul, an amphibious warfare ship, and the P-8I Long Range Maritime Surveillance Aircraft—participated in the International Fleet Review (IFR) 2025 and the 5th edition of the Multilateral Naval Exercise Komodo held in Bali, Indonesia, from 15 to 22 February 2025.
International Fleet Review (IFR) 2025
- IFR 2025 is a prestigious multinational naval event reviewed by the President of Indonesia.
- Participating nations showcased naval assets including warships, helicopters, and maritime aircraft.
- The Indian Navy took part in:
- International Maritime Security Symposium
- Tactical floor games
- City parade
- Coral and mangrove plantation
- Beach cleaning activities
- Baby turtle release, promoting environmental and maritime sustainability.
Exercise Komodo 2025
- Initiated in 2014, Exercise Komodo is a non-combat multilateral naval exercise hosted by the Indonesian Navy.
- The 2025 edition had the theme: "Maritime Partnership for Peace and Stability".
- Objectives:
- Promote maritime cooperation
- Enhance interoperability
- Foster regional security cooperation
- Key Features:
- Participation from 39 countries
- Involvement of 34 foreign and 18 Indonesian Navy warships
- Included:
- Naval exercises
- Officer exchange forums
- Bilateral naval meetings
- Defense exhibition
- Cultural parades
Strategic Context and Bilateral Engagements
- The participation builds upon the Indian Navy’s involvement in the La Pérouse exercises in Indonesia (January 2025) involving INS Mumbai and a P-8I aircraft.
- It coincided with the visit of Admiral Muhammad Ali, Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy, to India during the Republic Day 2025, accompanying President Prabowo Subianto as the Chief Guest.
Significance for India
- The participation reaffirms India’s commitment to SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region).
- It strengthens India-Indonesia defense ties and underscores India's proactive role in regional maritime diplomacy and environmental stewardship.
Gravehawk Hybrid Air Defense System
- 20 Feb 2025
In News:
The Gravehawk is a newly developed mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, introduced by the United Kingdom in collaboration with Denmark, to bolster Ukraine's defenses against Russian aerial threats. This innovative hybrid system exemplifies the modern trend in NATO of repurposing existing missile technology to build flexible, cost-effective, and rapidly deployable air defense platforms.
Overview and Development
- The Gravehawk system is designed to counter short-range aerial threats such as drones, cruise missiles, and low-flying aircraft.
- It combines Western and Soviet-era missile technologies, providing Ukraine with a unique edge in a contested aerial environment.
- The United Kingdom, in partnership with Denmark, is actively delivering these systems to Ukraine, with 15 additional units expected in the coming months.
- The cost per system is approximately USD 1.25 million, with Denmark covering 50% of the expense.
Key Features and Technical Capabilities
- Missiles Used: The system utilizes infrared-guided missiles including the AIM-132 ASRAAM (Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile) and the Soviet-origin R-73 (AA-11 Archer).
- Guidance System: Both missiles employ passive infrared (IR) seekers, allowing them to track heat signatures of targets without emitting radar signals, thereby reducing vulnerability to electronic warfare (EW) detection.
- Speed and Range: Missiles can reach speeds of up to Mach 2.5 and engage targets at distances of approximately 12 miles (about 19 km).
- R-73 Specifics: Originally developed for close-range dogfights, the R-73 is highly maneuverable, capable of tracking targets up to 40 km ahead and 300 meters behind, with off-boresight targeting up to 40 degrees.
- Mobility: Mounted on all-terrain Drops vehicles, the system offers rapid ground mobility and deployment flexibility.
- Containerized Launch Platform: Housed in ISO-standard shipping containers, the system’s roof rolls back to expose two missile rails—repurposed from Soviet-era fighters like the Sukhoi Su-27.
- Crew and Operation: Operated by a five-member crew, the system incorporates electro-optical and infrared targeting cameras, enabling remote operation and safe standoff missile launches.
Strategic Relevance for Ukraine
- Ukraine’s acquisition of the Gravehawk system marks a significant advancement in its air defense capabilities, particularly in the face of persistent Russian air and missile attacks.
- It enhances short-range interception capacity, allows for quick reaction deployment, and reduces dependence on continuous NATO resupplies. Additionally, the system’s use of widely available R-73 missiles ensures operational sustainability.
- The Gravehawk is part of a broader effort to field "hybrid systems", where older missile stocks are integrated into modern platforms.
- Other such initiatives include FrankenSAM programs developed by the U.S. and UK, where systems like ASRAAM have been adapted to ground-based launchers.
- Ukraine has also employed R-73 missiles on drone boats and unmanned surface vessels to target Russian air assets, showcasing the multi-domain applicability of these munitions.
Prime Minister’s Yoga Awards 2025
- 20 Feb 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Ayush has officially opened nominations for the Prime Minister’s Yoga Awards 2025, which will be conferred on the occasion of the International Day of Yoga (IDY) 2025. These prestigious awards aim to honour individuals and organizations that have made exceptional and sustained contributions to the promotion and development of Yoga at both national and international levels.
Background and Objective
Instituted by the Government of India and endorsed by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, the awards recognize Yoga’s vital role in:
- Health promotion
- Disease prevention
- Management of lifestyle-related disorders
The initiative reflects the government’s broader vision to acknowledge and encourage meaningful contributions in advancing Yoga as a holistic system of well-being and preventive healthcare.
Award Categories and Benefits
The awards will be presented in the following four categories:
- National Individual
- National Organization
- International Individual
- International Organization
Each awardee will receive:
- A Trophy
- A Certificate of Recognition
- A Cash Prize of ?25 lakh
Eligibility Criteria
- Individual applicants must be 40 years or older.
- They should possess a minimum of 20 years of committed work in promoting Yoga.
- Organizations must have a proven track record in the field of Yoga development and outreach.
Applicants or nominees can apply for only one category (either National or International) in a given year. Applications can be submitted directly by individuals/entities or through nominations made by recognized Yoga institutions.
Application and Submission Process
- Nominations and applications are to be submitted through the MyGov platform:
https://innovateindia.mygov.in/pm-yoga-awards-2025/ - The link is also accessible on the Ministry of Ayush website and those of its autonomous bodies.
- The deadline for submission is March 31, 2025.
Selection Procedure
The award process involves two key stages:
- A Screening Committee formed by the Ministry of Ayush will evaluate all entries and recommend a maximum of 50 nominations per category.
- These shortlisted names will be reviewed by a high-level Evaluation Jury comprising eminent personalities from diverse fields, which will serve as the final decision-making body.
Significance of the Initiative
The Prime Minister’s Yoga Awards not only celebrate excellence in Yoga but also further the objectives of initiatives like Fit India Movement, Ayushman Bharat, and the mainstreaming of traditional Indian wellness systems.
The awards are a key element of the Ministry of Ayush’s broader mandate to integrate traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-Rigpa, and Homeopathy into the healthcare ecosystem of India.
India–U.S. Underwater Domain Awareness Cooperation
- 20 Feb 2025
In News:
India and the United States have deepened their defense partnership by launching the Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA), a landmark initiative focused on co-producing Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA) technologies in India.
Understanding Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA)
- UDA refers to the ability to monitor, detect, and evaluate activities beneath the surface of oceans and seas. It plays a vital role in ensuring maritime security, enabling anti-submarine warfare (ASW), managing marine resources, responding to disasters, and protecting the underwater environment.
- In the backdrop of China’s rapid naval expansion and its increasing footprint in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), enhancing UDA has become imperative for India, both at the bilateral level and as part of the Quad framework (India, U.S., Japan, and Australia).
Strategic Significance and Geopolitical Relevance
The UDA collaboration marks a significant step in Indo-U.S. strategic relations. As the maritime domain becomes increasingly contested, especially in the Indo-Pacific, India’s need for robust submarine detection, surveillance, and underwater intelligence capabilities has become critical. The joint initiative aligns with broader strategic goals such as:
- Enhancing Quad cooperation to maintain a free, open, and secure Indo-Pacific.
- Countering threats arising from Chinese submarine activities and naval assertiveness.
- Enabling shared maritime patrols and airlift capacity for disaster response across the region.
Key Technologies Identified for Co-Production
Several high-end underwater surveillance systems have been identified for co-production or co-development in India under the ASIA framework:
- Sea Picket: An autonomous sonar surveillance platform developed by Thayer Mahan.
- Wave Glider Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs): Discussions are underway between Boeing’s Liquid Robotics and Sagar Defence Engineering for the co-production of 60 platforms in India.
- Low-Frequency Active Towed Sonar: Negotiations involve L3 Harris and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for co-development.
- Multistatic Active (MSA) Sonobuoys: A sophisticated submarine-tracking technology, to be co-produced in India by Ultra Maritime and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), with a production line expected by 2027.
- Large-Diameter Autonomous Undersea Vehicles: Produced by Anduril, these offer deep-sea monitoring capabilities.
- Triton Autonomous Underwater and Surface Vehicle: Developed by Ocean Aero, integrates underwater and surface operations.
Existing and Emerging ASW Platforms
India’s anti-submarine warfare capabilities have already been bolstered through U.S. defense acquisitions, including:
- 12 P-8I Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft currently in service.
- 24 MH-60R Multi-Role Helicopters, being inducted to enhance ASW and surveillance.
- 15 MQ-9B Sea Guardian UAVs, part of a 31-unit contract with deliveries beginning from 2029.
- An additional six P-8I aircraft were cleared during the recent bilateral talks.
These platforms significantly improve maritime interoperability among Quad nations and provide India with a strategic edge in underwater operations.
Make-in-India and Technological Sovereignty
The UDA initiative strongly supports India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat vision by fostering indigenous manufacturing of advanced underwater systems. It introduces a first-of-its-kind co-production framework in sensitive defense technologies, thus catalyzing innovation and industrial capability within the Indian defense sector.
The initiative also aims to strengthen logistics, intelligence-sharing, and force mobility between the Indian and U.S. armed forces. Enhanced training, joint operations, and technological exchanges will help sustain forward deployments and enable humanitarian and disaster relief missions across the Indo-Pacific.
Exercise Dharma Guardian 2025
- 20 Feb 2025
In News:
The 6th edition of Exercise Dharma Guardian, a joint annual military exercisealternately hosted in India and Japan since 2018is scheduled from February 25 to March 9, 2025, at Mount Fuji, Japan.
Key Highlights:
Objectives:
- Strengthen Bilateral Defence Relations: Enhances military diplomacy under the India–Japan Special Strategic and Global Partnership.
- Promote Interoperability: Develops joint operational capabilities and tactical synergy in line with UN peacekeeping mandates (Chapter VII).
- Urban and Semi-Desert Warfare: Trains troops in counter-terrorism operations and urban combat scenarios.
- Regional Stability: Supports the Indo-Pacific security architecture and complements Quad defence objectives (India, Japan, US, Australia).
Key Features of Dharma Guardian 2025
- Advanced Tactical Training: Close-quarter battle drills, live-fire exercises, battlefield medical evacuation.
- Joint Counter-Terror Operations: Conducted under UN charter guidelines for multinational cooperation.
- 48-hour Validation Exercise: Simulated real-time combat for assessing operational readiness and coordination.
- ISR and Tactical Mobility Drills: Involves establishing temporary operating bases, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) grids, mobile vehicle checkpoints, and heliborne insertions.
- House Intervention & Search Operations: Practical training for securing urban areas against militant threats.
- Weapons & Equipment Display: Demonstrates India’s growing defence manufacturing under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
Mount Fuji – Host Site
- Geographical Significance: Japan’s highest peak at 3,776.24 meters, located 100 km southwest of Tokyo.
- Cultural Importance: Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2013) and revered as one of Japan’s “Three Holy Mountains.”
- Training Terrain: Its stratovolcanic landscape provides a realistic backdrop for high-altitude and rugged terrain operations.
Related India-Japan Military Exercises
India and Japan conduct a wide spectrum of bilateral and multilateral defense exercises across all services:
Exercise Name Service Branch Focus Area
Dharma Guardian Army Land-based counter-terror and urban warfare
JIMEX Navy Naval interoperability and maritime security
Malabar (Quad) Navy (Multilateral) Naval drills with US and Australia
Veer Guardian Air Force Air combat tactics and coordination
ShinyuuMaitri Air Force Air mobility and humanitarian operations
Aero India 2025
- 20 Feb 2025
In News:
Aero India 2025, the 15th edition of Asia's largest biennial airshow, is scheduled to take place from February 10 to 14, 2025, at the Air Force Station, Yelahanka, in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
Organized by the Defence Exhibition Organisation under the Ministry of Defence, with support from HAL, DRDO, and the Indian Air Force, the event showcases India's growing prowess in aerospace, aviation, and defense technologies.
Key Highlights:
Edition: 15th (First held in 1996; originally Avia India in 1993)
Theme: “The Runway to a Billion Opportunities”
Conclave Theme: “BRIDGE – Building Resilience through International Defence and Global Engagement”
Objectives and Significance
- Promote Indigenous Manufacturing: In alignment with ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’, the show promotes domestic aerospace and defense production.
- Showcase Technological Advancements: Cutting-edge systems including fighter jets, helicopters, UAVs, and AI-integrated defense solutions will be exhibited.
- Encourage Global Partnerships: Facilitates joint ventures, MoUs, and technology transfers between Indian and foreign defense firms.
- Boost Strategic Diplomacy: A platform for global defense ministers, CEOs, and military leaders to foster bilateral and multilateral defense ties.
- Stimulate Investment: Attracts FDI and international contracts in India’s defense sector.
Key Events
- Live Aerial Displays: Aerobatic performances by combat aircraft, helicopters, and elite teams like Surya Kiran.
- Defense Ministers’ Conclave: Deliberations on enhancing international defense cooperation.
- CEO Roundtable: Industry leaders discuss emerging trends and investment prospects.
- Manthan/iDEX Pavilion: Showcasing start-up innovations in defense and aerospace.
- India Pavilion: A dedicated zone for indigenous defense production and capabilities.
- International Seminar (Feb 8–9): Focused on Futuristic Aerospace Technologies and related R&D challenges.
Strategic Role of Aero India
Aero India plays a pivotal role in:
- Supporting Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) procurements.
- Demonstrating India's readiness as a global defense manufacturing hub.
- Enhancing India’s geopolitical standing by fostering defense diplomacy through multilateral engagement.
Climate Risk Index 2025
- 19 Feb 2025
In News:
- The Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025, published by the international environmental think tank Germanwatch, ranks countries based on their vulnerability to extreme weather events, assessing both human and economic losses due to climate-induced disasters.
- The index, which has been released annually since 2006, covers a 30-year period, evaluating the impact of extreme weather events in terms of economic losses, fatalities, and the number of affected people.
Key Findings:
- Global Impact: From 1993 to 2022, more than 9,400 extreme weather events occurred globally, resulting in 765,000 fatalities and USD 4.2 trillion in economic losses. Heatwaves, droughts, and floods were the leading causes of fatalities and displacement, with heatwaves alone claiming 61,778 lives (83% of fatalities) in 2022. Droughts affected the largest number of people, with 59% of the global population impacted during the past three decades.
- India's Position: India ranks as the 6th most affected country in the world by climate change between 1993 and 2022, suffering significant losses. During this period, the country experienced over 400 extreme weather events, including floods, heatwaves, cyclones, and droughts, causing a loss of USD 180 billion in economic damages and leading to at least 80,000 fatalities (10% of global deaths).
Some notable extreme weather events include:
-
- Cyclones: Gujarat (1998), Odisha (1999), Hudhud (2014), and Amphan (2020).
- Floods: Uttarakhand (2013), Jammu and Kashmir (2014), and Kerala (2018).
- Heatwaves: Intense temperatures exceeding 50°C in 1998, 2002, 2003, and 2015.
Methodology of the Climate Risk Index
The CRI assesses the impact of extreme weather events across three hazard categories:
- Hydrological (floods, landslides),
- Meteorological (storms, cyclones),
- Climatological (heatwaves, droughts).
The six key indicators used for the ranking are:
- Economic loss
- Fatalities
- Affecting population, assessed in both absolute and relative terms.
Climate Risk and Its Implications for India
India’s vulnerability to climate change is highlighted by frequent and intense extreme weather events. The country faces risks from:
- Floods: Regular heavy monsoons lead to significant displacement and damage to infrastructure and agriculture.
- Cyclones: Rising sea levels and warming oceans increase the frequency and intensity of cyclones.
- Heatwaves: India experiences rising temperatures, with heatwaves becoming more intense, contributing to health crises.
- Droughts: A growing concern, affecting agriculture and water resources.
Additionally, the Asia-Pacific Climate Report 2024 projects that India may face a 24.7% GDP loss by 2070 due to climate change impacts, driven by rising sea levels and decreasing labor productivity.
Global Challenges in Climate Change Mitigation
- Historical Responsibility vs. Future Emissions: Developed nations, despite having contributed more to global emissions historically, are pressuring emerging economies like India to take greater responsibility for climate action. This has led to tensions over burden-sharing and the need for climate finance.
- Global Temperature Breach: In 2024, the world breached the 1.5°C threshold for a full year, highlighting the inadequacy of current mitigation efforts. Projections indicate a global temperature increase of 2.6-3.1°C by 2100 if current trends continue.
- Weak Commitments and Insufficient Finance: Many countries have not updated their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and the USD 300 billion annual funding promised for developing nations is insufficient to meet climate adaptation and mitigation needs.
India's Climate Adaptation Challenges and Suggestions
India faces several climate adaptation challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, insufficient funding, and a lack of robust policy frameworks for disaster risk management. To enhance adaptation efforts, the following measures are suggested:
- Enhanced Climate Finance: Developing countries need greater financial and technical support to manage and adapt to climate-induced losses.
- Strengthening Mitigation Efforts: Nations, including India, must scale up their NDCs to restrict global warming to 1.5°C or lower.
- Accountability of High-Income Countries: Developed nations must expedite mitigation actions and increase financial contributions to support climate-vulnerable countries like India.
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)
- 19 Feb 2025
In News:
The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) has announced plans to establish 50 Future Skills Centres (FSCs) and 10 NSDC International Academies to enhance skill development and improve workforce readiness in India. This initiative aims to address the country's growing demand for skilled professionals, particularly in emerging technologies and international markets.
About NSDC
- NSDC is a not-for-profit public limited company set up to promote skill development across India.
- It operates under the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
- Established on July 31, 2008, NSDC was founded as a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 (now Section 8 under the 2013 Act).
- The corporation operates with a 49% government stake and 51% private sector participation, ensuring a balanced approach to skill development through public and private sector collaboration.
Key Objectives of NSDC
- Bridging the Skill Gap: NSDC aims to fill the gap between industry requirements and the available workforce by providing industry-relevant training. This enhances workforce employability and supports the growth of the Indian economy.
- Financial Support for Enterprises: NSDC provides funding and concessional loans to enterprises, start-ups, and training organizations to expand their operations and develop a skilled workforce.
- Skilling the Workforce for Emerging Technologies: The corporation focuses on upskilling individuals in emerging technologies to make them market-ready.
Key Functions of NSDC
- Skill Development & Training: NSDC provides vocational training and certification across emerging technologies to align the workforce with current industry needs, ensuring that individuals are equipped with the necessary skills to succeed in the job market.
- Apprenticeship & Job Training: Under the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), NSDC trains around 5 million apprentices by disbursing ?100,250 million for skill-based learning, giving them hands-on experience and industry exposure.
- Digital & Remote Skilling: Through the Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH), NSDC offers over 7,100 courses in 23 languages, catering to 30 crore candidates. These online courses provide accessibility to skill development programs across the country, particularly for individuals in remote and rural areas.
- Job & Career Support: NSDC runs JobX, a platform that connects job seekers with potential employers. This platform offers services such as resume building, career coaching, and placement assistance, having already supported 4 million candidates in securing jobs.
New Initiatives by NSDC
To further strengthen India’s skill ecosystem, NSDC is establishing 50 Future Skills Centres (FSCs) and 10 NSDC International Academies. These initiatives will focus on:
- Future Skills Centres: These centers will offer training in emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, data science, cybersecurity, and robotics, ensuring that India's workforce is prepared for future job markets.
- International Academies: The academies will focus on global skill standards and international certifications, enhancing the employability of Indian workers in global markets.
Gulf of Eilat
- 19 Feb 2025
In News:
A new study has revealed that the coral reefs in the Gulf of Eilat (also known as the Gulf of Aqaba) faced a 3,000-year growth shutdown due to global cooling. However, these reefs later recovered naturally from deeper waters, demonstrating resilience in the face of environmental changes.
About the Gulf of Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba)
- Location: The Gulf of Eilat is a northern extension of the Red Sea, positioned east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian Peninsula. It is strategically significant and is also known as the Gulf of Aqaba.
- Neighbouring Nations: The Gulf shares its coastline with four countries: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.
- Geographical Features:
- The Gulf includes important cities like Taba (Egypt), Eilat (Israel), and Aqaba (Jordan), all located at the Gulf’s northernmost point.
- It has a maximum depth of 1,850 meters, making it much deeper than the adjacent Gulf of Suez.
- The Gulf forms the southern end of the Dead Sea Transform, a significant tectonic fault zone, contributing to its unique geological and environmental features.
- Coral Ecosystem: The Gulf of Eilat is home to the world’s northernmost coral reefs. Despite facing various environmental challenges, these reefs have shown remarkable resilience over the years, highlighting their ability to adapt to changing conditions.
Environmental Challenges and Recovery
- The 3,000-year growth shutdown of the coral reefs in the Gulf of Eilat was primarily driven by global cooling. This climatic phenomenon significantly impacted the growth of the reefs, causing a temporary halt in their development. However, the coral ecosystems in the Gulf have since recovered naturally, drawing from deeper waters to rebuild and thrive once again.
- This recovery underscores the resilience of coral ecosystems despite adverse environmental conditions. It also provides valuable insights into how these ecosystems can recover when given the opportunity, even after significant disruptions caused by global climate changes.
Implications for Coral Reef Conservation
- The study's findings emphasize the importance of understanding the adaptive capacity of coral reefs, which are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change.
- The ability of coral reefs in the Gulf of Eilat to recover after a prolonged period of cooling demonstrates that marine ecosystems can endure long-term environmental stress if they are allowed to regenerate naturally.
- This has significant implications for global coral conservation efforts, which must focus on creating conditions that allow reefs to adapt and recover from environmental stresses, including global warming, ocean acidification, and pollution.
- The Gulf of Eilat’s coral reefs provide an important case study for understanding ecological resilience and the potential for natural recovery in marine ecosystems.
NAMASTE Scheme
- 19 Feb 2025
In News:
The National Action for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) scheme, launched by the Government of India, aims to empower sanitation workers, particularly Sewer and Septic Tank Workers (SSWs), also known as SafaiMitras.
Key Highlights:
- It focuses on ensuring their dignity, safety, and economic empowerment, while promoting the mechanization of sanitation processes.
- The scheme is designed to address the challenges faced by these workers, who are often exposed to hazardous conditions.
Objectives of the NAMASTE Scheme
The primary objectives of the NAMASTE scheme include:
- Formalization of sanitation work and enhancing occupational safety.
- Promotion of mechanized cleaning techniques to reduce manual interventions.
- Providing personal protective equipment (PPE) and other safety devices to workers.
- Ensuring economic and social empowerment of sanitation workers.
Implementing Agencies and Timeline
- The NAMASTE Scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
- The scheme is executed by the National SafaiKaramcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC), under MoSJE.
- The scheme is scheduled for implementation from FY 2023-24 to 2025-26, with a target group comprising sewer workers, septic tank workers, and waste pickers (the latter being added in 2024).
Key Initiatives Under NAMASTE
- Distribution of PPE Kits: Under the scheme, PPE kits are provided to sanitation workers to safeguard them from health hazards, especially while working in unsafe environments like sewer lines and septic tanks. These kits include masks, gloves, goggles, face shields, gowns, and shoe covers.
- Ayushman Health Cards: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) health cards are distributed to SSWs under the scheme. These cards enable workers to access cashless healthcare at empaneled hospitals, ensuring that sanitation workers receive timely medical attention without financial burden.
- Capacity Building and Training: The scheme promotes capacity building for SSWs through training programs on safety protocols, mechanized cleaning processes, and the use of modern sanitation technologies. This helps improve the efficiency and safety of their work, while also reducing manual handling.
- Promoting Mechanization: To reduce the hazardous practice of manual scavenging, the scheme focuses on providing mechanized equipment to enhance sanitation operations and create safer working conditions for workers.
Surge in Colorectal Diseases in India
- 19 Feb 2025
In News:
In recent years, India has witnessed a marked increase in colorectal diseases, including colorectal cancer, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), and other related disorders. This surge is closely linked to urbanization, dietary transitions, sedentary lifestyles, and improved diagnostic practices.
What are Colorectal Diseases?
Colorectal diseases affect the colon and rectum and encompass a spectrum of conditions:
- Colorectal Cancer: Originates from polyps in the colon or rectum. If untreated, these polyps can turn malignant. The incidence of colorectal cancer is rising rapidly in Indian urban centers, now ranking among the top cancers in cities.
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A chronic condition involving inflammation of the digestive tract, especially the colon and small intestine. Subtypes include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Once rare in India, IBD is now on the rise due to industrialization, Western diets, and enhanced medical diagnostics.
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A non-inflammatory, functional bowel disorder marked by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea) without visible bowel damage. IBS is highly prevalent in India.
- Diverticular Disease: Characterized by the formation of small pouches (diverticula) in the colon wall. Inflammation or infection of these pouches leads to complications and discomfort.
- Hemorrhoids and Anal Fissures: Swollen veins or tears in the rectal region, leading to pain, bleeding, and itching—often caused by hard stools or chronic constipation.
Why are these diseases increasing?
- Dietary Shifts: Increased intake of processed foods, red meat, and low-fiber diets (lacking fruits and vegetables) have significantly raised the risk of colorectal cancer and other digestive disorders.
- Physical Inactivity: Sedentary behavior, especially in urban populations, heightens susceptibility to these conditions.
- Rising Obesity: Obesity, closely associated with lifestyle disorders, is a contributing factor for colorectal cancer and IBS.
- Ageing Population: Risk increases with age, and India’s growing elderly demographic intensifies disease burden.
- Genetic and Lifestyle Factors: A family history of colorectal conditions, coupled with habits like smoking and alcohol consumption, further elevate risk levels.
- Gut Microbiota Disruption: Imbalance in gut bacteria and possible infections are emerging as factors in the etiology of IBD; ongoing research aims to establish clearer links.
Common Symptoms
- Persistent changes in bowel habits: constipation, diarrhea, or narrow stools.
- Rectal bleeding: presence of bright red or dark blood in the stool.
- Abdominal pain, bloating, or cramps.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Chronic fatigue and weakness.
- Sensation of incomplete bowel emptying.
Diagnosis
- Physical Examination and clinical history evaluation.
- Stool Tests for blood, infections, or abnormalities.
- Colonoscopy (gold-standard diagnostic tool) to inspect the colon and collect biopsies.
- Sigmoidoscopy for lower colon and rectum.
- Imaging: CT, MRI, or X-rays to detect abnormalities.
- Blood Tests to assess inflammation and exclude other conditions.
Treatment Modalities
- Medication: Anti-inflammatory drugs (for IBD), antibiotics, pain relief, and symptom-specific treatments.
- Lifestyle Interventions: High-fiber diets (for IBS, diverticulitis), regular physical activity, and stress reduction.
- Surgery: Required in advanced cases of colorectal cancer or severe IBD/diverticular disease.
- Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy: Used post-operatively or in advanced malignancies.
- Targeted Biological Therapies: Including monoclonal antibodies for immune modulation in IBD.
Mount Etna Eruption 2025
- 18 Feb 2025
In News:
On February 12, 2025, Mount Etna, Europe's tallest and most active volcano, erupted once again, spewing lava flows and dense ash clouds into the atmosphere. The event drew attention not just due to its visual spectacle, but also because of the geological, environmental, and socio-economic implications it carries.
About Mount Etna
- Location: Eastern coast of Sicily, Italy — the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
- Type:Active stratovolcano, known for frequent eruptions.
- Height & Size: Highest peak south of the Alps and tallest active volcano in Europe; rises over 3,300 meters and covers 1,190 sq. km with a basal circumference of 140 km.
- Tectonic Setting: Lies above the convergent boundary of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, making it a hotspot for seismic and volcanic activity.
- Eruption History: Recorded to have erupted over 200 times since 1500 BCE, with persistent volcanic activity.
- UNESCO Recognition: Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013 for its exceptional geological features, cultural relevance, and continuous scientific monitoring.
- Decade Volcano Status: Designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations due to its proximity to densely populated areas, including the city of Catania, and the potential risk it poses, warranting special scientific attention.
Dokra Artwork
- 18 Feb 2025
In News:
During a recent diplomatic visit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi gifted French President Emmanuel Macron and the First Lady symbolic Indian artifacts — a Dokra artwork and a silver hand-engraved mirror — showcasing India’s rich heritage of tribal and fine metal craftsmanship.
Key Highlights:
Dokra Art: A Living Tradition
- Dokra, also known as Dhokra, is a non-ferrous metal casting craft that employs the lost-wax technique, practiced for over 4,000 years.
- It is predominantly practiced by Ojha metalsmiths and DhokraDamar tribes, across Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Telangana.
- Notable for its seamless brass sculptures, each Dokra artifact is cast using a single-use clay and wax mould, ensuring that no two pieces are identical.
- Dokra items include figurines, utensils, jewelry, and religious motifs, often reflecting tribal life and nature.
Historical Significance:
- The “Dancing Girl” of Mohenjo-Daro (from the Harappan Civilization) is considered one of the earliest examples of Dokra-style metal casting, underlining its archaeological and civilizational importance.
Craftsmanship Features:
- The casting process takes nearly a month per piece, reflecting the labour-intensive and skilled nature of the art.
- Dokra is globally recognized for its sustainability, aesthetic uniqueness, and its ability to merge function with folklore.
Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY)
- 18 Feb 2025
In News:
Announced in Union Budget 2025, the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY) aims to boost agricultural productivity, sustainability, and rural income in India’s lagging agricultural regions.
Inspired by the Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP), PMDKY targets 100 districts marked by low productivity, moderate cropping intensity, and limited credit access, benefiting approximately 1.7 crore farmers.
Key Highlights:
Objectives:
- Enhancing Agricultural Productivity:Promote scientific techniques and modern farming to improve crop yield and land use efficiency.
- Crop Diversification & Sustainable Practices:Encourage climate-resilient and eco-friendly farming methods, reducing dependence on water-intensive crops.
- Post-Harvest Infrastructure Development:Establish storage and agro-processing units at panchayat and block levels to reduce post-harvest losses (currently ~35-40%).
- Improving Irrigation Efficiency:Support micro-irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler systems to raise water-use efficiency from the current 38%.
- Expanding Agricultural Credit:Facilitate short- and long-term institutional credit, especially through the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) and agri-fintech models.
Implementation Framework:
- Targeted District Identification:Based on cropping intensity, productivity, and credit penetration, using data from the Ministry of Agriculture, NABARD, and Department of Financial Services.
- Integrated Funding Approach:Leverages existing schemes like RKVY, PMKSY, NFSM, and SMAM through convergence for efficient fund utilization.
- Institutional Mechanism:Multi-tier coordination involving the Centre, States, and District-level authorities for implementation and real-time performance tracking.
- Technology Integration:GIS mapping, AI advisories, blockchain for supply chain transparency, and sensor-based monitoring for precision agriculture.
- Farmer Empowerment:Strengthening Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to support knowledge dissemination, skill development, and market access.
Strategic Significance of PMDKY:
- Bridging Regional Disparities:Targets structurally weak districts to ensure balanced regional growth in agriculture.
- Food and Water Security:Supports climate-resilient farming amid rising rainfall variability (+15–20% by 2050) and increasing water scarcity (55% of agriculture is rainfed).
- Boosting Rural Incomes:Aimed at transforming smallholder agriculture, as ~80% of Indian farmers are marginal with an average income of ?1.2 lakh annually.
- Reducing Post-Harvest Losses:Addresses infrastructural bottlenecks causing 35–40% losses, especially in perishables like fruits and vegetables.
India–US TRUST Initiative
- 18 Feb 2025
In News:
India and the United States launched the Transforming Relationship Utilizing Strategic Technology (TRUST) initiative during the Indian Prime Minister’s 2025 visit to the US. This landmark partnership aims to strengthen bilateral cooperation across critical and emerging technology sectors, diversify global supply chains, and reduce dependence on China in strategic industries.
Key Objectives and Scope of the TRUST Initiative
The TRUST initiative is a comprehensive framework focused on:
- Critical Minerals and Advanced Materials
- Establishing resilient supply chains for critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements (REEs)—vital for sectors like defense, semiconductors, clean energy, and electric vehicles (EVs).
- Launch of the Strategic Mineral Recovery Programme to recover and process critical minerals from industrial waste.
- Joint R&D and investment under the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) and Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN).
- India to scale up exploration, processing, and recycling of critical minerals under the National Critical Minerals Mission (2025–31) with a ?16,300 crore outlay.
- Pharmaceutical Sector Collaboration
- Reducing India’s reliance on China for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) through alternative supply chains and expanded API manufacturing.
- Encouraging investment in Indian pharma production, including facilities in the US.
- Pharma formed 21.9% of India’s $20 billion consumer goods exports to the US in 2023.
- High-Tech and Emerging Technologies
- Joint R&D in semiconductors, AI, quantum computing, space, defense, biotechnology, and energy.
- U.S.-India AI Roadmap to be finalized by 2025, including data center infrastructure, processor access, and AI applications.
- Facilitating innovation through academic, industrial, and government collaboration.
- Technology Transfer and Trade Facilitation
- Easing export controls and restrictions to foster high-tech trade.
- Enabling smoother cross-border technology flows and investment under mechanisms like the CHIPS Act (ITSI Fund).
Associated Initiatives Enhancing TRUST
- iCET (Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies) – Launched in 2022, focuses on bilateral cooperation in semiconductors, AI, quantum, and wireless tech with defense applications.
- INDUS-X – Defense innovation initiative involving India’s iDEX and the US Defense Innovation Unit (DIU), emphasizing secure chip designs and green energy.
- CHIPS Act Collaboration – ITSI Fund supports India's semiconductor capacity through funding for R&D and infrastructure.
Strategic Significance
- Reducing China Dependence:China dominates ~70% of global REE production. TRUST helps India and the US build alternative, secure supply chains.
- Boosting Atmanirbhar Bharat:TRUST supports India’s goals under the National Critical Minerals Mission to become self-reliant in key strategic sectors.
- Enhancing Tech and Defense Capability:Ensures timely access to rare materials essential for missiles, radars, fighter jets, AI hardware, and quantum computing.
- Strengthening Pharma and Health Security:Addresses global API shortages and reduces vulnerability in critical drug manufacturing.
- Promoting Clean Energy Transition:Secures supply of minerals like lithium and cobalt essential for battery production and renewable energy tech.
- Fostering Innovation and Investment:Encourages private sector collaboration and US investments in India’s tech, mineral, and pharma sectors.
Current Status of India’s Critical Minerals Ecosystem
- Imports: India is a net importer of most critical minerals; import bill (FY24) stood at approx. ?30,000 crore.
- Exports: India remains a net exporter in rare earths.
- Budgetary Allocation (2025–31):
- ?7,000 crore for exploration.
- ?1,500 crore for recycling incentives.
MITRA Platform
- 18 Feb 2025
ecosystem, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has launched a new digital platform—MITRA (Mutual Fund Investment Tracing and Retrieval Assistant).
Key Features:
- Objective:MITRA aims to help investors trace, identify, and reclaim inactive or unclaimed mutual fund folios, while ensuring KYC (Know Your Customer) compliance under prevailing regulatory norms.
- Developed by:The platform has been developed at an industry level by the two Qualified Registrar and Transfer Agents (QRTAs) —
- Computer Age Management Services Ltd. (CAMS)
- KFIN Technologies Ltd.
These firms serve as agents of Asset Management Companies (AMCs).
- Hosted by:The platform is hosted jointly by CAMS and KFIN Technologies to serve as a centralized, searchable database for inactive and unclaimed mutual fund folios across the industry.
- Functions:
- Enables investors to search for overlooked investments or investments made in their name by others.
- Facilitates rightful legal claims by heirs or nominees.
- Encourages KYC compliance, thus reducing the number of non-KYC compliant folios.
- Aims to minimize the risks of fraudulent redemptions linked to dormant folios.
- Supports the creation of a transparent financial ecosystem by reducing unclaimed investments.
Definition of Inactive Folio:
- A mutual fund folio is considered inactive when no investor-initiated financial or non-financial transactions have occurred for ten consecutive years, even though the folio holds units.
Institutional Measures:
- Unit Holder Protection Committee (UHPC):SEBI has broadened the role of the UHPC under mutual fund regulations. The committee is now tasked with monitoring inactive folios, unclaimed dividends, and pending redemptions, ensuring proactive steps are taken for investor protection.
- Stakeholder Involvement:SEBI has directed AMCs, RTAs, Registered Investment Advisers (RIAs), the Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI), and mutual fund distributors to actively promote awareness regarding MITRA among investors.
FulaniCommunity
- 17 Feb 2025
In News:
The Fulani, one of Africa’s largest and most dispersed ethnic communities, trace their ancestry to the ‘Green Sahara’ period (12,000–5,000 years ago), according to recent genetic and anthropological research. This period, when the Sahara was a fertile, habitable landscape, marks the early development of African pastoralism.
The Fulani population is estimated at 40 million, spread across West and Central Africa, from Senegal and Guinea in the west to Lake Chad in the east. They are particularly concentrated in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea, Senegal, and Niger, and inhabit the Sahel-Savannah belt, straddling arid and semi-arid regions.
Nomadic Lifestyle and Social Structure
Traditionally known for their nomadic pastoralism, the Fulani have maintained a unique socio-cultural identity despite centuries of migration and contact with other African populations. Their society is internally diverse, divided into three main groups:
- Makiyaya: Nomadic herders
- FulaninSoro: Town dwellers
- Bararo: Forest dwellers, with strong ties to ancestral rituals and nature-based belief systems
Fulani communities are largely egalitarian, with a deep emphasis on kinship, family structure, and communal responsibility. Polygamy is widely practiced, and marriage ceremonies are elaborate, often involving intricate rituals and festive celebrations.
Women’s Role and Cultural Expression
Fulani women are recognized for their weaving, artisanal craftsmanship, and particularly their hairstyles, which are often elaborately styled and adorned with beads and cowrie shells—symbols of both identity and aesthetic tradition.
Linguistic and Religious Identity
The Fulani speak Fula (also called Fulfulde or Pulaar), a language belonging to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Though largely Muslim, many retain spiritual connections with nature-based traditions, particularly among the Bararo groups.
Genetic Heritage and Historical Significance
A recent multinational study led by Uppsala University and Charles University analyzed biological and anthropological data from 460 Fulani individuals across 18 locations in seven African countries. It confirmed a complex genetic history, shaped by:
- Ancient North African ancestry, particularly linked to populations akin to modern-day Berbers of Morocco
- Historical interactions with West, Central, and East African communities
- A shared ancestral genetic component, likely rooted in early pastoral communities of the Green Sahara era
The research underscores that despite their high mobility and limited archaeological footprint, the Fulani have preserved a distinct genetic and cultural identity for millennia.
Fishery Survey of India (FSI)
- 17 Feb 2025
In News:
A landmark deep-sea fishing expedition by the Fishery Survey of India (FSI) has led to the discovery of previously underexploited fishing grounds in the Arabian Sea, offering significant promise for India’s marine resource sustainability, food security, and fishermen’s livelihoods.
Key Highlights of the Expedition
- Conducted by: Fishery Survey of India (FSI), under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying
- Supported by: Pradhan Mantri MatsyaSampada Yojana (PMMSY)
- Geographic Scope: Waters between Kollam (Kerala) and Goa, at depths of 300–540 meters
- Location: Approx. 100–120 nautical miles off India’s western coast
- Catch Rate: Average Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) recorded at 150–300 kg/hr
- Timing: No significant difference observed in catches between day and night
Marine Biodiversity of the New Grounds
The discovered ecosystem harbors rich and diverse marine life, including:
- Commercially Important Crustaceans:
- Humpback nylon shrimp
- Arabian red shrimp
- Deep sea mud shrimp
- Deepwater spiny lobster
- Deep sea squat lobster
- Cephalopods:
- Opisthoteuthis species
- Octopoteuthissicula
- Diverse Deep-Sea Fishes:
- Froghead eel, Rosy cod, Snake mackerel, Sackfish
- Royal escolar, Bandfishes, Duckbill flathead
- Splendid alfonsino, Myctiophids, Shadow driftfish
- Spinyjawgreeneye, Shortfin neoscopelid, Stargazers
- Elasmobranchs (Cartilaginous Fishes):
- Sicklefin chimaera, Pygmy ribbontail catshark
- Bramble shark, Indian swellshark, Travancore skate
Significance for India’s Fisheries Sector
- Reduces Pressure on Coastal Fisheries: Coastal resources are under stress from overfishing, habitat degradation, and climate change. Deep-sea grounds offer a sustainable alternative.
- Supports Blue Economy Goals: Enhances India’s capacity to sustainably exploit its vast Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
- Economic Benefits: Aligns with the government’s goal of doubling fishermen’s income and generating employment in marine-based livelihoods.
- Scientific Value: Contributes to marine biodiversity documentation and ecosystem-based fisheries management.
14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (14AFAF)
- 17 Feb 2025
In News:
India is set to host the 14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (14AFAF) from February 12–14, 2025, at the ICAR Convention Centre, Pusa Campus, New Delhi.
Key Highlights
- This triennial international event—organized by the Asian Fisheries Society (AFS), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Department of Fisheries (DoF), and AFS Indian Branch (AFSIB)—is themed "Greening the Blue Growth in Asia-Pacific".
- It aims to promote sustainable, inclusive, and innovation-driven development in the fisheries and aquaculture sector.
- Previous Indian Host: India is hosting the AFAF for the second time, the first being the 8th AFAF in Kochi (2007).
- Legacy: AFAF, headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, has been a leading platform for fostering global cooperation in fisheries and aquaculture since its inception.
India's Role and Significance
- India ranks second globally in total fish production and aquaculture output, underlining its emerging leadership in the blue economy.
- The forum presents a strategic opportunity to:
- Showcase India’s technological and policy advancements.
- Strengthen international collaborations.
- Promote sustainable, resilient, and globally competitive aquaculture systems.
Forum Structure and Thematic Sessions
The event will feature 20+ technical sessions and keynote presentations by international experts, focusing on priority areas such as:
- Sustainable Fisheries Management:Emphasis on responsible fishing, biodiversity preservation, and efficient resource utilization.
- Climate Change and Fisheries:Addressing climate impacts on aquatic ecosystems and developing adaptive strategies.
- Smart Aquaculture & Technology:Integration of AI, IoT, and blockchain to enhance fish farming efficiency and monitoring.
- Fish Genetics & Biotechnology:Innovations for disease resistance, improved yields, and genetic advancements.
- Post-Harvest and Value Addition:Improving fish quality, market access, and export competitiveness through better processing techniques.
Crocodile Catfish
- 17 Feb 2025
In News:
The recent discovery of the Crocodile Catfish (Bagariussuchus) in the Bahini River near Basistha, Guwahati, Assam, has garnered attention from conservationists and ecologists alike. As one of the largest freshwater catfish species in Asia, its presence in Indian waters raises both scientific interest and ecological concerns.
Taxonomy and Distribution
- Scientific Name: Bagariussuchus
- Family: Sisoridae – the largest family of Asian catfishes, widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia.
- Common Names: Asian Giant River Catfish, Crocodile Goonch Catfish, Giant Devil Catfish
- Geographical Range: Native to countries including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand.
Habitat and Morphological Features
- Natural Habitat: Prefers fast-flowing rivers, deep pools, turbulent rapids, and areas with rocky or gravelly substrates.
- Often found among boulders, submerged roots, and debris, thriving in cool, oxygen-rich waters.
- Physical Description:
- Long, cylindrical body with a broad head and wide mouth.
- Typicallydark brown to black, with irregular patches or spots for camouflage.
- Dorsal fin is elongated, stretching along most of the back.
- Size: Can grow up to 1.5 meters in length and weigh over 50 kilograms, though smaller specimens (~70 cm) are also observed.
Behaviour and Ecology
- Feeding Habits: A carnivorous predator, feeding on smaller fish, crustaceans, and aquatic invertebrates.
- Known for its voracious appetite, capable of consuming prey nearly its own size.
- Most active during evening or nighttime, making it a nocturnal feeder.
- Sexual Dimorphism: Males are generally slimmer and may exhibit slightly brighter coloration than females.
Ecological Concerns
- The discovery of the Crocodile Catfish in a non-native region like the Bahini River raises concerns about its invasive potential.
- It can threaten native aquatic biodiversity by preying on indigenous species and disturbing the ecological balance.
- Overfeeding and rapid proliferation can degrade water quality and disrupt food chains.
Conservation Status
- IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (NT): This status reflects concerns about habitat degradation, overfishing, and ecological displacement, which may impact population stability across its range.
India Gas Market Report: Outlook to 2030
- 17 Feb 2025
In News:
The International Energy Agency (IEA), in its report “India Gas Market Report: Outlook to 2030”, has highlighted the transformative potential of natural gas in India’s energy transition.
As India aims to raise the share of natural gas in its primary energy mix from ~6% to 15% by 2030, the report outlines a roadmap for achieving this goal through policy reforms, infrastructure expansion, and market liberalization.
Current Status and Future Outlook
- Demand Growth: India's natural gas consumption is projected to increase by 60%, reaching 103 billion cubic meters (bcm) by 2030. The City Gas Distribution (CGD) sector, which supplies gas to households, transport, and industries, will drive this growth.
- Domestic Production: India produced 35 bcm in 2023, with the Krishna-Godavari deepwater fields contributing a quarter. Production is expected to reach just under 38 bcm by 2030, a modest 8% increase.
- Import Dependency: With domestic supply growth lagging behind demand, LNG imports are expected to more than double, from ~30 bcm in 2023 to around 65 bcm by 2030. India is already the fourth-largest LNG importer globally.
Infrastructure Expansion
India’s natural gas infrastructure has undergone rapid growth:
- Since 2019, the number of CNG stations quadrupled and residential gas connections more than doubled.
- The gas transmission pipeline network expanded by 40%, with another 50% expansion expected by 2030.
- CGD infrastructure is poised for a further boom, supporting increased consumption in urban areas.
Sectoral Trends
- Industry: Heavy industry and manufacturing are expected to add 15 bcm to gas demand by 2030.
- Refining: Gas use in refineries will rise by over 4 bcm as more refineries get connected.
- Transport: Greater CNG adoption, if incentivized, could significantly reduce vehicular emissions.
Challenges Hindering Growth
- Price Distortion: Prices from legacy fields are capped (e.g., USD 6.5–10 per MMBtu), limiting true market-based discovery.
- Monopoly in Transport & Marketing: GAIL’s dominance in both gas marketing and pipeline ownership creates potential conflicts of interest.
- Storage Limitations: India lacks underground gas storage (UGS) and has limited LNG storage capacity, affecting supply security.
- Policy and Regulatory Gaps: Inadequate third-party access and fragmented pricing/taxation systems reduce investor confidence.
Policy Recommendations by IEA
- Gas Pricing Freedom:
- Implement full pricing freedom, in line with Kirit Parekh Committee (2022) recommendations.
- Initially lift ceilings on high-cost deepwater and ultra-deepwater projects.
- Allow producers to sell more output on platforms like the Indian Gas Exchange (IGX).
- Unbundling Supply and Transmission:
- Establish independent gas transmission system operators (TSOs).
- Legally separate marketing from pipeline operations to ensure fair, non-discriminatory access.
- Standardize Gas Sales Agreements (GSAs) and Gas Transmission Agreements (GTAs).
- Infrastructure and Market Development:
- Ensure transparent, regulated third-party access to pipelines.
- Develop strategic gas reserves and expand LNG terminal capacity.
- Improve data transparency on pipeline capacities and tariffs.
- Tax and Regulatory Reforms:
- Harmonize taxes across fuels to create a level playing field.
- Rationalize GST on CNG vehicles and revise import duties on natural gas.
- Offer tax benefits to natural gas similar to electric vehicles to promote adoption.
- Secure Long-Term LNG Contracts:
- With legacy contracts expiring post-2028, proactive procurement is essential to avoid spot market volatility.
Rising Heatwaves in India
- 16 Feb 2025
In News:
India is increasingly facing more frequent, intense, and prolonged heatwaves, posing a significant threat to public health, economic productivity, agricultural stability, andenvironmental sustainability. This trend underscores the broader implications of climate change, particularly for developing economies with large vulnerable populations.
Understanding Heatwaves
A heatwave is defined as a prolonged period of abnormally high temperatures, often accompanied by high humidity. As per the India Meteorological Department (IMD):
- A heatwave is declared when the maximum temperature reaches at least 40°C in plains and 30°C in hilly regions.
- The severity is determined by how much the temperature exceeds the normal.
Impacts of Heatwaves
- Public Health:
- Prolonged heat exposure increases the risk of heatstroke, dehydration, and worsens cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses.
- Vulnerable groups include the elderly, outdoor workers, and those without access to cooling.
- Livelihoods and Employment:
- According to the World Bank, India could lose 34 million jobs by 2030 due to heat-stress-related productivity declines.
- The informal sector and outdoor labourers are especially at risk.
- Agriculture and Food Security:
- Heat stress leads to reduced crop yields, livestock deaths, and increased irrigation demand.
- It threatens the food supply chain and rural incomes.
- Water Scarcity:
- 54% of India’s land is under high to extremely high water stress, as per the World Resources Institute (WRI).
- Heatwaves exacerbate droughts and deplete groundwater sources.
- Environmental Degradation:
- Higher temperatures increase the risk of wildfires, especially in forested and arid zones.
- Ecosystem services and biodiversity are under stress.
- Infrastructure and Energy:
- Rising temperatures lead to increased energy demand for cooling, straining power grids.
- Urban infrastructure suffers due to heat-induced wear and tear.
President’s Rule Imposed in Manipur
- 16 Feb 2025
In News:
On 13th February 2025, President DroupadiMurmu imposed President’s Rule in Manipur under Article 356 of the Constitution, following a report submitted by the State Governor Ajay Kumar Bhalla. The move comes in the wake of a prolonged period of ethnic violence, governance vacuum, and the resignation of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh on 9th February 2025.
Constitutional Provisions:
- Article 356 empowers the President to assume control of a state’s administration if it is determined that the state cannot be governed as per constitutional provisions.
- The Governor’s report or other evidence of breakdown is a prerequisite.
- Under this, the elected state government is dismissed, and the Governor becomes the executive head on behalf of the President.
- The State Legislative Assembly is either dissolved or placed under suspended animation. In Manipur’s case, it is under suspended animation, with its term valid until 2027.
- The proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within two months, and if extended, it can last up to six months at a time, with a maximum duration of three years.
Crisis Background and Ethnic Conflict
Manipur has witnessed an intense ethnic conflict between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities since May 3, 2023. The violence has led to:
- Over 250 people killed, and
- More than 60,000 displaced.
Security concerns and political instability escalated after the Chief Minister’s resignation, with the BJP leadership unable to find a consensus candidate for replacement. The deteriorating law-and-order situation, coupled with governance paralysis, prompted the imposition of President’s Rule.
Security and Migration Concerns
Former CM N. Biren Singh raised alarm over:
- Rising illegal immigration through the 398-km porous border with Myanmar, worsened by the Free Movement Regime (FMR).
- A demographic shift threatening the State’s land, identity, and resources.
- Post-violence governance failure, as state machinery struggled to respond effectively.
He emphasized the need to intensify detection and deportation of illegal immigrants, a concern linked to the root causes of ethnic tension.
Historical Context
- This is not the first time Manipur has come under central rule. The last imposition of President’s Rule in Manipur lasted 277 days, from June 2, 2001 to March 6, 2002.
Devolution Index Report 2024
- 16 Feb 2025
In News:
Recently, the Union Minister of State Prof. S. P. Singh Baghel released the Devolution Index Report at the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), New Delhi.
Titled “Status of Devolution to Panchayats in States – An Indicative Evidence-Based Ranking 2024”, the report assesses the extent of autonomy and empowerment of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) across Indian States and UTs.
Context and Constitutional Framework
The initiative is anchored in the vision of Article 243G of the Constitution and the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, which mandates the devolution of powers, authority, and responsibilities to Panchayats over 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule. It reflects the spirit of grassroots democracy and aims to realize the vision of "Local Self-Government".
Core Objectives and Dimensions of the Index
The Devolution Index provides an evidence-based evaluation of decentralization and self-governance in rural India. It assesses PRIs across six critical dimensions:
- Framework – Legal and institutional setup for decentralization.
- Functions – Scope of responsibilities devolved to Panchayats.
- Finances – Fiscal powers and resource autonomy.
- Functionaries – Availability and control over human resources.
- Capacity Building – Training and skill development mechanisms.
- Accountability – Transparency, audit mechanisms, and citizen participation.
Significance and Policy Implications
- Strengthening Cooperative Federalism: By highlighting inter-state comparisons, the Index fosters competitive federalism in the spirit of collaborative governance.
- Multi-Stakeholder Utility:
- Citizens: Increases transparency in Panchayat functioning and fund utilization.
- Elected Representatives: Offers a data-driven basis for decentralization advocacy.
- Officials & Policymakers: Acts as a policy instrument for reform and targeted capacity building.
- Aligns with National Vision:
- Supports Viksit Bharat goals through ??????????????????????????????? (developed and empowered PRIs).
- Contributes to inclusive rural development and grassroots democratization.
Income-tax Bill, 2025
- 16 Feb 2025
In News:
The Income-tax Bill, 2025, tabled in Parliament on February 13, 2025, seeks to repeal and replace the Income-tax Act, 1961, marking a landmark step in tax law simplification.
It reflects the government's commitment to ease of doing business, legal clarity, and tax compliance, without altering the core tax policy or rate structure.
Guiding Principles
- Textual and structural simplification for better clarity.
- Policy continuity—no major tax policy changes.
- Preservation of existing tax rates for predictability.
Approach and Methodology
- Three-pronged strategy:
- Simplify language and eliminate legalese.
- Remove obsolete, redundant, and repetitive provisions.
- Reorganize the Act for logical and easier navigation.
- Consultative process:
- 20,976 online suggestions received.
- Stakeholder consultations with taxpayers, professionals, and industry bodies.
- International best practices reviewed, notably from Australia and the UK.
Quantitative Simplification
Parameter Income-tax Act, 1961 Income-tax Bill, 2025 Change
Words 5,12,535 2,59,676 ↓ 2,52,859
Chapters 47 23 ↓ 24
Sections 819 536 ↓ 283
Tables 18 57 ↑ 39
Formulae 6 46 ↑ 40
Key Features and Improvements
- Qualitative Enhancements:
- Use of simplified and accessible language.
- Consolidation of amendments to reduce fragmentation.
- Enhanced readability via structured use of tables and formulae.
- Elimination of outdated provisions.
- Introduction of "Tax Year":Defined as the 12-month period beginning April 1, providing better uniformity.
- Crypto as Capital Asset:Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) such as cryptocurrencies included in the definition of "property", now taxable as capital assets.
- Dispute Resolution Clarity:Improved transparency in Dispute Resolution Panel (DRP) procedures by including points of determination and reasoning—addressing a key criticism of ambiguity in the earlier framework.
- Removal of Obsolete Exemptions:Section 54E, providing capital gain exemptions for transfers before April 1992, has been scrapped.
- Expected Timeline:Once enacted, the Income-tax Act, 2025 is proposed to come into effect from April 1, 2026.
Gangasagar Mela
- 16 Feb 2025
In News:
Recently, several Ministers of the West Bengal government gathered at a conference room on Sagar Island, situated at the mouth of the Bay of Bengal — the southernmost tip of the State — to brief mediapersons on the arrangements for the Gangasagar Mela 2025.
Gangasagar Mela: Overview
- Second-largest human congregation in the world, after the Kumbh Mela.
- Held annually on Makar Sankranti (January 14) at the confluence of River Ganga and Bay of Bengal.
- Pilgrims take a holy dip at the confluence; site houses the Kapil Muni Temple.
- In 2025, the West Bengal government claimed over 1.10 crore pilgrims visited.
Location & Geography
- Sagar Island (Sagardwip/Ganga Sagar):
- Located ~120 km from Kolkata.
- Largest island in the Sundarbans archipelago.
- Population: ~2 lakh (2011 Census).
- Classified under the sand group category.
- Accessed by crossing the Muriganga River via ferry.
Climate Change Impact
- Rising sea levels and erosion are threatening Sagar Island:
- Sea has advanced from 1,500 m to 470 m from the Kapil Muni Temple in ~10 years.
- Tidal surge rises from 4.6 m to 7.6 m during high tides.
- Erosion worsened by:
- Mangrove destruction for construction during mela.
- Flattening of sand dunes and vegetation, removing natural barriers.
Environmental Challenges
- Constructions often violate Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) norms (no construction within 500 m of high tide line).
- Beaches have turned muddy, unfit for bathing; pilgrims walk through marshes.
- Concrete embankments, built after removing mangroves, washed away during cyclones.
- Geotextiles used for erosion control are ineffective near the temple due to strong wave action.
Cyclones & Vulnerability
- Recent major cyclones: Yaas (2021), Remal (May 2024), Dana (Oct 2024).
- Local communities frequently displaced; loss of livestock and property reported.
- Rising salinity impacting fish farming and livelihoods.
Socio-Economic Impact
- Youth migration due to lack of job opportunities.
- Local economy disrupted by environmental stress.
- Many locals say the mela offers little direct benefit to them.
Governance and Policy Issues
- West Bengal government spent ~?250 crore in 2024 for mela arrangements.
- Proposed ?4,100 crore World Bank-funded embankment project:
- World Bank: 70% cost; State: 30%.
- Aimed at protecting 52 inhabited islands in Sundarbans.
- Centre-State conflict:
- WB government alleges non-cooperation from the Centre.
- No Central funds provided for the mela, unlike the Kumbh Mela.
- Demand for national mela status for Gangasagar.
Cultural and Political Dimensions
- Religious significance emphasized by Shankaracharya of Puri.
- Soft Hindutva strategy attributed to West Bengal’s ruling party (TMC).
- Political undertones visible in temple construction and event promotion.
UDAN 5.5 – Advancing Last-Mile Air Connectivity
- 15 Feb 2025
In News:
- The Government of India has launched UDAN 5.5, the latest phase of its flagship regional air connectivity scheme UDAN (UdeDesh ka AamNaagrik).
- It aims to enhance last-mile air connectivity in remote, hilly, and island regions using smaller aircraft, helicopters, and seaplanes.
About UDAN Scheme
- Launched: 2016, under the National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP).
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation.
- Purpose: To make air travel affordable, accessible, and widespread, especially in Tier-2 and Tier-3 towns.
Objectives
- Provide affordable air travel to the common citizen.
- Improve air connectivity in unserved and underserved regions.
- Promote regional development and economic integration.
Key Features
- Fare Cap: ?2,500 per hour of flight for 50% of seats (about 500 km distance).
- Viability Gap Funding (VGF):
- Provided to airlines to cover shortfalls between operational cost and revenue.
- Financed via Regional Connectivity Fund (RCF).
- Government Contribution to VGF:
- State Governments: 20%
- Union Territories & North-Eastern Region (NER) States: 10%
- Support Measures: Concessions from Central/State Governments and airport operators.
Special Variants Under UDAN
- Lifeline UDAN: For transporting medical cargo during COVID-19.
- Krishi UDAN: For agricultural produce value realization, especially from NER and tribal districts.
- International UDAN: To connect NER cities like Guwahati and Imphal with international destinations.
UDAN 5.5 – Key Highlights
- Focuses on last-mile connectivity in challenging terrains where traditional aviation is impractical.
- Aircraft Types Allowed:
- Category 1A: < 9 seats
- Category 1: < 20 seats
- Operational Modes:
- Seaplanes: Use of 80 water bodies including waterdromes, ponds, dams.
- Helicopters: Routes mapped from 400 helipads nationwide.
- Small Aircraft: Routes specifically for aircraft under 20-passenger capacity.
- Encourages air taxi and niche aviation operators.
Achievements of UDAN (as of 2024)
- Passenger Impact: Enabled travel for over 1.5 crore passengers.
- Flight Operations: Over 2.8 lakh UDAN flights completed.
- Route Expansion: 619 routes operationalized, including helicopter routes.
- Airport Growth: Number of operational airports doubled from 74 in 2014 to over 157 in 2024.
- Destinations Connected:
- 68 unserved/underserved destinations added: includes 58 airports, 8 heliports, 2 water aerodromes.
Future Scope
- Current Challenges:
- India currently has no active seaplane services.
- Fewer than 20 small aircraft (Category A1) in operation.
- Projected Developments (next 5 years):
- Establishment of 50+ seaplane routes.
- Creation of 20–25 water aerodromes.
- Induction of around 30 new aircraft for regional connectivity.
Einstein Ring Discovered by ESA’s Euclid Telescope
- 15 Feb 2025
In News:
- The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Euclid space telescope has recently discovered a rare Einstein ring around the galaxy NGC 6505, located nearly 590 million light-years from Earth.
- This ring was formed by the light of a distant unnamed galaxy situated 4.42 billion light-years away, distorted and amplified due to gravitational lensing by NGC 6505.
What is an Einstein Ring?
- It is a circular ring of light that appears around a massive celestial object such as a galaxy, dark matter concentration, or cluster of galaxies.
- Caused due to strong gravitational lensing, it occurs when a massive foreground object (gravitational lens) bends and amplifies the light from a background object, resulting in a circular or arc-like appearance.
- The phenomenon only results in a full ring when the observer, lensing object, and background galaxy are almost perfectly aligned.
Theoretical Basis
- Named after Albert Einstein, who in his General Theory of Relativity predicted that massive objects warp space-time, thereby bending the path of light.
- The phenomenon of gravitational lensing, and by extension Einstein rings, was first theoretically anticipated by Einstein and empirically confirmed much later.
Scientific Importance
- Extremely rare phenomena: Occur in less than 1% of galaxies.
- Serve as natural cosmic magnifying lenses that allow scientists to study:
- Dark Matter: Helps trace the invisible distribution of dark matter through gravitational effects.
- Dark Energy: Supports understanding of dark energy’s role in accelerating the universe’s expansion.
- Distant Galaxies: Reveals otherwise invisible galaxies by amplifying their light.
- Universe Expansion: Provides data on how space between galaxies stretches over cosmic time.
Gravitational Lensing: Explained
- Gravitational lensing occurs when a massive body (galaxy, cluster, black hole) creates a gravitational field that bends and magnifies light from objects behind it.
- This leads to multiple outcomes — arcs, double images, or full rings (Einstein rings).
- The lensing object in the recent case is NGC 6505, a galaxy first observed in the 19th century.
Observation and Imaging
- Einstein rings are not visible to the naked eye and require powerful space telescopes like Euclid for detection.
- Euclid captured images showing a bright central galaxy (NGC 6505) with a distinctive, cloudy ring formed by the bent light from the background galaxy.
About the Euclid Space Telescope
- Launched in 2023 by ESA using a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
- Operates from Lagrangian Point 2 (L2), located 1.5 million km from Earth.
- Designed for a six-year mission to study the dark universe.
- Key Objectives:
- Create the largest 3D map of the cosmos.
- Observe billions of galaxies across 10 billion light-years.
- Understand the distribution of dark matter and the influence of dark energy in the early universe.
- Study light emitted from galaxies up to 10 billion years ago to trace cosmic evolution.
Gender Budgeting
- 15 Feb 2025
In News:
The Gender Budget allocation for FY 2025-26 has increased to ?4.49 lakh crore, accounting for 8.86% of the total Union Budget, up from 6.8% in FY 2024-25. This represents a 37.25% increase compared to the ?3.27 lakh crore allocated in the previous year.
Key Highlights:
- Expansion Across Ministries:
- A total of 49 Ministries/Departments and 5 Union Territories (UTs) have reported allocations in the Gender Budget Statement (GBS) for 2025-26, marking the highest participation since the inception of the Gender Budget.
- Twelve new Ministries have been included in the GBS this year, signaling a broader inclusion of gender considerations in sectors such as animal husbandry, biotechnology, water resources, food processing, and railways.
- Gender Budget Allocation Breakdown:
- Part A (100% Women-specific schemes): ?1,05,535.40 crore (23.5% of total GBS).
- Part B (30-99% allocation for women): ?3,26,672 crore (72.75% of total GBS).
- Part C (Below 30% allocation for women): ?16,821.28 crore (3.75% of total GBS).
- Top Ministries reporting high percentages in gender-focused allocations include the Ministry of Women & Child Development (81.79%), Department of Rural Development (65.76%), and Department of Health & Family Welfare (41.10%).
- Focus on Women’s Economic Participation:
- The Union Budget aims to boost women’s participation in economic activities, targeting 70% by 2047.
- Women’s Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) rose to 42% in 2023-24 from 33% in 2021-22.
- Efforts to close the gender gap involve increased allocations to programs like Skill India, Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM), and PM Vishwakarma, with 52% of the ?1.24 lakh crore allocated for these programs earmarked for women and girls.
- Support for Women Entrepreneurs:
- Women own 20.5% of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India, employing approximately 27 million people.
- The Budget focuses on empowering women entrepreneurs by advocating for collateral-free loans, alternative credit scoring models, and financial literacy programs.
- Establishing 30 million additional women-owned businesses could generate 150-170 million jobs by 2030, contributing significantly to India's employment needs.
- Gig Economy and Informal Sector:
- The Budget introduces measures to formalize gig workers, 90% of whom are women. By issuing identity cards and registering gig workers on the e-Shram portal, the Budget aims to provide them with access to social security and financial inclusion benefits.
- This addresses the challenges faced by women in the informal sector, including low wages, job insecurity, and lack of maternity benefits.
- Gender Inclusivity in Technology:
- A dedicated ?600 crore allocation under the India AI Mission aims to promote gender inclusivity in the technology sector. This includes the establishment of a Centre of Excellence on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for education and skill development, ensuring women’s participation in high-growth technological fields.
- Gender Budgeting Components:
- Part A: Gender-specific expenditure, directly benefiting women (e.g., BetiBachaoBetiPadhao).
- Part B: Pro-women general expenditure, benefiting both men and women but focusing on women’s advancement (e.g., MGNREGA).
- Part C: Gender-neutral budgets that may require gender-sensitive planning (e.g., Har GharNal project, which reduces women’s time spent fetching water).
- Policy Vision and Challenges:
- The Union Budget for 2025-26 is part of the government’s vision for a "Viksit Bharat" with zero poverty, universal education, 100% skilled labor, and 70% female participation in the workforce by 2047.
- While the Budget lays a strong foundation, addressing persistent challenges like gender pay gaps, occupational segregation, and cultural barriers will require sustained policy interventions, gender-sensitive workplace reforms, and effective implementation of gender-disaggregated data for monitoring outcomes.
Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2024
- 15 Feb 2025
In News:
India ranked 96th out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) for 2024, with a score of 38, a decline from 39 in 2023 and 40 in 2022. This indicates a worsening perception of corruption within India’s public sector.
Global Context:
- The CPI, compiled annually by Transparency International, is a widely recognized global ranking system that evaluates the perceived levels of corruption in public sectors.
- It uses a scale of 0 to 100, where 0 indicates highly corrupt and 100 signifies very clean.
- The CPI is based on expert assessments and surveys, drawing from at least three data sources out of 13 recognized corruption assessments from organizations like the World Bank and the World Economic Forum.
- Top Ranking Countries: Denmark topped the 2024 CPI, followed by Finland and Singapore, indicating strong governance systems with minimal corruption. These countries are recognized for their effective public sector governance, transparency, and low corruption levels.
- Regional Comparison: Among India’s neighbors, Pakistan ranked 135th, Sri Lanka at 121st, Bangladesh at 149th, and China ranked 76th, performing relatively better than India. The Asia-Pacific region, in general, saw a decline in its average CPI score, dropping by one point to 44.
- Global Trends: The CPI 2024 reveals troubling global trends, with corruption being a persistent issue worldwide. While 32 countries have significantly improved their corruption scores since 2012, 148 countries have either stagnated or worsened in the same period.
- The global average score remains at 43, with more than two-thirds of countries scoring below 50, signaling a widespread corruption problem.
- Corruption’s Impact on Climate Action: One of the significant findings in 2024 is the link between corruption and climate action. Corruption undermines efforts to combat climate change by misappropriating funds meant for emission reduction and climate adaptation projects.
- The report warns that such corruption obstructs effective policies and hinders climate change mitigation, leading to environmental degradation. Furthermore, it highlights that corruption in high-CPI countries often serves the interests of fossil fuel companies, complicating global climate efforts.
- Corruption and Human Rights: The report underscores that corruption not only impedes economic development but also contributes to the erosion of democracy, human rights violations, and instability. Corruption, particularly in the form of misallocation of resources, exacerbates the vulnerability of populations already affected by climate change, poverty, and human rights abuses.
- Financial Hubs and Illicit Funds: Many countries with high CPI scores, despite their lower domestic corruption levels, serve as financial hubs that attract illicit funds stemming from corruption and environmental damage. This "dirty money" exacerbates corruption on a global scale and has far-reaching consequences that extend beyond national borders.
- The Call for Action: Transparency International’s report stresses the need for global cooperation in tackling corruption. It warns that corruption is a major contributor to the rise of authoritarianism and calls for urgent, concrete action to address global corruption. The report emphasizes that combating corruption is crucial for achieving a peaceful, sustainable, and democratic world.
India’s Indigenous Shakti Semiconductor Chip
- 15 Feb 2025
In News:
India has achieved a significant milestone in semiconductor technology with the development of the indigenous Shakti semiconductor chip. Developed by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras in collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and supported by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), the Shakti chip is a crucial component of India’s push for technological self-reliance under the Digital India RISC-V (DIRV) initiative.
Overview of Shakti Semiconductor Chip
- The Shakti chip is an indigenous microprocessor based on the RISC-V open-source Instruction Set Architecture (ISA).
- Its primary objective is to meet the high-performance computing, security, and reliability needs of India’s defense, aerospace, and space industries.
- It was specifically designed to support applications in satellite missions, avionics, embedded systems, and command-and-control operations.
- The chip is the third in the Shakti series, following the earlier RIMO (2018) and MOUSHIK (2020) chips, which served as technology demonstrators.
Key Features:
- Indigenous Development: Fully developed, fabricated, and tested in India, ensuring complete control over the design and manufacturing process.
- RISC-V Architecture: The Shakti chip utilizes the RISC-V open-source architecture, offering flexibility for customization and adaptation to various hardware and application needs.
- Fault Tolerant and Reliable: Designed to endure the harsh conditions of space and defense applications, making it highly reliable for mission-critical functions.
- High-Performance Computing: Supports complex functions like AI-based operations, real-time control systems, and sensor integration, essential for space missions and advanced defense technologies.
- Advanced Security: Aimed at providing robust security measures for critical sectors, including defense and aerospace, ensuring protection against cyber threats.
- Expandable and Scalable: The chip supports multiple boot modes and hybrid memory extensions, allowing for future upgrades and expansions, especially for space exploration.
Applications of the Shakti Chip
- Space Missions: The Shakti chip plays a vital role in powering ISRO's command-and-control systems, satellite avionics, and embedded systems used in various space missions.
- Defense & Aerospace: It enhances India’s strategic autonomy by reducing reliance on foreign semiconductor technology for military-grade electronics.
- IoT & AI Applications: The chip’s high-performance computing capabilities are ideal for smart systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), and AI applications.
- Research and Development: The chip contributes significantly to India’s semiconductor ecosystem, providing a foundation for further R&D in indigenous chip fabrication.
The Digital India RISC-V (DIRV) Initiative
- Launched in April 2022 by MeitY, the DIRV initiative aims to strengthen India’s semiconductor ecosystem by promoting the development of indigenous RISC-V-based microprocessors.
- The initiative emphasizes reducing dependency on foreign semiconductor solutions and fostering self-reliance in the digital sector.
- DIRV also focuses on high-performance computing for emerging technologies such as 5G, AI, and cloud computing. Through collaborations with IITs, ISRO, C-DAC, and private industry partners, the program aims to create a robust ecosystem for scalable microprocessor solutions.
IRIS: A Key Development from Shakti
- One of the most notable outputs of the Shakti chip initiative is the IRIS (Indigenous RISC-V Controller for Space Applications).
- Developed for ISRO’s space missions, the IRIS chip is a high-performance, fault-tolerant, 64-bit processor based on the Shakti microprocessor.
- It has been designed to meet the specific needs of space missions, such as satellite command-and-control systems, by integrating custom modules like watchdog timers and advanced serial buses.
- The IRIS chip also features multiple boot modes and hybrid memory extensions for future scalability and expansion in line with upcoming space missions.
Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)
- 14 Feb 2025
In News:
To enhance the efficacy and wider adoption of MIS, the Government of India revised the guidelines in 2025.
Key Highlights:
- Objective: It aims to provide price support for perishable agricultural and horticultural commodities not covered under the Minimum Support Price (MSP) regime. It prevents distress sales during periods of excessive production and sharp price declines.
- Implementing Authority:The scheme is under the Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare and is now a component of the PM-AASHA (Pradhan Mantri AnnadataAaySanrakshan Abhiyan) umbrella scheme.
- Eligibility & Activation:
- Implemented on the request of State/UT Governments.
- Triggered when market prices fall by at least 10% compared to the average price of the previous normal year.
- Nature of the Scheme:
- Ad-hoc price support mechanism operational during sudden market crashes.
- Cost-sharing pattern between Centre and States is 50:50, and 75:25 for North-Eastern states.
- Procurement Provisions (Revised 2025):
- Procurement limit increased from 20% to 25% of total production of the crop.
- Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mode introduced: States may directly compensate farmers for the price difference between Market Intervention Price (MIP) and actual selling price.
- Physical procurement is optional under the revised scheme.
- Authorized Procurement Agencies:
- Central Nodal Agencies like NAFED (National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India) and NCCF (National Cooperative Consumers’ Federation of India).
- Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs), and state-nominated agencies can also participate in procurement, storage, and transportation.
- Support for Transportation and Storage:
- Reimbursement of storage and transport costs is provided by Central Nodal Agencies for TOP crops (Tomato, Onion, Potato).
- This provision helps balance regional price disparities between producing and consuming states.
- Significance:
- The revamped MIS strengthens market resilience for perishable crop producers.
- Enhances State participation, reduces post-harvest losses, and ensures remunerative returns through institutional and technological support mechanisms.
SevaBhoj Yojana
- 14 Feb 2025
In News:
Launched in August 2018 by the Ministry of Culture, the SevaBhoj Yojana is a Central Sector Scheme aimed at supporting charitable and religious institutions that provide free food (langar, prasad, bhandara) to the public without discrimination.
Key Highlights:
- The scheme provides reimbursement of the Central Government’s share of Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) and Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) paid on the purchase of specific raw food items used in preparing meals.
- Objectives of the Scheme
- Reduce the financial burden on charitable/religious institutions engaged in feeding the public.
- Encourage the tradition of community kitchens and public service across diverse religious institutions.
- Promote inclusive religious philanthropy while ensuring transparency and accountability in public spending.
Key Features
Feature Details
Launched By Ministry of Culture, Government of India
Year of Launch August 2018
Target Beneficiaries Temples, Gurudwaras, Mosques, Churches, Ashrams, Monasteries, etc.
Reimbursed Taxes CGST and Central Share of IGST
Scope of Benefit Raw food items used for free food distribution
Coverage Threshold Institutions must serve free food to at least 5000 people/month
Required Duration of Operation Minimum 3 years of continuous food service
Eligibility Criteria
To qualify for the scheme, institutions must:
- Serve free food to a minimum of 5,000 people per month.
- Be in operation for at least three years prior to application.
- Be registered under:
- Section 10 or 12AA of the Income Tax Act, or
- Societies Registration Act, or
- Relevant public trust laws, or
- Statutory religious bodies constituted under law.
- Possess a District Magistrate’s certificate confirming their ongoing food distribution service.
Implementation Mechanism
The scheme ensures transparency and streamlined reimbursement through a digital and multi-tier process:
- Institutions register on the NGO Darpan Portal of NITI Aayog.
- Apply through the Central Sector Monitoring System (CSMS) Portal of the Ministry of Culture.
- Submit relevant documents to the Nodal Central Tax Officer in their State/UT.
- On verification, a Unique Identity Number (UIN) is issued.
- Verified tax claims are forwarded by the concerned GST Authority to the Ministry.
- The Ministry releases the sanctioned amount to the GST Authority, which reimburses the institution.
Governance and Outreach
- The Ministry promotes the scheme through official websites and social media platforms.
- Efforts are made to ensure equitable representation of all religions and communities.
- As of January 2025, several institutions across states have benefited from the scheme, though individual beneficiary counts are not collected.
S?janam
- 14 Feb 2025
In News:
In a significant stride toward sustainable healthcare and waste management, India launched its first indigenous Automated Biomedical Waste Treatment Plant, named S?janam, on April 13, 2025, at AIIMS, New Delhi.
Developed by the CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, under the Ministry of Science & Technology, this innovative rig marks a paradigm shift in handling biomedical waste, moving away from conventional, polluting incineration techniques.
Why this matter?
India generates approximately 743 tonnes of biomedical waste daily (CPCB, 2023). Safe disposal has been a persistent challenge due to limited infrastructure, high costs, and environmental concerns. The launch of S?janam aligns with the government’s push for “Waste to Wealth” and environmentally responsible healthcare infrastructure, as part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat and Swachh Bharat initiatives.
What is S?janam?
- An automated, eco-friendly biomedical waste treatment rig.
- Designed to disinfect pathogenic waste like blood, urine, sputum, and lab disposables.
- Does not use incinerators, which release toxic emissions such as dioxins and furans.
Key Features & Capacity
Feature Details
Disinfection Process Non-incineration, antimicrobial treatment
Daily Treatment Capacity 400 kg of total biomedical waste
Organic Waste Handling Initially handles 10 kg/day of degradable medical waste
Environmental Safety Neutralizes foul odor; releases pleasant fragrance
Health Safety Minimizes human exposure and risk of contamination
Validation Third-party tested; treated material safer than organic vermicompost
Significance for Public Health and Environment
- Reduces dependency on expensive, energy-intensive incinerators.
- Eco-friendly solution that prevents toxic emissions and groundwater contamination.
- Aligns with Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016, which mandate safe segregation, treatment, and disposal.
- Enhances India’s capability to respond to health crises (e.g., pandemics), where waste generation spikes.
Strategic Implications
- Promotes indigenous technological innovation under “Make in India.”
- Offers a scalable solution for both urban and rural healthcare setups.
- Contributes to India’s climate commitments by cutting healthcare-related emissions.
NITI Aayog Policy Report on Expanding Quality Higher Education
- 14 Feb 2025
In News:
NITI Aayog released a comprehensive policy report titled ‘Expanding Quality Higher Education through States and State Public Universities (SPUs)’, focusing on the development of higher education institutions, particularly public universities in India.
The report aims to enhance the quality, funding, governance, and employability outcomes within SPUs, which contribute to around 80% of the country's higher education system.
The document, the first of its kind in India, presents a detailed analysis of vital indicators like quality, funding, financing, governance, and employability over the last decade, supported by stakeholder consultations with over 20 states and Union Territories, Vice Chancellors, academicians, and State Higher Education Council Chairs. The report includes nearly 80 policy recommendations, along with 125 performance indicators, aiming to address long-standing challenges within SPUs.
Key Findings from the Report
- Funding:
- Maharashtra leads in funding for higher education, with Bihar and Tamil Nadu following closely behind.
- On the other hand, states like Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland have the lowest funding for higher education, highlighting regional disparities.
- University Density:
- The national average university density is 0.8 universities per lakh population. However, states such as Sikkim, with a density of 10.3, and Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Meghalaya, and Uttarakhand have significantly higher densities. In contrast, states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Maharashtra have lower densities compared to the national average.
- Female Enrolment:
- Kerala, Chhattisgarh, and Himachal Pradesh have achieved higher female enrolment rates than males, which reflects positive gender inclusivity trends in certain regions.
- Challenges:
- Infrastructure deficits, including a lack of quality facilities and resources.
- A shortage of faculty and staff, particularly in advanced fields such as MTech and Ph.D. levels.
- Insufficient investment in research and development (R&D).
- Outdated courses, syllabi, and curricula, which are not aligned with industry needs.
- Financial constraints due to over-reliance on traditional revenue sources like admission fees and state grants.
- Administrative delays in fund sanctioning and the absence of frameworks for securing loans through financial institutions.
Policy Recommendations
The report proposes several reforms to address the aforementioned challenges, with a focus on improving educational quality, securing better funding, enhancing governance, and boosting employability:
- Funding and Investment:
- Increase the combined investment in education to 6% of GDP, as recommended in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
- Increase R&D investment (both public and private) to 2% of GDP, as recommended in the Economic Survey 2017-18.
- Creating Centers of Excellence:
- SPUs should form clusters and focus on addressing local challenges by establishing Centres of Excellence. These centres should focus on region-specific issues to drive academic and practical advancements.
- Governance Reforms:
- Enhance governance structures at SPUs, empowering Vice Chancellors, faculty, and staff through targeted capacity-building initiatives.
- States may consider setting up dedicated finance agencies, similar to the Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA), to fund infrastructure and research development specifically for SPUs.
- Financial Innovations:
- Develop financial frameworks to increase investment in education, ensuring access to timely funds, and reducing dependency on state grants or admission fees.
- Industry-Academia Collaboration:
- Strengthen the link between academia and industry to ensure that the curricula are relevant and prepare students for the job market. This can be achieved through increased partnerships, internships, and practical learning opportunities.
Pradhan Mantri AnusuchitJaatiAbhyuday Yojana (PM-AJAY)
- 14 Feb 2025
In News:
It is a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme initiated by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The scheme aims at the socio-economic upliftment of the Scheduled Caste (SC) communities, particularly targeting the reduction of poverty through various initiatives that focus on skill development, infrastructure, and income-generating projects.
Key Highlights:
- Launch and Funding: Launched in 2021, the scheme is fully funded by the central government, though states and Union Territories (UTs) have the option to contribute additional funds from their own resources. PM-AJAY is the consolidation of three pre-existing schemes:
- Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY)
- Special Central Assistance to Scheduled Castes Sub Plan (SCA to SCSP)
- BabuJagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojana (BJRCY)
- Objectives of PM-AJAY: The scheme is focused on improving the overall well-being of SC communities by:
- Reducing poverty through income-generating schemes, skill development, and infrastructure projects.
- Promoting social and economic development by improving literacy rates, educational enrolment, and providing better livelihood opportunities.
- Transforming SC-majority villages into model villages with integrated development, enhancing socio-economic indicators like education, healthcare, and financial inclusion.
- Eligibility Criteria
- Scheduled Caste (SC) persons living below the poverty line (BPL) are eligible for benefits.
- For infrastructure development, villages with 50% or more SC population are prioritized for grants.
- Key Components of PM-AJAY: The scheme comprises three core components:
- Adarsh Gram Development (formerly PMAGY): Aims to develop SC-majority villages into model villages with holistic improvements in education, healthcare, infrastructure, and skill development.
- Grants-in-Aid for District/State-Level Projects (formerly SCA to SCSP): Financial assistance is provided for livelihood development projects, including skill development programs and infrastructure projects, to generate sustainable income for SC communities.
- Construction of Hostels in Higher Educational Institutions (formerly BJRCY): Focuses on promoting higher education among SC students by constructing hostels in top-ranked institutions according to the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF). This aims to reduce dropout rates and enhance access to quality education.
Special Provisions under the Grants-in-Aid Component
- 15% of the total grants are exclusively allocated for income-generating schemes for SC women.
- 30% of the grants are allocated for infrastructure development in SC-dominated areas.
- 10% of funds are reserved for skill development programs.
- The scheme encourages the formation of SC women cooperatives for producing and marketing consumer goods and services.
Achievements (2022-23)
- 1,260 villages were declared as Adarsh Gram in the financial year 2023-24 under the Adarsh Gram component.
- Nine new hostels were sanctioned under the Hostel Construction component.
- Perspective plans for seven states were approved under the Grants-in-Aid component.
India introduces HS Code for GI-Tagged Rice Exports
- 13 Feb 2025
In News:
India has amended the Customs Tariff Act, 1975, becoming the first country in the world to introduce a Harmonised System (HS) code for Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged rice varieties. This was announced in the Union Budget 2025–26.
Key Features of the Amendment
- HS Code Introduced For:
- 1006-30-11 – GI-tagged parboiled rice
- 1006-30-91 – GI-tagged white rice
- Objective:
- To enable uninterrupted exports of GI rice even during general export restrictions or bans.
- GI rice exports will not require special government notification during such bans.
About Harmonised System (HS) Code
- Full Form: Harmonised System Code
- Developed by: World Customs Organization (WCO)
- Structure: 6-digit global standard; India uses an 8-digit extension for more specific classification.
- Purpose: Classification of traded goods for customs, tariffs, and trade statistics.
- HS Code Hierarchy:
- First 2 digits: Chapter (e.g., “10” for cereals)
- Next 2 digits: Heading (e.g., “06” for rice)
- Last 2 digits: Subheading (e.g., “30” for semi-milled or wholly milled rice)
Impact on GI Rice Exports
- Facilitates global market access for Indian specialty rice varieties.
- Differentiates GI-tagged rice from conventional rice in trade documents.
- Prevents mislabeling and misuse of India’s GI rice identity.
- Allows exports of GI rice even under export bans, without fresh government clearance.
GI-Tagged Rice Varieties in India
- 20 GI-recognized rice varieties, including:Navara, Palakkadan Matta, Pokkali, Wayanad Jeerakasala, etc.
- 20 pending GI applications, including:Seeraga Samba, Jammu & Kashmir Red Rice, Wada Kolam Paddy, etc.
About the World Customs Organization (WCO)
- Established in 1952 as the Customs Co-operation Council; renamed WCO in 1994.
- Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium.
- Membership: 183 customs administrations, including India, covering 98% of global trade.
- Key Functions:
- Maintains and updates the HS Code every 5 years.
- Drives customs modernization through instruments like the Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC).
- Coordinates anti-smuggling, anti-counterfeiting, and trade enforcement efforts.
- Collaborates with global institutions like the WTO and UN to enhance trade efficiency.
Quipu Superstructure
- 13 Feb 2025
In News:
Astronomers have discovered the largest known cosmic structure, named Quipu, in a study led by Hans Bohringer of the Max Planck Institute. The findings are part of efforts to map matter distribution in the universe using redshift data between 0.3 to 0.6, revealing some of the most distant known objects.
Key Features of Quipu:
Attribute Description
Type Superstructure (clusters of galaxy superclusters)
Length ~1.3 billion light-years (Over 13,000 times the Milky Way’s size)
Mass ~200 quadrillion (2 × 10¹?) solar masses
Components ~70 galactic superclusters
Shape Central filament with multiple branching filaments (named after the Incan “Quipu” cord system)
Cosmic Significance:
- Gravitational Lensing (GL): Due to its enormous mass, Quipu bends light from background objects, distorting sky images.
- Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB): Its gravitational field causes fluctuations in the CMB—the relic radiation from the Big Bang.
- Hubble Constant Impact: Quipu and similar structures distort measurements of the Universe’s expansion rate.
Scientific Context:
- Superstructures: Extremely large arrangements of matter including groups of galaxy clusters and superclusters.
- Quipu is hundreds of thousands of times more massive than a single galaxy.
- Discovered at a distance of 425 to 815 million light-years from Earth.
Other Superstructures Identified:
Alongside Quipu, astronomers identified four other massive structures:
- Shapley Supercluster
- Serpens-Corona Borealis Superstructure
- Hercules Supercluster
- Sculptor-Pegasus Superstructure
Together, these five structures:
- Contain ~45% of all galaxy clusters
- Include ~30% of galaxies
- Hold ~25% of the matter in the universe
- Occupy ~13% of the universe’s volume
Future Evolution:
- Scientists consider Quipu a "transient configuration".
- It is expected to break into smaller collapsing units in the future, altering cosmic structures over time.
R-37M Missile
- 13 Feb 2025
In News:
Russia has recently offered the R-37M missile, a state-of-the-art, long-range air-to-air missile, to India. This missile, one of the world’s most advanced, has the potential to transform India's aerial defense capabilities. The offer also comes with the opportunity for India to license the production of this missile domestically. However, the acquisition of such a potent weapon is raising tensions in the region, particularly with Pakistan, China, and Bangladesh, and has broader strategic implications.
Overview of R-37M Missile:
The R-37M, also known by its NATO reporting name AA-13 Axehead, is a hypersonic, long-range air-to-air missile developed by Russia.
It is designed to target high-value assets, such as AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control Systems), tanker aircraft, and other support platforms, beyond visual range (BVR).
Evolved from the R-33 missile, the R-37M significantly enhances air combat capabilities due to its range, speed, and precision.
- Speed and Range: The missile can travel at speeds of up to Mach 6 (approximately 7,400 km/h), enabling it to intercept fast-moving aerial threats. It has an operational range of 300-400 km (160-220 nautical miles), making it one of the longest-reaching air-to-air missiles.
- Weight: The missile weighs 510 kg, with a 60 kg warhead.
- Guidance System: It uses an advanced combination of inertial navigation with mid-course updates, active radar homing, and semi-active radar guidance for the terminal phase.
- Combat Advantage: The R-37M can target beyond visual range, enabling the launching aircraft to engage enemy targets while remaining outside the reach of enemy missiles.
Impact on the Indian Air Force (IAF):
The R-37M missile could replace the current R-77 missile used by India’s Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighter jets. This acquisition will bolster India's air defense by providing enhanced capabilities to intercept aerial threats at greater distances. Additionally, the offer to license the local production of the missile is a significant step toward strengthening India’s defense industry and reducing its dependence on foreign weapon systems. This move can also contribute to India's strategic autonomy in military engagements.
Strategic Implications for Pakistan:
Pakistan’s Air Force (PAF) primarily relies on F-16 fighter jets for its aerial superiority. However, these aircraft are vulnerable to interception beyond the Line of Control (LoC) by the R-37M, which has an engagement range of up to 400 kilometers. This could significantly alter Pakistan's defense posture, as its aircraft would be exposed to threats from Indian aircraft even before crossing the LoC.
Potential Effects on China:
China, which already possesses advanced air-to-air missiles such as the PL-15 and PL-21, will closely monitor India’s acquisition of the R-37M missile. While China is not directly threatened by the missile due to its own advanced defense systems, India’s missile capabilities could alter the balance of air superiority in the region. The acquisition could prompt China to accelerate the development of counter-hypersonic technologies, potentially altering the trajectory of military developments in the region.
Impact on Bangladesh:
Bangladesh, which shares friendly relations with India, could find itself caught in the strategic competition between India and Pakistan, despite its own military capabilities not directly challenging India. The regional military dynamics, influenced by India’s acquisition of advanced weapons like the R-37M, may push Bangladesh to enhance its defense capabilities, either through regional alliances or by procuring advanced defense technologies.
India-Russia Defense Relations:
India’s defense cooperation with Russia has been longstanding and substantial. Between 2015 and 2020, India’s defense imports from Russia were valued at approximately $10 billion, making Russia one of India’s largest defense suppliers. Around 70% of India's defense equipment is of Russian origin. Key joint defense projects include:
- BrahMos Missile: A joint venture to develop a supersonic cruise missile.
- S-400 Triumph: A $5.4 billion deal for five S-400 air defense systems.
- AK-203 Assault Rifles: A project for the local manufacturing of over 700,000 rifles.
- Military Exercises: India and Russia conduct joint military exercises, such as the INDRA (focused on counter-terrorism) and AVIAINDRA (aerial exercises between the Indian Air Force and Russian Aerospace Forces).
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
- 13 Feb 2025
In News:
- Natco Pharma, a Hyderabad-based generic drug manufacturer, has received final approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for its generic version of Bosentan tablets for oral suspension (32mg).
- This drug, a generic version of Actelion Pharmaceuticals’ Tracleer, is used to treat Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH), a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the lungs.
- The approval comes after Natco's successful submission of an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA), which was jointly developed with its marketing partner, Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Natco believes that it holds the sole first-to-file status for the product, which qualifies it for a 180-day exclusivity period upon launch. The exclusivity period would allow Natco to be the only supplier of the generic product in the U.S. market for a limited time, which could offer significant market share before generic competition arrives.
- Bosentan, the active ingredient in Tracleer, is prescribed for patients suffering from PAH, a progressive condition that raises the blood pressure in the lungs and causes strain on the heart.
- The treatment helps to improve pulmonary vascular resistance and is indicated for patients aged three years and above, including those with idiopathic or congenital PAH. The product is expected to improve exercise capacity and overall quality of life for these patients.
- In the U.S., Bosentan 32mg oral suspension generated an estimated $11 million in sales for the 12 months ending September 2024.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) Overview
- It is a specific type of pulmonary hypertension in which the small arteries in the lungs become thickened and narrowed. This results in obstructed blood flow and increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the lungs.
- The exact cause of PAH remains unclear, though it is believed to result from injury to the cells lining the blood vessels in the lungs, leading to long-term vascular disease.
- PAH can develop in association with several medical conditions, including congenital heart disease, liver disease, HIV, and autoimmune diseases like scleroderma and lupus. It can also be triggered by past or current drug use, such as the abuse of methamphetamine or the use of certain diet pills.
Symptoms of PAH include:
- Shortness of breath that worsens over time
- Fatigue and dizziness
- Chest pain
- Cyanosis (blue fingers or lips)
- Fainting episodes
While there are treatment options available for PAH, including medications that help manage the symptoms and slow disease progression, there is currently no known cure. PAH remains a significant area of concern in pulmonary healthcare, and the introduction of generic Bosentan by Natco Pharma offers a more affordable treatment option for patients in the U.S.
Exercise Cyclone 2025
- 13 Feb 2025
In News:
- The third edition of the India-Egypt Joint Special Forces Exercise CYCLONE is being conducted from February 10–23, 2025 at the Mahajan Field Firing Range, Rajasthan.
- The previous edition (2nd) was held in Egypt in January 2024, and the first edition was conducted in India in 2023.
About Exercise CYCLONE
- It is a bilateral joint special forces military exercise between India and Egypt.
- Annual exercise, held alternatively in India and Egypt.
- The 2025 edition is focused on:
- Counter-terrorism operations
- High-intensity combat training
- Survival techniques in desert/semi-desert terrain
- Tactical drills and real-world combat scenarios
- Motto of the exercise: “Together we train, together we excel.”
Objectives
- Enhance military-to-military cooperation.
- Strengthen interoperability and joint operational capabilities.
- Exchange of special warfare tactics and combat strategies.
- Operate under frameworks aligned with Chapter VII of the UN Charter (pertaining to threats to peace, breaches of peace, and acts of aggression).
Strategic Importance
- The exercise reflects deepening India-Egypt defence cooperation.
- Aimed at enhancing readiness for evolving security challenges in the region.
- Enables both forces to operate together in simulated combat situations, improving coordination and adaptability.
India-Egypt Relations: Defence and Beyond
- Strategic Partnership established in 2023, covering:
- Political, defence, security, energy, and economic cooperation.
- Bilateral Trade Agreement (1978): Based on Most Favored Nation (MFN) clause.
- India is one of Egypt’s key trading partners in Africa.
Restructured National Bamboo Mission (NBM)
- 12 Feb 2025
In News:
The National Bamboo Mission (NBM) was initially launched in 2006 under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare to promote bamboo-based development. Between 2014–2016, it was subsumed under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH).
In 2018-19, it was restructured under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) to revamp bamboo cultivation, processing, and value chain integration.
A key reform was the 2017 amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, which removed bamboo grown outside forests from the definition of “tree.” This de-regulated its felling and transit, boosting private bamboo farming and easing trade.
Objectives
- Increase the availability of quality planting materials and expand area under bamboo cultivation, especially in non-forest land.
- Promote post-harvest management, primary treatment, seasoning, and preservation technologies.
- Develop market infrastructure, incubation centers, and tools & equipment for value addition.
- Encourage value-added product development, skill development, and entrepreneurship.
- Reduce import dependency on bamboo and bamboo-based products.
Funding Pattern
- General States: 60% Central and 40% State funding.
- Northeastern & Hilly States: 90% Central and 10% State.
- Union Territories, BTSGs & National Level Agencies: 100% Central funding.
Implementation Framework
- Implemented through the State Nodal Departments, nominated by respective State/UT governments.
- Notable example: Bareilly Bamboo Cluster operational in Shahjahanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, since 2019-20, with activities like nursery establishment, bamboo plantation, skill development, and bamboo product demonstration.
Bamboo – Ecological & Economic Significance
- Botanical Classification: Grass (Family: Poaceae, Subfamily: Bambusoideae), ~115 genera and ~1,400 species globally.
- Native to tropical, subtropical, and mild temperate zones, with highest concentration in East and Southeast Asia.
Properties & Applications:
- Carbon Sequestration: Produces 35% more oxygen than comparable vegetation; acts as a natural carbon sink.
- Climate Adaptability: Thrives in degraded lands; prevents soil erosion; vital for land restoration.
- Alternative Energy Source: Among the fastest-growing plants (up to 90 cm/day); can substitute fossil fuels.
- Food & Medicine: Bamboo shoots are consumed in Northeast India; roots and parts used in traditional medicine.
- Livelihood Support: Flexible harvest cycles provide year-round income for farmers.
Bamboo Production Status in India
- 18,000+ inventoried grids reported bamboo presence between 2016–17 to 2019–20.
- Estimated total bamboo culms: 53,336 million.
- 35.19% increase in bamboo culms from ISFR 2019 to ISFR 2021 (an increase of 13,882 million culms).
Restructured Skill India Programme (2022–2026)
- 12 Feb 2025
In News:
The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation and restructuring of the Skill India Programme (SIP) till March 2026, with a financial outlay of ?8,800 crore.
The revamped programme consolidates three flagship schemes under a composite Central Sector Scheme—Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0 (PMKVY 4.0), Pradhan Mantri National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (PM-NAPS), and Jan ShikshanSansthan (JSS)—with the aim to build a skilled, future-ready workforce.
Objectives and Vision
- Strengthen workforce development through industry-aligned, technology-enabled, and demand-driven skill training.
- Enhance global competitiveness, promote international mobility, and align with India's economic priorities such as Atmanirbhar Bharat, Make in India, and Digital India.
- Enable lifelong learning, skilling, reskilling, and upskilling through inclusive, flexible, and community-based training.
Beneficiaries and Coverage
- Over 2.27 crore individuals have benefited so far.
- Targeted age groups vary across schemes:
- PMKVY 4.0: 15–59 years
- PM-NAPS: 14–35 years
- JSS: 15–45 years
- Emphasis on marginalized sections, women, rural youth, aspirational districts, and the North-East Region.
Key Components of the Restructured Programme
1. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0 (PMKVY 4.0)
- Offers NSQF-aligned training via:
- Short-Term Training (STT)
- Special Projects (SP)
- Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
- Introduces 400+ new courses in emerging fields:
- Artificial Intelligence (AI), 5G, Cybersecurity, Green Hydrogen, Drone Technology.
- Establishment of Skill Hubs in premier institutions (IITs, NITs, JNVs, KendriyaVidyalayas, etc.).
- Focus on international mobility:
- Mobility Partnership Agreements (MMPAs), joint certifications, and language proficiency training.
- Blended learning models with digital delivery and regional language content.
- Integration with schemes such as PM Vishwakarma, PM Surya GharMuft Bijli Yojana, National Green Hydrogen Mission, and NAL JAL Mitra.
- Adoption of an Ease of Doing Business framework to reduce compliance burdens.
2. Pradhan Mantri National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (PM-NAPS)
- Promotes earn-while-you-learn through industry-specific apprenticeships.
- Government support of 25% stipend (up to ?1,500/month per apprentice) via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
- Focus on both traditional and emerging sectors like AI, robotics, blockchain, green energy, and Industry 4.0.
- Encourages participation of MSMEs and enterprises in underserved regions.
3. Jan ShikshanSansthan (JSS) Scheme
- Community-based skilling for economically disadvantaged, rural youth, and women.
- Offers low-cost, flexible, doorstep training for both self-employment and wage-based livelihoods.
- Linked with initiatives such as PM JANMAN, ULLAS, and financial literacy campaigns.
- Also promotes awareness in health, hygiene, gender equality, and education.
Certification and Digital Integration
- All certifications are aligned with the National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF).
- Integrated with DigiLocker and the National Credit Framework (NCrF), ensuring:
- Formal recognition of skills.
- Horizontal and vertical mobility in education and employment.
- Micro-credential courses (7.5 to 30 hours) and National Occupational Standards (NoS)-based training introduced.
Supporting Schemes and Initiatives
- SANKALP(Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion).
- TEJAS (Skilling for international placement).
- Model Skill Loan Scheme.
Significance of Skill India Programme
- Demographic Dividend: With over 65% of India’s population below 35, the programme is pivotal in transforming potential into productivity.
- Employment & Entrepreneurship: Reduces unemployment through structured training, apprenticeships, and encourages skill-based startups.
- Global Workforce Readiness: Aligns with international standards, enabling Indian workers to access global job markets.
- Technological Preparedness: Equips the youth with skills in futuristic technologies.
- Inclusive Growth: Ensures urban-rural and gender-based equity in skilling access.
- Economic Impact: Supports India's manufacturing, IT, and services sectors, driving GDP growth.
India Achieves 100 GW Solar Power Capacity
- 12 Feb 2025
In News:
India has officially surpassed 100 GW of installed solar power capacity as of January 31, 2025, marking a historic milestone in its clean energy journey. This achievement strengthens India’s position as a global leader in renewable energy and signifies major progress toward its ambitious target of 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030, as outlined by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy, highlighted this milestone as a testament to India’s energy self-reliance, driven by key initiatives such as solar parks, rooftop solar schemes, and domestic solar manufacturing.
Growth Trajectory and Achievements
- Installed Capacity Growth:
- From 2.82 GW in 2014 to 100.33 GW in 2025 – a growth of 3450% over a decade.
- Solar energy now accounts for 47% of India’s total installed renewable energy capacity.
- Capacity Pipeline:
- 84.10 GW of solar under implementation.
- 47.49 GW under tendering.
- Including hybrid and RTC renewable projects, India has 296.59 GW of solar and hybrid projects in total.
- Record Additions in 2024:
- 24.5 GW solar capacity added, more than double from 2023.
- 18.5 GW utility-scale installations – a 2.8 times increase from 2023.
- 4.59 GW of rooftop solar added, a 53% increase over 2023.
- Top States in utility-scale solar growth:Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh.
Solar Manufacturing Boom
- Solar module production capacity has grown from 2 GW (2014) to 60 GW (2024).
- With continued policy support, India is targeting 100 GW of manufacturing capacity by 2030.
- This shift makes India a global hub for solar technology and reduces reliance on imports.
Major Government Initiatives Driving Solar Growth
- National Solar Mission (NSM) (2010):Set long-term targets, with 280 GW of solar capacity by 2030 under its ambit.
- PM SuryaGharMuft Bijli Yojana (2024):
- A game-changing rooftop solar scheme aiming to empower households with free, clean electricity.
- Nearly 9 lakh rooftop installations as of early 2025.
- PM-KUSUM Scheme:Promotes solar irrigation pumps and supports farmers with grid-connected solar systems.
- Solar Parks Scheme:Facilitates development of large-scale solar clusters in states to boost capacity.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme:Incentivizes domestic manufacturing of solar PV modules.
- Net Metering Policy:Allows consumers to generate and export surplus solar power to the grid.
- International Solar Alliance (ISA):India-led global initiative fostering solar energy cooperation among solar-rich countries.
Benefits of Solar Energy for India
- Energy Security: Reduces dependence on fossil fuel imports.
- Environmental Gains: Cuts GHG emissions and combats climate change.
- Economic Boost: Millions of jobs created across installation, manufacturing, and maintenance.
- Affordability: Declining PV costs make solar a cost-effective energy source.
- Rural Electrification: Powers remote and off-grid regions, improving livelihoods.
Challenges and the Way Forward
- Land Acquisition: Scarcity of land hinders large-scale solar deployment.
- Grid Integration: Intermittency of solar power stresses the existing power grid.
- Finance & Investment: Scaling up infrastructure and storage requires sustained capital inflow.
- Storage Solutions: Affordable battery storage is essential for reliability and round-the-clock supply.
Cayman Islands
- 12 Feb 2025
In News:
A magnitude 7.6 earthquake recently struck the Caribbean Sea southwest of the Cayman Islands, as reported by the U.S. Geological Survey. While no tsunami warning was issued, tremors were felt across the region, and assessments of damage are ongoing.
Geographical and Geopolitical Overview
- The Cayman Islands is a British Overseas Territory located in the western Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba and northwest of Jamaica.
- It comprises three islands:
- Grand Cayman (largest and most populous)
- Cayman Brac
- Little Cayman
- The islands are part of the Cayman Ridge, an underwater mountain range, with the islands themselves being the emergent peaks of this ridgeline.
- Area: Only 264 sq. km
- Capital: George Town, located on Grand Cayman
- Official Language: English
- Currency: Cayman Islands Dollar (KYD)
- Ethnic Composition:
- Afro-European: 40%
- African: 20%
- European: 20%
- Other: 20%
Seismic and Climatic Features
- The islands are near the Cayman Trench, a deep subduction zone formed by the interaction between the North American and Caribbean Plates.
- Although major earthquakes are rare, the region is seismically active, and moderate to high seismic events are possible, such as the recent 7.6 magnitude quake.
- Climate: Tropical marine with a distinct wet and dry season; vulnerable to hurricanes, especially during the Atlantic hurricane season (June–November).
Ecological Significance
- Known for crystal-clear waters, coral reefs, and white sand beaches, the Cayman Islands are a global hub for marine biodiversity.
- Key ecological features include:
- Coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves
- Famous dive sites like the Great Blue Hole and Bloody Bay Wall
- Terrestrial biodiversity is limited due to the islands’ small limestone-based land area, but they are home to endemic species such as the Grand Cayman Blue Iguana, which has recovered from critical endangerment through conservation efforts.
Economic Importance: A Global Financial Hub
- The Cayman Islands is renowned as a major offshore financial center and global tax haven.
- Zero taxation: No corporate, income, or capital gains tax
- Home to:
- Offshore banks
- Hedge funds
- Multinational corporations
- The islands offer a favorable regulatory environment and strict financial confidentiality laws, although they now comply with international transparency norms.
TROPEX-25
- 12 Feb 2025
In News:
The Indian Navy’s biennial TROPEX-25is currently underway in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) from January to March 2025.
It is the Indian Navy’s largest maritime exercise, aimed at testing combat readiness and integrated warfighting capabilities across all domains.
About TROPEX
- Full Form: Theatre Level Operational Readiness Exercise (TROPEX)
- Frequency: Biennial (every two years)
- Lead Agency: Indian Navy
- Participants:
- Indian Navy (all operational units)
- Indian Army (IA)
- Indian Air Force (IAF)
- Indian Coast Guard (ICG)
Purpose and Strategic Objectives
TROPEX-25 aims to:
- Validate core warfighting skills of the Indian Navy.
- Ensure a synchronised, integrated response across services to defend India’s maritime interests.
- Simulate real-time operations in a contested maritime environment, including conventional, asymmetric, and hybrid threats.
- Enhance jointness, interoperability, and combat synergy among the three armed forces and the Coast Guard.
Duration and Operational Scope
- Timeline: January to March 2025 (Three months)
- Location: Various sectors across the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
- Phases:
- Harbour Phase: Planning and coordination activities.
- Sea Phase: Execution of complex naval and joint operations.
- Joint Work-Up Phase: Includes cyber and electronic warfare, and live weapon firings.
- AMPHEX (Amphibious Exercise): Integrated amphibious operations.
Key Features
- Integrated Combat Operations: Real-time execution of multi-domain missions
- Cyber and Electronic Warfare: Tactical simulations of modern non-kinetic threats
- Live Weapon Firings: Enhancing target precision and battle readiness
- Inter-Service Jointness: High-level coordination across the Navy, Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard
- Maritime Domain Awareness: Surveillance and security operations over vast maritime stretches
Strategic Significance
- Reinforces India’s commitment to safeguarding maritime sovereignty and strategic interests in the Indian Ocean.
- Enhances forward-deployment strategies, logistics, and sustained operations far from the mainland.
- Demonstrates India’s ability to operate “Anytime, Anywhere, Anyhow” in support of national security.
SwavalambiniProgramme
- 11 Feb 2025
In News:
The SwavalambiniProgramme, launched by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) in collaboration with NITI Aayog, is a pioneering initiative aimed at empowering women in the Northeast.
This programme targets female students in select Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, providing them with an entrepreneurial mindset, essential resources, and ongoing mentorship to ensure their success in entrepreneurial ventures.
Programme Structure and Implementation
The programme follows a structured, stage-wise entrepreneurial process to guide participants through the various phases of business creation, from awareness to development, mentorship, and funding. It includes the following key components:
- Entrepreneurship Awareness Programme (EAP): Introduces 600 female students to entrepreneurship as a viable career option. The programme involves a 2-day session covering foundational entrepreneurial concepts and opportunities.
- Women Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP): This intensive 40-hour training is offered to 300 selected students, covering crucial aspects of business, including:
- Business training and skilling
- Access to finance and market linkages
- Compliance and legal support
- Networking opportunities
- Mentorship: After completing the training, participants receive six months of mentorship to help them translate their ideas into sustainable business ventures.
- Faculty Development Programme (FDP): A 5-day FDP will upskill faculty members in HEIs, enabling them to effectively mentor students in entrepreneurship. The training focuses on industry insights, business incubation strategies, and coaching techniques.
- Award to Rewards Initiative: Successful ventures will be recognized and awarded, inspiring others and fostering a culture of women-led enterprises.
Expected Outcomes and Impact
- The SwavalambiniProgramme aims to promote entrepreneurship among women, with an expectation that 10% of EDP trainees will successfully launch their businesses.
- It strives to establish a clear framework for nurturing and scaling women-led enterprises in India.
- The initiative contributes to economic transformation by making entrepreneurship a viable career path for women, particularly in the Northeast, a region brimming with untapped entrepreneurial potential.
Alignment with National Policies
The SwavalambiniProgramme aligns with several national initiatives and policies aimed at promoting women entrepreneurship:
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: The programme complements the NEP’s vision by integrating skill development, industry collaboration, and entrepreneurship-driven education within HEIs.
- Women Entrepreneurship Schemes: It strengthens existing initiatives like Start-Up India, Stand-Up India, PM Mudra Yojana, and the Women Entrepreneurship Platform, providing financial and mentorship support to emerging women entrepreneurs.
- Union Budget 2025: The ?10,000 crore start-up fund and the extension of the 100% tax exemption on start-up profits for five years in the Union Budget 2025 offer crucial financial backing for women-led enterprises.
Launch and Regional Focus
The programme was officially launched across nine colleges and universities in the Northeast, including Gauhati University, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Mizoram University, and others.
National Commission for SafaiKaramcharis (NCSK)
- 11 Feb 2025
In News:
The Union Cabinet, on February 7, 2025, approved the extension of the tenure of the National Commission for SafaiKaramcharis (NCSK) for three years beyond March 31, 2025, i.e., up to March 31, 2028.
The move is aimed at sustaining efforts to eradicate manual scavenging, improve the welfare of sanitation workers, and achieve zero fatalities in hazardous cleaning activities. The extension involves a financial outlay of ?50.91 crore.
Background and Legal Status
- Constitution: NCSK was established in August 1994 under the National Commission for SafaiKaramcharis Act, 1993 as a statutory body.
- Post-2004 Status: The statutory Act lapsed in 2004, and since then, NCSK has functioned as a non-statutory body under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, with periodic extensions.
- Current Demand: The current Chairperson, M. Venkatesan, has welcomed the extension but stressed the need for granting statutory status to the commission to enhance its authority and effectiveness.
Mandate and Functions
As per Government Notification and MS Act, 2013:
- Policy Recommendations:Recommend specific programmes of action to eliminate inequalities in the status, facilities, and opportunities of SafaiKaramcharis.
- Monitoring and Evaluation:
- Study and evaluate implementation of welfare schemes and programmes.
- Monitor working conditions, including health, safety, and wages of sanitation workers.
- Grievance Redressal:
- Investigate specific complaints and take suomotu cognizance of non-implementation of policies or schemes related to SafaiKaramcharis.
- Report to governments on issues affecting SafaiKaramcharis.
- Role under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013:
- Monitor the implementation of the Act.
- Enquire into violations, and convey findings with recommendations to authorities.
- Advise the Centre and States on effective implementation.
- Take suomotu notice of non-compliance.
- Data Collection:
- NCSK remains the only national body tracking sewer and septic tank deaths.
Significance of the Extension
- Aims to improve working conditions in the sanitation sector.
- Supports the socio-economic upliftment of one of the most marginalized communities in India.
- Enhances implementation of manual scavenging prohibition laws.
- Facilitates rehabilitation and dignity for sanitation workers.
- Aligns with the broader vision of inclusive development and social justice.
Pinaka Multiple Rocket Launch System (MRLS)
- 11 Feb 2025
In News:
In a significant step towards modernizing India's artillery capabilities, the Union Ministry of Defence signed contracts worth ?10,147 crore on February 6, 2025, for the procurement of advanced ammunition for the Pinaka Multiple Rocket Launch System (MRLS).
These agreements were concluded with Economic Explosives Limited (EEL) and Munitions India Limited (MIL) for the acquisition of Area Denial Munition (ADM) Type-1 and High Explosive Pre-Fragmented (HEPF)-Mk-1 (enhanced) rockets, respectively.
Pinaka MRLS: An Overview
- Type: All-weather, battle-proven, indirect fire Artillery Weapon System.
- Developer: Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) of DRDO.
- Combat History: First used effectively during the Kargil War, neutralising enemy positions on mountain tops.
- Mobility: Mounted on Tatra trucks, providing high mobility and quick deployment.
- Payload & Firing Capacity:
- Each launcher: 12 rockets.
- Each battery: 6 launchers = 72 rockets.
- Capable of delivering a full salvo in 44 seconds.
- Range:
- Initial range: 60–75 km.
- Guided Pinaka (Pinaka-G) extends range to 75 km, with future plans to extend up to 120 km and eventually 300 km.
- Precision: The guided version uses INS/GPS navigation, allowing high accuracy against critical and time-sensitive targets.
- Warhead Types: High-explosive and submunitions, suitable for a wide variety of targets.
New Ammunition Contracts: Enhancing Lethality
The contracts include the procurement of:
- ADM Type-1: Equipped with specialised warheads designed to disperse sub-munitions over wide areas. These are effective in targeting mechanised formations, vehicles, and personnel, thereby denying area access to the enemy. These are similar to Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions (DPICM).
- HEPF-Mk-1 (Enhanced): An advanced variant of the currently used HEPF rockets with extended range and improved lethality, capable of deep precision strikes in enemy territory.
In addition, a contract was signed with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for upgrades to the Shakti software, which supports artillery operations.
Operational & Strategic Significance
- The upgraded Pinaka system will be the mainstay of long-range rocket artillery in the Indian Army.
- Four Pinaka regiments are already operational, with six more on order.
- The system’s development and expansion are a testament to India’s defenceindigenisation drive.
- The DRDO successfully completed flight tests of the guided Pinaka rocket with a range of 75 km, doubling its earlier reach. Future versions aim for up to 120 km and 300 km range.
Employment and MSME Impact
Besides enhancing strategic deterrence, the ?10,147 crore investment is expected to:
- Generate direct and indirect employment, particularly in the defence manufacturing ecosystem.
- Promote the Indian MSME sector, which contributes components and subsystems for the rockets and launchers.
- Support the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat by reducing dependency on imported artillery systems.
Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary
- 11 Feb 2025
In News:
Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, has witnessed a record-breaking influx of migratory birds in 2025, according to the latest annual bird census conducted on February 1, 2025.
The sanctuary, a designated Ramsar Site (since 2002) and a Wetland of National Importance (1994), recorded a total of 1,53,719 birds across 97 species, indicating a sharp rise in avifaunal population and reaffirming its ecological significance.
Key Highlights from the 2025 Census
- Migratory birds recorded: 1,44,371 individuals from 55 species.
- Total bird count: 1,53,719 birds from 97 species.
- Increase from 2024: 83,555 more birds.
- Bar-headed Goose population: 90,959 (up from 37,501 in 2024) — highest ever recorded since the census began in 2004.
Other dominant waterfowl included:
- Eurasian Coots – 10,785
- Common Pochards – 9,692
- Common Teals – 8,497
- Northern Pintails – 8,053
Lesser-spotted species included the Greater and Lesser White-fronted Goose, Red Crested Pochard, and Northern Lapwing.
Reasons Behind the Surge
- Experts attribute the significant increase in bird numbers to a decline in the water level of Pong Dam Lake, which exposed additional lakebed areas, creating new feeding grounds. This has made the sanctuary increasingly attractive to birds migrating from Tibet, Central Asia, Russia, Siberia, and the Trans-Himalayan region.
Survey and Conservation Collaboration
- The census was conducted by over 100 participants, including officials from the Himachal Pradesh Forest Department, experts from the Bombay Natural History Society, Wildlife Institute of India, and local birdwatchers. The sanctuary was divided into 25 zones for comprehensive coverage.
- To further conservation efforts, a new Interpretation Centre was inaugurated on January 18, 2025, aimed at promoting awareness about the wetland's role in sustaining biodiversity and supporting migratory birds.
Ecological and Geographical Profile
Pong Dam Lake (Maharana Pratap Sagar)
- Type: Manmade reservoir formed by construction of Pong Dam on the Beas River.
- Location: Wetland zone of the Shivalik hills, Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh.
- Area: Approx. 307 sq. km — among the largest man-made wetlands in northern India.
- Importance: Key stopover on the Trans-Himalayan flyway for migratory birds.
Flora
- Vegetation types: Submerged aquatic vegetation, grasslands, forests.
- Dominant species:Eucalyptus, Acacia, Shisham.
Fauna
- Avifauna: Over 220 bird species recorded; 54 waterfowl species.
- Notable birds: Bar-headed Geese, Pintails, Pochards, Coots, Grebes, Cormorants, Herons, Storks, Grey Partridge, Peafowl.
- Mammals: Sambar, Barking Deer, Nilgai, Wild Boar, Clawless Otter, Leopard.
Rhododendron wattii
- 10 Feb 2025
In News:
A recent study has highlighted the alarming decline of the rare Rhododendron wattii, a species endemic to Nagaland and Manipur, especially in the Dzukou Valley, Nagaland. The species is now on the brink of extinction due to severe threats to its survival, raising serious conservation concerns.
Botanical Profile
- Taxonomy and Discovery:
- First collected by Sir George Watt during his 1882–85 survey in the Japfu Hill range, Nagaland.
- Belongs to the Rhododendron genus, which has over 1,000 species worldwide.
- India hosts 132 taxa, of which 129 are found in the northeastern region.
- Growth and Habitat:
- Grows as a small tree or shrub in the temperate biome.
- Attains a maximum height of 25 feet.
- Endemic to Manipur and Nagaland, predominantly in the Dzukou Valley at ~2,600 metres altitude.
- Phenological Features:
- Evergreen plant with year-round leaf renewal.
- Flowering: Late February to April.
- Fruiting:April to December.
- Produces trusses of 18–25 pink flowers with dark flecks and purplish basal blotches.
- Pollinated by the Fire-tailed Sunbird (Aethopygaignicauda) and bumble bees.
Conservation Concerns:
- Conservation Status:
- Listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List due to:
- Severe population fragmentation.
- Area of occupancy less than 500 sq. km.
- Botanists at the Botanical Survey of India consider it Critically Endangered in its natural habitat.
- Listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List due to:
- Threats to Survival:
- Poor seedling survivability despite abundant seed production.
- Anthropogenic pressures such as:
- Deforestation
- Habitat destruction
- Use of trees for firewood by local communities.
- Wildfires: A major fire incident in 2020–21 severely impacted the Dzukou Valley.
- The lone surviving Rhododendron wattii tree was recorded far from human trails during a recent field study.
Recent Study Highlights:
- Conducted by Imtilila Jing and S.K. Chaturvedi of Nagaland University.
- Published in the Journal of Threatened Taxa.
- Found only one living tree in the surveyed area of 27 sq. km of Dzukou Valley.
- The last previously reported tree in Nagaland (2012–13) was cut down.
Additional Botanical Development in the Region:
While the situation of Rhododendron wattii is grim, the region also witnessed a positive botanical development:
- Discovery of Phalaenopsis wilsonii, a new orchid species in Manipur’s Senapati district.
- Identified by researchers from the Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Imphal.
- It is the ninth species of the Phalaenopsis genus recorded in Manipur.
GREAT Scheme
- 10 Feb 2025
In News:
The Grant for Research & Entrepreneurship across Aspiring Innovators in Technical Textiles (GREAT) scheme, launched in August 2023 under the National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM), aims to promote startup-led innovation and entrepreneurship in the rapidly growing sector of technical textiles in India.
As of February 2025, the government has approved four startups under the scheme, providing them with financial assistance to develop commercially viable innovations.
About the GREAT Scheme:
- Objective: To encourage young innovators, scientists, and startups in the technical textiles domain to convert ideas into market-ready products or functional prototypes.
- Implementation: Operated by the Ministry of Textiles under the R&D and Innovation Component of the NTTM.
- Financial Support:
- Grants of up to Rs.50 lakh for a period of up to 18 months.
- 10% upfront contribution from startups (e.g., ?5 lakh for a ?50 lakh grant).
- No royalty or equity required by the government.
- Approved Projects: Focus areas include Medical Textiles, Industrial Textiles, and Protective Textiles.
Complementary Initiatives under NTTM:
Academic and Skill Development:
- Education Institutes:
- ?6.5 crore approved for 3 academic institutes, including IIT Indore and NIT Patna, to introduce new courses in Geotextiles, Sports Textiles, Protective Textiles, and more.
- Skill Training:
- 12 Skill Development Courses launched across application areas such as Medical, Agricultural, Mobile, and Protective Textiles.
- Developed by leading Textile Research Associations: SITRA, NITRA, and SASMIRA.
- Aim to train stakeholders across the technical textile value chain.
National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM): An Overview
- Launched: 2020
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Textiles
- Total Outlay: ?1,480 crore
- Mission Goals:
- Make India a global leader in technical textiles.
- Expand the market size to $40–50 billion with 15–20% annual growth.
- Increase domestic penetration and usage of high-performance technical textiles.
Four Key Components:
- Research, Innovation, and Development
- Promotion and Market Development
- Export Promotion
- Education, Training, and Skill Development
- Sectoral Focus:Agro-textiles, Geotextiles, Medical Textiles, Industrial Textiles, Mobile Textiles, Home Textiles, Sports Textiles, Protective Textiles, and others.
- Policy Support:Includes integration with PLI schemes, PM MITRA Parks, and formulation of quality control regulations to strengthen manufacturing capabilities.
Significance for India’s Development:
- Encourages Atmanirbhar Bharat through self-reliant manufacturing and innovation.
- Strengthens India's competitiveness in high-end technical textiles for defense, healthcare, agriculture, infrastructure, and disaster response.
- Bridges the gap between lab-level R&D and market-ready products, especially by supporting startups in early innovation stages.
Grameen Credit Score
- 10 Feb 2025
In News:
The Union Budget 2025–26 introduced the Grameen Credit Score (GCS) framework as a targeted initiative to enhance access to formal credit for Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and the rural population. It reflects the government’s commitment to financial inclusion, rural empowerment, and inclusive development.
What is the Grameen Credit Score?
- The Grameen Credit Score is a rural-specific credit evaluation framework being developed by Public Sector Banks.
- It aims to formalize the credit behavior and transaction history of SHG members and rural individuals, especially women entrepreneurs, and integrate them into India’s central credit ecosystem.
- Unlike conventional credit scores (like CIBIL or CRIF Highmark), GCS is tailored to assess creditworthiness based on local financial behavior, such as SHG repayment records, informal lending history, and community participation.
Key Features and Objectives:
- Improved Credit Assessment:
- Bridges the gap in the current credit bureau systems, which often overlook rural borrowers and SHG members.
- Uses digital records and behavioral insights to provide a customized and accurate credit profile.
- Financial Inclusion:
- Targets women-led SHGs to provide better access to loans, credit cards, and microfinance products.
- Encourages rural borrowers to understand and monitor credit scores, EMIs, and repayment cycles.
- Customized Financial Products:
- Linked with the introduction of custom credit cards for micro-enterprises with credit limits of up to ?5 lakh.
- Facilitates product innovation for grassroots entrepreneurs in agriculture, MSMEs, and allied sectors.
- Support for Broader Rural Ecosystems:
- Integrated with initiatives like the SVAMITVA Scheme for property records digitization.
- Complements reforms like the transformation of India Post into a rural logistics backbone and support for cooperative sectors via the NCDC.
- Economic Empowerment:
- By expanding credit access and improving repayment discipline, GCS is expected to:
- Boost rural entrepreneurship
- Strengthen economic resilience of rural households
- Support the long-term development of the rural economy
- By expanding credit access and improving repayment discipline, GCS is expected to:
Impact on Rural Development and SHGs:
- Empowers rural women through financial independence and enterprise development.
- Enhances formal credit linkage of SHGs, reducing reliance on informal moneylenders.
- Promotes financial literacy and long-term economic stability in villages.
- Aims to be a catalyst for poverty alleviation and inclusive growth.
Gaia Black Holes
- 10 Feb 2025
In News:
The European Space Agency’s Gaia mission, launched in 2013, continues to redefine our understanding of the Milky Way by detecting celestial phenomena through precise astrometry.
One of its most significant contributions has been the discovery of dormant stellar-mass black holes that are not associated with X-ray emissions—previously the main detection method. These discoveries represent a paradigm shift in black hole detection and open new avenues for astrophysical research.
Gaia BH Series: Discovery and Significance
Gaia BH1
- Discovery Year: 2022
- Location: ~1,560 light years from Earth in the Ophiuchus constellation
- Significance:
- Closest known black hole to Earth
- Detected via a yellow star orbiting a dark mass, whose high orbital velocity implied the presence of a black hole nearly nine times the mass of the Sun
- Validated using data from LAMOST (China) and Magellan Clay Telescope (Chile)
Gaia BH2
- Discovery Year: 2023
- Location: ~3,800 light years away in the Centaurus constellation
- Mass: Around nine solar masses
- Observation Method: Tracked motion of a luminous star orbiting an unseen massive companion
Gaia BH3 – A Landmark Discovery
- Discovery Year: 2024
- Distance from Earth: ~1,926 light years (~2,000 light years), making it the second closest black hole
- Location:Aquila constellation, in the Milky Way’s outer regions
- Mass: ~33 times the mass of the Sun, making it the largest known stellar-mass black hole in the Milky Way
- Orbital Partner: A yellow giant star orbiting every 11.6 years, with an average separation similar to the Sun-Uranus distance
- Special Traits:
- It is a dormant or passive black hole, not actively accreting matter
- Lacks X-ray emissions, suggesting a scarcity of surrounding material
- Its companion star’s chemical composition indicates ancient origins, hinting that such massive black holes were formed early in the universe
Scientific Implications:
- Detection Technique Innovation:Gaia uses astrometric mapping to track the apparent motion of stars across the sky. When a star appears to orbit "empty space," astronomers infer the presence of a massive object—typically a black hole—using Kepler’s laws and the Doppler effect.
- Redefining Black Hole Census:Most black holes were previously detected through X-ray emissions. Gaia has revealed non-emitting black holes, indicating a possibly larger hidden black hole population in our galaxy.
- Historical Linkage:Black holes with masses above 30 solar masses were previously only observed through gravitational waves (LIGO/VIRGO, 2015). Gaia BH3 now provides a local, observable counterpart.
India-Japan Steel Dialogue
- 10 Feb 2025
In News:
The 3rd India-Japan Steel Dialogue was held on February 4, 2025, at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi, as part of the institutional mechanism under the Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) signed between the two nations in December 2020. The dialogue was co-chaired by senior officials from India’s Ministry of Steel and Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).
Key Highlights and Strategic Focus Areas:
- Bilateral Steel Cooperation:The dialogue served as a platform to deepen cooperation in areas such as technology exchange, workplace safety, product diversification, and capacity building. Both nations reviewed progress under existing initiatives and reaffirmed commitment to long-term collaboration in the steel sector.
- Ease of Doing Business & Investment Support:India reiterated its commitment to facilitating ease of doing business for Japanese companies, while Japan assured continued technological and financial support for investments in advanced steel technologies in India.
- Sustainable Steel Production:India showcased recent initiatives like the Green Steel Report and the Taxonomy of Green Steel, underlining efforts to align steel production with sustainability goals and climate commitments.
- Demographic & Market Advantages:The Indian delegation highlighted the growing domestic demand driven by infrastructure investments, and the potential of India’s demographic dividend to attract foreign investment in the steel sector.
- Global Regulatory Issues – EU CBAM:Both sides discussed the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (EU CBAM), which seeks to impose carbon pricing on imports in sectors such as iron and steel, aluminum, cement, fertilizers, electricity, and hydrogen.
- CBAM Phase Timeline:
- Transitional Phase: 2023–2025 (reporting obligations)
- Full Implementation: From 2026 (financial obligations imposed)
- CBAM Phase Timeline:
Relevance:
CBAM has major implications for international steel trade, necessitating cleaner production methods and greater transparency in carbon emissions data.
Tribal Welfare in Union Budget 2025–26
- 09 Feb 2025
In News:
India is home to over 10.45 crore Scheduled Tribe (ST) individuals, comprising 8.6% of the population. Concentrated largely in remote and underdeveloped regions, ST communities face persistent challenges such as land alienation, limited access to quality education, healthcare deficits, and socio-economic exclusion. The Union Budget 2025–26 signals a paradigm shift in tribal welfare, in line with the vision of Viksit Bharat.
Budgetary Commitment
The total allocation for tribal welfare has risen to ?14,925.81 crore in 2025–26—a 45.79% jump from the previous year and a staggering 231.83% increase from 2014–15 levels. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has witnessed a consistent rise in budget: from ?7,511.64 crore (2023–24) to ?10,237.33 crore (2024–25), and now ?14,925.81 crore.
Flagship Schemes and Initiatives
- Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) received ?7,088.60 crore, up from ?4,748 crore, to provide quality residential education to ST students. EMDBS, a pilot initiative in high-density tribal areas, enhances outreach.
- Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission (PMJVM) saw a sharp rise to ?380.40 crore. It promotes tribal entrepreneurship, sustainable Minor Forest Produce (MFP) use, and value chain development.
- Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY) was allocated ?335.97 crore (163% increase). It aims to convert tribal-majority villages into model habitations by ensuring convergence of development schemes.
- PM-JANMAN Multi-Purpose Centers (MPCs) received ?300 crore, targeting Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) with essential services and institutional support.
- Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DAJGUA), launched in 2024, envisions the holistic development of 63,843 tribal villages. With an outlay of ?79,156 crore over five years, it integrates 17 ministries and 25 interventions. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has allocated ?2,000 crore for 2025–26 alone.
Persistent Challenges
Despite constitutional safeguards (Articles 15(4), 46, 244, 275(1), etc.), tribal communities face significant hurdles:
- Land and Resource Rights: Only 50% of 42.76 lakh Forest Rights Act (FRA) claims have been approved (MoTA, 2022). Displacement from mining and infrastructure projects persists.
- Education: ST literacy stands at 59% (Census 2011) with high dropout rates due to poverty and language gaps.
- Health: Malnutrition, maternal mortality, and diseases like Sickle Cell remain endemic.
- Marginalization: Tribals face economic deprivation, exploitation (bonded labor, trafficking), and erosion of cultural identity.
- Underrepresentation: Despite reserved seats, policy influence remains limited.
The Way Forward
- Land Rights: Effective implementation of FRA and safeguards against forced displacement.
- Education: Expand EMRS/EMDBS and promote bilingual, culturally relevant curricula.
- Health: Improve rural health infrastructure and target tribal-specific diseases.
- Women’s Empowerment: Support SHGs and skill-based livelihood through schemes like Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana.
- Cultural Continuity: Support tribal art, festivals, and language preservation through digital and educational platforms.
- Inclusive Governance: Strengthen Gram Sabhas and tribal representation in policymaking.
Dunki Routes
- 09 Feb 2025
In News:
Recently, a US military aircraft carrying 104 deported Indian nationals landed at Amritsar Airport. These deportees had entered the United States through the illegal “Dunki” route, paying between ?30 lakh and ?1 crore to agents and human traffickers.
Since 2009, over 15,000 Indians have been deported from the US for illegal entry, with India now figuring among the top non-Latin American countries in deportation rankings.
What is the ‘Dunki Route’?
- The “Dunki” or “Donkey” route refers to an unauthorised, arduous journey that migrants undertake through multiple countries to reach destinations like the United States, bypassing legal immigration processes.
- Routes often begin in countries with visa-on-arrival access or easy tourist visa policies for Indians:
- Latin America: Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Brazil, Venezuela
- Europe/Central Asia: Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kazakhstan
- Southeast Asia: Malaysia (via Bangkok)
- Migrants often transit through Mexico, Guatemala, or Costa Rica before crossing into the US through illegal land borders.
How the Network Operates:
- Human trafficking syndicates use fake or manipulated visas (e.g., Schengen visas) to move migrants across Europe, Central Asia, and Latin America.
- Indian passport holders are sent to countries with lenient visa regimes, followed by overland or sea routes to US borders.
- Delhi Police (IGI unit) revealed that many migrants travel to Turkey or Kazakhstan and then cross to Russia or Latin America before attempting US entry.
Reasons Behind Illegal Migration:
- Economic Opportunities: Low wages in India drive migration to higher-paying economies.
- Limited Legal Avenues: Long, uncertain visa approval processes discourage legal pathways.
- Cultural Pressures: In communities like the Patels of Gujarat, migration to the US is tied to social prestige, often compelling families to sell land or take loans.
- Success Stories: Stories of successful illegal migrants inspire others to follow suit.
- Thriving Smuggling Rackets: Demand for migration has led to lucrative smuggling networks.
Consequences and Risks:
- Human Cost: Migrants risk robbery, assault, rape, and death, with bodies often unrecovered.
- Economic Loss: Families face financial ruin due to heavy agent fees.
- Legal Repercussions: Deportation, detention, and blacklisting from future visas.
- Geopolitical Sensitivity: Damages bilateral ties with countries like the US and strains consular systems.
Government Response and Policy Measures:
Proposed Legislation:
- India is considering the Overseas Mobility (Facilitation and Welfare) Bill, 2024 to:
- Promote safe, orderly, and regular migration
- Replace the outdated Emigration Act, 1983
- Establish comprehensive mechanisms for migrant protection and regulation
Awareness Campaigns:
- Indian embassies and consulates regularly issue:
- Advisories on fraudulent agents
- Guidance on safe migration
- Lists of registered recruiting agencies
Migration Trends and Global Standing:
- World Migration Report 2024 (IOM):
- India received $111 billion in remittances in 2022 – highest globally
- India is the largest country of origin for international migrants, with large diasporas in the UAE, US, and Saudi Arabia
H-1B Visa: The Legal Face of Indian Migration to the US
- H-1B Program: Allows US employers to hire foreign workers in high-skill occupations requiring at least a bachelor’s degree.
- Duration: Maximum of six years, renewable under certain conditions, or convertible into a Green Card.
- Indian Dominance:
- Indians have accounted for over 70% of all H-1B visa approvals since 2015
- Chinese applicants make up the second-largest group (~12–13%)
Political Challenges:
- Immigration, including H-1B, is a polarising issue in US politics.
- Rising anti-immigration sentiment, especially under administrations like Trump 2.0, affects policy and visa quotas.
Hotspot States and Migration Routes in India:
- Major source states of illegal migrants: Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana
- These regions are hubs for agents who facilitate illegal migration using Dunki routes and exploit aspirational youth.
PRASHAD Scheme
- 09 Feb 2025
In News:
The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture has raised concerns over delays in the completion of projects under the Spiritual Tourism Circuits and the PRASHAD Scheme.
It has recommended the establishment of a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and emphasized obtaining prior clearances to ensure timely execution of future projects.
About PRASHAD Scheme
- Full Form: Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spirituality Augmentation Drive.
- Launched: 2014–15 by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.
- Objective: To promote, develop, and enhance spiritual tourism infrastructure at important pilgrimage sites across India.
Aims and Objectives:
- Improve infrastructure (roads, water supply, sanitation, waste management).
- Enhance connectivity (road, rail, and air) to pilgrimage destinations.
- Preserve and conserve religious and cultural heritage sites.
- Promote eco-friendly and sustainable tourism practices.
- Increase domestic and international tourist footfall through spiritual tourism.
- Generate local employment through skill development and livelihood programmes.
Funding Model:
- 100% centrally funded for eligible components.
- Also includes voluntary contributions through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) initiatives.
Implementation Challenges and Parliamentary Findings
Spiritual Tourism Circuits under Swadesh Darshan Scheme:
- Launched to promote thematic tourism circuits, including 23 Spiritual Circuits across India.
- Of these, five circuits remain incomplete, with two key circuits in Kerala—
- Sabarimala–Erumeli–Pampa–Sannidhanam Circuit
- Sivagiri Sree Narayana Guru Ashram Circuit
- Progress Status (as of September 2023):
- Sabarimala Circuit: 76% complete
- Sivagiri Circuit: 51% complete
- Original target completion dates: June 2023 and October 2023, respectively.
Reasons for Delay:
- Lack of timely clearances from Temple Authorities.
- Administrative and coordination issues across agencies.
Committee Recommendations:
- Formulate a clear-cut SOP for the execution of spiritual tourism projects.
- Ensure pre-approval and coordination with all concerned stakeholders before initiating construction.
- Strengthen planning at the Detailed Project Report (DPR) stage to anticipate implementation challenges and avoid delays and cost overruns.
PRASHAD Scheme Performance:
- Out of 45 sanctioned projects, only 21 have been completed as of the latest report.
- The committee noted this performance as unsatisfactory, even accounting for disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Fort William Renamed Vijay Durg
- 08 Feb 2025
In News:
In a significant step towards decolonising the Indian Armed Forces and aligning with indigenous historical consciousness, Fort William, the headquarters of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army in Kolkata, has been renamed Vijay Durg. This renaming is part of a broader initiative to remove colonial-era symbols and practices and restore Indian military heritage.
Historical Background of Fort William
- Construction: The original Fort William was constructed in 1696 by the English East India Company. It was later attacked and captured by Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, in 1756.
- The Black Hole Incident: The original fort had an inner bastion used for imprisoning captives, leading to the infamous “Black Hole of Calcutta” narrative.
- Reconstruction: After the Battle of Plassey (1757) and the defeat of Siraj-ud-Daulah, Robert Clive initiated the construction of a new fort, which was completed in 1773 or 1781 (sources differ).
- Naming: It was named Fort William in honour of King William III of England.
Architectural Features
- Design: The fort is octagonal in shape with a massive structure made of brick and mortar.
- Area: Spread across 70.9 acres on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, it features hundreds of arched windows and lush green surroundings.
- Aesthetics: Its walls are adorned with intricate stonework, reflecting colonial military architecture.
Recent Changes and Renaming
- New Name: Vijay Durg – Inspired by Vijaydurg Fort in Maharashtra, a prominent naval base of the Marathas under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
- Other Changes:
- Kitchener House has been renamed Manekshaw House, after Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw.
- St. George’s Gate has been renamed Shivaji Gate.
- Implementation: According to the Defence Public Relations Office in Kolkata, the name change was decided in mid-December 2024, and internal communications have already adopted the new nomenclature, though an official notification is awaited.
Broader De-Colonisation Drive in Indian Defence
The renaming of Fort William is part of a larger movement initiated by the Government of India to eliminate colonial vestiges in the armed forces. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in a 2022 speech at Kevadia, Gujarat, urged the forces to discard “legacy systems” and move towards “freedom from the mentality of slavery (gulami ki mansikta se mukti)”.
Key Initiatives:
- Indianisation of military music during the Beating Retreat ceremony.
- Adoption of a new naval ensign (2022) inspired by the seal of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, moving away from British colonial symbols.
- Renaming of military establishments and symbols rooted in colonial heritage.
- Review publication (2024) titled “Colonial Practices and the Armed Forces – A Review”, released at the Joint Commanders’ Conference in Lucknow by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh.
Mount Taranaki
- 08 Feb 2025
In News:
In a significant legal and environmental development, Mount Taranaki—officially now known by its M?ori name Taranaki Maunga—has been granted legal personhood by the government of New Zealand.
This move marks it as the third natural feature in the country to receive such status, following the Te Urewera National Park (2014) and the Whanganui River (2017).
This recognition reflects an increasing global trend toward acknowledging the intrinsic rights of natural entities and respecting the spiritual beliefs of indigenous communities.
About Taranaki Maunga
- Location: Situated in Egmont National Park, North Island, New Zealand.
- Dual Naming: Historically known as Mount Egmont, it is now officially referred to by its indigenous name, Taranaki Maunga, as part of decolonization and cultural revival efforts.
- Elevation: Stands at 8,261 feet, making it the second-highest peak in the North Island of New Zealand.
- Geological Type: It is a stratovolcano (composite cone) with a nearly perfect symmetrical shape—one of the most symmetrical volcanic cones in the world.
- Formation: Formed due to the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate. The magma source lies deeper than that of the Taupo Volcanic Zone volcanoes.
- Topography: Surrounded by a circular ring plain formed from lahars (volcanic mudflows) and landslides.
- Status: A snow-capped dormant volcano and culturally revered natural landmark.
- Cultural Significance: The M?ori, indigenous people of New Zealand, regard Taranaki Maunga as a sacred ancestor, embedding it deeply in their oral traditions and spirituality.
Legal Personhood and Its Significance
Granting legal personhood to Taranaki Maunga means it now holds rights, duties, and liabilities akin to a legal human being, and its interests will be represented by appointed guardians—often including indigenous representatives.
This legal framework recognizes:
- The spiritual and cultural relationship that the M?ori have with the mountain.
- The need to protect natural ecosystems not merely for utility but as living entities deserving of rights and dignity.
Comparative Insights: India’s Legal Approach to Natural Entities
India has witnessed similar developments:
- Uttarakhand High Court (2017–18): Granted legal personhood to the Ganga and Yamuna rivers, along with the Gangotri and Yamunotri glaciers. However, the Supreme Court later stayed this ruling.
- Punjab and Haryana High Court (2020): Recognized Sukhna Lake (Chandigarh) as a living entity for environmental protection.
- These decisions stem from the Doctrine of Parens Patriae, which allows the state to act as a guardian for those who cannot protect themselves—extending this protection to natural entities such as rivers, forests, and wildlife.
Shatavari
- 07 Feb 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Ayush has launched a nationwide campaign titled “Shatavari – For Better Health” to raise public awareness on the health benefits of Asparagus racemosus (commonly known as Shatavari), especially in the context of women’s health and the broader objective of holistic well-being.
About Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)
- Family: Asparagaceae (formerly Liliaceae)
- Common Names: Satawar, Satamuli
- Ayurvedic Significance: Known as the “Queen of Herbs”, Shatavari is praised in classical Ayurvedic texts like Charak Samhita and Ashtang Hridayam for treating women’s reproductive health disorders.
- Name Meaning: ‘Shatavari’ translates to “acceptable to many”, signifying its diverse benefits.
- Botanical Description: It is a woody climber (1–2 meters tall), with pine-needle-like leaves and small white flowers.
- Habitat and Distribution: Found in tropical climates at low altitudes across Asia, Africa, and Australia.
Medicinal Uses
- The dried roots of Shatavari are used medicinally.
- Acts as a tonic, diuretic, galactagogue (promotes lactation), and has ulcer-healing properties.
- Strengthens mucosal resistance and provides cytoprotection.
- Widely used for addressing female reproductive health issues, immunity enhancement, and promoting overall vitality.
The Campaign: “Shatavari – For Better Health”
- Launched by: Shri Prataprao Jadhav, MoS (Independent Charge), Ministry of Ayush.
- Organized by: National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB).
- This campaign follows successful species-specific initiatives on Amla, Moringa, Giloe, and Ashwagandha.
- Shatavari is being positioned as a crucial resource in advancing women’s health, supporting the Panch Pran Goals set by the Prime Minister for a Developed India by 2047.
- Focus on achieving holistic well-being and integrating traditional medicine with public health awareness.
Policy and Financial Support
- Under the Central Sector Scheme for Conservation, Development, and Sustainable Management of Medicinal Plants, the Ministry promotes the cultivation and sustainable use of Shatavari.
- Financial assistance of ?18.9 lakhs will be provided to eligible organizations to support awareness and adoption.
National Youth Parliament Scheme (NYPS) 2.0
- 07 Feb 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs has recently provided updates in the Rajya Sabha on the National Youth Parliament Scheme (NYPS) 2.0, emphasizing its role in fostering democratic values, constitutional awareness, and active citizenship among Indian youth.
About NYPS 2.0
Launched by the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, NYPS 2.0 aims to strengthen the roots of democracy and enhance understanding of parliamentary practices and government functioning among citizens, especially students.
Objectives
- Instill discipline, tolerance for diverse views, and democratic ethos among youth.
- Educate students about the procedures of Parliament, constitutional values, and functioning of the government.
- Encourage a democratic way of life through civic engagement.
Participation Modes via NYPS 2.0 Web Portal
The dedicated web-portal enables inclusive citizen participation in three formats:
- Institutional Participation:
- Open to all educational institutions.
- Institutions can organize Youth Parliament sittings as per portal guidelines.
- Two sub-categories:
- Kishore Sabha: For students of Class VI to XII.
- Tarun Sabha: For undergraduate and postgraduate students.
- Group Participation: Open to any group of citizens willing to conduct Youth Parliament sittings under defined norms.
- Individual Participation: Citizens can individually engage by taking a quiz on the theme ‘Bhartiya Democracy in Action’.
Training and Educational Resources
To support participants, the portal offers comprehensive e-training material, including:
- Literature on Youth Parliament
- Model Debates, Questions, and List of Business
- Model Scripts
- Video tutorials and other interactive resources
National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) 2021
- 07 Feb 2025
In News:
Patient advocacy groups across India have raised serious concerns over delays in implementing the National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) 2021, which has left many rare disease patients — especially children — in life-threatening situations. They have urged the government for immediate intervention to resume life-saving treatments and release stalled funds under the policy.
Rare Diseases:
- Rare diseases are severe, often genetic, life-threatening disorders that impact a small percentage of the population.
- They disproportionately affect children, with 30% of diagnosed patients not surviving beyond age five without timely treatment.
- Examples include Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs) such as Gaucher, Pompe, Fabry, and MPS I & II.
About NPRD 2021
The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare launched the National Policy for Rare Diseases in March 2021 to streamline the diagnosis, research, and treatment of rare diseases in India.
Key Features of NPRD 2021:
- 63 rare diseases currently included under the policy (as recommended by the Central Technical Committee for Rare Diseases (CTCRD)).
- Categorization of diseases into three groups:
- Group 1: Diseases amenable to one-time curative treatment.
- Group 2: Diseases requiring long-term/lifelong treatment with relatively lower cost.
- Group 3: Diseases requiring very high-cost lifelong therapy where patient selection is critical.
Institutional Support:
- 12 Centres of Excellence (CoEs) identified at premier government hospitals to provide diagnosis and treatment.
- Nidan Kendras established to provide genetic testing and counselling services.
- National Consortium for Research and Development on Therapeutics for Rare Diseases (NCRDTRD) set up to coordinate R&D and promote indigenous drug manufacturing.
- Tax exemptions (on GST and Customs Duty) granted for imported drugs for individual and institutional use.
Financial Provisions:
- Financial assistance of up to ?50 lakh per patient for treatment at CoEs.
- Patients must register at CoEs to receive diagnosis and initiate treatment.
Challenges and Crisis
Despite policy provisions, implementation has been stalled, leading to a healthcare emergency for rare disease patients.
Key Issues Raised:
- Insufficient funding: The ?50 lakh cap is inadequate for chronic and ultra-rare diseases that need lifelong therapy.
- Administrative delays: Fund disbursement to CoEs has been slow, disrupting continuity of treatment.
- Impact on Patients:
- Patients like Alishba Khan, Ashok Kumar, Imran Ghoshi, and Adrija Mudy with Gaucher or MPS I have exhausted their funding.
- Patients who had previously stabilized are now regressing due to interrupted therapy at leading hospitals like AIIMS Delhi, IGICH Bangalore, and IPGMER Kolkata.
Legal Developments:
- On October 4, 2024, the Delhi High Court directed the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to:
- Release additional funds beyond the ?50 lakh limit.
- Create a ?974 crore National Fund for FY 2024–25 and 2025–26.
- Months later, no concrete action has been taken, further eroding trust in the policy's effectiveness.
Demands by Advocacy Groups
- Sustainable, long-term funding model for lifelong treatment of rare and ultra-rare diseases.
- Immediate fund release to CoEs and simplification of administrative processes.
- Ensure uninterrupted access to essential therapies and expand the scope of financial support.
Dhimsa Dance
- 06 Feb 2025
In News:
In a significant development, tribal families from Neelabandha, a remote hilltop hamlet in Anakapalli district, Andhra Pradesh, received electricity for the first time since Independence. In celebration, they performed the Dhimsa dance, a vibrant expression of tribal culture.
About Dhimsa Dance:
- Origin & Region:
- Dhimsa is a traditional tribal dance predominantly performed in Andhra Pradesh, especially in the tribal belts of the Eastern Ghats.
- Its origin can be traced to the Koraput region (present-day Odisha and bordering Andhra Pradesh), primarily home to the Gond tribe.
- Communities Performing Dhimsa:
- Tribes such as Bagata, Valmiki, Poraja, Khond, Gadaba, Kondadora, Mukadora, and Kotia actively perform this dance.
- Occasions:
- Commonly performed during festivals, weddings, and the hunting festival in April.
- Celebratory, spiritual, and social in nature, symbolizing unity and joy.
- Dance Formation and Movements:
- Performed in circular formations with dancers holding each other's arms.
- Emphasis on synchronized hand and leg movements.
- Troupes usually consist of 20 or more dancers.
- Themes:
- Dhimsa is a narrative dance that expresses tribal mythologies, folktales, cultural mores, economic activities, kinship, and marital life.
- Musical Instruments Used:
- Dappu, Tudumu, Mori, Kidgi, Gilka, and Jodukommulu.
- A combination of percussion and wind instruments drives the rhythm and variation in the dance.
- Varieties:
- There are 12 known types of Dhimsa dances, each varying in pace, rhythm, and purpose.
Rural Electrification of Neelabandha Village:
- Background:
- Neelabandha is located in Arla Panchayat of Rolugunta Mandal in Anakapalli district.
- Consists of four households (approximately 20 individuals) who had been living without electricity since Independence.
- Implementation:
- The electrification was part of the Andhra Pradesh government’s rural development drive to provide basic infrastructure to underdeveloped tribal villages.
- Under the directions of District Collector Vijaya Krishnan, and CMD of APEPDCL, Prithvi Tej, the Eastern Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh (EPDCL) carried out the electrification.
- Challenges Overcome:
- The hamlet lacked motorable roads, making it difficult to transport materials.
- Electricity poles had to be carried manually for over 6 km to reach the village.
- Outcome:
- Free electricity was provided to the villagers, marking a major milestone in tribal welfare.
- In a heartfelt celebration, the villagers performed Dhimsa under electric lights for the first time.
Issues Still Persisting:
- Infrastructure Deficits:
- The village still lacks road connectivity, educational access, and healthcare facilities.
- These gaps hinder children's ability to attend school and access essential services.
- Community Response:
- Local leaders, including CPI(M) district committee member K. Govind, welcomed the electrification but urged the government to address remaining developmental needs.
Makhana Board
- 06 Feb 2025
In News:
In the Union Budget 2025–26, Finance Minister announced the establishment of a Makhana Board in Bihar with a dedicated budget of ?100 crore to boost the production, processing, and export of Makhana (Fox Nuts).
About Makhana (Fox Nuts):
- Botanical Name: Euryale ferox
- Family: Nymphaeaceae (Water lily family)
- Description:
- Makhana is the dried edible seed of the prickly water lily.
- Grown in freshwater bodies across South and East Asia.
- The plant is known for its violet and white flowers and large, round, prickly leaves.
- Due to its black outer covering, Makhana is nicknamed the "Black Diamond."
Nutritional and Medicinal Value:
- Low in fat, rich in carbohydrates, and a good source of protein and minerals.
- Widely used in:
- Traditional medicine
- Health and wellness products
- Culinary preparations such as popped Makhana (‘Lava’)
Major Producing Regions:
- India:
- Bihar produces 90% of India’s total Makhana, especially in the Mithilanchal region.
- Key districts: Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Supaul, Araria, Kishanganj, Sitamarhi.
- The first four districts contribute 80% of Bihar’s Makhana output.
- Bihar produces 90% of India’s total Makhana, especially in the Mithilanchal region.
- Other Indian states: Assam, Manipur, West Bengal, Tripura, Odisha.
- Other countries: Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Korea.
- GI Tag: Mithila Makhana received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2022.
Climatic Conditions for Cultivation:
- Type: Aquatic crop; grows in stagnant water bodies (ponds, lakes, wetlands).
- Ideal Conditions:
- Water Depth: 4–6 feet
- Temperature: 20°C – 35°C
- Relative Humidity: 50% – 90%
- Annual Rainfall: 100 – 250 cm
About the Makhana Board:
- Allocated Budget: ?100 crore
- Objectives:
- Train farmers in advanced cultivation techniques.
- Support processing and value addition in the Makhana supply chain.
- Facilitate financial aid and access to government schemes.
- Develop export infrastructure and promote branding and marketing.
Makhana under ODOP Scheme:
- Recognized as a One District One Product (ODOP) commodity for Bihar.
- Under ODOP, the Union Government provides subsidies to processors for:
- Infrastructure development
- Branding and marketing
About ODOP Scheme:
- Launched by: Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI)
- Objective: Promote district-level economic specialization and turn each district into an export hub.
- Origin: First launched in Uttar Pradesh (2018); adopted as a national initiative under the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision.
- Implementation:
- In coordination with the ‘Districts as Export Hubs’ (DEH) initiative.
- Managed by DGFT, Department of Commerce, and DPIIT.
- Significance:
- Encourages rural entrepreneurship, local employment, and global trade linkages.
- Strengthens district economies by scaling up traditional and unique products.
Gyan Bharatam Mission
- 06 Feb 2025
In News:
The Union Budget 2025–26 announced the launch of the Gyan Bharatam Mission, a significant cultural initiative aimed at the survey, documentation, digitization, and conservation of over one crore manuscripts across India.
Key Details:
- A special national mission focusing on India’s manuscript heritage preserved in:
- Academic institutions
- Libraries
- Museums
- Private collections
- Objective:
To document and conserve more than one crore manuscripts, centralize them into a national digital repository, and make them accessible to researchers, students, and institutions globally. - Significance:
- Facilitates knowledge-sharing through digitization.
- Promotes India's traditional knowledge systems.
- Enhances academic and historical research in the Indian knowledge domain.
What is a Manuscript?
- A manuscript is a handwritten composition on materials such as:
- Palm leaf, paper, cloth, bark, or metal.
- Must be at least 75 years old and possess scientific, historical, or aesthetic value.
- Printed texts and lithographs are not considered manuscripts.
- Manuscripts may exist in hundreds of languages and scripts, e.g.:
- Sanskrit manuscripts written in Devanagari, Grantha, Oriya, and other scripts.
- Unlike epigraphs or official records (firmans, revenue documents), manuscripts hold knowledge content, not just historical data.
National Manuscripts Mission (NMM)
- Launched in 2003 under the Ministry of Culture, operated through the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA).
- Mandate: Identify, preserve, and make accessible India's manuscript wealth.
- Revival: The 2025–26 Budget seeks to rejuvenate NMM to implement the Gyan Bharatam Mission effectively.
Budgetary Provisions
- NMM allocation increased from ?3.5 crore to ?60 crore for FY 2025–26.
- Culture Ministry overall allocation:
- ?3,360.96 crore, up from a revised estimate of ?3,260.93 crore.
- Other Key Allocations:
- Archaeological Survey of India (ASI): ?1,278.49 crore
- National Libraries and Archives: ?156.55 crore
- Museums (National Museum, NGMA): ?126.63 crore
- Note: Allocations for centenary events, cultural collaborations have been reduced.
Iran’s Missile Advancements
- 04 Feb 2025
In News:
In a significant military development, Iran has successfully test-fired the Ghadr-380, an advanced anti-warship cruise missile with a range of 1,000 kilometers (600 miles).
This capability allows it to target U.S. Navy warships deployed in critical maritime regions like the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. The missile test was launched from an underground missile facility and was broadcast on Iranian state television, underscoring its strategic messaging.
Key Missiles Unveiled by Iran:
1. Ghadr-380 Cruise Missile:
- Type: Anti-warship cruise missile
- Range: Over 1,000 km
- Features:
- Anti-jamming capability
- Quick-launch readiness (operable by one person in less than 5 minutes)
- Launch Details:
- Fired from an underground missile base in central Iran
- Targeted the Sea of Oman
- Specific test timing and warhead specifications were not disclosed
2. Etemad Ballistic Missile:
- Name Meaning: Etemad means "trust" in Persian
- Type: Precision-guided ballistic missile
- Range: 1,700 km (1,056 miles)
- Specifications:
- Length: 16 meters
- Diameter: 1.25 meters
- Equipped with precision-guided warhead
- Built by: Iranian Ministry of Defence
Ballistic vs. Cruise Missiles: Understanding the Distinction
Feature Ballistic Missile Cruise Missile
Propulsion Rocket-propelled at launch; unpowered descent Jet engine-powered throughout flight
Flight Path Arched trajectory (leaves and re-enters atmosphere) Straight, low-altitude flight within atmosphere
Detection Easier to track via radar once launched Difficult to detect due to low-altitude flight
Launch Platforms Ground-based, silo, mobile launchers Ground, air, or sea platforms
Warhead Capability Can carry conventional or nuclear warheads Usually conventional, but may carry nuclear in advanced forms
Iran’s Strategic Missile Doctrine
Underground Missile Facilities:
- Iran maintains extensive underground missile bases, especially in southern Iran near the Strait of Hormuz—a chokepoint for global oil trade.
- Such facilities enhance survivability and rapid response capabilities.
Missile Development Drivers:
- Iran's missile program evolved as a strategic deterrent post the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), where both countries used missiles to target civilian areas.
- UN arms embargoes led Iran to focus on domestic development of missile systems, including both cruise and ballistic types.
Capabilities:
- Iran now claims to possess missiles with ranges up to 2,000 kilometers, capable of reaching parts of the Middle East, including Israel.
- The Ghadr-380 and Etemad missiles are examples of technological diversification—from ballistic to precision cruise systems.
Implications for Regional and Global Security
- Deterrence Posture: Iran’s missile advancements strengthen its deterrence, especially amid strained relations with the U.S. and its allies.
- Threat to Maritime Security: The Ghadr-380, with its anti-warship focus, poses a direct threat to U.S. naval assets in the Persian Gulf and adjacent waters.
- Escalation Risks: Enhanced missile capabilities could escalate regional tensions, particularly in flashpoints like the Strait of Hormuz.
- Western Concerns: The U.S. and European nations remain wary of Iran’s dual-track approach involving missile and nuclear program developments.
Shubhanshu Shukla
- 04 Feb 2025
In News:
Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to become the first Indian astronaut to travel to the International Space Station (ISS) on a private mission, marking a significant milestone in India’s space diplomacy and international collaboration in human spaceflight.
Mission Details:
- Mission Name: Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4)
- Launch Vehicle: SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft
- Launch Site: Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA
- Tentative Timeline: Spring 2025
- Duration on ISS: Up to 14 days
- Mission Objectives: Conduct scientific experiments, educational outreach, and commercial activities, in collaboration with NASA and ISRO.
International Collaboration:
- The mission includes astronauts from India, Poland, and Hungary—the first such trilateral collaboration in over four decades.
- Marks the return of human spaceflight for Poland and Hungary after a hiatus of more than 40 years.
- Demonstrates Axiom Space’s emerging role in redefining access to low-Earth orbit and supporting national space programs through private missions.
About Shubhanshu Shukla:
- Born: October 10, 1985, in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
- Commissioned into IAF: June 2006, Fighter Wing
- Promoted to Group Captain: March 2024
- Current Role: Astronaut-designate for India’s Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission
- Flight Experience: Over 2,000 hours across multiple aircraft including Su-30 MKI, MiG-21, MiG-29, Jaguar, Hawk, Dornier, and An-32
- Astronaut Training: Trained at Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, Star City, Moscow (1-year program)
Historical Context:
- Rakesh Sharma remains the first Indian to travel to space (1984) aboard Soviet Soyuz T-11, under the Interkosmos program.
- Shukla’s upcoming mission marks a new era of Indian participation in international human space missions, particularly through private partnerships.
Onchocerciasis
- 03 Feb 2025
In News:
The World Health Organization (WHO) officially verified Niger as the first country in the African Region and the fifth globally to eliminate onchocerciasis (river blindness) by interrupting the transmission of the parasite Onchocerca volvulus.
What is Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)?
- A parasitic disease caused by the worm Onchocerca volvulus.
- Transmitted by infective blackflies, primarily found in riverine areas.
- Causes severe itching, disfiguring skin conditions, and irreversible blindness.
- It is the second leading infectious cause of blindness globally (after trachoma).
- Predominantly affects rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen, and parts of Latin America.
Niger’s Elimination Strategy and Achievements:
Historical Background:
- 1976–1989: Under the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP), Niger used vector control via insecticide spraying, reducing disease transmission.
- 2008–2019: Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with ivermectin and albendazole was carried out, primarily for lymphatic filariasis (LF), but also effectively interrupted onchocerciasis transmission in co-endemic areas.
Assessment and Surveillance:
- 2014: Niger began preliminary assessments following the end of LF MDA.
- Entomological and epidemiological surveys confirmed disease elimination:
- Prevalence dropped from 60% to 0.02%.
- No ongoing transmission of O. volvulus.
Key Contributors to Success:
- Partnerships: Collaborative efforts between the Government of Niger, WHO, Merck Sharpe & Dohme (MSD), and various NGOs.
- Medicine Donation: MSD’s donation of ivermectin.
- Surveillance & Flexibility: Continuous monitoring allowed strategic adaptation.
- Previous Success: Niger was certified free of Guinea-worm disease in 2013.
Global and Regional Significance:
- Niger becomes the fifth country globally to eliminate onchocerciasis:
- Other four countries:
- Colombia (2013)
- Ecuador (2014)
- Mexico (2015)
- Guatemala (2016) (All from the WHO Region of the Americas)
- Other four countries:
- WHO African Region:
- 21 countries have eliminated at least one Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD).
- Onchocerciasis is the second NTD eliminated in Niger after Guinea-worm.
National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID)
- 03 Feb 2025
In News:
In the Union Budget 2025, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) will set up a partial credit enhancement facility to promote corporate bond issuance in the infrastructure sector.
Need for Credit Enhancement:
- Pension and insurance funds in India, as per regulatory norms, can invest only in AA-rated or higher securities.
- Most infrastructure firms issue bonds rated below this threshold (often "A" rated).
- Partial credit enhancement will elevate such bonds to AA ratings, enabling large-scale participation from long-term institutional investors.
Significance:
- Currently, pension and insurance funds prefer government bonds. However, with the government's ongoing fiscal consolidation, sovereign bond issuance is expected to decline.
- This measure provides alternative, long-term investment avenues for these funds.
- Enhances liquidity in the corporate bond market, especially for infrastructure players.
- Helps in reducing infrastructure companies' dependence on banks for funding.
About NaBFID:
- Established: 2021 under The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development Act, 2021.
- Type: Development Finance Institution (DFI).
- Regulator: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as an All-India Financial Institution (AIFI).
- Purpose: Bridge gaps in long-term, non-recourse infrastructure financing and promote bond and derivatives markets in India.
Development Finance Institutions (DFIs):
- Government-owned or public sector-backed institutions that finance large-scale, long-gestation projects.
- Provide medium (1–5 years) and long-term (>5 years) financing.
- Raise funds via sovereign borrowings, insurance companies, pension funds, and sovereign wealth funds.
- Offer both financial support (loans, guarantees) and technical support (project viability, consultancy).
- Do not accept public deposits.
Benefits of Partial Credit Enhancement:
- Democratizes access to the corporate bond market for sub-AA-rated firms.
- Attracts long-term capital into infrastructure through safer, credit-enhanced instruments.
- Promotes diversification and deepening of India's debt markets.
- Makes infrastructure financing more cost-efficient and sustainable over the long term.
Challenges Ahead:
- Regulatory streamlining is essential.
- Guarantee fees need optimization to ensure cost competitiveness against traditional bank lending.
Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme
- 02 Feb 2025
In News:
Announced in the Union Budget 2025–26, the Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme is a major initiative to provide digital textbooks and learning materials in multiple Indian languages for school and university students.
Key Features:
- Digital Access: Study resources will be made available in digital formats via platforms such as DIKSHA, e-PG Pathshala, and the National Digital Library of India.
- Target Groups: Students in schools, colleges, and universities affiliated with UGC, AICTE, and other regulatory bodies.
- Focus Areas: STEM, social sciences, humanities, and commerce; with a special emphasis on technical education in Indian languages.
- Use of Technology: AI-based tools will support automated translation, voice-assisted learning, and customized content.
- Alignment with NEP 2020: Promotes multilingualism and regional language education, as envisioned in the National Education Policy.
Complementary Initiative – ASMITA (Augmenting Study Materials in Indian Languages)
- Aims to develop 22,000 textbooks in Indian languages over the next five years.
- Jointly led by UGC and the Bharatiya Bhasha Samiti under the Ministry of Education.
- Thirteen nodal universities will coordinate content development, supported by regional institutions.
- SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) have been developed for translation, writing, editing, review, plagiarism checks, and publication.
Budgetary Allocations and Educational Infrastructure
Highest-Ever Allocation for School Education: ?78,572 crore
- 16.28% rise over revised estimates of 2024–25.
- ?9,503 crore allocated to Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (?776 crore hike).
- Plan to set up 50,000 Atal Tinkering Labs in government schools to foster innovation and scientific thinking.
- BharatNet Project to ensure broadband access in all government secondary schools within three years.
Higher Education Allocation: ?50,077.95 crore
- Covers central universities, IITs, and centrally sponsored schemes.
- Budget for centrally sponsored schemes like PM-USHA and RUSA increased to ?1,815 crore.
- Student financial aid raised to ?2,160 crore.
Boost to IIT Infrastructure:
- Additional infrastructure for five IITs established after 2014, accommodating 6,500 more students.
- Expansion of hostel and academic facilities at IIT Patna.
Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Announcement of a Centre of Excellence in AI for Education with an outlay of ?500 crore.
- Objective: Reduce disparities, improve efficiency, and ensure equitable access to high-quality education using AI technologies.
Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM)
- 02 Feb 2025
In News:
Recently, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (UNESCO-IOC) announced the signature of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) enabling the creation of the Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM).
What is the Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM)?
- It is a collaborative governance initiative aimed at the sustainable management of marine resources in the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf region.
- Conceived under the 10-year CLME+ Strategic Action Programme (SAP)—endorsed in 2014—it represents a transformative step toward integrated ocean governance.
Key Objectives of OCM:
- Promote sustainable fisheries
- Advance ecosystem restoration and marine spatial planning
- Establish marine protected areas (MPAs)
- Encourage pollution control and blue carbon development
- Foster cross-country and cross-institutional cooperation
It builds on lessons from earlier efforts like the Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Policy (PIROP), aiming to avoid past pitfalls such as vague targets, lack of integration, and funding shortfalls.
Significance of the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf Region:
- Coral reefs and fisheries contribute ~$610 million annually to local economies
- The North Brazil Shelf is home to over 500 fish species
- Acts as a natural barrier against storms, crucial for climate resilience
Blue Carbon and Climate Action:
The OCM promotes blue carbon projects that utilize coastal ecosystems (like mangroves and seagrasses) for carbon storage, enhancing climate resilience and providing livelihoods to local communities.
Funding Details:
- $15 million from Global Environment Facility (GEF) via the UNDP/GEF PROCARIBE+ Project (2024–2028)
- Additional $126.02 million in co-financing mobilized
- However, the funding is modest compared to initiatives like the Global Fund for Coral Reefs (targeting $3 billion by 2030), raising concerns about OCM's long-term financial sustainability.
Role of IOC-UNESCO:
Established in 1961, the IOC of UNESCO promotes international cooperation in ocean science and policy. Key functions include:
- Marine scientific research (climate, biodiversity, sustainability)
- Tsunami warning systems
- Oceanographic data collection and dissemination
- Leading the UN Ocean Decade (2021–2030) for global marine conservation
Why OCM Matters:
- Addresses the Ocean–Climate–Biodiversity nexus
- Aims to ensure equitable access to marine resources
- Prioritizes local and vulnerable communities
- Integrates traditional knowledge with scientific research for culturally inclusive conservation
Rusty-Spotted Cat
- 01 Feb 2025
In News:
For the first time, the Rusty-Spotted Cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus) has been spotted in the forests of Purulia district, West Bengal, captured on a camera trap set up by the NGO HEAL during pangolin poaching surveillance. This marks a significant range extension and has excited conservationists and forest officials.
Key Features
- World’s smallest and lightest wild cat: Weighs between 900 grams to 1.5 kg
- Length: Approx. 1.5 feet, with a 1-foot-long tail
- Appearance:
- Fawn-grey coat with rusty red spots on back and flanks
- Short, rounded head with two white facial streaks
- Large eyes with greyish-brown to amber irises – an adaptation to nocturnal behavior
- Short legs, black-soled feet, and an unmarked rusty tail
- Behavior:
- Nocturnal and elusive
- Uses scent marking to establish territory
- Gestation period: 66–70 days
Habitat and Distribution
- Found in dry deciduous and semi-deciduous forests, including:
- Northern & Central India, Western Ghats, Rajasthan, Kachchh, and Peninsular India
- Also present in Sri Lanka and Nepal
- India hosts 80% of the global population
Conservation Status
- IUCN Red List: Near Threatened, due to habitat loss, fragmentation, and human-wildlife conflict
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I species (highest protection)
Significance of Purulia Sighting
- Located on the eastern edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau
- Forests are interconnected with neighboring regions like Jharkhand and Odisha
- Notified as reserved forests, not protected forests
- Threats: Hunting by local communities, habitat degradation
Impact of Conservation Efforts
- Post-COVID, the forest ecosystem in Purulia has improved due to reduced human disturbance
- Past sightings of leopards, bears, jackals, and foxes indicate a thriving ecosystem
- HEAL and the Forest Department have launched livestock compensation programs to reduce retaliatory killings of carnivores
Kurdistan Region
- 01 Feb 2025
In News:
India recently dispatched a humanitarian shipment of medical supplies to the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, reflecting its commitment to global cooperation and humanitarian diplomacy.
About the Kurdistan Region
- Geographical Spread: The Kurdistan Region is a culturally and geographically distinct area predominantly inhabited by ethnic Kurds, spread across:
- Northern Iraq (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, Halabja)
- Eastern Turkey
- Western Iran
- Northern Syria and parts of Armenia
- Capital: Erbil (Iraq)
- Terrain: Dominated by the Zagros and Taurus mountain systems
- Major Rivers: Tigris River and Greater Zab River, crucial for agriculture and settlement
Ethnic and Political Context
- Kurds: An ethnic group of 25–30 million people, mostly Sunni Muslims, with no official nation-state. They seek autonomy or independence through the Kurdish nationalist movement.
- Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG): An autonomous administration in northern Iraq, managing the Kurd-majority areas with limited sovereignty under Iraq’s federal system.
- Geopolitical Significance:
- Rich in oil and natural gas, especially in Iraqi Kurdistan
- Strategically located, controlling key border regions and trade routes
- Kurdish militia (Peshmerga) played a critical role in the fight against ISIS
Ongoing Political Disputes
- Kurdish Independence Movement:
- The 2017 independence referendum in Iraqi Kurdistan was rejected by Baghdad, followed by economic and military backlash.
- Kurds face resistance from Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Syria, which fear territorial fragmentation.
- Turkey regularly conducts military operations against Kurdish groups, labeling them as threats to national security.
India-Kurdistan Relations
- Diplomatic Presence: India established a Consulate in Erbil in August 2016 to deepen ties with the Kurdistan Region and Iraq.
- Economic and Workforce Engagement:
- Indian companies have participated in trade fairs in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah.
- A growing number of Indian workers are employed in sectors like:
- Steel mills
- Oil companies
- Construction projects
- Indian workers are valued for their skills and reliability in these industries.
Financialisation
- 01 Feb 2025
In News:
The Economic Survey 2024–25 cautions against the risks of excessive financialisation in India, emphasizing that while finance is a crucial enabler of economic growth, unchecked expansion of the financial sector can pose systemic risks, increase inequality, and divert resources from the real economy.
What is Financialisation?
Financialisation refers to the growing dominance of financial markets, institutions, and motives in shaping economic policies, business decisions, and resource allocation. It involves:
- A shift from productive (real sector) activities like manufacturing to financial activities, including trading, speculation, and asset management.
- Increasing reliance on asset price growth (e.g., stocks, real estate) to stimulate the economy.
- Deep influence of financial motives in corporate governance, economic policies, and household behavior.
Key Drivers of Financialisation in India
- Increased household savings funneled into stock markets.
- Growing retail investor participation in equities and mutual funds.
- Policy and regulation increasingly influenced by financial market considerations.
- Rising public and private sector debt to leverage economic growth.
Risks Highlighted by the Economic Survey
- Real Sector Crowding Out: Over-expansion of the financial sector may compete with the real economy for scarce resources like skilled labour and capital, potentially depriving productive sectors.
- Unsustainable Booms: Rapid financial growth often favours high-collateral, low-productivity investments (e.g., construction) over innovation and manufacturing, creating unsustainable financial booms.
- Complex Financial Products: Proliferation of opaque and complex financial instruments can increase consumer risk exposure and the probability of a financial crisis, as seen during the 2008 global financial meltdown.
- Increased Inequality: Financialisation tends to transfer income from the real sector to the financial sector, worsening income inequality and contributing to wage stagnation.
- Debt Dependency: Over-reliance on financial leverage (debt) increases macro-financial vulnerabilities, especially if credit growth outpaces productive investment.
Global Lessons and Historical Context
- 2008 Global Financial Crisis: Reckless lending and financial engineering, including mortgage-backed securities, led to a global economic collapse. India was impacted indirectly, prompting RBI intervention to stabilise the economy.
- Examples from Ireland & Thailand: Rapid growth of private credit in these countries led to reduced productivity and economic distortions, serving as cautionary tales.
Balanced View on Finance
The Survey recognizes that a well-regulated financial system plays a vital role in:
- Channeling capital to innovative and high-risk ventures.
- Reducing transaction costs and improving price discovery.
- Alleviating poverty and inequality by enabling shock absorption for households and firms.
- Smoothing consumption across economic cycles.
However, the Survey emphasizes that there is a tipping point beyond which financial development becomes counterproductive.
Contract Farming in India
- 31 Jan 2025
In News:
Contract farming has emerged as a significant model in India's agricultural landscape, especially with its success in processed potato cultivation and the recent rise in French fry exports. As the country transitions from being an importer to a major exporter in sectors like frozen French fries, the contract farming model underpins the structural transformation of Indian agriculture.
Understanding Contract Farming
Contract farming is an agricultural production system where farmers and buyers (agribusinesses, processors, exporters, or retailers) enter into a pre-harvest agreement. This contract outlines key parameters including price, quality, quantity, delivery schedules, and in many cases, input provision and technical assistance.
Types of Contract Farming Arrangements
- Direct Input Provision by the Company: Firms supply seeds, fertilizers, and support services, deducting costs from the final payment to farmers.
- Partnership with Local Input Dealers: A hybrid model balancing company control with third-party services, chosen based on crop complexity, local support availability, and firm capabilities.
Advantages of Contract Farming
- Stable and Enhanced Income: Contracts assure farmers of a fixed price and market access, shielding them from volatile markets. RBI data shows farmers typically receive only 31%–43% of consumer prices; contract farming can significantly improve this share.
- Access to Inputs and Technology: Companies provide high-quality seeds, fertilizers, training, and modern farming practices, leading to improved yields and quality.
- Post-Harvest Efficiency: Streamlined procurement reduces wastage of perishables and post-harvest losses, ensuring efficient supply chain management.
- Credit and Financial Support: Assured incomes help farmers access institutional credit, reducing dependency on informal lenders.
- Food Safety and Export Standards: Training on pesticide use and residue limits ensures compliance with international standards like Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), boosting export potential.
- Consumer Benefits: Direct procurement reduces intermediaries, enabling competitive pricing and higher quality products.
- Technology Transfer: Farmers benefit from the introduction of new, high-efficiency production techniques.
Concerns and Challenges
- Power Imbalance: Small and marginal farmers often lack bargaining power. This dependency may lead to exploitative contracts or one-sided terms, especially where firms demand investments in crop-specific infrastructure.
- Market Risk and Default: Price volatility can lead to side-selling by farmers or contract breaches by firms when market prices crash.
- Delayed Payments and Inputs: Contractual delays in payment or input delivery can severely affect crop cycles and farmer finances.
- Exclusion of Marginal Farmers: For economies of scale, firms often prefer large landholders, sidelining smallholders.
- Environmental Impact: Monocropping, overuse of water and agrochemicals, and soil degradation threaten long-term sustainability.
- Food Security Trade-offs: A shift to high-value crops under contracts may reduce acreage for food crops, impacting local food security.
- Loss of Autonomy: Farmers may lose control over farming decisions, with firms determining most aspects of cultivation, leading to indirect control over land use.
Case Study: Contract Farming in Potato Sector
India is the second-largest potato producer globally, with Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Bihar as leading states. The Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla developed several high-yielding Kufri varieties to support commercial cultivation.
The success of processed potato farming is best illustrated by India’s emergence as an exporter of frozen French fries, driven by contract-based procurement from farmers. However, issues such as the PepsiCo vs. Indian farmers legal dispute over unauthorized cultivation of the FL 2027 variety underline ongoing concerns around intellectual property rights and farmers’ autonomy.
Policy and Legal Framework
- Model APMC Act, 2003: Introduced contract registration, dispute resolution, and exempted market fees while protecting land ownership.
- Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Contract Farming Act, 2018: Proposed institutional frameworks, insurance provisions, and promotion of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs).
- e-NAM Integration: Supports transparent pricing and contract enforcement.
- National Agriculture Policy: Endorses contract farming as a tool for enhancing productivity and rural incomes.
WHO Guidelines on Lower-Sodium Salt Substitutes (LSSS)
- 30 Jan 2025
In News:
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued new guidelines promoting the use of Lower-Sodium Salt Substitutes (LSSS) to tackle the global burden of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and stroke, which are largely driven by excessive sodium consumption. This is especially relevant for countries like India, with a high prevalence of high blood pressure and salt consumption.
What Are Lower-Sodium Salt Substitutes (LSSS)?
- LSSS are alternatives to regular table salt, where sodium chloride (NaCl) is partially replaced by potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium sulphate, or calcium chloride.
- They are designed to retain the taste of regular salt while significantly reducing sodium intake and improving heart health.
- LSSS can help lower blood pressure, thanks to the potassium content, which helps balance fluid levels and offset sodium’s harmful effects.
Key WHO Recommendations:
- Daily sodium intake should be restricted to less than 2 grams per day, equivalent to about 5 grams of salt.
- Avoid regular table salt, and replace it, wherever safe, with LSSS for household use.
- LSSS use is not recommended for:
- Pregnant women
- Children
- Individuals with kidney impairments or those requiring low-potassium diets
- The guidelines do not apply to packaged or restaurant foods, which are major contributors to overall sodium intake.
Why Is This Important or India?
- Salt Intake in India: Average salt consumption is 10.4 grams/day, over double the WHO recommendation.
- Hypertension Prevalence: Over 35.5% of India’s population (approx. 315 million people) suffers from hypertension (INDIAB Study).
- CVD Burden: Cardiovascular diseases accounted for 28.1% of all deaths in India (2016) – Global Burden of Disease Study.
- Dietary Impact: Globally, 8 million deaths annually are diet-related, with 1.9 million directly linked to high sodium intake.
Implementation and Policy Measures:
- India’s Response:
- The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has initiated sodium reduction policies.
- Edible salt must contain 97% sodium chloride, with anticaking agents limited to 2.2%.
- New labelling norms enforce accurate “low sodium” and “sodium-free” claims.
Public Health and Safety Considerations:
- While LSSS are safe and beneficial for most adults, excess potassium can cause hyperkalemia, especially dangerous for those with kidney disease.
- WHO guidelines aim to maximize benefits and minimize risks by promoting regulated, evidence-based usage.
- Governments, policymakers, and health professionals are urged to integrate LSSS into public health strategies, especially in high-risk populations.
About WHO:
- Established in 1948, the World Health Organization is the UN agency dedicated to promoting global health, preventing disease, and coordinating international health responses.
- It leads efforts for universal health coverage and responds to global health emergencies.
Resumption of Kailash Mansarovar Yatra
- 29 Jan 2025
In News:
After a four-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, India and China have agreed to resume the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra in June 2025, along with other confidence-building measures.
This decision aligns with the 75th anniversary of India-China diplomatic relations, symbolizing an attempt to stabilize and recalibrate bilateral ties through people-centric initiatives.
Key Highlights:
Key announcements include:
- Resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra
- Restoration of direct air services
- Visa issuance for journalists and think tanks
- Hydrological data sharing and cooperation on trans-border rivers
- Enhanced people-to-people exchanges and academic/media dialogues
About the Yatra
- The Yatra involves a pilgrimage to Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang).
- Organised by India’s Ministry of External Affairs between June–September, via two routes:
- Lipulekh Pass (Uttarakhand)
- Nathu La Pass (Sikkim)
- Supported by the state governments of Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Delhi, and coordinated with the Indo-Tibetan Border Police.
- Open only to Indian citizens with valid passports; no financial subsidy is provided by the Government of India.
Geographical and Religious Significance:
- Mount Kailash, located in the Kailash Range (Transhimalaya), is the source of four major rivers: Sutlej, Brahmaputra, Indus, and Karnali.
- Revered across religions:
- Hindus consider it the abode of Lord Shiva; Mansarovar is one of the 51 Shaktipeeths.
- Buddhists and Tibetans regard it as the ‘Stairway to Heaven’.
- Jains believe Rishabhanatha attained enlightenment here—referred to as Ashtapada.
Diplomatic Interpretations and Differences
- India’s Position: Emphasized a step-by-step, cautious approach focusing on rebuilding trust and resolving contentious issues, particularly the border situation. India sought policy predictability and transparency in trade, and reaffirmed the importance of mutual respect and interests.
- China’s Position: Took a more optimistic and strategic stance, stressing the need to avoid "mutual suspicion" and to advance cooperation based on long-term national interests. It emphasized early action, including the swift resumption of the Yatra and flights.
Ongoing Concerns in Bilateral Relations
- Unresolved Border Disputes:
- Tensions persist along the Line of Actual Control (LAC)—notably in Galwan (2020) and Tawang (2022).
- India and China have made limited progress in resolving issues in Depsang and Demchok.
- Trade Imbalance:
- Bilateral trade in 2023–24 stood at USD 118.4 billion, with India facing a trade deficit of USD 85 billion.
- India raised concerns on market access and non-tariff barriers.
- China-Pakistan Axis:
- The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) runs through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, violating India’s territorial sovereignty.
- China’s support for Pakistan in multilateral forums remains a thorn in bilateral ties.
- China’s Regional Assertiveness:
- Expanding influence in South Asia and the Indian Ocean through the String of Pearls, strategic presence in Maldives, Sri Lanka, and strong claims in the South China Sea, contribute to regional unease.
Significance of the Current Diplomatic Thaw
- The resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra reflects a symbolic softening in ties, emphasizing religious diplomacy and people-to-people connection.
- Restoration of direct flights and journalistic presence can aid in reducing mistrust.
- Hydrological cooperation, particularly over the Brahmaputra River, is essential for India’s water security, especially with China constructing mega-dams upstream.
Way Forward
- Rebuild Trust Through Engagement: Maintain diplomatic dialogues via platforms like BRICS, SCO, and G20, while holding to core national interests.
- Resolve Border Disputes: Pursue early finalization of the LAC through confidence-building agreements and military disengagement.
- Diversify Economic Strategy: Reduce dependency on Chinese imports by strengthening domestic manufacturing and regional trade alternatives.
- Enhance Cultural Diplomacy: Use platforms like the Kailash Yatra to foster mutual understanding rooted in shared civilizational values.
- Promote Transparency and Reciprocity: Especially in media, trade, and information sharing, to ensure balanced bilateral engagement.
Libia Lobo Sardesai
- 28 Jan 2025
In News:
In 2024, at the age of 100, Libia Lobo Sardesai was awarded the Padma Shri for her pivotal role in Goa’s liberation struggle from Portuguese colonial rule.
About Libia Lobo Sardesai
- Born: 25 May 1924, in Portuguese-ruled Goa; raised in Mumbai.
- Profession: Freedom fighter, broadcaster, and Goa’s first Director of Tourism post-liberation.
- Legacy: Symbol of courage and resistance, known as the “voice of Goa’s liberation.”
Role in Goa’s Liberation Movement
- Involvement: Joined the Goan nationalist movement during her college years.
- Underground Radio:
- From 1955 to 1961, Libia, along with her husband Vaman Sardesai and Nicolau Menezes, ran an underground radio station – initially called ‘Q’, later named:
- Goenche Sodvonecho Awaz (Voice of Freedom of Goa) – Konkani
- Voz de Liberdade – Portuguese
- Operated from Amboli (Maharashtra) and Castle Rock (Karnataka) in the Western Ghats.
- Purpose: Counter Portuguese censorship and propaganda; broadcast news, updates, and morale-boosting messages to Goans.
- From 1955 to 1961, Libia, along with her husband Vaman Sardesai and Nicolau Menezes, ran an underground radio station – initially called ‘Q’, later named:
- Final Broadcast:
- On 19 December 1961, Libia flew over Panaji in an IAF plane, announcing Goa’s liberation with the message:
“Rejoice brothers and sisters, Rejoice! Today, after 451 years of alien rule, Goa is free and united with the Motherland.”
Goa Liberation Movement: Background
- Colonial Rule: Goa was under Portuguese rule for over 451 years (from 1510 to 1961).
- Key Phases:
- 1954: India imposed an economic blockade after Portuguese crackdown on satyagrahis.
- August 1955: Mass satyagraha met with violent repression by Portuguese forces.
- Censorship: Portuguese regime enforced total censorship; only official Portuguese narratives were allowed.
- 1961 – Operation Vijay:
- Initiated on 17 December 1961 by the Indian Army under Lt. Gen. J.N. Chaudhuri.
- Portuguese forces surrendered by 19 December 1961, marking Goa’s official liberation.
Notable Leaders of the Movement
- Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia: Sparked initial resistance against Portuguese rule.
- Libia Lobo Sardesai: Voice of the resistance via underground broadcasting.
- Lt. Gen. J.N. Chaudhuri: Led military operations during Operation Vijay.
Significance
- Libia Lobo Sardesai represents the unsung contributions of civil resistance and communication warfare in India’s decolonization.
- Her work sustained nationalist morale, informed citizens under censorship, and shaped the narrative of a liberated Goa.
Aero India 2025
- 28 Jan 2025
In News:
Aero India 2025, the 15th edition of India’s premier aerospace and defence exhibition, is scheduled from February 10–14, 2025, at the Yelahanka Air Force Station, Bengaluru.
Organised by the Ministry of Defence and the Defence Exhibition Organisation (DEO), the event continues to be a vital forum for promoting India's indigenous defence capabilities and fostering international collaboration.
Evolution of Aero India: From Showcase to Strategic Asset
- Inception (1996): Launched as a modest exhibition to attract foreign investments and highlight India’s aerospace potential.
- Growth Phase (2005–2015): Marked by the entry of global giants like Boeing, Airbus, Lockheed Martin, and Dassault Aviation. Indigenous platforms like LCA Tejas began gaining prominence.
- Current Phase (2015–Present): Aligned with ‘Make in India’ and ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’, Aero India has become a symbol of India's defence self-reliance and a magnet for global partnerships.
Aero India 2025 Highlights
1. International Participation and Strategic Displays
- Participation from 15+ countries and major OEMs.
- Russia’s Su-57 and USA’s F-35—two of the world’s most advanced 5th-generation fighters—will be showcased together, reflecting India’s growing strategic importance.
- Other prominent platforms: KC-135 Stratotanker, Embraer C-390, and Light Combat Helicopter Prachand.
2. Indigenous Innovation
- Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA): India’s 5th-generation stealth fighter, developed by HAL and ADA, will be unveiled.
- Indigenous platforms like LCA Mk2, LUH, HTT-40, ALH, and Naval Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter will also be featured.
3. Start-Up Integration via 'Manthan'
- Through the iDEX initiative, Aero India is promoting start-ups working in AI, unmanned systems, cybersecurity, and electronic warfare.
- Start-ups will showcase innovations including jetpack suits, robotics, and defence software tools.
4. Business & Public Engagement
- Business Days: February 10–12, 2025
- Public Days: February 13–14, 2025
- Over 7 lakh visitors expected; the event offers aerial displays, seminars, tech expos, and networking forums.
5. Defence Diplomacy and Deals
- Aero India 2023 had seen over ?80,000 crore worth of MoUs. A similar or higher scale of defence agreements is expected in 2025.
- High-level participation from defence ministers, air chiefs, and CEOs of OEMs, signalling deepening international defence cooperation.
Strategic Significance for India
- Geopolitical Leverage: Participation of both US and Russian defence firms signals India’s strategic autonomy and balanced defence diplomacy.
- Self-Reliance Boost: The event enhances domestic manufacturing by integrating MSMEs, promoting co-development and co-production with foreign partners.
- Global Recognition: Positions India as an emerging aerospace hub in the Indo-Pacific.
- Technological Edge: Demonstrates advancements in stealth technology, avionics, and unmanned systems.
Theme of Aero India 2025: “The Runway to a Billion Opportunities” — highlighting India’s expanding defence manufacturing capabilities and its aim to integrate with the global supply chain.
Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand
- 28 Jan 2025
In News:
On January 27, 2025, Uttarakhand became the first Indian state to formally implement the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) after Independence. The legislation was passed by the State Assembly on February 7, 2024, and received Presidential assent on March 12, 2024.
Historical Background:
- A five-member expert committee chaired by Justice (Retd.) Ranjana Prakash Desai was constituted to draft the UCC report.
- The committee submitted its report on October 18, 2023.
- Though initially scheduled for implementation by November 9, 2024 (Uttarakhand's Foundation Day), the rollout was delayed due to administrative preparedness and staff training.
Scope and Applicability:
- Applicable to all residents of Uttarakhand, including those in live-in relationships outside the state.
- Scheduled Tribes (as per Article 342) and migrated natives have been exempted to safeguard cultural rights.
Key Provisions of the UCC:
1. Marriage, Divorce & Live-in Relationships
- Legal marriage age: 21 years (men), 18 years (women).
- Mandatory registration of marriages, divorces, and live-in relationships.
- Prohibited practices: Triple talaq, halala, iddat, polygamy, and child marriage.
- Live-in Relationships:
- Mandatory registration for couples aged 21 and above.
- Parental consent required if under 21.
- Termination of live-in relationships requires mutual consent.
- Mandatory reporting of pregnancy within 30 days of childbirth.
- Landlords cannot deny housing to registered live-in couples.
2. Inheritance & Property Rights
- Equal inheritance rights for sons and daughters.
- Children born to live-in couples recognized as legitimate, eligible for inheritance.
3. Wills and Succession
- Wills can be:
- Submitted online.
- Uploaded as handwritten/typed documents.
- Recorded as a 3-minute video.
Digital Infrastructure – UCC Portal (ucc.uk.gov.in):
- Aadhaar-based verification for authenticity.
- AI-based multilingual translation in 22 Indian languages.
- Tatkal service for expedited registrations with a nominal fee.
- Integrated with 13+ departments, including police, civic bodies, and courts.
- Disaster recovery systems and cloud-based architecture ensure secure data management.
- Access to:
- Online registration of marriages, divorces, live-in relationships.
- Upload and registration of wills.
- Grievance redressal and appeal mechanisms.
Administrative Framework:
- Village Panchayat Development Officers appointed as sub-registrars in rural areas.
- Common Service Centres (CSCs) enabled to facilitate registration, especially in remote and mountainous areas.
- Registration applications processed within 15 days, or 3 days in emergencies.
- Appeals must be filed within 30 days of rejection, resolved within 60 days.
Penalties:
- Initial warnings for non-compliance.
- Fines imposed for repeated violations.
Significance:
- The UCC aims to promote gender equality, legal uniformity, and women's empowerment.
- Represents a constitutional vision under Article 44, reinforcing the idea of a common civil law for all citizens.
- Seen as a potential model for other states in India.
Himachal Pradesh: Statehood Day
- 28 Jan 2025
In News:
The Prime Minister greeted the people of Himachal Pradesh (HP) on the occasion of Statehood Day (25th January).
Key Highlights:
Statehood Day: Celebrated annually on 25th January, marking the day Himachal Pradesh attained full statehood in 1971.
Historical Timeline:
- 15 April 1948: Formation of Chief Commissioner’s Province of Himachal Pradesh through the merger of 30 princely hill states.
- 26 January 1950: Became a Part C State with the commencement of the Indian Constitution. (Part C states comprised former Chief Commissioner’s provinces and some princely states.)
- 1 November 1956: Reconstituted as a Union Territory based on the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission.
- 1 November 1966: Kangra district and other hilly areas of Punjab merged into Himachal Pradesh, yet it remained a Union Territory.
- 18 December 1970: The State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament.
- 25 January 1971: Himachal Pradesh became the 18th state of the Indian Union.
Paraquat Poisoning
- 27 Jan 2025
In News:
- In a landmark ruling, a Thiruvananthapuram court sentenced a 24-year-old woman to death for the murder of her boyfriend by poisoning him with paraquat, a highly toxic herbicide.
- The incident, which occurred in 2022, has brought the spotlight back on paraquat's widespread availability, extreme toxicity, and the lack of regulatory enforcement in India.
What is Paraquat?
- Paraquat, chemically known as paraquat dichloride or methyl viologen, is one of the most widely used herbicides globally.
- It is primarily used for:
- Weed control
- Crop desiccation, especially in crops like cotton before harvest
- Despite its toxicity, India and the United States continue to permit its usage, unlike over 70 countries, including China, Brazil, and the European Union, which have banned it.
WHO Classification
- The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies paraquat as a Category 2 chemical, meaning it is moderately hazardous and irritating to the skin and eyes.
- It has a narrow margin between a safe and lethal dose, making accidental or intentional poisoning common and often fatal.
Routes and Effects of Exposure
- Ingestion is the most common method of poisoning.
- It may also occur through inhalation or skin contact, especially if the exposure is prolonged or the skin is broken.
Symptoms Vary by Dosage and Exposure Time:
Exposure Level Symptoms and Organ Damage
Small Quantity Gradual damage to lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart over days/weeks
Large Quantity Immediate symptoms such as:
- Acute kidney failure
- Liver and heart failure
- Seizures
- Respiratory failure
- Severe abdominal pain
- Bloody diarrhea
- Nausea
- Mouth and throat swelling |
Treatment and Challenges
- No known antidote exists for paraquat poisoning.
- Treatment options include:
- Immunosuppressive therapy
- Charcoal hemoperfusion (a blood-purification technique)
- However, these treatments offer limited efficacy, especially in cases of large-dose ingestion.
Regulatory and Public Health Implications in India
- Despite paraquat’s well-documented toxicity, it remains:
- Legally available in India
- Easily accessible in rural markets
- The lack of regulation increases the risks of:
- Occupational exposure
- Accidental poisoning
- Use in crimes or suicides
Whip System in Indian Parliament
- 27 Jan 2025
In News:
Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar recently criticized the party whip system, arguing that it curtails the freedom of expression of Members of Parliament (MPs) and enforces servility by mandating strict adherence to the party line. His remarks have sparked a renewed debate on the balance between party discipline and individual autonomy in a parliamentary democracy.
What is a Party Whip?
A whip in parliamentary parlance is both a directive and a designated official of a political party. The directive instructs legislators on voting behavior on specific issues such as bills, motions, or resolutions. The designated whip ensures attendance, adherence, and discipline within the party ranks.
- The term “whip” originated from England’s hunting tradition, where a “whipper-in” kept hounds within the pack.
- The political usage dates back to Edmund Burke in the British Parliament.
- In India, the whip system has been in place since the start of parliamentary governance.
Constitutional and Legal Framework
- The whip system is not mentioned in the Constitution, Rules of Procedure, or any statute, but functions through parliamentary conventions.
- The Anti-Defection Law (52nd Amendment, 1985) enforces the whip by allowing disqualification of MPs/MLAs for defying it, thus preserving political stability and party integrity.
Quorum Requirement: As per Article 100 of the Constitution, quorum in Parliament is one-tenth of the total membership:
- Lok Sabha: 55 members
- Rajya Sabha: 25 members
Types of Whips
- One-Line Whip: Informational—members may abstain.
- Two-Line Whip: Requires presence but does not dictate voting.
- Three-Line Whip: Strictest—mandates attendance and voting as directed.
- Violation can lead to disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law, unless two-thirds of the party members dissent together.
Functions and Significance
- Ensures Attendance: Maintains quorum during critical votes.
- Secures Support: Helps pass or oppose legislation.
- Maintains Discipline: Prevents cross-voting or defection.
- Internal Monitoring: Identifies discontent among MPs and informs party leadership.
- Party Cohesion: Acts as a channel between MPs and party high command.
- Democratic Functioning: Ensures government stability, especially during division voting, where numbers decide the fate of motions like the No-Confidence Motion.
For ruling coalitions, a united stance during such votes is crucial to showcase majority strength.
Chief Whip and Institutional Structure
- The Chief Whip is the most critical functionary in enforcing the whip.
- In the Lok Sabha, the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs usually acts as the government’s chief whip.
- In the Rajya Sabha, it is the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs.
- Whips also coordinate which MPs speak, when, and on what issues.
The All-India Whips Conference, held since 1952, allows whips from all parties to discuss coordination strategies and share parliamentary practices.
Criticism and Contemporary Debate
- Critics, including the Vice President, argue that whips limit deliberative democracy, reduce MPs to mere rubber stamps, and suppress individual judgment.
- However, supporters claim that whips are essential to prevent chaos, ensure smooth functioning, and uphold mandated party ideologies, especially in a system where governments often hinge on narrow majorities.
Former Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajan defended the whip, stating that MPs elected on a party ticket must uphold the party’s collective ideology and decisions, even if personal disagreement exists.
Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)
- 27 Jan 2025
In News:
The Ministry of Finance has notified the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) as an option under the National Pension System (NPS) for Central Government employees, effective April 1, 2025. This reform addresses long-standing concerns about the unpredictability of pension returns under the NPS.
Key Highlights:
- Applicability: Applies to Central Government employees currently under the NPS, including those recruited on or after January 1, 2004, who opt for the UPS.
- Objective: To provide guaranteed post-retirement financial security, addressing grievances regarding the market-linked returns of the NPS.
- Regulatory Framework: The scheme will be regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), which will issue detailed operational guidelines.
Pension and Benefit Structure
- Guaranteed Monthly Pension:
- 50% of the average basic pay drawn in the last 12 months prior to retirement.
- Requires completion of 25 years of service.
- Those with 10–25 years of service will receive a proportionate pension.
- Dearness Relief (DR): Periodic adjustments based on inflation trends to maintain pension value.
- Family Pension: In case of death, 60% of the employee's pension will be paid to eligible family members.
- Minimum Pension: Assured ?10,000 per month for those completing at least 10 years of service.
- Superannuation Benefits: Includes a lump sum payout and gratuity at retirement.
Contribution Mechanism
- Employee Contribution: 10% of basic pay.
- Government Contribution: 5% of basic pay (subject to revision based on actuarial evaluations).
Background and Policy Evolution
- The Union Cabinet approved the UPS on August 24, 2024, benefiting nearly 2.3 million Central Government employees.
- The move followed demands from staff unions for guaranteed pensions, and political pressure after several states reverted to the Old Pension Scheme (OPS).
- A high-level committee, led by T.V. Somanathan (then Finance Secretary), was formed in April 2023 to review the NPS framework and design an equitable alternative.
ISRO’s NVS-02 Satellite Launch
- 25 Jan 2025
In News:
ISRO successfully launched the NVS-02 satellite aboard GSLV-F15, placing it into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). This marks ISRO’s 100th mission, reinforcing India’s space and navigation capabilities under the NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) program.
What is NavIC?
- NavIC is India’s indigenous regional satellite navigation system, developed for both civilian and strategic use.
- Offers accurate positioning over India and up to 1,500 km beyond its borders.
- Comparable to GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), and BeiDou (China).
About NVS-02 Satellite:
Feature Description
Series Second satellite in the next-gen NVS series (after NVS-01 in 2023)
Mission Role Replaces aging IRNSS-1E satellite
Mass 2,250 kg
Power Capacity ~3 kW
Orbit Final orbital slot at 111.75°E in geosynchronous orbit (~36,000 km)
Life Span 12 years
Developed by URSC (U R Rao Satellite Centre), Bengaluru
Technological Advancements:
- Equipped with navigation payloads across L1, L5, and S-bands for enhanced accuracy and broader coverage.
- Features the Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (RAFS) – an indigenously developed atomic clock for precision timekeeping.
- Includes C-band ranging payload, similar to NVS-01.
Significance of NVS-02:
- Enhances NavIC’s positioning accuracy for civilian, commercial, and strategic applications:
- Disaster management
- Fleet tracking
- Precision agriculture
- Emergency response
- Mobile navigation
- L1 signal inclusion makes NavIC-compatible with international GNSS systems, improving global device integration.
- Demonstrates India’s technological self-reliance, particularly in atomic clock development.
ISRO’s Launch Vehicles
Vehicle First Flight Notable Use
SLV 1980 Launched Rohini satellite
ASLV 1987 Five-stage solid rocket, retired in 1990s
PSLV 1994 Reliable, used for Mars Orbiter, LEO missions
GSLV 2001 Used for heavier payloads, INSAT/GSAT
GSLV 2014 Heavy-lift, Chandrayaan-2/3, Gaganyaan crew module
Mk III (LVM3)
SSLV 2022 Affordable launches for nano/micro satellites
PKC-ERCP: Rajasthan’s River-Linking Project
- 25 Jan 2025
In News:
The Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal-Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (PKC-ERCP), part of the National Interlinking of Rivers (ILR) programme, aims to address water scarcity in 23 districts of Rajasthan, potentially benefiting 3.45 crore people. However, it has raised serious concerns over its ecological impact, particularly on the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve.
About the PKC-ERCP Project:
Aspect Details
Objective To channel surplus water from the Chambal basin for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh
Estimated Cost ?72,000 crore (90% funded by the Central Government)
Water Allocation 4,100 MCM to Rajasthan and 3,000 MCM to Madhya Pradesh
Rivers Involved Chambal, Parbati, Kalisindh, Banas, and tributaries
Major Structure 39 m high, 1.6 km long dam across the Banas River, a Chambal tributary, near Doongri village, ~30 km from Sawai Madhopur
Submergence and Environmental Concerns:
- Total Submergence: ~408.86 sq km in Rajasthan.
- Reservoir Impact: 227 sq km to be submerged under the proposed dam across Banas River.
- Impact on Tiger Reserve:
- 37.03 sq km of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve (total area: 1,133 sq km) to be submerged.
- This includes parts of Ranthambore National Park (392 sq km) and Keladevi Wildlife Sanctuary (674 sq km).
- May fragment the reserve, disrupting wildlife corridors and tiger movement.
- Ranthambore’s Significance:
- Home to ~57 tigers, it is one of India’s most prominent conservation areas.
- Situated at the Aravalli-Vindhya junction, with rich biodiversity, including leopards, hyenas, sloth bears, and iconic flora like Dhok trees.
- Encompasses the UNESCO-listed Ranthambore Fort and the Great Boundary Fault.
Arguments For the Project:
- Addresses chronic water scarcity in eastern Rajasthan.
- Promotes agricultural productivity, drinking water security, and industrial development.
- Aims to optimize water use by diverting surplus flows.
Arguments Against the Project:
- Biodiversity loss due to habitat submergence and reserve fragmentation.
- Risks to tiger conservation efforts.
- Potential violation of environmental safeguards under the Wildlife Protection Act and Forest Conservation norms.
Long-term ecological costs may outweigh short-term developmental gains.
Ad Hoc High Court Judges
- 24 Jan 2025
In News:
To address the mounting pendency of criminal cases in several High Courts, the Supreme Court of India has suggested invoking Article 224A of the Constitution, which allows the appointment of retired High Court judges on an ad hoc basis.
Constitutional Provision: Article 224A
- Title: Appointment of Retired Judges at Sittings of High Courts.
- Key Provision: The Chief Justice of a High Court, with the consent of the President, may invite retired judges of the same or other High Courts to act as judges temporarily.
- Status: These judges enjoy the powers, jurisdiction, and privileges of regular High Court judges, but are not deemed permanent judges.
Why the Provision is Being Invoked Now:
- Backlog of Cases: Over 40% vacancy rate in High Courts; huge pendency, especially of criminal cases.
- Delays in Regular Appointments: Slow process of regular judicial appointments prompted the Supreme Court to consider alternative mechanisms.
- Underuse of Article 224A: Only three recorded instances of ad hoc appointments since Independence:
- Justice Suraj Bhan – MP High Court (1972)
- Justice P. Venugopal – Madras High Court (1982–83)
- Justice O.P. Srivastava – Allahabad High Court (2007, Ayodhya case)
Judicial Interpretation – Lok Prahari v. Union of India (2021):
- The Supreme Court laid down guidelines for invoking Article 224A.
- The process must be routed through the SC collegium (CJI + 2 senior-most judges).
- Trigger Point for Appointment:
- High Court vacancies exceed 20% of sanctioned strength (excluding pending proposals).
- More than 10% of pending cases are over 5 years old.
Procedure for Appointment:
- Consent: Retired judge must agree to serve again.
- Initiation: Chief Justice of the High Court forwards the name.
- State and Centre: Proposal routed through State CM → Union Law Ministry.
- SC Collegium: Must review and approve the name.
- Executive Clearance: Law Ministry → PM → President for final approval.
Term & Allowances:
- Duration: Typically 2–3 years, renewable if required.
- Number of Judges: Suggested 2–5 ad hoc judges per High Court.
- Remuneration: Entitled to allowances as per Presidential order.
- Status: Have full judicial powers during tenure.
Concerns & Safeguards:
- Fear of using ad hoc appointments as a substitute for regular appointments.
- Therefore, SC mandates that regular appointment process must be underway before invoking Article 224A.
- Periodic review and panel creation of eligible retired judges recommended.
M23 Armed Group
- 24 Jan 2025
In News:
The March 23 Movement (M23), a rebel group active in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), has intensified its insurgency in North Kivu province, capturing key areas like Minova and threatening the provincial capital, Goma.
About M23 Armed Group:
- Full Form: March 23 Movement
- Formation: 2012, by mutineers from the Congolese army protesting a failed 2009 peace deal.
- Base of Operations: Eastern DRC, primarily in North Kivu province.
- Activities: Armed rebellion, territorial control, ethnic conflict, disruption of state authority.
External Support:
- Rwandan Involvement:
- UN Reports (2023): Estimated 3,000–4,000 Rwandan troops operating alongside M23.
- Rwanda alleged to have “de facto control” over M23 operations.
- Kigali denies direct territorial aggression claims.
- International Concerns: The group’s resurgence reflects broader regional instability and transnational military dynamics.
Recent Developments (2024):
- Territorial Gains: Capture of Minova; encroachment on Goma, a strategic and densely populated city.
- Humanitarian Crisis:
- Over 2,30,000 displaced since January 2024.
- Influx of injured civilians in hospitals; risk of further displacement and violence.
- Congolese Military Weakness:
- Internal instability and operational setbacks have contributed to M23’s advances.
- The Congolese army acknowledged a “breakthrough” by M23 with external backing.
Geographical Significance of the Region:
- DRC Capital: Kinshasa
- Strategic Location: Borders 9 countries—Angola, Zambia, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo.
- Topography:
- Rwenzori & Virunga Mountains: Includes active volcanoes (e.g., Mount Nyiragongo).
- Congo River: Vital for transport, hydroelectric power, and biodiversity.
- Natural Resources:
- Rich in cobalt, coltan, gold, and other rare minerals—critical to the global tech industry.
- The mineral wealth of North Kivu is a major driver of prolonged conflict.
India’s Deep Ocean Mission
- 24 Jan 2025
In News:
India is set to deploy its first human-operated deep-sea submersible as part of the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM), marking a significant leap in the country’s marine research and technological capability.
Key Highlights:
- Submersible Deployment (2024):
- India will operate its first human submersible at a depth of 500 meters this year.
- The goal is to reach a depth of 6,000 meters by 2025.
- The project aligns with the timelines of Gaganyaan, India’s first human space mission—showcasing parallel progress in marine and space technology.
- Indigenous Technology:
- The mission is powered by 100% indigenous technology, underlining India’s growing self-reliance in high-end scientific infrastructure.
About Deep Ocean Mission (DOM):
- Launched: 2021
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)
- Budget: ?4,077 crore over five years
- Framework: One of nine key missions under PM-STIAC (Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council)
Core Objectives:
- Develop deep-sea technologies, including a manned submersible for ocean exploration.
- Explore and harness ocean resources such as: Polymetallic nodules, Hydrothermal sulphides & Rare earth metals
- Study marine biodiversity for sustainable fisheries and conservation.
- Support India’s blue economy through innovation and research.
- Monitor ocean climate change and develop advisory services.
- Promote marine biology and biotechnology via dedicated marine research stations.
- Harvest renewable energy and freshwater from ocean sources.
Key Components and Technologies:
Matsya6000 Submersible:
- India’s first manned deep-sea vehicle.
- Designed to reach 6,000 meters depth.
- Crew Capacity: Three members
- Developed by: National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai
- Structure: Made of titanium alloy, withstanding 6,000 bar pressure
- Equipped with: Scientific sensors, tools for sampling, viewports, propellers, and acoustic communication systems.
- Combines capabilities of ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) and AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles).
Varaha Deep-Ocean Mining System:
- Developed by NIOT
- Successfully conducted trials at 5,270 meters
- Key to India’s future in deep-sea mining of critical minerals
Strategic Importance:
- Scientific Advancement: DOM places India among a select group of nations (USA, Russia, China, France, Japan) with human-crewed deep-ocean exploration capacity.
- Economic Potential: Unlocks access to underwater mineral wealth, critical for electronics, defense, and energy sectors.
- Environmental Sustainability: Supports marine biodiversity conservation and promotes sustainable use of oceanic resources.
- Geopolitical Significance: Enhances India’s presence and influence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Technological Leap: Strengthens India’s capabilities in underwater robotics, materials engineering, and ocean sciences.
10 years of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP)
- 23 Jan 2025
In News:
Launched on 22nd January 2015 in Panipat, Haryana, BBBP was initiated in response to the declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR), which stood at 918 girls per 1000 boys (Census 2011). It marked a key step towards gender equality, aiming to curb gender-biased sex-selective elimination and improve the status of the girl child.
Key Highlights:
Core Objectives
- Improve Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) by two points annually.
- Sustain institutional delivery rate at ≥95%.
- Increase 1st trimester ANC registration and girls' enrollment in secondary education by 1% annually.
- Reduce dropout rates among girls.
- Promote safe menstrual hygiene management (MHM).
Target Groups
- Primary: Young couples, expecting parents, adolescents, households, communities.
- Secondary: Schools, AWCs, health professionals, PRIs, ULBs, NGOs, SHGs, media, and religious leaders.
Implementation Structure
- Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) with 100% Central funding.
- Ministries Involved:
- Women and Child Development
- Health and Family Welfare
- Education
- Financial Assistance (Per District/Year):
- Rs. 40 lakh (SRB ≤918)
- Rs. 30 lakh (SRB 919–952)
- Rs. 20 lakh (SRB >952)
Integration with Mission Shakti (2021–2026)
BBBP now functions under Mission Shakti, which comprises two verticals:
- Sambal (Safety & Security):
- One Stop Centres (OSCs)
- Women Helpline (181)
- Nari Adalat: Alternative dispute resolution
- Samarthya (Empowerment):
- Sakhi Niwas, Palna Creches
- Shakti Sadans (rehabilitation)
- PM Matru Vandana Yojana: Extended support for a second girl child
- SANKALP-HEW: District-level single-window system for all women-centric schemes
Achievements in 10 Years (2015–2025)
- SRB: Improved from 918 (2014-15) to 930 (2023-24)
- Girls’ GER: Rose from 75.5% (2014-15) to 78% (2023-24) in secondary education
- Institutional Deliveries: Increased from 61% to 97.3%
- Kanya Shiksha Pravesh Utsav: Re-enrolled over 1 lakh out-of-school girls
- Economic Empowerment: Integration with skilling initiatives and 70% of PM Mudra loans disbursed to women
- Awareness Campaigns:
- Selfie with Daughter
- Beti Janmotsav
- Yashaswini Bike Expedition
- "Betiyan Bane Kushal" Skill Conference
Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) – A Financial Tool for Empowerment
Launched under BBBP, SSY is a small savings scheme to ensure the financial security of girl children.
Key Features
- Eligibility: Indian girl child below 10 years.
- Account: Max 2 per family (exceptions for twins/triplets).
- Deposit Limit: ?250 to ?1.5 lakh/year (15 years).
- Tenure: Account matures 21 years after opening.
- Withdrawals: Up to 50% for higher education after 18 years.
- Tax Benefits: Exempt under Section 80C (EEE status).
Impact
- Over 4.1 crore accounts opened by Nov 2024.
- Promotes long-term savings and financial inclusion.
- Complements BBBP by addressing economic empowerment of girls.
Mission Vatsalya
- Formerly ICPS (2009), then Child Protection Services (2017).
- Merged into Mission Vatsalya in 2021.
- Focuses on:
- Juvenile justice
- Child protection
- Advocacy and rehabilitation
- Ensures “no child is left behind” principle aligned with SDGs.
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
- Supports pregnant and lactating mothers:
- ?5,000 in 3 installments + ?1,000 (JSY)
- Now extended to second girl child to promote gender equity.
Targets wage compensation, safe delivery, maternal nutrition, and reduced MMR/IMR.
Mount McKinley
- 22 Jan 2025
In News:
In a controversial move, President Donald Trump (2025) signed an executive order to rename Denali (North America’s highest peak) back to Mount McKinley, and also proposed renaming the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America, citing the need to "honor American greatness."
About Denali / Mount McKinley:
Feature Description
Location Alaska Range, South-Central Alaska, USA
Height 20,310 feet (6,190 meters) – Highest in North America
Geology Giant granite block uplifted by tectonic activity ~60 million years ago
Glaciers Feeds major glaciers: Kahiltna, Muldrow, Peters, Ruth, Traleika
Tectonics Lies along the Denali Fault, a major right-lateral strike-slip fault
National Park Forms the core of Denali National Park and Preserve
Historical Background of the Name:
- Original Name: Denali, meaning “The High One” in the Athabascan language of the Koyukon people.
- 1897: Renamed Mount McKinley by a gold prospector in honor of President William McKinley (1897–1901).
- 1917: Official federal recognition with the creation of Mount McKinley National Park.
- 1980: Park renamed Denali National Park and Preserve; mountain's name remained McKinley federally.
- 2015: Obama administration officially renamed the peak Denali through the U.S. Department of the Interior.
- 2025: Trump issued executive order to revert the name to Mount McKinley, stating McKinley “deserves” the honor.
Rationale Behind Trump’s Renaming Order:
- Claims it honors McKinley’s legacy: economic growth, leadership in Spanish-American War, and tariff reforms.
- Declares Obama’s 2015 decision an “affront” to American heritage.
- Connects the move to his broader theme of “Restoring Names that Honor American Greatness.”
Opposition & Cultural Sensitivity:
- Alaska’s bipartisan leadership, including Senators Lisa Murkowski (R) and Scott Kawasaki (D), oppose the move.
- Indigenous groups maintain that Denali is the rightful and culturally authentic name.
- Critics argue it undermines native heritage and local identity.
Renaming the Gulf of Mexico to “Gulf of America”:
- Also part of Trump’s 2025 executive order.
- Geographic Facts:
- Borders the US, Mexico, and Cuba.
- Crucial to the US energy sector:
- 14% of US crude oil
- 5% of US natural gas
- 48% of refining capacity
- International Validity: The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) allows local name usage but retains “Gulf of Mexico” in global records.
- Not binding on Mexico or Cuba.
International & Historical Parallels in Naming Disputes:
- Persian Gulf vs. Arabian Gulf (Iran vs. Arab states)
- Sea of Japan vs. East Sea (Japan vs. South Korea)
- South China Sea: Multiple nations claim different names and areas.
About the Denali Fault:
- Major strike-slip fault running through Alaska.
- Responsible for extensive tectonic movement and uplift of Denali.
- Evidence of horizontal displacement (~483 km) over millions of years.
- Marked the final suturing of tectonic plates in North American geological history.
Closing the Women’s Health Gap
- 22 Jan 2025
In News:
The World Economic Forum (WEF), in collaboration with the McKinsey Health Institute, released the report titled “Blueprint to Close the Women’s Health Gap”, highlighting the economic and social benefits of addressing gender-based health disparities.
Key Insights from the Report:
Economic Potential:
- Closing the women’s health gap could contribute $400 billion to global GDP by 2040.
- Focusing on just three conditions—menopause, PMS, and migraine—could unlock $315 billion in productivity.
Health Disparity:
- Women experience 25% more years of poor health than men.
- Root causes include underrepresentation in research and sex-neutral clinical guidelines.
- Only 10% of trials on major conditions like ischemic heart disease and migraine include sex-disaggregated data.
Key Health Conditions Identified:
Lifespan Conditions:
- Maternal hypertensive disorders
- Postpartum hemorrhage
- Ischemic heart disease
- Cervical cancer
- Breast cancer
Health Span Conditions:
- Endometriosis
- Menopause
- Migraine
- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Addressing these can add 2.5 healthy days per woman per year globally.
Women’s Health Impact Tracking (WHIT):
- A public digital platform by WEF and McKinsey.
- Tracks global health disparities.
- Offers data-driven insights to guide investment and policy decisions, especially for low- and middle-income countries which face 54% of the global women's health burden, yet host only 23% of related clinical trials.
Five Strategic Actions for Stakeholders:
- Count Women – Improve data collection specific to women’s health.
- Study Women – Boost research funding on women-centric health conditions.
- Care for Women – Create tailored clinical guidelines and protocols.
- Include All Women – Ensure equity for marginalized groups.
- Invest in Women – Finance innovative healthcare solutions and service delivery models.
One Nation, One Legislative Platform
- 22 Jan 2025
In News:
- The 85th AIPOC, held in Patna, Bihar, emphasized enhancing the effectiveness of legislative institutions through reforms in decorum, digitization, and public participation.
- A major outcome was the announcement of the One Nation, One Legislative Platform to digitally integrate legislative bodies across India.
All India Presiding Officers’ Conference (AIPOC):
- Established: 1921; first session held in Shimla.
- Role: Apex platform bringing together Presiding Officers of Parliament and State Legislatures.
- Objective: Strengthen democratic institutions by fostering cooperative federalism, legislative accountability, and improved law-making processes.
2025 Conference Highlights:
- Venue: Historic Bihar Legislature Premises, Patna.
- Key Themes:
- Reducing disruptions and maintaining decorum in legislative houses.
- Promoting qualitative debate and discussion.
- Observing the 75th year of the Constitution with participatory democratic celebrations.
- Resolutions Adopted:
- Formulation of internal code of conduct by political parties.
- Nationwide campaigns involving PRIs, urban bodies, students, NGOs, media, and more to celebrate democratic values.
One Nation, One Legislative Platform (ONOLP):
What It Is:
A national mission to create a unified digital ecosystem integrating the Parliament, state legislatures, and local bodies for better legislative coordination and public access.
Key Objectives:
- Real-Time Data Sharing: Seamless, up-to-date legislative information across institutions—proceedings, bills, debates, etc.
- Transparency & Accountability: Open access to deliberations enables citizen oversight and institutional accountability.
- Public Participation: User-friendly access encourages civic engagement in law-making and governance.
- AI & Tech Integration: Use of Artificial Intelligence for data analysis, decision support, and enhanced efficiency.
- Paperless Legislatures: Digitization of records to promote sustainability and reduce bureaucratic delays.
Implementation Support:
- Spearheaded by the Lok Sabha, with Speaker Om Birla announcing its completion by 2025.
- Includes the creation of a central portal for public and institutional use.
ILO Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers – 2022
- 21 Jan 2025
In New:
By addressing labour market shortages in host nations and contributing remittances to home countries, International Migrants (IM) continue to make contributions to world economic growth, the fourth edition of ‘Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers’, released by the International Labour Organization (ILO), stated.
Key Findings:
Global Representation:
- International Migrants (IMs) = 4.7% of global labour force - 167.7 million total:
- Employed: 155.6 million
- Unemployed (but seeking work): 12.1 million
- Increase of 30+ million migrant workers since 2013
- Growth rate dropped below 1% annually (2019–2022) due to COVID-19
Gender Composition:
- Male IMs: 61.3% (102.7 million)
- Female IMs: 38.7% (64.9 million)
- Lower female participation attributed to:
- Lower female migration rates globally
- Gender-based barriers in labour markets
- Over-representation in informal and unpaid sectors
Age Distribution:
- Prime working age (25–54 yrs): 74.9%
- Youth (15–24 yrs): 9.3%
- Older adults (55–64 yrs): 12.5%
- Seniors (65+ yrs): 3.4%
Sector-wise Employment:
Sector Share of IMs Notes
Services 68.4% Highest; women dominate (80.7%)
Industry 24.3% On par with non-migrants
Agriculture 7.4% Far lower than non-migrants (24.3%)
Care economy in high-income countries is a major pull for female migrants.
Host Country Distribution:
Region/Income Group % of IMs Notes
High-income countries 68.4% (114 million) Majorly Europe & North America
Upper-middle-income 17.4% (29.2 million)
Arab States 13.3% Declined since 2013
Europe (23.3%) and North America (22.6%) are top destinations. Arab states saw a 3% decline over the decade.
Definition: International Migrants (IMs)
As per the UN: Persons residing in a country different from their place of usual residence for at least one year, regardless of reason or legal status. Includes refugees, asylum seekers, etc.
Role & Contributions of IMs:
- Economic Drivers: Fill labour shortages (healthcare, construction, care work).
- Remittances: Boost home country economies.
- Demographic Support: Help address aging populations in developed nations.
Cultural Exchange: Promote diversity and global connectivity.
Mount Ibu Eruption
- 21 Jan 2025
In News:
Indonesia’s Mount Ibu erupted 1,000 times this month.
Overview:
- Location: Mount Ibu, Halmahera Island, North Maluku province, Indonesia.
- Volcano Type: Stratovolcano (composite volcano) – steep-sided, conical structure formed by successive layers of lava, ash, and pyroclastic material.
- Tectonic Setting: Located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, a major area of subduction zones with high volcanic and seismic activity.
Volcanic Context – Indonesia:
- Pacific Ring of Fire: Indonesia's location makes it one of the most volcanically active regions globally.
- Other Recent Eruptions:
- Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki (twin-peaked volcano)
- Mount Ruang
- Both have shown heightened activity, triggering mass evacuations.
Indian Coffee Sector
- 21 Jan 2025
In News:
India is now the seventh-largest coffee producer globally with exports reaching $1.29 billion in FY 2023-24, almost double the $719.42 million in 2020-21.
Historical Background
- Origin: Coffee was introduced to India in the 17th century by Baba Budan, a Sufi saint, who brought seven Mocha beans from Yemen and planted them in Baba Budan Giri hills, Karnataka.
- This act laid the foundation for India’s coffee cultivation, which has since evolved into a robust agro-industry.
India’s Global Coffee Status
- 7th largest coffee producer globally (FY 2023–24).
- Exports: Reached $1.29 billion in FY 2023–24, nearly double the $719.42 million in FY 2020–21.
- Major export destinations: Italy, Belgium, Russia.
- Export Share: Over 70% of India's coffee is exported, mostly in unroasted (green bean) form.
Types of Coffee Cultivated
- Arabica: Mild flavor, higher market value.
- Robusta: Strong flavor, more robust; often used in instant coffee.
- India's production: Around 75% is a mix of Arabica and Robusta.
Geographical Distribution
- Major Coffee-Growing Regions:
- Karnataka: Leads with over 70% of national production (~248,020 MT in 2022–23).
- Kerala and Tamil Nadu follow.
- Other contributors: Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and parts of Northeast India
- Agro-climatic Conditions:
- Altitude: 600–1600 meters
- Temperature: 15°C–28°C
- Rainfall: 150–250 cm annually
- Soil: Well-drained, loamy, rich in humus and minerals
Economic & Environmental Significance
- Coffee is largely grown in the Western and Eastern Ghats, biodiversity-rich zones with shade-grown plantations.
- These plantations:
- Conserve ecology and biodiversity
- Support sustainable agriculture
- Contribute to rural livelihoods
Domestic Trends
- Rising café culture, urbanization, and higher disposable incomes have led to increased coffee consumption.
- Domestic consumption rose from 84,000 tonnes (2012) to 91,000 tonnes (2023).
- Preference for coffee over tea is growing, especially in urban and semi-urban India.
Government Initiatives
- Coffee Board of India initiatives under the Integrated Coffee Development Project (ICDP) aim to:
- Enhance yields
- Expand to non-traditional areas
- Promote sustainable practices
- Araku Valley Model:
- Involves 150,000 tribal families
- 20% increase in production
- Backed by Girijan Co-operative Corporation (GCC) and Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA)
- Aligned with Aatmanirbhar Bharat and rural empowerment
Current Challenges and Future Outlook
- Challenges: Climate change impacts, pest attacks, price volatility in global markets.
- Opportunities:
- Rising global demand for value-added products (roasted & instant coffee)
- Export incentives and improved logistics
- Potential for agri-tourism and organic branding
Entity Locker
- 21 Jan 2025
In News:
The National eGovernance Division (NeGD), under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has developed Entity Locker, a cutting-edge digital platform designed to transform the management and verification of business/organisation documents.
Key Highlights:
What is Entity Locker?
A secure, cloud-based platform that allows real-time access, encrypted storage, and authenticated sharing of business-related documents.
Who can use it?
Large corporations, MSMEs, startups, trusts, societies, and other organizational entities.
- Key Features:
- 10 GB Encrypted Cloud Storage: Ensures secure document management.
- Real-Time Document Access & Verification: Integrated with government databases.
- Consent-Based Sharing: Ensures data privacy during information exchange.
- Digital Signature Authentication: Enables legally valid and secure transactions.
- Aadhaar-Authenticated Role-Based Access: Promotes accountability in document handling.
- Integration with Government Systems: Linked with entities like:
- Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)
- Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN)
- Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)
Benefits:
- Reduces administrative burden and document processing time.
- Enhances compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements.
- Enables faster processes like vendor verification, loan applications, and FSSAI compliance.
- Promotes transparency and secure collaboration among stakeholders.
Significance:
Entity Locker is a pivotal component of India’s Digital Public Infrastructure, reflecting the Union Budget 2024–25 vision of promoting digital governance. It supports the broader goals of the Digital India Programme, aiming for a digitally empowered and efficient economy.
Dark Oxygen
- 20 Jan 2025
In News:
Scientists who recently discovered that metal lumps on the dark seabed make oxygen, have announced plans to study the deepest parts of Earth's oceans in order to understand the strange phenomenon.
What is Dark Oxygen?
Dark Oxygen refers to oxygen produced deep under the ocean without sunlight or photosynthesis.
Discovered in July 2024, this challenges the long-standing belief that photosynthesis is the sole natural source of oxygen.
Where was it discovered?
- Location: Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), 13,100 feet deep in the North Pacific Ocean, between Hawaii and Mexico.
- Zone Significance: Rich in polymetallic nodules containing manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and lithium — crucial for green technologies.
Mechanism of Oxygen Production
- Polymetallic nodules on the seafloor generate oxygen via electrochemical reactions.
- These nodules split seawater (H?O) molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, without any light.
- This process is non-biological and independent of photosynthesis.
Why is this Discovery Important?
- Scientific Paradigm Shift: Challenges the idea that photosynthesis is the only natural pathway for oxygen generation.
- Origins of Life: Suggests that oxygen production may have existed before photosynthetic organisms, reshaping theories of early Earth’s evolution.
- Astrobiological Implications: Indicates the possibility of oxygen-rich environments on other planets, even without sunlight — enhancing the search for extraterrestrial life.
- Environmental Tech Potential: Could lead to innovations in renewable energy and carbon-neutral technologies, using metal-based catalysis.
About the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ)
- Geographic span: Between Hawaii and Mexico in the North Pacific Ocean.
- Resources: Contains vast reserves of critical minerals like manganese, nickel, cobalt — essential for electric vehicles and solar technology.
- A focus area for deep-sea mining and sustainability studies.
National Panchayat Awards 2024
- 20 Jan 2025
In News:
The President of India conferred the National Panchayat Awards 2024 on 45 outstanding Panchayats for their contributions to inclusive growth, environmental sustainability, and rural development. The event was held on 11th December 2024 (postponed from 24th April due to General Elections).
About the Awards
- Launched to commemorate: 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, which gave constitutional status to Panchayats as institutions of local self-governance.
- Usual celebration date: 24th April — observed as National Panchayati Raj Day.
- Revamped in 2022 to align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) via Localization of SDGs (LSDGs).
Objectives
- Recognize best practices in rural governance.
- Encourage healthy competition among Panchayats.
- Promote effective implementation of LSDGs and quality service delivery.
Evaluation Structure
- Multi-level assessment: Block → District → State/UT → National level.
- Evaluation based on 9 LSDG themes, including:
- Poverty-Free & Enhanced Livelihoods
- Healthy Panchayat
- Child-Friendly Panchayat
- Water-Sufficient Panchayat
- Clean & Green Panchayat
- Self-Sufficient Infrastructure
- Socially Just & Secured Panchayat
- Panchayat with Good Governance
- Women-Friendly Panchayat
Award Categories
Award Category Focus Area
Deen Dayal Upadhyay Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar (DDUPSVP) Top 3 GPs under each LSDG theme
Nanaji Deshmukh Sarvottam Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar Top 3 GPs, Block Panchayats & District Panchayats with highest scores across all themes
Gram Urja Swaraj Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar GPs promoting renewable energy adoption
Carbon Neutral Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar GPs achieving net-zero carbon emissions
Panchayat Kshamta Nirmaan Sarvottam Sansthan Puraskar Institutions providing exemplary support to PRIs in implementing LSDGs
Key Highlights of 2024:
- Total Awards: 45 Panchayats
- Women Leadership: 42% of award-winning Panchayats led by women.
- Participation: 1.94 lakh Gram Panchayats competed.
- Prize Money: ?46 crore transferred digitally to awardees.
- Booklet Released: Best Practices of Awardee Panchayats.
- Film Showcased: Highlighting success stories and capacity-building.
State-wise Recognition
- Notable awardees from: Odisha, Tripura, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Telangana, Assam, etc.
- Tripura & Odisha stood out in total recognitions.
- GPs from Maharashtra, Odisha, and Tripura received special awards for energy and carbon neutrality.
Other Key Initiatives for PRIs
Initiative Purpose
SVAMITVA Scheme (2020) Mapping rural property to provide Record of Rights.
e-Gram Swaraj (e-FMS) Work-based accounting to promote transparency.
mActionSoft Geo-tagging Panchayat assets via GPS-enabled photos.
Citizen Charter Portal “Meri Panchayat Mera Adhikaar” – Service delivery assurance to citizens.
Internet Governance Internship and Capacity Building (IGICB) Scheme
- 20 Jan 2025
In News:
The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) announced the launch of its Internet Governance Internship and Capacity Building Scheme. This program aims to build awareness and develop expertise in internet governance (IG) among Indian citizens.
Key Highlights:
Objective:
To develop awareness and build a skilled pool of professionals in Internet Governance (IG) in India, enabling active Indian participation in global digital policy platforms.
Key Features:
- Internship Format:
- Bi-annual internship with two tracks: 3-month and 6-month durations
- Mentorship by experts from:
- International bodies (e.g., ICANN, APNIC, APTLD)
- Academic institutions and retired officials
- Stipend: ?20,000/month
- Outreach Component: Mandatory awareness programs to be conducted by interns
Focus Areas:
- Engagement with I-Star organizations, such as:
- ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
- ISOC (Internet Society)
- IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
- IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
- Exposure to global best practices and policy mechanisms in digital governance
- Capacity building for inclusive participation in emerging internet issues
Significance:
- Promotes digital policy leadership among Indian youth
- Enhances India’s representation in global internet governance dialogues
- Fosters a tech-savvy and policy-aware workforce for digital India initiatives
About NIXI (National Internet Exchange of India):
- Established: 19 June 2003
- Type: Not-for-profit (Section 8 company)
- Parent Ministry: MeitY
- Mandate:
- Enhance internet adoption and digital infrastructure in India
- Key Services:
- Internet Exchange Points (IXPs): Facilitate domestic internet traffic exchange
- .IN Registry: Manage India’s country code top-level domain (.in)
- IRINN: Allocate IPv4 and IPv6 resources within India
Capacity Building & Training: Promote internet-related knowledge and skills
Ratnagiri Buddhist Site
- 19 Jan 2025
In News:
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has resumed excavations at the ancient Buddhist site of Ratnagiri in Odisha’s Jajpur district, unveiling monumental discoveries that underline its rich religious, cultural, and maritime legacy. This renewed effort comes more than 60 years after the site was first excavated between 1958 and 1961.
About Ratnagiri
- Meaning: Ratnagiri translates to “Hill of Jewels.”
- Location: Situated on a hill between the Brahmani and Birupa rivers, northeast of Bhubaneswar.
- Part of the Diamond Triangle: Along with Lalitgiri and Udaygiri, Ratnagiri forms Odisha’s famed “Diamond Triangle” of Buddhist heritage sites.
- Historical Period: Flourished between the 5th and 13th centuries CE, peaking under the Bhauma-Kara dynasty (8th–10th century CE).
- Buddhist School: An important centre for Mahayana and especially Vajrayana (Tantrayana) Buddhism.
- It possibly rivalled Nalanda in prominence as a Buddhist learning centre.
- The monastery complex at Ratnagiri is the only one in India with a curvilinear roof, once housing about 500 monks.
Recent Discoveries by ASI
- Three colossal Buddha heads, each measuring 3–4 feet.
- A massive palm sculpture, 5 feet in size.
- Hundreds of votive stupas, sculptures of Buddhist deities.
- A monolithic elephant statue, 5 feet long and 3.5 feet tall.
- Pottery, inscribed stones, beads, stone pillars, and a brick wall believed to be part of a larger structure.
- Rich ceramic assemblages, which may shed light on the region’s cultural and technological evolution.
These artefacts are estimated to date back to the 8th and 9th centuries CE and are believed to enhance understanding of Buddhism’s evolution in Odisha and its linkages with other cultures.
Buddhism in Odisha & Southeast Asian Links
- Buddhism gained a strong foothold in Odisha after Emperor Ashoka’s conquest of Kalinga (modern-day Odisha) in 261 BCE, a turning point that led him to embrace Buddhism.
- Though Buddha never visited Odisha, the region became instrumental in spreading Buddhism to Southeast Asia, especially during the Bhauma-Kara period.
- The state maintained robust maritime trade and cultural links with regions like Java, Bali, Sumatra, Borneo, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.
- Baliyatra Festival: A vibrant annual event held in Cuttack, commemorating Odisha’s ancient seafaring ties with Bali and other Southeast Asian regions.
- According to some studies, Chinese monk Hiuen Tsang may have visited Ratnagiri during his travels in India (638–639 CE).
Significance of the Renewed Excavations
- The ASI aims to uncover partially visible structures, complete the site’s mapping, and contextualize the findings within the broader Buddhist history of India and Southeast Asia.
- Researchers hope to discover signs of foreign architectural or cultural influences, further confirming ancient Odisha’s global Buddhist and trade connections.
- The discoveries reaffirm Ratnagiri’s importance as a cornerstone of Buddhist learning and art, potentially on par with other renowned ancient centres like Nalanda and Vikramashila.
Nigeria admitted as BRICS Partner Country
- 19 Jan 2025
In News:
- Nigeria has been admitted as the 9th "Partner Country" of the BRICS grouping under Brazil’s presidency in 2025.
- Other BRICS partner countries include Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Thailand, Uganda, and Uzbekistan.
- A "partner country" in BRICS is allowed to attend summits, ministerial meetings, and participate in joint initiatives, but does not have formal membership or decision-making power.
About Nigeria’s Role
- Nigeria has the 6th largest population globally and the largest in Africa.
- It is the 4th largest economy in Africa, often termed the "Giant of Africa".
- Nigeria plays a significant role in South-South cooperation and reform of global governance structures, aligning with BRICS' strategic objectives.
About BRICS
- Founded: 2009 by Brazil, Russia, India, and China; South Africa joined in 2010.
- New Full Members (as of 2023): Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, UAE, and Indonesia (effective Jan 2025).
- Membership Invitations: Saudi Arabia has been invited but not yet accepted.
- Applicants: Turkey, Azerbaijan, Malaysia have formally applied.
- Three Pillars of Cooperation:
- Political and Security
- Economic and Financial
- Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges
- Represents ~40% of global population and ~37.3% of global GDP.
India has hosted BRICS Summits in 2012 (4th), 2016 (8th), and 2021 (13th).
Kuka Rebellion and Namdhari Sect
- 18 Jan 2025
In News:
On January 17, Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann paid tribute at the Namdhari Shaheed Smarak in Malerkotla to commemorate Kuka Martyrs’ Day. The event marks the execution of 66 Namdhari Sikhs by the British in January 1872.
Kuka Rebellion: An Overview
The Kuka Rebellion was an anti-British movement led by the Namdhari sect in Punjab. It combined religious reform with resistance to colonial rule, reaching its peak in January 1872.
Key Events:
- January 13, 1872: Kukas, led by Hira Singh and Lehna Singh, protested against cow slaughter in Malerkotla.
- January 15, 1872: Clashes occurred between Kukas and government officials. A contingent attacked Malaudh Fort but was repulsed.
- January 17-18, 1872: 66 Kukas were executed by being blown up with cannons under orders of British official John Lambert Cowan.
Reasons Behind the Movement:
- Religious Reform: Opposed meat consumption, alcohol, and social vices.
- Colonial Oppression: Protested against British rule and native collaborators.
- Cow Protection: Strongly opposed cow slaughter, leading to confrontations with British authorities.
Impact and Aftermath:
- Suppression: The British crushed the movement with extreme brutality.
- Exile of Leaders: Satguru Ram Singh and other key leaders were exiled to Rangoon, Burma.
- Legacy of Martyrdom: The sacrifice of young Namdharis like 12-year-old Bishan Singh and Waryam Singh inspired future resistance movements in India.
Who are the Namdharis?
The Namdharis, also called Kukas, are a Sikh sect founded by Satguru Ram Singh in 1857 in Ludhiana. Their distinctive practices include:
- High-pitched recitation of Gurbani (hence the name ‘Kuka’ meaning ‘crying’ or ‘screaming’ in Punjabi).
- Wearing white attire as a sign of mourning for their exiled leader.
- Early adoption of Swadeshi principles, boycotting British goods and services.
Current Status of Namdhari Sect:
- The Namdharis, numbering around 2 lakh in Punjab today, have faced internal divisions since the death of Satguru Jagjit Singh in 2012.
- Two major factions exist:
- One led by Thakur Dilip Singh, headquartered in Sirsa, Haryana.
- Another led by Sangrur Uday Singh, headquartered at Bhaini Sahib, Ludhiana.
- A core belief remains that Satguru Ram Singh is still alive and will return one day.
Significance:
The Kuka Rebellion, though localized, was an important precursor to later national movements against British rule. It showcased the early spirit of resistance, long before organized freedom movements gained momentum in the 20th century.
Fast Track Immigration FTI-TTP
- 17 Jan 2025
In News:
The Government of India is launching the Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Program (FTI-TTP) to streamline immigration at seven major airports.
Key Highlights:
- The initiative, inaugurated by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, aims to enhance the travel experience for Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders.
- This comes seven months after the programme was first introduced at Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport, New Delhi. The airports included in this initial phase are: Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Cochin and Ahmedabad
Objectives of FTI-TTP
- Provide seamless and secure immigration services.
- Reduce human intervention using automated e-gates.
- Align with the Viksit Bharat@2047 vision for modern infrastructure.
How the Programme Works
The FTI-TTP simplifies immigration with automated e-gates. Travellers must complete a one-time online registration to enroll. The process involves:
- Online Registration: Submit personal details and upload necessary documents via the official portal (https://ftittp.mha.gov.in).
- Biometric Submission: Fingerprints and facial images must be submitted at an airport or Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO).
- Immigration Clearance via E-Gates:
- Passengers scan their boarding passes and passports at e-gates.
- Biometrics are automatically verified.
- Upon authentication, the e-gate opens, granting clearance.
Validity: Registration is valid for five years or until the registered passport expires, whichever comes first.
Who is Eligible?
The first phase of the FTI-TTP is open to:
- Indian nationals.
- OCI cardholders aged between 12 and 70 years.
- Children aged 12-18 can register using their parents’ email/phone number.
- ECR (Emigration Check Required) passport holders are not eligible.
Documents Required for Registration
- Passport-sized photograph (as per Indian passport specifications).
- Scanned copy of passport (front and back pages).
- Proof of current address.
- OCI card details (if applicable).
Key Points to Note
- Registration may take up to a month due to verification by field agencies.
- Applications with incorrect or outdated information may be rejected.
- In case of passport loss or expiry, travellers must reapply and submit fresh biometrics.
- Passports must have at least six months’ validity at the time of applying.
- For support, travellers can reach out via email at india.ftittp-boi@mha.gov.in.
Implementation Phases
The FTI-TTP will be implemented in two phases:
- Phase 1: Covers Indian citizens and OCI cardholders.
- Phase 2: Will extend to foreign travellers.
- The programme will be expanded to 21 major airports across the country.
Comparison with Similar Global Programmes
Several countries have implemented similar fast-track immigration systems:
United States: Global Entry
- Introduced in 2008.
- Offers self-service kiosks for pre-approved travellers.
- Requires background checks and in-person interviews.
United Kingdom: Registered Traveller Service
- Launched in 2015.
- Allows frequent visitors from select countries, including India, to use e-gates.
- Requires visa eligibility or multiple prior visits.
European Union: Smart Borders Initiative
- Implemented in 2016, with full deployment expected by 2024.
- Pre-registers biometric data for faster processing at Schengen Area borders.
Australia: SmartGate
- Started in 2007 for Australian and New Zealand passport holders.
- Uses automated kiosks for identity verification via passport scans and photos.
Saudi Arabia: Smart Travel System
- Launched in 2019.
- Uses automated e-gates for faster immigration clearance.
- Expanding as part of Vision 2030 to improve travel experience, particularly for Hajj pilgrims.
QS World Future Skills Index 2025
- 17 Jan 2025
In News:
The QS World Future Skills Index 2025, released by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), evaluates countries' readiness to meet the evolving demands of the global job market. It assesses nations based on skill development, education, and economic transformation, highlighting their preparedness for emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and sustainability.
India’s Performance in the Index:
- Overall Ranking: India is ranked 25th globally, categorizing it as a “Future Skills Contender.”
- Future of Work Category: India ranked 2nd, only behind the United States, reflecting its preparedness for AI, digital, and green jobs.
- Economic Transformation: India scored 58.3, the lowest among the top 30 countries, reflecting challenges in innovation and sustainability.
- Skills Fit: India received a score of 59.1, the weakest among the top 30 nations, indicating a gap between workforce skills and industry requirements.
- Academic Readiness: India’s education system is struggling to keep pace with employer demands, necessitating curriculum reforms and stronger academia-industry collaboration.
Key Findings from the Report:
Strengths:
- Digital Readiness: India has demonstrated strong capabilities in integrating digital talent into the workforce.
- Youth Advantage: A large, young population provides a demographic dividend for sustained economic growth.
- Startup Ecosystem: India’s startup culture and government initiatives support technological advancement and innovation.
Weaknesses:
- Higher Education-Industry Gap: Mismatch between education and employer requirements, particularly in AI, green skills, and entrepreneurship.
- Limited R&D Investment: India’s research and development spending is 0.6% of GDP, far below the global average of 2.7%.
- Low Innovation in Sustainability: India scored 15.6 out of 100, ranking poorly in future-oriented innovation for sustainability.
Challenges and Concerns:
- Skilled Workforce Shortage: The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) estimates a 29 million skilled workforce gap in critical sectors such as healthcare, semiconductor manufacturing, and AI.
- Low Employability Rates: Only 25% of management professionals, 20% of engineers, and 10% of graduates meet global employability standards.
- Higher Education Accessibility: Many students face difficulties in accessing quality tertiary education, particularly in skill-intensive fields.
Opportunities for Growth:
- Leverage Demographic Dividend: India can capitalize on its young workforce to dominate skill-based industries while other nations struggle with aging populations.
- Policy Support:
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Focuses on modular education and reskilling initiatives.
- ULLAS Program: Aims to expand lifelong learning and skill development.
- Technological Integration: Advancements in AI and digital learning can help modernize academic curricula and improve job readiness.
Recommendations for Improvement:
- Enhancing Academia-Industry Collaboration: Universities should prioritize problem-solving, entrepreneurship, and creativity to align education with employer needs.
- Increasing R&D Investment: Raising spending on research and development to promote innovation and sustainability.
- Expanding Access to Education: Bridging regional disparities in tertiary education through flexible and modular learning.
- Strengthening Policy Implementation: Ensuring effective execution of skilling programs to reduce the workforce-employability gap.
Eighth Pay Commission
- 17 Jan 2025
In News:
The Union government has approved the constitution of the Eighth Pay Commission, benefiting 50 lakh central government employees and 65 lakh pensioners, including serving and retired defence personnel. The decision, taken ahead of the Delhi Assembly elections, aims to address long-standing demands from trade unions and employee organizations.
Key Features of the 8th Pay Commission
- Early Constitution: Although the Seventh Pay Commission's term ends in 2026, the early establishment of the Eighth Pay Commission ensures timely recommendations and implementation.
- Composition: The commission will have a Chairperson and two members, typically led by a retired Supreme Court judge.
- Terms of Reference (ToR):
- Revision of Pay: Recommend updates to salary structures and allowances.
- Addressing Pay Disparities: Resolve wage differences across various cadres.
- Market Parity: Align pay structures with industry standards.
- Pension and Retirement Benefits: Improve pension schemes and adjust them for inflation.
- Economic Impact Analysis: Assess how salary hikes contribute to economic growth.
- Stakeholder Consultations: Engage with governments and other stakeholders before finalizing recommendations.
Economic Implications of the 8th Pay Commission
- Employee Well-being: Higher wages will enhance the quality of life for government employees.
- Boost to Consumption: Increased salaries are expected to stimulate demand and support economic expansion.
- Ripple Effect on PSUs & States: Many public sector undertakings and state governments follow the central pay commission’s recommendations, potentially leading to wider economic benefits.
- Fiscal Considerations: The implementation of the Seventh Pay Commission in 2016-17 led to an expenditure increase of ?1 lakh crore. A similar rise in 2026-27 could impact fiscal space for capital expenditures.
Challenges and Concerns
- Implementation Delays: Past commissions have taken two years to submit recommendations, which could push implementation beyond 2027.
- Living Wage & Pension Issues: Existing formulas for minimum wage and pension calculations may need revision to reflect rising healthcare, education, and digital access costs.
- Financial Burden on the Exchequer: A significant increase in revenue expenditure could limit the government’s ability to invest in infrastructure and development projects.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- 16 Jan 2025
In News:
January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, and the focus on this month underscores the critical importance of preventing cervical cancer, a disease responsible for significant mortality among women in India. At the heart of this prevention is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which is recognized as the most effective measure to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Despite its potential, the HPV vaccine remains out of reach for many due to its high cost and the need for greater awareness.
HPV and its Impact in India
HPV is responsible for 99.7% of cervical cancers worldwide, making it one of the primary causes of cancer in women. In India, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women, accounting for about 6-29% of all cancers in women. As of GLOBOCAN 2020, India alone has 20% of the global burden of cervical cancer, with over 123,000 cases and a 9.1% mortality rate.
Additionally, HPV can lead to several other cancers, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and throat cancers, making its vaccination vital for overall cancer prevention.
The HPV Vaccine: A Game-Changer
The HPV vaccine is the most effective tool to prevent infections caused by the virus and reduce the incidence of associated cancers. The vaccine works by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that neutralize the virus before it can cause damage. There are different types of vaccines authorized in India, including:
- Gardasil (protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18)
- Cervarix (a bivalent vaccine targeting HPV 16 and 18)
- Cervavac (India's first HPV vaccine, developed by the Serum Institute of India)
The vaccine is recommended for both males and females between 9 and 26 years, with a special focus on children aged 12 to 13 years, as the vaccine is most effective when administered before exposure to the virus. It’s also suitable for people who are immunocompromised or HIV-infected.
Challenges to HPV Vaccination in India
Despite the obvious benefits, the uptake of the HPV vaccine in India faces several barriers:
- High Costs: The price of the vaccine remains prohibitively high. For example:
- Gardasil 9 costs ?10,850 per dose.
- Gardasil 4 is priced between ?2,000 to ?4,000 per dose.
- Cervavac, the Indian-made vaccine, costs around ?2,000 per dose, which is more affordable but still out of reach for many.
- Awareness and Cultural Perceptions: There is a lack of awareness about HPV and its link to cervical cancer. Cultural factors, particularly around reproductive health, can also create reluctance to vaccinate, especially in rural or conservative areas.
- Limited Access: Currently, the vaccine is available through private practitioners and is not part of the National Immunisation Programme (NIP), limiting access to the broader population.
The Way Forward: National Immunisation and Awareness Campaigns
The National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) has recommended that the HPV vaccine be included in India’s National Immunisation Programme (NIP). This would enable broader access and affordability, especially for girls aged 9–14 years and ensure that a routine vaccination schedule is implemented at the age of 9 years. Some states like Punjab and Sikkim have already taken steps to introduce the vaccine in their state-level immunization programs.
Additionally, a nationwide HPV vaccination campaign could raise awareness about the vaccine and its benefits, helping to overcome the challenges of cost, safety concerns, and cultural perceptions. Regular cervical cancer screenings (such as Pap smears and HPV tests) should also be encouraged to identify precancerous changes early.
Cabinet Approves Establishment of ‘Third Launch Pad’ at ISRO's Sriharikota Facility
- 16 Jan 2025
In News:
The Union Cabinet, has approved the establishment of a Third Launch Pad (TLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), located at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. This project marks a significant step in enhancing India’s space capabilities and will support the Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV) for ISRO’s evolving space exploration programs.
Key Features of the Third Launch Pad
The TLP will be built with an adaptable design, capable of supporting NGLV and LVM3 vehicles with semi-cryogenic propulsion. The launch pad will also serve as a standby for the Second Launch Pad (SLP) at Sriharikota. This addition will help ISRO meet its growing launch capacity needs, particularly for future human spaceflight missions and space exploration projects. It will facilitate higher launch frequencies, thus boosting the Indian space ecosystem.
Implementation Strategy and Timeline
The Third Launch Pad is planned to be developed within 48 months (4 years), with the total cost pegged at ?3984.86 Crore. The development will involve maximized industry participation and will utilize existing infrastructure at the launch complex. The project will also leverage ISRO’s experience gained from establishing the earlier launch pads.
The Importance of the Third Launch Pad
The TLP is designed to support the Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV), a key part of ISRO’s vision for space exploration. The facility will not only accommodate heavier vehicles but will also ensure standby capacity for the Second Launch Pad (SLP). Its strategic location at Sriharikota ensures several advantages:
- Proximity to the Equator: This offers a substantial increase in payload capacity due to the additional push provided by the Earth's rotation.
- Safety and Accessibility: The site is free from major international maritime or airline routes, ensuring a safe flight path.
- Geographical Advantage: The launch pad is situated on the eastern coast, enabling launches in an easterly direction, maximizing the benefits of Earth’s rotational speed.
Future Plans for Indian Space Exploration
The establishment of the Third Launch Pad is crucial for the expanded vision of India’s space program, particularly in line with the Amrit Kaal period. ISRO aims to achieve ambitious milestones, such as the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2035 and an Indian Crewed Lunar Landing by 2040. The NGLV will play a pivotal role in these plans, with features like:
- A three-stage vehicle and reusable first stage.
- Semi-cryogenic propulsion, using refined kerosene and liquid oxygen, which will increase payload capacity by three times at 1.5 times the cost of current vehicles.
The Role of Sriharikota in India’s Space Program
Sriharikota, the hub of ISRO’s launch operations, has been integral to India’s space exploration. Currently, the Indian Space Transportation Systems rely on two operational launch pads:
- First Launch Pad (FLP): Established over 30 years ago for PSLV and SSLV missions, FLP continues to support Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) launches.
- Second Launch Pad (SLP): Built primarily for GSLV and LVM3 vehicles, SLP also serves as a standby for PSLV. Over its 20 years of operation, SLP has supported several national missions, including Chandrayaan-3, and is preparing for the Gaganyaan missions.
Does ‘Blood Money’ Have a Legal Standing?
- 16 Jan 2025
In News:
The concept of ‘blood money’ has come under scrutiny recently, especially in the context of the death sentence awarded to Indian nurse Nimisha Priya from Kerala in Yemen. This case, where the focus is on monetary compensation paid to the victim’s family, has sparked renewed discussions on the practice of blood money.
What is ‘Blood Money’?
‘Blood money’ or diya is a term used in Islamic Sharia law and refers to a sum of money that the perpetrator of a crime must pay to the victim or the victim’s family, typically in cases of unintentional murder or homicide. The custom is designed to offer compensation to the family for the loss of income and alleviate their suffering, rather than placing a price on human life. This practice allows the victim’s family to forgive the accused and avoid retribution, called qisas, under the Sharia.
However, even when blood money is paid, the community or state retains the authority to impose a penalty or punishment, which could include imprisonment or other penalties, based on the seriousness of the crime.
How Does Blood Money Figure in Islamic Sharia Law?
In Islamic law, the amount of blood money varies based on several factors such as the victim’s gender, religion, and nationality. The following examples demonstrate the application of blood money in different Islamic countries:
- Saudi Arabia: In Saudi Arabia, blood money is part of traffic regulations, where the perpetrator must pay compensation to the heirs of victims who die in road accidents. While a Sharia court determines the amount of compensation, the police handle the determination of the guilty party. In workplace accidents, a special committee sets the amount. Saudi Arabia has considered reforming its laws to ensure equal compensation for men and women, Muslims and non-Muslims. However, efforts to amend the laws have not yet been fully implemented.
- Iran: In Iran, blood money differs based on the gender and religion of the victim. A woman’s compensation is typically set at half of that of a man’s. While the Supreme Court of Iran upheld a law to equalize compensation for all individuals in 2019, full implementation of the law has yet to be realized.
- Pakistan: Pakistan has incorporated provisions for diya and qisas in its legal system through the Criminal Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 1991, aligning its practices with those of Islamic law.
- Yemen: In Yemen, parties involved can negotiate compensation, with judicial oversight ensuring fairness.
India’s Stand on ‘Diya’ and Blood Money
India does not include the provision for blood money in its formal legal framework. However, a similar concept exists in the form of plea bargaining, which allows the accused to negotiate with the prosecution in exchange for a reduced sentence or charge. Plea bargaining involves the defendant pleading guilty to a lesser offense in return for a concession, either in terms of the charges or the sentence.
Plea Bargaining in India:
Introduced under the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, plea bargaining was added to the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. While it bears some resemblance to blood money in that it allows for compensation to the victim, it has significant limitations:
- It can only be applied to crimes punishable by imprisonment of less than seven years.
- It is not applicable to heinous crimes such as murder or rape, or offenses involving women or children under 14.
- The accused must voluntarily agree to plead guilty, with no coercion involved.
While plea bargaining may include compensation under Section 265E of the Code, discussions continue to refine this provision to make it more inclusive, similar to the reforms seen in Islamic countries regarding blood money.
Historical Practices Similar to Blood Money
Throughout history, various cultures have had practices similar to blood money. These include:
- Brehon Law (Ireland): In the 7th century, Brehon law established the concept of Éraic (body price) and Log nEnech (honor price). These were compensation systems that allowed for the amicable resolution of crimes, avoiding capital punishment.
- Galanas (Wales): Galanas in Welsh law determined compensation based on the victim's social status, where a blood fine was required in cases of murder, unless the killing was justified.
- Wergeld (Germany): The Wergeld system in early medieval Germany required compensation for homicide or grave offenses, often in monetary terms.
- Other Medieval States: Several medieval states established a standard payment for the victims’ families in the event of homicide or serious crimes, much like blood money.
Cases of Indians Pardoned with Blood Money
India has witnessed instances where blood money has been invoked for Indian nationals facing death sentences abroad:
- Arjunan Athimuthu (Kuwait, 2019): Arjunan’s death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment after his family paid ?30 lakh in blood money.
- Abdul Rahim (Saudi Arabia): Abdul Rahim, convicted for the murder of a Saudi boy in 2006, was pardoned after ?34 crore in blood money was paid. However, he has not been released from prison yet.
- UAE Cases:
- In 2017, 10 Indians were pardoned after paying 200,000 dirhams as blood money.
In 2009, 17 Indians on death row for the murder of a Pakistani national were pardoned after a blood money amount of nearly ?4 crore was paid.
US AI Hardware Export Restrictions and Impact on India
- 16 Jan 2025
In News:
Days before demitting office, the Joe Biden administration has released an expansive regulatory framework on the export of artificial intelligence (AI) hardware such as graphics processing units (GPUs), which could have far-reaching consequences for India’s AI ambitions.
Three-Tier Framework for AI Hardware Export Restrictions
- Tier 1: Closest US Allies
- Countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, South Korea, UK, etc.
- No restrictions on computing power deployment.
- Minimal security requirements.
- Impact: Free access to AI technology for these nations.
- Tier 2: Majority of Countries (Including India)
- Countries: India, Brazil, South Africa, etc.
- Restrictions: Limited to importing approximately 50,000 advanced AI chips (around $1 billion) through 2027.
- Potential to Double Cap: If countries sign agreements to uphold strict security standards.
- Impact on India:
- Short-Term: Likely to fulfill current demand for 10,000 GPUs for the IndiaAI Mission.
- Long-Term: Challenges in scaling AI infrastructure, with possible delays in large AI data centers and difficulty acquiring large-scale GPUs.
- Tier 3: Countries of Concern (Restricted Nations)
- Countries: Russia, China, North Korea, Iran, etc.
- No Access to US AI Technology: Nearly total prohibition of AI tech exports.
Special Provisions for India and China
- General Validated End User (GVEU) status for India and China:
- India: Authorisation for civilian and military use, excluding nuclear applications.
- China: Only civilian use permitted under similar conditions.
Why the US Imposed These Restrictions?
- National Security: Prevent adversaries (China, Iran, Russia) from acquiring advanced AI technologies.
- US Technological Leadership: To protect US AI leadership and prevent loss of competitive edge.
- Trusted Ecosystem: Build secure and trusted AI environments for allied nations.
Impact on India
- Short-Term:
- IndiaAI Mission: Current procurement of 10,000 GPUs unlikely to be affected.
- Subsidized GPUs: Available for startups, academia, and researchers.
- Long-Term Concerns:
- Licensing Uncertainties: Possible delays in large-scale AI deployments and AI data centers.
- Impact on Large Firms: Companies like Reliance and Yotta may face challenges scaling up AI compute infrastructure.
- National AI Mission Challenges: Difficulty in acquiring enough GPUs for large-scale AI projects beyond 2027.
- Strategic Leverage: US could use AI export restrictions to negotiate trade deals or tariff adjustments.
Nvidia’s Criticism of the AI Diffusion Rules
- Overreach and Bureaucratic: Nvidia criticized the 200+ page regulatory framework as excessive, secretive, and bureaucratic.
- Harming US Competitiveness: Claims that the rules would hinder US innovation and global leadership, weakening the competitiveness of the US semiconductor and software industries.
- Contrast with Trump’s Approach: Praises the earlier Trump administration for fostering AI growth through industry competition without compromising national security.
Enforcement of the Rules
- Regulatory Control: Managed by the US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) under the Department of Commerce.
- Technology Access: Ensures AI chips and models do not reach adversaries or nations posing security risks.
Potential Impact on India’s AI Strategy
- AI Hardware Infrastructure: Challenges in large-scale AI hardware deployment.
- Competitive Disadvantage: Potential delays or downsizing of AI data centers could affect India’s competitiveness in AI technology.
- Strategic Partnerships: India may need to secure General National Validated End User authorizations to ensure uninterrupted access to advanced chips.
- AI Market Growth: India’s AI market projected to grow to $17 billion by 2027, with an annual growth rate of 25%-35%.
Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY)
- 15 Jan 2025
In News:
Odisha has become the 34th state to implement the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY). The National Health Authority (NHA) of the Union Ministry of Health signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Odisha to onboard the state under the scheme.
Key Highlights:
- The scheme will be implemented alongside the existing Gopabandhu Jan Arogya Yojana in Odisha.
- It provides health coverage of Rs. 5 lakh per family per annum, with an additional Rs. 5 lakh for women members.
- Approximately 1.03 crore families will be covered under the scheme.
- Shri JP Nadda, Union Health Minister, emphasized that the scheme is the world’s largest and fastest-growing health coverage initiative.
- Shri Mohan Charan Majhi, Chief Minister of Odisha, highlighted that people will now have access to cashless treatment in over 29,000 empaneled hospitals.
About Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY:
- Launched in 2018 under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoH&FW).
- Targets 12 crore families (~55 crore beneficiaries).
- Provides cashless hospital coverage for secondary and tertiary care.
- Fully funded by the government, with cost-sharing between the Centre and states.
- Covers nearly 2,000 medical procedures, including major surgeries.
Since its inception, over 8.19 crore hospital admissions have been recorded, with ?1.13 lakh crore spent on healthcare for marginalized sections.
Cyclone Dikeledi
- 15 Jan 2025
Cyclone Dikeledi struck Mayotte, a French overseas territory in the Indian Ocean, located in the Mozambique Channel. The cyclone caused severe flooding and damage, following closely after Cyclone Chido, which had hit the region in December 2024.
About Mayotte:
- Comprises two islands from the Comoros archipelago: Mayotte (Grande Terre) and Pamandzi (Petite Terre).
- It is the poorest region in both France and the European Union.
- Colonized by France in 1843 and annexed along with the Comoros in 1904.
- In a 1974 referendum, while 95% of Comoros opted for independence, 63% of Mayotte voted to remain French.
- While Comoros declared independence in 1975, Mayotte continues to be governed by France.
Cyclone Chido, which struck in December 2024, was recorded as the most severe storm to hit Mayotte in 90 years.
Commissioning of Three Indian Naval Combatants
- 15 Jan 2025
In News:
In a major boost to India’s maritime defense capabilities, three frontline warships—INS Nilgiri, INS Surat, and INS Vaghsheer—were commissioned into the Indian Navy at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai. This marks a significant step in India's self-reliance in defense manufacturing and strengthens its presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
INS Nilgiri: Project 17A Stealth Frigate
INS Nilgiri is the lead ship of the Project 17A class, an advanced version of the Shivalik-class frigates, designed for multi-mission capabilities in blue-water operations.
Key Features:
- Advanced stealth technology reducing radar and infrared signatures.
- Equipped with supersonic surface-to-surface missiles, Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (MRSAM), upgraded 76 mm guns, and rapid-fire close-in weapon systems.
- Versatile roles in anti-surface, anti-air, and anti-submarine warfare.
- Constructed using integrated modular design for faster assembly.
- Other ships in this class—Himgiri, Taragiri, Udaygiri, Dunagiri, and Vindhyagiri—are under construction at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE).
INS Surat: Project 15B Stealth Destroyer
INS Surat is the fourth and final guided missile destroyer under Project 15B, following INS Visakhapatnam, INS Mormugao, and INS Imphal. It represents an upgraded version of the Kolkata-class destroyers.
Key Features:
- AI-Enabled Operations: First Indian warship integrated with artificial intelligence solutions for enhanced combat efficiency.
- High-Speed Capability: Can exceed speeds of 30 knots (56 km/h).
- Advanced Armament: Equipped with modern surface-to-air and anti-ship missiles, torpedoes, and sophisticated network-centric warfare sensors.
- Strategic Role: Acts as a high-speed, maneuverable warship with increased strike capability and endurance.
Project 15B was initiated in 2011, with ships named after major Indian cities to symbolize national unity. These destroyers serve as critical assets in naval operations, ensuring dominance in maritime warfare.
INS Vaghsheer: Project 75 Scorpene-Class Submarine
INS Vaghsheer is the sixth and final Kalvari-class submarine built under Project 75, designed for stealth and versatile naval operations.
Key Features:
- Scorpene-Class Design: Developed in collaboration with the French Naval Group.
- Diesel-Electric Propulsion: Silent and highly maneuverable, making it one of the world’s most advanced attack submarines.
- Mission Capabilities: Specializes in anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, and special operations.
- Weapons Systems: Armed with wire-guided torpedoes, anti-ship missiles, and state-of-the-art sonar systems.
The Kalvari-class submarines continue India's legacy of submarine warfare, named after decommissioned Soviet-origin Foxtrot-class submarines post-Independence.
Iran's Capital Relocation
- 15 Jan 2025
In News:
Iran has announced plans to relocate its capital from Tehran to the Makran coastal region due to economic and environmental concerns.
Reasons Behind Relocation
- Overcrowding and Resource Constraints: Tehran, the capital for over 200 years since the Qajar dynasty (1794-1925), faces overpopulation, air pollution, water scarcity, and energy shortages.
- Strategic Importance of Makran: Located in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Makran’s proximity to the Gulf of Oman enhances its potential for economic development.
- Economic and Maritime Significance: Home to key ports like Chabahar, Makran is vital for Iran’s petroleum reserves and coastal trade.
- Geopolitical Considerations: The development of Makran as an international trade hub could strengthen Iran’s economic ties with Central Asia and the Indian Ocean region.
About Makran
- Geographical Overview: A semi-desert coastal plateau shared by Pakistan and Iran, bordered by the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman.
- Key Ports and Trade Routes: Gwadar (Pakistan) and Chabahar (Iran) serve as critical gateways to the Strait of Hormuz, a global oil supply route.
Alexander’s Invasion and Makran’s Historical Significance
Background of Alexander’s Invasion (327–325 BCE)
- Entry into India: Alexander, King of Macedonia (336-323 BCE), entered India via the Khyber Pass after conquering Kabul.
- Key Battles:
- Battle of Hydaspes (Jhelum): Faced and defeated King Porus, later reinstating him as an ally.
- Retreat at Hyphasis (Beas River): His army, exhausted and wary of the Nanda Empire’s strength, refused to march further east.
The Gedrosian Desert March
- Extreme Hardships: While retreating through the Makran Desert, Alexander lost a third of his army to dehydration, starvation, and exhaustion.
- Comparison with Cyrus the Great: Unlike Cyrus II, who failed to cross the desert, Alexander’s army endured the harsh terrain, albeit with heavy casualties.
Impact of Alexander’s Invasion on India
- Cultural and Trade Exchanges: Facilitated early Indo-Greek interactions and opened key trade routes linking South Asia and Europe.
- Greek Settlements: Established cities like Alexandria (Kabul) and Boukephala (Jhelum), influencing local governance and trade.
- Mauryan Expansion: Weakened regional rulers enabled Chandragupta Maurya to establish the Mauryan Empire.
- Influence on Art and Culture: Indo-Greek fusion led to the Gandhara School of Art, integrating Greek and Indian artistic traditions.
Makaravilakku festival
- 15 Jan 2025
In News:
Kerala police deploy 5,000 personnel at Sabarimala ahead of Makaravilakku festival.
Key Highlights:
- Makaravilakku is a prominent annual Hindu festival held at the Sabarimala Temple in Kerala, dedicated to Lord Ayyappa.
- It marks the celestial event of the Sun entering Capricorn (Makaram Rashi) on Makara Sankranti.
- The festival is a culmination of the 41-day pilgrimage to Sabarimala, celebrated with devotion, discipline, and spiritual purification.
- Sabarimala is one of the largest pilgrimage sites globally, drawing 10-15 million devotees annually.
Location:
- The Sabarimala Temple is located on the Sabarimala hill in Pathanamthitta, Kerala, within the Periyar Tiger Reserve.
- It is surrounded by 18 hills and is located along the banks of the Pamba River.
Key Rituals:
- 41-Day Pilgrimage (Vratham): Devotees observe strict practices like celibacy, fasting, and wearing black or saffron attire to purify the body and soul.
- Makaravilakku (Makara Jyothi): A celestial light appears on Makara Sankranti, believed to be a divine manifestation of Lord Ayyappa.
- Thiruvabharanam Procession: On Makaravilakku day, sacred royal ornaments (Thiruvabharanam) are carried in a procession from the Pandalam Palace to the temple.
- Aarti at Ponnambalamedu: The Makaravilakku light is believed to emanate from camphor lit during the Aarti ritual at Ponnambalamedu, viewed three times from Sabarimala.
Festival Duration:
- The Makaravilakku festival lasts for seven days, starting on Makara Sankranti and concluding with the Guruthi offering, which propitiates the gods of the wilderness.
Significance of Makaravilakku:
- The festival symbolizes the merging of celestial and spiritual energies, highlighting devotion, purity, and self-discipline.
- Devotees chant the mantra "Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa," seeking blessings and protection from Lord Ayyappa.
- The event promotes equality, as all devotees wear simple black or blue attire and carry the sacred bundle, “Irumudi Kettu.”
Cultural and Religious Aspects:
- The festival is an important cultural and religious observance for millions of Hindus.
- Though previously believed to be a supernatural event, Makaravilakku now involves a ritual performed by the Malayaraya tribe, overseen by the Travancore Devaswom Board.
Prohibition on Women:
- The temple traditionally restricts women aged 10-50 from entering. This was challenged in 2018 when the Supreme Court ruled to lift the prohibition, although it remains a contentious issue.
Israel-Hamas Ceasefire and Hostage Release Deal
- 14 Jan 2025
In News:
Israel and Hamas have agreed on a Gaza ceasefire and hostage release deal after 15 months of war.
Key Highlights:
Ceasefire Agreement Details:
- Location: The deal was brokered in Doha, Qatar.
- Approval Process: The deal must be approved by Israel’s Cabinet to take effect.
- Mediators: The agreement was negotiated by Qatar, Egypt, and the United States, with their involvement ensuring the implementation of the deal.
Phases of the Deal:
- First Phase (42 Days):
- Release of 33 hostages by Hamas, including women, children, and elderly people.
- Hostage Exchange: Hostages will be exchanged for Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails.
- Gaza Ceasefire and Withdrawal: Israeli forces will gradually withdraw from Central Gaza and move to the borders.
- Return of Displaced Palestinians: Displaced Palestinians will be allowed to return to Northern Gaza.
- Humanitarian Aid: 600 humanitarian aid trucks will be allowed into Gaza daily.
- Second Phase:
- Hostage Release: Negotiations will begin for the release of remaining hostages.
- Full Israeli Troop Withdrawal: Israel will fully withdraw its forces.
- Third Phase:
- Reconstruction of Gaza: Overseen by Egypt, Qatar, and the United Nations.
- Reopening of Border Crossings: For movement in and out of Gaza.
- Return of Hostage Bodies: Return of any bodies of hostages who died.
Background of the Israel-Hamas Conflict:
- Start: On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched an attack on Israel, called Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, causing significant casualties.
- Israeli Response: Israel launched Operation Iron Sword in retaliation.
- Casualties: The conflict resulted in 46,707 Palestinian deaths, mostly civilians, and 1,210 Israeli deaths.
About Gaza Strip:
- Location: A Palestinian enclave on the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by Israel and Egypt.
- Administration: The Gaza Strip is governed by Hamas since 2006.
- Movement Restrictions: Israel controls air space and shoreline, imposing restrictions. Egypt controls one border and also restricts movement.
Gaza Truce Deal:
- Nature: A proposed ceasefire to end the ongoing conflict.
- Primary Parties: Israel and Hamas.
- Supporting Nations: United States, Qatar, and Egypt.
- Significance:
- Aims to stop fighting and address the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.
- Potential to influence regional stability and Israeli politics.
- Marks an important moment in U.S. diplomacy under the Biden administration.
National Youth Day 2025
- 13 Jan 2025
In News:
On January 12, 2025, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi participated in the Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025, an event aimed at empowering India's youth and charting a roadmap for the nation's development. This occasion also coincided with the celebration of National Youth Day, marking the 163rd birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, a renowned spiritual leader and social reformer who strongly believed in the transformative potential of India's youth.
Significance of National Youth Day
- Purpose:
- National Youth Day is celebrated to honor Swami Vivekananda's contributions, emphasizing the role of youth in nation-building.
- It promotes empowerment, leadership, and innovation among the youth.
- Year of First Celebration: 1985
- Key Theme (2025): "Arise, Awake, and Realize the Power You Hold"
Key Highlights from the Dialogue
- Goal of the Dialogue:
- Engaging youth in the decision-making process for a developed India by 2047.
- Empowering youth through platforms like quizzes, essay competitions, and thematic presentations.
- Ten Key Themes Discussed:
- Technology & Innovation
- Sustainability
- Women Empowerment
- Manufacturing & Agriculture
- Education and Skill Development
India’s Roadmap for 2047 (Viksit Bharat)
- Vision:
- Economic Power: India is moving toward becoming the third-largest economy.
- Strategic and Cultural Strength: India will have a robust economic, strategic, social, and cultural framework.
- Youth's Role: Innovation in technology, digital economy, space, and manufacturing will drive India’s growth.
- Key Projects and Targets:
- Target: Generating 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030.
- Net Zero Emissions for Railways: Set for 2030.
- Olympics: India aims to host the Olympics in the next decade.
- Space Power: Plans for a space station by 2035.
Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Challenge
- Objective:
- Engage youth in shaping ideas for a developed India.
- The Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue is part of the Viksit Bharat Challenge.
- Stages of the Challenge:
- Viksit Bharat Quiz: Participation by 30 lakh youth.
- Essay Writing: Over 2 lakh essays on key developmental themes.
- State Rounds: Rigorous in-person competition to identify the top young leaders.
- Participant Categories:
- 1,500 from Viksit Bharat Challenge Track.
- 1,000 from Traditional Track (cultural and science innovation).
- 500 Pathbreakers (leaders in diverse sectors).
Achievements Under Government Benefiting Youth
- Educational Reforms:
- Increase in IITs, IIITs, IIMs, and AIIMS.
- Growth in the number of higher education institutions and their global rankings.
- Economic Growth:
- India's economy has grown to nearly $4 trillion.
- Infrastructure Investments: More than ?11 lakh crore allocated for infrastructure development.
- Employment Opportunities for Youth:
- Mudra Loans: ?23 lakh crore distributed to youth entrepreneurs.
- Startup Ecosystem: India is among the top three in global startups.
- PM Gati Shakti Mission: Facilitating logistics and infrastructure development, creating employment opportunities.
Future Outlook
- Youth as the Future Leaders of India:
- India’s Youth Power: Vital to achieving a developed nation by 2047.
- The Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue is a platform for youth to voice their opinions and engage with policymakers.
- Role of Youth in India’s Transformation:
- Collective Responsibility: Every citizen's effort is essential for national goals.
- The vision of a Viksit Bharat hinges on the innovative contributions and ownership by young minds.
EmpowHER Biz – Sapno Ki Udaan
- 12 Jan 2025
In News:
The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) of NITI Aayog, in partnership with New Shop (India’s largest 24/7 convenience retail chain), launched the initiative EmpowHER Biz – Sapno Ki Udaan under the Award to Reward (ATR) program. This program aims to empower women entrepreneurs by providing them with the skills, resources, and mentorship needed to succeed in the organized retail sector. The collaboration seeks to create a robust retail ecosystem that supports women in overcoming barriers such as societal biases, limited access to financing, and a lack of mentorship.
Key Features of the Initiative:
- Target Participants: The program will select 50 women aged 18-35 through an online application process. Women from Delhi NCR, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat will be considered.
- Top 20 Participants: The 20 best candidates will receive a 100% waiver on New Shop franchise fees, enabling them to operate their own retail businesses with reduced financial barriers.
- Program Objective: Equip women entrepreneurs with skills such as retail management, digital tools, financial literacy, and business development. Participants will also receive valuable mentorship to help them grow and scale their businesses.
- Focus on Retail: The initiative focuses on empowering women within the organized retail sector, creating a sustainable ecosystem that fosters growth and development for female entrepreneurs.
About Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP):
- Incubation & Transition: Established in 2018, WEP was incubated within NITI Aayog and transitioned into a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in 2022.
- Purpose: WEP aims to empower women entrepreneurs by addressing challenges like information asymmetry and providing essential support in key areas such as:
- Access to Finance
- Market Linkages
- Training & Skilling
- Mentoring & Networking
- Compliance & Legal Assistance
- Business Development Services
- Collaboration: WEP partners with over 30 public and private sector organizations to develop scalable and impactful programs. Since 2023, the Award to Reward initiative offers a framework for stakeholders to create impactful programs for women entrepreneurs.
About New Shop:
- Business Model: New Shop operates over 200 round-the-clock convenience retail stores in high-density areas, including highways and gas stations. The company plans to expand into airports, railway stations, and other mass transit hubs.
- Franchising Vision: By 2030, New Shop aims to empower over 10,000 entrepreneurs in India through its franchising model. The partnership with WEP seeks to help women entrepreneurs access this growth opportunity.
Program Outcomes:
- Mentorship & Training: Participants will be mentored and trained on key aspects such as retail management, business development, and digital tools.
- Franchise Opportunity: Top participants will gain access to New Shop’s franchising ecosystem, providing them a ready-made business opportunity with lower entry barriers.
- Financial Assistance: The program will also provide financial resources to the women, helping them build their businesses with greater ease.
Future of Jobs Report 2025
- 12 Jan 2025
In News:
The World Economic Forum's latest "Future of Jobs Report 2025" has highlighted significant trends and predictions for the global labor market by 2030.
Key Highlights:
Fastest Growing Jobs by 2030
The report identified the following jobs as the fastest-growing by 2030:
- Big Data Specialists
- FinTech Engineers
- AI and Machine Learning Specialists
- Software and Applications Developers
- Security Management Specialists
- Data Warehousing Specialists
- Autonomous and Electric Vehicle Specialists
- UI/UX Designers
- Delivery Drivers
- Internet of Things (IoT) Specialists
Job Disruption and Creation
- 22% of jobs globally will be disrupted by 2030 due to automation and technological advancements.
- 170 million new jobs are expected to be created, resulting in a net increase of 78 million jobs.
- Technological shifts, economic uncertainty, and demographic changes are expected to play significant roles in this transformation.
Skills in High Demand
- AI, Big Data, Cybersecurity: Skills related to artificial intelligence and big data are expected to see an 87% rise, while networks and cybersecurity skills are projected to increase by 70%.
- Creative Thinking, Flexibility: Skills like creative thinking, resilience, flexibility, and agility are also expected to see a significant rise, emphasizing the importance of soft skills in a technology-driven world.
Declining Jobs
The report lists the following positions as expected to decline by 2030:
- Postal Service Clerks
- Bank Tellers
- Data Entry Clerks
- Cashiers and Ticket Clerks
- Telemarketers
- Printing Workers
- Accounting and Bookkeeping Clerks
These roles are being replaced or transformed by automation and AI, which are reshaping traditional job functions.
Technological Advancements
- Digital Access: 60% of employers believe that expanding digital access will be the most transformative trend for businesses.
- AI and Robotics: Employers are investing heavily in AI, robotics, and energy technologies, creating a demand for skilled workers in these sectors.
- Energy Technologies: Jobs related to the green transition, including renewable energy and environmental engineering, will see an uptick as countries strive to meet climate goals.
Key Drivers of Change
- Technological Change: AI, machine learning, and automation will continue to reshape industries.
- Geoeconomic Fragmentation: Geopolitical tensions and economic shifts are prompting businesses to transform their models, leading to a greater demand for cybersecurity and security management roles.
- Aging Populations: The growing demand for healthcare services, especially in high-income economies, will result in more jobs in the care economy (e.g., nursing professionals, social workers).
- Green Transition: The global shift toward clean energy and environmental sustainability will create numerous opportunities for jobs in renewable energy and climate change mitigation.
Implications for India
- AI and Robotics Investment: Indian companies are leading the way in investing in AI, robotics, and autonomous systems.
- Growth Sectors: India’s rapidly developing tech sector will see a rising demand for AI, machine learning, and big data specialists.
- Disruptions in Traditional Jobs: Roles like postal clerks, cashiers, and data entry clerks in India are also expected to face significant reductions due to automation.
Challenges for Employment in India
- Skill Mismatch: There is a significant skill gap, with many workers lacking expertise in emerging fields like AI, cybersecurity, and data science.
- Digital Divide: Urban areas are adapting to new technologies faster than rural areas, which may widen employment disparities.
- Informal Sector: India’s large informal workforce faces challenges in transitioning to technology-driven jobs due to limited access to training and education.
Reskilling and Upskilling
- The WEF report emphasizes that 59% of the global workforce will need reskilling or upskilling by 2030 to remain competitive.
- Workers must adapt to new roles, especially in technology and the green transition, to meet the evolving demands of the job market.
Twigstats
- 12 Jan 2025
In News:
The tracing of genetic ancestry remains a challenging task due to the statistical similarity among populations across geographical regions. However, recent advances in genetic analysis, particularly the development of the Twigstats tool, are significantly enhancing our ability to reconstruct genetic histories at a very high resolution.
Key Insights from Genetic Research:
- Ancient DNA (aDNA): Prehistoric human ceremonial burials, mass grave mounds, and war graves are rich sources of ancient genetic material, offering key insights into population dynamics. These samples help us understand past migrations, cultural transitions, and the genetic legacy of ancient groups.
- Challenges in Ancestry Tracing:
- Populations often share many genetic similarities, complicating the task of tracing ancestry across regions.
- Ancient DNA samples are typically of lower quality compared to modern samples, limiting the precision of past genetic studies.
- The movement of genes across time and space, through processes like gene flow, adds complexity to the understanding of population ancestry.
Traditional Genetic Techniques:
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): Used to identify natural genetic variations, SNP analysis has been central to reconstructing genetic histories. However, it is limited by its reliance on high-quality samples and struggles with closely related groups.
- Haplotypes and Genealogical Trees: By analyzing shared DNA segments (haplotypes) and rare variants, researchers gain a more comprehensive understanding of population structure and ancestry, which can reveal shifts in population over time.
The Emergence of Twigstats:
- What is Twigstats?
- Twigstats is an advanced analytical tool that enhances the precision of ancestry analysis through time-stratified ancestry analysis, a method that allows for a more fine-grained look at genetic data.
- It is designed to address the limitations of traditional methods by integrating SNPs, haplotypes, and rare genetic variants, providing a more holistic view of ancestry.
- The tool is powered by statistical languages R and C++, which help researchers better manage and analyze complex genetic data.
- How It Works: Twigstats builds family trees by analyzing shared genetic mutations, identifying recent mutations that offer a clearer understanding of historical periods and events. It helps trace the evolution of populations and offers insights into their migrations, mixing, and cultural shifts.
Key Features and Impact of Twigstats:
- Time-Stratified Ancestry Analysis: Allows researchers to study how populations evolved over time, with a focus on specific historical periods.
- Enhanced Precision: Reduces statistical errors and enhances the precision of individual-level ancestry reconstruction.
- Higher-Resolution Mapping: Provides high-resolution genetic maps of migration patterns and admixture events across centuries.
Applications of Twigstats:
- Historical Case Studies: The tool has been used to study ancient genomes from Europe, particularly the Iron, Roman, and Viking Ages (500 BC to 1000 AD). It revealed the fine-scale genetic history of populations in regions like northern and central Europe, including the movement of Germanic and Scandinavian peoples.
- Viking Age Insights: Researchers were able to trace the early presence of Scandinavian-like ancestry in regions such as Britain and the Baltic before the traditionally believed start of the Viking Age. This suggests earlier interactions and migrations from Scandinavia, which aligns with historical records of Anglo-Saxon and Viking movements.
- Cultural Transitions: The analysis identified shifts in population genetics corresponding to cultural changes, such as the shift from the Corded Ware culture to the Bronze Age and the influence of the Wielbark culture.
Genetic Methods Used in the Study:
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): Commonly used to trace ancestry but requires high-quality samples.
- Haplotypes and Rare Variants: Offer more nuanced insights into population movements by considering combinations of genetic markers inherited together.
- Genealogical Tree Inference: Applied to both ancient and modern genomes, it provides detailed demographic and ancestry information, supporting the reconstruction of high-resolution genetic histories.
Case Study: India’s Genetic History (2009 Study)
- Researchers used SNP analysis to trace the genetic history of India, revealing two major ancestral groups:
- Ancestral North Indians (ANI): Genetically closer to Central Asian, European, and Middle Eastern populations.
- Ancestral South Indians (ASI): A distinct genetic group, showcasing India’s diverse population structure.
India’s First Organic Fisheries Cluster
- 12 Jan 2025
In News:
The Union Minister, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh inaugurated and laid the foundation for 50 key projects worth Rs. 50 crores under Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) covering all North East Region States Except Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.
Key Highlights:
- Initiative: India’s first Organic Fisheries Cluster, launched under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). The cluster focuses on sustainable aquaculture, promoting the production of antibiotic, chemical, and pesticide-free organic fish.
- Target Markets: Eco-conscious domestic and global markets.
Sikkim's Role as India’s First Organic State:
- Sikkim's Organic Commitment: Sikkim is the first Indian state to embrace 100% organic farming, covering 75,000 hectares of land.
- Vision: The Organic Fisheries Cluster aligns with Sikkim’s broader goal of promoting organic, sustainable agricultural practices.
Objective of Organic Fisheries Cluster:
- To prevent pollution and protect aquatic ecosystems by using ecologically healthy practices.
- Promotes sustainable fish farming methods, reducing environmental damage.
- Focus on species like amur carp and other carp varieties, aligning with the state’s success in organic farming.
Support from NABARD:
- The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) will provide financial and technical assistance.
- Key support includes:
- Infrastructure development.
- Formation of Fisheries-based Farmer Producer Organizations (FFPOs).
- Capacity building of local fishers and farmers.
PMMSY: A Comprehensive Fisheries Development Scheme:
- Investment: ?20,050 crore under PMMSY.
- Objective: To revolutionize India’s fisheries sector by promoting sustainable growth, enhancing fish production, and improving infrastructure.
- Implementation Period: FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25.
- Key Goals:
- Boosting fish production and exports.
- Enhancing welfare of fishers and farmers.
- Promoting cluster-based development for better efficiency and competitiveness.
Cluster-Based Approach in Fisheries:
- Objective: To bring together geographically connected enterprises to enhance economies of scale.
- Impact: This approach improves financial viability, strengthens the fisheries value chain, and creates new business and livelihood opportunities.
- Types of Clusters: Includes Pearl, Seaweed, Ornamental Fisheries, Cold Water Fisheries, Organic Fisheries, and more.
Fisheries Focus in the North Eastern Region (NER):
- Fisheries Potential: The North Eastern Region (NER) has abundant freshwater resources and is a biodiversity hotspot.
- Growth: Inland fish production in the NER surged from 4.03 lakh tonnes (2014-15) to 6.41 lakh tonnes (2023-24), marking an impressive 5% annual growth.
- Investment in NER: Over ?2,114 crore invested through schemes like Blue Revolution and PMMSY.
- Key Projects:
- 50 projects worth ?50 crore to boost the region’s fisheries infrastructure, generating over 4,500 jobs.
- Projects include hatcheries, cold storage units, aquaculture parks, and fish kiosks.
India’s Global Fisheries Standing:
- India is the second-largest fish producer in the world, contributing 8% to global fish production.
- Top Rankings:
- Second in aquaculture production.
- Leading in shrimp production and exports.
- Third in capture fisheries.
Government Commitments and Schemes:
- Total Investment: Since 2015, the government has committed ?38,572 crore to fisheries development through key schemes like:
- Blue Revolution.
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF).
- PMMSY.
- Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY).
- These initiatives aim to promote sustainable growth, create jobs, and enhance infrastructure in the fisheries sector.
Economic, Environmental, and Social Benefits:
- Economic Impact:
- Higher incomes for fishers and farmers through better production and export.
- Employment generation through infrastructure development.
- Environmental Impact: Reduced pollution and protection of aquatic ecosystems.
- Social Impact: Empowerment of local communities, fostering sustainable livelihoods.
Indonesia Becomes 10th Member of BRICS
- 10 Jan 2025
In News:
In January 2025, Indonesia officially joined the BRICS group as its 10th member, signaling the expansion of this influential coalition of emerging economies. The addition of Indonesia, a Southeast Asian powerhouse, strengthens BRICS' global position and highlights the group's evolving dynamics.
BRICS Overview:
BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) is an informal intergovernmental group that fosters cooperation among major emerging economies. Initially coined as BRIC by economist Jim O'Neill in 2001, the group became BRICS in 2010 with the inclusion of South Africa. The bloc has grown steadily, with Indonesia now joining as its 10th member.
Recent Expansion:
- In 2023, invitations were extended to Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Argentina.
- By 2024, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and UAE had joined as permanent members.
- Indonesia's membership was finalized in 2025, following its presidential elections and government formation.
Key Objectives of BRICS:
- Economic Growth: Promote trade, investment, and infrastructure development.
- Global Governance Reform: Advocate for equitable representation in global institutions like the UN and IMF.
- Cultural Exchange: Strengthen people-to-people connections and cultural ties.
- South-South Cooperation: Foster collaboration among developing nations.
BRICS Structure and Mechanisms:
- New Development Bank (NDB): Established in 2014, the NDB finances sustainable development projects in BRICS countries.
- Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): A $100 billion safety net for financial crises.
- BRICS Academic Forum: Encourages academic collaboration across member states.
Global Influence and Economic Impact:
- Global Share: BRICS+ represents over 45% of the world’s population and 35% of global GDP (PPP-based).
- Strategic Position: The group acts as a counterbalance to the G7, challenging Western-dominated global financial systems.
- Financial Independence: BRICS aims to reduce dependence on the US dollar by facilitating local currency transactions and exploring a common currency.
- Technology Collaboration: Member countries, such as India and China, collaborate on digital payments and renewable energy technologies.
Indonesia’s Entry into BRICS:
Indonesia, the world’s fourth-most populous nation, strengthens BRICS’ representation in Southeast Asia. The country brings a robust economy and extensive trade networks, boosting the group's negotiating power. Indonesia’s membership was approved during the 2023 BRICS Summit and finalized in January 2025.
- Strategic Importance for Indonesia: The membership aligns with Indonesia's goals to enhance global cooperation, particularly with the Global South. It also reflects Indonesia's growing influence in international trade and geopolitics.
BRICS Challenges:
- Diverse Interests: Differences in economic priorities, such as India's ties with the US and Russia-China’s geopolitical rivalry, complicate consensus-building.
- Geopolitical Tensions: Disputes like the China-India border issue and Russia’s sanctions limit BRICS' ability to present a unified stance.
- Economic Sanctions and Internal Challenges: Countries like Russia face Western sanctions, while domestic issues in Brazil and South Africa divert attention from regional collaboration.
Significance of BRICS’ Expansion:
The expansion of BRICS marks a pivotal shift in global power dynamics, with a focus on South-South cooperation and equitable global governance. Indonesia’s membership further solidifies the group’s influence in Southeast Asia and adds to its efforts to challenge the dominance of Western-led financial institutions.
- Local Currency Use: The group promotes the use of local currencies for trade to reduce reliance on the US dollar.
- Global South Advocacy: BRICS champions the cause of developing nations, ensuring that emerging economies have a voice in global governance.
Recent and Upcoming BRICS Summits:
- 16th BRICS Summit (2024): Held in Kazan, Russia, with a focus on strengthening local currencies and promoting non-dollar transactions.
- 17th BRICS Summit (2025): Scheduled for July 2025 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under the theme "Global South," with an emphasis on payment gateways to facilitate intra-BRICS trade.
Flamingo Festival 2025
- 10 Jan 2025
In News:
The Flamingo Festival 2025 took place at Sullurpeta, in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh. It celebrates the arrival of migratory birds, with a focus on flamingos, to the region's key bird habitats, including Pulicat Lake and Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary.
Key Highlights:
- Birdwatching: Over 200 bird species, including flamingos, are expected to flock to the region during this festival.
- Locations: The event spans across five locations:
- Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary
- B.V. Palem (Pulicat Lake)
- Atakanithippa
- Sri City
- Sullurpeta (site for cultural programs and stalls)
- Collaborations: In association with organizations like the Bombay Natural History Society.
- Focus on Local Community: Local residents of the eco-sensitive zone will be prioritized and supported.
Key Facts on Local Wildlife and Significance:
- Pulicat Lake:
- Location: On the Andhra Pradesh-Tamil Nadu border, with 96% of the lake in Andhra Pradesh.
- Significance: The second-largest brackish water lake in India (after Chilika Lake in Odisha).
- Biodiversity: Critical habitat for migratory birds, including flamingos, and home to diverse flora and fauna.
- Economic Importance: Supports local fisheries and provides livelihood to nearby communities.
- Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary:
- Location: 20 km north of Pulicat Lake.
- Ecological Role: Largest breeding site in Southeast Asia for spot-billed pelicans.
- Biodiversity: 189 bird species, including painted storks and glossy ibises.
- Flora and Fauna: Features Barringtonia swamp forests and southern dry evergreen scrub, critical for biodiversity conservation.
- Symbiotic Relationship with Locals: Guano (bird droppings) from pelicans serves as a natural fertilizer for local agriculture, benefiting the farmers.
Flamingo Facts:
- Species: India hosts two flamingo species:
- Greater Flamingo (larger size, pale pink)
- Lesser Flamingo (smaller size, bright pink)
- Behavior: Nomadic and social birds, found in large flocks.
- Coloration: Flamingos' pink color comes from carotenoids in their diet, which are broken down and absorbed into their bodies.
Environmental & Economic Impact: The festival, apart from being a celebration of migratory birds, plays a vital role in:
- Eco-tourism development
- Biodiversity conservation
Local community engagement by highlighting sustainable tourism practices and supporting local livelihoods through eco-friendly initiatives like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS).
Bharatpol
- 11 Jan 2025
In News:
Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurated the ‘Bharatpol’ portal, which aims to streamline international cooperation for law investigating agencies.
Key Highlights:
Bharatpol is a newly launched portal developed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in India to facilitate faster and more efficient international cooperation between Indian law enforcement agencies and Interpol. It was inaugurated by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, to streamline the process of sharing criminal intelligence and coordinating efforts in transnational crimes like cybercrime, human trafficking, drug trafficking, financial fraud, and organized crime.
The portal aims to address the current challenges in international collaboration, which previously relied on slower communication methods such as letters, emails, and faxes, often leading to delays in investigations.
Key Features and Functions of Bharatpol:
- Unified Platform: Bharatpol integrates CBI as the National Central Bureau (NCB-New Delhi) with all Indian law enforcement agencies, from state police forces to higher authorities. This allows better coordination and quicker access to international resources.
- Simplified Request Mechanism: The portal provides a standardized method for frontline police officers to request international assistance from Interpol member countries, using templates for efficiency.
- Rapid Information Dissemination: Bharatpol enables the CBI to quickly share criminal intelligence and other pertinent information with law enforcement agencies across India, helping to tackle international criminal activities in real-time.
- Increase in Utilization of Interpol Notices: The portal makes it easier for Indian law enforcement agencies to issue and manage Red Corner Notices and other Interpol notices, which are essential tools in tracking criminals globally.
- Capacity Building and Training: Bharatpol includes resources for training law enforcement personnel, improving their ability to conduct investigations abroad and seek foreign assistance via Interpol.
How Bharatpol Works:
- Key Modules of Bharatpol:
- Connect: Facilitates the integration of Indian agencies with the Interpol NCB-New Delhi, creating a seamless communication channel.
- INTERPOL Notices: Supports the rapid issuance and processing of Interpol Notices like Red Corner Notices to locate criminals globally.
- References: Enables Indian agencies to seek and offer international assistance for investigations.
- Broadcast: Ensures quick availability of assistance requests from Interpol member countries, facilitating faster responses.
- Resources: Manages document exchanges and training materials to support the capacity-building efforts of law enforcement agencies.
Potential Benefits of Bharatpol:
- Enhanced Coordination: Bharatpol facilitates better collaboration between central, state, and Union Territory agencies, allowing for a more structured and efficient approach to international crime investigations.
- Faster Investigation: Real-time sharing of information and the use of Interpol notices will help in tracking criminals and criminal activities both in India and abroad.
- Simplified Extradition Process: By streamlining international communication, Bharatpol will assist in expediting the extradition of criminals to India for prosecution.
- Support for Transnational Crime Prevention: It will help address growing threats such as cybercrime, human trafficking, and organized crime by improving the ability of Indian law enforcement to collaborate globally.
Emergency Declared in Trinidad and Tobago
- 11 Jan 2025
In News:
- Trinidad and Tobago declared a state of emergency, in response to a surge in gang violence, which raised the annual death toll to the highest since 2013.
Trinidad and Tobago:
- Location: An island nation in the southern Caribbean, near Venezuela and Guyana.
- Capital: Port of Spain.
- Population: Approximately 1.5 million.
- Ethnic Composition: African (36.3%), Indian (35.4%), Mixed (22.8%), and others.
- Religions: Christianity (64%), Hinduism (18%), Islam (5%), and others.
- Independence: Gained from the UK on August 31, 1962, and became a republic in 1976.
- Member of: Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations.
- Major Rivers: Ortoire and Caroni.
- Geography:
- Total Land Area: 5,128 sq. km (Trinidad: 4,768 sq. km, Tobago: 300 sq. km).
- Climate: Tropical, with dry and rainy seasons.
- Highest Point: Mount Aripo.
- Natural Resource: Pitch Lake, the world’s largest asphalt reservoir.
- Mountain Range: Northern Range, part of the Andes extension.
Economic and Cultural Significance
- Exports: Major exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, ammonia, and petrochemicals.
- Culture: Known for Carnival, Calypso music, Soca, and the Steelpan (the only musical instrument invented in the 20th century).
- Infrastructure:
- Ports: Port of Spain, Point Lisas, Scarborough.
- Airports: Piarco International Airport (Trinidad) and A.N.R. Robinson International Airport (Tobago).
Engagement with India
- Trinidad and Tobago became the first Caribbean country to adopt India’s UPI platform.
- Both countries granted each other Most Favored Nation (MFN) status in 1997.
- Bilateral trade reached USD 368.96 million in FY 2023-24.
- The Indian diaspora constitutes about 42% of the population.
Past Emergency Declarations:
- 2014: State of emergency declared in response to gang violence.
- 2021: Emergency declared for Covid-19 restrictions.
- 2011: Limited state of emergency for drug-related crimes.
Toda Tribe
- 11 Jan 2025
In News:
- The Toda tribe, one of the oldest Dravidian ethnic groups in the Nilgiris Hills of Tamil Nadu, celebrated their traditional Modhweth festival marking the New Year.
What is the Modhweth Festival?
- About:
- Celebrated annually on the last Sunday of December or the first Sunday of January.
- Held at the Moonpo temple in Muthanadu Mund village, Nilgiri district.
- The Moonpo temple features a unique vertical spire with a thatched roof and a flat stone on top, making it one of the last Toda temples of its kind in the Nilgiris.
- Rituals and Celebrations:
- Prayers are offered to the deity, Thenkish Amman, for good health, rains, and bountiful harvest.
- Participants perform a traditional dance outside the temple.
- Unique Customs:
- Toda youth showcase their strength and masculinity by lifting a greased boulder weighing around 80 kg.
- Women are not part of the celebrations as per traditional customs.
What is the Toda Tribe?
- About:
- A pastoral tribe native to the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu.
- Classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Tamil Nadu.
- The Toda language is Dravidian but stands out for its uniqueness among Dravidian languages.
- Significance:
- Toda lands are part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO International Biosphere Reserve.
- Their territory is also recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Religion and Beliefs:
- Their religious practices are based on a pantheon of gods, with Tökisy (goddess) and Ön (god of the underworld) as central deities.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR)
- About:
- Established in 1986 as India’s first Biosphere Reserve.
- Located across Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala.
- India’s first biosphere reserve under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme.
- Tribal Groups in NBR:
- Home to several groups such as Adiyan, Aranadan, Kader, Kurichian, Kuruman, and Kurumbas.
- Ecological Significance:
- Represents the confluence of Afro-tropical and Indo-Malayan biotic zones.
- Fauna:
- Home to species like Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiri langur, gaur, Indian elephant, Nilgiri danio (freshwater fish), and Nilgiri barbare.
- Protected Areas in NBR:
- Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Bandipur National Park, Nagarhole National Park, Mukurthi National Park, and Silent Valley.
India’s Recalculated Coastline
- 09 Jan 2025
In News:
India’s coastline has grown significantly over the past five decades, now extending 11,098 km in 2023-24, compared to 7,516 km in 1970. This marks an increase of 47.6% in just over five decades, attributed to a more precise methodology for measuring coastlines.
Key Factors Behind the Growth:
New Methodology for Measuring Coastlines:
- The old methodology used straight-line distances to measure the coastline, a method that didn't capture the complexity of India’s coastlines.
- The updated approach incorporates bays, estuaries, inlets, and other geomorphological features, offering a more accurate and detailed representation of the coastline.
- Advanced technologies like geospatial mapping have been used to ensure greater precision.
State-wise Recalculated Coastline Changes:
- Gujarat:
- Old coastline (1970): 1,214 km
- New coastline (2023-24): 2,340 km
- Growth: The largest absolute increase in coastline, nearly doubling its size.
- West Bengal:
- Old coastline: 157 km
- New coastline: 721 km
- Growth: A dramatic 357% increase, marking the highest percentage rise.
- Tamil Nadu:
- Old coastline: 906 km
- New coastline: 1,068 km
- Growth: Revised length now exceeds Andhra Pradesh’s coastline, which was 1,053 km.
- Puducherry:
- Old coastline: No major shift, but the updated data shows a contraction of 4.9 km (-10.4%), due to erosion and recalculations.
- Kerala:
- Old coastline: Relatively small increase of 30 km (5%), the smallest among the states.
Notable Observations:
- Andhra Pradesh is developing new ports like Ramayapatnam, Krishnapatnam, and Kakinada Gateway, aiming to boost economic growth and employment by leveraging its expanding coastline.
- The recalculated coastline helps in better maritime planning, focusing on port development, tourism, biodiversity conservation, and coastal erosion.
Impact of Coastline Expansion:
- Economic Growth:
- Coastal states, particularly Gujarat and West Bengal, benefit from an expanded coastline that improves maritime trade, port infrastructure, and tourism.
- The expansion supports industrialization, with growing logistics and transportation activities along the coast.
- Environmental Considerations:
- The new data aids biodiversity conservation, helping to track coastal erosion and accretion (land buildup), especially in areas like the West Coast.
- Understanding these changes is essential for disaster preparedness and sustainable coastal management.
- Coastlines of Emergence and Submergence:
- Emerging Coastlines: Land rising due to uplift or falling sea levels, such as along the Tamil Nadu Coast.
- Submerged Coastlines: Land that has sunk or been submerged due to rising sea levels, particularly noticeable along parts of Kerala’s coast.
Geographical Significance of the Expanded Coastline:
- India’s coast touches three major bodies of water: the Bay of Bengal (east), the Indian Ocean (south), and the Arabian Sea (west).
- The expansion reflects more than just geography—accurate coastline data is crucial for policy planning, maritime security, and resource management.
Bhashini Initiative
- 09 Jan 2025
In News:
e-Shram Portal, which aims to provide social security benefits to unorganised workers, has been upgraded with multilingual functionality for all 22 scheduled languages of India. This development, supported by the Bhashini Initiative, ensures that unorganised workers from diverse linguistic backgrounds can access the portal more easily and benefit from government welfare schemes.
About Bhashini Initiative:
- Launched in: July 2022
- Developed by: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
- Aim: To eliminate language barriers in accessing digital services by making AI and Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools publicly available.
Key Features:
- Local Language Translation: Bhashini offers AI-powered translation services in 22 scheduled Indian languages to ensure that digital platforms like e-Shram are accessible to everyone in their native languages.
- Open AI and NLP Resources: These tools are made available to Indian MSMEs, startups, and innovators to create a more inclusive digital ecosystem.
- Crowdsourcing Platform (Bhashadaan): A platform for people to contribute to building linguistic datasets through initiatives like Suno India, Likho India, Bolo India, and Dekho India, furthering language diversity in digital services.
- National Digital Public Platform: Aimed at providing universal access to digital content in all Indian languages, facilitating smoother communication across regions.
e-Shram Portal: A One-Stop Solution for Unorganised Workers
- Purpose: The e-Shram portal was created to provide unorganised workers with access to social security benefits and welfare schemes.
Recent Upgrade:
- Multilingual Functionality: The portal has now been upgraded to support 22 scheduled languages, making it more inclusive and user-friendly for workers who speak various regional languages.
- Previous Version: Previously, the portal was only available in English, Hindi, Kannada, and Marathi. The integration of 22 languages is a significant improvement, enabling broader participation.
Importance of the e-Shram Portal for Unorganised Workers:
- Welfare Access: The portal provides access to government schemes designed for the welfare, livelihood, and well-being of unorganised workers, including gig and platform workers and building and construction workers.
- Integration of Social Security Schemes:
- As of now, the portal facilitates access to 12 government schemes, with plans to integrate even more, including state-level programs.
- Future plans include launching a mobile app, a single application form, and the integration of payment gateways for faster disbursement of benefits.
AI-Driven Inclusive Development and Economic Transformation
- 09 Jan 2025
In News:
IndiaAI, under the Digital India Corporation, has partnered with Microsoft to advance AI adoption in India for inclusive development and economic transformation. The collaboration focuses on skilling, innovation, AI safety, and responsible AI development, with a goal of fostering AI innovation across India, particularly in underserved rural and urban areas.
Key Highlights:
- Training 500,000 Individuals by 2026:
- Target Audience: Students, educators, developers, government officials, and women entrepreneurs.
- Goal: Empower these groups with foundational and advanced AI skills for economic opportunities and digital transformation.
- AI Catalysts (Centers of Excellence):
- Establishment of AI hubs in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities to foster rural AI innovation.
- Objective to equip 100,000 AI innovators and developers through hackathons, community building, and creating an AI marketplace.
- AI Productivity Labs:
- Set up in 20 National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) across 10 states.
- Focus on training 20,000 educators and providing AI education to 100,000 students in 200 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs).
- Support for Startups:
- Microsoft’s Founders Hub program will provide Azure credits, business resources, and mentorship to 1,000 AI startups in India, boosting innovation and growth in the Indian startup ecosystem.
- Development of Indic Language Models:
- Work on creating foundational AI models with support for Indic languages to address India’s linguistic diversity and cultural needs.
- AI Safety Institute:
- Focus on building frameworks, standards, and evaluation metrics for responsible AI development.
- Support for the creation of an AI Safety Institute in India to promote ethical and safe AI practices.
- Infrastructure & Research:
- Microsoft will also focus on enhancing cloud infrastructure and support for AI research through Microsoft Research India.
- AI-driven solutions will be developed for critical sectors like healthcare, education, and agriculture.
Investment and Strategic Goals:
- $3 Billion Investment:
- Microsoft has pledged $3 billion to expand AI and cloud infrastructure in India over the next 2 years. This investment will focus on:
- Building scalable infrastructure for AI applications.
- Enhancing cloud services and AI capabilities.
- Establishing new data centers across India, supporting the AI-first agenda.
- Microsoft has pledged $3 billion to expand AI and cloud infrastructure in India over the next 2 years. This investment will focus on:
- AI Skill Development:
- 10 million people will be trained over the next five years in AI skills, empowering the Indian workforce to adapt to AI technologies, driving job creation and economic growth.
- AI in India’s Economy:
- India aims to become a global leader in AI, with AI-powered solutions contributing to diverse sectors like finance, e-commerce, and manufacturing.
- Focus on economic growth through AI-powered industries and fostering entrepreneurship in underserved communities.
AI Technologies and Applications:
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) involves machines performing tasks that require human intelligence like decision-making, problem-solving, and learning from data.
- Machine Learning (ML): AI systems improve through data without being explicitly programmed.
- Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI systems understand and respond to human language.
- Computer Vision: AI systems analyze and interpret visual information.
- Robotics: AI powers automated tasks through robots in industries like manufacturing and healthcare.
- Cloud Infrastructure enables the scaling of AI systems:
- Cloud Computing provides on-demand access to computing power, essential for AI tasks requiring large amounts of data and processing power.
- Data Centers host AI models and data, and cloud services such as Microsoft Azure will support AI startups and businesses.
Expected Impact and Benefits:
- Inclusive AI Development: Focus on empowering women, students, and rural innovators to bridge the digital divide and promote economic empowerment.
- Startup Ecosystem: The collaboration will foster a robust AI startup ecosystem, promoting innovation and entrepreneurship through AI tools, Azure credits, and mentorship.
- Skill Development & Education: AI-driven skill training initiatives will prepare millions of individuals for the jobs of the future, particularly in the AI-driven economy, and support education reform.
- AI for Critical Sectors: Development of AI-enabled solutions to address challenges in sectors such as healthcare, education, and agriculture, driving social impact and economic growth.
AnemiaPhone
- 09 Jan 2025
In News:
AnemiaPhone, a technology developed by Cornell University researchers to accurately, quickly, and cheaply, assess iron deficiency, has been transferred to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for integration into its programmes for anaemia, women’s health, and maternal and child health throughout the country.
Key Highlights:
- Technology Features:
- Portable, Rapid, and Affordable: AnemiaPhone is designed to detect iron deficiency efficiently at low cost.
- Requires a fingerstick (small blood sample).
- Results are available within minutes.
- Wireless: Data uploaded to a clinical database via mobile, tablet, or computer.
- Can be used by healthcare workers to assess iron deficiency on the spot and take action (guidance, triage, referral).
- Working Mechanism:
- A drop of blood is placed on a test strip.
- The reader processes the sample.
- Data is uploaded for immediate diagnosis and action.
- Test results assist in on-the-spot intervention by healthcare workers.
Anaemia and Iron Deficiency:
- Prevalence in India:
- Iron deficiency is a leading cause of anaemia.
- 50%-70% of pregnant women in India suffer from anaemia.
- 59% of women and 47% of children (6-59 months) in India suffer from anaemia (NFHS data).
- Consequences of Anaemia:
- Fatigue, dizziness, organ failure, complications in childbirth, and in severe cases, death.
- Contributes to higher maternal and child mortality rates in India.
- Impact on Health in India:
- India has one of the highest rates of anaemia in the world.
- Iron deficiency is a significant contributor to maternal deaths.
ICMR's Role and Integration into National Programs:
- ICMR and AnemiaPhone:
- The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has integrated AnemiaPhone into its Anaemia Mukt Bharat (Anaemia-Free India) program.
- The program focuses on eliminating anaemia by 2025 through screening, diagnosis, and treatment in women and children, especially in remote areas.
- Transfer of Technology:
- In November 2024, Cornell University transferred the technology to ICMR for free.
- This collaboration aims to improve health outcomes by sharing innovative health technologies.
Advantages of AnemiaPhone:
- Cost-Effective and Portable:
- Low-cost compared to traditional lab tests.
- Portable and can be used in remote and underserved areas.
- Quick Diagnosis: Results are processed in minutes, allowing healthcare workers to act without delay.
- No Need for Expensive Labs:
- Can be used at primary health centers or in door-to-door health surveys.
- Facilitates healthcare in rural or difficult-to-reach areas.
- Wireless and Easy to Use: The device is user-friendly and does not require extensive training.
Impact on Healthcare System:
- Improvement in Accessibility:
- Helps reduce the need for people to travel long distances for diagnosis, especially in rural areas.
- Ensures early diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and anaemia.
- Enhancing Maternal and Child Health: AnemiaPhone will contribute to reducing maternal and child mortality rates linked to anaemia.
Technology Testing and Development:
- Testing in India:
- AnemiaPhone has been tested in India and has shown accurate results in diagnosing iron deficiency.
- Single-use test strips help ensure accuracy and prevent contamination.
Global Health Context:
- Global Prevalence of Anaemia: More than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from anaemia, particularly pregnant women and young children.
- WHO’s Role: The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies anaemia as a major global health issue.
India-Malaysia Cooperation in Critical Minerals and Rare Earth Elements
- 08 Jan 2025
In News:
- On January 7, 2025, during the inaugural India-Malaysia Security Dialogue in New Delhi, both countries agreed to enhance cooperation in critical minerals and rare earth elements (REEs).
- The meeting was co-chaired by India's National Security Adviser, Ajit Doval, and Malaysia’s Director General of the National Security Council, Raja Dato Nushirwan Bin Zainal Abidin.
- The agreement follows the upgrade of bilateral relations to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership during Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim’s visit to India in August 2024.
- The dialogue also focused on other security aspects such as counter-terrorism, cyber security, and maritime security.
Importance of Critical Minerals and REEs:
-
- Critical Minerals: These are essential for a variety of industries like IT, energy, and defense. They are integral to manufacturing electric vehicle batteries, solar cells, and advanced electronics.
-
- Rare Earth Elements (REEs): Used in high-tech applications such as wind turbines, electric vehicle engines, and high-powered magnets. While their extraction is not rare, it is technically difficult due to their complex nature.
Strategic Relevance:
-
- Global Demand: The global demand for critical minerals is rising, and both countries see it as a strategic necessity to ensure a stable supply of these materials.
- Malaysia's Resources: Malaysia possesses significant deposits of non-rare radioactive earth ores, including essential REEs like Neodymium (Nd), Dysprosium (Dy), and Praseodymium (Pr). These elements are crucial in today’s technological innovations.
- India’s Dependence on Imports: India, which currently imports a substantial portion of its critical minerals, aims to diversify its supply chain by collaborating with Malaysia.
Sustainability and Ecological Accountability:
-
- Both countries recognize the environmental challenges of mining these critical resources. Malaysia aims to adopt responsible mining practices that minimize ecological harm.
- India seeks to ensure a supply chain that aligns with sustainable development goals, balancing economic needs with environmental responsibilities.
Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience:
-
- Diversification of Supply Chain: This partnership aims to reduce India’s dependency on a limited number of countries for critical minerals, enhancing resilience against global supply chain disruptions.
- Collaboration in Extraction and Processing: Both nations are exploring joint ventures in the exploration, extraction, and processing of critical minerals to boost their technological and economic standing globally.
Future Prospects:
-
- The institutionalization of this dialogue through annual meetings is expected to strengthen bilateral cooperation in the critical minerals sector.
- Increased cooperation is likely to enhance economic growth for both countries, aligning them strategically in the global minerals market as demand for these resources continues to soar.
Broader Security Cooperation:
-
- Beyond critical minerals, the India-Malaysia Security Dialogue explored enhanced collaboration in areas like counter-terrorism, cyber security, maritime security, and defense industries.
- This broadening of security cooperation complements the strategic minerals partnership, further solidifying the bilateral ties between the two nations.
Section 479 of the BNSS 2023
- 08 Jan 2025
In News:
Centre urges states, UTs to ensure undertrial prisoner relief in jails.
Key Highlights:
- Objective: The MHA has urged states and Union Territories (UTs) to implement provisions of Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 to provide relief to undertrial prisoners (UTPs) in jails. This initiative aims to address issues such as long detention and overcrowding in prisons.
Key Provisions of Section 479 of BNSS, 2023
- Purpose: To offer relief to undertrial prisoners by mandating their release on bail or bond under specific conditions.
- Key Provisions:
- Subsection (1):
- Release on Bail: UTPs who have served half the maximum sentence for their offense (except offenses punishable by death or life imprisonment) are eligible for release on bail.
- Release on Bond for First-Time Offenders: First-time offenders, who have served one-third of the maximum sentence, are eligible for release on bond by the court.
- Subsection (3):
- Mandatory Application: It is the responsibility of the prison superintendent to apply to the concerned court for the release of eligible prisoners on bail or bond.
- Subsection (1):
- Superintendent’s Role:
- Prison superintendents are mandated to ensure timely applications for bail or bond are filed for eligible UTPs.
Implementation and Reporting
- MHA’s Advisory:
- On January 1, the MHA issued a letter to the Chief Secretaries, Director Generals, and Inspectors General of prisons in all states and UTs to ensure compliance with the provisions of Section 479 of BNSS.
- States and UTs were instructed to report the status of implementation in a prescribed format starting from January 1, 2025.
- Data to be Reported:
- First-Time UTPs: Number of first-time UTPs who have served one-third of their maximum sentence.
- Court Applications: Number of applications for bail filed by jail superintendents.
- Release on Bail: Number of UTPs released on bond or bail after meeting the eligibility criteria.
- Other UTPs: Number of UTPs who have completed half of their sentence, and the number of applications filed for their release.
- MHA’s Campaign:
- Launched on Constitution Day (November 26), this campaign encouraged states and UTs to identify eligible prisoners and file their bail applications, thus helping to reduce overcrowding in prisons and mitigate long-term detention.
Background and Context
- Why Section 479?
- Section 479 aims to reduce the prolonged detention of undertrials, some of whom may have already served significant portions of their maximum sentences. This will not only alleviate overcrowding in prisons but also expedite justice for prisoners who have spent extended periods in jail awaiting trial.
- Earlier MHA Initiatives:
- Prior to this directive, the MHA had issued an advisory on October 16, 2024, encouraging states and UTs to implement Section 479. A special push was also made during Constitution Day to move applications for the release of eligible prisoners.
- Expected Outcome:
- The measures are expected to significantly ease the challenges of overcrowded jails and provide timely relief to undertrials, especially first-time offenders. By enforcing these provisions, the government seeks to improve the judicial process for UTPs and contribute to a more effective and humane criminal justice system.
Homo juluensis
- 08 Jan 2025
In News:
A significant discovery in paleoanthropology has unveiled a new species of ancient humans, Homo juluensis. This species, characterized by its unusually large skulls, lived in eastern Asia between 300,000 to 50,000 years ago. The discovery adds to our understanding of human evolution, particularly during the Middle to Late Pleistocene epoch.
Key Characteristics
- Name Origin: Homo juluensis is named after "julu," meaning "big head," reflecting the species' large cranium.
- Geographical Range: This species inhabited regions of eastern Asia, including parts of China, Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
- Fossil Evidence: Fossils have been discovered in Xujiayao and Xuchang (northern and central China), dating from 220,000 to 100,000 years ago.
- Physical Traits:
- Homo juluensis had large braincases, up to 30% larger than modern humans.
- They had thick skulls and facial features reminiscent of both Neanderthals and Denisovans.
- Their dental and jaw features show strong similarities to Neanderthals.
- Cultural Practices:
- They lived in small groups and were hunter-gatherers, hunting wild horses and potentially processing animal hides.
- Their tool-making and survival strategies indicate a complex level of social organization and resource use.
Relationship with Other Ancient Human Species
- Coexistence with Other Species: Homo juluensis coexisted with Neanderthals and Denisovans, potentially interacting and interbreeding with these species.
- Genetic Exchange: Studies suggest hybridization between Neanderthals, Denisovans, and early Homo sapiens played a significant role in shaping the genetic makeup of modern humans, especially in Asia.
- Evolutionary Significance: The species' relationship with other Pleistocene hominins is complex, involving shared ancestry with Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans. The genetic exchange among these populations likely influenced the course of human evolution in eastern Asia.
Neanderthals and Denisovans
- Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis):
- Lived between 400,000 to 40,000 years ago, primarily in Europe and parts of Asia.
- Neanderthals contributed significantly to the modern human gene pool, especially among non-African populations.
- Evidence of Neanderthal DNA is present in living humans, indicating past interbreeding with early human species.
- Denisovans:
- Identified through DNA analysis in 2010, based on fossils found in a Siberian cave.
- Closely related to Neanderthals, Denisovans inhabited diverse environments ranging from Siberian mountains to Southeast Asia’s jungles.
- Like Neanderthals, Denisovans interbred with both Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, influencing the genetic structure of modern populations, especially in Asia.
Implications for Human Evolution
- Complex Evolutionary Web:
- The discovery of Homo juluensis highlights the complex web of interrelated ancient human species during the Pleistocene epoch. These species did not live in isolation but likely interacted, competed, and interbred, shaping the evolutionary history of humans in Asia.
- Broader Understanding of Human Development:
- By expanding our knowledge of species like Homo juluensis, we gain a better understanding of the genetic diversity and cultural complexity in ancient human populations. This also provides insights into the environmental and social conditions that shaped early human survival strategies.
- Impact on Modern Genetics:
- The interbreeding between these ancient species has left a lasting imprint on the genetic makeup of modern humans, especially in regions like Asia, where Denisovan genes are still present in the DNA of some populations.
18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD)
- 07 Jan 2025
In News:
The 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) Convention will be held from January 8-10, 2025, in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
Key Highlights:
- Theme 2025:
- The theme is "Diaspora’s Contribution to a Viksit Bharat", highlighting the vital role of the Indian diaspora in India's development into a prosperous and developed nation.
- Exhibitions:
- The convention will feature four major themed exhibitions:
- Vishwaroop Ram – The Universal Legacy of Ramayana: Showcasing the Ramayana’s influence through traditional and contemporary art forms.
- Diaspora’s Contribution to Technology and Viksit Bharat: Highlighting the global technological impact of the Indian diaspora.
- Spread and Evolution of the Indian Diaspora: Focused on the migration of Indians from Mandvi (Gujarat) to Muscat (Oman).
- Heritage and Culture of Odisha: A look into Odisha’s rich cultural traditions.
- The convention will feature four major themed exhibitions:
- Key Initiatives:
- Pravasi Bharatiya Express: PM Modi will flag off this special tourist train for the diaspora, covering key religious and tourist sites in India under the Pravasi Teertha Darshan Yojana.
- Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards (PBSA): Recognizing significant contributions by members of the Indian diaspora in various fields.
About Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD):
- Origins:
- Celebrated on January 9 each year, marking Mahatma Gandhi's return to India from South Africa in 1915, symbolizing the contributions of migrants.
- First held in 2003, the event became biennial in 2015.
- Objectives:
- Recognizes the contributions of the Indian diaspora to India’s growth.
- Fosters engagement between India and its global diaspora.
- Strengthens India’s relations with host countries and promotes understanding of India’s culture and achievements.
Contributions of the Indian Diaspora to a Viksit Bharat:
- Economic Growth:
- The diaspora plays a pivotal role through remittances, investments, and connecting Indian businesses to global markets.
- Example: The development of a thorium-based fuel by a U.S.-based NRI is a significant step toward clean nuclear energy in India.
- Global Trade Linkages:
- Facilitating partnerships, investments, and knowledge exchange to expand India’s trade base and global market presence.
- Supporting Innovation: Diaspora-driven collaborations in emerging markets boost India’s entry into high-growth sectors, enhancing the country's development prospects.
- Cultural Contributions: Indian diaspora members serve as cultural ambassadors, promoting Indian traditions, art, and heritage globally (e.g., Diwali recognized as a public holiday in several U.S. states).
Challenges Faced by the Indian Diaspora:
- Cultural Integration: Struggles with balancing cultural identity and integrating into host societies can lead to alienation.
- Political and Religious Issues: Increasing politicization and religious biases, especially against Hindus and Sikhs, in countries like the USA and Europe.
- Legal and Citizenship Issues: Complicated visa statuses, restrictive immigration laws, and issues like the H-1B visa challenge the diaspora, despite their significant contributions.
- Remittance Challenges: Economic instability, exchange rate fluctuations, and banking hurdles affect the regular flow of remittances to India, impacting families dependent on them.
Government Initiatives for the Diaspora:
- National Pension Scheme for NRIs
- Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Card Scheme
- Pravasi Bhartiya Kendra
- Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF)
Pig-Butchering Scam
- 07 Jan 2025
In News:
In its annual report, the Union Home Ministry has warned the public against getting trapped in organised 'pig-butchering scams'.
Key Highlights:
- What is it?
- The Pig-Butchering Scam is a sophisticated form of cybercrime in which fraudsters deceive victims into investing in fake online trading platforms. The term "pig-butchering" is derived from the analogy of "fattening up" victims before stealing their money, much like preparing a pig for slaughter.
- How it works:
- Initial Contact: Scammers typically reach out to victims through social media platforms, dating apps, or deceptive ads on websites like Google and Facebook.
- Building Trust: Fraudsters create false friendships, using these connections to lure victims into investing in fake online trading apps. Cryptocurrency investments are often involved due to the ambiguity in the crypto market.
- The Scam: Victims are shown fabricated profits to encourage further investment. However, when they try to withdraw their funds, the money is stolen, and they realize the trading platform was fake.
- Features of the Scam:
- Use of fraudulent online trading platforms
- Fabricated blockchain transactions, making fund recovery nearly impossible
- Reliance on victims’ desire for quick financial gains
- Linked to money laundering and cyber slavery in some cases
- Origin of the Scam:
- The scam first appeared in China in 2016, where it was referred to as “sha zhu pan” (translated as "killing pig game").
- It is a form of Ponzi scheme, wherein organized scammers exploit victims by using fake online identities and offering false investment opportunities.
- How Cybercriminals Lure Victims:
- The scammer (host) contacts potential victims via social media, dating apps, or deceptive online advertisements.
- They build trust with the victim, enticing them into exploring online investments and cryptocurrency trading, often capitalizing on the lack of clarity in the crypto space.
- The victim is then persuaded to invest larger amounts in fake trades, believing they are making real profits.
- How the Scam is Executed:
- The scammer uses fake online trading platforms to create the illusion of profit.
- After building the victim’s confidence, the fraudster encourages larger investments.
- When victims try to withdraw their funds, they realize their money is gone, often with blockchain transactions making it nearly impossible to trace or recover the funds.
- Statistics on Cybercrime in India:
- In March 2024, the National Cybercrime Threat Analytical Unit recorded over 37,500 complaints related to cybercrime.
- The highest number of complaints (42%) were associated with WhatsApp (14,746), followed by Telegram (7,651), Instagram (7,152), Facebook (7,051), and YouTube (1,135).
- Union Home Ministry’s Response:
- The MHA has flagged pig-butchering scams as a global phenomenon that could involve large-scale money laundering and cyber slavery.
- The Ministry is collaborating with Google for intelligence sharing to flag suspicious digital lending apps and other forms of fraud.
- The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre is working on capacity building to combat such scams and improve the response to cybercrimes.
Chhattisgarh’s Link between Forest Ecosystem and Green GDP
- 06 Jan 2025
In News:
In a first, the Chhattisgarh state has introduced an innovative plan that connects the ecosystem services of its forests with the Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP).
Key Highlights:
Chhattisgarh's Green GDP Initiative:
- First State in India to link forest ecosystem services with Green GDP.
- Forests cover 44% of Chhattisgarh's land area, playing a vital role in climate change mitigation.
- Key forest products (tendu leaves, lac, honey, medicinal plants) contribute significantly to the rural economy.
Green GDP:
- Definition: An adjustment of traditional GDP that accounts for environmental costs like resource depletion and ecosystem degradation.
- Formula:
- Green GDP = Net Domestic Product (NDP) − (Cost of Resource Depletion + Ecosystem Degradation)
- NDP = GDP − Depreciation of Produced Assets.
Importance of Green GDP:
- Traditional GDP overlooks the environmental cost, treating activities like deforestation as economic gains.
- Green GDP adjusts for sustainability, ensuring long-term economic growth aligns with environmental preservation.
Global Context & Initiatives:
- SEEA (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting): Developed by the UN to track economic-environment relationships.
- WAVES: World Bank initiative integrating natural capital into national economic accounts.
- Bhutan’s GNH: Emphasizes ecological sustainability in development.
Benefits of Green GDP for Chhattisgarh:
- Promotes sustainable development by integrating economic and environmental goals.
- Climate Change Mitigation: Forests help absorb CO2, playing a key role in carbon sequestration.
- Biodiversity Conservation: Supports sustainable use of resources, preserving ecosystems.
- Cultural Integration: Acknowledges forests' cultural and spiritual importance to local tribal communities (e.g., sacred groves).
Key Features of the Initiative:
- Valuing Ecosystem Services: Includes clean air (CO? absorption), water conservation, and biodiversity.
- Eco-tourism Promotion: Developing jungle safaris and national parks, boosting local employment.
- Scientific Assessments: Employing experts to quantify forest contributions to the economy.
Challenges of Green GDP Framework:
- Valuation Complexity: Difficult to assign monetary value to non-market environmental benefits like biodiversity.
- Data Gaps: Lack of comprehensive data on environmental degradation and resource usage.
- Implementation: Requires significant changes in accounting systems and policymaking.
- Forest Definition: Plantations like oil palm may be counted as forests, misleading environmental assessments.
- Political Resistance: States may manipulate data to secure funding, prioritizing plantations over natural forests.
- Local Integration: Difficulties in involving local bodies like Panchayats due to literacy and awareness gaps.
Future of Green GDP:
- Sustainable Resource Use: Encourages responsible consumption and production, aligning with SDG 12.
- Climate Action: Contributes to the reduction of fossil fuel reliance and promotes renewable energy, aligning with SDG 13.
- Green Investments: Stimulates green technologies and industries, fostering sustainable economic growth (SDG 8).
LEADS 2024 Report
- 06 Jan 2025
In News:
- Launch of the Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2024 report and the Logistics Excellence, Advancement, and Performance Shield (LEAPS) 2024 awards in New Delhi.
Key Highlights:
- Objective of LEADS 2024 Report:
- Evaluate logistics performance across Indian states and union territories.
- Provide actionable insights for logistics reforms to foster competitive federalism.
- Assess logistics infrastructure, services, regulatory environment, and sustainability efforts.
- Performance Evaluation:
Region Achievers Fast Movers Aspirers
Coastal States Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh, Goa Kerala, West Bengal
Landlocked States Haryana, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
North-Eastern States Assam, Arunachal Pradesh Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura Manipur
Union Territories Chandigarh, Delhi Dadra and Nagar Haveli & Daman and Diu, Jammu and Kashmir, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Ladakh
Lakshadweep, Puducherry
- Key Remarks:
- Action Plans for Better Logistics: States should develop regional and city-level logistics plans, including for last-mile connectivity, to attract investments.
- Green Logistics: Advocate for sustainable logistics practices to ensure environmentally responsible growth.
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Encourage PPPs to promote multi-modal hubs and streamline logistics infrastructure.
- Technological Integration: Push for the adoption of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Analytics to enhance efficiency in logistics operations.
- Skill Development & Gender Inclusivity: Focus on workforce inclusivity and skill development to boost sectoral growth. Promote gender diversity in logistics.
- LEAD Framework: Urge logistics sectors to embrace the LEAD framework (Longevity, Efficiency, Accessibility, Digitalisation) for transformation.
- LEAD Framework and Recommendations:
- Longevity, Efficiency, and Effectiveness: Improve long-term logistics strategies.
- Accessibility and Accountability: Ensure better reach and transparent logistics practices.
- Digitalisation: Enhance digital transformation across logistics processes.
- About LEADS:
- Full Form: Logistics Ease Across Different States.
- Launched: 2018 by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- Purpose: To assess and improve logistics infrastructure and services across Indian states and UTs.
- Methodology: Based on over 7,300 responses from a pan-India survey and inputs from over 750 stakeholder consultations.
- LEAPS 2024 Awards: Recognized excellence in the logistics sector across categories such as air, rail, road, maritime freight service providers, startups, MSMEs, and educational institutions.
- PM GatiShakti Course: Launched a 15-hour online course on “PM GatiShakti Concept for Efficient Infrastructure Planning and National Development”, hosted on iGOT Karmayogi platform and UGC SWAYAM portal.
- Logistics Cost Framework Report: Unveiled a report on the logistics cost framework, aiming to accurately estimate logistics costs in India through a hybrid methodology, incorporating both EXIM and domestic cargo data.
- Significance of LEADS:
- Provides critical insights into logistics performance, helping States and UTs to improve infrastructure, services, and regulatory practices.
- Plays a key role in India's vision of becoming a $32 trillion economy by 2047 by improving logistics efficiency, sustainability, and global competitiveness.
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)
- 06 Jan 2025
In News:
Five years after the COVID pandemic, China is experiencing a surge in HMPV cases, particularly in children under 14 years of age
Key Highlights:
- What is HMPV?
- A respiratory virus from the Pneumoviridae family, discovered in 2001.
- Causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections, similar to the common cold or flu.
- Origin and Discovery:
- Identified in the Netherlands in 2001 through genomic sequencing of respiratory samples.
- Risk Groups:
- Children under 5 years, especially infants.
- Elderly individuals (65+).
- Immunocompromised persons and those with chronic respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma).
- Symptoms:
- Common: Cough, runny nose, fever, sore throat.
- Severe: Wheezing, shortness of breath, potentially leading to bronchitis or pneumonia.
- Incubation Period: 3-6 days.
- Transmission:
- Spread via droplets from coughing or sneezing.
- Close contact (e.g., handshakes, hugs).
- Contaminated surfaces, touching face after contact.
- Treatment:
- No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine available.
- Symptom management: hydration, rest, OTC medications for fever and congestion.
- Severe cases may require hospitalization (oxygen therapy, IV fluids).
- Diagnosis:
- NAATs (Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests): Detect viral genetic material.
- Antigen-based immunoassays: For severe cases or outbreaks.
- Complications:
- Can lead to bronchiolitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, or COPD flare-ups.
- Risk of ear infections (otitis media) in some cases.
- Prevention:
- Hygiene: Regular handwashing, covering coughs/sneezes, maintaining personal hygiene.
- Physical Distancing: Avoid close contact, wear masks in crowded settings.
- Caution for Vulnerable Groups: Extra care for individuals with chronic respiratory conditions.
Global Situation:
- China: Experiencing a rise in HMPV cases, particularly among children under 14 years.
- India: No reported cases yet, but monitoring the situation closely.
Key Facts:
- HMPV is a winter virus commonly seen in colder months (winter and early spring).
- Estimated 10%-12% of respiratory illnesses in children are caused by HMPV.
- The virus is part of the Pneumoviridae family, alongside respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles, and mumps.
No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV; antibiotics are ineffective.
National Sports Awards 2024
- 06 Jan 2025
In News:
The National Sports Awards 2024 were recently announced by the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports to celebrate excellence in Indian sports.
Key Highlights:
Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award
- This is India's highest sporting honor, renamed in 2021 after hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand.
- It’s awarded for exceptional performance in sports over a four-year period.
- 2024 Winners:
- Gukesh D (Chess)
- Harmanpreet Singh (Hockey)
- Praveen Kumar (Para-Athletics)
- Manu Bhaker (Shooting)
- The award includes a cash prize of Rs 25 lakh.
Arjuna Award
- Recognizes outstanding performance in sports over the previous four years and attributes like leadership, discipline, and sportsmanship.
- 2024 Winners: Various athletes across multiple disciplines received this honor.
Arjuna Award (Lifetime)
- Given to retired athletes who have not only excelled during their careers but also contributed to the promotion of sports post-retirement.
- 2024 Winners:
- Shri Sucha Singh (Athletics)
- Shri Murlikant Rajaram Petkar (Para-Swimming)
Dronacharya Award
- Given to coaches who have made a consistent and significant contribution by guiding sportspersons to excel at international events.
- The award includes a bronze statue of Dronacharya, a certificate, and a cash prize.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy
- Awarded to the top-performing university in the Khelo India University Games.
- 2024 Winner: Chandigarh University.
Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar
- Recognizes individuals or organizations for their contribution to the promotion and development of sports.
- 2024 Winner: Physical Education Foundation of India.
These awards were selected by a committee led by Justice (Retd.) V. Ramasubramanian and include eminent sportspersons, journalists, and sports administrators. The winners will receive their awards from the President of India, marking a prestigious moment in Indian sports.
Saint Narahari Tirtha
- 05 Jan 2025
In News:
In a remarkable discovery, a member of the Team of Research on Culture and Heritage (TORCH) has hit upon a three-foot idol of the 13th Century saint, Narahari T?rtha recently.
Key Highlights:
Birth and Early Life:
- Born circa 1243 CE in Chikakolu (modern-day Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh).
- Hailing from an aristocratic family in the Gajapati Empire of Odisha.
Philosophical Influence:
- A prominent disciple of Madhvacharya, the founder of Dvaita philosophy (dualism).
- Narahari Tirtha played a key role in propagating Madhva's Vaishnavism in Eastern India, particularly in the Kalinga region (modern-day Odisha and Andhra Pradesh).
Role in Eastern Ganga Dynasty:
- Served as a minister in the Eastern Ganga Dynasty for over 30 years.
- Guided kings to align their governance with Sanatana Dharma and reformed temple administration.
- His contributions are documented in inscriptions at the Simhachalam and Srikurmam temples.
Religious and Cultural Contributions:
- Played a key role in spreading Vaishnavism and Dvaita philosophy.
- First to compose Devaranamas in Kannada, marking a significant cultural contribution.
- Contributed to the development of Yakshagana Bayalata (a dance-drama) and the classical dance form that evolved into Kuchipudi.
Writings and Intellectual Legacy:
- Authored 15 works, with two surviving texts: Gita Bhasya and Bhavaprakasika.
- His teachings and writings significantly impacted the Madhva tradition and regional literature.
Discovery of the Idol:
- A three-foot idol of Narahari Tirtha was discovered at Simhachalam Temple in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
- The idol depicts Narahari Tirtha holding a script on palm leaves, flanked by devotees.
Contributions to Temple and Education:
- Transformed the Simhachalam Temple into a renowned center for Vaishnavism.
- Played a crucial role in safeguarding sacred idols like Moolarama and Moola Sita for Madhvacharya.
Cultural and Artistic Legacy:
- Promoted regional art forms, helping establish Kuchipudi as a classical dance style in Andhra Pradesh.
- Advocated for Yakshagana Bayalata, a form of dance-drama popular in coastal Karnataka.
Honors and Recognition:
- Bestowed titles such as "Loka Surak?a?a Ati Nipu?a?" and "Yo Avati Kalinga Bhu Sambhav?n" for his contributions to philosophy and governance.
Final Resting Place:
- Narahari Tirtha was consecrated near Chakratirtha at Hampi on the banks of the Tungabhadra River after his death.
- His legacy continues to influence the temple traditions, especially in Puri Jagannath, strengthening the Madhva influence in Odisha.
Thanthai Periyar Memorial
- 05 Jan 2025
In News:
In a significant event for both Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin are set to reunite at Vaikom, to inaugurate the extensively renovated memorial dedicated to Tamil reformist E.V. Ramasami Naicker, popularly known as Thanthai Periyar. This marks a historic occasion over a year and a half after they jointly inaugurated the centenary celebrations of the Vaikom Satyagraha.
Key Highlights:
Memorial History and Significance:
- Established: January 1994
- Location: 70-cent property near Valiyakavala Junction, Vaikom
- Ownership: Tamil Nadu Government
- Periyar Statue: Installed in 1985 on 84 cents of land provided by Kerala government; remains the centerpiece.
- Historical Neglect: The memorial suffered from years of neglect before the renovation.
Role of Periyar in Vaikom Satyagraha:
- Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–1925):
- First organized movement for the rights of the ‘untouchable’ communities in India.
- Led by prominent leaders like T.K. Madhavan, K.P. Kesava Menon, and K. Kelappan.
- Periyar, alongside his wife Nagamma, joined the movement, seeking access to public roads leading to the Sri Mahadeva Temple in Vaikom.
- Periyar’s Contribution:
- Was imprisoned twice for his participation in the movement.
- Honored with the title Vaikom Veeran for his leadership.
- Impact: The movement played a crucial role in securing social equality for all sections of society.
Periyar’s Legacy:
- Self-Respect Movement: Founded by Periyar to promote social equality and eliminate caste-based discrimination.
- Dravidar Kazhagam: A political and social organization founded by Periyar, advocating for the rights of the Dravidian people.
- Father of the Dravidian Movement: Periyar’s philosophy and activism laid the foundation for the Dravidian political ideology and social reforms in Tamil Nadu.
Rabbit Fever
- 05 Jan 2025
In News:
Tularemia, commonly known as "rabbit fever," is a rare but highly infectious bacterial disease caused by Francisella tularensis. Though uncommon, it can lead to severe health complications if left untreated. Over recent years, cases of tularemia have been on the rise in the United States, drawing attention to the broader environmental and epidemiological factors influencing the disease’s spread.
Rising Incidence of Tularemia
Between 2011 and 2022, the United States saw a 56% increase in the annual average incidence of tularemia infections compared to the previous decade, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vulnerable populations include children aged 5 to 9, older men, and individuals of American Indian or Alaska Native descent. The increasing number of reported cases highlights the growing concern over this disease, despite its rarity.
Transmission Pathways
Tularemia is primarily transmitted through:
- Direct Contact with Infected Animals: Common carriers include rabbits, hares, and rodents, particularly those infected with Francisella tularensis. This presents a risk for individuals working closely with wildlife, such as hunters.
- Insect Bites: Ticks, especially in regions with high tick populations, and deer flies can spread the disease.
- Contaminated Food or Water: Consuming undercooked meat from infected animals or untreated water can lead to infection.
- Inhalation of Contaminated Dust or Droplets: This is a potential risk in agricultural or laboratory settings and can result in pulmonary tularemia.
Contributing Factors to the Rise in Cases
Several factors contribute to the increasing prevalence of tularemia:
- Climate Change: Rising temperatures are increasing tick activity and extending breeding seasons, allowing the bacteria to spread more easily.
- Habitat Encroachment: Deforestation and increased human interaction with wildlife are amplifying exposure to infected animals.
- Improved Diagnostic Tools: Advances in surveillance and testing methods have made it easier to detect tularemia, leading to more reported cases.
Early Symptoms and Diagnosis
Tularemia symptoms can vary depending on the route of infection. Symptoms typically appear 3 to 5 days post-exposure and may include:
- Sudden high fever (up to 104°F or 40°C)
- Chills, fatigue, and body aches
- Swollen lymph nodes, especially near the site of infection (e.g., under the arms or in the groin)
There are four primary forms of tularemia:
- Ulceroglandular: Characterized by skin ulcers and swollen lymph nodes.
- Glandular: Swollen lymph nodes without ulcers.
- Pneumonic: Lung infection, often resulting from inhalation.
- Typhoidal: A more systemic form, with symptoms like fever and abdominal pain.
Differentiating tularemia from other conditions such as flu, pneumonia, or lymphadenitis is key for diagnosis. A skin ulcer or swollen lymph nodes in individuals with recent exposure to wildlife or ticks is a critical diagnostic clue.
Treatment and Prognosis
Tularemia is treatable with antibiotics. First-line treatment includes streptomycin or gentamicin, while doxycycline or ciprofloxacin may be used for milder cases. Treatment typically lasts 10 to 21 days, and when initiated promptly, the disease has a high recovery rate and minimal complications. However, untreated cases can lead to chronic infections, lung abscesses, pneumonia, or severe sepsis, with mortality rates of 1-2% under treatment. Untreated severe cases can result in mortality rates between 30% and 60%.
Tularemia in India: A Potential Concern?
Tularemia is extremely rare in India, mainly due to the country's differing ecological conditions and limited interaction with the primary reservoirs of Francisella tularensis. However, awareness remains crucial, especially for individuals traveling to endemic regions or working in wildlife settings. Despite its rarity in India, the rising global incidence and changing environmental factors warrant continued vigilance.
Torrijos-Carter Treaties
- 04 Jan 2025
In News:
Recently, Donald Trump threatened to take back the Panama Canal, calling the transfer treaty “foolish”.
Why Trump Called the Panama Canal Transfer 'Foolish'?
- Transit Fees:
- Trump expressed frustration over high transit fees imposed by the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) on U.S. vessels.
- In 2023, due to droughts affecting Lakes Gatun and Alhajuela (which are crucial for canal operations), the ACP reduced crossing slots by 36%, leading to an increase in transit fees for ships.
- Chinese Presence:
- Trump is also concerned about the growing Chinese influence in the Panama Canal region.
- In 2017, Panama became the first Latin American country to sign a Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) agreement with China, increasing Chinese investments.
- Hutchison Ports PPC, a subsidiary of a Hong Kong-based company, operates ports near the canal, raising concerns over China's influence on logistical operations and potential surveillance capabilities.
The Torrijos-Carter Treaties and Canal Transfer:
- Panama Canal Treaty (1977):
- The treaty transferred control of the Panama Canal from the U.S. to Panama by December 31, 1999.
- The U.S. would no longer control the canal, and Panama would assume full responsibility for its operation and defense.
- Permanent Neutrality Treaty (1977):
- Declared the canal to be neutral and open to vessels of all nations.
- U.S. Right to Defense: The U.S. retained the right to defend the neutrality of the canal and had priority passage in case of military emergencies.
Panama’s Response to Trump’s Criticisms:
- Defense of Transit Rates:
- President José Raúl Mulino rejected Trump’s claims, defending the transit fees as being in line with international standards and based on a transparent procedure.
- Sovereignty:
- Mulino emphasized Panama’s sovereignty over the canal, asserting that Panama’s control over the canal was non-negotiable. He categorically denied the presence of Chinese soldiers in the canal, stating that there would never be any.
China’s Response:
- China's Position:
- China's Foreign Ministry responded by emphasizing that the Panama Canal is a neutral passageway, a vital infrastructure for Panama and the global trade system.
- China affirmed its respect for Panama's sovereignty and denied any military presence in the canal area.
Implications and Future:
- Diplomatic Tensions:
- The issue of transit fees and foreign influence, particularly China's presence in the region, is likely to remain a point of diplomatic negotiation.
- Panama is expected to assert its sovereignty and seek international support to prevent any external interference in the canal’s operations.
- U.S. Influence:
- The U.S. might attempt to renegotiate terms related to the Panama Canal's operations, especially concerning transit fees and military rights, although Panama remains firm on maintaining control.
Torrijos-Carter Treaties:
- Significance:
- Panama Canal Treaty and Permanent Neutrality Treaty marked a major shift in U.S.-Latin America relations, ending U.S. control and restoring Panamanian sovereignty.
- The treaties also ensured the neutrality of the canal while maintaining U.S. military access in emergencies.
- Impact:
- The treaties were a symbol of Panama’s regained sovereignty and played a key role in stabilizing relations between the U.S. and Panama, as well as resolving tensions over control of the canal.
Open Data Kit (ODK) Toolkit
- 04 Jan 2025
In News:
- The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has deployed the Open Data Kit (ODK) platform to enhance transparency in government spending and improve accountability in the delivery of government schemes.
- The toolkit is being used for designing, collecting, and managing data relevant to audits.
Key Highlights:
Objective:
- Enhance transparency in public spending.
- Improve accountability in government schemes and projects.
- Collect real-time beneficiary feedback to aid audit planning and identify areas needing additional review.
Key Features:
- End-to-end encryption: Ensures secure data management.
- Integration with CAG’s Operating System (OIOS): Facilitates seamless analysis and management of data.
- Multi-language support: Allows for surveys in multiple languages, making it more accessible to diverse beneficiaries.
- User-friendly interface: Simplifies the design and management of data collection processes for auditors.
Usage and Applications:
- Beneficiary surveys are a key tool for gathering data, helping CAG identify problem areas in government schemes.
- The ODK toolkit was recently deployed in audits of AIIMS institutions in Mangalagiri (Guntur) and Bibinagar (Hyderabad) to assess patient satisfaction and gather evidence for performance reviews.
Working Process:
- Surveys are designed on the ODK platform and deployed to beneficiaries.
- Data is collected in real-time and analyzed using the OIOS system to generate actionable insights for audits.
- Beneficiary feedback is used to evaluate scheme delivery and improve efficiency.
Significance:
- Facilitates data-driven decision-making in audits, ensuring that audits are more transparent and evidence-based.
- Improves the citizen-centric evaluation of government schemes by gathering direct feedback from beneficiaries.
- Enhances the performance review of key institutions like AIIMS, contributing to better service delivery.
- The introduction of the ODK toolkit is part of the CAG’s efforts to use digital tools for better governance and accountability in the public sector. This also aligns with the growing trend of using technology for governance and auditing.
Ramesh Chand Panel
- 03 Jan 2025
In News:
The Government of India has formed an 18-member panel, headed by Ramesh Chand, a member of NITI Aayog, to revise the base year of the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) to 2022-23 from the current base year of 2011-12. The panel will also work on a roadmap for transitioning from WPI to the Producer Price Index (PPI).
Key Highlights:
Role and Mandates of the Panel:
- Revised Commodity Basket: The panel will recommend a new commodity basket for both WPI and PPI, reflecting structural changes in the economy.
- Review of Price Collection System: The panel will evaluate the current system for price collection and propose improvements.
- Computational Methodology: It will determine the computational methodology for both WPI and PPI to ensure accuracy in tracking price changes.
- The panel has been tasked with submitting its final report to the Office of the Economic Adviser at the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIT) within 18 months.
Understanding WPI vs. PPI:
- WPI (Wholesale Price Index) tracks the price of goods at the wholesale stage (i.e., goods sold in bulk to businesses), and excludes the service sector.
- Key Characteristics of WPI:
- Does not consider consumer-facing prices.
- Excludes services (about 55% of GDP).
- Can have double-counting bias due to multiple transactions before the final sale.
- Does not account for indirect taxes and may include export/import prices.
- Use: WPI helps in tracking bulk price movements between businesses, but doesn't fully represent consumer price inflation.
- Key Characteristics of WPI:
- PPI (Producer Price Index) tracks prices at various stages of production, considering both goods and services, and measures the average change in prices received by domestic producers.
- Key Characteristics of PPI:
- Excludes indirect taxes (making it more accurate for price movement tracking).
- Includes services, unlike WPI, giving a broader view of price trends across the economy.
- More aligned with international standards (System of National Accounts).
- Reflects prices before consumer consumption, providing a business-oriented perspective of price trends.
- Key Characteristics of PPI:
Why the Transition to PPI?
- The PPI is already used by major economies like the US, China, Germany, and Japan as it provides a more comprehensive measure of inflation from a producer’s perspective.
- It is expected to be a better indicator of inflationary trends in the overall economy, including both goods and services.
Challenges and Roadmap:
- The switch to PPI is complex, and the panel will need to ensure that the transition does not disrupt the current data collection and reporting systems. Both WPI and PPI will run concurrently until PPI stabilizes.
CGWB Report on Groundwater Contamination
- 03 Jan 2025
In News:
The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) report on groundwater quality reveals alarming levels of contamination in India's groundwater, with a focus on nitrate, fluoride, arsenic, and uranium. The report highlights the impact of agricultural practices, poor waste management, and urbanisation on water quality.
Key Highlights:
Nitrate Contamination:
- 440 districts in India report excessive nitrate levels in groundwater, with 20% of samples exceeding the permissible nitrate limit of 45 mg/L (WHO and BIS standards).
- High-risk regions: Rajasthan (49%), Karnataka (48%), and Tamil Nadu (37%) are the top states with high nitrate levels. Other affected states include Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
- Causes: Nitrate contamination is mainly due to excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers, over-irrigation, and poor management of animal waste. Urbanisation and improper sewage systems exacerbate the problem.
Other Groundwater Contaminants:
- Fluoride contamination: A significant concern in Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
- Arsenic contamination: Elevated arsenic levels found in several states, especially in floodplains of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur).
- Uranium contamination: 42% of uranium-contaminated samples are from Rajasthan, and 30% from Punjab. Chronic exposure to uranium leads to kidney damage.
Groundwater Extraction and Availability:
- 60.4% of groundwater is being extracted across India.
- 73% of groundwater blocks are classified as in the ‘safe’ zone, an improvement from 67.4% in 2022.
Monsoon Impact:
- Nitrate contamination increases post-monsoon, with 32.66% of samples exceeding safe limits during the rainy season.
Health Implications:
- High nitrate levels, particularly dangerous for infants, can cause blue baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia).
- Long-term exposure to contaminants like fluoride and arsenic can lead to fluorosis and increase the risk of cancers and skin lesions.
Sources of Contamination:
- Agricultural practices: Excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, and improper irrigation.
- Waste disposal: Leaking septic systems, sewage, and hazardous waste sites contribute to contamination.
- Urbanisation: Increased wastewater and sewage, along with poor waste management, worsen the issue.
Measures to Address Contamination:
- Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) and Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) aim to conserve and manage groundwater resources.
- National Aquifer Mapping and Management Program (NAQUIM) to assess and map aquifer systems.
- Pollution control programs: Under the Water (Prevention & Control) Act, 1974, and initiatives like sewage treatment plants and effluent treatment plants to manage wastewater.
- Public awareness: Campaigns like Swachh Bharat Mission and Catch the Rain educate communities on the importance of groundwater conservation.
Key Statistics:
- 56% of districts in India report groundwater nitrate levels exceeding the safe limit of 45 mg/L.
- Monsoon effects: Post-monsoon data shows a significant increase in contamination levels (32.66% vs. 30.77% pre-monsoon).
National e-Governance Awards (NAeG) Scheme 2025
- 03 Jan 2025
In News:
- The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG) has issued the guidelines for the 28th National e-Governance Awards (NAeG) 2025.
- Nominations for the awards can be submitted online via the official portal: www.nceg.gov.in.
Key Highlights:
- Award Categories: Nominations for the awards can be submitted under the following six categories:
- Government Process Re-engineering: Digital transformation through the use of technology to improve government processes.
- Innovation by Use of AI and New Age Technologies: Fostering citizen-centric services via artificial intelligence and other modern technologies.
- Best e-Gov Practices in Cyber Security: Recognizing excellence in e-Governance practices focused on cybersecurity.
- Grassroot Level Initiatives: Initiatives at the Districts, ULBs (Urban Local Bodies), or Gram Panchayats that deepen service delivery.
- Replication and Scaling Up of Successful Projects: Projects awarded in the past (such as NAeG or Prime Minister’s Awards) that have been successfully replicated or scaled.
- Digital Transformation using Data Analytics: Projects that leverage data analytics on digital platforms for enhancing governance.
- Eligibility: The awards are open to Central Ministries/Departments, State Governments, District Collectors, Research Institutions, and other relevant entities.
- Award Details:
- The NAeG 2025 will feature 16 awards:
- 10 Gold Awards.
- 6 Silver Awards.
- The NAeG 2025 will feature 16 awards:
- Incentives:
- Gold Award winners will receive a Trophy, Certificate, and an incentive of Rs 10 lakh.
- Silver Award winners will receive a Trophy, Certificate, and an incentive of Rs 5 lakh.
- The incentive will be used for further implementation of the awarded projects or bridging resource gaps in public welfare.
- Objective: The goal of the National Awards for e-Governance is to recognize and promote excellence in the implementation of e-Governance initiatives and digital transformation efforts across India.
Quad 20th Anniversary
- 03 Jan 2025
In News:
Quad Foreign Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to a free, open, and peaceful Indo-Pacific. Marked the 20th anniversary of Quad cooperation, originally formed to respond to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
Key Highlights:
- What is the Quad?
- A strategic forum of the US, Japan, India, and Australia aimed at regional security and economic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Founded on shared principles of democracy, human rights, rule of law, and countering China's influence.
- Origins:
- Quad traces its origins to the 2004 Tsunami relief efforts.
- Formed formally in 2007, but Australia withdrew in 2008 due to regional tensions. It rejoined in 2017 following strengthened US-Australia ties.
- Commitment to Regional Security:
- Focus on countering China’s assertive behavior in the Indo-Pacific.
- Ensuring maritime security, countering illegal fishing, promoting infrastructure, and advancing economic cooperation.
- Key Initiatives:
- IPMDA: Real-time monitoring of maritime activities.
- MAITRI: Capacity-building for maritime security.
- Quad Fellowship: Funds graduate-level STEM education in member countries.
- Open RAN: Promoting secure 5G infrastructure.
- Cancer Moonshot: Focus on cervical cancer prevention.
- Military and Naval Cooperation:
- Malabar Exercises: Joint naval drills between India, Japan, the US, and Australia.
- ASEAN and Regional Cooperation:
- Emphasis on ASEAN's central role in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Support for the Pacific Islands Forum and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).
- Future Developments:
- India to host the next Quad Summit in 2025.
- Continued focus on sustainable regional development, scientific collaboration, and disaster relief efforts.
- Significance of the Quad for India:
- Strategic Importance:
- Provides a platform to counter China's assertive policies, especially in the South China Sea and the "String of Pearls" strategy.
- Aligns with India’s Act East Policy, enhancing ties with East and Southeast Asia.
- Maritime Security: Ensures freedom of navigation and counters illegal activities like piracy and illegal fishing in India’s maritime domain.
- Economic Opportunities:
- Strengthens cooperation on infrastructure projects and trade initiatives, such as the Blue Dot Network.
- Post-COVID, Quad may aid India in attracting manufacturing units shifting from China.
- Scientific and People-to-People Collaboration: Supports STEM education and enhances soft power diplomacy through academic and cultural exchanges.
H-1B Visa
- 02 Jan 2025
In News:
In the weeks leading up to his return as US President, Donald Trump’s supporters are embroiled in a public dispute over skilled immigration and H-1B visas.
What is the H-1B Visa Program?
- Purpose and Overview:
- The H-1B visa is a non-immigrant visa allowing U.S. companies to employ foreign workers in specialized occupations like STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) and IT, which require at least a bachelor’s degree.
- Introduced in 1990 to help U.S. employers fill positions when there’s a shortage of qualified domestic workers.
- It allows workers to stay in the U.S. for a maximum of six years, with the option to apply for permanent residence (Green Card) or leave for 12 months before reapplying.
- Annual Cap and Exemptions:
- 65,000 new visas are issued annually, with an additional 20,000 for those with a master’s degree or higher from a U.S. university.
- Certain petitions, such as for continuing employment or positions in higher education or nonprofit research, are exempt from the cap.
- Dominance of Indian Beneficiaries:
- Indians are the largest beneficiaries, accounting for over 70% of H-1B visa approvals annually since 2015, with China coming second at around 12-13%.
The Current Controversy
- Trigger for Debate:
- The controversy was sparked by Sriram Krishnan, a Chennai-born tech entrepreneur appointed as Donald Trump’s top AI adviser. His post on X (formerly Twitter) in November 2024, advocating for unlocking skilled immigration, led to backlash within Trump’s anti-immigration base.
- The Political Divide:
- Trump’s supporters, particularly from the MAGA (Make America Great Again) faction, voiced opposition to the H-1B visa program, arguing it undermines American workers and wages.
- This prompted pushback from pro-H-1B advocates like Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy, who argue that the program is crucial for addressing the U.S.'s STEM talent shortages.
- Economic and Political Context:
- Immigration is a polarizing issue in the U.S., with a focus on low-skilled labor migration and its alleged effects on wages and job opportunities for American workers.
- Trump’s stance against low-skilled immigration echoes similar critiques about H-1B workers being employed at lower salaries in tech companies, which some claim depresses wages and reduces job opportunities for U.S. workers.
Criticisms of the H-1B Program
- Abuse of the System:
- Critics argue that companies exploit the H-1B program by hiring foreign workers, especially from India, at lower wages than American employees, particularly in tech industries.
- Elon Musk suggests that the program is “broken” and needs reform, proposing raising the minimum salary for H-1B workers to make it more expensive to hire overseas talent.
- Salary Disparities:
- Data from USCIS (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services) shows that 70% of H-1B petitions for Indian professionals in 2023 were for salaries below $100,000, while the median salary for U.S. IT professionals was $104,420.
- Impact on American Jobs:
- Critics argue that companies prefer to hire foreign workers at lower wages to save costs, despite the availability of qualified U.S. talent, thus taking away opportunities for American workers.
Support for the H-1B Program
- Filling the STEM Gap:
- Proponents, including Musk and Ramaswamy, argue that the H-1B visa is essential for filling the STEM skills gap in the U.S., given the global dominance of India and China in STEM fields.
- India and China lead the world in STEM graduates, with 2.55 million and 3.57 million, respectively, compared to the U.S. with 820,000.
- Proponents, including Musk and Ramaswamy, argue that the H-1B visa is essential for filling the STEM skills gap in the U.S., given the global dominance of India and China in STEM fields.
- Economic Benefits:
- The H-1B program helps U.S. companies access top global talent, boosting innovation and economic growth, especially in high-tech industries.
- Tech companies argue that without access to skilled foreign workers, they would struggle to fill critical positions in the technology sector.
Tamil Nadu's First Glass Bridge in Kanyakumari
- 02 Jan 2025
In News:
- The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu inaugurated India’s first glass bridge over the sea in Kanyakumari, connecting the Thiruvalluvar Statue and the Vivekananda Rock Memorial.
- The bridge provides a safe and scenic walking route between these two iconic landmarks, eliminating the need for ferry trips.
Key Highlights:
- Dimensions and Design
- The bridge is 77 meters long and 10 meters wide, offering uninterrupted views of the sea from a unique vantage point.
- Designed to withstand marine conditions like corrosion and strong winds, ensuring durability and safety for visitors.
- Tourism Investment
- The bridge was built at a cost of ?37 crore, marking a significant investment in tourism infrastructure for Kanyakumari.
- This project aligns with the state’s vision to boost tourism and modernize amenities in the region.
- Significance as a Tourist Attraction
- The bridge is set to become a landmark tourist attraction, enhancing the visitor experience by providing a direct, scenic route between the two monuments.
- It is expected to play a pivotal role in boosting tourist footfall and the local economy.
About Thiruvalluvar Statue
- Location and Design
- The Thiruvalluvar Statue stands on a rock near the Vivekananda Rock Memorial in Kanyakumari.
- It is a symbol of wisdom, officially named the Statue of Wisdom by the Tamil Nadu government.
- Physical Specifications
- The statue stands at a total height of 133 feet (41 meters), with the statue itself measuring 95 feet (29 meters) and the pedestal adding 38 feet (12 meters).
- Weight: The statue weighs approximately 7000 tonnes and is designed in a hollow structure.
About Vivekananda Rock Memorial
- Location and Significance
- Situated on a rock in the Laccadive Sea, around 500 meters from the mainland in Kanyakumari.
- The memorial commemorates Swami Vivekananda, who represented India’s spiritual legacy at the 1893 Parliament of World’s Religions in Chicago.
- Historical and Religious Importance
- The rock is believed to be the site where Swami Vivekananda attained enlightenment.
- It is also associated with goddess Kanyakumari, who is said to have prayed to Lord Shiva on this rock, with an imprint of her feet preserved there.
- Architectural Features
- The memorial incorporates diverse architectural styles, including the Sripada Mandapam and the Vivekananda Mandapam.
- A life-sized bronze statue of Swami Vivekananda is located at the memorial.
- The rock is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, and Arabian Sea, where these three water bodies converge.
Business Ready (B-READY) Report 2024
- 02 Jan 2025
In News:
- The B-READY report, launched by the World Bank in 2024, replaces the Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) index.
- Focus: It evaluates the global business environment to foster inclusive private sector growth, assessing 10 core topics covering a firm's lifecycle, such as business entry, taxation, labor, and international trade.
India’s Potential Challenges
- Business Entry: India faces multiple steps and incomplete digital integration, making it slower compared to benchmarks like Singapore, which achieves one-day registration at minimal cost.
- Labor Regulations: While India has introduced four labor codes, the implementation remains slow and inconsistent, affecting labor flexibility and compliance.
- International Trade: India struggles with customs delays, inconsistent enforcement, and high logistics costs, unlike countries like Germany and Singapore, which promote trade efficiently.
- Business Location: Regulatory delays and inconsistent approvals hinder the establishment of business facilities, affecting investment decisions.
- Public Services Gap: While regulations may be strong, there is often a gap in the provision of public services that support their effective implementation, leading to inefficiencies.
Key Strengths for India
- India is expected to score well in the areas of Quality of Regulations, Effectiveness of Public Services, and Operational Efficiency.
- The country shows promise in promoting digital adoption and aligning with global environmental sustainability practices, though gender-sensitive regulations need more emphasis.
Significance
- The B-READY report serves as an essential benchmark for assessing India's business environment, offering insights into regulatory reforms and operational efficiency.
- Key policy implications for India include the need to:
- Streamline business operations by digitizing registration and regulatory approval processes.
- Improve logistics and trade efficiency by reducing customs delays.
- Address labor market inefficiencies through better implementation of labor codes.
- Invest in public services and promote digital transformation for better compliance and operational ease.
- Focus on sustainability and inclusivity, ensuring gender-sensitive policies and fostering green business practices.
Global Findings from the B-READY Report
- Economies with strong regulatory frameworks and digital tools (e.g., Rwanda, Georgia) show that even countries with varying income levels can achieve high scores.
- High-income countries like Estonia and Singapore still have room for improvement, especially in areas like taxation and dispute resolution.
Comparison of B-READY with Ease of Doing Business (EoDB)
- Scope: B-READY is broader, covering a firm’s lifecycle and social benefits, while EoDB focused mainly on regulatory burdens.
- Indicators: B-READY uses 1,200 indicators from expert consultations and firm-level surveys, offering more comprehensive insights compared to the EoDB's limited metrics.
- Focus on Public Services: Unlike EoDB, which provided limited attention to public services, B-READY explicitly evaluates public service efficiency and operational effectiveness.
Policy Recommendations
- Streamline Business Operations: Inspired by countries like Singapore, India should simplify business registration and reduce delays in customs and regulatory approvals.
- Strengthen Public Services: Focus on improving tax portals, utility access, and dispute resolution systems through digital tools.
- Promote Sustainability: Encourage environmentally sustainable business practices and adopt gender-sensitive regulations to ensure inclusive growth.
- Peer Learning and Global Collaboration: Encourage India to learn from best practices in countries like Singapore and Estonia for effective reforms.
- Tailored Reforms: India must design policies addressing unique local challenges while adhering to global standards.
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)
- 31 Dec 2024
In News:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently been renamed MASLD (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease), reflecting a shift in understanding of the disease's root causes and its broader implications.
Why the Name Change?
- The primary reason for renaming NAFLD to MASLD is to highlight the metabolic dysfunction as the primary cause of the disease.
- Previously, the term NAFLD focused on the absence of alcohol consumption, which inadvertently shifted attention away from the true contributors, like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and abnormal cholesterol levels.
- The term MASLD eliminates the stigma associated with "non-alcoholic," which may have misled people into thinking alcohol consumption was the only factor, even though metabolic issues are the central cause.
- The term MASLD shifts the focus towards metabolic dysfunction, making it easier for healthcare professionals to understand, diagnose, and treat the condition more effectively.
The Connection to Metabolic Dysfunction
- MASLD is strongly associated with metabolic issues such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and high blood sugar. These metabolic problems are key contributors to liver fat accumulation.
- People with abdominal obesity are 2-3 times more likely to develop fatty liver disease. MASLD affects about 25% of the global population, and the rates increase significantly (up to 50-70%) in individuals with type 2 diabetes or obesity.
- By focusing on metabolic dysfunction, MASLD encourages addressing the root causes rather than just the symptoms, offering a more effective approach to treatment and prevention.
How is MASLD Diagnosed?
Advancements in non-invasive diagnostic methods have improved the ability to diagnose MASLD more easily and accurately, including:
- FibroScan: A non-invasive, painless test to measure liver fat and stiffness, replacing the need for liver biopsy.
- MRI and Ultrasound Techniques: Reliable methods for assessing liver fat and scarring.
- Blood Tests: Common tests like ALT, AST, and GGT assess liver function. Researchers are also exploring new markers like CK-18 fragments and the ELF score (Enhanced Liver Fibrosis) to improve diagnostic accuracy.
Implications for Patient Care
The renaming of NAFLD to MASLD has important implications for patient care:
- Targeted Treatments: By focusing on the metabolic roots, treatments such as weight loss, blood sugar management, and cholesterol control can be prioritized. These interventions help reduce the risk of long-term complications such as heart disease, liver failure, and cirrhosis.
- Earlier Diagnosis: MASLD encourages earlier recognition of the condition, which can lead to better management and improved long-term outcomes.
Prevention
Preventing MASLD involves avoiding foods that exacerbate liver fat buildup. Dr. Punit Singla, director at Marengo Asia Hospitals, emphasizes limiting or avoiding:
- Fast food, junk food, and processed foods
- Foods high in sugar, including red and processed meats
A healthier lifestyle with a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins can significantly help prevent or manage MASLD.
Pegasus Spyware
- 31 Dec 2024
In News:
For the first time, a court in the US has held Israel’s NSO Group liable for its intrusive spyware Pegasus, which could set up a measure of accountability for the company that it has, for long, allegedly downplayed.
Overview:
- Pegasus is a spyware developed by the Israeli company NSO Group.
- It has been used for surveillance, allegedly targeting journalists, activists, politicians, and government officials across the world, including India.
Recent Legal Developments:
- US Court Ruling (2024):
- A US court held NSO Group liable for using Pegasus to surveil 1,400 WhatsApp users, including 300 from India.
- NSO Group violated the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and the California Computer Data Access and Fraud Act (CDAFA).
- The ruling may revive debates on the accountability of spyware use and its implications on privacy.
Use of Pegasus in India:
- Targeted Individuals (2021):
- 300 Indian numbers allegedly targeted, including journalists, politicians, Union Ministers, and civil society members.
- High-profile targets included opposition leaders, constitutional authorities, and activists.
- Government Denial:
- The Indian government denied involvement, stating allegations lacked substance.
- In Parliament, IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw rejected claims, asserting India’s surveillance laws prevent unauthorized surveillance.
- NSO Group Response:
- NSO Group denied the allegations, calling them “false and misleading” and citing doubts about the sources.
Investigations and Legal Actions:
- Supreme Court Inquiry:
- The Supreme Court appointed a committee of technical experts in 2021 to investigate claims.
- August 2022 Report: Found no conclusive evidence of spyware use on examined devices but noted lack of cooperation from the government.
- State-Level Investigations:
- West Bengal: Set up a Commission of Inquiry into Pegasus surveillance, later halted by the Supreme Court.
- Andhra Pradesh: The issue became political, with allegations that the previous government used Pegasus to monitor opposition figures.
Pegasus Spyware Features:
- Capability: Can hack iOS and Android devices to collect data, record conversations, capture photos, and access app data.
- Exploitation Method: Uses zero-day vulnerabilities to exploit iOS and Android devices covertly.
- Invisibility: Operates without user knowledge, often only detected through signs like browser closings after phishing links are clicked.
Controversial Use of Pegasus:
- Global Use: Though intended for fighting terrorism and crime, Pegasus has been misused for spying on journalists, politicians, human rights activists, and opposition leaders.
- India Specifics:
- Pegasus Project: Targeted Indian citizens, including activists, journalists, and politicians.
- Amnesty International: Confirmed use of Pegasus to target Indian phones.
India's Legal Framework for Surveillance:
- Telecommunications Act (2023): Empowers the government to control telecom services during emergencies, but requires authorization for lawful interceptions.
- IT Act (2000): Allows the government to monitor, intercept, or decrypt information through computer resources under certain conditions.
- Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act (2023): Aims to protect personal data, including provisions on surveillance, data breaches, and rights of individuals over their data.
Privacy and Surveillance Concerns:
- Impact on Fundamental Rights:
- Surveillance infringes on the right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution.
- Freedom of speech and expression (Article 19) may be curtailed, with surveillance being used to suppress dissent.
- Lack of Transparency:
- Surveillance often occurs without judicial or parliamentary oversight, leading to potential executive overreach.
- Inability to Seek Legal Remedies:
- Citizens targeted by surveillance cannot challenge it due to lack of awareness, undermining constitutional rights.
- Executive Overreach and Suppression of Free Expression:
- Pegasus revelations have raised concerns about surveillance targeting constitutional functionaries, suppressing free speech, and stifling open discourse.
India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (Ind-Aus ECTA)
- 31 Dec 2024
In News:
The India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (Ind-Aus ECTA) completes two years of remarkable success, driving mutual growth and showcasing the complementarity of both economies.
Key Achievements:
- Bilateral Merchandise Trade Surge:
- Trade increased from USD 12.2 billion (2020-21) to USD 26 billion (2022-23).
- Trade moderated slightly in 2023-24 to USD 24 billion, but exports from India to Australia grew by 14%.
- From April-November 2024, bilateral trade reached USD 16.3 billion.
- Preferential Import Utilization:
- Export utilization: 79%
- Import utilization: 84%
- Sectoral Growth:
- Textiles, chemicals, and agriculture sectors have seen significant growth.
- New export products: Gold studded with diamonds, turbojets.
- India’s imports: Metalliferous ores, cotton, wood products that fuel Indian industries.
- Geopolitical Strengthening:
- Enhanced relations in forums like Quad, Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI).
Key Features of the Agreement:
- Tariff Reductions:
- Australian goods: 85% tariff-free access to India (rising to 90% by 2026).
- Indian goods: 96% tariff-free access to Australia (rising to 100% by 2026).
- Access to Key Markets:
- India: Access to Australia's fast-growing market.
- Australia: Access to India's labor-intensive sectors like gems, jewelry, textiles, leather, furniture, food, agriculture.
- Services and IT:
- 135 sub-sectors covered in services.
- India gains market access in 103 sub-sectors with Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status in 31.
- Fast-tracked approval of medicines and elimination of double taxation for India's IT sector.
- Job Creation & Skill Exchange:
- Expected creation of 1 million jobs in India.
- Opportunities for Indian yoga teachers, chefs, and 100,000 students with post-study work visas.
Future Prospects:
- Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA): Builds on ECTA to advance bilateral trade, with 10 formal rounds and ongoing inter-sessional discussions.
- Trade Target: Aim to reach AUD 100 billion in trade by 2030.
- Global Economic Impact: Strengthening the partnership will contribute to a more resilient and dynamic global economy, with deeper economic integration between India and Australia.
PM CARES Fund Contributions and Utilization (2022-23)
- 30 Dec 2024
In News:
The Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund) received Rs 912 crore in contributions during the financial year 2022-23 as donations continued to pour in even after the Covid pandemic.
Key Highlights:
Contributions Received:
- Total contributions in 2022-23: Rs 912 crore.
- Voluntary contributions: Rs 909.64 crore.
- Foreign contributions: Rs 2.57 crore.
Interest Income:
- Total interest income for 2022-23: Rs 170.38 crore.
- From regular accounts: Rs 154 crore.
- From foreign contributions account: Rs 16.07 crore.
Refunds and Additional Inflows:
- Rs 225 crore in refunds, including:
- Rs 202 crore refund from procurement of 50,000 ventilators for government hospitals.
Disbursements:
- Total disbursed in 2022-23: Rs 439 crore:
- Rs 346 crore for PM CARES for Children.
- Rs 91.87 crore for procurement of 99,986 oxygen concentrators.
- Rs 1.51 crore for refunds.
- Rs 24,000 for legal charges, and Rs 278 for bank and SMS charges.
Cumulative Contributions (2019-23):
- Rs 13,605 crore received from 2019-20 to 2022-23.
- Voluntary contributions: Rs 13,067 crore.
- Foreign contributions: Rs 538 crore.
- Interest income over these years: Rs 565 crore.
About PM CARES Fund:
Formation and Purpose:
- Established: March 27, 2020, as a Public Charitable Trust under the Registration Act, 1908.
- Purpose: To address emergencies like COVID-19, natural disasters, and man-made calamities. It also supports healthcare infrastructure and essential facilities.
Governance and Structure:
- Chairperson: The Prime Minister (ex-officio).
- Trustees: Defence, Home, and Finance Ministers (ex-officio).
- Additional Trustees: Appointed by the PM, serving on a non-profit basis (e.g., Justice K T Thomas (retd.) and Kariya Munda).
Tax Exemptions:
- Donations are eligible for 100% tax exemption under Section 80G of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
- Donations qualify as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) expenditure under the Companies Act, 2013.
- The fund is exempt under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), allowing it to receive foreign donations.
ASI Discovery at Srisailam Temple
- 30 Dec 2024
In News:
- The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) uncovered ancient copper plates and gold coins at the Srisailam Temple in Andhra Pradesh, specifically in the Ghantamandapam area.
- The discovery includes 20 sets of copper plates, totaling 72 leaves, and various gold coins.
- The ASI's Epigraphy Branch in Mysore has completed the documentation of these findings, and the materials are being studied in detail.
Collaboration with Srisailam Devasthanam:
- In collaboration with the Srisailam Devasthanam, ASI plans to publish a book that will detail the findings and their historical significance.
- The book will be printed soon by Pragati Publications in Hyderabad.
Srisailam Temple Overview:
- The Srisailam Temple, also known as the Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple, is a prominent Hindu pilgrimage site in Andhra Pradesh.
- It is located in the Nallamala Hills, overlooking the Krishna River.
- The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva in the form of Mallikarjuna Swamy and Goddess Parvati as Bhramaramba Devi.
- It is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva and one of the Shakti Peethas, making it significant in both Shaivism and Shaktism.
Architectural Significance:
- The temple is built in the Dravidian style, featuring lofty towers and expansive courtyards, and is considered a prime example of Vijayanagara architecture.
- Historical references to the temple date back to the Satavahana period (2nd century AD), and the temple was further endowed by the Kakatiyas and Vijayanagara rulers.
Cultural and Religious Importance:
- The Srisailam Temple is unique for housing both a Jyotirlinga (Lord Shiva) and a Shakti Peetha (Goddess Bhramaramba), a rare combination not found at other temples.
- The great religious figure Adi Shankaracharya is believed to have visited the temple and composed the Sivananda Lahiri there.
Historical Context:
- The copper plates and inscriptions discovered are likely to provide valuable insights into the historical and cultural significance of the temple, as well as the region's ancient religious practices.
Reassessment of Conjugal Visits in Delhi Prisons
- 30 Dec 2024
In News:
- The Delhi government is reassessing the proposal to permit conjugal visits for prisoners, following the suspension of a similar initiative in Punjab.
- Delhi Chief Minister has sought further input from the Law Department and explored if similar schemes are implemented in other states.
Conjugal Visits - Definition & Context:
- Conjugal visits involve allowing prisoners to spend private time with their legal partners or spouses, including intimate relations, within prison premises.
- No national policy exists in India for conjugal rights of prisoners, leading to varied implementations across states.
Punjab’s Pilot Project - ‘Parivar Mulakat’:
- Ludhiana Central Jail introduced the 'Parivar Mulakat' programme in September 2022, allowing face-to-face meetings with family in designated rooms.
- The initiative was suspended shortly after its launch due to security concerns, particularly difficulty in conducting thorough body checks on visitors.
Challenges in Delhi:
- Overcrowded prisons in Delhi make it challenging to manage the logistical demands of conjugal visits, especially with up to 1,200 daily visitations.
- The Home Department has received proposals but no progress has been made over the past year.
Legal Precedents on Conjugal Rights:
- Punjab and Haryana High Court (2014) ruled that prisoners have a right to conjugal visits to facilitate procreation.
- Madras High Court (2018) allowed a life convict on parole for conjugal relations, and in 2023, a judge called for similar considerations for Tamil Nadu.
Human Rights Argument:
- Advocates argue that denying conjugal visits to prisoners violates basic human rights of both prisoners and their spouses, particularly those aged 21-50, who are often in sexually active years.
- Amit Sahni, a social activist, filed a PIL highlighting that most prisoners in Delhi are denied conjugal rights despite their eligibility.
Government’s Position:
- Delhi DG (Prisons) had argued that temporary leave such as parole and furlough serve the purpose of family ties, questioning the need for conjugal visits within prison.
Need for Legal Framework:
- Legal experts suggest the creation of a law and policy framework to regulate conjugal visits, ensuring clear guidelines for their implementation.
- S.D. Singh, a Supreme Court advocate, emphasized that conjugal visits should be legally recognized as a right, requiring formal legislation for consistent implementation.
Future Considerations:
- The Delhi government’s reassessment may lead to a policy that considers both human rights and security concerns in its decision on conjugal visits.
Re-emergence of the Dodo in Kashmir’s Papier Mâché Craft
- 30 Dec 2024
In News:
Artisans in Srinagar, Kashmir, have revived the extinct dodo bird in papier mâché forms. These figurines are exported worldwide, particularly to Mauritius and Europe, ahead of the Christmas season. Over 50,000 dodo figurines have already been sent to international markets in 2024.
Key Highlights:
The Dodo:
- Scientific Name: Raphus cucullatus.
- Extinct Since: 1681, approximately 80 years after humans began interacting with them.
- Endemic to Mauritius: A flightless bird from the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, a national symbol of the country.
- Extinction Causes: Overhunting and the introduction of invasive species like rats, pigs, and cats that preyed on their eggs.
- Physical Traits: Grey or brown plumage, about 3 feet tall, flightless and fearless.
Papier Mâché Craft in Kashmir:
- History: Practiced for over 600 years in Kashmir, introduced during the reign of King Zain-ul-Abidin (15th century).
- Techniques: Involves creating decorative objects using paper pulp, with traditional Persian motifs.
- Recent Addition of Dodo: The dodo was introduced to the papier mâché craft around two decades ago, likely by Mauritian tourists.
International Market and Demand:
- Mauritius: A significant market for the papier mâché dodo, as the bird is a national emblem of Mauritius.
- Europe: Exported to European countries during the Christmas season, contributing to the popularity of Kashmir’s handicrafts.
- Kashmir's Karkhanas: Local craft workshops in Srinagar are producing thousands of dodo figurines each season, with over 3,000 dodos produced this year.
Cultural and Economic Impact:
- Artisans' Contribution: Local artisans are helping keep the memory of the extinct dodo alive, while boosting Kashmir’s handicraft industry.
- Global Recognition: The dodo is now a sought-after item in global markets, linked to the traditional art of Kashmir.
- Kashmir Handicrafts: Several crafts from Kashmir, including papier mâché, have received Geographical Indication (GI) tags for their distinct cultural and regional significance.
IIT Bombay Develops Painless Needle-Free Shock Syringes
- 29 Dec 2024
In News:
Researchers at IIT Bombay, led by Viren Menezes from the Department of Aerospace Engineering, have developed a shockwave-based, needle-free syringe to deliver drugs painlessly and safely. The research was published in the Journal of Biomedical Materials and Devices.
Key Features of Shock Syringe:
- Unlike traditional syringes, the shock syringe uses high-energy shockwaves (traveling faster than the speed of sound) to deliver drugs, without the need for needles.
- The device is designed to reduce pain, tissue damage, and infection risk.
- The shock syringe aims to eliminate the discomfort and fear associated with needles.
How the Shock Syringe Works:
- The shock syringe is slightly longer than a ballpoint pen and contains a micro shock tube with three sections: driver, driven, and drug holder.
- Pressurized nitrogen gas is applied to the driver section, which creates a microjet of liquid drug. The microjet travels at speeds nearly twice as fast as a commercial airplane.
- The drug is then delivered through the nozzle of the syringe, penetrating the skin rapidly and gently.
Design Considerations:
- The syringe's nozzle has an opening of 125 μm (approximately the width of a human hair), ensuring a balance between precision and speed.
- Continuous monitoring of pressure ensures safe and effective drug delivery with minimal skin damage.
Testing and Results:
- Lab tests were conducted on rats, injecting three types of drugs:
- Anaesthetics (Ketamine-Xylazine): Shock syringe produced similar results to needles in terms of effect onset and duration.
- Viscous drugs (e.g., Terbinafine): The shock syringe outperformed needles, delivering the drug more deeply into the skin layers.
- Insulin for diabetic rats: The shock syringe lowered blood sugar levels more effectively and sustained the effect for a longer period.
- The skin analysis revealed less damage and inflammation with the shock syringe compared to traditional needles.
Advantages:
- Painless drug delivery: Patients experience little to no discomfort.
- Reduced tissue damage: The shock syringe causes less skin trauma and inflammation.
- Faster healing: Wounds from the injection heal quicker compared to traditional needles.
- Better drug absorption: Especially for viscous drugs, the shock syringe delivers more efficient and deeper drug penetration.
Potential Applications:
- The shock syringe could revolutionize immunization drives, making vaccinations faster and more efficient.
- It could significantly reduce the risk of bloodborne diseases caused by needle-stick injuries.
- The device is designed to perform over 1,000 injections, ensuring cost-effectiveness and reliability with minimal nozzle replacements.
Future Prospects:
- While promising, the future of shock syringes in clinical use depends on:
- Further innovation for human use.
- Obtaining regulatory approval.
- Ensuring the device’s affordability and accessibility.
PM- Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) Scheme
- 29 Dec 2024
In News:
- The Delhi High Court has ordered the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Delhi Government.
- This MoU will facilitate the implementation of the PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) in Delhi.
About PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM):
- Scheme Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) with some Central Sector Components (CS).
- Total Outlay: Rs. 64,180 Crores for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26.
- Objective:
- To strengthen healthcare infrastructure across India, focusing on:
- Building capacities in health systems at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
- Preparing health systems to effectively respond to current and future pandemics/disasters.
- Key Focus Areas:
- Filling critical gaps in health infrastructure, surveillance, and health research in both urban and rural areas.
- Improving healthcare delivery across the entire continuum of care.
- Central Sector Components (CS) under the Scheme:
- 12 Central Institutions: To act as training and mentoring sites with 150-bedded Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs).
- Strengthening NCDC: Boosting the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and establishing 5 new regional NCDCs.
- Health Surveillance: Creation of 20 metropolitan health surveillance units and expansion of Integrated Health Information Portal across all States/UTs.
- Public Health Units: Operationalization of 17 new Public Health Units and strengthening 33 existing units at Points of Entry (Airports, Seaports, Land Crossings).
- Emergency Health Infrastructure: Establishment of 15 Health Emergency Operation Centres and 2 mobile hospitals.
- Research and Virology Institutes: Setting up a national institution for One Health, 4 new National Institutes for Virology, and 9 Biosafety Level III laboratories.
- Support for States/UTs under CSS Component:
- Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs):
- 17,788 rural HWCs: To be built in areas with populations of 5000 (plain) or 3000 (difficult terrain like hills, tribals, desert).
- 11,024 urban HWCs: Focus on slum and vulnerable areas with a population of 15,000-20,000.
- Block Public Health Units (BPHUs): Establishment of 3,382 BPHUs at the block level to strengthen healthcare accessibility.
- Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs): Setting up 730 IPHLs across districts for better health monitoring.
- Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs): Establishment of 602 CCBs in districts with populations exceeding 5 lakh and referral linkages in other districts.
- Overall Goal: PM-ABHIM aims to significantly enhance healthcare infrastructure in India, making healthcare more accessible and effective, especially in rural and underdeveloped areas.
UN Approves New AU Force to Combat Al-Shabaab in Somalia
- 29 Dec 2024
In News:
- On January 19, 2024, the UN Security Council approved a new African Union (AU) force in Somalia to counter the Al-Shabaab terrorist group.
- The resolution was supported by 14 of 15 members, with the US abstaining due to concerns about funding.
- The new force will replace the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) after its mandate ends on December 31, 2024.
New Mission - AUSSOM:
- The new mission is named African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM).
- AUSSOM will continue supporting Somali forces in stabilizing the nation and combating terrorism.
- The mission's objective is to enhance security and stability in Somalia, addressing the challenges posed by Al-Shabaab and ISIL.
Mandate and Operations:
- AUSSOM allows for the deployment of up to 12,626 personnel, including 1,040 police officers, until June 2025.
- The force will focus on counterterrorism, maintaining security, and assisting the Somali government in stabilizing the country.
Financing:
- A hybrid funding approach will be used:
- 75% of the mission’s costs will be covered by the UN, and 25% will come from African Union and partner countries.
- The US raised concerns about the UN's disproportionate funding of the mission, which led to its abstention from voting.
Contributing Countries:
- Egypt has announced its participation in the new force.
- Burundi and Ethiopia will not be contributing troops to AUSSOM.
- Ethiopia has its own ongoing disputes with Somalia, particularly regarding its maritime deal with the breakaway Somaliland region.
Background on Somalia's Challenges:
- Somalia has faced decades of civil war, an insurgency by Al-Shabaab, and recurring climate disasters.
- The country is one of the poorest in the world, and its internal conflicts are exacerbated by clannism, which has fragmented its political and social structure.
Historical Context of Peace Missions in Somalia:
- Previous UN peacekeeping missions in Somalia (1992-1995) faced significant failures, notably the Battle of Mogadishu and the failure to prevent the 1993 massacre.
- The rise of Al-Shabaab in the mid-2000s has further escalated the conflict, and the mission of AUSSOM aims to address these continuing threats.
The Role of Clannism:
- Clannism has hindered the establishment of a unified government in Somalia, with clan rivalries leading to a lack of national cohesion.
- Clannism refers to the prevalence of clan-centric politics, where allegiance to clan and sub-clan interests often takes precedence over national cohesion. In Somalia, the major clans are Darod, Hawiye, Dir, and Rahanweyn.
Importance of AUSSOM:
- AUSSOM represents a strategic shift in the international approach to stabilizing Somalia, relying more on African-led initiatives for peace and security in the region.
Global Peacekeeping Operations:
- The UN peacekeeping mission has been active globally, with over 1 million personnel deployed across 70+ operations.
- Success stories like Sierra Leone (1999-2005) and Liberia (2003-2018) demonstrate the potential impact of well-executed peace missions, but past failures like in Somalia (1992-1995) and Rwanda (1994) underline the challenges faced.
India’s Contribution:
- India has contributed significantly to UN peacekeeping missions, deploying over 253,000 personnel in 49 operations since 1948.
- India’s contributions to missions in Somalia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Sudan reflect its active role in global peacekeeping efforts.
ASI Decodes Sanskrit Inscription Found in Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoK)
- 29 Dec 2024
In News:
An ancient Sanskrit inscription found in Gilgit (PoK) was decoded by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
About the Inscription:
- Location:
- Gilgit (PoK): Written in Brahmi script, dating back to 4th century CE.
- Peshawar (Pakistan): Written in Sharada script, dating to 10th century CE.
- Details of Gilgit Inscription:
- Mentions Pushpasingha, who installed a Mahesvaralinga for the merit of his guru.
- Written in Brahmi script, which was prevalent during the 4th century CE.
- Religious Context: Indicates significant religious connection, particularly with Shaivism.
- Details of Peshawar Inscription:
- Fragmentary: Engraved on a slab.
- Written in Sharada characters (10th century CE).
- Mentions Buddhist Dharini (chants), particularly referring to Da (Dha) rini in line six.
- The inscription is partially damaged, and further details are unclear.
- Earlier Discoveries:
- This is not the first Sanskrit inscription decoded from Pakistan. In the past, Sanskrit inscriptions have been found in various parts of Pakistan.
- Swat Valley: Known for numerous Buddhist rock inscriptions in Sanskrit using Nagari script, which were part of the Gupta Empire (circa 240–550 CE).
- Religious and Cultural Implications:
- The Gilgit inscription provides evidence of Shaivism as a prominent religious practice in the region during the 4th century CE.
- The Peshawar inscription suggests Buddhist influences, particularly related to Buddhist chants and rituals.
- Swat Valley's Role: The inscriptions found here highlight its importance as a center of Buddhist learning and cultural exchange.
China approves construction of World’s Largest Hydropower Dam on the Brahmaputra River
- 28 Dec 2024
In News:
China approved the construction of the world's largest dam, stated to be the planet's biggest infra project, on the Brahmaputra river in Tibet close to the Indian border, raising concerns in India and Bangladesh.
Key highlights:
Overview of the Project:
- Location: Lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River (Tibetan name for Brahmaputra), where the river makes a U-turn in the Himalayan region before flowing into Arunachal Pradesh, India.
- Purpose:
- To support China’s carbon neutrality goals.
- To boost industrial growth and create jobs in Tibet.
- Expected to generate 300 billion kWh of electricity annually, over three times the capacity of the Three Gorges Dam in central China.
Significance:
- Scale: The dam is poised to be the world’s largest hydropower project, surpassing the Three Gorges Dam, and becoming the biggest infrastructure project globally, with an estimated cost of USD 137 billion.
- Engineering Challenges: The site is located in a seismic zone on the Tibetan plateau, prone to earthquakes, making construction and operational stability a major engineering challenge.
Concerns:
- Environmental Impact:
- Potential disruption to the local ecosystem and biodiversity.
- Risk of altering the river’s flow and course, which could impact agriculture and water resources downstream, particularly in India and Bangladesh.
- Geopolitical Risks:
- Water control: India and Bangladesh are concerned about China’s ability to control the water flow, with fears of China manipulating the flow to release excess water during conflicts, causing potential flooding in border areas.
- The project could also disrupt the hydrological cycle, affecting the region’s water availability, especially in Assam and Bangladesh.
Background:
- The Brahmaputra River is a trans-boundary river, flowing through China, India, and Bangladesh. Known by different names in these countries, it plays a vital role in the livelihoods of millions of people.
- China has already initiated hydropower generation on the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo, with plans for additional projects upstream.
India-China Cooperation:
- China and India have an Expert Level Mechanism (ELM) in place since 2006 to manage trans-boundary river issues, under which China shares hydrological data with India, especially during the flood season.
- India is also constructing its own hydropower projects on the Brahmaputra in Arunachal Pradesh.
Potential Outcomes:
- Energy Generation: The dam could significantly contribute to China’s energy needs, providing a substantial amount of renewable energy.
- Regional Tensions: The dam’s construction may escalate tensions between China, India, and Bangladesh due to the control over water resources and environmental impact concerns.
Parker Solar Probe’s Closest-Ever Approach to the Sun
- 28 Dec 2024
In News:
NASA scientists announced that the Parker Solar Probe survived the closest-ever approach to the Sun. The craft was operating normally after it passed just 6.1 million km from the solar surface.
About the Parker Solar Probe:
- Launched: August 12, 2018, as part of NASA’s Living With a Star program.
- Named After: Eugene Newman Parker, a solar astrophysicist, marking the first NASA mission named after a living researcher.
- Mission Objectives:
- To study the Sun’s corona and the solar wind, investigating why the corona is hotter than the Sun’s surface.
- To explore the origins of solar winds and high-energy particles that impact space weather.
- To understand the structure and dynamics of plasma and magnetic fields around the Sun.
- To examine the mechanisms behind the acceleration and transportation of energetic particles.
Technological Feats:
- Heat Shield: Equipped with a 4.5-inch carbon-composite shield that withstands temperatures up to 1,377°C (2,500°F) while keeping the instruments cool at about 29.4°C (85°F).
- Speed: Travels at a speed of 692,000 km/h (430,000 mph), making it the fastest human-made object.
- Venus Flybys: Uses gravitational assists from Venus to gradually reduce its orbit and get closer to the Sun.
Historic Milestone:
- Closest Approach: On December 24, 2024, Parker Solar Probe reached a historic distance of 6.1 million km from the Sun's surface, the closest any human-made object has ever been.
- Comparison: If the Earth and Sun were 1 meter apart, Parker Solar Probe would be just 4 cm from the Sun.
- Temperature: At its closest, it endured temperatures up to 1,377°C.
Significance of the Mission:
- Scientific Contributions:
- Solar Wind: Helps scientists understand the origins of solar winds, which affect space weather and Earth’s technological systems.
- Corona Heating: Investigates why the Sun's corona is much hotter than its surface (a long-standing astrophysical mystery).
- Space Weather: Provides critical data for predicting space weather events that can impact satellites, communication systems, and power grids on Earth.
- Practical Implications:
- Improves understanding of space weather, potentially aiding in the protection of Earth’s infrastructure from solar storms.
- Technological and Engineering Marvel:
- Demonstrates advanced spacecraft technology that can withstand extreme conditions close to the Sun.
Recent Developments:
- Data Collection: As the probe passed through the Sun’s outer atmosphere (the corona), it collected valuable data expected to answer fundamental questions about solar behavior.
- Communication: Despite the extreme proximity to the Sun, the probe sent back a signal on December 26, confirming its status.
Key Dates:
- Launch: August 12, 2018.
- Closest Approach: December 24, 2024.
- Data Expected: Detailed telemetry data on January 1, 2025.
Exercise SURYA KIRAN
- 28 Dec 2024
In News:
Indian Army Contingent Departs for 18th Edition of Exercise SURYA KIRAN (India-Nepal Joint Military Exercise).
Key Highlights:
- Event Overview:
- Name: 18th Edition of Battalion-Level Joint Military Exercise SURYA KIRAN.
- Dates: 31st December 2024 to 13th January 2025.
- Location: Saljhandi, Nepal.
- Participants: Indian Army (334 personnel, led by a Battalion from the 11th Gorkha Rifles) and Nepal Army (Srijung Battalion).
- Objective of Exercise:
- Enhance interoperability in jungle warfare, counter-terrorism operations in mountainous terrain, and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) under the UN Charter.
- Focus on operational preparedness, aviation training, medical aspects, and environmental conservation.
- Key Features:
- Training Focus: Improving combat skills and coordination to operate together in challenging situations.
- Exchange of Ideas: Soldiers from both nations will share best practices, enhance mutual understanding of operational procedures.
- Strengthening Bilateral Relations: Reinforces strong bonds of friendship, cultural linkages, and defense cooperation between India and Nepal.
- Significance:
- Historical Context: Exercise held alternately in India and Nepal since 2011.
- Enhances Combat Readiness: Prepares both armies to address shared security challenges and improve operational capabilities.
- Diplomatic Engagement: Fosters a productive professional environment between India and Nepal.
- Recent Developments:
- The exercise follows visits by General Upendra Dwivedi (Indian Army Chief) to Nepal and General Ashok Raj Sigdel (Nepali Army Chief) to India, strengthening military ties.
- Previous Editions:
- 17th Edition: Conducted in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand (24th Nov - 7th Dec 2023).
Neolithic Age Grooves Discovery Near Boothapandi
- 28 Dec 2024
In News:
- Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) discovered rock grooves created during the Neolithic age near Boothapandi village, Kanniyakumari district.
- The discovery was made by K. Hari Gopalakrishnan (Archaeological Officer, Tirunelveli and Kanniyakumari districts) and M. Faisal (Sembavalam Research Centre).
Key Highlights:
- Groove Characteristics:
- The grooves are approximately 4,000 years old, formed by Neolithic people for tool sharpening.
- Tools used for activities like hunting, ploughing, and digging were sharpened here.
- The grooves resulted from wear and tear of tools that had broken or worn out during use.
- Groove Dimensions:
- Largest groove: 15 cm in length, 4 cm in width.
- Smallest groove: 8 cm in length, 3 cm in width.
- Similar Discoveries:
- Similar grooves have been found in other parts of Tamil Nadu, including Krishnagiri, Tiruvannamalai, and Villupuram.
- Significance:
- The grooves provide evidence of Neolithic human habitation in the region.
- Ongoing excavations are expected to uncover more about Neolithic culture in the area.The Hindu
Lighthouse Tourism in India
- 27 Dec 2024
In News:
Lighthouse tourism in India is rapidly emerging as an exciting and profitable segment of the country's travel and tourism industry. India's coastline, stretching over 7,500 kilometers, is home to 204 lighthouses, many of which are being transformed into vibrant tourist destinations, celebrating both India's rich maritime history and its natural beauty.
Key Highlights:
- Historical and Scenic Appeal: Lighthouses in India are often located in breathtaking coastal or island locations, offering panoramic sea views and access to surrounding natural beauty. Some of these structures are centuries old and are situated near significant cultural landmarks or UNESCO World Heritage Sites, adding cultural depth to the visitor experience.
- Economic Growth: As part of the broader Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 and Amrit Kaal Vision 2047, the Government of India is keen to transform these historic lighthouses into hubs of economic activity. By developing infrastructure, creating new tourism-related jobs, and fostering local entrepreneurship, lighthouse tourism aims to benefit coastal communities and boost India's tourism economy. As of 2023-24, 75 lighthouses across 10 states have been equipped with modern amenities, attracting 16 lakh visitors—a 400% increase from previous years.
- Government Initiatives:
- Lighthouse Festivals: The annual Indian Lighthouse Festival, inaugurated in 2023, serves as a key event to promote lighthouse tourism and cultural heritage.
- The 1st Indian Lighthouse Festival, “Bharatiya Prakash Stambh Utsav”, was inaugurated on 23rd September, 2023 by the Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways, Shri Sarbananda Sonowal and Goa Chief Minister, Shri Pramod Sawant at the historic Fort Aguada in Goa.
- The 2nd Indian Lighthouse Festival was held in Odisha. Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways, Shri Sarbananda Sonowal, was also joined by Odisha Chief Minister, Mohan Charan Majhi. Shri Sonowal dedicated two new lighthouses at Chaumuck (Balasore) and Dhamra (Bhadrak) and emphasized empowering coastal communities to preserve and promote lighthouses as part of India’s rich maritime heritage.
- Sagarmala Programme: This government initiative integrates infrastructure development with sustainable practices, ensuring that the growth of lighthouse tourism benefits local communities while preserving the environment.
- Tourism Infrastructure: The government has invested ?60 crore in enhancing these sites, providing facilities like museums, parks, amphitheaters, and more to enrich the visitor experience.
- Lighthouse Festivals: The annual Indian Lighthouse Festival, inaugurated in 2023, serves as a key event to promote lighthouse tourism and cultural heritage.
- Sustainable Development: The Indian government places a strong emphasis on eco-friendly tourism. This includes integrating lighthouses into broader coastal circuits and launching digital awareness campaigns to attract domestic and international tourists.
- Community Empowerment and Employment: Lighthouse tourism has already created direct and indirect employment, from hospitality to transportation, local handicrafts, and artisan work, with more than 500 jobs being generated. Local communities are being trained to offer skills in hospitality and tourism services.
Future Plans:
- Skill Development: Programs are being introduced to equip local people with the necessary skills to cater to the tourism industry.
- Sustainable Practices: Eco-friendly practices will continue to be emphasized to protect coastal ecosystems.
- Integration with Coastal Circuits: Lighthouses will become key points of interest in broader coastal tourism itineraries, further enhancing their appeal to tourists.
Operation Green Scheme
- 27 Dec 2024
In News:
The government’s flagship Operation Greens scheme, designed to stabilise crop prices and benefit farmers, has spent just 34 per cent of its allocated budget for 2024-25, according to a parliamentary report, even as onion farmers in Maharashtra reel from massive losses and potato shortages grip eastern states.
Key Highlights:
Overview:
- Launched: November 2018 under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana.
- Objective: Stabilize prices and improve farmers' income by enhancing the production and marketing of perishable crops, initially focusing on Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP).
- Expanded Scope (2021): Includes 22 perishable crops like mango, banana, ginger, apple, and shrimp.
- Implemented by: Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI).
- Funding: Managed by the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED).
Key Aims:
- Reduce price volatility in agricultural markets.
- Minimize post-harvest losses.
- Strengthen farm-to-market linkages.
- Enhance farmers’ earnings by stabilizing market prices.
- Promote value addition and food processing.
Scheme Components:
- Short-term Interventions:
- Subsidies on transportation (50%) and storage (50%) to protect farmers from distress sales.
- Price stabilization during periods of surplus or shortage.
- Long-term Interventions:
- Development of farm-gate infrastructure like cold storage and processing facilities.
- Strengthening production clusters and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs).
- Building efficient agri-logistics systems.
- Promoting food processing and value addition capacities.
Key Features:
- 50% subsidy on transportation and storage costs for eligible crops.
- Projects eligible for 50% subsidy (up to ?50 crore per project), and for FPOs, a 70% subsidy.
- Demand-driven funding based on applications, with no fixed crop or state-wise allocation.
Key Findings from Parliamentary Standing Committee (PSC) Report (2024):
- Underutilisation of Budget: Only 34% (?59.44 crore) of the allocated ?173.40 crore for 2024-25 spent by October 2024, leaving 65.73% unspent.
- Slow Implementation: Out of 10 targeted projects, only 3 were completed by October 2024.
- Limited Impact on Price Stabilization:
- Onion prices fell by nearly 50% in Maharashtra, despite the scheme's intent to stabilize prices.
- Potato shortages in states like Odisha and Jharkhand due to weather-induced production dips in West Bengal.
- Inconsistent Policies: Export bans and fluctuating export duties caused frustration among onion farmers, undermining the scheme’s effectiveness in ensuring fair prices.
Impact on Farmers:
- Price Stabilization: Despite the scheme’s aims, price fluctuations continue to affect farmers, especially in Maharashtra with the onion price crash.
- Post-Harvest Losses: The scheme aims to reduce wastage by building infrastructure like cold storage, but challenges remain in implementation.
- Market Linkages: Attempts to connect farmers and FPOs with retail markets have not yet yielded significant results.
Operational Challenges:
- The scheme faces challenges in fulfilling its dual mandate of ensuring fair prices for farmers while keeping consumer prices affordable.
- The slow utilization of funds and incomplete infrastructure projects raise concerns about the effectiveness of the program.
- Inconsistent policy decisions, like the export ban and imposition of export duties, have contributed to farmer discontent.
Strengthening Fisheries Extension Services
- 26 Dec 2024
In News:
India possesses diverse fisheries resources that provide livelihood opportunities to approximately three crore fishers and fish farmers. The country has witnessed an 83% increase in the national fish production since 2013-14, that stands at a record 175 lakh tons in 2022-23.
Importance of Fisheries Extension Services:
- Livelihood Support: Fisheries provide livelihoods to over 3 crore fishers and fish farmers in India. The sector's growth is crucial for enhancing sustainable practices and ensuring long-term productivity.
- Growth in Fish Production: India’s fish production has seen an 83% increase since 2013-14, reaching 175 lakh tons in 2022-23, with 75% of production coming from inland fisheries. India is the second-largest fish and aquaculture producer globally.
- Role of Extension Services: Extension services bridge the gap between scientific advancements and fishers, offering guidance on:
- Species lifecycle management
- Water quality management
- Disease control
- Sustainable rearing technologies and business models.
Government Initiatives to Strengthen Fisheries Extension:
- Matsya Seva Kendras (MSKs):
- Launched under PMMSY (Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana) in 2020, MSKs are one-stop centers providing comprehensive extension services.
- Support to Fish Farmers: MSKs offer:
- Disease testing, water, and soil analysis.
- Training on sustainable aquaculture practices.
- Technology infusion in seed/feed management.
- Focus on Inclusivity: Government assistance (up to 60%) is available for women and marginalized communities to set up MSKs.
- Examples:
- Thrissur, Kerala: Equipped with labs for water and microbial analysis.
- Maharashtra (Nasik and Sangli): Capacity-building efforts on seed/feed inputs.
- Collaborations: MSKs mobilize start-ups, cooperatives, and Fish Farmer Producer Organizations (FFPOs) to share best practices, including regenerative and conservation management in the face of climate change.
- Sagar Mitras:
- Role: Deployed in coastal states and union territories, Sagar Mitras act as a vital interface between the government and marine fishers.
- Functions:
- Collection and dissemination of daily marine catch data, price fluctuations, and market insights.
- Dissemination of important information: weather forecasts, fishing zones, local regulations, and hygienic fish handling.
- Provide support on disaster preparedness and natural calamities.
Enhancing Extension Services through Digital Platforms:
- AquaBazaar: A virtual learning platform initiated by the National Fisheries Development Board to provide expert guidance on:
- Seed production and breeding of commercially important fish species.
- Practical demonstrations to improve fishers' knowledge.
- Digital Outreach: Expanding such platforms will improve access to resources for fishers, especially in rural and remote areas.
Institutional Convergence and Capacity Building:
- Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs): Fisheries extension services should be integrated with the over 700 Krishi Vigyan Kendras and state-level agricultural extension services for effective outreach.
- Formalizing the Sector: The World Bank-assisted project aims to create work-based digital identities for fishers and fish farmers, enhancing their access to extension services, training, and awareness programs.
Challenges in Fisheries Extension Services:
- Fragmented Initiatives: Multiple government schemes and programs lack institutional convergence, leading to inefficiencies in reaching the grassroots level.
- Digital Divide: Many rural and coastal areas face challenges in terms of digital literacy and internet connectivity, limiting the effectiveness of online platforms.
- Impact of Climate Change: Unpredictable weather patterns and resource depletion due to overfishing demand adaptive strategies and the promotion of climate-resilient practices.
Conclusion and Way Forward:
- Institutional Convergence: Combining existing extension machinery like Krishi Vigyan Kendras with fisheries extension services to leverage established networks and knowledge.
- Expand Digital Outreach: Platforms like AquaBazaar should be expanded to ensure wider access to expert knowledge, training, and best practices.
- Private Sector Collaboration: Encouraging public-private partnerships can enhance technology dissemination, capacity building, and resource mobilization in the fisheries sector.
- Focus on Sustainability: Developing climate-resilient and sustainable fisheries practices will be essential to address challenges posed by environmental changes and overfishing.
Private Aviation and Emissions
- 26 Dec 2024
In News:
Private aviation is releasing more than its ‘fair share’ of emissions.
Key Highlights:
- Aviation Sector's Global Emissions:
- The aviation sector contributed 2% of global CO2 emissions in 2022, around 800 Mt CO2 (International Energy Agency).
- If considered as a nation, aviation would rank among the top 10 emitters worldwide.
- Emissions from aviation have grown faster than other sectors like rail, road, or shipping in recent decades.
- Private Aviation and Its Impact:
- Private jets emit 5 to 14 times more CO2 per passenger than commercial flights and 50 times more than trains.
- Emissions from private aviation increased by 46% between 2019 and 2023.
- Each private flight contributes 3.6 tonnes of CO2 on average, intensifying global warming.
- Private aviation is responsible for significant nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and the creation of vapor trails, which further amplify environmental damage.
Trends in Private Aviation Growth:
- Global Trends:
- The number of private jets increased from 25,993 in December 2023 to 26,454 in February 2024.
- In the U.S., 69% of private aviation activity is concentrated.
- 8,500 more jets are expected to be delivered in the next 10 years globally.
- Private Aviation in India:
- 112 private planes were registered in India as of March 2024, placing it among the top 20 countries for private aircraft ownership.
- India's private aviation sector is expanding, driven by the growing billionaire and millionaire population.
- Private aircraft ownership in India stands at 1 per 1 lakh population, which is low compared to countries like Malta (46.51 per lakh) and the U.S. (5.45 per lakh).
Emission Reduction Efforts and Solutions:
- Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs):
- SAFs are bio-based or waste-derived fuels that can reduce carbon emissions by up to 80% compared to conventional jet fuels.
- Airlines like SpiceJet (2018) and AirAsia (2023) have tested SAFs, but large-scale adoption is hindered by high costs and limited production.
- India aims to leverage its ethanol production chain, with potential to meet 15-20% of aviation fuel demand by 2050 if only surplus sugar is used.
- Hydrogen and Electric Aviation:
- Hydrogen offers a higher energy density than kerosene and emits only water vapor, making it a clean fuel alternative. However, hydrogen faces challenges with storage, infrastructure, and aircraft redesign.
- Battery-electric propulsion offers zero emissions but is currently limited by battery weight, energy density, and charging infrastructure.
India’s Policy and Initiatives:
- Government Initiatives:
- UDAN Scheme (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) aims to enhance rural connectivity.
- NABH (Nextgen Airports for Bharat Nirman) seeks to increase airport capacity by five times.
- Sustainability Efforts:
- Indian airlines have tested SAFs, such as a 25% jatropha oil blend by SpiceJet in 2018.
- Ethanol for aviation fuel: India plans to use surplus sugar for ethanol, potentially fulfilling 15-20% of aviation fuel needs by 2050.
- Challenges to Decarbonisation:
- SAFs are costly and limited in availability.
- Hydrogen requires extensive infrastructure and aircraft redesign.
- Battery-electric solutions are currently unsuitable for long-haul flights due to energy limitations.
Viksit Panchayat Karmayogi Initiative
- 26 Dec 2024
In News:
On Good Governance Day, commemorating the 100th birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Dr. Jitendra Singh, the Union Minister of State for various departments, launched the ‘Viksit Panchayat Karmayogi’ initiative. This initiative is part of the broader ‘Prashasan Gaon Ki Aur’ campaign, which aims to empower Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) at the grassroots level by enhancing the capacity and competence of elected representatives and officials.
Objective of the ‘Viksit Panchayat Karmayogi’ Initiative
The initiative seeks to strengthen PRIs by providing innovative tools and frameworks for capacity building and participatory governance. It will focus on equipping local leaders and officials with the necessary knowledge and tools to make effective decisions and implement sustainable development initiatives. Piloted in Odisha, Assam, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh, it uses e-learning platforms, AI-powered chatbots, and mobile apps to address knowledge gaps and improve service delivery at the local level. This program aligns with the government's mission to decentralize governance and promote citizen-centric and equitable development across rural India.
Other Key Initiatives Launched on Good Governance Day
- iGOT Karmayogi Platform Dashboard: A new dashboard on the iGOT Karmayogi platform, which empowers ministries, departments, and state administrators to monitor progress in capacity-building efforts. The enhanced dashboard includes customizable views, robust data filtering tools, and insights to optimize decision-making, marking the introduction of the 1600th e-learning course. This development is part of the Mission Karmayogi initiative to strengthen the civil service through continuous learning.
- CPGRAMS Annual Report 2024: The CPGRAMS Annual Report provided a review of the Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS). This platform has been instrumental in resolving over 25 lakh grievances annually, leveraging advanced technologies and multilingual support. The report also highlighted the implementation of the Grievance Redressal Assessment and Index (GRAI), which has improved transparency, accountability, and the efficiency of public service delivery.
- Single Simplified Pension Application Form: A new digital pension system was launched, combining nine separate pension forms into a single, streamlined application. This digital transformation integrates e-HRMS with Bhavishya, reducing processing time and ensuring timely pension disbursement with real-time tracking and Aadhaar-based e-signatures. This system enhances the user experience for pensioners, making the process more efficient and transparent.
- Compendium of Pension Related Instructions 2024: Dr. Singh introduced a comprehensive Compendium of updated rules, procedures, and guidelines related to pensions. This document serves as a reference for pensioners and administrative personnel, ensuring clarity in the pension process and aligning with the government's vision of simplifying and streamlining pension systems.
Good Governance Day 2024 (Sushasan Diwas)
- Observed on: December 25 annually, marking the birth anniversary of Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1924–2018).
- Introduced in 2014: By the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government under Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
- Purpose: To honor Vajpayee's contribution and promote good governance practices in India.
- Objective of Good Governance Day:
- Promote Government Accountability: Ensuring government actions and services are transparent and citizens benefit equally.
- Instill Good Governance Values: Encourages civil servants to practice effective and responsible governance.
- Bridge the Gap: Between citizens and the government through active participation.
- Theme for 2024: "India’s Path to a Viksit Bharat: Empowering Citizens through Good Governance and Digitalisation."
Kilauea Volcano
- 24 Dec 2024
In News:
Kilauea volcano erupts on Hawaii's Big Island.
Location:
- Kilauea is located on the southeastern shore of Hawaii’s Big Island, within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Type of Volcano:
- Active Shield Volcano – Kilauea is a shield volcano, meaning it has broad, gentle slopes due to the eruption of fluid lava, which flows easily across large areas. Its eruptions tend to be less explosive than those of other types of volcanoes, creating a relatively safe environment for research and tourism compared to more volatile volcanoes.
Key Features:
- Summit Caldera: Kilauea has a large caldera at its summit, Halema'uma'u, which is a major volcanic feature. The caldera formed from the partial collapse of the volcano after the eruption of large amounts of magma. The caldera spans around 3 miles in length and 2 miles in width, covering an area of over 4 square miles.
- Rift Zones: Kilauea has two active rift zones stretching to the east and southwest, which are areas where lava can erupt and spread across the island. These rift zones are responsible for much of the volcanic activity.
- Lava Flows: Over the last 1,000 years, Kilauea has covered 90% of its surface with lava flows, making it one of the most active volcanoes in the world. It is known for producing highly fluid lava, which allows the lava to travel long distances from the eruption site.
- Historical Activity: Kilauea has had near-continuous eruptions in modern history, particularly between 1983 and 2018, with 34 eruptions since 1952. The volcano has remained active with frequent eruptions, and its lava lake was visible at the summit until 1924.
- Mythological Significance: The volcano is considered the home of Pele, the Hawaiian goddess of fire, lightning, and volcanoes. The Halema'uma'u crater is especially sacred, as it is believed to be the goddess's dwelling place.
Why is Kilauea Significant?
- Active and Young: Kilauea is one of the youngest volcanic products of the Hawaiian hotspot, a series of volcanic islands formed by the movement of the Pacific plate over a stationary plume of hot material beneath the Earth’s crust.
- Continuous Eruptions: It has been erupting regularly, with the exception of a quiet period between 1924 and 1952. Its eruptions are a significant natural phenomenon that scientists and visitors closely monitor.
- Proximity to Mauna Loa: Kilauea is located near Mauna Loa, another active shield volcano. Together, these two volcanoes form a large volcanic region, and their slopes merge seamlessly, making this area home to two of the world's most active volcanoes.
Shield Volcanoes and Kilauea
- Shield Volcanoes: A shield volcano is characterized by its broad, gentle slopes. These slopes are formed by repeated eruptions of fluid basalt lava, which spreads easily over large areas. Unlike composite volcanoes, which have steep, conical shapes, shield volcanoes like Kilauea have a much wider, dome-like appearance.
- Low Explosivity: Eruptions from shield volcanoes are generally low in explosivity, and lava flows are typically slow-moving. However, explosive events can occur if water interacts with lava, but this is relatively rare in Kilauea's eruptions.
Kilauea's Current Activity
In December 2024, Kilauea began erupting again, continuing its pattern as one of the most active volcanoes in the world. This eruption has once again drawn attention to the ongoing volcanic activity on the Big Island of Hawaii, as the volcano regularly contributes to the reshaping of the island and its landscape.
Other Volcanoes in India:
While Kilauea is known for its active status, India also has volcanic features, although most are dormant or extinct:
- Barren Island (Andaman Islands) – India’s only active volcano.
- Narcondam (Andaman Islands) – A dormant volcano.
- Baratang (Andaman Islands) – Known for mud volcanoes.
- Deccan Traps (Maharashtra) – A vast volcanic plateau formed by ancient eruptions.
- Dhinodhar Hills (Gujarat) – Extinct volcano.
- Dhosi Hill (Haryana) – An ancient volcanic site with historical significance.
GenCast AI
- 24 Dec 2024
In News:
Google’s GenCast AI is an advanced weather forecasting model developed by DeepMind that uses machine learning techniques to provide more accurate and longer-term weather predictions compared to traditional forecasting methods.
How GenCast Works:
- Training on Reanalysis Data:
- GenCast is trained on 40 years of reanalysis data (from 1979 to 2019). This data combines historical weather observations with modern weather forecasts, providing a comprehensive picture of past weather and climate conditions.
- Ensemble Forecasting with AI:
- Unlike traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, which run simulations based on physical laws and initial conditions, GenCast uses an ensemble forecasting approach where multiple predictions are generated by an AI model, not an NWP model.
- It produces a range of possible weather scenarios, each with different starting conditions, to reflect the uncertainty in weather forecasts.
- Neural Network and Diffusion Model:
- GenCast uses a neural network architecture with 41,162 nodes and 240,000 edges that process weather data. Each node accepts data, manipulates it, and passes it to another node, helping to refine and improve predictions.
- It uses a diffusion model, a type of AI model commonly used in generative AI. The model takes noisy input data, processes it through 30 refinement steps, and gradually produces a clearer forecast (de-noising the data).
- The result is a probabilistic forecast, such as "there's a 25% chance of rain in Chennai on December 25," rather than a deterministic forecast, which would provide exact quantities like "5 mm of rain."
- Faster Processing:
- The entire forecast process is incredibly efficient. GenCast can generate 50 ensemble forecasts at once with a spatial resolution of 0.25° x 0.25° (latitude-longitude) and temporal resolution of 12 hours.
- Using Google's TPU v5 units, it can produce these forecasts in just 8 minutes—far faster than traditional supercomputers, which can take several hours to run NWP simulations.
Key Features of GenCast:
- Better Performance on Extreme Weather: GenCast has shown superior accuracy in predicting extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones, compared to traditional NWP models like those from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).
- Probabilistic Forecasting: GenCast produces probabilistic forecasts, offering predictions like the likelihood of rain rather than precise measures, which helps with better preparation, especially for extreme weather events.
- Long-Term Forecasting: GenCast can generate forecasts for up to 15 days, which is longer than most traditional models, and is particularly useful for anticipating events like wind power generation and tropical cyclone tracking.
- Efficiency: GenCast's speed and resource efficiency set it apart from traditional NWP models, reducing forecast times dramatically.
Comparison with Traditional Weather Models:
- Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP): Traditional NWP models rely on solving complex physical equations to simulate the atmosphere and provide deterministic forecasts. These models require significant computational power and are typically limited to weather predictions for about a week.
- GenCast's Probabilistic Forecasts: In contrast, GenCast offers probabilistic predictions, making it better suited for providing early warnings about extreme weather, with better lead times for disaster preparation.
Future Developments:
While GenCast is impressive, Google acknowledges the importance of traditional NWP models for both supplying initial conditions and providing the foundational data needed to train AI models like GenCast. Ongoing collaboration with weather agencies is crucial to enhancing AI-based methods for weather prediction.
Overall, GenCast represents a significant leap forward in the use of AI for weather forecasting, with potential for greater accuracy, efficiency, and longer-term predictions compared to current methods.
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
- 24 Dec 2024
In News
Justice V. Ramasubramanian, a retired Supreme Court judge, has been appointed as the new chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). This decision was made by President Droupadi Murmu, and it comes following the completion of Justice Arun Kumar Mishra's tenure as NHRC chairperson in June 2023. After Justice Mishra's retirement, Vijaya Bharathi Sayani served as the acting chairperson. Alongside Justice Ramasubramanian, Priyank Kanoongo and Dr. Justice Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi (Retd.) have also been appointed as members of the commission.
Justice Ramasubramanian had been appointed a judge of the Supreme Court in September 2019 and retired in June 2023. His appointment to the NHRC is seen as a significant development for human rights advocacy and protection in India.
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
Establishment and Legal Framework
- Formation Date: The NHRC was established on October 12, 1993, under the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993.
- Paris Principles: It was created in alignment with the Paris Principles (1991), which were endorsed by the UN General Assembly in 1993, aimed at setting standards for national human rights institutions.
- Statutory Body: NHRC is a statutory body, meaning it is established by law, with a primary function to safeguard human rights in India.
Objectives
The NHRC's primary objective is to promote and protect human rights as defined in Section 2(1)(d) of the PHRA, which include fundamental rights such as:
- Right to Life
- Right to Liberty
- Right to Equality
- Right to Dignity
These rights are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution and are essential to the protection of individuals' freedoms and welfare.
Composition of NHRC
- Chairperson: A former Chief Justice of India or a former Supreme Court judge serves as the chairperson.
- Members:
- One former or sitting Supreme Court judge.
- One former or sitting Chief Justice of a High Court.
- Three members, with at least one woman, who have experience in human rights matters.
- Ex-Officio Members: The chairpersons of various National Commissions (e.g., SC/ST, Women, Minorities) and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities are also part of the NHRC.
Functions and Powers
The NHRC has several crucial functions and powers to ensure the protection and promotion of human rights:
- Inquiry into Human Rights Violations: The commission can inquire into violations of human rights by public servants or negligence in protecting rights.
- Recommendations: It can make recommendations on how to protect, promote, and effectively implement human rights within India.
- Review of Laws: NHRC assesses various laws, treaties, and international instruments related to human rights.
- Research and Awareness: It promotes research, publications, and awareness about human rights issues, including educating the public about their rights and safeguards.
- Inspection of Institutions: NHRC has the authority to visit and inspect institutions such as jails, detention centers, and other places of confinement to ensure the humane treatment of individuals.
The ‘No-Detention’ Policy and Its Evolution
- 24 Dec 2024
In News:
The ‘no-detention’ policy was a significant part of India’s education reforms under the Right to Education (RTE) Act of 2009. This policy aimed to prevent the detention or expulsion of students until the completion of elementary education (Classes 1-8), with a focus on reducing dropout rates and ensuring every child receives at least basic education. However, the policy has been contentious, with arguments both for and against its implementation.
What was the ‘No-Detention’ Policy and Why Was It Introduced?
The RTE Act (2009) made education free and compulsory for children aged 6 to 14, under Article 21A of the Constitution. Section 16 of the Act specifically prohibited the detention or expulsion of students in elementary education (Classes 1-8). The rationale was to prevent the demotivation and fear of failure that might cause children to drop out of school, especially those from marginalized backgrounds. By promoting automatic progression through grades, the policy aimed to ensure that no child was left behind due to academic struggles.
Key to this system was Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE), which assessed students on a holistic basis, beyond just formal exams, encouraging learning through regular feedback and assessments.
Amendments to the RTE Act (2017 and 2019)
In 2017, a Bill was introduced to amend the RTE Act, following concerns about the effectiveness of the ‘no-detention’ policy. The amended policy allowed for regular exams in Classes 5 and 8. If students failed, they would be given a re-examination within two months. If they still did not meet promotion criteria, detention could be enforced. This amendment empowered the Centre and states to decide whether to detain students in these grades.
The amendment came after criticism of the original policy for promoting students without sufficient learning progress. States like Madhya Pradesh and Punjab argued that no-detention was leading to poor academic performance, and called for a return to the traditional system of promoting students based on examination results.
Arguments for and Against the No-Detention Policy
Arguments for No-Detention:
- Reduced Dropout Rates: The policy helped ensure students, especially from disadvantaged backgrounds, continued in school without the fear of failure, leading to a drop in dropout rates.
- Holistic Development: It encouraged a child-centric learning approach where students were assessed on their overall development rather than just exam performance.
- Social Inclusivity: By promoting students regardless of performance, it was hoped that education would be more inclusive, preventing marginalization of students from lower socio-economic backgrounds.
Arguments Against No-Detention:
- Decline in Learning Outcomes: The policy led to a lack of motivation for students to perform academically. Without the accountability of exams, many students became less serious about their studies.
- Low Teacher Accountability: With automatic promotion, teachers had less incentive to ensure quality learning, leading to an overall dip in teaching standards.
- Impact on Educational Standards: Data indicated a decline in learning levels in government schools, as students were passed through the system without mastering the required skills.
In 2015, the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) conducted a study suggesting that more flexibility was needed in the policy, allowing schools to retain students who were significantly behind. However, there were differing views within the committee. Some members argued that detention had no proven benefits, and that the real issue was the poor quality of the education system itself.
In 2016, the TSR Subramanian Committee on the New Education Policy suggested continuing the no-detention policy until Class 5, citing evidence of reduced dropout rates and increased enrollment. However, other states pushed for scrapping it due to concerns over declining educational standards.
The Shift Toward Scrapping the No-Detention Policy
By 2019, the RTE Act was amended to give states the discretion to hold back students in Classes 5 and 8, if they failed to meet the promotion criteria. This change came after state feedback that the no-detention policy was having adverse effects on learning outcomes and teacher accountability.
In 2024, the Ministry of Education took further steps to formalize this shift by introducing new rules under the RTE Act Amendment. Students failing to meet the promotion criteria in Classes 5 and 8 will be given additional instruction and an opportunity for a re-examination. If they still fail, they can be detained, with specialized guidance provided to help them catch up.
Which States Continue or Scrapped the No-Detention Policy?
The decision to maintain or scrap the policy varies across states and union territories:
- States Retaining No-Detention Policy: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, among others, continue to implement the no-detention policy, citing its role in minimizing dropouts and promoting inclusivity.
- States That Have Scrapped the Policy: Delhi, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, and Gujarat have already discarded the policy, opting for examinations and re-examinations in Classes 5 and 8 to ensure better academic accountability.
Why the Controversy?
The debate over the no-detention policy hinges on balancing academic accountability with social inclusivity. Supporters argue that it ensures children from marginalized communities receive their full elementary education, while opponents point to the decline in learning standards, especially in government schools, as a major issue.
In summary, while the no-detention policy was introduced with the noble aim of reducing school dropouts and ensuring every child completed at least elementary education, its effectiveness has been questioned due to concerns over declining learning outcomes. The recent changes represent a shift towards better accountability and quality in education, while still ensuring that children receive additional support before being detained.
Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) Mission
- 24 Dec 2024
In News:
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is set to launch its Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission, a key milestone in India’s space capabilities. The mission will deploy two 220-kg satellites, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), into a 740 km orbit using the PSLV-C60 rocket. SpaDeX aims to demonstrate the technology for satellite docking, a critical component for future space missions such as lunar exploration and the development of India's own space station, Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS).
Key Objectives of SpaDeX Mission:
- Primary Objective: To demonstrate the rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft (SDX01 and SDX02) autonomously.
- Secondary Objectives: Include testing electric power transfer between the docked spacecraft, composite spacecraft control, and post-docking payload operations.
The mission will see the two spacecraft gradually approach each other, performing a series of maneuvers, starting at a 20 km distance and closing to millimeter-scale distances before docking. Once docked, they will execute secondary tasks, such as scientific payload operations, using advanced technologies including high-resolution cameras, multi-spectral payloads, and radiation monitors.
Technological Innovations:
- Docking Mechanism: An indigenous, motor-driven, low-impact, androgynous docking system with capture, extension/retraction, and rigidization mechanisms. Both spacecraft are equipped with identical docking systems to simplify operations.
- Advanced Sensors: The spacecraft will use a Laser Range Finder (LRF), Proximity & Docking Sensors (PDS), and Rendezvous Sensors for precise distance measurement and to guide the docking process.
- Inter-Satellite Communication: The spacecraft will employ autonomous inter-satellite links (ISL) for real-time communication and data sharing.
- RODP Processor: This system, based on GNSS, ensures accurate position and velocity determination for the spacecraft during the docking procedure.
Significance of the SpaDeX Mission:
- Technological Milestone: SpaDeX positions India as the fourth country, after the US, Russia, and China, to develop space docking technology.
- Space Exploration: The successful demonstration will facilitate future space exploration, including Chandrayaan-4 and interplanetary missions.
- Modular Space Infrastructure: Space docking is essential for building multi-modular space stations, which allows the construction of large structures in space and enhances flexibility for future missions.
- Satellite Servicing: Docking enables satellite servicing, including repairs, refueling, and upgrades, which increases the operational lifespan of satellites.
SpaDeX Mission for India’s Space Station:
The SpaDeX mission is a crucial step towards India’s plans for the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS). This will be India’s first modular space station, designed to conduct advanced scientific research, including in life sciences and medicine. BAS is expected to begin operations by 2035, and the development of docking technology is pivotal for its assembly and operation.
Mission Launch Details:
The PSLV-C60 rocket is set to launch the SpaDeX mission from Sriharikota. The mission is a demonstration of India's growing space capabilities and its indigenous technologies, including the Bharatiya Docking System (BDS).
Challenges and Technological Requirements:
The docking process requires extremely precise maneuvering, as the two spacecraft will be traveling at speeds of 28,800 km/h and must reduce their relative velocity to just 0.036 km/h before docking. This level of precision is crucial for future missions involving spacecraft servicing, crew transfers, and the construction of space infrastructure like BAS.
In addition to the docking demonstration, SpaDeX will carry 24 academic and startup payloads aboard the PSLV’s fourth stage, POEM (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-4), offering a valuable platform for microgravity research.
Future Prospects:
The success of SpaDeX will pave the way for more complex missions, such as India’s lunar and Mars exploration programs, the development of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station, and international collaborations in satellite servicing and space infrastructure.
72nd North Eastern Council (NEC) Plenary Session
- 23 Dec 2024
Overview:
The 72nd Plenary of the North Eastern Council (NEC), concluded in Agartala, Tripura, marking the second time the city hosted this significant event since 2008. The plenary featured a series of high-level discussions focused on accelerating development and addressing the socio-economic challenges of the North Eastern Region (NER), which includes Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura.
Key Highlights:
- Pre-Plenary Technical Sessions: Central ministries presented their developmental agendas for the NER, charting a path forward for the region's growth and addressing key challenges.
- Main Plenary:
- Presiding Officers: The session was chaired by the Union Home Minister and NEC Chairman, Shri Amit Shah, along with DoNER Minister, Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia, and Minister of State, Dr. Sukanta Majumdar.
- Participants: Governors, Chief Ministers, Chief Secretaries, Planning Secretaries, and high-ranking officials from all eight northeastern states will engage in strategic discussions to foster regional development.
- Agartala as Host:
- Agartala's selection as the venue signifies the evolving role of the city in regional development, as plenary sessions are usually held in Shillong and Guwahati.
- Significance of the NEC:
- The North Eastern Council (NEC), established in 1971, plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of the region. It was initially an advisory body but has evolved into a regional planning agency with a larger mandate.
- The NEC has contributed significantly to the development of critical infrastructure in the region, such as over 11,500 kilometers of roads, power generation through NEEPCO, and educational institutions like RIMS.
- Prime Minister's Vision for the NER:
- The Prime Minister’s vision for the region revolves around recognizing it as 'Ashta Lakshmi'—symbolizing immense potential and cultural richness. The NEC is central to realizing this vision through initiatives like the PM-DevINE scheme.
Key Achievements of the NEC:
- Over 11,500 kilometers of road construction, improving regional connectivity.
- Increased power generation capacity via projects managed by NEEPCO.
- Established institutions like the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) and others that cater to regional educational and technical needs.
Recent Focus and Shift in Governance:
- In the 72nd Plenary, the Union Home Minister highlighted a shift in the focus of police forces in northeastern states, urging them to focus not just on insurgency control but on ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens, reflecting a new governance phase in the region.
Centenary of Belgaum session
- 23 Dec 2024
In News:
The Belagavi Session of 1924, marking its centenary in December 2024, holds significant historical and cultural value in India's freedom struggle. This session, the 39th All-India Congress session, was presided over by Mahatma Gandhi, the only instance he served as the Congress president. It took place in Belagavi, Karnataka, from December 26-27, 1924, amidst a growing momentum for India’s fight against British colonial rule.
Key Aspects of the Belagavi Session:
- Gandhi's Leadership: This was the only Congress session Gandhiji chaired, marking a pivotal moment in the freedom movement. His leadership emphasized non-violence, self-reliance, and unity among diverse groups, setting the stage for future movements like the Salt March and Quit India Movement.
- Focus on Social Change: Gandhi used the session to push for social reforms, including the abolition of untouchability, promotion of khadi (hand-spun cloth), and supporting village industries. These initiatives aimed to make Congress a movement for both political freedom and social upliftment.
- Promoting Hindu-Muslim Unity: Gandhi strongly advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity, recognizing its critical importance in the larger struggle for independence. His stance emphasized communal harmony during a time of social and political divisions.
- Cultural Impact: The session also featured musical performances, including contributions from Hindustani maestros like Vishnu Digambar Paluskar and Gangubai Hangal. The Kannada song “Udayavagali Namma Chaluva Kannada Nadu” became an anthem for the region's unification movement.
- Legacy: The session had a lasting impact, with initiatives such as promoting khadi, reducing Congress membership fees, and creating new avenues for peasant participation in the freedom movement. The Pampa Sarovara well, dug during the event, continues to provide water to parts of Belagavi.
Centenary Celebrations:
The centenary of the Belagavi Session is being celebrated with a range of events, including:
- A Congress Working Committee (CWC) meeting on December 26, 2024.
- A public rally with the theme “Jai Bapu, Jai Bhim, Jai Samvidhan.”
- Cultural events and exhibitions are also planned, including competitions, tableaux, and charkha marathons.
Strengthening Multimodal and Integrated Logistics Ecosystem (SMILE) program
- 21 Dec 2024
On December 20, 2024, the Government of India and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) signed a $350 million policy-based loan aimed at expanding India's manufacturing sector and improving the resilience of its supply chains. This loan is part of the Strengthening Multimodal and Integrated Logistics Ecosystem (SMILE) program.
Key Points:
- Loan Agreement Signatories:
- Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Ministry of Finance, Government of India
- Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- Asian Development Bank (ADB)
- SMILE Program:
- Goal: Strengthen the logistics ecosystem to enhance India's manufacturing sector and improve supply chain resilience.
- Structure: The program includes two subprograms focusing on strategic reforms in logistics and infrastructure development.
- Key Features of the SMILE Program:
- Strengthening Multimodal Infrastructure: Enhances logistics infrastructure at the national, state, and city levels.
- Standardization: Improves warehousing and other logistics assets to attract private sector investment.
- External Trade Logistics: Enhances efficiencies in external trade logistics.
- Smart Systems: Adopts systems for efficient, low-emission logistics to promote sustainability.
- Expected Outcomes:
- Cost Reduction & Efficiency: Strategic reforms will reduce logistics costs and improve efficiency.
- Job Creation: Infrastructure development and reforms are expected to generate substantial employment opportunities.
- Gender Inclusion: The program promotes gender inclusion through economic growth initiatives.
- Impact on India’s Economy:
- The transformation of India’s logistics sector will enhance the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector and drive sustainable economic growth.
About the Asian Development Bank (ADB):
- Headquarters: Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.
- Established: December 19, 1966.
- Members: 69 countries, including both regional (e.g., India, China) and non-regional (e.g., USA, Japan) members.
- Function: ADB promotes social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific, providing loans, grants, and technical assistance for development projects.
- Key Shareholders:
- Japan: 15.57%
- USA: 15.57%
- India: 6.32%
- China: 6.43%
- Australia: 5.77%
2023 National Tansen Samman
- 21 Dec 2024
In News:
- The prestigious National Tansen Samman for 2023 was conferred upon Pt. Swapan Choudhary, a renowned tabla maestro from Kolkata, at the National Tansen Festival held in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.
Key Highlights:
- Tansen Festival: This festival, renowned for its celebration of classical music, is organized annually in Gwalior, which is considered the music capital of Madhya Pradesh.
- Prize Details: As part of the honor, Pt. Swapan Choudhary was presented with an honorarium of five lakh rupees, a citation plaque, and a shawl-shriphal.
- About the Award:
- The National Tansen Samman was established in 1980 by the Madhya Pradesh government to recognize exceptional contributions to Indian classical music.
- It is named after Tansen, one of India's most celebrated classical musicians.
- The award is the highest national honor in the field of Indian classical music.
- Additional Award:
- Raja Mansingh Tomar Samman for 2023 was awarded to Sanand Nyas, an institution from Indore. This institution has been active for 35 years in the promotion of classical music, drama, and cultural festivals.
- Pt. Swapan Choudhary’s Remark: In response to receiving the honor, Pt. Choudhary expressed his gratitude and pride in joining the ranks of distinguished artists awarded the National Tansen Samman.
About Tansen: The Iconic Musician
- Legacy: Tansen, also known as Miyan Tansen, was a prominent Indian classical musician, composer, and vocalist. He is credited with popularizing several ragas and revolutionizing the Indian classical music tradition.
- Role at Akbar’s Court: Tansen was one of the Navaratnas (nine jewels) in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar. He held the title of Mian, meaning "learned man," bestowed upon him by Akbar.
- Contributions:
- Tansen is famous for his compositions, including the introduction of notable ragas such as Miyan ki Malhar, Miyan ki Todi, and Darbari.
- He also improved the plucked rabab, which is of Central Asian origin, enhancing its role in Indian classical music.
- Historical Influence: Tansen's life and work are surrounded by extensive legend, and his contributions remain deeply influential in the development of Indian classical music today.
Specialised Investment Fund (SIF)
- 20 Dec 2024
In News:
SEBI has introduced a new asset class called Specialised Investment Fund (SIF), designed to bridge the gap between Mutual Funds (MFs) and Portfolio Management Services (PMS). This new asset class is targeted at informed investors who are willing to take on higher risks.
SIFs offer a blend of the flexibility seen in PMS and the regulatory framework governing MFs, making them suitable for investors seeking more customized and riskier investment strategies.
Key Features of SIF:
- Minimum Investment: The minimum investment threshold for SIFs is Rs. 10 lakh. However, accredited investors (who meet specific eligibility criteria) can invest with lower amounts.
- Expense Structure: SIFs will follow the same expense structure as mutual funds. For equity schemes up to Rs 500 crore in size, the maximum allowable fee is 2.25% of assets under management (AUM), with the cap decreasing as the fund size grows. This ensures transparency and keeps management fees in line with existing mutual fund norms.
- Investment Strategies: SIFs can offer a mix of open-ended, close-ended, and interval investment strategies. Specific details on permissible strategies will be released by SEBI in the future.
- Investment Restrictions:
- For debt instruments, a single issuer's exposure is capped at 20% of the total AUM. However, this can be raised to 25% with approval from the Asset Management Company (AMC)’s trustees and board of directors. Government securities are exempt from this limit.
- For equities, the exposure is capped at 10% of the total AUM, in line with the norms for mutual funds.
- Ownership in Companies: The maximum permissible ownership in any company is raised to 15%, including the MF exposure.
- REITs and InvITs: SIFs can invest a maximum of 20% of their AUM in Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs). However, the exposure to a single issuer in these areas is limited to 10%.
- Branding and Marketing: SEBI mandates AMCs to distinguish SIFs clearly from MFs through distinct branding, advertising, and website presence. This helps in creating a clear differentiation between the two products for investors.
- Risk Management and Compliance: AMCs managing SIFs are required to have robust risk management systems, internal control systems, and expertise to handle the investments effectively. Trustees are responsible for ensuring that the AMC complies with all risk management, investor protection, and disclosure norms.
Regulatory Context:
- The regulations on SIFs are similar to those governing mutual funds, including taxation and other compliance requirements.
- SEBI also introduced the Mutual Fund Lite regulations to encourage the growth of passively managed funds, such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and index funds. These regulations are designed to reduce compliance burdens and lower the barriers to entry for new players in the mutual fund industry.
Significance of SIFs:
- Targeted Audience: SIFs cater to investors who are knowledgeable and willing to take on riskier investments, thereby filling a gap between traditional MFs (which are more conservative) and PMS (which offer highly customized solutions).
- Higher Flexibility: While SIFs maintain some regulations of MFs, they offer more flexibility in investment choices, allowing AMCs to explore more dynamic strategies.
- Investor Protection: By maintaining the same expense structure as mutual funds and ensuring compliance with regulatory frameworks, SEBI aims to protect investor interests while allowing for higher returns that come with riskier investments.
Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (PSC) and MGNREGA
- 20 Dec 2024
In News:
Recently, the Parliamentary Standing Committee (PSC) on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj highlighted several issues within the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). The committee recommended reforms to address these challenges, especially concerning wage rates, workdays, payment systems, and infrastructure.
Key Challenges in MGNREGS Implementation:
- Wages Not Aligned with Inflation:
- MGNREGA wage rates have failed to keep pace with inflation, diminishing the purchasing power of rural workers. This discourages workers from completing the full 100 workdays.
- The wage guarantee of 100 days per household often falls short, especially during times of natural calamities or post-pandemic recovery.
- Revision of Permissible Works:
- The list of allowable work under MGNREGA is outdated and doesn't cover all rural needs, such as flood protection or land erosion management. Delayed revisions limit its effectiveness in addressing region-specific challenges.
- Delayed Payment of Wages:
- Issues like Aadhaar-based payment system (ABPS) glitches, inactive Aadhaar details, or frozen bank accounts often lead to delayed wage payments.
- The delay in wages undermines the scheme's goal of providing livelihood support.
- Unemployment Allowance:
- Those who apply for work but are not provided employment within 15 days are entitled to a daily unemployment allowance. However, this allowance is rarely paid, and when it is, the amounts are insufficient.
- Weak Social Audits:
- Social audits are a vital mechanism to ensure transparency and accountability. However, in the 2020-21 fiscal year, only 29,611 Gram Panchayats out of a total were audited, pointing to the weak social audit system.
- Lack of Ombudsman:
- Despite the provision for 715 ombudsmen, only 263 have been appointed. This reduces the oversight and accountability of the scheme.
Recommendations for MGNREGS Reform by the PSC:
- Revision of Wage Rates:
- Link MGNREGA wages to an inflation index, ensuring wages reflect the rising cost of living in rural areas.
- The base year (2009-2010) should be updated to align with current inflation trends.
- Increase Days of Work:
- The PSC recommended increasing the guaranteed workdays from 100 to 150 days. This will provide better livelihood security, especially in times of economic distress.
- Improvement in Payment Mechanisms:
- The committee recommended maintaining alternative payment systems alongside ABPS to prevent wage delays.
- A streamlined process should be put in place to ensure timely wage disbursement, reducing bureaucratic hurdles.
- National Mobile Monitoring System (NMMS):
- The committee stressed the importance of training programs to help beneficiaries effectively use the NMMS.
- It also suggested retaining alternative attendance methods to avoid exclusion due to technological barriers. NMMS helps enhance transparency and accountability by tracking attendance and work progress.
- Sufficient Fund Allocation:
- The committee emphasized the need for adequate financial allocations for MGNREGS to make it more effective in providing livelihood security to rural households.
Additional Context and Statistics:
- In 2024-25, the average wage increase under MGNREGA was just Rs 28/day.
- The MGNREGA wage increase for 2023-24 ranged from 2%-10%.
- The Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labour (CPI-AL) is used to determine wage rates, although Dr. Nagesh Singh Committee (2017) recommended using the CPI Rural instead.
About the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (PSC):
- Established: August 5, 2004.
- Jurisdiction: The committee oversees the Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
- Composition: 31 members – 21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha.
- Functions:
- Reviews Demands for Grants and reports.
- Examines Bills referred by the Speaker or Chairman.
- Reviews the annual reports of relevant ministries.
- Considers national policy documents.
About MGNREGA:
- Launched: 2005 by the Ministry of Rural Development.
- Objective: Provides 100 days of unskilled manual work at minimum wages for rural households annually.
- Key Features:
- Legal Guarantee: Work must be provided within 15 days of request.
- Unemployment Allowance: If work isn't provided within 15 days, beneficiaries are entitled to a daily allowance.
- Women-Focused: At least one-third of beneficiaries are women.
- Social Audits: Mandated by the Gram Sabha for all projects under the scheme.
Masali Village in Gujarat
- 20 Dec 2024
In News:
In Gujarat, Masali village in Banaskantha district has become country’s first solar border village.
Key Highlights:
Location:
Masali village is located in Banaskantha district, Gujarat, approximately 40 kilometers from the Pakistan border. The village, with a population of around 800 people, has recently achieved a significant milestone by becoming India’s first fully solar-powered border village.
Solarization Initiative:
Under the PM Suryaghar Yojana, the village has installed solar rooftops on 119 houses. These solar installations collectively generate over 225 kilowatts of electricity, which is more than sufficient to meet the village’s energy needs. This initiative marks a step forward in solarizing border areas of India, promoting sustainability and reducing dependency on conventional energy sources.
Significance of the Initiative:
- India's First Solar-Powered Border Village: Masali village is the first of its kind in India, making it a model for other border regions to adopt renewable energy solutions.
- Promotes Renewable Energy: The transition to solar power encourages sustainability, reduces dependence on traditional fossil fuels, and supports India's renewable energy goals.
- Part of the Border Development Project: Masali is part of a broader government plan that aims to solarize 11 villages in Vav taluka and 6 villages in Suigam taluka, strengthening energy access in these strategically vital areas.
- Energy Security: By harnessing solar energy, the village enhances its energy reliability and self-sufficiency, especially in remote areas with limited access to the national grid.
PM Suryaghar Yojana: Launched in 2024, the PM Suryaghar Yojana aims to provide free electricity to eligible Indian households by subsidizing the installation of rooftop solar panels. Key features of the scheme include:
- A subsidy covering up to 40% of the installation cost of solar panels.
- Eligible families receive 300 free electricity units per month, saving up to Rs. 18,000 annually.
- The scheme is expected to save the government approximately Rs. 75,000 crore annually on electricity costs.
- It encourages the use of renewable energy, lowers carbon emissions, and reduces the electricity expenses for the government.
Eligibility for the Scheme:
- Indian citizens who own a house with a suitable roof for installing solar panels.
- Households must have a valid electricity connection and should not have received any prior subsidy for solar panels.
Broader Implications:
The successful solarization of Masali village is not just an energy achievement but also a significant step toward promoting renewable energy usage, enhancing energy security, and fostering sustainable development in India’s border regions. It is expected that other regions in Gujarat and across the country will follow this example, improving both local living conditions and national energy resilience.
Dark Comets
- 20 Dec 2024
In News:
Dark comets are a newly identified class of celestial objects that challenge our traditional understanding of comets and asteroids. Unlike regular comets, these objects exhibit characteristics that blur the lines between comets and asteroids, leading astronomers to closely study their nature, origin, and significance.
Discovery and Background
The first hint of dark comets appeared in 2016, when asteroid 2003 RM exhibited strange orbital deviations that suggested it might be a comet in disguise. NASA further fueled this interest in 2017 when it discovered ‘Oumuamua, an interstellar object that entered our Solar System. Though initially classified as an asteroid, its erratic motion and lack of a visible tail led scientists to consider it a dark comet. Since then, several more objects with similar characteristics have been discovered, and astronomers now identify these objects as a new class—dark comets.
Characteristics of Dark Comets
- Appearance: Dark comets do not exhibit the brilliant, glowing tails typically associated with comets. Instead, they resemble asteroids, appearing as faint points of light in space. Unlike bright comets, they do not have a visible coma (a cloud of gas and dust) or a tail, making them much harder to detect.
- Size: Dark comets are typically small, ranging from a few meters to a few hundred meters in diameter. Due to their small size, there is less surface area for material to escape, preventing the formation of the iconic tails seen in traditional comets.
- Orbital Path: These objects follow elongated, elliptical orbits. While some of them travel close to the Sun, they can also venture to the outer reaches of the Solar System, far beyond Pluto, and even into the Oort Cloud—the distant region where long-period comets are believed to originate.
- Spin and Gas Dispersion: Dark comets often rotate rapidly, dispersing gas and dust in all directions. This rapid spin contributes to their invisibility, as the gas and dust are scattered evenly, making it more difficult for astronomers to detect their presence.
- Composition: The composition of dark comets may also play a role in their lack of visibility. Over time, the materials that form the bright tails of comets may be depleted, especially for older objects. As a result, dark comets may not release enough gas to produce a visible coma or tail.
Types of Dark Comets
There are two main categories of dark comets:
- Inner Dark Comets: These are smaller objects that reside closer to the Sun and typically travel in nearly circular orbits. They are often just a few meters in size, with less surface area for gas and dust to escape.
- Outer Dark Comets: These larger objects, measuring over 100 meters in diameter, travel in highly eccentric orbits, similar to Jupiter-family comets. These dark comets follow elliptical paths that bring them close to the Sun and then send them back toward the outer reaches of the Solar System.
Importance of Studying Dark Comets
Dark comets may hold critical clues about the early Solar System and the formation of Earth. Studying these objects can provide insights into the origins of water on Earth, as well as the ingredients necessary for life. Their unique composition and orbits also offer potential for understanding the processes that led to the formation of planets.
Recent Discoveries and Advancements
Astronomers recently discovered 10 new dark comets with the help of the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) on a large telescope in Chile. The DECam, designed to study distant galaxies and stars, has enabled researchers to detect these faint objects by analyzing images of the night sky. Further progress is expected with the upcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory, which will feature the largest digital camera ever built. This new instrument will allow astronomers to capture more detailed images of the night sky and detect fainter objects, potentially doubling or even tripling the number of known dark comets in the next decade.
Key Facts:
- Dark comets lack the characteristic glowing tails of typical comets, instead resembling asteroids.
- They exhibit erratic motions and follow elliptical orbits, often extending beyond Pluto and into the Oort Cloud.
- They are typically small (a few meters to hundreds of meters wide) and spin rapidly.
- The first dark comet was identified in 2016, with more discoveries made in the years since.
- The Dark Energy Camera (DECam) in Chile has been instrumental in detecting these elusive objects, with a new Vera C. Rubin Observatory expected to further enhance detection in the future.
- Studies suggest that between 0.5% and 60% of Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) could be dark comets, many originating from the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC)
- 19 Dec 2024
In News:
In mid-2024, India surpassed China as the largest importer of Russian oil. This milestone has been accompanied by the operationalization of a new maritime route, the Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC), which connects Chennai in India to Vladivostok in Russia. The new sea route is significantly reducing both shipping times and costs, facilitating smoother commodity trade between the two countries, particularly crude oil shipments.
The Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC)
The EMC, covering a distance of about 5,600 nautical miles, has reduced the shipping time between India and Russia’s Far East by up to 16 days. The Chennai-Vladivostok route now takes just 24 days, compared to over 40 days using the traditional St. Petersburg-Mumbai route. This reduction in transit time makes it a highly efficient route for transporting goods such as crude oil, coal, LNG, fertilizers, and other commodities. Additionally, this new corridor supports India’s maritime sector and aligns with the country’s broader vision for maritime growth and regional strategic engagement.
Key Features of the EMC:
- Efficiency and Cost Savings: The route cuts shipping time and distance, reducing costs associated with longer transit periods. For example, a ship traveling between Vladivostok and Chennai now takes only about 12 days at cruising speed, compared to the traditional route's 40+ days.
- Strategic Importance: Vladivostok is Russia’s largest Pacific port, and the corridor strengthens India's strategic presence in the region. This maritime route bypasses traditional chokepoints like the Suez Canal, offering faster, more direct access to key markets.
- Diversification of Trade: Besides crude oil, the EMC facilitates the transportation of coal, LNG, fertilizers, and metals, diversifying India's trade portfolio with Russia. It also helps maintain supply chains for essential goods.
- Boosting India’s Maritime Sector: The corridor supports India’s Maritime Vision 2030, which aims to enhance the efficiency and reach of India's maritime trade, a sector responsible for over 70% of the country’s trade value.
Economic and Strategic Impact:
- The new Eastern Maritime Corridor is particularly significant for India’s energy needs. As the world’s third-largest consumer of crude oil, India imports over 85% of its crude oil demand. The growing imports of Russian crude, especially the Urals grade, are crucial for securing India’s energy future. Additionally, Russia’s competitive pricing on crude, coupled with the savings on shipping costs through the EMC, makes Russian oil even more attractive.
- Beyond the economic benefits, the EMC also supports India’s broader strategic goals, including strengthening ties with Russia, a key partner in defense, nuclear cooperation, and regional geopolitics. The closer maritime links also help counterbalance China's growing dominance in the Pacific region, aligning with India's Act Far East Policy and enhancing trade and diplomatic engagement with East Asia and Russia.
Other Key Maritime Corridors Relevant to India:
- International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): A 7,200 km multimodal route linking the Indian Ocean with Russia, offering alternative trade routes to Europe and Central Asia.
- India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): A recent project announced at the G20 Summit, which connects India, the Middle East, and Europe via rail, road, and maritime links, fostering greater regional integration.
- Northern Sea Route (NSR): A 5,600 km Arctic route offering shorter transit times between the Barents and Kara Seas and the Bering Strait, gaining importance due to growing imports of Russian energy resources.
In conclusion, the Eastern Maritime Corridor is reshaping India-Russia trade dynamics, boosting economic ties and strategic cooperation between the two nations. By facilitating faster and cheaper transportation, the EMC is not only beneficial for trade in crude oil but also for a range of other commodities, positioning India as a key player in the evolving global trade network.
One Nation, One Election
- 19 Dec 2024
In News:
The government has recently taken steps to implement "One Nation, One Election" by presenting two Constitution Amendment Bills in the Lok Sabha: the One Nation One Election – The Constitution 129th Amendment Bill 2024 and the Union Territories Laws Amendment Bill 2024.
Introduction to the Concept:
- Objective: Proposes synchronizing elections for Lok Sabha (national) and State Legislative Assemblies to be held on the same day.
- Purpose: Aims to reduce costs, minimize logistical challenges, and address governance disruptions caused by frequent elections.
- 2024 Report: The High-Level Committee Report on Simultaneous Elections, released in December 2024, outlines a roadmap for implementing this reform.
Historical Background:
- Previous Practice: From 1951 to 1967, Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections were conducted together.
- Disruptions: The practice was interrupted due to premature dissolutions and emergencies, leading to staggered elections across India.
High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections:
- Committee Formation: Headed by former President Ram Nath Kovind, formed on 2nd September 2023.
- Public Response: Over 21,500 responses, with 80% in favor.
- Political Party Responses: 32 political parties supported the idea, while 15 raised concerns about regional party marginalization.
- Expert Consultations: Majority of experts supported the reform, emphasizing resource optimization and reduced disruptions.
Committee Recommendations:
- Constitutional Amendments: Proposals to amend Articles 82A and 324A to enable simultaneous elections.
- Two-Phase Implementation:
- Phase 1: Synchronize elections for Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
- Phase 2: Include Municipalities and Panchayats within 100 days.
- Single Electoral Roll: Creation of a unified electoral roll and EPIC for all levels of elections, reducing duplication and errors.
Rationale for Simultaneous Elections:
- Governance Consistency: Reduces focus on election preparation, allowing more attention to developmental work.
- Prevents Policy Paralysis: Mitigates disruptions caused by the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) during frequent elections.
- Resource Optimization: Reduces the need for personnel and resources for election duties, allowing better allocation to governance tasks.
- Preserves Regional Party Relevance: Local issues remain prioritized, ensuring regional parties' concerns are heard.
- Equitable Political Opportunities: Encourages diversification and inclusivity within political parties.
- Financial Benefits: Reduces the financial burden of conducting multiple elections, enhancing economic efficiency.
Conclusion:
- The concept of "One Nation, One Election" is a significant reform aimed at streamlining India's electoral processes. With broad public and political support, it promises improved governance, cost savings, and better resource management in the future.
Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Report 2024
- 18 Dec 2024
In News:
The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Report 2024 was released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). The report focuses on the theme “Poverty Amid Conflict”, examining the interplay between violent conflict and multidimensional poverty.
Key Findings:
- Global Poverty Levels:
- 1.1 billion people (~18% of the global population) live in acute multidimensional poverty across 112 countries.
- India has the largest number of people living in multidimensional poverty, with 234 million people.
- Multidimensional Poverty Indicators:
- The MPI assesses poverty across three key dimensions:
- Health: Child mortality, malnutrition.
- Education: Years of schooling, school attendance.
- Living Standards: Access to clean water, sanitation, electricity, cooking fuel, housing quality, and ownership of basic assets.
- A person is considered MPI poor if they are deprived in one-third or more of the weighted indicators.
- The MPI assesses poverty across three key dimensions:
- Impact of Conflict:
- Countries experiencing violent conflict exhibit higher deprivations across all 10 MPI indicators when compared to non-conflict nations.
- 40% (455 million people) of those living in poverty are in conflict-affected regions. These regions include active war zones, fragile states, and areas with low peace.
- Child Poverty:
- 584 million children (27.9% of all children globally) are living in extreme poverty, highlighting the disproportionate impact on the younger population.
- In contrast, 13.5% of adults are living in extreme poverty.
- Regional Distribution:
- The regions with the highest poverty rates are Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which together account for 83.2% of the global poor.
- Rural Poverty: A majority of the poor (83.7%, or 962 million people) live in rural areas, with 70.7% of the poor concentrated in rural parts of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
- Countries with the Highest Poverty:
- India: 234 million people.
- Pakistan: 93 million people.
- Ethiopia: 86 million people.
- Nigeria: 74 million people.
- Democratic Republic of the Congo: 66 million people. These five countries account for 48.1% of the global poor.
- Poverty Amid Conflict:
- The report underscores that 2023 witnessed the highest number of conflicts since World War II, leading to the displacement of 117 million people due to violent conflicts and other factors like natural disasters.
- Conflict zones continue to experience higher poverty, as nearly 40% of the world's poorest people live in these areas.
India's Poverty Situation:
- India's Poor Performance:
- India has 234 million people living in multidimensional poverty, making it the country with the largest share of the global poor.
- Regional Disparities: Poverty rates in rural areas remain high due to poor infrastructure, limited economic opportunities, and underdeveloped services outside of agriculture.
- Poor Nutrition: Malnutrition, especially among children, is a significant concern.
- Education: The quality of education remains subpar, especially in government-run schools, affecting learning outcomes.
- Water and Sanitation: Inadequate access to clean drinking water and sanitation is prevalent, especially in rural areas.
- Economic Setbacks: The COVID-19 pandemic worsened the economic situation, leading to job losses and reduced incomes.
Government Initiatives for Poverty Alleviation:
- National Food Security Act (NFSA): Provides subsidized food grains to 67% of India's population, targeting rural areas (75%) and urban areas (50%).
- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): Aims to provide LPG connections to women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) families.
- Ayushman Bharat: Health insurance coverage up to ?5 lakh per family, designed to protect against catastrophic healthcare costs.
- POSHAN Abhiyaan: Focuses on reducing malnutrition, particularly among children, adolescent girls, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
- Right to Education Act (RTE): Guarantees free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 years.
- Swachh Bharat Mission: Works to ensure universal sanitation coverage, including the construction of toilets and promoting cleanliness.
Schengen Zone Membership
- 18 Dec 2024
In News:
Recently, the European Union (EU) cleared Bulgaria and Romania for full membership in the Schengen Zone, effective January 1, 2025. This marks the end of a 13-year wait for these Eastern European nations, which joined the EU in 2007.
Key Highlights:
- Schengen Integration: Until now, Bulgaria and Romania were partially integrated into the Schengen Zone, with air and sea travel without border checks since March 2024. However, land border controls were still in place due to Austria's objections, mainly due to concerns over migration and border security.
- Austria's Shift: Austria had blocked full entry for years but finally lifted its veto on December 9, 2024, after a border protection package was agreed upon. This package includes joint border guard deployment at the Bulgarian-Turkish border and temporary land border controls for six months.
Schengen Zone Details:
- What is the Schengen Zone?
- Created by the Schengen Agreement (1985) and the Schengen Convention (1990), it is the world’s largest area without internal border controls, allowing free movement across most EU countries and some non-EU countries. It currently includes 29 countries (25 EU states and 4 non-EU countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland).
- Key Features:
- Free Movement: Over 425 million people can travel freely within the zone without border checks.
- Uniform Visa Policy: Short-term stays of up to 90 days are allowed for tourists and business travelers from outside the Schengen Area.
- Cross-Border Cooperation: The Schengen Information System (SIS) facilitates security and border management by sharing critical data between countries.
- Temporary Border Controls: Countries can temporarily reintroduce border controls for security reasons, after notifying other member states and the European Commission.
Bulgaria and Romania
- Bulgaria:
- Capital: Sofia
- Location: Southeastern Europe, bordered by the Black Sea, Romania, Turkey, Greece, North Macedonia, and Serbia.
- Political System: Parliamentary Republic
- Romania:
- Capital: Bucharest
- Location: Bounded by Ukraine, Moldova, Black Sea, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Hungary.
- Political System: Semi-Presidential Republic
Implications of Full Schengen Membership:
- Security and Unity: Romania and Bulgaria's full integration into the Schengen Zone is seen as a boost to both EU security and unity. It solidifies the EU's commitment to free movement while enhancing border security across Europe.
- Impact on Migration: With Bulgaria and Romania’s full membership, the EU’s border management system will be more integrated, helping to address ongoing migration challenges.
World Bank Report on Poverty in India
- 18 Dec 2024
In News:
The World Bank has set a clear mission: ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity on a livable planet. This new edition of the biennial series, previously titled Poverty and Shared Prosperity, assesses the three components of the mission and emphasizes that reducing poverty and increasing shared prosperity must be achieved without high costs to the environment.
Extreme Poverty in India:
- Current Poverty Status (2024):
- 129 million Indians are living in extreme poverty, defined as earning less than $2.15 (?181) per day.
- This marks a significant improvement from 431 million in 1990, demonstrating progress in poverty alleviation.
- Poverty Trends:
- In 2021, there was a reduction of 38 million people in extreme poverty, bringing the total to 167.49 million.
- However, higher poverty standards (set at $6.85 (?576) per day) now show more Indians below the poverty line than in 1990, mainly due to population growth.
- Survey Methodology:
- The 2022-23 Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HCES) in India used the Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP) method to improve data accuracy.
- The report suggests the need for careful analysis of the survey data, which may impact future poverty estimates.
Global Poverty Trends:
- Slowdown in Poverty Reduction:
- Global poverty reduction has slowed considerably, with 700 million people (8.5% of the global population) living in extreme poverty in 2024.
- The slowdown is attributed to factors like low economic growth, the COVID-19 pandemic, and increased fragility.
- Challenges in Achieving Targets:
- The global extreme poverty rate is expected to be 7.3% in 2030, which is double the World Bank's target of 3%.
- At current rates, extreme poverty eradication by 2030 is unlikely. It could take decades to eradicate extreme poverty, and over a century to lift people above the $6.85/day threshold.
- Impact of Polycrisis:
- Polycrisis refers to the confluence of multiple crises—slow growth, climate risks, and increased uncertainty—making global poverty reduction more challenging.
- Global prosperity has also been impacted, with slower income growth, particularly after the pandemic.
India's Role in Global Poverty Reduction:
- Contribution to Global Poverty:
- India’s contribution to global extreme poverty is expected to decline significantly over the next decade. However, even if India eradicates its extreme poverty by 2030, the global extreme poverty rate would only fall from 7.31% to 6.72%, still above the UN SDG target of 3%.
Proposed Pathways for Addressing Poverty:
- Faster and Inclusive Growth:
- Focus on increasing labor productivity, income, and employment to boost economic growth inclusively.
- Climate Resilience:
- Strengthen risk management and mitigation efforts to protect vulnerable populations from climate shocks, ensuring that growth does not worsen environmental degradation.
Global Priorities:
- Low-Income Countries: Prioritize poverty reduction through investments in human, physical, and financial capital to foster growth.
- Middle-Income Countries: Focus on inclusive income growth that reduces vulnerability, and seek synergies such as cutting air pollution alongside poverty reduction.
- High-Income Countries: Accelerate climate mitigation efforts while managing the transition costs involved.
Cyclone Chido
- 18 Dec 2024
In News:
Cyclone Chido makes landfall in Mozambique after leaving trail of destruction in French-administered Mayotte.
About Cyclone Chido:
- Location and Impact:
- Cyclone Chido struck Mayotte, a French overseas territory in the Indian Ocean, in December 2024.
- It is the strongest storm to hit Mayotte in at least 90 years.
- Cyclone Characteristics:
- Wind speeds exceeded 200 km/h (124 mph), with gusts surpassing 225 km/h (140 mph).
- The cyclone caused significant devastation to the region, prompting expressions of condolences from global leaders.
- Cyclone Classification:
- According to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), cyclones are classified based on wind speed:
- Depression: 31–49 km/h
- Deep Depression: 50–61 km/h
- Cyclonic Storm: 62–88 km/h
- Severe Cyclonic Storm: 89–117 km/h
- Very Severe Cyclonic Storm: 118–166 km/h
- Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm: 167–221 km/h
- Super Cyclonic Storm: Above 222 km/h
- Cyclone Chido was classified as a Super Cyclonic Storm, based on its wind speeds exceeding 222 km/h.
- According to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), cyclones are classified based on wind speed:
About Mayotte:
- Geography:
- Mayotte is an archipelago in the Mozambique Channel, between Madagascar and the coast of Mozambique.
- It consists of two main islands: Grande Terre (the larger main island) and Petite Terre (the smaller island of Pamandzi).
- Political and Economic Context:
- Mayotte is an overseas department of France, and it is the poorest territory in both France and the European Union.
- France colonized Mayotte in 1843 and annexed the entire Comoros archipelago in 1904.
- A 1974 referendum showed that 95% of Comoros voters favored independence, but 63% of Mayotte's population voted to remain part of France. Subsequently, Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli declared independence in 1975.
- Mayotte remains administratively under French governance.
- Biodiversity:
- Mayotte is renowned for its rich biodiversity, particularly for having one of the world’s largest enclosed lagoons.
Cyclones
- What is a Cyclone?
- A cyclone is a large-scale, rotating system of air that forms around a low-pressure area, bringing violent storms and extreme weather conditions.
- In the Northern Hemisphere, cyclones rotate anticlockwise, while in the Southern Hemisphere, they rotate clockwise due to the Coriolis effect.
- Tropical Cyclone Characteristics:
- Calm Centre (Eye): The cyclone’s center, or "eye," experiences relatively calm weather with low air pressure.
- High Wind Speed: Cyclones generally have average wind speeds around 120 km/h.
- Closed Isobars: Isobars (lines of equal atmospheric pressure) are tightly packed, leading to high wind velocities.
- Formation Over Oceans: Cyclones typically form over warm ocean waters.
- East-to-West Movement: Influenced by trade winds, cyclones usually move from east to west.
- Seasonal Nature: Cyclones occur during specific seasons based on regional climatic conditions.
How La Niña Affects India's Climate?
- 28 Dec 2024
In News:
La Niña, a phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), occurs when the Pacific Ocean region between Indonesia and South America is cooler than usual. This phenomenon influences global weather patterns, including those in India. Here’s how La Niña specifically affects India’s climate:
Monsoon Rainfall:
- La Niña typically results in normal to above-normal rainfall during the monsoon season in India. This is due to the cooling of sea surface temperatures in the central Pacific, which affects atmospheric circulation and strengthens the monsoon winds.
- In contrast, El Niño usually brings below-average rainfall and droughts to India, leading to agricultural stress.
- Recent La Niña years (2020-2022) saw above-normal monsoon rains, which benefited agricultural productivity, while the El Niño year of 2023 resulted in below-normal rains, impacting water availability and agriculture.
Winter Temperatures:
- During La Niña, winter temperatures in India are generally colder in the north, with cooler nights but relatively warmer days compared to El Niño winters. The planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) tends to be lower, trapping pollutants close to the surface. However, higher wind speeds during La Niña help to disperse air pollution, improving air quality.
- South India may experience colder-than-usual winters during La Niña, but current meteorological data suggests the ongoing winter in India is not strongly influenced by La Niña, as its expected onset has been delayed.
Impact on Summer Heat:
- La Niña generally provides relief from extreme summer heat, as it reduces the frequency and intensity of heatwaves. In contrast, El Niño summers are typically hotter and bring record-breaking heat waves.
- For example, April 2023 saw intense heatwaves across India, attributed to the El Niño phase, but if a La Niña forms and persists into the summer of 2025, it could help moderate the extreme heat.
The "Triple Dip" La Niña Phenomenon:
- A Triple Dip La Niña refers to a rare occurrence where three consecutive La Niña events happen, as was the case from 2020 to 2022. This is significant because these prolonged events can lead to stronger climatic impacts. In contrast, the current El Niño (2023) follows this period, potentially contributing to an irregular transition between La Niña and El Niño phases, which may intensify extreme weather patterns.
Global Climate Changes and La Niña:
- Climate change is believed to be increasing the frequency and intensity of both La Niña and El Niño events. Rising sea and land temperatures are disrupting the balance of the Pacific Ocean and could exacerbate extreme La Niña events, which might lead to harsher winters in India and other regions.
Forecast for 2024-2025:
- As of December 2024, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and global meteorological bodies predict a weak La Niña event to emerge by late 2024 or early 2025. This could lead to colder winters and above-normal rainfall in the 2025 monsoon season, offering some relief from the heatwaves and dry conditions of the previous years.
Conclusion:
If a La Niña forms by the end of 2024, it is likely to bring cooler winters, a relief from extreme summer heat, and above-normal monsoon rainfall in 2025. Given the delayed onset and weakening of the current La Niña, the overall impact on India’s climate in the immediate future might be milder compared to previous La Niña years, but it still holds potential for more favorable conditions for agriculture and air quality.
Vijay Diwas 2024
- 17 Dec 2024
In News:
On December 16, 2024, India commemorated Vijay Diwas, marking the 53rd anniversary of its victory in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. This day honors the bravery and sacrifices of Indian soldiers and the Mukti Bahini, whose collective efforts led to the creation of Bangladesh as an independent nation. On this occasion, leaders across India, paid heartfelt tributes to the fallen heroes who contributed to the victory, and to the enduring India-Bangladesh friendship.
The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War culminated in the surrender of over 90,000 Pakistani soldiers, and India’s victory is celebrated as a defining moment in South Asian history.
The War’s Historical Context:
The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War was a pivotal conflict between East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (now Pakistan), leading to Bangladesh’s independence. It was a direct result of decades of social, political, and economic discrimination faced by East Pakistan, despite its larger population and contribution to Pakistan’s economy. Major events leading to the war included:
- Cultural and linguistic marginalization, with East Pakistan's Bengali language and identity being suppressed by the West.
- The 1970 elections that saw the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, win a decisive victory in East Pakistan, but their demand for greater autonomy was rejected by West Pakistan.
- The violent crackdown by the Pakistani military in Operation Searchlight in March 1971, leading to widespread atrocities and a mass exodus of refugees into India.
India’s Role in the War:
India’s involvement in the conflict was initially cautious, but the refugee crisis—with over 10 million people fleeing to India—forced India to take action. India provided humanitarian aid and supported the Mukti Bahini, a guerrilla force of Bangladeshi fighters. On December 3, 1971, Pakistan’s preemptive airstrike on Indian military bases led to India's retaliation and full-scale military involvement, including air and naval operations.
India’s military, with assistance from the Mukti Bahini, launched a decisive campaign, ultimately leading to Pakistan’s surrender on December 16, 1971, and the creation of Bangladesh.
Vijay Diwas Observances:
- The 53rd Vijay Diwas celebrations at Fort William, Kolkata, saw a Bangladeshi delegation—including Mukti Joddhas (freedom fighters)—reflect on their memories of the war, highlighting India's crucial role in the liberation of Bangladesh.
- The event also featured a wreath-laying ceremony, military tattoo, and a salute to the shared sacrifice and friendship between India and Bangladesh.
The 1971 Surrender Painting and New Symbolism:
In an interesting development, the iconic 1971 surrender painting, depicting the surrender of Pakistani forces in Dhaka, was moved from the Army Chief’s lounge to the Manekshaw Centre. The painting was replaced by Karam Kshetra–Field of Deeds, a new artwork symbolizing India’s strategic and cultural heritage. This new piece incorporates elements like Lord Krishna’s chariot, Chanakya, and modern military assets, reflecting India’s military prowess and heritage.
Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Programme
- 17 Dec 2024
In News:
Recently, the Government of India and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) signed a $98 million loan agreement to enhance horticulture crop productivity by improving plant health management. This initiative is part of India’s Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Programme (CPP), aiming to provide farmers with access to certified disease-free planting materials to improve yields, quality, and resilience, particularly against climate change impacts.
Key Highlights of the Loan Agreement
- Objective: Improve access to certified, disease-free planting materials for horticulture crops.
- Implementation: The project will be implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare through the National Horticulture Board (NHB) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
- Focus: The initiative will enhance farmers’ productivity, resilience to climate change, and pest/disease management through the Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Programme (CPP).
About the Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Programme (CPP)
The Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Programme aims to tackle critical challenges in horticulture by ensuring farmers have access to high-quality, virus-free planting materials. The program is designed to:
- Enhance crop yields and quality.
- Promote climate-resilient varieties to help farmers adapt to rising temperatures and extreme weather events.
- Safeguard the environment by controlling plant diseases and pests proactively.
Key Components of the CPP
- Clean Plant Centers (CPCs): Establishment of nine world-class CPCs across India, equipped with advanced diagnostic labs and tissue culture facilities to maintain disease-free foundation planting materials.
- Certification Framework: A robust certification system will be introduced to ensure accountability in planting material production, including accreditation for private nurseries.
- Climate Resilience: Focus on developing and disseminating climate-resilient plant varieties, addressing the growing concerns over extreme weather events and changing pest behavior due to climate change.
Significance of the Loan Agreement
- Climate Adaptation: The project will help farmers mitigate the effects of climate change, including unpredictable weather patterns and altered pest/disease behaviors.
- Economic Impact: The initiative aligns with India's vision of self-reliance in horticulture (Atmanirbhar Bharat), boosting agricultural productivity and sustainability.
- Long-term Benefits: Improved farm productivity, sustainability, and economic well-being for farmers, especially in the face of climate change.
Global Horticulture Significance
- India’s Position: India is the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally, contributing 33% to the agricultural GDP.
- Land Coverage: Horticulture occupies 18% of India’s agricultural land, yet its production surpasses that of food grains.
Implementation and Impact
- Implementation Period: The project will be executed from 2024 to 2030, with 50% financial assistance from ADB.
- Institutional Strengthening: The initiative will bolster India’s ability to manage plant health, integrating advanced diagnostic techniques and capacity-building for horticulture professionals.
African Swine Fever
- 16 Dec 2024
In News:
African Swine Fever has been reported at two pig farms in Koottickal and Vazhoor grama panchayats in Kottayam district.
Action Taken:
- Culling of Pigs: All pigs in the affected farms and within a 1 km radius will be culled and disposed of according to Central Government guidelines.
- Infected Zone: A 1 km radius around the affected farms has been declared an infected zone.
- Surveillance Zone: A 10 km radius around the infected area has been designated a surveillance zone.
About African Swine Fever (ASF)
- African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic and wild pigs. It is a notifiable disease and its outbreak should be immediately reported to the higher authorities.
- ASF causes destructive effect on piggery due to high morbidity and mortality (up to 90-100 %). In India it was first confirmed in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in February-March 2020.
- Currently, there is no effective vaccine available against ASF, so prevention by adopting strict biosecurity measures is the only way to prevent ASF.
CLINICAL SIGNS
- High fever (106-1080 F), lethargy and loss of appetite
- Increased respiration rate
- Blue-purple discoloration of skin of ears, abdomen and rear legs
- Discharge from the eyes and nose; bloody froth from the nose/mouth
- Constipation or bloody diarrhea
- Abortion
- Death of pigs in 6-15 days
Diagnosis: Confirmatory diagnosis in gov. laboratories
Zakir Hussain
- 16 Dec 2024
In News:
Ustad Zakir Hussain, the legendary tabla virtuoso, passed away at the age of 73 due to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF).
Key Highlights:
- Career Highlights:
- Born on March 9, 1951, to Ustad Alla Rakha, a renowned tabla maestro.
- Began tabla training at age 7, with early guidance from his father.
- Co-founded Shakti in 1973 with John McLaughlin, blending Indian classical music with Western influences, pioneering world music.
- Worked with global artists, including George Harrison, John McLaughlin, and Mickey Hart.
- Awarded four Grammy Awards, including three at the 66th Grammy Awards (2024), and honored with the Padma Vibhushan in 2023.
- A visiting professor at Stanford and Princeton universities.
- Musical Style:
- Transformed the tabla from a background instrument into a dynamic, expressive solo performance.
- Known for his complex rhythms and spontaneous performances, making tabla accessible and glamorous.
- Emphasized the concept of "hazri" (attendance) in the court of music, seeing his music as an offering to a higher power.
- Cultural Influence:
- His music was a bridge between traditional Indian classical and contemporary global sounds, impacting audiences worldwide.
- Played a pivotal role in the cultural exchange of Indian classical music, gaining fans and respect across the globe.
- Participated in projects such as the Taj Mahal tea commercials and "Desh Raag", symbolizing unity and diversity in India.
What is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?
- IPF is a chronic lung disease causing scarring of the lung tissue, leading to difficulty in breathing.
- Cause: The exact cause is unknown, hence termed "idiopathic" (unexplained).
- Risk Factors: Most common in older adults (over 50), men, and those with a history of smoking or viral infections.
About the Tabla:
- Structure: Composed of two drums—Tabla (right) and Bayan (left)—used primarily in Hindustani classical music.
- Material: Tabla has a wooden body, while Bayan can be made of clay or metal, both covered with animal skin and syahi paste.
- Role: Primarily accompanies vocal and instrumental performances, and is essential in various classical dance forms in northern India.
- Historical Note: Believed to have been invented by Amir Khusrau.
Prominent Tabla Players:
- Ustad Alla Rakha (father of Zakir Hussain).
- Zakir Hussain (himself).
- Shafat Ahmed and Samta Prasad.
India-Australia CCEA
- 15 Dec 2024
In News:
The 3-day stocktake meeting took place in New Delhi, marking a significant step in strengthening the India-Australia trade and strategic partnership.
Key Highlights:
- Key Discussion Areas:
- Trade in goods and services.
- Mobility, agri-tech cooperation, and market access.
- Focus on ensuring the CECA delivers balanced benefits for both nations.
- Food security concerns and market access modalities aligned with India’s goals.
- Background on Negotiations:
- The discussions in New Delhi were a continuation of the 10th round of negotiations held in Sydney (August 2024).
- Both sides aimed to outline a path forward for the early conclusion of the CECA.
- Importance of CECA:
- CECA is a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) aimed at eliminating tariffs and liberalizing services sectors to enhance business opportunities and cooperation.
- It addresses five key areas: Goods, Services, Digital trade, Government procurement & **Rules of Origin/Product Specific Rules
- New areas under discussion include: Competition policy, MSMEs, Gender, Innovation, Agri-tech, Critical minerals & Sports
- Historical Context:
- CECA negotiations began in May 2011, were suspended in 2016, and resumed in September 2021.
- The India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) was signed in 2022, serving as a foundational agreement and a precursor to CECA.
- Trade Statistics (2023-24):
- India's imports from Australia: $16.2 billion.
- India's exports to Australia: $8 billion.
- Trade has grown significantly, with India being Australia’s 5th-largest trading partner.
- Regional Cooperation Initiatives:
- India and Australia are partners in several regional initiatives:
- Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)
- Trilateral Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) with Japan.
- India and Australia are partners in several regional initiatives:
- India's CECA with Other Countries:
- India has similar CECA agreements with several nations, including: Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand & New Zealand
- Future Prospects:
- The stocktake discussions have paved the way for further cooperation in areas such as agricultural innovation, market access, and supply chain resilience.
- Both nations are optimistic about the early conclusion of the CECA and the broader economic partnership.
This recent stocktake visit represents a significant step in the ongoing efforts to solidify trade ties and deepen economic cooperation between India and Australia under the framework of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement.
100-Day Intensified Nationwide TB Campaign
- 15 Dec 2024
In News:
- Union Health Minister Shri JP Nadda launched a 100-day intensified TB campaign in Panchkula, Haryana, aimed at reducing TB incidence and mortality. The campaign will focus on 347 high-risk districts across India.
Key Highlights:
- Campaign Goals:
- Find and treat missing TB cases, especially in high-risk groups.
- Significantly reduce TB-related deaths.
- Focus Areas:
- The campaign is part of India’s larger goal to eliminate TB before the 2030 SDG deadline.
- Strategies include early detection and rapid treatment of TB patients.
- Historical Context:
- TB was once seen as a "slow death" and patients were isolated.
- In 2018, the Prime Minister set the vision to end TB before 2030.
- Recent Government Initiatives:
- Ayushman Arogya Mandirs network of 1.7 lakh centers helps in early TB detection.
- Increased diagnostic infrastructure: Laboratories increased from 120 in 2014 to 8,293 today.
- Introduction of new drug regimens: Shorter and more effective treatments have increased the treatment success rate to 87%.
- Ni-kshay Support: Rs 3,338 crore transferred to 1.17 crore TB patients via direct benefit transfer.
- Key Achievements:
- TB decline rate in India has increased from 8.3% (2015) to 17.7% today, surpassing the global average.
- TB-related deaths have dropped by 21.4% over the past decade.
- Private Sector Involvement:
- Mandatory notification of TB patients by private practitioners has led to an 8-fold increase in TB case notifications.
- 4Ts Approach for TB Elimination: Test, Track, Treat, and Technology (use of advanced tools for diagnosis and treatment).
- New Initiatives:
- Ni-kshay Vahaan: Mobile vans to detect and treat TB patients in remote areas.
- Launch of national guidelines for a new drug-resistant TB regimen (BPaLM), which is a 4-drug combination therapy for multi-drug-resistant TB.
- Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana:
- Increase in nutritional support: Monthly support raised from Rs 500 to Rs 1000 per TB patient.
- The initiative also includes energy boosters for enhanced patient care.
- Mobile Diagnostics:
- Deployment of AI-enabled portable X-ray units and molecular tests to bring diagnostics closer to people, especially in remote areas.
- Monitoring and Data: Intensified data tracking via the Ni-kshay portal to provide timely updates to TB patients.
- Background of the Campaign:
- Part of the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP).
- The 347 districts were selected based on indicators like death rates, presumptive TB examination rates, and incidence rates.
- Campaign Materials:
- Unveiling of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) resources in regional languages.
- Honoring TB Champions and Ni-kshay Mitras during the event.
- Government’s Strategic Framework:
- India’s National Strategic Plan (NSP) for TB elimination (2017-2025).
- TB Harega Desh Jeetega Campaign and Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan.
- Tuberculosis (TB) Overview:
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, spreading through the air.
- Mortality rate has decreased from 28 per lakh (2015) to 23 per lakh (2022).
Desert Knight Air Combat Exercise
- 14 Dec 2024
In News:
India, France and UAE recently kicked off a major air combat exercise called “Desert Knight” over the Arabian Sea, strengthening trilateral defence cooperation and enhancing military interoperability amid the ongoing geopolitical churn.
Key Highlights:
- What It Is: A trilateral air combat exercise aimed at improving military interoperability and enhancing combat readiness among the participating nations.
- Nations Involved: India, France, and the UAE.
- Location: Conducted over the Arabian Sea, approximately 350-400 km southwest of Karachi.
- Aim of the Exercise:
- To strengthen trilateral defence cooperation among the three nations.
- To enhance combat skills and military interoperability of the air forces involved.
- Details of the Exercise:
- Duration: The exercise lasts for three days.
- The exercise involves large force engagement and intensive combat maneuvers in a realistic operational environment.
- Aircraft Involved:
- India: Deployed Sukhoi-30MKIs, Jaguars, IL-78 mid-air refuellers, and AEW&C (Airborne Early Warning and Control) aircraft from bases like Jamnagar.
- France: Deployed Rafale jets and other aircraft from Al Dhafra airbase.
- UAE: Deployed F-16 jets and other aircraft from Al Dhafra airbase.
Strategic Significance:
- The exercise is part of India’s efforts to build military interoperability with nations in the Persian Gulf region and strengthen defence ties with France and the UAE.
- Enhances combat readiness and strengthens cooperation against both traditional and non-traditional threats.
- Reflects the geopolitical shift and growing military cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region, especially in the context of China’s expansionist activities.
- Trilateral Framework: India, France, and the UAE launched a trilateral framework in 2022, focusing on areas like defence, technology, energy, and environment.
- Previous Exercises: In addition to Desert Knight, the countries also conducted their first trilateral maritime exercise in June 2023 to enhance cooperation in maritime security.
Broader Defence Relations:
- India-France: Long-standing strategic partnership with regular joint exercises like Shakti (army), Varuna (navy), and Garuda (air force).
- India-UAE: The defence relationship has grown significantly in recent years, with regular professional exchanges, combat exercises, and staff talks. India participates in the Desert Flag exercise at Al Dhafra airbase annually.
Switzerland Suspends MFN Clause in Tax Treaty with India
- 14 Dec 2024
In News:
Switzerland scraps MFN status to India, dividend income to face higher tax
Key Highlights:
- Reason for Suspension:
- The suspension follows a 2023 Supreme Court ruling in India, which clarified that the MFN clause in tax treaties is not automatically triggered when a country joins the OECD if the tax treaty with that country was signed before its OECD membership.
- The Court ruled that the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) cannot be enforced unless it is notified under the Income-Tax Act, 1961.
- Details of the Suspension:
- Starting January 1, 2025, Switzerland will suspend the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) clause in its DTAA with India.
- The MFN clause was part of the India-Switzerland DTAA signed in 1994.
Impact of the Suspension:
- Higher Tax Liabilities for Indian Companies: Withholding tax on dividends from Switzerland will increase from 5% to 10% for Indian companies.
- Effects on Swiss Investments in India: Swiss companies will continue to face a 10% withholding tax on dividends from India, as per the India-Switzerland DTAA.
- Potential Re-evaluation of MFN Clauses by Other Countries: Other countries may reconsider how the MFN clause is applied in their tax treaties with India, following this development.
- No Change for Other Benefits: Other DTAA benefits and investments related to the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) will remain unaffected.
Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Clause Overview:
- Definition: The MFN principle ensures that favorable trading terms given by one WTO member country to another are extended to all other WTO members, promoting non-discrimination.
- Purpose: To ensure equal treatment among trading nations by preventing discrimination, and to promote fair trade and equitable market access.
- Key Features:
- Equal treatment in tariffs, quotas, and trade barriers.
- Members must extend the best terms to all other WTO members.
- Origin: The MFN principle was established after World War II as a cornerstone of the multilateral trading system under the WTO.
- Exceptions:
- Bilateral or regional trade agreements.
- Special access granted to developing countries.
- Non-WTO members (e.g., Iran, North Korea) are not bound by MFN rules.
- Removal of MFN:
- There is no formal procedure under the WTO to suspend MFN status.
- Countries are not obligated to notify the WTO when suspending or removing MFN treatment.
Recent Development:
- From January 1, 2025, Indian companies will face higher withholding tax (10%) on income sourced from Switzerland, as a result of the MFN clause suspension.
Empowering ASHA Workers
- 14 Dec 2024
In News:
ASHAs (Accredited Social Health Activists) are critical to India's healthcare system, particularly in rural and underserved areas. Since the program's launch in 2005, ASHAs have been integral in improving maternal health, increasing immunization rates, and promoting family planning and sanitation awareness. The network of ASHAs has grown to nearly 1 million members, making it one of the largest community health worker programs in the world.
Role of ASHAs: ASHAs work as community health activists, beyond basic healthcare delivery, by:
- Promoting health awareness.
- Mobilizing local participation in health programs.
- Increasing the utilization of existing health services.
They play a central role in improving maternal and child health, and their efforts have led to increased institutional deliveries and improved immunization rates in rural India.
Challenges Faced by ASHAs: Despite their essential role, ASHAs face several challenges:
- Inadequate compensation and delayed payments, which undermine motivation.
- Heavy workloads with insufficient support and resources.
- Social and economic marginalization, often leading to a lack of recognition and respect.
- Punitive systems that emphasize compliance and record-keeping, hindering autonomy.
This environment limits ASHAs' capacity to act as independent change agents, reducing their effectiveness in driving long-term health improvements.
Psychological Empowerment of ASHAs: To address these challenges, it's essential to empower ASHAs not just financially, but psychologically. Research in motivation theory, particularly Self-Determination Theory (SDT), provides a framework to achieve this. SDT emphasizes the importance of three key psychological needs:
- Autonomy: The need for ownership over one's work.
- Competence: The need to feel capable and effective in performing tasks.
- Relatedness: The need for social connection and recognition.
By fostering these three needs, ASHAs can become more intrinsically motivated and empowered to take ownership of their roles.
Strategies for Empowerment:
- Autonomy: Giving ASHAs more control over their work and decision-making can improve their engagement and efficacy. This can be achieved by reducing rigid monitoring and compliance systems.
- Competence: Providing continuous, quality training and resources will help ASHAs build the skills and confidence needed to perform their roles effectively. Digital tools and modern training programs can be used to enhance their capabilities.
- Relatedness: ASHAs should receive direct feedback from the communities they serve, fostering a sense of connection and accomplishment. Encouraging networks among ASHAs will also help combat isolation and provide peer support.
Government Efforts and Initiatives: The Indian government has recognized the need to support ASHAs through several initiatives:
- Increased remuneration and performance-based incentives.
- Insurance coverage under schemes like Ayushman Bharat.
- Training programs for skill development under the National Health Mission (NHM).
- Village Health Mapping and digital engagement platforms to enhance outreach and feedback mechanisms.
Moving Forward:
To further empower ASHAs, several key steps should be taken:
- Formalizing employment status: Transitioning ASHAs from volunteers to formal workers with benefits can ensure more stability and recognition.
- Improving compensation: Ensuring timely and adequate payments along with performance bonuses will incentivize ASHAs and increase job satisfaction.
- Enhancing infrastructure: Ensuring ASHAs have access to the necessary tools, medical supplies, and transportation to perform their tasks effectively.
- Digital integration: Expanding digital tools for data collection and communication can streamline their work and improve coordination with healthcare systems.
Under the Sal Tree Theatre Festival
- 14 Dec 2024
In News:
“Under the Sal Tree” Theatre Festival, held annually in Rampur, Assam, promotes eco-friendly and sustainable practices in theatre while showcasing rich cultural diversity.
Overview:
- Location: Rampur village, Goalpara district, Assam
- Organizer: Badungduppa Kalakendra, a social and cultural organization
- Founded: 1998 by Sukracharjya Rabha
- Festival Focus: Eco-friendly theatre practices, cultural diversity, and sustainability
Key Features
- Unique Setting: Open-air festival under Sal trees, with no artificial lighting or electric sound systems.
- Sustainability:
- No use of plastic.
- Carbon-neutral, with eco-friendly materials such as bamboo, straw, and cane.
- Performances in natural daylight, avoiding electric lights.
- International Participation: Theatre groups from countries like Poland, South Korea, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, North Korea, Bolivia, and Holland have performed.
- Cultural Celebration: Highlights indigenous art forms, languages, and traditions, e.g., Rabha and Bodo plays.
Festival Activities
- Performances:
- Includes plays like “Dadan Raja” (Rabha language play), “Kindhan Charithiram” (Tamil), and “Kisan Raj” (Hindi).
- Focus on themes such as societal change and resilience of farmers.
- Workshops & Community Projects: For performing artists, promoting artistic innovation and social impact.
- Anniversary Celebrations:
- 25th anniversary celebrated with special events and book releases, e.g., “Resonance: Echoing the Spirit of Badungduppa” and “Sukracharjya Rabha on the Back Stage”.
Impact & Legacy
- Theatre Movement: Celebrates art amidst nature, breaking geographical barriers despite the remote location.
- Founder’s Vision: Sukracharjya Rabha believed in the synergy between art and nature, aiming to bring social change through theatre.
- Local Involvement:
- 20 resident artists contribute to the festival’s success.
- Festival has become a major cultural attraction in Assam, drawing thousands of theatre enthusiasts.
One Nation, One Election Bill
- 13 Dec 2024
In News:
The One Nation, One Election Bill has made significant progress in India, passing the Lok Sabha with 269 votes in favor and 198 votes against. The bill proposes the synchronization of elections for the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and local bodies (Panchayats and Municipalities), aiming to streamline the electoral process, reduce costs, and enhance governance.
Key Updates:
- The bill has been approved by the Union Cabinet and will be reviewed by a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC), whose report will be presented for further approval and discussion in Parliament.
- The process will unfold in two phases:
- Phase 1: Simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
- Phase 2: Synchronizing local body elections (Panchayats and Municipalities) within 100 days of the general elections.
Historical Context:
- 1951-1967: India previously conducted simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies until disruptions, such as premature dissolutions of assemblies, led to staggered elections after 1967.
- The One Nation One Election concept has been revived to address inefficiencies in the current system, especially the high cost of conducting frequent elections.
Advantages of the One Nation, One Election Bill:
- Cost Reduction: Synchronizing elections can significantly lower the financial burden by eliminating the need for multiple election cycles, reducing the deployment of resources like security personnel and election staff.
- Long-Term Governance Focus: Politicians can prioritize governance and policy implementation rather than election campaigning, fostering long-term stability.
- Increased Voter Turnout: Voter fatigue, caused by frequent elections, may reduce, leading to higher turnout as elections occur less often.
- Fairer Political Competition: Smaller regional parties could have a better chance to compete with larger national parties by reducing election-related costs.
- Efficient Use of Resources: Security forces and administrative resources can be deployed more effectively, avoiding the redundancy caused by multiple election cycles.
Disadvantages of the One Nation, One Election Bill:
- Synchronization Challenges: Aligning elections across a vast and diverse country like India, especially in states with unstable political situations, may prove difficult.
- Federalism Concerns: The implementation may require constitutional changes that could impact India's federal structure, potentially limiting the autonomy of states in election matters.
- Impact on Regional Issues: National issues could overshadow regional concerns, diluting the focus on state-specific matters.
- Challenges for Regional Parties: Larger national parties may dominate the electoral landscape, reducing the influence of regional parties and undermining the federal nature of the political system.
- Accountability Risks: Fixed terms without frequent elections might reduce public scrutiny of elected officials, affecting their accountability.
Constitutional Amendments Required:
The implementation of One Nation, One Election requires amendments to several key constitutional provisions:
- Article 83: Regarding the duration of the Lok Sabha, amendments are needed to synchronize the timing of dissolution.
- Article 85: Deals with the sessions and dissolution of Parliament, which needs to be aligned with the new system.
- Article 172: Pertains to the duration of State Legislatures, requiring amendments for synchronization.
- Article 174: Similar to Article 85, it governs the sessions and dissolution of State Legislatures, needing standardization.
Implementation Challenges:
- Logistical Complexity: Conducting simultaneous elections would require immense logistical coordination, including vast numbers of electronic voting machines and trained personnel.
- Political Accountability: Fixed terms may reduce the accountability that frequent elections bring, potentially leading to governance stagnation.
- Impact on Federalism: Amendments to the Constitution regarding state legislatures might face resistance from states concerned about their autonomy.
Disease X
- 13 Dec 2024
In News:
The recent outbreak reported in the first week of December 2024 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has claimed over 400 lives and remains unclassified, has raised concerns that it could be an instance of Disease X.
What is Disease X?
- Definition: Disease X is a hypothetical, unidentified pathogen that has the potential to cause a global health crisis, either as an epidemic or pandemic.
- Origins: Could arise from zoonotic spillover (animal-to-human transmission), antimicrobial resistance, bioterrorism, or lab accidents.
- Severity: Predicted to be 20 times more lethal than SARS-CoV-2, with rapid transmission and significant mortality.
- Features: Represents unknown threats, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, or prions.
- Emergence Factors: Driven by deforestation, urbanization, climate change, and human-wildlife interactions.
Historical Context
- Conceptualization: The term was coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018, post the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak, which revealed gaps in global health responses.
- Zoonotic Origins: Around 70% of emerging diseases since 1940 have zoonotic origins, linked to human encroachment on wildlife habitats.
WHO’s Priority Pathogen List
- Purpose: To focus global resources and attention on diseases with high epidemic or pandemic potential but lacking sufficient vaccines or treatments.
- Pathogens Listed: Includes Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, Nipah virus, Rift Valley fever, Zika virus, and Disease X.
- Criteria: These diseases have high mortality rates, potential for rapid spread, and inadequate preventive or therapeutic options.
Why Disease X is a Concern
- Unpredictability: Its emergence, transmission, and impact remain uncertain, making preparedness challenging.
- Globalization: Increased global travel and trade facilitate rapid spread of diseases across borders.
- Environmental Drivers: Climate change, urbanization, and deforestation disrupt ecosystems, bringing humans into closer contact with wildlife and pathogens.
Patterns in Emerging Diseases
- Zoonotic Spillover: The majority of emerging diseases originate from animals, with over 1.7 million undiscovered viruses in wildlife that could infect humans.
- Increased Outbreaks: Since the mid-20th century, the frequency of new diseases has risen, reflecting environmental, demographic, and global factors.
Challenges in Predicting Disease X
- Uncertainty: The vast pool of potential pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc.) makes it difficult to predict the exact nature, origin, or timing of Disease X.
- Environmental and Climatic Changes: Climate change reshapes disease transmission dynamics, expanding the range of diseases like malaria and dengue.
- Technological and Knowledge Gaps: Many pathogens that could cause pandemics are still unidentified. Genomic sequencing and AI are advancing but cannot fully predict Disease X.
Global Preparedness Initiatives
- WHO's Role: WHO’s priority pathogen list and Pandemic Treaty aim to ensure coordinated, global responses to future outbreaks.
- Pandemic Fund: Supports strengthening health systems, especially in low-income countries.
- mRNA Vaccine Hubs: Enhance vaccine production capacity, particularly in developing countries.
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI): Works on "prototype pathogen" platforms to create vaccines within 100 days of identifying a new disease.
Indian Initiatives for Disease Surveillance and Preparedness
- Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP): Tracks outbreaks, monitors trends, and strengthens the country’s epidemic preparedness.
- National Institute of Virology (NIV): Focuses on researching viral pathogens and zoonotic diseases.
- Biotech Initiatives: Indigenous vaccine development and diagnostic tools are crucial for combating future outbreaks.
- Emergency Response Fund: Allocates resources to support immediate pandemic response efforts.
Key Challenges in Tackling Disease X
- Prediction Complexity: The interactions between humans, animals, and the environment are too complex to predict the exact nature of Disease X.
- Health Disparities: Low- and middle-income countries often lack the infrastructure to effectively combat pandemics, making them more vulnerable.
- Climate Change: Alters transmission dynamics, expanding the range of diseases carried by vectors like mosquitoes.
Way Forward
- Strengthening Surveillance: Implementing real-time genomic sequencing and AI-driven tools for early outbreak detection.
- Global Cooperation: Promoting equitable sharing of vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments to ensure timely and efficient responses.
- Public Health Infrastructure: Invest in strengthening healthcare systems, especially in high-risk regions like the Congo Basin.
- Research and Development: Focus on universal vaccines, diagnostic tools, and prototype pathogen platforms that can be quickly adapted to new diseases.
Indian Scientists Develop Novel Gene Therapy for Haemophilia
- 12 Dec 2024
In News:
Indian scientists have developed a successful gene therapy treatment for severe haemophilia A, a rare inherited blood disorder causing spontaneous, potentially fatal bleeding episodes.
Key Highlights:
Trial Success:
- The trial, conducted at Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore, involved five patients from Tamil Nadu.
- Results: None of the five patients reported bleeding episodes for over a year after receiving the treatment. The follow-up period averaged 14 months.
- This marks a significant improvement, as haemophilia patients typically experience frequent bleeding episodes requiring regular treatment.
Gene Therapy as a One-Time Solution:
- Traditional treatments involve frequent injections of clotting factors to prevent bleeding.
- The new gene therapy offers a one-time solution, teaching the body to produce enough clotting factor to prevent hemorrhages.
Haemophilia A - Overview:
- Caused by the absence of Factor VIII, a critical blood-clotting protein.
- Hemophilia A primarily affects males (since it's an X-linked disorder), though some females with two defective X chromosomes can also develop the condition.
- Symptoms include prolonged bleeding from minor injuries or internal bleeding in joints and muscles.
Current Treatment Challenges:
- Haemophilia treatments can be expensive and require lifelong care, costing up to ?2.54 crore over a 10-year period.
- The therapy requires repeated infusions of clotting factors or synthetic alternatives, which can be burdensome.
Gene Therapy Details:
- The gene therapy used in this trial involves fusing stem cells with the gene for Factor VIII using a lentivirus vector (safer than other vectors like adenovirus).
- This therapy eliminates the need for repeated Factor VIII infusions, providing a more cost-effective and sustainable solution.
Global Context:
- India has one of the world’s largest haemophilia populations, with an estimated 40,000 to 100,000 patients.
- The success of this gene therapy in India could lead to localized production, reducing treatment costs and increasing accessibility to gene therapy in resource-constrained settings.
Comparison with Roctavian:
- Roctavian, the only FDA-approved gene therapy for haemophilia A, also uses gene delivery to produce Factor VIII, but requires immunosuppressive therapy and is not approved for children.
- In contrast, the Vellore trial's lentivirus-based approach is considered safer, especially for children, with the potential for broader application.
Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2024
- 12 Dec 2024
In News:
The Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2024 was passed in the Lok Sabha on December 20, 2024, aiming to enhance the functioning and autonomy of Indian Railways.
Key Provisions:
- Repeal of the Indian Railway Board Act, 1905: The Bill repeals the 1905 Act and incorporates its provisions into the Railways Act, 1989, simplifying the legal framework by reducing the need to refer to two separate laws.
- Statutory Backing for Railway Board: The Bill provides statutory backing to the Railway Board, which previously lacked such a legal mandate. It grants the Union government the authority to determine the number of members, their qualifications, terms, and conditions of service.
- Decentralization of Power: The Bill aims to decentralize decision-making, granting greater autonomy to regional railway zones. This shift will allow more independence in budgeting, infrastructure projects, and recruitment, addressing long-standing calls for improved regional empowerment.
- Independent Regulator: The Bill proposes the creation of an independent regulator for overseeing tariffs, safety, and private sector participation. This idea has been supported by previous expert committees to encourage greater competition and transparency in the sector.
- Fast-Tracking Infrastructure and Services: The Bill will streamline approvals for new train services and infrastructure projects, helping meet demands from underserved regions, particularly in states like Bihar.
Objectives:
- Modernization of the Legal Framework: By incorporating the provisions of the 1905 Act into the 1989 Act, the Bill aims to simplify and modernize the legal architecture governing the railways.
- Empowerment of Railway Zones: Autonomy for railway zones is seen as a key step towards improving efficiency and accountability in operations.
- Private Sector Participation: The establishment of an independent regulator is expected to promote private participation in the railway sector, aligning with international standards.
Historical Context:
- The Indian Railways Act, 1890 established the foundations for Indian Railways as a government entity, which was further refined with the Indian Railway Board Act, 1905.
- This Bill aligns with recommendations from previous committees, including the Sreedharan Committee (2014) and the Committee on Restructuring Railways (2015), which have called for greater decentralization and autonomy for railway zones, as well as an independent regulatory body.
Challenges and Proposed Reforms:
- Financial Sustainability: The railways face challenges such as high operating costs, particularly from salaries and pensions, and losses in the passenger segment. Suggestions to improve finances include rationalizing passenger fares, enhancing freight revenue, and attracting private investment in infrastructure.
- Efficient Freight Operations: The Bill also addresses concerns about network congestion, especially for freight operations, and aims to increase the competitiveness of freight transport by improving infrastructure and reducing cross-subsidies from passenger fares.
Recommendations of various Committees on reforming the Railways
Regulatory Structure for Railway Sector
- Set up independent regulator to fix tariffs, promote competition, and protect consumer interests
Organisational structure of Indian Railways
- Corporatisation of Indian Railways
- Reorganise Railway Board to reflect a corporate business structure
- Envision the Railway Board as a policymaker alone
- Provide zones with full financial autonomy
Operations
- Separate core and non-core business (hospitals, schools, catering and security) of the Railways
- Permit private participation in some railway operations
Finances
- Clearly define social obligations and commercial business roles
- Restructure accounting procedure to reflect zone and route-wise profit and loss statements6,7,9
- Develop PPP models to attract private participation in: (i) developing and maintaining stations/ terminals, (ii) leasing of wagons, (iii) freight train operations, (iv) manufacturing of rolling stock, and (v) running non-core business operations
- Monetise railway assets
- Rationalise passenger tariffs
Regulatory Structure for Railway Sector
- Set up independent regulator to fix tariffs, promote competition, and protect consumer interests
Organisational structure of Indian Railways
- Corporatisation of Indian Railways
- Reorganise Railway Board to reflect a corporate business structure
- Envision the Railway Board as a policymaker alone
- Provide zones with full financial autonomy
Operations
- Separate core and non-core business (hospitals, schools, catering and security) of the Railways
- Permit private participation in some railway operations
Finances
- Clearly define social obligations and commercial business roles
- Restructure accounting procedure to reflect zone and route-wise profit and loss statements6,7,9
- Develop PPP models to attract private participation in: (i) developing and maintaining stations/ terminals, (ii) leasing of wagons, (iii) freight train operations, (iv) manufacturing of rolling stock, and (v) running non-core business operations
- Monetise railway assets
- Rationalise passenger tariffs
World Malaria Report 2024
- 12 Dec 2024
In News:
The World Malaria Report 2024 released by the World Health Organization (WHO) highlights significant progress in malaria control, particularly in India, but underscores the continued burden of malaria in Southeast Asia, where India accounts for half of all malaria cases.
About Malaria:
- Cause: Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, primarily P. falciparum and P. vivax, transmitted through bites from infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Transmission: Non-contagious; transmitted via mosquito bites.
- Symptoms: Fever, chills, and headaches appear 10–15 days after the mosquito bite. In some individuals, the symptoms may be mild.
- Prevention: Includes vector control strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor spraying. Malaria is treatable with early diagnosis and prompt medication.
India’s Malaria Status:
- Progress:
- India has made significant strides in reducing malaria, with cases decreasing from 22.8 million in 2000 to 4 million in 2023, a reduction of 82.4%.
- Similarly, malaria-related deaths dropped by 82.9%, from 35,000 in 2000 to 6,000 in 2023.
- Exit from High-Burden-High-Impact (HBHI) Group:
- India exited this group in 2024, signaling its success in reducing malaria burden.
- Cases dropped by 69% (from 6.4 million in 2017 to 2 million in 2023), and deaths fell by 68% (from 11,100 to 3,500 in the same period).
Key Strategies Behind India's Success:
- Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy (ACT): Used to treat malaria effectively.
- Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN): Widely deployed to control mosquito populations.
- Targeted Interventions: Focused on forested and tribal areas where malaria transmission is higher, particularly in states like Jharkhand, Odisha, and the North-East.
- Effective Monitoring: Ensures proper implementation of strategies and interventions.
WHO's Global Malaria Report 2024 Highlights:
- Global Burden: In 2023, there were 263 million malaria cases globally and 597,000 deaths. The African region remains the hardest hit, accounting for 95% of malaria deaths.
- Progress Since 2000: Malaria incidence and deaths have significantly decreased. The global number of malaria cases and deaths dropped substantially, with over 2.2 billion cases and 12.7 million deaths averted.
- Malaria-Free Countries: As of November 2024, 44 countries and one territory, including Egypt, have been certified malaria-free.
- Emerging Threats: Drug resistance (especially to Artemisinin) and insecticide resistance are growing concerns, affecting control efforts.
India and Southeast Asia:
- India contributes nearly half of the malaria cases in Southeast Asia, while Indonesia accounts for about one-third. Despite progress, India and Indonesia together accounted for 88% of malaria deaths in the region.
- South-East Asia Progress: The region reduced malaria cases by 82.4% from 22.8 million in 2000 to 4 million in 2023. Timor-Leste and Bhutan reported zero indigenous malaria cases in 2023.
Global Recommendations:
- WHO stresses the need for continued investment, innovative strategies, and targeted actions, especially in high-burden areas like Africa, to sustain progress and tackle remaining challenges, such as drug resistance, insecticide resistance, and new vector species like Anopheles stephensi, which thrives in urban areas.
Smuggling in India Report 2023-24
- 12 Dec 2024
In News:
The annual ‘Smuggling in India - Report 2023-24’ report, which highlights DRI’s performance and experience over the last financial year as well as trends in the field of anti-smuggling and commercial fraud, will be released during the celebration.
Major Narcotics Hubs and Routes:
- Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (The Death Crescent):
- Primary source of heroin trafficked into India.
- Routes via Africa, the Gulf, and India-Pakistan border.
- Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand (The Death Triangle):
- Significant source of synthetic drugs and heroin.
- Drugs often enter India through porous northeastern borders (e.g., Assam, Mizoram).
- Vulnerable regions: Moreh, Churachandpur, Zokhawthar.
- Maritime Routes:
- India’s vast coastline provides opportunities for drug trafficking, often through concealed shipping containers and fishing vessels.
- Air Routes:
- Increased trafficking due to international air traffic.
- Smuggled drugs often concealed in luggage, courier packages, or ingested by mules.
Major Narcotics Trends and Seizures (FY24):
- Cocaine:
- Significant increase in trafficking, particularly from South America and Africa.
- 47 seizures, up from 21 in the previous year.
- Seized quantity: 107 kg.
- Methamphetamine:
- Spiked in northeastern states like Assam and Mizoram.
- Seized quantity in FY24: 136 kg; increased in the first half of FY25 with 123 kg.
- Hydroponic Marijuana:
- Increasing smuggling from the US, Thailand, and other countries.
- Black Cocaine:
- New form of cocaine coated with substances like charcoal or iron oxide to evade detection.
- Contraband Cigarettes:
- Smuggling through sea routes, especially from Southeast Asia and the Middle East.
- Seizures increased by 19% in FY25, reaching 3.95 crore sticks.
- Illicit Gold:
- Significant destination for gold smuggling from West Asia (UAE, Saudi Arabia).
- Seized quantity fell slightly (1,319 kg in FY24), with land and air routes being primary methods.
- Wildlife Smuggling:
- Seizures included 53.5 kg of elephant tusks, leopard skins, live pangolins, and more.
Challenges and Issues:
- Porous Borders:
- Smuggling across eastern borders with Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Nepal remains a significant challenge.
- Difficult terrain in these regions aids traffickers.
- Air and Sea Routes:
- Growing use of air and maritime routes due to faster movement of goods.
- Technology and Detection:
- Emergence of “black cocaine” challenges traditional detection methods.
Anti-Smuggling and Drug Control Efforts:
- International Cooperation:
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) lead global efforts.
- Paris Pact Initiative targets Afghan opiate trafficking.
- Indian Initiatives:
- Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985) provides legal framework.
- Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) and Anti-Narcotics Task Force (ANTF) work together for enforcement.
- National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction and Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan focus on awareness and rehabilitation.
ABOUT DRI
- The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) is the premier intelligence and enforcement agency on anti-smuggling matters under the aegis of Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs (CBIC), Government of India.
- It came into existence on 4th December 1957.
- With its Headquarters at New Delhi, 12 Zonal Units, 35 Regional Units and 15 Sub-Regional Units, DRI has been carrying out its mandate of preventing and detecting cases of smuggling of narcotic drugs & psychotropic substances, gold, diamonds, precious metals, wildlife products, cigarettes, arms, ammunitions & explosives, counterfeit currency notes, foreign currency, SCOMET Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment and Technologies) items, hazardous & environmentally sensitive materials, antiques etc. and taking punitive action against the organised crime groups engaged therein.
- DRI is also engaged in unearthing commercial frauds and instances of customs duty evasion.
Hyperloop Technology
- 12 Dec 2024
In News:
India’s first hyperloop test track (410 meters) completed by Indian Railways, IIT-Madras’Avishkar Hyperloop team and TuTr (incubated startup) at IIT-M discovery campus, Thaiyur in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
India’s First Hyperloop Test Track:
- Location: IIT Madras’ Discovery Campus, Chennai.
- Collaboration: Indian Railways, IIT-Madras' Avishkar Hyperloop team, and TuTr Hyperloop (startup).
- Track Length: 410 meters.
- Test Speed: Initial successful test at 100 km/h; plans for 600 km/h in the next phase.
- Passenger Capacity: 40–100 passengers per pod, depending on design.
What is Hyperloop Technology?
- Concept: A high-speed transport system using pods in low-pressure vacuum tubes, designed to achieve speeds similar to aircraft (up to 1,100 km/h).
- Working:
- Magnetic Levitation (Maglev): Pods float on magnets, eliminating friction.
- Vacuum Tubes: Reduces air resistance for high-speed travel.
- Propulsion: Linear induction motors propel pods.
- Energy: Solar-powered, designed for zero emissions.
India’s Hyperloop Projects:
- Current Status:
- Successful testing of a 410-meter test track at IIT Madras.
- Ongoing feasibility studies for routes like Chennai Airport–Parandur, Mumbai–Pune, and Amritsar–Chandigarh.
- Phase 1 & 2: First phase involves a 11.5-kilometer track; future expansion to 100 km.
- Mumbai–Pune Corridor: Planned as India’s first full-scale Hyperloop system, aiming to reduce travel time from 3–4 hours to 25 minutes.
Benefits of Hyperloop:
- Speed: Capable of reaching speeds up to 1,100 km/h (operational speed around 360 km/h).
- Efficiency: Reduces travel time, energy-efficient with reduced air resistance and friction.
- Sustainability: Powered by renewable energy (e.g., solar power), offering zero emissions.
- Point-to-Point Travel: No intermediate stops, making it more time-efficient.
Challenges:
- Infrastructure Costs: Expensive to build the vacuum tubes, stations, and supporting systems.
- Land Acquisition: Difficulty in acquiring land, especially in densely populated areas.
- Regulatory Issues: Lack of a specific regulatory framework for such advanced transport systems.
- Technological Barriers: Complex engineering challenges, including development of maglev systems and vacuum seals.
Global Context:
- Origin: Concept proposed by Elon Musk in 2013.
- Worldwide Adoption: Hyperloop is being explored globally, with projects in the U.S., UAE, and Europe.
GG Tau A System
- 11 Dec 2024
In News:
GG Tau A System: Located about 489 light-years from Earth, this system is a triple-star setup that is between 1 to 5 million years old. This makes it an ideal system for studying the early stages of planetary formation.
Findings from the Discovery:
- Protoplanetary Disk: The system features a protoplanetary disk made of gas and dust, where new planets are forming. Researchers from NISER (National Institute of Science Education and Research), Odisha detected emissions from key molecules in the disk.
- Chemical Molecules: The molecules are frozen on tiny dust particles in the coldest regions of the disk (temperatures between 12 K and 16 K). These frozen molecules could serve as the building blocks for new planets.
Significance of the Discovery:
- Triple-Star Configuration: GG Tau A’s triple-star system is rare, and it has complex gravitational interactions among the three stars. This complicates how the gas and dust disk behaves and provides unique insights into planetary formation in multi-star systems.
- Study of Planet Formation: Traditionally, planets form around single stars or in binary systems. However, multi-star systems like GG Tau A present challenges for planet formation. Studying this system helps scientists understand how planets can form in more complex environments.
- Cold Conditions for Planet Formation: The study found that icy conditions in the disk are essential for the accumulation of materials that form planets. These low temperatures (below the freezing point of carbon monoxide) allow dust and gas particles to clump together, creating the foundation for exoplanets.
Broader Implications:
- Exoplanet Diversity: This research enhances our understanding of how planets form in different types of star systems, contributing to the study of exoplanets and their potential diversity across the universe.
- Astrophysics and Planetary Science: This discovery plays a crucial role in improving our knowledge of the early stages of planet formation, especially in complicated star systems like triple-star setups, which are rare but can provide valuable insights into how planetary systems evolve under unique conditions.
Research Tools:
- The team used advanced radio telescopes located in the Atacama Desert (Chile) to observe the emissions from the disk, highlighting the role of cutting-edge technology in space exploration and astronomical research.
Champions of the Earth Award
- 11 Dec 2024
In News:
- Madhav Gadgil, an Indian ecologist, received the UN Environment Programme (UNEP)'s Champions of the Earth Award in 2024.
- The Champions of the Earth Award is UNEP’s highest environmental honor, recognizing individuals, organizations, and governments for significant contributions to environmental protection and sustainable development.
Contributions of Madhav Gadgil:
- Work in Western Ghats:
- Gadgil is recognized for his seminal work in the Western Ghats, an ecologically sensitive region in India, which is a global biodiversity hotspot.
- He chaired the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), formed by the Indian government to assess the impacts of population pressure, climate change, and development on the region.
- Recommendations by WGEEP:
- Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA): Recommended declaring the entire Western Ghats range as an ESA.
- The WGEEP suggested dividing the Western Ghats into three Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ) based on environmental sensitivity.
- Development Restrictions: Proposed a ban on activities like mining, quarrying, thermal power plants, and large-scale hydropower projects in the most sensitive zones (ESZ-1).
- Governance Recommendations: Suggested a bottom-to-top governance approach, beginning with Gram Sabhas, and the creation of a Western Ghats Ecology Authority (WGEA) for effective management.
- Impact of Gadgil’s Work:
- His research and recommendations have played a crucial role in shaping environmental policy and public opinion in India.
- The UNESCO World Heritage status for the Western Ghats in 2012 was a significant step in global recognition of the region’s ecological importance.
About the Champions of the Earth Award:
- History & Significance:
- Established in 2005, the award recognizes trailblazers working towards addressing the triple planetary crisis: climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.
- Since its inception, it has honored 122 laureates who have shown outstanding leadership in environmental conservation.
- 2024 Awardees:
- Madhav Gadgil (India) – for his work on the Western Ghats.
- Sonia Guajajara (Brazil) – for advocacy for Indigenous rights and environmental protection.
- Amy Bowers Cordalis (USA) – for her work in Indigenous rights and ecosystem restoration.
- Gabriel Paun (Romania) – for defending Europe’s old growth forests from illegal logging.
- Lu Qi (China) – for contributions to afforestation and combating desertification.
- SEKEM (Egypt) – for advancing sustainable agriculture.
Key Facts about UNEP:
- UN Environment Programme (UNEP):
- Established in 1972, UNEP is a leading global authority on environmental issues.
- UNEP aims to address climate change, nature and biodiversity loss, and pollution through scientific research, policy support, and public advocacy.
- UNEP is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya and works closely with 193 Member States to tackle the planet’s most pressing environmental challenges.
Ayush Visa
- 11 Dec 2024
In News:
- Recently, the government introduced a separate category of Ayush Visa for foreigners seeking treatment under the Ayush systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy).
- The Ayush Visa is available in four sub-categories:
- Ayush Visa: For foreigners visiting India for therapeutic care and wellness treatment in accredited hospitals/wellness centers.
- Ayush Attendant Visa: For attendants accompanying patients seeking Ayush treatment.
- e-Ayush Visa: An electronic version of the Ayush Visa for convenience.
- e-Ayush Attendant Visa: For attendants accompanying patients on an e-Ayush Visa.
- Visa Statistics (as of December 4, 2024):
- 123 regular Ayush visas have been issued.
- 221 e-Ayush visas issued.
- 17 e-Ayush attendant visas issued.
- Advantage Healthcare India Portal:
- The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched the Advantage Healthcare India portal, an official platform for Medical Value Travel (MVT).
- The portal facilitates information for international patients seeking medical treatment and wellness services in India.
- The website for accessing the portal is www.healinindia.gov.in.
- Government's Objectives: The government aims to sensitize stakeholders involved in MVT, including Ayush facility providers, to ensure smooth services for international patients.
Human Rights Day 2024
- 11 Dec 2024
In News:
Human Rights Day 2024 celebrated every year on 10th December is dedicated to promote protection of fundamental rights and freedom of all individuals.
Key Highlights:
- Purpose: Promote and protect human rights and freedoms worldwide.
- Theme (2024): “Our Rights, Our Future, Right Now” – highlights the importance of immediate action to protect and uphold human rights globally.
Historical Significance:
- Commemorates: The adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the UN General Assembly in 1948.
- UN Resolution: Established by UN Resolution 423 (V) in 1950.
- First Observance: December 10, 1950.
- Father of Human Rights Day: Eleanor Roosevelt, for her pivotal role in drafting the UDHR.
Key Highlights:
- The UDHR:
- Adopted in 1948, it defines fundamental human rights for all individuals.
- Comprises 30 articles, addressing rights such as freedom, equality, and access to education, healthcare, and fair employment.
- Role of the UN: UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC): A body under the UN responsible for monitoring and promoting human rights worldwide, comprising 47 member states.
- Human Rights Day Focus in 2024:
- Emphasizes human rights education, particularly among the youth.
- Addresses emerging challenges like cybercrimes, AI impacts, and climate change.
- Reaffirms the importance of safeguarding human dignity globally.
Human Rights Declared by UDHR:
- Right to freedom and equality
- Right to life, liberty, and security
- Freedom from slavery and torture
- Right to recognition before the law
- Equal protection under the law
- Right to a fair trial
- Right to privacy and protection from attacks
- Right to work and fair employment
- Right to rest and leisure
- Right to education
- Right to an adequate standard of living
- Right to participate in government and cultural activities
AgeXtend
- 11 Dec 2024
In News:
- AgeXtend is developed by researchers at Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology – Delhi (IIIT-Delhi) to rapidly identify age-defying compounds, known as geroprotectors, to promote healthy aging.
Key Features of AgeXtend:
- What is AgeXtend?
- An AI-based platform designed to discover compounds with geroprotective (anti-aging) properties.
- Objective: To accelerate the identification of molecules promoting longevity by reducing the time and effort compared to conventional research methods.
- Development: Developed by researchers from the Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Delhi.
- Working Mechanism:
- Scans over 1.1 billion compounds to predict, analyze, and validate molecules with anti-aging potential.
- Utilizes machine learning to determine efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action.
- Experimental validation conducted using yeast, worms (C. elegans), and human cell models.
- Significance:
- The largest study on longevity, including compounds from commercial drugs, FDA-approved drugs, Ayurvedic, and Chinese medicine.
- Provides a scientific rationale for identifying geroprotective compounds, aiding targeted research.
- Open-source code and data promote collaboration and allow commercial exploration.
Platform Capabilities:
- AI Analysis:
- Uses bioactivity data from existing geroprotectors to predict new compounds with similar properties.
- Evaluates geroprotective potential, toxicity, and identifies target proteins and mechanisms of action for accuracy and safety.
- Unique Feature: Explains why a compound is considered geroprotective, revealing underlying mechanisms.
- Example Validation: Successfully identified benefits of metformin and taurine without prior knowledge, confirming the platform’s predictive power.
- Study Scale: The study involved scanning over 1.1 billion molecules, making it the largest study on longevity to date.
Open-Source and Commercial Use:
- Availability:
- The code and data are available as open-source for researchers and students. Commercial access is available for a fee.
- A Python package for AgeXtend is available via pip on pypi.org.
- Further Collaboration: The researchers have reached out to pharma companies to further investigate promising compounds.
- Exploring Natural Compounds: AgeXtend also explores natural compounds from the human microbiome, investigating their role in controlling cell aging.
Sora Turbo
- 10 Dec 2024
In News:
OpenAI officially launched Sora Turbo, its advanced text-to-video artificial intelligence (AI) tool, marking a significant development in the field of visual AI generation. This follows Google’s recent expansion of its video-generative AI tool, Veo, for Vertex AI customers. However, hours after Sora Turbo’s release, OpenAI temporarily disabled sign-ups due to overwhelming demand.
Key Features of Sora Turbo:
- Text-to-Video Generation: Users can input text prompts, and Sora Turbo will generate videos based on the provided descriptions. This makes it one of the first widely accessible AI-powered video generation models.
- Video Quality & Formats: Sora Turbo can generate videos in 1080p resolution, lasting up to 20 seconds. It supports both vertical and horizontal formats.
- Remix Options: Users can remix the AI-generated videos with their own assets, allowing for customization and extension of the content.
- Speed & Interface: The tool has been optimized for faster video generation compared to its previous version, with a new user interface designed to make the process more intuitive.
- Subscription Plans:
- ChatGPT Plus ($20/month): Users get up to 50 videos at 480p resolution per month or fewer videos at 720p resolution.
- ChatGPT Pro ($200/month): Offers 10 times more usage, with higher resolution and longer durations.
User Access and Availability:
- Access Requirements: To use Sora Turbo, individuals need to subscribe to either the ChatGPT Plus or ChatGPT Pro plans. The tool is included in these subscriptions without additional charges.
- Geographic Limitations: As of now, Sora Turbo is unavailable in the European Union, United Kingdom, and Switzerland.
Metadata & Safety Features:
- Transparency: All videos generated by Sora Turbo will include C2PA metadata for content provenance and authenticity, along with a visual watermark.
- Abuse Prevention: OpenAI has implemented safeguards to block the generation of harmful content, including child sexual abuse materials and sexual deepfakes.
Future Developments:
OpenAI has plans to offer tailored pricing for different users starting in early 2025. Additionally, Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, described Sora as a groundbreaking product, comparing it to the early days of GPT technology, and emphasized its potential for co-creation and innovative visual content generation.
INS Tushil Commissioned into the Indian Navy in Russia
- 10 Dec 2024
In News:
Recently, the Indian Navy officially commissioned INS Tushil, a multi-role stealth guided missile frigate, at Kaliningrad, Russia. This marks a significant milestone in India-Russia defense cooperation and strengthens India’s maritime capabilities.
About INS Tushil:
- Class & Design: INS Tushil is the seventh ship in the Krivak III class (Project 1135.6) of frigates. It is part of an upgraded series, following the Talwar-class and Teg-class frigates, and was built at the Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad, Russia.
- Development & Contract: The construction was initiated under a 2016 contract between the Indian Government, JSC Rosoboronexport (a Russian defense company), and the Indian Navy. The ship incorporates 26% indigenous technology, highlighting growing cooperation between Indian and Russian industries.
- Key Features:
- Stealth Design: With advanced radar-absorbing features, it is less detectable by enemy radar.
- Weaponry: Equipped with BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, Shtil Surface-to-Air Missiles, anti-submarine torpedoes, electronic warfare systems, and more.
- Versatility: Designed for blue-water operations, the ship can engage in air, surface, underwater, and electromagnetic warfare.
- Helicopter Deck: Supports operations of upgraded Kamov 28 and Kamov 31 helicopters.
- Speed: Capable of exceeding 30 knots.
Significance:
- Enhanced Naval Capabilities: The commissioning of INS Tushil boosts India’s defense strength in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), a vital area for global maritime trade and security.
- Maritime Security: INS Tushil is designed to support India’s vision of maintaining stability in the IOR and to act as a deterrent against piracy and other maritime threats.
- Defense Cooperation: This commissioning exemplifies the growing defense ties between India and Russia, underscored by joint development, technology transfer, and shared expertise. The ship reflects a major step in India's self-reliance in defense, in line with the “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” initiative.
- Strategic Role in Global Defense: The ship is a key asset in the Indian Navy's efforts to secure maritime trade routes, enhance regional security, and provide humanitarian assistance in times of need.
Key Events & Facts:
- Construction Timeline: The keel of INS Tushil was laid in 2013, and it launched in 2021. After completing extensive sea and weapon trials in 2024, it was formally commissioned into the Navy.
- Collaborative Effort: The ship is a product of collaborative efforts between Indian and Russian industries, marking a significant achievement in joint defense manufacturing.
Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
- 10 Dec 2024
In News:
Recently, the Government of India announced the appointment of Sanjay Malhotra as the 26th Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). He replaces Shaktikanta Das, whose six-year tenure ends on December 10, 2024.
Background of Sanjay Malhotra:
- Education & Early Career: Sanjay Malhotra is a 1990-batch IAS officer from the Rajasthan cadre. He holds a degree in Computer Science Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur and a Master’s in Public Policy from Princeton University.
- Professional Experience: Malhotra has over 33 years of experience in various sectors including power, finance, taxation, information technology, and mines. He is currently serving as the Revenue Secretary in the Ministry of Finance, a position he has held since October 2022. Prior to this, he was Secretary of the Department of Financial Services.
- Monetary Policy and Challenges: As RBI Governor, Malhotra will inherit the responsibility of steering India's monetary policy, especially as inflation has been a persistent issue and economic growth has slowed. His first monetary policy review is expected in February 2025.
About the Appointment Process:
RBI Governors are appointed by the Government of India, and the appointment process involves the Financial Sector Regulatory Appointment Search Committee, which includes the Cabinet Secretary, the current RBI Governor, the Financial Services Secretary, and two independent members. The committee prepares a list of eligible candidates, interviews them, and the final decision is made by the Cabinet Committee on Appointments, chaired by the Prime Minister.
RBI Governors Eligibility Criteria
- The RBI Act, 1934 does not mention any specific qualification for the governor. People with different educational backgrounds were selected to head the institution. However, the governor traditionally is either a civil services personnel or an economist.
- Candidates should have prior experience in areas such as:
- Working with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or World Bank.
- Serving as Chairman or General Manager of a bank.
- Holding significant positions in reputable financial or banking organizations.
- Working in the Ministry of Finance of the Government of India.
- The candidate must be an Indian citizen aged 35 years or older.
- The candidate cannot be a member of Parliament, State Legislature, or hold any other office for profit
Key Responsibilities of the RBI Governor:
- Monetary Policy: The RBI Governor chairs the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), which is responsible for setting benchmark interest rates and managing inflation.
- Regulation of Financial Institutions: The Governor oversees the regulation of banks, non-banking financial companies (NBFCs), and other financial institutions.
- Currency Management: The Governor ensures the proper issuance of currency and the withdrawal of unfit notes.
- Crisis Management and Policy Execution: The Governor is pivotal in managing financial crises and ensuring the execution of policies related to foreign exchange and financial inclusion.
National Panchayat Awards 2024
- 10 Dec 2024
In News:
The National Panchayat Awards 2024 celebrated the remarkable contributions of 45 Panchayats from across India for their role in driving sustainable and inclusive development in rural areas. The awards were presented on 11th December 2024 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, with President Smt. Droupadi Murmu and Union Minister of Panchayati Raj Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh (Lalan Singh) presiding over the event.
Key Highlights:
- Categories of Awards: The awards focus on rural governance, social inclusion, environmental sustainability, and the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through Localization of SDGs (LSDGs).
- Deen Dayal Upadhyay Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar (DDUPSVP): Recognizes top-performing Gram Panchayats across 9 thematic areas like health, water, sanitation, and governance.
- Nanaji Deshmukh Sarvottam Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar: Awarded to the best Panchayats based on overall excellence across all LSDG themes.
- Gram Urja Swaraj Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar: Honors Panchayats for contributions to renewable energy.
- Carbon Neutral Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar: Awarded to Panchayats achieving net-zero carbon emissions.
- Panchayat Kshamta Nirmaan Sarvottam Sansthan Puraskar: Recognizes institutions supporting Panchayats in implementing LSDGs.
- Notable Achievements:
- Women’s Leadership: 42% of the award-winning Panchayats were led by women.
- States with Top Performers: States like Tripura, Odisha, and Maharashtra were prominently recognized for their achievements, especially in sustainability efforts like carbon neutrality and renewable energy adoption.
- Prize Distribution: A total of ?46 crore was awarded to the 45 winners, with funds directly transferred to their accounts.
Objectives:
The National Panchayat Awards aim to:
- Promote rural development through effective Panchayat governance.
- Encourage competition among Panchayats for improving public services and infrastructure.
- Recognize excellence in implementing sustainable development practices.
Key Themes of the Awards:
The awards are aligned with 9 LSDG themes that contribute to achieving 17 SDGs:
- Poverty-Free and Enhanced Livelihoods
- Healthy Panchayat
- Child-Friendly Panchayat
- Water-Sufficient Panchayat
- Clean and Green Panchayat
- Self-Sufficient Infrastructure
- Socially Just and Secured Panchayat
- Panchayat with Good Governance
- Women-Friendly Panchayat
The National Panchayat Awards 2024 underscore the significant role of Panchayats in shaping rural India by focusing on inclusive and sustainable development. The awards also promote the importance of localized governance in achieving SDGs, encouraging other Panchayats to adopt best practices and contribute to India's overall development goals.
Reforms in Merchant Shipping
- 10 Dec 2024
In News:
The Government is preparing to introduce several significant bills aimed at driving much-needed reforms in the shipping industry. Key among them are the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024 and the Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024, both of which promise to bring transformative changes to boost the sector.
Context and Need for Reforms:
- Outdated Framework: The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, and the Coasting Vessels Act, 1838, fail to address the current needs of the shipping sector, particularly offshore vessels.
- Regulatory Gaps: Inadequate regulation of offshore vessels, maritime training institutions, and welfare provisions for seafarers on foreign-flagged ships.
- Global Alignment: Need to align with international maritime conventions and modernize administration for competitiveness and better governance.
- Investment and Growth: Outdated laws hinder foreign investment and ease of doing business, necessitating a regulatory overhaul.
Key Features of the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024:
- Ease of Vessel Registration:
- Reduces ownership threshold for Indian entities from 100% to 51%, enabling NRIs, OCIs, and foreign entities to invest.
- Facilitates registration of vessels chartered by Indian entities under the "bareboat charter-cum-demise" system, promoting capital-deficient entrepreneurs.
- Temporary registration provisions for vessels destined for demolition, boosting India's ship recycling industry.
- Expansion of Vessel Scope:
- Broadens the definition of "vessel" to include all types of mechanized and non-mechanized crafts, such as submersibles, hydrofoils, and Mobile Offshore Units (MOUs).
- Ensures comprehensive regulatory oversight, particularly in the offshore sector, enhancing transparency and safety.
- Coastal Security:
- Strengthens coastal security by empowering authorities to issue instructions to all types of vessels, addressing vulnerabilities highlighted by incidents like the 26/11 Mumbai attacks.
- Marine Pollution Measures:
- Incorporates global standards like the MARPOL convention to address marine pollution.
- Introduces measures such as reducing sulphur content in marine fuel and banning single-use plastics on Indian ships.
- Launch of the ‘Swachh Sagar’ portal to ensure proper disposal of ship-generated waste.
- Seafarer Welfare:
- Expands welfare provisions to include Indian seafarers working on foreign-flagged ships, offering protections under the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC).
- Ensures better working conditions and safety standards for a growing workforce of Indian seafarers abroad.
- Maritime Training Regulations:
- Establishes a legal framework to regulate maritime training institutions, addressing the rise of unauthorized institutes post-liberalization.
- Ensures standardized, high-quality education and eliminates fraudulent practices.
Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024:
- Focus on Commercial Utilization of Coastal Waters:
- Distinguishes between the technical regulation of ships and the commercial utilization of Indian coastal waters.
- Aims to streamline licensing, operations, and coastal planning, enhancing the integration of inland and coastal shipping.
- Alignment with ‘Sagarmala’ Program: Supports the promotion of coastal shipping through better infrastructure and connectivity, in line with the government's ‘Sagarmala’ initiative, which boosts port connectivity and coastal trade.
International Conventions India Has Ratified:
- MARPOL: Focuses on preventing ship-based pollution.
- Maritime Labour Convention (MLC): Protects seafarers' rights and ensures fair working conditions.
- Bunker Convention: Addresses liability for oil pollution damage.
- Wreck Removal Convention: Mandates safe removal of shipwrecks.
- Civil Liability Convention: Establishes liability for oil pollution incidents.
Significance of the Reforms:
- Modernized Framework: Aligns India’s maritime laws with global standards for enhanced competitiveness.
- Economic Growth: Encourages foreign investment and entry into the shipping sector by removing regulatory barriers.
- Environmental Sustainability: Focus on combating marine pollution and ensuring sustainable shipping practices.
- Enhanced Safety and Security: Strengthens coastal security and ensures stringent safety regulations for vessels.
- Seafarers’ Welfare: Extends benefits and protections to Indian seafarers working globally, ensuring better working conditions.
- Maritime Education: Provides a robust regulatory framework to ensure high-quality, standardized maritime training.
Turner Prize
- 09 Dec 2024
In News:
Jasleen Kaur, a 38-year-old Indian-origin Scottish artist, has won the prestigious Turner Prize 2024 for her exhibition "Alter Altar". This win highlights Kaur’s unique ability to weave together personal, political, and spiritual elements into a cohesive artistic expression. The exhibition explores themes such as plurality, migration, and cultural identity, drawing from Kaur’s own family history and experiences.
Exhibition Overview:
"Alter Altar," which was first showcased in Glasgow, features an array of everyday objects and cultural symbols, including:
- A vintage red Ford Escort covered in a large crocheted doily, symbolizing her father’s migrant aspirations.
- Worship bells, Irn-Bru orange resin, an Axminster carpet, and family photographs.
- Soundtracks, including music from Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Bob Marley, which reflect Kaur’s multicultural upbringing.
The exhibition blends these elements to examine migration, identity, and belonging. The jury, chaired by Alex Farquharson, Director of Tate Britain, praised Kaur’s ability to combine different voices through unexpected and playful material combinations, creating a visual and aural experience that evokes both solidarity and joy.
Personal and Political Reflection:
Kaur’s work reflects on the Sikh concept of Miri Piri, which represents the balance between the political and the spiritual. This duality is central to her exploration of cultural practices and the effects of violence, colonialism, and empire on these traditions. In her acceptance speech, Kaur also addressed political issues, calling for a ceasefire in Gaza and an end to institutional complicity in Israel's actions.
About the Turner Prize:
The Turner Prize, established in 1984, is one of the most prestigious awards in contemporary British art. It aims to recognize recent developments in British art. Kaur’s win is particularly significant as it marks the 40th anniversary of the award. Previous winners include renowned Indian-origin artists such as Anish Kapoor (1991).
Black holes in Webb data allay threat to cosmology’s standard model
- 09 Dec 2024
In News:
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched almost three years ago, has provided unprecedented insights into the early universe. Astronomers were surprised to find large, fully-developed galaxies when the universe was only 400-650 million years old, a timeframe previously thought to be too early for such structures.
The Challenge to the Standard Model:
- Cosmological Expectations: According to the standard model of cosmology, the first stars formed around 100-200 million years after the Big Bang, and galaxies began to form within the first billion years.
- Unexpected Findings: JWST observations seemed to show that galaxies were already large and well-formed much earlier than expected, raising questions about the timeline of galaxy formation.
New Study's Contribution:
- The Study: A study published in the Astrophysical Journal in August 2024, examined JWST data from the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey. They focused on galaxies from 650 to 1,500 million years after the Big Bang.
- Key Findings: One explanation for the unexpected size and number of early galaxies is that these galaxies formed stars much more efficiently than those in the modern universe. This could account for the larger-than-expected galaxies.
The Role of Black Holes:
- Impact of Black Holes: The study also explored the presence of black holes at the centers of early galaxies. These black holes, which emit significant light, were previously unaccounted for in the star mass estimations of galaxies. When the researchers removed the light from black holes (referred to as "little red dots"), they found that the galaxies were not as massive as initially thought.
- Correction to Previous Estimates: This adjustment in calculations helped align the data with the standard model of cosmology, sparing it from a major revision.
Implications for the Standard Model:
- Star Formation Efficiency: The study suggests that extreme conditions in the early universe, including abundant gas and less disruptive stellar events, could explain the higher efficiency of star formation.
- Cosmology's Stability: Despite earlier challenges to the standard model, the new findings support its predictions, showing that more efficient star formation and the role of black holes could explain the rapid growth of galaxies in the early universe.
Future Research Directions:
- Expanding Data Sets: The team plans to incorporate more data from JWST to study even earlier galaxies, which could help refine our understanding of galaxy formation in the early universe.
- Further Observations: As the team continues to explore galaxies from even earlier periods (around 400 million years after the Big Bang), they aim to strengthen their findings and provide further evidence to either support or challenge the current cosmological models.
RBI's Stance on De-dollarisation and Risk Diversification
- 09 Dec 2024
In News:
- Governor Shaktikanta Das clarified that India is not pursuing "de-dollarisation," but rather aiming to diversify risk in trade. Measures like local currency trade agreements and Vostro accounts are intended to reduce reliance on the US dollar without eliminating it entirely.
- Objective: The goal is to de-risk India's trade, not to fully replace the dollar, especially amidst rising geopolitical tensions.
Key Highlights:
Vostro Accounts and Local Currency Trade:
- Vostro Accounts: These accounts, held by foreign banks in Indian rupees, facilitate transactions in local currencies, helping mitigate the risks of dollar dependency.
- International Currency Trade: By promoting trade in local currencies, the RBI seeks to reduce exposure to fluctuations in the dollar's value. However, these efforts have faced challenges due to India’s limited international presence in goods and services trade.
Gold Purchases by Central Banks:
- Surge in Gold Purchases: Global central banks, including the RBI, have significantly increased gold holdings. India added 27 tonnes in October 2024 alone, the largest increase among central banks.
- Motivations for Gold: The surge in gold buying reflects growing concerns about geopolitical risks, including the Ukraine war, and the potential for secondary sanctions. Gold is seen as a safe haven asset that diversifies reserves away from the US dollar.
Decline in Dollar Dominance:
- Global Shift: The share of the US dollar in global reserves has been gradually declining, partly due to the rise of the Chinese yuan. Central banks are increasingly turning to gold and alternative currencies as part of a diversification strategy.
- Impact on Emerging Markets: Countries like India are particularly motivated to reduce reliance on the dollar due to geopolitical tensions and economic vulnerabilities linked to the dollar’s dominance.
India’s Domestic Currency Trade Initiatives:
- Trade with Russia and UAE: India is actively exploring trade in domestic currencies with countries like Russia and the UAE to reduce dependence on the dollar. However, these efforts have faced slow uptake due to India’s trade deficit with most countries except the US.
- Challenges in Adoption: Despite efforts to internationalize the rupee, high transaction costs and lack of sufficient demand for rupee-based trade are significant barriers.
BRICS and Shared Currency Discussions:
- Geopolitical Complexity: BRICS nations, due to their geographical and economic diversity, have discussed the possibility of a shared currency, but no consensus has been reached.
- Reluctance Toward Yuan: India has resisted using the Chinese yuan for transactions, particularly for Russian oil imports, despite the yuan’s growing acceptance. This reflects India’s desire to maintain economic sovereignty and avoid over-reliance on a single currency.
Regional Implications of Dollar Volatility:
- Neighbourhood Impact: Countries like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan have experienced significant financial distress due to declining dollar reserves and surging oil prices, exacerbated by the Ukraine war.
- India’s Resilience: India’s strong dollar reserves have helped it maintain economic stability, but the country remains cautious of dollar volatility, particularly as oil prices rise.
Conclusion:
- Strategic Balance: India’s approach reflects a strategic balance of mitigating risks while ensuring global trade stability. The RBI’s emphasis on gold accumulation and pushing for rupee-based trade demonstrates a desire to reduce exposure to the dollar, but challenges like trade deficits and high transaction costs still hinder the full realization of these goals.
- Economic Sovereignty: Through these measures, India seeks to safeguard its economic sovereignty and financial stability in an increasingly unpredictable global economy.
Oilfields Amendment Bill, 2024
- 09 Dec 2024
In News:
To encourage domestic production of petroleum and other mineral oils, along with private investment in these sectors to reduce import dependence, the Rajya Sabha passed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024.
Key Details:
- Objective:
- Encourage domestic petroleum production.
- Reduce import dependence by promoting private investment in the oil sector.
- Key Amendments:
- Delinking petroleum from mining:
- The Bill separates petroleum and mineral oil production from mining activities.
- The Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948, is amended to focus on mineral oils, distinct from the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
- Expanded Definition of Mineral Oils:
- Includes hydrocarbons in various forms (natural gas, crude oil, petroleum, coal bed methane, and shale gas/oil).
- Excludes coal, lignite, and helium from the definition (falling under the Mines and Minerals Act).
- Petroleum Lease:
- Replaces the term "mining lease" with "petroleum lease."
- Covers activities such as exploration, development, production, and transportation of mineral oils.
- Private Investment:
- Provisions to attract private investment by clarifying rules for petroleum leases.
- Current mining leases remain valid without altering terms to the lessee's disadvantage.
- Decriminalization and Penalties:
- Replaces criminal punishment with financial penalties.
- Fines can go up to Rs. 25 Lakh, with additional penalties for ongoing violations.
- Rule-making Power of Central Government:
- Expands the Centre's authority over petroleum lease regulations, conservation, royalties, mergers, facility sharing, environmental protection, and dispute resolution.
- Delinking petroleum from mining:
- Significance of the Bill:
- Energy Access and Security: Ensures energy security by boosting domestic production.
- Attracting Investment: Creates a conducive environment for private sector investment.
- Environmental Safeguards: Provisions to control carbon emissions and promote renewable energy in oilfields.
- Opposition Criticism:
- State Rights on Mining: Concerns raised by opposition parties, particularly the DMK, about the reduction of state control over resource taxation (taxing mineral rights).
- Impact on Federal Balance: States traditionally manage mining rights under the Constitution’s State List (Entry 50). The Bill may shift control to the Union List (Entry 53), creating constitutional concerns.
- Environmental Concerns:
- Opposition figures like P.P. Suneer (CPI) argue for prioritizing public companies like ONGC, fearing privatization may worsen environmental governance.
- Adjudication of Disputes:
- Appeals against penalty decisions will be handled by the Appellate Tribunal, as per the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006.
- Broader Significance:
- Energy Independence: Reduces reliance on fuel imports, fostering energy security and economic stability.
- Regulation: Strengthens the enforcement mechanism for petroleum operations while encouraging private participation.
Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB):
- Formation: Established under the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006.
- Functions: Regulates refining, transportation, distribution, storage, marketing, and sale of petroleum products and natural gas.
- Role in the Bill: Ensures competitive markets for gas and handles appeals regarding regulatory decisions.
Markhor Spotted in North Kashmir's Baramulla
- 08 Dec 2024
In News:
Recently, a Markhor, a rare wild goat with spiral-shaped horns, was spotted in Noorkha village of Boniyar in Baramulla district, North Kashmir.The animal was seen near a waterfall in Noorkha, prompting locals to alert the authorities.
Key Highlights:
- The Markhor (Capra falconeri) is a large, wild goat species native to mountainous regions in Central and South Asia, including countries such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and others.
- The species is considered endangered and is listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
- The Markhor population in India is concentrated in areas like Shopian, Banihal Pass, Shamsbari, and Kazinag in Jammu and Kashmir.An estimated 300 Markhors live in Kashmir's dense pine and birch forests.
- Threats and Conservation Status:
- The Markhor faces threats due to human activities and natural factors, leading to a decline in its population.
- It is classified as 'Near Threatened' on the IUCN Red List and protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act and the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Protection Act.
- Significance of the Sighting:The sighting of the Markhor has excited both villagers and wildlife enthusiasts, as these animals are not typically found outside their natural habitats, particularly near human settlements.
Kawasaki Disease
- 08 Dec 2024
In News:
Comedian Munawar Faruqui recently opened up about a tough time in his life when his young son was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease.
What is Kawasaki Disease?
- Kawasaki disease is a rare condition that primarily affects children under the age of five.
- It causes inflammation in the blood vessels, including those that supply blood to the heart.
- With early treatment, most children recover without long-term health issues.
Possible Causes:
- The exact cause of Kawasaki disease is not well understood.
- Experts believe it may be triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including certain infections.
Symptoms: Kawasaki disease symptoms typically appear in two phases and may last for several weeks. Common symptoms include:
- High fever lasting more than five days.
- Red eyes without discharge.
- A rash on the body, particularly in the chest and groin area.
- Swollen hands and feet, sometimes accompanied by redness.
- Red, cracked lips and a swollen, red tongue.
- Swollen lymph nodes, particularly on one side of the neck.
Detection & Treatment:
- There’s no test that can directly detect Kawasaki disease. But healthcare providers can do tests that support a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease or rule out other possible illnesses.
- Treatment for Kawasaki disease includes:Immune globulin (IVIG), or human blood proteins you receive by IV. About 10% of children may not respond to the first dose of IVIG and will need a second dose or other medications.
Community and Individual Forest Rights in Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR)
- 08 Dec 2024
In News:
- The Coimbatore District Collector, granted community and individual forest rights under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, to tribal settlements in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR) on December 6, 2024.These rights were handed over to three tribal settlements and 14 families at a function in Coimbatore.
Key Highlights:
- Community Forest Rights:
- Three tribal settlements in ATR—Nagaroothu I, Nagaroothu II, and Chinnarpathi—were granted community rights.
- These rights allow the settlements to collect forest produce excluding timber, such as mango, amla, honey, tamarind, and grass for making brooms.
- Individual Forest Rights:
- Individual rights were granted to 14 families from the Old Sarkarpathy tribal settlement.
- The families had requested these rights for traditional cultivation practices passed down by their ancestors.
- The individual rights were approved after the recommendation of a sub-divisional committee and scrutiny by a district-level committee.
- About the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006:
- Purpose: The FRA was enacted to address historical injustices faced by forest-dwelling communities and ensure their livelihood and food security.
- Key Provisions:
- Individual Rights: Self-cultivation, habitation, and in-situ rehabilitation.
- Community Rights: Access to grazing, fishing, water bodies in forests, and protection of traditional knowledge and customary rights.
- Eligibility: Rights can be claimed by any community or individual who has lived in the forest for at least three generations (75 years) before December 13, 2005.
- Critical Wildlife Habitats: The Act mandates that critical wildlife habitats in national parks and sanctuaries remain inviolate for wildlife conservation.
- Authorities Involved in Vesting Forest Rights:
- Gram Sabha: Initiates the process for determining the nature and extent of rights.
- Sub-Divisional Level Committee: Examines resolutions passed by the Gram Sabha.
- District Level Committee: Grants final approval for forest rights.
- Challenges with Forest Rights Implementation:
- The Xaxa Committee pointed out several challenges in the implementation of the FRA, such as:
- Arbitrary rejection of claims.
- Lack of deadlines for claims processing.
- Unaddressed rights of communities displaced by development projects.
- The Xaxa Committee pointed out several challenges in the implementation of the FRA, such as:
- About Anamalai Tiger Reserve:
- Located in the Anamalai Hills of Pollachi and Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, at an altitude of 1,400 meters.
- Established as a tiger reserve in 2007, it is surrounded by multiple protected areas like the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, and Eravikulam National Park.
- Biodiversity in Anamalai Tiger Reserve:
- Habitats: The reserve contains wet evergreen forests, semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests, and unique habitats like montane grasslands and marshy grasslands.
- Flora: The reserve is home to around 2,500 species of angiosperms, including species like balsam, orchids, and wild relatives of cultivated crops such as mango, jackfruit, cardamom, and pepper.
- Fauna: It supports various wildlife species, including tigers, Asiatic elephants, sambars, spotted deer, leopards, jackals, and jungle cats.
Sacred Groves
- 08 Dec 2024
In News:
Preserving India’s sacred groves can help country achieve its conservation & climate goals.
Sacred Groves in India:
- Sacred groves are forest patches that are culturally and spiritually important for various communities.
- They are known by different names across India: sarnas in Jharkhand, devgudis in Chhattisgarh, and orans in Rajasthan.
- Groves vary in size from small clusters of trees to expansive forests covering several acres.
Threats to Sacred Groves:
- Sacred groves are increasingly under threat due to deforestation, mining, and development activities.
- Many sacred groves are being displaced or degraded, putting biodiversity and cultural practices at risk.
Ecological and Cultural Importance:
- Sacred groves are rich in biodiversity and serve as important carbon sinks, contributing to climate change mitigation.
- They have been maintained by indigenous communities for centuries, creating a deep connection between people and nature.
- Sacred groves also play a crucial role in preserving indigenous spiritual practices and cultural heritage.
Contribution to Climate and Conservation Goals:
- India’s climate commitment of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 requires the protection of forests, including sacred groves.
- Sacred groves, when properly managed, can help in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation.
- Preserving these groves can support forest conservation and foster coexistence with wildlife, ensuring a balance between development and environmental preservation.
Role of Indigenous Communities:
- Indigenous communities have long used sacred groves to regulate the use of forest resources and ensure environmental sustainability.
- Before modern ecological concepts, sacred groves were seen as natural conservation practices guided by spiritual beliefs.
- This traditional wisdom can be leveraged to enhance conservation efforts in India.
Examples of Successful Sacred Grove Conservation:
- Waghoba Grove in Maharashtra:
- Located in Chinchwadi village, the Taata chi Vanrai grove is dedicated to Waghoba, the tiger deity, and covers eight acres.
- Local communities, including the Thakars, have successfully resisted illegal timber extraction and helped conserve the grove, witnessing the return of wildlife like leopards.
- Worship of Waghoba has played a significant role in preserving forest patches and fostering human-animal coexistence.
- Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve:
- Sacred groves around the Tadoba Reserve, dedicated to Waghoba, are important in reducing human-wildlife conflicts by promoting spiritual ties with the forest.
Government and Community Efforts:
- The Jharkhand government introduced the concept of gherabandi (boundary walls) in 2019 to conserve sacred groves.
- In Chhattisgarh, the renovation of sacred groves has been undertaken to protect and restore these areas.
- Despite these efforts, challenges remain in involving local communities and integrating sacred groves into broader conservation policies.
The Role of OECMs in Sacred Grove Conservation:
- Sacred groves are considered part of Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs), which are areas conserved for biodiversity outside protected regions.
- OECMs recognize the cultural, spiritual, and socio-economic value of these areas and promote sustainable conservation practices that benefit both biodiversity and local communities.
- Sacred groves play an essential role in achieving long-term biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services.
World’s Oldest Wild Bird Lays Egg at 74 in Hawaii
- 08 Dec 2024
In News:
Wisdom, the world’s oldest known wild bird, a Laysan albatross, has laid her estimated 60th egg at the age of 74. This remarkable event occurred at the Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in the Pacific Ocean, part of the Hawaiian Archipelago.
Background on Wisdom and Laysan Albatrosses
Wisdom, first banded as an adult in 1956, has been a part of the albatross population in the Pacific for decades. Laysan albatrosses are known for their strong migratory habits and lifelong pair bonding.
The Life Cycle of the Laysan Albatross
The egg incubation process for Laysan albatrosses is shared between both parents and lasts around seven months. Once the chick hatches, it takes five to six months to develop before it is ready to take its first flight over the ocean. These seabirds, which predominantly feed on squid and fish eggs, spend the majority of their lives soaring across the open seas.
Wisdom’s longevity and success in raising up to 30 chicks over her lifetime have been notable achievements. While Laysan albatrosses typically live up to 68 years, Wisdom’s age surpasses this average by several years.
About the Laysan Albatross
The Laysan albatross (Phoebastriaimmutabilis) is a large seabird found across the North Pacific. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands host nearly the entire population of Laysan albatrosses, with most breeding pairs found on islands like Laysan and Midway Atoll. These birds are known for their long-distance soaring capabilities, with some covering hundreds of miles a day without flapping their wings.
Laysan albatrosses have blackish-brown upper wings and backs, with flashes of white in their primary feathers. They are monogamous, forming lifelong bonds with a single mate. Despite their impressive flying ability and vast range, their population is currently listed as "Near Threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Development Initiatives for North East Region (NER)
- 07 Dec 2024
In News:
Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East Region (PM-DevINE) was announced as a new Central Sector scheme, with 100% Central funding in the Union Budget 2022-23 with initial outlay of Rs.1500 crore.
PM-DevINE Scheme:
- Launched in 2022 as a Central Sector scheme, with 100% Central funding.
- Initial outlay: Rs. 1500 crore in the Union Budget 2022-23.
- Total outlay: Rs. 6600 crore for the period from FY 2022-23 to FY 2025-2026, approved by the Union Cabinet on 12 October 2022.
- Objectives:
- Fund infrastructure projects in the spirit of PM Gati Shakti.
- Support social development projects tailored to the felt needs of the NER.
- Enable livelihood opportunities for youth and women.
- Address development gaps in various sectors.
- 35 projects worth Rs. 4857.11 crore have been sanctioned under the scheme up to 30 November 2024, including 7 projects from the Union Budget 2022-23.
Industrialization Initiatives:
- North East Industrial Development Scheme (NEIDS):
- Launched on 1 April 2017, ended on 31 March 2022.
- Aimed at promoting industrialization in the NER.
- UNNATI Scheme:
- Launched on 9 March 2024 for enhancing regional infrastructure and promoting industrial growth.
- Provides specific incentives to industries, including:
- Capital Investment Incentive.
- Capital Interest Subvention.
- Manufacturing & Services Linked Incentive.
Budgetary Allocation for NER Development:
- Non-exempt Union Ministries/Departments are mandated to allocate at least 10% of their annual Gross Budgetary Allocation towards NER development.
- Between 2019-20 and 2023-24, these Ministries/Departments have incurred Rs. 3,53,412 crore towards the development of NER.
Role of State Governments and Central Support:The Government of India supplements state efforts with various schemes to promote industrialization and infrastructure development in the NER.
The PM-DevINE scheme, along with initiatives like UNNATI and the allocation of substantial funds by the central government, aims to accelerate the holistic development of NER. These efforts focus on infrastructure, social development, and industrialization, with specific emphasis on youth and women empowerment, ensuring long-term growth and prosperity for the region.
China Plus OneStrategy
- 07 Dec 2024
In News:
India had ‘limited success’ in capturing ‘China Plus One’ opportunity.
Limited Success in ‘China Plus One’ Strategy:
- India has had limited success in attracting multinational companies looking to diversify their supply chains under the ‘China Plus One’ strategy, aimed at reducing dependence on China.
- Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and Malaysia have been more successful in benefiting from this shift due to factors like lower labor costs, simplified tax laws, and proactive Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).
Geopolitical Context - US-China Trade Conflict:
- The fresh US-China trade conflict involves tit-for-tat restrictions, with the US imposing export controls on Chinese high-tech goods and China retaliating by banning key materials.
- India's Position: As a "connecting economy" not directly aligned with the US or China, India stands to benefit from trade diversions arising from this conflict.
Opportunities for India Amid Trade Diversion:
- NITI Aayog CEO BVR Subrahmanyam highlighted opportunities arising from trade diversion, particularly due to US trade policies under President-elect Donald Trump, which could potentially create an economic boom for India.
- India has opportunities to capture a larger share of the global trade, especially in sectors where it currently holds a small market share (less than 1% of world trade in many areas).
Trade Policy Challenges:
- Steel Import Duty Proposal: NITI Aayog Vice Chairperson cautioned against imposing high duties on steel imports, arguing that it could reduce India’s competitiveness and lead to negative consequences for domestic industries reliant on steel.
- The global steel market has been affected by oversupply from China, with India’s iron and steel exports experiencing a sharp decline in Q1 FY25 due to weak domestic demand.
Impact of US Tariffs:
- A general 10% tariff on all imports by the US would not have a major negative impact on India.
- However, a 60% tariff on China could open significant opportunities for India, especially in sectors where it competes directly with China. There might be short-term shocks but long-term benefits.
Ongoing Trade Fragmentation:
- The report noted that trade fragmentation is driven by strict export controls on Chinese goods, implemented by the US to curb China’s growth, particularly in high-tech sectors.
Sectoral Competitiveness:
- While China remains India's key competitor across most export sectors, countries like Brazil, Indonesia, and South Africa generally lag behind India.
- Malaysia and Thailand outperform India in select sectors such as electrical machinery.
Challenges in the EU Market - Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM):
- Iron and steel industry facehigh exposure under the CBAM for EU exports, with tariffs potentially rising by 20-35% due to carbon emissions-related regulations.
- Indian firms could experience higher compliance costs due to the requirement for detailed emissions reporting, impacting competitiveness in the European market.
‘Anna Chakra’ and SCAN Portal
- 07 Dec 2024
In News:
The Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution and New & Renewable Energy, launched ‘Anna Chakra’, the Public Distribution System (PDS) Supply chain optimisation tool and SCAN (Subsidy Claim Application for NFSA) portal a significant step towards modernizing the Public Distribution System and subsidy claim mechanisms of the States.
Anna Chakra: PDS Supply Chain Optimization Tool
- Purpose: A tool developed to enhance the efficiency of PDS logistics across India, optimizing food grain transportation.
- Collaboration: Developed by the Department of Food and Public Distribution, in collaboration with the World Food Programme (WFP) and IIT-Delhi’s Foundation for Innovation and Technology Transfer (FITT).
- Functionality: Uses advanced algorithms to identify optimal transportation routes for food grains.
- Key Features:
- Efficiency and Cost Savings: Achieves annual savings of Rs 250 crores by reducing fuel consumption, time, and logistics costs.
- Environmental Impact: Reduces transportation-related emissions by cutting transportation distance by 15-50%, contributing to a smaller carbon footprint.
- Wide Coverage: Impacts 30 states, 4.37 lakh Fair Price Shops (FPS), and 6,700 warehouses in the PDS supply chain.
- Technology Integration: Linked with the Freight Operations Information System (FOIS) of Railways and PM Gati Shakti platform, enabling geo-location mapping of FPS and warehouses.
SCAN Portal: Subsidy Claim Application for NFSA
- Objective: To streamline the subsidy claim process under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013, ensuring better utilization of funds.
- Functionality: Provides a unified platform for states to submit food subsidy claims, reducing administrative complexity and delays.
- Key Features:
- Single Window Submission: Simplifies subsidy claim submission for states, enhancing coordination.
- Automated Workflow: End-to-end automation ensures efficiency, transparency, and faster settlements.
- Rule-Based Processing: Claims are scrutinized and approved through a rule-based system, speeding up the approval process.
Public Distribution System (PDS) Overview
- Purpose: Ensures food security by providing subsidized food grains to vulnerable populations under the NFSA, benefitting nearly 80 crore people.
- Management: A joint effort between the Central and State/UT Governments. The Food Corporation of India (FCI) handles procurement and transportation, while state governments manage local distribution.
- Commodities: Primarily wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene, with some states also distributing pulses and edible oils.
Initiatives to Reform PDS in India
- One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC):
- Goal: To allow portability of ration cards, benefiting migrant workers and seasonal laborers.
- Features: Biometric authentication, digital payments, and enhanced inclusivity.
- SMART-PDS Scheme (2023-2026):
- Objective: To upgrade technology in PDS, including computerized FPS, point-of-sale (POS) machines, and GPS tracking for transparency and fraud reduction.
- Aadhaar and Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT):
- Purpose: Ensures proper beneficiary identification and cash transfers, allowing beneficiaries to purchase grains from the open market.
- Technology and Transparency Enhancements:
- GPS and SMS Monitoring: Ensures the proper delivery of food grains to FPS and provides citizens with updates via SMS.
PMeVIDYA DTH 24x7 Channel No. 31
- 07 Dec 2024
In News:
Union Minister for Education, launched the PMeVIDYA DTH 24x7 Channel No. 31 dedicated to Indian Sign Language (ISL) on December 6, 2024, in New Delhi.
Channel Purpose and Vision:
- Objective: To bridge the communication gap between the hearing-impaired and hearing populations by promoting ISL.
- Significance: Channel 31 aims to unlock talent and ensure equal opportunities for all, making society more inclusive and progressive.
- ISL's Role: Pradhan emphasized the importance of alternative communication methods like ISL, which ensures that individuals with hearing impairments have equal access to education, employment, and societal participation.
Government's Focus on Inclusivity:
- Legal Framework: Pradhan highlighted the expansion of recognized disabilities from 7 to 21, making the legal framework more comprehensive.
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: The policy focuses on inclusive education, with particular attention to Children with Special Needs (CwSN). The NEP promotes the standardization of ISL and its inclusion in educational curricula.
- Employment and Cultural Expression: ISL is not only essential for communication but also contributes to cultural expressions like dance and drama. Pradhan emphasized that learning ISL would open employment opportunities and allow individuals to express themselves fully.
Importance of Channel 31:
- The launch of Channel 31 aligns with India’s commitment to ensuring equal rights and access to education, as enshrined in the Constitution.
- Pradhan urged for widespread adoption of ISL, ensuring that more people learn the language to better support the hearing-impaired community.
PM e-Vidya Initiative:
- Launch Date: PM e-Vidya was launched as part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan on May 17, 2020, to bridge the digital divide and ensure inclusive education.
- Key Components:
- DIKSHA: A national platform providing e-content for all grades.
- DTH TV Channels: Initially started with 12 channels, now expanded to 200, offering supplementary education in multiple languages.
- SWAYAM: A platform for online courses and MOOCs for both school and higher education.
- Community Radio & Podcasts: These platforms are used for wider educational outreach, especially in rural and remote areas.
- e-Content for Teachers: Interactive videos and resources aimed at enhancing teacher education.
Channel Content:
- Channel 31 will provide 24x7 educational content for children with hearing impairments, teachers, and other stakeholders.
- The content will include school curricula, career guidance, skill training, mental health support, and promotion of ISL as a subject.
- The content will be available on YouTube, increasing its reach and accessibility.
RBI Cuts CRR, Keeps Repo Rate Unchanged
- 07 Dec 2024
In News:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently made significant monetary policy decisions that could have a broad impact on the economy.
Key Highlights:
Cut in Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
- CRR Reduction: The RBI has reduced the CRR by 50 basis points (bps), from 4.5% to 4%.
- Impact on Banks: This move will free up ?1.16 lakh crore in liquidity, which banks can use to lend, boosting the credit flow in the economy.
- Objective: The CRR cut is aimed at easing the liquidity stress in the financial system, which has been tightening due to RBI's foreign exchange interventions.
- Bank Benefits: Banks will benefit as they don’t earn interest on the CRR, and the extra liquidity may help them reduce deposit rates. Additionally, it may encourage banks to pass on benefits to borrowers, particularly in terms of lending rates.
Repo Rate Kept Unchanged at 6.5%
- Decision: The MPC decided to keep the key policy rate, the Repo rate, unchanged at 6.5%, continuing its stance for the 11th consecutive meeting.
- Reasons for Keeping Repo Rate Steady:
- Persistent inflation, particularly food prices, is a key concern. Despite strong growth in sectors like rural consumption, inflation remains high and continues to affect disposable income.
- RBI Governor emphasized that durable price stability is essential for strong, sustained economic growth.
Impact on Borrowers
- Borrowing Costs: With the Repo rate unchanged, external benchmark lending rates (EBLR) linked to the Repo rate will not rise, providing relief to borrowers by keeping Equated Monthly Installments (EMIs) stable.
- Deposit Rates: However, the CRR cut may lead to a marginal reduction in deposit rates due to increased liquidity in the system.
Economic Growth Forecast Adjusted
- Reduced GDP Growth Estimate: The RBI has downgraded the GDP growth forecast for FY25 to 6.6%, down from the earlier estimate of 7.2%. This revision comes after the economy showed signs of slowdown in the second quarter of FY25.
- Growth Outlook: Despite the downgrade, the RBI remains cautiously optimistic about recovery driven by festive demand and rural consumption. Governor Das indicated that the slowdown had likely bottomed out and the economy is set to recover in the coming quarters.
Inflation Forecast Raised
- Inflation Outlook: The inflation estimate for FY25 has been revised upward to 4.8%, compared to the earlier forecast of 4.5%. This is largely due to rising food prices, which surged to a 14-month high of 6.21% in October.
- Inflationary Pressures: The MPC noted that inflation has remained above the RBI’s target of 4%, primarily driven by food inflation. As inflation impacts consumption, the RBI aims to balance growth support with inflation management.
Monetary Policy Stance
- Neutral Stance Retained: The RBI has maintained a ‘neutral’ stance, meaning it is neither tightening nor easing monetary policy drastically, focusing instead on bringing inflation closer to its target of 4%.
- Inflation Control: While the RBI is aware of the economic slowdown, it continues to prioritize inflation control to ensure price stability and support sustainable growth.
Global and Domestic Economic Context
- Global Factors: The RBI has also been cautious about global developments, including capital outflows and the impact of U.S. monetary policy on the Indian economy. A rate cut could have further weakened the rupee by narrowing the interest rate differential with the U.S.
- Domestic Concerns: Domestically, the economy faces challenges such as weak manufacturing growth and high inflation. The GDP growth in Q2 FY25 dropped to 5.4%, a seven-quarter low, highlighting concerns over demand and inflationary pressures.
BharatiyaVayuyanVidheyak Bill, 2024
- 06 Dec 2024
In News:
In a significant move, the Indian Parliament passed the BharatiyaVayuyanVidheyak Bill, 2024 on December 5, 2024, bringing much-needed reforms to the aviation sector. The Bill, which replaces the Aircraft Act of 1934, aims to streamline aviation regulations and improve the ease of doing business in the industry.
Key Highlights of the BharatiyaVayuyanVidheyak Bill, 2024:
- Single-Window Clearance for Aviation Personnel: One of the major changes is the transfer of responsibility for the Radio Telephone Operator Restricted (RTR) certification from the Department of Telecom (DoT) to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). This move consolidates the certification process under a single authority, making it easier for aviation personnel like pilots, engineers, and flight dispatchers to obtain their licenses.
- Regulation of Aircraft Design: The Bill not only retains provisions for regulating aircraft manufacturing, maintenance, and repair, but also introduces new provisions to regulate aircraft design and the places where aircraft are designed.
- Enhanced Penalties for Violations: The Bill specifies severe penalties for violations, such as dangerous flying, carrying prohibited items (like arms or explosives), or littering near airports. Offenders may face imprisonment up to three years, fines up to ?1 crore, or both.
- Introduction of Second Appeal Mechanism: For the first time, the Bill introduces a second appeal process against decisions of regulatory bodies like the DGCA and BCAS, ensuring further scrutiny of decisions related to penalties.
- Improved Licensing Process: The shift of the RTR certification process from the DoT to DGCA aims to curb allegations of corruption associated with the previous system, where candidates often had to pay bribes to clear exams.
Organizational Setup and Authorities:
The Bill outlines the establishment of three key authorities under the Ministry of Civil Aviation:
- DGCA: Responsible for civil aviation safety, licensing, and ensuring compliance with international standards.
- BCAS: Ensures aviation security and develops relevant security measures.
- AAIB: Investigates aviation accidents and incidents.
The central government retains supervision over these bodies, with the power to modify or review their orders.
Criticisms and Concerns:
- Lack of Autonomy for DGCA: The DGCA, unlike independent regulators in other sectors (such as telecom or insurance), operates under direct government supervision. The lack of clear qualifications, selection process, and tenure for the DGCA Director General has raised concerns about the regulator's independence.
- Unilateral Appointment of Arbitrators: The Bill empowers the government to unilaterally appoint an arbitrator in certain cases, which has been criticized for potentially violating the right to equality under Article 14 of the Constitution. The Supreme Court has previously ruled that such unilateral appointments may be unconstitutional.
- Discretionary Criminal Penalties: The central government is granted the discretion to impose criminal penalties for rule violations, which some argue could undermine the principle of separation of powers, as it is the legislature's role to define criminal offenses and penalties.
- Exclusionary Hindi Title: Some critics argue that the Hindi title of the Bill may alienate non-Hindi-speaking populations, which make up a significant portion of India’s demographic.
Hornbill Festival
- 06 Dec 2024
In News:
The Hornbill Festival, a vibrant celebration of Nagaland's culture and tourism, is an annual event that takes place from December 1 to 10.
About the Hornbill Festival:
- Origin: First held in the year 2000.
- Purpose: The festival aims to foster inter-tribal communication, preserve the cultural heritage of Nagaland, and showcase the harmonious blending of traditional and modern elements.
- Significance: Referred to as the “festival of festivals,” it has become an essential part of the state’s cultural calendar.
- Organizers: It is organized by the Tourism and Art & Culture Departments of the Government of Nagaland.
- Location: The festival takes place annually at the Naga Heritage Village in Kisama, located about 12 kilometers from Kohima.
- Cultural Showcase: Over the years, it has evolved into a significant celebration that highlights the vibrant and diverse cultural traditions of the various tribes in Nagaland.
- Name Origin: The festival is named after the Hornbill bird, which holds cultural importance among the Naga tribes.
- Theme of the 2024 Hornbill Festival:The 2024 edition is themed “Cultural Connect,” celebrating the rich heritage and cultural diversity of Nagaland. The festival continues to merge modernity and tradition through a variety of activities, including Naga wrestling, traditional archery, food stalls, fashion shows, beauty contests, and musical performances. Additionally, the Archives Branch is presenting a special exhibition titled “Naga-Land & People in Archival Mirror” in partnership with the National Archives of India, offering a deeper look at the region's history and cultural practices.
- Recent Milestone:This year marks the 25th anniversary of the Hornbill Festival.
Festival Highlights:
- Annual Event: Held each year since its inception in 2000, it serves as a major cultural event for Nagaland.
- Symbolism: Named after the Hornbill bird, which represents boldness and grandeur in Naga folklore.
- Location: The festival is hosted at Kisama Heritage Village, a cultural center that preserves Naga traditions with 17 indigenous houses (Morungs) that represent each of the tribes.
- Cultural Diversity: Nagaland, known as the “Land of Festivals,” is home to 17 major tribes, each with its distinct festivals and cultural practices. The Hornbill Festival promotes inter-tribal interaction and celebrates the state’s rich heritage.
- National Significance: Reflecting India’s unity in diversity, the festival serves as a platform for different cultural practices to coexist, strengthening the nation’s collective identity.
India and Slovenia Announce Five-Year Collaboration Plan
- 06 Dec 2024
In News:
India and Slovenia have announced a five-year scientific collaboration plan (2024-2029) to deepen ties in research and technology. The Programme of Cooperation (PoC) was finalized during a meeting between Dr. Jitendra Singh (Indian Minister for Science and Technology) and Dr. Igor Papi? (Slovenian Minister for Higher Education, Science, and Innovation) on December 5, 2024.
Key Highlights:
- Joint Research Focus: The collaboration will focus on hydrogen technologies, sustainable innovation, AI, renewable energy, and smart cities.
- Over 20 Successful Projects: More than 20 joint initiatives in sectors like health, AI, and energy have already been implemented.
- Future Areas of Collaboration: New research projects will be launched, further strengthening academic exchanges and scientific networks between the countries.
- Hydrogen Technologies: Both ministers emphasized hydrogen's role in global energy sustainability, marking it as a critical area for future research.
- Historical Partnership: This builds on a partnership dating back to a 1995 agreement, with initiatives like the Joint Working Group on Scientific and Technological Cooperation.
What is the Programme of Cooperation (PoC)?
- The Programme of Cooperation (PoC) is a formal agreement between two countries designed to enhance collaboration in specific sectors, such as science, technology, and innovation.
- In the case of India and Slovenia, the PoC for the period 2024–2029 aims to promote joint research efforts, academic exchanges, and partnerships in emerging fields like hydrogen technologies, sustainable innovation, and other transformative areas.
- The PoC serves as a structured framework for long-term cooperation, enabling both nations to develop networks among scientists and researchers while addressing global challenges through collaborative innovation.
PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana
- 06 Dec 2024
In News:
The PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana, the world’s largest domestic rooftop solar initiative, is transforming India’s energy landscape with a bold vision to supply solar power to one crore households by March 2027.
Key Details:
Targeted Installations:
- 10 lakh installations by March 2025.
- 1 crore installations by March 2027.
Subsidy and Financing:
- Offers up to 40% subsidy for rooftop solar installations based on household electricity consumption.
- Collateral-free loans available for up to 3 kW solar systems at a 7% interest rate.
Key Benefits:
The PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana offers several significant benefits to participating households:
- Free Electricity for Households: The scheme provides households with free electricity through the installation of subsidized rooftop solar panels, significantly reducing their energy costs.
- Reduced Electricity Costs for the Government: By promoting the widespread use of solar power, the scheme is expected to save the government an estimated ?75,000 crore annually in electricity costs.
- Increased Use of Renewable Energy: The scheme encourages the adoption of renewable energy sources, contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy mix in India.
- Reduced Carbon Emissions: The transition to solar energy under this scheme will help lower carbon emissions, supporting India's commitment to reducing its carbon footprint.
Eligibility Criteria:
1. The applicant must be an Indian citizen.
2. Must own a house with a roof that is suitable for installing solar panels.
3. The household must have a valid electricity connection.
4. The household must not have availed of any other subsidy for solar panels.
Impact
The PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana is expected to have far-reaching outcomes, both for individual households and the nation as a whole:
- Household Savings and Income Generation: Households will benefit from significant savings on their electricity bills. Additionally, they will have the opportunity to earn extra income by selling surplus power generated by their rooftop solar systems to DISCOMs. For instance, a 3-kW system can generate over 300 units per month on average, providing a reliable source of energy and potential revenue.
- Expansion of Solar Capacity: The scheme is projected to add 30 GW of solar capacity through rooftop installations in the residential sector, significantly contributing to India's renewable energy goals.
- Environmental Benefits: Over the 25-year lifetime of these rooftop systems, it is estimated that the scheme will generate 1000 BUs of electricity while reducing CO2 emissions by 720 million tonnes, making a substantial positive impact on the environment.
- Job Creation: The scheme is also expected to create approximately 17 lakh direct jobs across various sectors, including manufacturing, logistics, supply chain, sales, installation, operations and maintenance (O&M), and other services, thereby boosting employment and economic growth in the country.
Model Solar Village
- Under the "Model Solar Village" component of the scheme, the focus is on establishing one Model Solar Village per district throughout India.
- This initiative aims to promote solar energy adoption and empower village communities to achieve energy self-reliance.
- An allocation of ?800 crore has been designated for this component, with ?1 crore provided to each selected Model Solar Village.
- To qualify as a candidate village, it must be a revenue village with a population of over 5,000 (or 2,000 in special category states). Villages are selected through a competitive process, evaluated on their overall distributed renewable energy (RE) capacity six months after being identified by the District Level Committee (DLC).
- The village in each district with the highest RE capacity will receive a central financial assistance grant of ?1 crore.
- The State/UT Renewable Energy Development Agency, under the supervision of the DLC, will oversee the implementation, ensuring these model villages successfully transition to solar energy and set a benchmark for others across the country.
RangeenMachli App
- 06 Dec 2024
In News:
The app was developed by the ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA) with support from the Pradhan Mantri MatsyaSampada Yojana (PMMSY) under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Government of India.
Key Highlights:
- Target Audience: The app caters to hobbyists, farmers, and professionals in the ornamental fish industry.
- Multilingual Support: The app offers content in eight Indian languages, making it accessible to a broad and diverse audience.
- Main Objectives:
- Provide information on popular ornamental fish species and their care.
- Promote local aquarium businesses through dynamic directories.
- Enhance knowledge of ornamental aquaculture techniques for fish farmers and shop owners.
- Serve as an educational tool for newcomers and professionals in the ornamental fish industry.
- Salient Features:
- Multilingual Content: Ensures broader reach and user accessibility.
- Comprehensive Fish Information: Offers detailed guidance on fish care, breeding, and maintenance.
- Find Aquarium Shops Tool: A directory updated by shop owners, helping users find reliable local aquarium shops and promoting local businesses.
- Educational Modules:
- Basics of Aquarium Care: Covers key aspects like aquarium types, filtration, lighting, feeding, and maintenance.
- Ornamental Aquaculture: Focuses on breeding and rearing ornamental fish, particularly for farmers.
- Economic and Social Impact:
- Promoting Local Businesses: The app encourages economic growth by increasing visibility for local aquarium shops and creating opportunities for business owners.
- Authenticity and Reliability: Users can access verified information, reducing the reliance on unverified sources and promoting healthier aquariums.
- Sustainability and Growth: The app’s features are designed to foster sustainability and growth in the ornamental fish trade by providing reliable information and empowering users.
Pradhan Mantri MatsyaSampada Yojana (PMMSY):
- Objective: Aimed at transforming the fisheries sector, improving fish production, productivity, quality, technology, infrastructure, and management, while strengthening the value chain and promoting the welfare of fishers.
- Launch: The scheme was launched in 2020 with an investment of Rs. 20,050 crores for a 5-year period (2020-21 to 2024-25).
- Focus Areas:
- Inland fisheries and aquaculture.
- Fisheries management and regulatory framework.
- Infrastructure and post-harvest management.
- Doubling fishers' and fish farmers' incomes.
- Components:
- Central Sector Scheme (CS): Fully funded by the central government.
- Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS): Partially funded by the central government and implemented by states.
- Sub-Schemes:
- Pradhan Mantri MatsyaKisanSamridhiSah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY): Launched under PMMSY to formalize the fisheries sector and support micro and small enterprises with over Rs. 6,000 crore investment (FY 2023-24 to 2026-27).
- Beneficiaries: Includes fishers, farmers, fish vendors, fisheries cooperatives, SC/STs, women, differently-abled persons, state and central entities, and private firms.
Fisheries Sector Contribution:
- Supports around 30 million people.
- India is the 3rd largest fish producer globally, with a fish production of 175.45 lakh tons in FY 2022-23.
- Contributes 1.09% to the Gross Value Added (GVA) of India and 6.72% to agricultural GVA.
Related Schemes:
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF): Launched with a fund of Rs. 7,522.48 crore.
- Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Extended to fishers and farmers from FY 2018-19.
- Sustainable fisheries development.
- Doubling income and job creation in the sector.
- Boosting exports and agricultural GVA.
- Social and economic security for fishers.
Trade Watch Quarterly
- 05 Dec 2024
In News:
NITI Aayog released its first quarterly report, Trade Watch Quarterly (TWQ), on December 4, 2024, focusing on India's trade developments during Q1 FY2024 (April-June).
Overview:
- Purpose: The publication aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of India’s trade performance, highlighting key trends, challenges, and opportunities.
- Target: To leverage insights for evidence-based policy interventions and foster informed decision-making, contributing to sustainable growth in India’s trade.
Trade Performance Highlights (Q1 FY24):
- Total Trade: $576 billion (5.45% YoY growth).
- Merchandise Exports: Growth was restrained due to declines in iron & steel, and pearls.
- Imports: Driven by high-value goods, including aircraft, spacecraft, mineral fuels, and vegetable oils.
- Services Exports: Displayed a surplus, particularly in IT services.
- Growth in Services Exports: A positive trend, rising by 10.09% YoY, particularly in IT services and business solutions.
Key Challenges for India’s Trade:
- Limited Success in China-Plus-One Strategy:Countries like Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia have gained more from this strategy, benefitting from cheaper labor, simplified tax laws, and lower tariffs.
- CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism):Starting in 2026, CBAM will impose carbon taxes on imports like cement, steel, and fertilizers. India’s iron and steel industry could face significant risks due to this.
- Declining Share in Labor-Intensive Sectors:India’s global market share in labor-intensive sectors (e.g., textiles, leather) has declined despite a strong workforce.
- Geopolitical Instability (West Asia):
- Oil price hikes could increase India’s Current Account Deficit (CAD) and fuel inflation.
- Declining agricultural exports to markets like Iran further add to the challenges.
Strategic Recommendations for Overcoming Challenges:
- Infrastructure Modernization:
- Expansion of digital platforms like Trade Connect e-Platform to streamline processes and support exporters.
- Strengthening logistics via the National Logistics Policy.
- Export Incentives:Continuation of schemes like RoDTEP (Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products) to maintain export competitiveness.
- Technological Integration:Leveraging digital trade to tap into high-growth sectors and foster innovation in trade.
- Strengthening FTAs (Free Trade Agreements):Focus on negotiating strategic FTAs with global partners (e.g., the UK and the EU) to reduce trade barriers and enhance global market access.
Geopolitical and Environmental Risks:
- U.S.-China Trade Tensions:Offers opportunities for India to diversify its supply chains, but also poses challenges in terms of overdependence on certain countries.
- Impact of CBAM:Risk to carbon-intensive Indian exports like steel and aluminium, which will face tariffs starting in 2026.
Sectoral Performance:
- Growing Sectors:
- IT Services: India’s market share of IT services reached 10.2%, continuing to be a strong contributor.
- Pharmaceuticals, Electrical Machinery, and Mineral Fuels: Significant contributors to export growth.
- Declining Sectors:Labor-Intensive Goods: Declines in global market share for textiles, pearls, and leather.
Pathway to $2 Trillion Exports by 2030:
- India's Export Aspirations:To achieve the target of $2 trillion in exports by 2030, India must address structural inefficiencies, diversify exports, and reduce trade barriers.
- Vision 2047:Aligning with India’s broader vision to become a developed nation, the report stresses the importance of strengthening trade, technology, and infrastructure to realize these ambitions.
- Trade's Role in Economic Growth:
- Trade is vital to India’s economic trajectory, contributing significantly to GDP growth.
- Through evidence-based policymaking, infrastructure modernization, and strategic global partnerships, India can achieve sustained growth in trade, leading to the realization of a Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by 2047.
Heat Shock Protein 70
- 05 Dec 2024
In News:
JNU scientists make big discovery that could change malaria, Covid-19 treatment.
Overview of the Discovery:
- Institution: Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Special Centre for Molecular Medicine.
- Key Discovery: Identification of human protein Hsp70 as a critical factor in the spread of malaria and COVID-19.
- Research Collaboration: Involvement of Indian and Russian researchers.
- Outcome: Development of a small molecule inhibitor of Hsp70 that could act as a broad-spectrum treatment for multiple infections.
About Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70):
- Definition: Hsp70 is a type of molecular chaperone protein.
- Function:
- Helps other proteins fold into their proper shapes.
- Prevents protein misfolding.
- Regulates protein synthesis and protects proteins from stress.
- Elevates during cellular stress to shield cells from damage.
- Role in Cellular Processes:
- Prevents protein aggregation and assists in protein transport across membranes.
- Plays a critical role in protein homeostasis and cell survival during stress conditions.
Hsp70's Role in Disease Spread:
- SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Interaction:
- Hsp70 interacts with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and human ACE2 receptors.
- Facilitates viral entry into human cells by stabilizing this interaction during fever (when Hsp70 levels rise).
- Malaria:Pathogens like malaria parasites rely on the host's machinery for survival, including Hsp70.
Research Findings and Implications:
- Published in: International Journal for Biological Macromolecules.
- Inhibition of Hsp70:
- Targeting Hsp70 can disrupt viral replication.
- In lab tests, Hsp70 inhibitor (PES-Cl) blocked SARS-CoV-2 replication at low doses.
- Potential for Broad-Spectrum Treatment:
- Hsp70 could be a target for treating multiple infections, not limited to COVID-19 or malaria.
- Prevention of Drug Resistance:
- Host-targeting antivirals are less prone to resistance as the virus cannot mutate the host protein (Hsp70).
- This approach could be especially beneficial for combating rapidly evolving viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and its variants (e.g., Omicron).
Host-Targeting Approach vs. Traditional Drugs:
- Host-Targeting: Targets the host cell machinery (e.g., Hsp70) rather than the virus itself.
- Reduces the likelihood of viral mutation-induced resistance.
- Traditional Drugs: Target the virus directly, which can lead to resistance, especially with rapidly mutating viruses.
Global Health and Pandemic Preparedness:
- Universal Tool for Infectious Diseases: The discovery could serve as a universal tool for managing infections during health emergencies.
- Collaboration and Importance: Highlights the significance of international collaboration in addressing global health challenges (e.g., Dr. Pramod Garg of AIIMS, Ph.D. scholar Prerna Joshi).
- Future Implications:Preparation for future pandemics, as the world must remain vigilant even post-COVID-19.
Donald Trump's Threat on BRICS and US Dollar
- 05 Dec 2024
In News:
- US President-elect Donald Trump threatens BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) with 100% import tariffs if they create a new currency or support an alternative to the US dollar as the global reserve currency.
- Trump emphasizes that attempts to undermine the US dollar’s dominance will face economic retaliation, asserting the US economy won’t tolerate such moves.
Background
- Weaponization of the Dollar: The US has increasingly used its financial influence to impose sanctions (e.g., Russia, Iran) and cut off countries from systems like SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication).
- Concerns: Countries are concerned about their vulnerability to US monetary policies, which can have global impacts (e.g., rising US interest rates causing economic instability in other countries).
Efforts to Reduce Dependence on the US Dollar
- BRICS Countries’ Initiatives:
- Russian President Putin criticizes the weaponization of the dollar.
- Brazil's President Lula advocates for a new BRICS currency to increase payment options and reduce vulnerabilities.
- India's Steps:
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) allows invoicing and payments in Indian rupees for international trade (since 2022), particularly with Russia.
- Prime Minister Modi supports increasing financial integration and cross-border trade in local currencies within BRICS.
- External Affairs Minister Jaishankar emphasizes the importance of mutual trade settlements in national currencies.
- China-Russia Trade: Over 90% of trade between Russia and China is settled in rubles and yuan due to their more balanced trade relations.
Internationalization of the Indian Rupee
- RBI's Role:
- In July 2022, RBI allowed export/import settlements in rupees, starting with Russia in December 2022.
- More than 19 countries, including the UK and UAE, have agreed to settle trade in rupees.
- Challenges:
- The Indian rupee currently accounts for only 1.6% of global forex turnover.
- India’s trade imbalance with Russia limits the effective use of rupee reserves.
- Indian banks are cautious due to the risk of US sanctions.
Global Trends in Currency Diversification
- Multipolarity in Finance: Emerging economies like China, India, and Brazil are advocating for a more decentralized financial system, moving away from US dominance.
- Declining Dollar Share: The US dollar’s share of global reserves is gradually decreasing, with non-traditional currencies like the Chinese yuan gaining ground.
Risks of Moving Away from the US Dollar
- Chinese Dominance: Concerns about increasing Chinese economic influence, especially within BRICS, as China pushes for more use of the yuan in trade.
- Liquidity and Volatility Issues: Alternatives to the dollar may face challenges like lower liquidity and increased exchange rate volatility.
- Implementation Challenges: Countries, especially those with trade imbalances, find it difficult to adopt local currencies for international trade.
Potential Impact of 100% US Tariff on BRICS Imports
- Global Trade Dynamics: A blanket tariff would likely encourage deeper intra-BRICS trade and accelerate the move towards de-dollarization.
- Impact on the US: Higher import costs for American consumers and potential trade diversification to third countries could hurt the US economy without revitalizing domestic manufacturing.
- Retaliation: BRICS countries might retaliate with tariffs on US goods, escalating trade tensions.
India’s Strategic Approach
- Diplomatic Engagement: India should clarify to the US that diversifying trade mechanisms is not anti-American but seeks financial stability and multipolarity.
- Leadership Role in BRICS: India should support financial reforms within BRICS that align with its interests while maintaining strong ties with the US.
- Promotion of Digital Currency: India should accelerate its Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) and strengthen international platforms like UPI to enhance its global financial presence.
International Debt Report 2024
- 05 Dec 2024
In News:
Recently released, World Bank’s "International Debt Report 2024" highlights a worsening debt crisis for developing nations, with 2023 marking the highest debt servicing levels in two decades, driven by rising interest rates and economic challenges.
Key Highlights:
Rising Debt Levels:
- Total external debt of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) reached $8.8 trillion by the end of 2023, an 8% increase since 2020.
- For IDA-eligible countries (those receiving concessional loans from the World Bank), external debt rose by 18%, reaching $1.1 trillion.
Debt Servicing Costs:
- Developing nations paid a record $1.4 trillion in debt servicing costs (principal and interest) in 2023.
- Interest payments surged by 33%, totaling $406 billion, putting immense pressure on national budgets, especially in critical sectors like health, education, and environmental sustainability.
Interest Rate Increases:
- Interest rates on loans from official creditors doubled to 4% in 2023.
- Rates from private creditors rose to 6%, the highest in 15 years, exacerbating the financial burden on developing countries.
Impact on IDA-Eligible Countries:
- IDA countries faced severe financial strain, paying $96.2 billion in debt servicing, including $34.6 billion in record-high interest costs (four times higher than a decade ago).
- On average, 6% of their export earnings were allocated to debt payments, with some countries dedicating up to 38%.
Role of Creditors:
- Private creditors reduced lending, leading to more debt-servicing payments than new loans.
- In contrast, multilateral lenders like the World Bank provided additional support, with the World Bank contributing $28.1 billion.
- Multilateral institutions have emerged as crucial support systems, becoming "lenders of last resort" for poor economies.
Debt Data Transparency:
- Efforts to improve debt transparency led to nearly 70% of IDA-eligible economies publishing accessible public-debt data in 2023, a 20-point increase since 2020.
- Accurate debt data can reduce corruption and promote sustainable investment.
Global Financial Reforms:
- There is a growing call for global financial reforms to address the systemic challenges of developing nations facing rising debt burdens.
- Proposed measures include increased concessional financing, improved restructuring mechanisms, and the establishment of a Global Debt Authority for better debt management.
Impact on Climate and Development Goals:
- Debt servicing has become a larger financial burden than climate initiatives in many countries, with developing nations spending more on debt servicing than climate goals (2.4% of GDP vs. 2.1% for climate investments).
- To meet climate commitments under the Paris Agreement, climate investments would need to rise to 6.9% of GDP by 2030.
Debt Relief Initiatives:
- Programs like the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) provide debt relief to the world’s poorest nations, helping them meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- For instance, Somalia saved $4.5 billion in debt service after completing the HIPC program in December 2023.
Global Sovereign Debt Roundtable (GSDR):
- The GSDR brings together debtor nations and creditors (both official and private) to improve debt sustainability and address restructuring challenges.
- Co-chaired by the IMF, World Bank, and G20, the forum aims to find coordinated solutions for sovereign debt issues.
Overview of Global Plastic Treaty Negotiations
- 05 Dec 2024
In News:
The recent negotiations for a global treaty aimed at curbing plastic pollution, held in Busan, South Korea, concluded without reaching a legally binding agreement. This marked the fifth round of discussions since the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) initiated the process in March 2022, with the goal of finalizing a treaty by the end of 2024. The failure to adopt a treaty was primarily due to disagreements over production cap goals and the elimination of specific plastic chemicals and products.
Key Points of Dispute
- Production Cap Goals: A coalition of over 100 countries, including many from Africa, Latin America, and the European Union, pushed for clear production cap goals in the treaty. They argued that such measures are essential for effective regulation of plastic pollution.
- Opposition from Oil-Producing Nations: Conversely, a group of “like-minded countries” such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Russia, and Iran opposed these provisions. They contended that regulating production cuts exceeded the original mandate set by UNEA and could lead to trade restrictions disguised as environmental measures. India and China aligned with this coalition, emphasizing their concerns regarding economic impacts.
Draft Treaty Highlights
Despite the failure to finalize an agreement, discussions produced a draft text that included both consensus points and contentious issues:
- Consensus Points:
- Proposals for banning open dumping and burning of plastics.
- Definitions for various plastic types were suggested but lacked clarity on contentious terms like microplastics.
- Contentious Issues:
-
- The draft did not adequately address definitions for microplastics or recycling standards.
- References to single-use plastics were included but faced pushback from certain nations.
India’s Position
India articulated its stance focusing on several key areas:
- Development Rights: Emphasized the need for recognizing varying responsibilities among countries in managing plastic pollution while considering their developmental rights.
- Technical and Financial Support: Advocated for provisions ensuring technical assistance and financial support for developing nations to manage plastic waste effectively.
- Opposition to Production Caps: India opposed any articles that would impose caps on polymer production, arguing that such measures were not directly linked to reducing plastic pollution.
Future Steps
The negotiations will continue with plans to reconvene in 2025. In the meantime, global plastic production is projected to rise significantly, potentially tripling by 2050 if no urgent action is taken. The ongoing dialogue will need to address both environmental concerns and developmental needs to create a balanced approach toward managing plastic pollution globally.
Global Context and Initiatives
The need for a global treaty is underscored by alarming statistics:
- Over 462 million tons of plastic are produced annually, with a significant portion contributing to pollution.
- Microplastics have infiltrated ecosystems worldwide, affecting biodiversity and human health.
Countries like Rwanda and Austria have implemented successful measures to reduce plastic waste, serving as models for global efforts. Initiatives such as the UNDP Plastic Waste Management Program in India aim to enhance waste management practices while addressing environmental impacts.
SheSTEM 2024
- 04 Dec 2024
In News:
Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), under the NITI Aayog and the Office of Science & Innovation, at the Embassy of Sweden, in partnership with Nordic collaborators - Innovation Norway, Innovation Centre Denmark, and Business Finland, announced the successful conclusion of SheSTEM 2024.
Key Highlights:
- Objective: To inspire youth, especially women, to explore careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) and promote innovative solutions for sustainability.
- Theme: Focus on Battery Technology and Energy Storage Systems (BEST), part of the India-Nordic BEST project, aimed at fostering sustainability through advanced energy solutions.
Key Features of the Challenge:
- Target Audience: Students from grades 6–12 across India.
- Participation: Over 1,000 submissions showcasing innovative energy storage solutions.
- Format: Students presented prototypes or concepts via a 2-minute video format.
- Focus Areas: Sustainability, energy storage, and innovative solutions to global challenges.
Significance of SheSTEM 2024:
- Youth Empowerment: Provides a platform for young innovators to showcase their ideas and contribute to global sustainability.
- Global Impact: Encourages collaboration between India and Nordic countries in academia, business, and government to explore energy storage and sustainable technologies.
- Women in STEM: Highlights the importance of gender inclusivity in STEM fields, particularly in sustainability and technology.
Key Facts about AIM (Atal Innovation Mission):
- Established: 2016 by NITI Aayog to foster innovation and entrepreneurship across India.
- Core Functions:
- Promote Entrepreneurship: Financial support, mentorship, and nurturing innovative startups.
- Promote Innovation: Creating platforms for idea generation and collaboration.
- Key Programs: Atal Tinkering Labs, Atal Incubation Centres, Atal New India Challenges, and Mentor India.
- Monitoring: Systematic monitoring of initiatives using real-time MIS systems and dashboards.
ICJ Hearing on Landmark Climate Change Case
- 04 Dec 2024
In News:
- The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has begun hearings on a landmark climate change case, seeking an advisory opinion on the obligations of countries under international law regarding climate change.
- The case stems from a UN General Assembly (UNGA) resolution initiated by Vanuatu in March 2023, co-sponsored by 132 countries.
Background:
- Vanuatu, a small island nation, faces existential threats from rising sea levels.
- The resolution was passed to clarify climate obligations in light of international laws, including the UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, and other legal instruments like the UN Convention on the Law of the Seas, and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights.
Global Impact of the Case:
- The outcome of the case could influence global climate governance, particularly in the context of climate negotiations.
- It may broaden the legal basis for climate obligations and underscore the legal consequences for non-compliance.
India’s Position:
- India has voiced concerns about the judicial process being the best approach to tackle climate issues, advocating for diplomatic efforts.
- India is scheduled to make its submission on December 5, highlighting its preference for a collaborative, non-top-down approach in climate discussions.
Implications for Developed and Developing Countries:
- The case highlights the historical responsibility of developed countries for climate change due to their higher emissions.
- The ICJ's advisory opinion could reinforce the argument that developed countries' obligations extend beyond the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement, incorporating broader international legal frameworks.
Climate Litigation and Precedent:
- The ICJ ruling could set a precedent for climate litigation, potentially influencing over 2,600 ongoing climate lawsuits globally.
- Notable rulings include the European Court of Human Rights, which held Switzerland accountable for failing to meet emissions targets, and India's Supreme Court recognizing the right to be free from adverse climate impacts in 2023.
Record Participation and Importance of the Case:
- The ICJ has received over 90 written submissions, with 97 countries and 12 international organizations participating in the hearings.
- The case is significant for the growing number of climate-related lawsuits and the evolving nature of international climate law.
Future Prospects:
- The ICJ’s advisory opinion, though non-binding, could significantly impact future climate negotiations, particularly in terms of responsibility sharing and climate finance.
- The outcome could also influence calls for compensation for climate damages, especially from vulnerable states like small island nations.
Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991
- 04 Dec 2024
In News:
The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, is once again in focus, albeit in a context in which its objectives are being ignored. Civil suits questioning the religious character of mosques at Varanasi and Mathura are progressing apace. These developments show that legislation freezing the status of places of worship is inadequate to stop Hindu claimants from making determined legal efforts to achieve their goal of replacing them with temples.
Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991:
- Objective: To preserve the religious character of places of worship as they existed on August 15, 1947, and prevent changes in religious identity.
- Key Provisions:
- Section 3: Prohibits conversion of a place of worship from one religion to another.
- Section 4(1): Ensures the religious character remains unchanged from August 15, 1947.
- Section 4(2): Terminates ongoing or future legal proceedings seeking to alter the religious character of a place of worship.
- Exemptions:
- Ayodhya dispute: Exempted, allowing ongoing litigation.
- Ancient monuments & archaeological sites: Not covered by the Act.
- Already settled disputes or those agreed upon before the Act came into force.
- Penalties: Violators can face up to 3 years of imprisonment or fines.
- Criticism: The Act has been challenged for limiting judicial review, imposing a retrospective cutoff date, and restricting religious rights.
Recent Legal Disputes:
- Gyanvapi Mosque (Varanasi):
- Claim: Hindu worshippers assert the right to worship deities (e.g., Ma Sringar Gauri, Lord Vishweshwar) within the mosque premises.
- Legal Basis: Claim that the mosque was built over an ancient Hindu temple.
- Court's Ruling: The court allows the case to proceed, stating that the aim is to assert worship rights, not change the mosque’s status.
- Archaeological Survey: ASI report confirms the existence of a temple before the mosque’s construction.
- Key Legal Outcome: The Places of Worship Act does not bar these suits as they aim to ascertain the religious character of the site, not alter it.
- Shahi Idgah Mosque (Mathura):
- Claim: Hindu groups assert the mosque was built over Lord Krishna’s birthplace.
- Historical Context: The dispute was settled by a compromise in 1968, which was implemented in 1974, where part of the land was given to the mosque.
- Current Legal Dispute: New suits challenge the 1968 agreement as ‘fraudulent’ and seek the entire land to be transferred to the deity.
- Court's Ruling: The Act is not applicable as the 1968 agreement predates the 1991 Act, and the dispute pertains to the compromise, not the religious character.
- Shahi Jama Masjid (Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh):
- Claim: Allegation that the mosque was built over a Hindu temple (Hari Har Mandir).
- Survey Request: Petitioners seek a survey to verify the site’s historical and religious character.
- Legal Context: The mosque is a protected monument under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904.
Key Legal Interpretations:
- Court’s Role: Courts have ruled that the Places of Worship Act does not prohibit suits related to the religious character of a site if they are aimed at determining, not altering, that character.
- Interpretation of ‘Religious Character’: The Allahabad High Court stated that a structure can’t have dual religious character (both Hindu and Muslim), and the religious character of a place must be determined through evidence.
Political and Social Implications:
- Ongoing Controversy: The Gyanvapi and Mathura mosque disputes continue to fuel political and religious debates, as Hindu organizations seek to assert their claims, while mosque committees and Muslim groups resist changes.
- Public and Legal Attention: The legal and political landscape surrounding the Places of Worship Act remains contentious, with several legal suits challenging its applicability.
1984 Bhopal disaster
- 04 Dec 2024
In News:
Forty years after the Bhopal disaster on December 2-3, 1984, several hundred tonnes of toxic waste still remain around the ill-fated Union Carbide plant.
Overview of the incident:
The 1984 Bhopal disaster, one of the world’s worst industrial accidents, was caused by the release of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, which was a key component in the production of pesticides at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) plant. However, the toxic legacy of the disaster extends far beyond MIC, with a range of other harmful substances lingering in the environment. These include:
- Methyl Isocyanate (MIC):Primary toxic agent: MIC is a highly toxic, volatile compound. Exposure can cause severe respiratory distress, eye irritation, pulmonary edema, and even death.
- Heavy Metals:The site of the plant is contaminated with various heavy metals, including:
- Mercury: Known to accumulate in the body and affect the nervous system, kidneys, and liver. Even small doses over time can lead to chronic health problems.
- Chromium: Exposure to high levels of chromium, particularly hexavalent chromium, is associated with lung cancer and damage to the respiratory system.
- Lead: A potent neurotoxin, lead can cause developmental delays, memory problems, and damage to the kidneys.
- Nickel: Can cause respiratory and lung cancers when inhaled in significant quantities.
- Copper: High levels of copper exposure can damage the liver and kidneys.
- Organic Compounds:Several organic chemicals were found at the site, including:
- Hexachlorobutadiene: A suspected carcinogen that can cause liver damage, kidney damage, and neurological issues upon exposure.
- Chloroform (Trichloromethane): Known for its effects on the central nervous system, exposure can lead to dizziness, loss of consciousness, and even death at high concentrations. It is also a possible carcinogen.
- Carbon Tetrachloride: A potent liver toxin, exposure can result in liver damage, cancer, and nervous system toxicity.
- Trichlorobenzene: These compounds are volatile and can spread through air and water, accumulating in fatty tissues and causing damage to organs like the liver and kidneys.
- Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs):Some of the contaminants, particularly the organic compounds, are classified as persistent organic pollutants, which do not degrade easily in the environment. These can lead to:
- Cancer: Several of these compounds are carcinogenic.
- Neurological damage: Prolonged exposure can affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
- Reproductive and developmental disorders: Exposure has been linked to adverse effects on fertility and developmental health in humans.
- Environmental and Long-term Health Effects:
- Even decades later, contamination continues to affect the health of people living around the site, with high rates of cancers, birth defects, respiratory diseases, and other health issues. Water sources in the region remain unsafe due to heavy contamination with toxic chemicals. Persistent organic pollutants have been identified in local communities, indicating that the contamination continues to spread.
Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training (RESET) Programme
- 04 Dec 2024
In News:
At an event celebrating the National Sports Day, The Minister for Youth Affairs & Sports and Labour& Employment launched “Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training” (RESET) Programme.
Key Highlights:
- Objective:
- Empower retired athletes through career development.
- Provide tailored education, internships, and skill enhancement.
- Address the human resource gap in the sports sector.
- Eligibility Criteria:
- Retired athletes aged 20-50 years.
- Winners of international medals or participants in international events.
- National/state-level medalists or participants in recognized competitions (e.g., National Sports Federations, Indian Olympic Association).
- Courses Offered (16 Courses):
-
- Strength & Conditioning Trainer
- Sports Nutritionist
- Sports Event Management
- Corporate Wellness Trainer
- Sports Masseur
- Sports Entrepreneurship
- Store Manager
- Fitness Centre Manager
- Physical Education Trainer
- Fitness Trainer
- Yoga Trainer
- Venue Supervisor
- Self-Defence Trainer
- Community Sports Trainer
- Camping & Trekking Guide
- Facility Caretaker
- Program Structure:
- Two levels based on educational qualifications:
- Class 12 and above
- Class 11 and below
- Hybrid learning mode:
- Self-paced learning via a dedicated portal.
- On-ground training and internships.
- Two levels based on educational qualifications:
- Internship and Placement:
- Internships offered in sports organizations, competitions, training camps, and leagues.
- Post-course placement assistance and entrepreneurial guidance.
- Implementing Agency:Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE) for the pilot phase.
- Importance:
- Provides sustainable career pathways for retired athletes.
- Utilizes the experience and skills of retired athletes to benefit future generations of athletes.
- Contributes to the growth of sports and nation-building.
- National Sports Day (29th August):
- Celebrated in honor of Major Dhyan Chand's birth anniversary.
- Promotes sports and physical fitness in India.
- Awards like Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna presented to honor excellence in sports.
26 Rafale-Marine Jets
- 03 Dec 2024
In News:
- Deal for 26 Rafale-M jets nearing completion, with final formalities expected to be completed by January 2025.
- These jets are designed for naval operations and will be deployed on INS Vikrant and INS Vikramaditya.
- Rafale-M Features: Multi-role, advanced avionics, AESA radar, and armaments like Meteor, MICA, SCALP, EXOCET.
- Three Scorpene Submarines: Additional three Scorpene-class submarines to be procured from France.
- These are part of a repeat order to Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), with five of the earlier six already inducted into service.
Nuclear Capabilities:
- INS Arighaat: Successfully fired a Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), marking a significant milestone for India's nuclear deterrence.
- Indigenous Nuclear Attack Submarine (SSN): India’s first indigenous SSN expected by 2036-37.
Strategic Maritime Engagement:
- Indian Ocean Region (IOR): Active monitoring of maritime activities, especially of China's PLA Navy and Chinese research vessels.
- Pakistan Navy Expansion: Acknowledged Pakistan’s efforts to become a 50-ship Navy, including the acquisition of 8 Chinese submarines. Indian Navy is adapting its plans to address this.
Nuclear Submarine Program (SSBN):
- INS Arihant: Conducted multiple deterrence patrols.
- INS Arighaat: Ongoing trials including the recent K4 SLBM test, with a range of 3,500 km.
Naval Vision 2047:
- Navy Chief released Vision 2047 document, outlining the future direction and growth of the Indian Navy.
Bilateral and Multilateral Engagements:
- Participation in various bilateral and multilateral exercises, including RIMPAC 2024 (Hawaii) and Russian Federation Navy’s Raising Day (St. Petersburg).
Notre-Dame Cathedral
- 03 Dec 2024
In News:
The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, a landmark symbol of French Gothic architecture, is set to reopen on after undergoing extensive renovations following a devastating fire in April 2019.
Historical and Architectural Significance:
- Location: Situated on Île de la Cité in the Seine River, Paris.
- Construction: Began in 1163 under Bishop Maurice de Sully and completed in 1260, showcasing a blend of early Gothic to Rayonnant Gothic styles.
- Key Features: The cathedral is renowned for its rib vaults, flying buttresses, stained-glass windows, and sculpted gargoyles.
- Cultural Importance: It has been a stage for significant historical events, including Napoleon Bonaparte's coronation in 1804. It also houses the Holy Crown of Thorns and relics from the crucifixion of Jesus.
- Literary Legacy: Featured in Victor Hugo's "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame" (1831), which drew attention to its architectural and historical significance.
Modern History and Renovation:
- The cathedral endured historical events such as the French Revolution, World War II, and attacks during the Protestant Reformation.
- In April 2019, a fire severely damaged the roof and spire, sparking an international outpouring of support for its restoration.
- Renovation efforts began soon after, involving more than 1,000 craftspeople, with President Emmanuel Macron calling it “the project of the century.”
Construction and Modifications Over Centuries:
- The Notre-Dame was a model for early Gothic architecture and has undergone multiple renovations, including the addition of flying buttresses and other structural changes during the 13th and 14th centuries.
- Modifications continued through the Renaissance and Classical periods, reflecting changing artistic styles and the political moods of the time.
Significance in French History:
- Witness to History: The cathedral has been central to 800 years of French history, serving as a backdrop for both brilliant and tumultuous events.
- Religious and Political Symbolism: It was the heart of Paris' religious and political life, acting as a symbol of the intertwined relationship between the church and the monarchy.
Madhya Pradesh’s 8th Tiger Reserve: Ratapani
- 03 Dec 2024
In News:
Recently, the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh was officially declared a Tiger Reserve, making it the 8th such reserve in the state. This declaration follows approval from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change through the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
Key Details:
- Core Area: 763.8 sq. km
- Buffer Area: 507.6 sq. km
- Total Area: 1,271.4 sq. km
- Ratapani Tiger Reserve is located in the Raisen and Sehore districts, within the Vindhya hills, and is home to approximately 90 tigers.
- It also forms a crucial part of Madhya Pradesh’s tiger habitat and serves as a migration corridor from the Satpura ranges.
Economic and Ecotourism Benefits:
- The designation will boost ecotourism, generating employment and improving livelihoods for local communities.
- Eco-development programs will support residents, providing new opportunities and addressing the balance between conservation and human interests.
Wildlife Conservation and Management:
- The reserve will focus on habitat management, wildlife protection, and community engagement.
- The core area has been recognized as a critical tiger habitat under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
- Efforts will include strengthening anti-poaching measures, improving surveillance, and enhancing prey base restoration.
Significance for Madhya Pradesh:
- This move places Madhya Pradesh as the "Tiger State of India", with significant conservation focus on the Ratapani and Madhav National Park (also in the process of becoming a tiger reserve).
- Madhya Pradesh now hosts 8 tiger reserves, contributing significantly to the country's overall tiger conservation efforts.
MahaKumbh Mela 2025
- 03 Dec 2024
In News:
- On December 1, 2024, the Uttar Pradesh government declared the MahaKumbh Mela area as a temporary district for four months.
- The new district will be known as the MahaKumbh Mela District, to streamline management for the 2025 MahaKumbh.
- Over 5,000 hectares of land will be part of this district, including 66 revenue villages from four tehsils: Sadar, Sorav, Phulpur, and Karchana.
Key Administrative Changes:
- Mela Adhikari (Kumbh Mela Officer) will act as the District Magistrate (DM) and will hold powers of Executive Magistrate, District Magistrate, and Additional District Magistrate.
- The Mela Adhikari will have authority under the Indian Civil Defense Code, 2023, and the Uttar Pradesh Revenue Code, 2006.
- The Mela Adhikari can appoint an Additional Collector for the district.
MahaKumbh Mela Overview:
- The Kumbh Mela is recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
- It is the largest peaceful congregation of pilgrims, with participants bathing in sacred rivers at locations including Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik.
- The PrayagrajKumbh takes place at the Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati rivers.
- The event spans over a month and includes religious, cultural, and social activities, along with massive infrastructural setup including tented townships, civic facilities, and security measures.
International Day of Persons with Disabilities 2024
- 03 Dec 2024
In News:
- The International Day of Persons with Disabilities (IDPD), observed annually on December 3, celebrates the resilience, contributions, and leadership of persons with disabilities (PwDs) worldwide.
- Theme: “Amplifying the leadership of persons with disabilities for an inclusive and sustainable future”
History
- Proclamation: Established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1992 to promote the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities (PwDs).
- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD): Adopted in 2006, further advanced the rights and well-being of PwDs and supports the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Initiatives
Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities
- In order to give focused attention to policy issues and meaningful thrust to the activities aimed at the welfare and empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs), a separate Department of Disability Affairs was carved out of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment on May 12, 2012.
- The Department was renamed the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities on December 8, 2014.
- The Department acts as a nodal agency for matters pertaining to disability and persons with disabilities, including effecting closer coordination among different stakeholders: related Central Ministries, State/UT Governments, NGOs, etc., in matters pertaining to disability.
Accessible India Campaign
- The Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan), launched on December 3, 2015 aims to achieve universal accessibility for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) across India.
- The key focus areas include improving Built Environment Accessibility in public spaces, enhancing Transportation Accessibility for independent mobility, creating an accessible Information and Communication ecosystem, and expanding Sign Language Access through interpreter training and better media support.
Deendayal Divyangjan Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS)
- DDRS is a central sector scheme to provide grant-in-aid to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for projects relating to the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities aimed at enabling persons with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal, physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric, or socio-functional levels.
District Disability Rehabilitation Centre (DDRC)
- The District Disability Rehabilitation Centre (DDRC) aims to address the needs of persons with disabilities through a multifaceted approach.
- Its objectives include early identification and intervention, raising awareness, and assessing the need for assistive devices along with their provision and fitment, arrangement of loans for self-employment and more. Additionally, it acts as an outreach center for services provided by National Institutes and works to promote a barrier-free environment for individuals with disabilities.
Assistance to Persons with Disabilities for Purchase/Fitting of Aids/ Appliances (ADIP) Scheme.
- The main objective of the Scheme is to provide grants-in-aid to the various implementing agencies (National Institutes/Composite Regional Centers/Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India.
Schemes For Implementation Of Rights of Persons With Disabilities Act 2016 (SIPDA)
- The Scheme for Implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (SIPDA) is a comprehensive "Central Sector Scheme" that encompasses 10 sub-schemes following its revision during the Expenditure Finance Committee (EFC) meeting on 11th August 2021.
- This revised scheme, approved by the Hon'ble Finance Minister, is designed to operate from 2021–22 to 2025–26.
Divya Kala Mela
- The Divya Kala Mela is a national-level fair dedicated to Divyangjan and represents a significant milestone in India’s journey toward inclusivity and empowerment of the Divyangjan, or differently-abled individuals.
PM-DAKSH
- PM-DAKSH (Pradhan Mantri DakshtaAurKushaltaSampannHitgrahi) Yojana is a one-stop destination for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs), skill training organizations, and employers across India to be a part of the National Action Plan for Skill Development of Persons with Disabilities implemented by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD). Under this portal, there are two modules:
- Divyangjan Kaushal Vikas: Skill training is conducted for PwDs through the portal across the country.
- Divyangjan Rozgar Setu: The platform aims to act as a bridge between PwDs and employers having jobs for PwDs. The platform provides geo-tagged based information on employment/earning opportunities within private companies as well as PwDs across India.
Network Readiness Index 2024
- 02 Dec 2024
In News:
- India has climbed 11 positions to secure 49th rank in the Network Readiness Index (NRI) 2024, compared to 60th in NRI 2023.
- This improvement reflects India’s significant progress in the digital and telecommunication sectors.
NRI 2024 Overview:
- The NRI 2024 report assesses the network readiness of 133 economies based on four pillars: Technology, People, Governance, and Impact, using 54 variables.
- Published by the Portulans Institute, Washington DC.
India's Leading Indicators:
- Top rankings:
- 1st Rank: ‘AI scientific publications’, ‘AI talent concentration’, and ‘ICT services exports’.
- 2nd Rank: ‘FTTH/Building Internet subscriptions’, ‘Mobile broadband internet traffic’, and ‘International Internet bandwidth’.
- 3rd Rank: ‘Domestic market scale’.
- 4th Rank: ‘Annual investment in telecommunication services’.
Digital Progress:
- India has demonstrated remarkable digital transformation, especially in technological innovation and digital infrastructure.
Economic Grouping:
- India ranks 2nd in the lower-middle-income countries group, following Vietnam.
Telecommunication Achievements:
- Tele-density has increased from 75.2% to 84.69% in the past decade, with 119 crore wireless connections.
- Internet subscribers have surged from 25.1 crore to 94.4 crore, aided by Digital India initiatives and rural broadband expansion.
- 5G Launch: In 2022, India launched 5G services, significantly boosting global mobile broadband speed rankings from 118th to 15th.
Future Vision:
- India’s Bharat 6G Vision aims to position the country as a leader in future telecom technologies, backed by strong infrastructure and investments in emerging technologies.
Telecom Reforms:
- Spectrum management, ease of doing business, and consumer protection reforms have strengthened India’s telecom sector, contributing to its improved network readiness ranking.
World AIDS Day 2024
- 02 Dec 2024
In News:
World AIDS Day is observed annually on December 1 since 1988 to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and demonstrate solidarity with affected individuals. It commemorates lives lost to AIDS and highlights progress and ongoing challenges in prevention, treatment, and care.
Key Highlights:
- 2024 Theme: "Take the Rights Path: My Health, My Right!"
- Focuses on healthcare access, human rights, and addressing systemic inequalities in HIV prevention and treatment services.
- Aims to empower individuals to manage their health and reduce stigma.
- Advocates for inclusivity and global cooperation to eradicate AIDS.
Global and National Perspective on HIV/AIDS
- Global Progress:
- According to UNAIDS Global AIDS Update 2023, significant strides have been made globally in reducing new HIV infections and improving treatment access.
- India has been acknowledged for its robust legal framework and financial investments in HIV control.
- India's HIV Statistics:
- Over 2.5 million people live with HIV in India.
- Annual new infections: 66,400, a 44% reduction since 2010.
- HIV prevalence among adults is 0.2%.
- Free lifelong treatment is provided to over 16 lakh people at 725 ART centers (as of 2023).
India’s Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Response
- Early Initiatives:
- India’s response to HIV/AIDS began in 1985 with sero-surveillance and blood safety measures.
- The National AIDS and STD Control Programme (NACP) was launched in 1992, evolving into one of the world’s largest HIV/AIDS control programs.
- Evolution of NACP:
- Phase I (1992-1999): Focused on awareness and blood safety.
- Phase II (1999-2007): Introduced direct interventions in prevention, detection, and treatment.
- Phase III (2007-2012): Expanded decentralized management at the district level.
- Phase IV (2012-2017): Increased funding and sustainability of interventions.
- Phase IV Extended (2017-2021): Passage of the HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017; introduction of the ‘Test and Treat’ policy; and response to the COVID-19 pandemic with IT innovations.
- NACP Phase V (2021-2026):
- Central Sector Scheme with an outlay of Rs. 15,471.94 crore.
- Goals: Reduce new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths by 80% by 2025-26 from 2010 levels.
- Eliminate vertical transmission of HIV and syphilis, reduce stigma, and ensure universal access to STI/RTI services for vulnerable populations.
- Key strategies include community-centered approaches, technology integration, gender-sensitive responses, and public-private sector partnerships.
Key Objectives of NACP Phase V
- Prevention & Control:
- Ensure 95% of high-risk individuals access prevention services.
- Achieve the 95-95-95 targets: 95% of HIV-positive individuals know their status, are on treatment, and achieve viral suppression.
- Eliminate vertical transmission of HIV and syphilis.
- Reduce stigma and discrimination to less than 10%.
- STI/RTI Prevention:
- Universal access to high-quality services for at-risk populations.
Asia-Oceania Meteorological Satellite Users' Conference (AOMSUC-14)
- 02 Dec 2024
In News:
The 14th Asia-Oceania Meteorological Satellite Users' Conference (AOMSUC-14)was held in New Delhi, India, hosted by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. This annual event brings together meteorologists, earth scientists, and satellite data users to discuss advancements in satellite technology for weather and climate monitoring.
Key Facts:
- Objective:
- Promote Satellite Observations: Highlight the importance of satellite data for meteorology and climatology.
- Advance Remote Sensing Science: Foster advancements in satellite technology and its application in weather forecasting and climate monitoring.
- Encourage Collaboration: Facilitate dialogue between satellite operators and users to enhance the use of satellite data across the Asia-Oceania region.
- Discuss Future Plans: Update on the current status and future plans of international space programs.
- Engage Young Scientists: Encourage the involvement of young researchers in satellite science and meteorology.
- Participants:
- Around 150 participants from various countries, including key international space organizations like WMO, NASA, ESA, JAXA, and other meteorological and space entities.
- The conference will feature oral presentations, poster sessions, panel discussions, and a training workshop focused on satellite data application.
- Significance of the Conference:
- Regional Cooperation: AOMSUC promotes stronger cooperation between countries in the Asia-Oceania region, addressing shared challenges in meteorology and satellite data usage.
- Improved Forecasting: Enhances satellite data utilization for more accurate weather forecasting, disaster prediction, and climate monitoring.
- Disaster Risk Management: Strengthens early warning systems for extreme weather events, improving disaster preparedness and response.
- Capacity Building: Offers training and workshops for local meteorologists, boosting the capacity of countries to use satellite data effectively for weather forecasting and climate services.
- Data Sharing: Encourages collaboration in satellite data sharing, facilitating better access to meteorological data across national borders.
- History of AOMSUC:The first AOMSUC was held in Beijing, China in 2010. Since then, the conference has been held annually in various Asia-Oceania locations and has become a leading event for the meteorological community.
KisanPehchaan Patra
- 02 Dec 2024
In News:
The Indian government is actively promoting the creation of digital identities for farmers through the KisanPehchaan Patra (Farmer ID). The initiative is an essential part of the Digital Agriculture Mission under the AgriStack initiative.
Key Details:
Objective:
- The main goal is to provide digital IDs linked to Aadhaar for farmers, capturing comprehensive agricultural data including land records, crop information, and ownership details.
- These digital identities are designed to enhance farmers' access to government schemes and digital agriculture services.
Farmer ID Creation Timeline:
- The government plans to create digital IDs for 11 crore farmers in phases:
- 6 crore farmers in FY 2024-25.
- 3 crore farmers in FY 2025-26.
- 2 crore farmers in FY 2026-27.
AgriStack Initiative:
- The AgriStack initiative aims to build a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for the agriculture sector, which includes:
- Farmers' Registry.
- Geo-referenced village maps.
- Crop Sown Registry.
Implementation Strategy:
- Camp-mode approach: States have been instructed to organize field-level camps to ensure faster and inclusive registration of farmers.
- Financial Incentives:
- States will receive ?15,000 per camp for organizing these camps.
- Additionally, ?10 per Farmer ID issued.
- Funding is provided through the Pradhan Mantri KisanSamman Nidhi (PM-Kisan) scheme.
Benefits of Digital Farmer ID:
- Targeted Delivery of Benefits: Ensures subsidies and benefits reach legitimate farmers and eliminates duplication.
- Precision Agriculture: Supports data-driven policies for better crop planning, insurance, and market linkages.
- Financial Inclusion: Facilitates easy access to credit, loans, and crop insurance, empowering farmers financially.
- Better Monitoring: Helps in tracking the actual implementation of schemes and ensures that only eligible farmers benefit.
Progress in States:
- Advanced States: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh have made significant progress in issuing digital Farmer IDs.
- Testing Phase: States like Assam, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha are still in the field-testing phase.
- Special Assistance Scheme: The Finance Ministry allocated ?5,000 crore in August 2024 to assist states in creating the Farmers' Registry, with funds available until March 2025.
Linkage with Land Records and Crop Data:
- The Farmer ID integrates with state land records and crop data, creating a dynamic and accurate database known as the Farmer’s Registry.
- This data helps in the development of better agricultural policies and decision-making.
Digital Agriculture Mission:
- The government approved a substantial outlay of ?2,817 crore for the Digital Agriculture Mission, which is intended to modernize agricultural practices and build robust digital infrastructure.
- The mission also includes the launch of the Digital Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES), which will help in crop estimation and better resource allocation.
National Policy on Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP)
- 02 Dec 2024
In News:
- India is working on a national policy to enhance female labour force participation (FLFP), focusing on creating a supportive care economy structure.
- The policy is being developed by an inter-ministerial team involving the Ministries of Skill Development, Labour, Rural Development, and Women and Child Development.
- Goal: To reduce barriers for women, especially related to caregiving responsibilities, and increase their participation in the workforce.
Key Focus Areas:
- Care Economy: Involves both paid and unpaid caregiving services, such as childcare, eldercare, domestic work, and health services.
- The policy aims to formalize care work, addressing its undervaluation and encouraging women's workforce participation.
- Proposes a core skilling package for caregivers, particularly for childcare in rural and informal sectors.
- Childcare Facilities: Targeting women working under schemes like MGNREGS (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme).
Current Challenges:
- Post-marriage employment drop: Women face a significant decline in workforce participation after marriage, often due to caregiving roles.
- In India, 53% of women are outside the labour force, mostly due to unpaid domestic work, unlike only 1.1% of men.
- The gender divide in caregiving is stark: Women spend over 5 hours daily on unpaid domestic work (81% of females), compared to 12.4% of males.
Key Initiatives:
- Palna Scheme: Provides daycare through Anganwadi-cum-Crèche facilities for working parents, benefiting children aged 6 months to 6 years. 1,000 crèches are operational.
- Women’s Employment Data:
- In rural India, 36.6% of women participate in the workforce, compared to 23.8% in urban areas.
- Post-marriage, female employment drops by 12 percentage points, even without children.
- Improving Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP): Key to India's growth, as matching women’s workforce participation with men could boost GDP by 27% (IMF).
Barriers to Women’s Workforce Inclusion:
- Unpaid Care Work: Women's disproportionate share of household duties limits paid employment opportunities.
- Cultural Norms: Gender expectations restrict women’s access to employment, especially in rural areas.
- Educational Barriers: Limited access to education for girls restricts skill development, lowering job prospects.
- Health & Safety Issues: Health challenges and safety concerns at workplaces hinder women's workforce participation.
- Lack of Supportive Policies: Absence of parental leave and flexible work arrangements for women, especially in the informal sector.
Government Initiatives for Women’s Employment:
- BetiBachaoBetiPadhao: Promotes girl child education and empowerment.
- National Education Policy (NEP): Ensures gender equity in education.
- Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017: Extends paid maternity leave to 26 weeks and mandates crèche facilities in large establishments.
- Labour Codes (2019-2020): Codifies labor laws to provide a framework for improving women’s workplace safety and employment opportunities.
Global Examples & Inspiration:
- Japan’s Womenomics: Aimed at increasing female participation, Japan's womenomics reforms have grown women’s labour force participation from 64.9% to 75.2% (2013-2023).
- Flexible Work Models: Countries like Netherlands encourage part-time and remote work, offering flexibility to manage work-life balance.
- Sweden’s Investment in ECCE: Investing 1% of GDP in Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) has significantly reduced women’s workforce exclusion.
Way Forward:
- National Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA): Promotes gender-balanced work environments and childcare facilities at work sites.
- Flexible Work Options: Encouraging remote work, parental leave, and childcare support will empower more women to balance caregiving and employment.
- Investment in the Care Economy: To reduce the care burden on women, substantial investment in ECCE and related sectors is essential to increase women’s participation and economic independence.
Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal
- 01 Dec 2024
In News:
The controversy surrounding the Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, has intensified following claims that the mosque, built during the Mughal Emperor Babur's reign (1526–1530), was constructed over a Hindu temple, the Hari Har Mandir. This claim has led to legal battles and violent clashes, making it part of a broader series of disputes involving mosques built during the Mughal era, such as the Gyanvapi mosque in Varanasi and the Eidgah Masjid in Mathura.
Background and Legal Context:
The dispute began when a petition was filed in Sambhal's district court on November 19, 2024, claiming the Jama Masjid was built on the site of an ancient temple. The petitioners, led by Hari Shanker Jain, demanded a survey to ascertain the religious character of the site. This petition follows a pattern seen in similar cases in Varanasi, Mathura, and Dhar, where Hindu groups have raised similar claims about mosque sites. The court ordered a photographic and videographic survey of the mosque, which, initially carried out peacefully, later sparked violence on November 24 when the survey was accompanied by chanting crowds. This led to protests, stone pelting, and allegations of police firing, resulting in several deaths.
The Jama Masjid is a protected monument under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904, and is listed as a Monument of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). This gives the case legal and cultural sensitivity, as it involves both national heritage and religious sentiments.
Historical and Architectural Context:
The Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal was constructed by Mir Hindu Beg, a general under Babur, in the early 16th century. It is one of three mosques commissioned by Babur, alongside those in Panipat and Ayodhya. The mosque is noted for its architectural style, which includes a large square mihrab hall, a dome, and arches, constructed using stone masonry and plaster. Some historians argue that the mosque might be a Tughlaq-era structure modified during Babur's reign. Locally, Hindu tradition holds that the mosque incorporates elements of a Vishnu temple, believed to be the site of Kalki, the tenth avatar of Vishnu.
The Places of Worship Act, 1991:
The dispute has reignited debates about the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, which mandates that the religious character of any place of worship as it existed on August 15, 1947, should be maintained, with the exception of the ongoing Babri Masjid dispute. The Act aims to prevent any further contests regarding religious sites, and Section 3 of the Act explicitly prohibits converting a place of worship into a site of a different religious denomination.
The petition filed in Sambhal seeks to alter the religious character of the mosque, directly contravening the Places of Worship Act. The petitioners have cited remarks by Supreme Court Justice D.Y. Chandrachud in 2022, suggesting that a survey to ascertain the religious character of a place might not violate the Act. This has led to petitions challenging the Act in the Supreme Court, including cases from Varanasi, Mathura, Dhar, and now Sambhal.
The Legal and Social Implications:
The ongoing dispute over the Shahi Jama Masjid highlights the tension between historical narratives, legal frameworks, and communal harmony. The Supreme Court has intervened in the matter, temporarily halting further proceedings in the trial court, urging that the mosque's management committee approach the Allahabad High Court. The Court emphasized the importance of maintaining peace and harmony and cautioned against any actions that could escalate tensions.
The case underscores the challenges of balancing India's rich historical heritage with its diverse religious communities. As the legal process unfolds, the outcome of the Sambhal dispute could set significant precedents for how similar cases are handled in the future.
Conclusion:
The Sambhal mosque dispute, much like the Gyanvapi and Ayodhya cases, brings to the forefront the complex intersections of history, religion, and law. It also raises critical questions about the application of the Places of Worship Act and its implications for preserving India's pluralistic society. The outcome of this case, alongside the pending petitions in other states, will be crucial in shaping the future of religious site disputes in India.
India-Cambodia Joint Military Exercise CINBAX
- 01 Dec 2024
In News:
The first edition of CINBAX (Counter-Terrorism Counter-Bio-Terrorism and Intelligence Operations Exercise) was launched on December 1, 2024, at the Foreign Training Node, Pune.
Key Details:
- Participants: 20 personnel from each side – the Indian Army and the Cambodian Army – focusing on enhancing cooperation for UN peacekeeping operations.
- Objective:
- Enhancing Trust and Interoperability: CINBAX aims to foster mutual trust, build camaraderie, and improve operational efficiency between the two armies in conducting peacekeeping operations under UN guidelines.
- Focus Areas: Joint Counter-Terrorism (CT) operations, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), cyber warfare, logistics, casualty management, and disaster relief operations.
- Phases of the Exercise:
- Phase I: Orientation for Counter-Terrorism operations in the context of UN peacekeeping missions.
- Phase II: Conduct of tabletop exercises to simulate and plan response scenarios.
- Phase III: Finalization of plans and review of lessons learned, focusing on operational strategies and tactical decision-making.
- Key Topics Covered:
- Discussions on setting up a Joint Training Task Force for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance.
- Exploring cyber warfare, hybrid warfare, and unconventional tactics.
- Strategies for managing logistics, casualties, and coordination during Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations.
- Promotion of Indigenous Defence Equipment:
- The exercise will showcase Indian-made weapons and defence equipment, supporting India’s commitment to Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliance in defence production).
- Objective: To highlight India's advanced military technology and indigenous defence capabilities.
- Significance for India-Cambodia Relations:
- The exercise strengthens military ties between India and Cambodia, contributing to improved cooperation in regional peacekeeping efforts.
- CINBAX marks a significant milestone in India-Cambodiadefence collaboration and sets the stage for future joint operations.
India-Cambodia Bilateral Relations
- Historical Context:
- India and Cambodia share strong religious, cultural, and linguistic ties, with Hindu rituals influencing Cambodian culture and Sanskrit and Khmer sharing common words.
- Diplomatic relations were established in 1952, even before Cambodia's independence from France.
- Key Developments:
- 1954: Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru visited Cambodia, initiating strong diplomatic ties, particularly during the Non-Aligned Movement.
- Post-1970s: India played a pivotal role in Cambodia's recovery from the Khmer Rouge regime. India was the first democratic country to recognize the Heng Samrin regime in 1981 and contributed to Cambodia's political reconciliation.
- 1980s: India facilitated dialogue for the Paris Peace Accord and contributed to the success of UNTAC elections in 1993.
- Strategic and Economic Cooperation:
- Defence: Enhanced cooperation in defence capacity building, military training, and infrastructure development.
- Trade: India exports pharmaceuticals, bovine meat, automobiles, and leather products to Cambodia. In return, Cambodia exports organic chemicals, apparel, and footwear to India.
- Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC): Established in 2000, MGC includes Cambodia and aims to enhance cooperation in sectors like trade, education, tourism, and cultural exchanges.
- Recent Collaboration:
- India has extended financial assistance for infrastructure projects in Cambodia, especially in restoring and conserving cultural heritage sites like Angkor Wat.
- MoUs signed in bilateral cooperation, cultural exchanges, and development projects highlight the growing India-Cambodia strategic partnership.
Key Highlights on India’s Horticulture and Plant Health Management Initiatives
- 01 Dec 2024
In News:
Government of India and ADB sign $98 million loan to promote plant health management in India’s horticulture.
Key Highlights:
$98 Million Loan Agreement with ADB:
- India and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) signed a $98 million loan to enhance horticulture productivity and resilience.
- Objective: Improve farmers' access to certified, disease-free planting materials, which will increase crop yield, quality, and climate resilience.
- Focus Areas: The project aligns with India’s Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Programme (CPP), aiming to strengthen plant health management in horticulture.
Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Programme (CPP):
- Implemented under MIDH: The Clean Plant Programme is part of the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH).
- Goal: To provide virus-free, high-quality planting materials to farmers, boosting horticultural crop yields and promoting climate-resilient varieties.
- Implementation Period: 2024-2030, with 50% financial support from ADB.
- Key Components:
- Establishment of 9 Clean Plant Centers (CPCs) with state-of-the-art diagnostic, therapeutic, and tissue culture laboratories.
- Certification Framework: Developing a regulatory framework under the Seeds Act 1966 to certify clean plants.
- Support to Nurseries: Infrastructure development for large-scale nurseries.
- Significance: The programme strengthens India's self-reliance in horticulture and enhances adaptability to climate change impacts.
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH):
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
- Focus: Holistic development of the horticulture sector, including fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, spices, and more.
- Funding Pattern:
- General States: 60% by Government of India (GoI), 40% by State Governments.
- North-Eastern and Himalayan States: 90% by GoI.
Horticulture Sector at a Glance:
- Contribution to Agricultural GDP: Accounts for 33% of the gross value.
- Land Coverage: Occupies 18% of agricultural land in India.
- Global Standing: India is the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally.
- Surpassing Food Grains: Horticulture production exceeds food grain production, occupying much less land (25.66 million hectares vs. 127.6 million hectares for food grains).
Key Benefits of the CPP:
- Climate Resilience: Promotes climate-resilient plant varieties and helps farmers adapt to climate change.
- Innovation: Encourages the use of advanced testing techniques and builds institutional capacity.
- Long-term Impact: Expected to improve sustainability, productivity, and the economic well-being of farmers.
Additional Horticulture Initiatives:
- CHAMAN (Horticulture Assessment using Geo-informatics): A programme to estimate area and production of horticultural crops using scientific methods.
- Kisan Rail Services: Facilitates transportation of perishable horticultural products like fruits and vegetables.
- Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme: By the National Horticulture Board to support the sector’s growth.
Grievance Redressal Assessment and Index (GRAI) 2023
- 01 Dec 2024
In News:
- It was launched by Dr. Jitendra Singh, the Union Minister of State for Science & Technology, Earth Sciences, PMO, Personnel, Public Grievances, Pensions, Atomic Energy, and Space, along with Shri V. Srinivas, the Secretary of the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).
- This initiative, conceptualized by DARPG, aims to evaluate and rank central Ministries and Departments based on their grievance redressal mechanisms.
Key Aspects of GRAI 2023:
- Objective: GRAI 2023 was designed to provide a comparative assessment of Ministries and Departments based on their grievance redressal systems. It was created based on recommendations from the Parliamentary Standing Committee of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions.
- Assessment Method: The index evaluates 89 Central Ministries and Departments across four dimensions:efficiency, feedback, domain&organisational Commitment
- It is calculated using data from the Centralised Public Grievance Redressal and Management System (CPGRAMS) from January to December 2023. Ministries are grouped into three categories based on the number of grievances received in 2023:
- Group A: Ministries/Departments with more than 10,000 grievances (28 Ministries/Departments)
- Group B: Ministries/Departments with 2,000 to 9,999 grievances (33 Ministries/Departments)
- Group C: Ministries/Departments with fewer than 2,000 grievances (28 Ministries/Departments)
- Top Performers:
- Group A: The Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare topped the rankings.
- Group B: The Office of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India led.
- Group C: The Department of Investment & Public Asset Management ranked first.
- It is calculated using data from the Centralised Public Grievance Redressal and Management System (CPGRAMS) from January to December 2023. Ministries are grouped into three categories based on the number of grievances received in 2023:
- Analysis: GRAI 2023 includes an in-depth analysis of the root causes of effective grievance redressal for each Ministry/Department, presented in a color-coded, easily understandable format.
- Advancements: The report outlines a roadmap for improving grievance redressal, emphasizing:
- Utilization of advanced technologies such as AI and Machine Learning (ML) for predictive analytics and data analysis.
- The introduction of features like IGMS 2.0 and TreeDashboard within CPGRAMS.
- Improved training for Grievance Redressal Officers (GROs) and more rigorous audits to increase accountability.
- Expansion of CPGRAMS integration to local governments, enhancing the grievance redressal system across all levels of governance.
Commonwealth Secretariat recognized CPGRAMS as a best practice in grievance redressal at its meeting in April 2024.
SASCI Scheme for Tourism Development
- 01 Dec 2024
In News:
Centre clears scheme for development of 40 tourist destinations across 23 States at a cost of ?3,295 crore.
Key Details:
- Focus Areas: The scheme encourages the development of lesser-known destinations such as Bateshwar (Uttar Pradesh), Ponda (Goa), Gandikota (Andhra Pradesh), and Porbandar (Gujarat) to reduce overcrowding at popular sites.
- Implementation Timeline: Projects must be completed within two years, with funding released in stages until March 2026.
- Key Features:
- Long-term interest-free loans for 50 years.
- States responsible for project execution and maintenance, often through public-private partnerships (PPP).
- The Ministry of Tourism will monitor progress, and 66% of the funds have already been released.
- Emphasis on sustainability and boosting local economies by creating jobs through tourism.
- States must provide land at no cost and ensure proper infrastructure like safety, connectivity, and utilities.
Selection Criteria for Projects:
- Consultation Process: Detailed regional consultations led to the selection of 40 projects from 87 proposals received by the Ministry of Tourism. West Bengal was the only state not submitting proposals.
- Evaluation Criteria: Projects were evaluated based on:
- Connectivity, tourism potential, and ecosystem.
- Financial viability and sustainability.
- Impact on local economy and job creation.
- Funding Pattern:
- A maximum of ?100 crore for each project, with higher funding considered for exceptional projects.
- Total funding capped at ?250 crore per state, allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.
Importance of the Scheme:
- Economic Growth & Employment: Projects are designed to stimulate local economies, create employment, and promote sustainable tourism.
- Global Branding: The scheme aims to brand and market tourist destinations on a global scale.
- Tourism Infrastructure Growth: It aims to improve the entire tourism value chain, including transportation, accommodation, activities, and services.
Tourism Sector Overview:
- Current Status:
- India ranks 39th among 119 countries in the Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI) 2024.
- Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) increased by 47.9% in 2023, with 9.52 million tourists.
- Tourism contributed 5% to India’s GDP in 2022-23 and created 76.17 million direct and indirect jobs.
- India earned ?2.3 lakh crore in foreign exchange in 2023 through tourism.
- Projected revenue from tourism to exceed $59 billion by 2028.
- Initiatives for Promotion:
- Swadesh Darshan Scheme: To develop theme-based circuits.
- Dekho Apna Desh Initiative (2020): Promotes domestic tourism.
- PRASHAD & HRIDAY Schemes: Focus on pilgrimage and heritage city development.
MGNREGA Job Card Deletions Issue:
- Context: A significant surge in deletions of job cards under MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) raised concerns over transparency and workers’ rights.
- Reasons for Deletion:
- Permanent migration, duplicate cards, forged documents, and refusal to work.
- Aadhaar-based payment system (ABPS) implementation led to deletions for non-linked cards.
- Implications:
- Violation of workers’ legal right to employment, especially when deletions were made without due process.
- The "Not willing to work" designation undermines livelihood opportunities, especially in high unemployment rural areas.
- Recommendations for Reform:
- Strengthening verification processes and ensuring deletions follow due procedure.
- Empowering Gram Sabhas to review and approve deletions.
- Regular audits and better grievance redressal mechanisms.
Other Government Initiatives in Tourism:
- National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive (PRASHAD): For holistic and sustainable development of pilgrimage tourism.
- Incredible India & E-Visa Initiatives: To attract more foreign tourists.
- Regional Connectivity Scheme (UDAN): Enhances air connectivity to remote tourist destinations.
- National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY): Preserves and rejuvenates heritage sites.
13th National Seed Congress (NSC)
- 30 Nov 2024
In News:
- The 13th National Seed Congress (NSC), organized by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare, concluded with significant discussions and outcomes focused on advancing India's seed sector.
- The theme for this year's congress, held in Varanasi, was "Innovating for a Sustainable Seed Ecosystem."
Key Highlights:
- Focus Areas:
- Seed Technologies and Biofortification: Emphasis on high-nutrition seeds like iron and zinc-enriched rice and Vitamin A-rich crops to combat malnutrition.
- Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Promoting practices like Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) and the development of stress-tolerant seed varieties to withstand climate change.
- Challenges in India’s Seed Ecosystem:
- Seed Replacement Rate (SRR): SRR in India is around 15-20%, with 100% for hybrid seeds, pointing to the need for higher adoption of certified seeds.
- Monoculture and Seed Market Monopoly: Issues like over-reliance on Bt cotton and domination by multinational companies (e.g., Bayer) in seed markets.
- Government Initiatives:
- National Seed Corporation (NSC): Produces foundation and certified seeds for over 600 varieties.
- Seed Village Programme (Beej Gram Yojana): Focus on improving the quality of farm-saved seeds.
- National Seed Reserve: Ensures seed availability during climatic disruptions.
- Policy Discussions:
- Proposed Seeds Bill: A new bill to regulate seed quality and promote sustainable practices.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Strengthening collaborations to improve seed production, accessibility, and quality.
- Outcomes:
- Biofortified Seeds: Increased development and distribution of nutrient-rich seeds.
- Climate-Resilient Seed Systems: Enhanced focus on developing crops that can withstand climate challenges.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Strengthening collaborations in seed technology and policy reform.
U.N. Peacebuilding Commission
- 30 Nov 2024
In News:
India has been re-elected to the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) for the term 2025–2026, continuing its strong commitment to global peace and stability.
UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC)
It is an advisory body established by the UN General Assembly and UN Security Council in 2005. It is tasked with supporting peace efforts in conflict-affected countries by advising and recommending strategies for post-conflict recovery and long-term peacebuilding.
Composition of PBC:
- The PBC is composed of 31 member states, elected from the General Assembly, Security Council, and Economic and Social Council.
- It includes key financial and troop-contributing countries, which play a central role in shaping global peacebuilding initiatives.
Key Mandates of the PBC
- Coordination of Resources and Strategies:The Commission brings together all relevant actors to propose integrated strategies for post-conflict recovery and peacebuilding.
- Reconstruction and Development:It focuses on rebuilding conflict-affected countries through institution-building and supporting sustainable development efforts.
- Improving Coordination:The PBC ensures better coordination within and outside the UN, develops best practices, and secures predictable financing for early recovery initiatives.
- Sustaining Peace:The Commission promotes sustained international attention to peacebuilding efforts and offers political support to countries emerging from conflict, with their consent.
- Integrated Approach:The PBC advocates for an integrated approach that links security, development, and human rights as interrelated and mutually reinforcing.
- Bridging Role:It serves as a platform to connect UN bodies, Member States, national authorities, civil society, and other stakeholders, sharing good practices in peacebuilding.
India’s Contributions to UN Peacebuilding and Peacekeeping
India has been at the forefront of UN peacebuilding initiatives due to its long-standing commitment to international peace and stability.
- Largest Contributor of Personnel:India is one of the largest contributors of uniformed personnel to UN Peacekeeping. Currently, around 6,000 Indian military and police personnel are deployed across multiple missions in Abyei, Central African Republic, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lebanon, Middle East, Somalia, South Sudan, and Western Sahara.
- Sacrifices in Service:India holds the tragic distinction of having lost over 180 peacekeepers, the highest number from any troop-contributing nation. These sacrifices reflect India's enduring commitment to global peace.
- Financial Support:India contributes to the Peacebuilding Fund, the primary financial instrument for conflict prevention and peacebuilding, which supports countries transitioning from conflict to peace.
- Championing South-South Cooperation:India has actively promoted South-South cooperation, a model for post-conflict recovery that emphasizes shared learning and capacity-building among developing nations.
- Women in UN Peacekeeping:India has led efforts for gender parity in UN peacekeeping. In 2007, India became the first country to deploy an all-women contingent to a UN peacekeeping mission. It has since deployed Female Engagement Teams (FETs) and Female Formed Police Units (FFPUs) in Lebanon and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
- Training and Capacity Building:India has invested in capacity development for both the UN and host nations. The Centre for UN Peacekeeping (CUNPK) in New Delhi, established by the Indian Army, trains over 12,000 troops annually in peacekeeping operations. India also deploys Mobile Training Teams to share best practices with other countries.
India’s Pledges at the UN Peacekeeping Ministerial (2023)
At the UN Peacekeeping Ministerial held in Accra, Ghana (December 2023), India made significant pledges:
- To contribute an Infantry Battalion Group, along with various sub-groups and pre-deployment training courses, for the next two years.
- India’s ongoing commitment to strengthening peacekeeping efforts and supporting the UN’s peacebuilding agenda was reaffirmed.
Global Engagement Scheme
- 30 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Ministry of Culture plays a pivotal role in promoting India’s rich cultural heritage across the globe through its Global Engagement Scheme.
- The scheme is designed to enhance India's cultural image internationally while fostering people-to-people connections and strengthening bilateral cultural ties with other nations.
- The scheme has three key components: Festival of India, Grant-in-aid to Indo-Foreign Friendship Cultural Societies, and Contribution Grants.
Key Components of the Global Engagement Scheme:
- Festival of India (FoI):
- Purpose: The Festival of India is organized abroad to celebrate and promote India's diverse culture. It provides a platform for artists from various cultural fields, including Folk Art (folk music, dance, theatre, puppetry), Classical and Traditional Dance, Classical and Semi-Classical Music, Experimental/Contemporary Dance, and Theatre.
- Impact: Since 2013-14, 62 Festivals of India have been held in different countries, with over 2,348 artists, including folk artists, participating. These festivals serve as a means to promote Indian folk art, culture, and music internationally.
- Artist Participation: Folk artists are remunerated with a performance fee of ?35,000 for the leader/main artist and ?7,000 for accompanying artists per performance.
- Grant-in-aid to Indo-Foreign Friendship Cultural Societies:
- Objective: This scheme supports cultural societies abroad that aim to strengthen cultural exchanges and promote Indian art forms. Grants are provided to these societies to organize various cultural programs and activities, fostering closer cultural ties between India and the host countries.
- Support to Folk Artists: This scheme also aids in bringing folk art to the global stage, showcasing India's traditional performances.
- Contribution Grant:
- Objective: The contribution grant is used for India’s membership in international organizations like UNESCO, ICOM, and the World Heritage Fund. This component also facilitates Indian participation in international meetings and helps host global events, further showcasing India’s cultural wealth.
Support for Veteran Artists:
In addition to promoting folk culture globally, the Ministry of Culture supports veteran artists through the Financial Assistance for Veteran Artists scheme. This initiative is aimed at supporting elderly and economically disadvantaged artists (aged 60 and above) who have made significant contributions to their respective art forms, including folk art.
- Financial Support: Artists selected under this scheme receive up to ?6,000 per month, adjusted for any state pension they may already receive.
Regional Contributions:
- The Ministry has empaneled folk artists and groups across India for participation in these international cultural exchanges. For instance, two folk artists/groups and one Kathak artist from Uttarakhand are currently empaneled.
- Notably, a troupe from Uttarakhand participated in the Freedom 70 Cultural Event in Cuba and the Dominican Republic in August 2017, showcasing the diversity of Indian folk art.
- The Financial Assistance for Veteran Artists has also benefitted several artists from Uttarakhand, with four artists from the state receiving support over the past two years.
Mahabodhi Mahotsav at Sanchi
- 30 Nov 2024
In News:
A two-day Mahabodhi Mahotsav is currently being held at the Great Stupa in Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Key Highlights:
- The festival will include religious ceremonies and cultural activities centered around the relics of Lord Buddha’s chief disciples, Sariputra and Maudgalyayana.
- Cultural Significance: The Mahotsav serves as a platform for celebrating and reaffirming the cultural and spiritual heritage of the region, with a focus on the teachings of Lord Buddha.
About Sanchi Stupa:
Sanchi Stupa is one of the oldest and most significant monuments of Buddhist architecture in India. It has stood as a symbol of Buddhist history, spirituality, and culture for over two millennia.
- Historical Importance:Commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, the stupa was later expanded by the Shunga and Satavahana rulers. It stands as a testament to the spread of Buddhism across India and beyond.
- Architectural Features:
- Hemispherical Dome (Anda): The large dome represents the universe, encapsulating the essence of Buddhist cosmology.
- Chatras: The umbrella-like structures on top of the dome symbolize divine protection and royalty.
- Harmika: A small balcony on the dome, which is considered the abode of the gods.
- Medhi: The base of the stupa, which stores sacred relics.
- Toranas: Four intricately carved gateways that depict scenes from the life of Buddha and various Jataka tales. These gateways point to the four cardinal directions, symbolizing the universality of Buddha’s teachings.
- Vedica: The railings surrounding the stupa serve as sacred enclosures.
- Paradakshinapatha: Pathways for circumambulation, allowing devotees to walk around the stupa as a sign of respect.
- Symbolism:The stupa’s architecture is an example of early Buddhist aniconism, where the Buddha is not directly depicted but is represented symbolically through footprints, wheels, or empty thrones.
- Inscriptions:The stupa contains important inscriptions, including the Ashokan Lion Capital and inscriptions in Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts, reflecting the historical significance of the site.
- UNESCO World Heritage Status:In 1989, Sanchi Stupa was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognizing its exceptional historical and cultural importance as a center for Buddhist art, architecture, and philosophy.
Significance of the Mahabodhi Mahotsav:
The Mahabodhi Mahotsav at Sanchi not only provides a spiritual experience but also highlights the historical and cultural legacy of Buddhism in India. The event brings attention to the preservation and promotion of Buddhist heritage, reflecting India’s rich diversity and commitment to maintaining its ancient traditions. Through this festival, Sanchi continues to be a center of pilgrimage and learning, attracting visitors from around the world who seek to understand and experience the teachings of Lord Buddha.
Flexible UG Degree Completion Norms
- 30 Nov 2024
In News:
- The University Grants Commission (UGC) has approved new guidelines for undergraduate (UG) degree completion, offering flexibility in the duration of academic programs.
Key Details:
- Two Options for Degree Completion:
- Accelerated Degree Programme:Students with exceptional academic performance or those completing additional credits can graduate earlier than the standard duration.
- Extended Degree Programme:Students facing personal, financial, or academic challenges can extend the time for degree completion without facing penalties.
- Objective:
- Enhance flexibility and a student-centric approach to higher education.
- Address challenges like balancing education with personal or professional commitments.
- Institutional Autonomy:Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) can implement these options based on available infrastructure and academic resources.
- Recognition of Flexibility:Degrees completed earlier or later will be treated on par with those completed within the standard duration.
- Alignment with Global Trends:This initiative aligns with global educational trends towards flexible learning paths.
- Support for Interdisciplinary Studies:The new regulations are expected to benefit students pursuing interdisciplinary studies or professional courses.
- NEP 2020 Alignment:The move is in line with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which promotes learner-centric education and skill development.
- Impact:The decision is likely to provide more options for students, making higher education more accessible and tailored to individual needs.
Global Wage Report 2024-25
- 29 Nov 2024
In News:
A new report from the International Labour Organization (ILO) reveals that wage inequality has decreased in about two-thirds of all countries since 2000. Despite this positive trend, significant wage differentials persist worldwide.
Global Wage Inequality Trends:
- Wage inequality has decreased in about two-thirds of all countries since 2000.
- Average Annual Decrease in Wage Inequality:
- Ranges from 0.5 to 1.7% globally, depending on the measure used.
- More significant reductions have been observed in low-income countries, where the decrease has ranged from 3.2 to 9.6% over the past two decades.
- Wealthier Countries: Wage inequality has decreased at a slower pace:
- Upper-middle-income countries: annual decrease of 0.3 to 1.3%.
- High-income countries: annual decrease of 0.3 to 0.7%.
Global Real Wage Growth:
- Global real wages grew by 1.8% in 2023, with projections reaching 2.7% growth in 2024 (highest increase in over 15 years).
- This marks a recovery from the negative global wage growth of -0.9% in 2022 due to high inflation rates.
Regional Wage Growth:
- Emerging Economies: Saw stronger wage growth than advanced economies.
- Emerging G20 economies: 1.8% growth in 2022 and 6.0% growth in 2023.
- Advanced Economies: Faced real wage declines.
- G20 advanced economies: Declined by -2.8% in 2022 and -0.5% in 2023.
- Fastest Wage Growth: Observed in regions like Asia-Pacific, Central and Western Asia, and Eastern Europe.
Wage Inequality Persistence:
- Income Distribution: The lowest-paid 10% of workers earn just 0.5% of the global wage bill, while the highest-paid 10% earn nearly 38%.
- Wage Inequality in Low-Income Countries: Particularly high, with nearly 22% of wage workers classified as low-paid.
- Women and Informal Economy Workers: More likely to be among the lowest-paid workers, underscoring the need for targeted actions to close wage and employment gaps.
Non-Wage Workers:
- Globally, one in every three workers is a non-wage worker.
- In low- and middle-income countries, many workers are self-employed in the informal economy, which skews overall income inequality measures.
- Income inequality in these regions is higher when including self-employed workers, especially those in informal employment.
Policy Recommendations:
- Targeted Policies: To reduce wage inequality, countries need stronger wage policies and structural support for equitable growth.
- Focus Areas:
- Promote productivity and decent work.
- Formalization of the informal economy to help reduce income inequality.
- Inclusive Growth: The ILO emphasizes that national strategies should aim for inclusive economic growth to achieve fair wages and reduce wage gaps.
Key ILO recommendations include:
- Setting wages through social dialogue: wages should be set and adjusted through collective bargaining or agreed minimum wage systems involving governments, workers and employers.
- Taking an informed approach: wage-setting should take into account both the needs of workers and their families and economic factors.
- Promoting equality, and equal opportunity of treatment and outcomes: wage policies should support gender equality, equity and non-discrimination.
- Using strong data: decisions should be based on reliable data and statistics.
- Addressing root causes of low pay: national policies should reflect each country’s specific context and address the causes of low pay such as informality, low productivity and the under-valuing of jobs in sectors such as the care economy.
Mission Shukrayaan
- 29 Nov 2024
In News:
ISRO received approval for its first Venus mission, Shukrayaan. The probe will undertake a detailed investigation of Venus, including its surface, atmosphere and geological structure.
Shukrayaan Mission (Venus Orbiter Mission):
- Launch Timeline: Scheduled for 2028.
- Objective: Investigate Venus to gather data on its surface, atmosphere, and geological structure.
- Scientific Focus: Study weather patterns, geological activities, and atmospheric composition (e.g., carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid clouds).
- Instrumentation: Equipped with synthetic aperture radar, infrared, and ultraviolet imaging devices to study Venus’s ionosphere.
- Significance: Offers global coverage of Venus, addressing gaps in previous missions' spatial coverage.
- Cost: Estimated at Rs 1,236 crore.
- Launch Vehicle: ISRO plans to use the LVM-3 (GSLV Mk III) rocket to launch the mission into an elliptical parking orbit (170 km x 36,000 km).
- Mission Data Processing: Data will be archived and disseminated through the Indian Space Science Data Center (ISSDC).
Chandrayaan 4 Mission:
- Collaborative Effort: Joint mission between India (ISRO) and Japan.
- Launch Objective: Land on the moon's south pole, with a focus on the region at 90°S (compared to previous missions at 69.3°S).
- Mission Details:
- Includes a rover weighing 350 kg (12 times heavier than previous rover).
- The rover will be equipped with advanced scientific tools for lunar exploration.
- Government Approval: Awaiting approval, with a target execution date of 2030.
Gaganyaan Mission (Human Spaceflight Program):
- Timeline: Unmanned flight in 2026, followed by a manned mission.
- Indian Space Station: Construction approved; to be completed by 2035, comprising five modules.
- Purpose: To serve as a transit facility for deep space exploration, including future lunar missions.
Mars Exploration Plans:
- Future Missions: Plans to send satellites to Mars and attempt a landing on the Martian surface.
- Significance: Demonstrates India’s growing ambitions in interplanetary exploration.
INSAT-4 Series of Satellites:
- Goal: Launch of new meteorological and oceanographic sensors to improve weather forecasts and disaster management.
- Technological Advancements: Need for India to catch up with global advancements in space-based sensors.
International Collaboration in Space:
- Chandrayaan 4: A collaboration between ISRO and Japan to explore the moon’s south pole, showcasing India's growing international cooperation in space exploration.
Strategic Importance of Shukrayaan:
- Contribution to Science: The mission’s global dataset will provide unique insights into Venus, enhancing the understanding of planetary atmospheres and geological processes.
- Potential for Discoveries: Research on Venus’s ionosphere and possible volcanic activity.
'Bal VivahMukt Bharat' Campaign
- 29 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Union Minister for Women and Child Development launched the “Bal VivahMukt Bharat” campaign aimed at eradicating child marriage in India.
- Goal: Reduce child marriage rates to below 5% by 2029.
- Focus: Engage multiple stakeholders, raise awareness, and leverage technology for eradication.
Target Areas:
- Target States: West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Tripura, Assam, Andhra Pradesh.
- High-Burden Districts: Nearly 300 districts with higher rates of child marriage.
Child Marriage Free Bharat Portal:
- A digital platform to raise awareness, report cases, and track progress on child marriage prevention.
- Real-time tracking by Child Marriage Prohibition Officers (CMPOs).
Monitoring and Accountability:
- Central nodal officers and CMPOs will oversee the campaign’s implementation at state and district levels.
- The portal facilitates citizens’ participation by allowing complaints and providing information on legal remedies.
Progress and Impact:
- Child marriage rates have reduced from 47.4% (2005-06) to 23.3% (2019-21).
- The goal is to reduce these rates further to below 5% by 2029.
Awareness and Community Engagement:
- Public campaigns and community mobilization to challenge societal norms and change attitudes towards child marriage.
- The campaign will continue through various channels, including the BetiBachaoBetiPadhao initiative.
Legal Framework:
- Strengthening the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006, which sets the legal marriage age at 18 for women and 21 for men.
- Penalties for those involved in child marriage include imprisonment and fines.
Key Challenges for Child Marriage:
- Poverty: Families may view early marriage as a financial relief.
- Cultural Norms: Deep-rooted societal beliefs about preserving family honor.
- Gender Inequality: Patriarchal systems view girls as burdens.
- Lack of Education: Limited access to schooling forces early marriages.
- Fear of Sexual Assault: Misguided belief that early marriage protects girls.
- Weak Law Enforcement: Corruption and inadequate resources hinder the law’s implementation.
- Pandemic Impact: Economic hardships during COVID-19 led to an increase in child marriages.
Related Initiatives:
- Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006: Strengthens child marriage laws and establishes CMPOs.
- Success Stories: Individuals like BuchaRamanamma, Durga, and Roshni Perween have inspired others by stopping their own child marriages and advocating for change.
Campaign and National Vision:
- The campaign aligns with the Prime Minister’s vision for a Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by 2047.
- It aims to empower women and girls, providing them with opportunities for education, health, and safety.
- Collective effort from the government, social organizations, and citizens is crucial to eliminating child marriage.
Eklavya Digital Platform
- 29 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Indian Army launched the “Eklavya” online learning platformnmunder the leadership of General Upendra Dwivedi, Chief of the Army Staff (COAS).
- It is part of the Army’s “Decade of Transformation” initiative and aligns with the theme for 2024, “Year of Technology Absorption.”
Platform Development:
- Developed by the Army Training Command (ATC) and sponsored by the Army War College.
- Created at zero cost in collaboration with the Bhaskaracharya National Institute of Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG-N), Gandhinagar.
- Hosted on the Army Data Network with scalable architecture to integrate various training establishments.
Key Features:
- Supports multiple courses from 17Category ‘A’ Training Establishments of the Army.
- Allows student officers to register for several courses simultaneously.
- Aims to decongest physical courses and integrate contemporary, application-focused content.
Categories of Courses:
- Pre-Course Preparatory Capsules: Online study material for physical courses, allowing focus on contemporary topics during offline training.
- Appointment-Specific Courses: Online courses for officers appointed to specialized roles (e.g., information warfare, financial planning, etc.), helping them gain domain-specific expertise before posting.
- Professional Development Suite: Includes courses on strategy, leadership, operational art, finance, emerging technologies, etc., focusing on holistic officer development.
Knowledge Highway:
- A searchable database featuring journals, research papers, and articles to support continuous professional education and development.
Impact:
- Promotes continuous professional military education.
- Enhances the efficiency and specialization of officers, particularly in emerging domains.
- Streamlines training processes and integrates modern technology in the Army’s educational system.
Supreme Court Ruling on EVMs
- 28 Nov 2024
In News:
The Supreme Court dismissed the PIL, remarking that EVMs are only questioned after electoral losses, not when elections are won. It emphasized that no evidence of tampering was found.
What Are EVMs and VVPATs?:
- EVMs: Electronic Voting Machines are used for conducting elections to the Parliament, state legislatures, and local bodies. They consist of two units: theControl Unit (operated by the polling officer) and the Ballot Unit (where voters cast their votes).
- VVPAT: The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail enables voters to verify that their vote is recorded as cast. A slip is printed showing the candidate’s name, symbol, and serial number, visible for 7 seconds before being cut and stored in a sealed box.
Safeguards to Ensure EVM Integrity:
- Technical Safeguards:
- Microcontroller Security: EVMs use one-time programmable (OTP) microcontrollers, which cannot be altered after manufacturing.
- Standalone Operation: EVMs do not have wired or wireless connectivity, eliminating risks of remote tampering.
- Post-2013 Features: Advanced EVMs (M3) include tamper detection and mutual authentication protocols.
- Administrative Protocols:
- Randomized EVM Allocation: EVMs are randomly allocated to polling stations to avoid predetermined assignments.
- Mock Polls: Multiple mock polls are conducted to test the functionality of EVMs.
- Counting Procedures: EVMs are brought to counting tables under CCTV surveillance, and VVPAT slips are randomly cross-verified.
- Secure Storage: EVMs are stored under strict protocols, including double-lock systems, CCTV surveillance, and GPS-tracked transport.
Advantages of EVMs Over Ballot Papers:
- Elimination of Invalid Votes: EVMs ensure no invalid votes, a common problem with torn or mis-marked ballot papers.
- Prevention of Booth Capturing: EVMs restrict vote casting to 4 votes per minute, preventing fraudulent vote insertion.
- Accurate and Fast Counting: EVMs enable quick, error-free vote counting, reducing delays and human errors.
- Transparency: Voters can verify their votes through the VVPAT, and the vote count is displayed transparently without revealing candidate-wise results prematurely.
Evolution of EVMs in India:
- 1977: Concept of EVMs conceived.
- 1990: The Dinesh Goswami Committee recommended the use of EVMs.
- 2004: EVMs used nationwide in Lok Sabha elections.
- 2013: VVPAT was introduced to improve transparency.
- 2019: First nationwide use of EVMs backed by VVPAT.
India's Gig Economy
- 28 Nov 2024
In News:
The gig economy market is expected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17 per cent to reach a gross volume of $455 billion by 2024, according to a white paper by the Forum for Progressive Gig Workers.
Key Sectors Supported by Gig Workers:
- E-commerce: Gig workers play a crucial role in driving growth in the e-commerce sector.
- Transportation and Delivery Services: These sectors are heavily dependent on gig workers for their operations and services.
Impact on Employment:
- Job Creation: The gig economy has the potential to create a significant number of jobs, especially in tier 2 and 3 cities, which are emerging as new growth hubs.
- Alternate Revenue Streams: Gig work provides diverse income opportunities for workers, especially for women, offering them a flexible mode of earning.
Contribution to GDP:
- The gig economy’s contribution is expected to add 1.25% to India’s GDP over time, highlighting its growing economic importance.
Technological Integration and Future Prospects:
- AI and Digital Innovation: Future growth is expected to be driven by the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), predictive analytics, and digital innovation, fostering sustainable and inclusive job opportunities.
Social and Economic Benefits:
- Women's Workforce Participation: The gig economy provides women with more earning opportunities and helps integrate them into the workforce.
- Welfare Initiatives: Platforms supporting gig workers are increasingly focusing on welfare initiatives, improving the overall working conditions in the sector.
Challenges and Opportunities:
- Challenges: The evolving dynamics between large companies and gig workers pose challenges in terms of worker rights and fair compensation.
- Opportunities: The growth of the gig economy presents opportunities for companies to innovate and create inclusive work environments, especially for underserved communities.
Future Developments:
- Formal Report: The Forum for Progressive Gig Workers plans to collaborate with global organizations to release a formal report with deeper insights and actionable recommendations for the future of gig work
Global Matchmaking Platform (GMP)
- 28 Nov 2024
In News:
- GMP was launched at COP29, on Energy Day, by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Climate Club.
- Aimed at accelerating industrial decarbonisation in heavy-emitting industries of emerging and developing economies (EMDEs).
- The platform addresses the annual funding gap of US$125 billion required to achieve net-zero emissions goals.
Key Highlights:
Support Mechanism:
- GMP operates as a support mechanism for the Climate Club, with the secretariat hosted by UNIDO.
- Activities are supported by the interim secretariat of the OECD and the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Key Objectives:
- Match country-specific decarbonisation needs with global technical and financial resources.
- Facilitate the decarbonisation of energy and emissions-intensive industrial sectors, such as steel, cement, chemicals, and aluminium.
- Offer assistance in policy development, technology transfer, and investment facilitation to promote low-carbon industrial practices.
Global Participation:
- Countries like Germany, Chile, Uruguay, Turkey, Bangladesh, and Indonesia are actively involved.
- Non-state actors include UNIDO, World Bank, Climate Investment Funds (CIF), and GIZ, supporting the platform’s initiatives.
Funding Gap:
- Industrial decarbonisation requires an increase in investments from US$15 billion (current) to US$70 billion by 2030, and US$125 billion by 2050, especially for sectors like steel and cement.
Climate Club Work Programme (2025-26):
- The GMP is part of the Climate Club's new work programme for 2025-26, focusing on:
- Advancing ambitious climate change mitigation policies.
- Transforming industries through decarbonisation.
- Boosting international climate cooperation.
Industrial Decarbonisation:
- Decarbonisation refers to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from industrial activities.
- Key sectors for decarbonisation include petroleum refining, chemical manufacturing, iron and steel, cement production, and the food and beverage sector.
Support for EMDEs:
- The platform focuses on helping emerging and developing economies overcome challenges such as lack of resources, technology, and capacity to adopt cleaner industrial methods.
- Climate finance is crucial to pilot and scale low-carbon technologies in these regions.
Future Role of GMP:
- The GMP will play a critical role in incorporating industrial decarbonisation into countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for COP30.
- The platform aims to accelerate progress by connecting developing countries with finance, technology, and expertise to transition to low-emission industries.
E-Daakhil Portal
- 28 Nov 2024
In News:
- The E-Daakhil portal was launched by the Department of Consumer Affairs to promote consumer rights and ensure timely justice.
- The portal was launched nationwide with its final rollout in Ladakh on 22nd November 2024, making it operational across all states and union territories of India.
Background and Purpose:
- Introduced in September 2020, the portal was developed in response to the Consumer Protection Act 2019, which aims to address emerging consumer concerns.
- Aimed at providing a hassle-free, inexpensive, and speedy mechanism for filing consumer complaints, especially post the COVID-19 pandemic.
- E-Daakhil is an online platform that simplifies the grievance redressal process, allowing consumers to file complaints remotely, without the need for physical presence.
Portal Features:
- User-friendly interface: Simple and intuitive, allowing consumers to file and track complaints online.
- Registration process: Users can register through OTP on their mobile or an activation link via email.
- Paperless and transparent: The entire process, from filing complaints to tracking the case status, is digital and transparent.
- Consumers can file complaints, pay fees, and monitor the progress of their cases from the comfort of their homes.
Success and Impact:
- By the end of 2023, E-Daakhil was available in 35 states and union territories; with Ladakh being the latest addition in November 2024.
- Over 2.81 lakh users have registered, and 1.98 lakh cases have been filed, of which 38,453 cases have been disposed of.
Future Developments:
- E-Jagriti: A new initiative that will further streamline the case filing, tracking, and management process, reducing delays and paperwork.
- E-Jagriti aims to improve communication between parties, ensuring faster dispute resolution.
BioE3 Policy
- 28 Nov 2024
In News:
The BioE3 Policy outlines guidelines and principles for enabling mechanisms for ‘Fostering High Performance Biomanufacturing’ in the country across diverse sectors.
Key Highlights:
Primary Objective:
- Set a framework for the adoption of advanced technologies and innovative research to promote biomanufacturing in India.
- Focus on enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and quality in biomanufacturing.
Alignment with National Goals:
- Supports India’s vision of Green Growth (Union Budget 2023-24) and Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE), promoting sustainability.
- Aligns with India’s goal of achieving a Net-Zero carbon economy.
- Supports the Biomanufacturing and Biofoundry initiative announced in the Interim Budget 2024-25.
Key Objectives:
- Revolutionize biomanufacturing for better product quality and environmental sustainability.
- Accelerate the development and commercialization of bio-based, high-value products.
- Foster high-performance biomanufacturing across diverse sectors.
Achievements of Indian Bioeconomy (2014-2023):
- Contribution to GDP: Bioeconomy contributes 4.25% to India’s GDP of $3.55 trillion (as of Dec 2023).
- Growth of Bioeconomy: From $10 billion in 2014 to $151 billion in 2023, surpassing 2025 target.
- Increase in Biotech Startups: From 50 startups in 2014 to 8,531 startups in 2023.
Implementation Strategy:
- Establish BioEnablers including Bio-AI Intelligence Hubs, Biofoundries, and Biomanufacturing Hubs across India.
- Bio-AI Intelligence Hubs will support research and innovation using data-driven approaches and AI to develop technologies for bio-based products.
- Biofoundries and Biomanufacturing Hubs will provide infrastructure to scale up bio-based technology for commercial applications.
Focus on Human Resource Development:
- Bio-Enablers will offer training and internships to build a skilled workforce with interdisciplinary and technical skills required for biomanufacturing.
Sectoral Focus Areas:
- Based on consultations, six thematic sectors of national importance have been identified for implementation:
- Bio-based chemicals and enzymes
- Functional foods and smart proteins
- Precision biotherapeutics
- Climate-resilient agriculture
- Carbon capture and utilization
- Futuristic marine and space research
- Sectoral Expert Committees are addressing challenges and gaps identified for each of these sectors.
Government Support:
- The DBT-BIRAC (Department of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council) has called for proposals to establish Biofoundries and Biomanufacturing Hubs in academia and industry.
- These hubs will support innovation and commercialization of biomanufacturing technologies.
National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF)
- 27 Nov 2024
In News:
The Union Cabinet approved the launching of the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) as a standalone Centrally Sponsored Scheme under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare.
Key Highlights
Objective & Focus:
- Launch of NMNF by the Union Cabinet to promote chemical-free farming in India.
- Aim to improve soil health, reduce input costs, and produce nutritious food.
- Support the shift to natural farming (NF), emphasizing local knowledge and agro-ecological principles.
Financial Allocation:
- Total Outlay: ?2481 crore (Government of India share ?1584 crore, State share ?897 crore) until FY 2025-26.
Key Features of NMNF:
- Coverage: Targeting 15,000 clusters in Gram Panchayats, covering 7.5 lakh hectares and impacting 1 crore farmers.
- Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs): 10,000 BRCs to supply ready-to-use natural farming inputs.
- Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and Agricultural Universities (AUs): Establishment of 2,000 model demonstration farms for hands-on training in natural farming techniques.
- Farmer Training: 18.75 lakh farmers to be trained in NF practices such as preparation of organic inputs like Jeevamrit and Beejamrit.
- Krishi Sakhis/CRPs: Deployment of 30,000 workers for farmer mobilization and awareness.
Implementation Strategy:
- Farmer Certification System: Providing easy, simple certification for marketing natural farming produce with dedicated branding.
- Monitoring: Real-time, geo-tagged monitoring of implementation through an online portal.
- Convergence with other government schemes and organizations for market linkages and support.
Natural Farming Practices:
- Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF): Promote sustainable farming by using local livestock and diverse crop systems.
- Benefits: Reduce dependence on external inputs like chemical fertilizers and pesticides, rejuvenate soil quality, and increase resilience to climate risks (e.g., drought, floods).
- Encourage biodiversity, and improve soil carbon content and water-use efficiency.
Targeted Areas and Farmer Support:
- Focus on areas where NF practices are already being followed or where farmer producer organizations (FPOs) or self-help groups (SHGs) are active.
- Training through model demonstration farms will focus on practical, location-specific NF techniques tailored to regional agro-ecologies.
Impact on Agriculture and Environment:
- Environmental Impact: Encourages sustainable farming by reducing chemical exposure, improving soil health, and promoting climate resilience.
- Farmer Well-being: By reducing input costs and promoting nutritious food, it aims to improve farmer incomes and family health.
- Contributing to the long-term health of the environment, ensuring a healthy Mother Earth for future generations.
Challenges and Concerns:
- Soil Nutrient Compromise: Concerns that some crops, like rice, might require chemical fertilizers (e.g., NPK) for optimal growth, which may not be sufficiently replaced by organic manure alone.
- The shift to natural farming requires significant awareness and training to ensure sustainable and productive yields.
Institutional Framework:
- Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare is the implementing body.
- Collaboration with KVKs, AUs, and farmer organizations ensures grassroots level support and knowledge dissemination.
Extension of Ban on ULFA
- 27 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) extended the ban on United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) for five years under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), 1967.
- The notification specifically includes all factions, wings, and front organizations associated with ULFA.
Reason for Extension:
- ULFA continues to pursue secessionist objectives (separation of Assam from India).
- The group is involved in criminal activities such as extortion, intimidation, and violent actions.
- ULFA has maintained links with other insurgent groups and continues to engage in illegal activities like the possession of arms and ammunition.
Peace Process:
- Pro-talks faction of ULFA, led by Arabinda Rajkhowa, signed a peace agreement with the central and Assam governments in December 2023.
- This faction has agreed to renounce violence, disband the organization, and join the democratic process.
- However, the hardline faction of ULFA, led by Paresh Baruah, remains active and continues its militant activities.
ULFA’s Formation and Objectives:
- ULFA was founded in 1979 with the goal of achieving the "restoration of Assam's sovereignty" through armed struggle.
- It has been a key player in the Assamese separatist movement for several decades.
Legal Framework:
- The UAPA (1967) empowers the government to declare an organization as unlawful or label individuals as terrorists if they engage in activities threatening India’s sovereignty, integrity, or promote terrorism and secession.
- The latest extension of the ban was made under Section 3(1) of UAPA.
Significance for Internal Security:
- This development is important for understanding insurgency and separatism in the Northeast and the government’s approach to national security and counterinsurgency.
- The ULFA issue highlights challenges in addressing regional insurgencies and the role of the UAPA in maintaining national integrity.
Socialist and Secular in Preamble
- 27 Nov 2024
In News:
Supreme Court upholds ‘secular, socialist’ in Preamble of the Constitution.
Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Judgment
- Judgment Overview:
- Supreme Court's Ruling: The Court upheld the inclusion of the terms ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976.
- Challenge: Petitioners, including BJP leader Subramanian Swamy, challenged the retrospective application of these terms, arguing they were not part of the original Preamble adopted in 1949.
- Court's Explanation:
- Socialist: The term represents a welfare state aimed at reducing inequality and ensuring social, political, and economic justice, but does not prescribe a specific economic policy (left or right).
- Secular: Denotes a state that treats all religions equally, ensuring religious freedom and neutrality in religious matters. It is linked to Articles 14, 15, and 16, which ensure equality and non-discrimination.
- Retrospective Application:The Court affirmed that Parliament’s amendment power under Article 368 extends to the Preamble, and the retrospective application of the terms was valid.
- Constitution as a ‘Living Document’:The Court emphasized that the Constitution is adaptable to societal changes and evolving needs. The inclusion of 'secular' and 'socialist' reflects India’s evolving democratic and social framework.
- Interpretation of Secularism and Socialism:
- Secularism in India refers to the state's neutral stance towards all religions, promoting religious harmony.
- Socialism signifies India’s commitment to ensuring equality of opportunity and promoting welfare policies, such as social justice and economic welfare.
Constitutional and Legal Framework
- Article 368: Grants Parliament the authority to amend the Constitution, including the Preamble. The Court affirmed that this power is unquestionable.
- Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): Established the ‘basic structure doctrine,’ which means certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be altered. The inclusion of ‘secular’ and ‘socialist’ is in line with this basic structure.
- S.R. Bommai Case (1994): Reinforced the secular nature of the Indian state.
Preamble to the Constitution
- Definition: The Preamble is an introductory statement that outlines the fundamental values and goals of the Indian Constitution.
- Key Objectives: Justice (social, economic, political), Liberty (thought, expression, belief), Equality (status and opportunity), and Fraternity (national unity and dignity).
- Terms in the Preamble:
- Sovereign: India's independence in all matters.
- Socialist: Commitment to social justice and welfare.
- Secular: Equal respect for all religions.
- Democratic: Governance by the people, through elected representatives.
- Republic: Head of state elected, not hereditary.
42nd Amendment Act, 1976:
- Context: Introduced during the Emergency under Indira Gandhi's government.
- Key Changes: Added 'socialist' and 'secular' to the Preamble, revised 'Unity of the Nation' to 'Unity and Integrity of the Nation.'
- Significance: Strengthened constitutional values like inclusivity, equality, and justice.
Socialist and Secular Initiatives by Government
- Socialist Programs:
- MGNREGA: Rural employment guarantee.
- PDS: Food security system.
- Right to Education (RTE): Free, compulsory education.
- Housing Schemes: Awas Yojana for the economically weaker sections.
- Secular Programs:
- Minority Welfare: Scholarships and skill development.
- Religious Protection Laws: Protection of places of worship.
- Communal Violence Laws: Special courts for violence-related cases.
- Constitutional Safeguards: Equal rights for all religions under Articles 25-28.
Significance of the Supreme Court Judgment
- Reaffirmation of Constitutional Values: The inclusion of ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ reinforces India’s commitment to equality, justice, and democratic principles.
- Legitimacy of Amendments: Affirms Parliament's constitutional power to amend the Preamble.
- Evolving Interpretation: Recognizes that the Constitution must evolve in response to societal and political changes.
Cyclone Fengal
- 27 Nov 2024
In News:
- A deep depression in the Southwest Bay of Bengal, 800 km south of Chennai and 500 km from Nagapattinam, is expected to become Cyclone Fengal within the next 24 hours.
- It is anticipated to move north-northwest towards Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.
Key Highlights:
Cyclone Fengal Naming:
- If the depression intensifies into a cyclone, it will be named Fengal, as suggested by Saudi Arabia.
- Fengal will follow Cyclone Dana, which made landfall in Odisha in October 2024.
Cyclone Naming Process:
- Panel Members: Cyclones in the North Indian Ocean are named by a panel of 13 countries under the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).
- Member countries include Bangladesh, India, Iran, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, the UAE, and Yemen.
- Process: Each member submits a list of 13 names, creating a rotational naming system. Names are assigned sequentially as cyclones form. Once used, a name is retired and not reused.
Cyclone Fengal’s Potential Impact:
- Fengal is expected to bring strong winds, heavy rainfall, and possible coastal flooding.
- The system’s trajectory is being closely monitored, and preparedness measures are being implemented.
Terminology of Tropical Cyclones:
Terminology Region Impact Areas
Typhoons China Sea, Pacific Ocean Japan, China, Philippines
Hurricanes Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean United States, Mexico,
Caribbean nations
Tornadoes Guinea Lands (West Africa), Southern USA Southern USA, West Africa
Willy-willies Northwestern Australia Australia (especially
Northwestern region)
Riyadh Design Law Treaty (DLT)
- 27 Nov 2024
In News:
- India reaffirms its commitment to inclusive growth and strengthening its intellectual property (IP) ecosystem.The signing of the treaty comes after nearly two decades of negotiations.
Key Highlights:
Purpose of the DLT:
- Aims to harmonize industrial design protection frameworks across multiple jurisdictions.
- Improves efficiency and accessibility of design registration processes.
Key Features of the DLT:
- Grace Period: A 12-month grace period after the first disclosure of the design, ensuring its validity for registration.
- Flexibility for Applicants: Provides relief measures such as relaxed deadlines, reinstatement of lost rights, and flexibility in adding priority claims.
- Simplified Processes: Includes simplified procedures for design renewals, assignment, and license recording.
- E-Filing Systems: Promotes the adoption of electronic filing systems and exchange of priority documents.
Benefits of DLT:
- Empowering SMEs and Startups: Helps small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and startups protect designs globally, enhancing competitiveness and market growth.
- Reduced Administrative Burden: Standardizes procedures, making the design protection process less complex, more predictable, and affordable.
- Support for Developing Countries: Offers technical assistance for implementation in developing and least-developed countries.
Significance for India:
- India’s rich heritage of design and craftsmanship underscores the importance of design protection for sustainable economic growth.
- Design registrations in India have surged, with a 120% increase in domestic filings over the last two years.
Supporting Programs:
- The treaty’s provisions align with India’s initiatives like Startup India and the Startups Intellectual Property Protection (SIPP) Scheme to boost the protection and commercialization of designs for Indian innovators.
Broader Impact:
- DLT aims to integrate design protection with traditional knowledge and cultural expressions, further enhancing protection for India’s diverse creative sectors.
About WIPO:
- The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, is a specialized UN agency established in 1967, promoting IP rights globally.
- India is a member of WIPO, which has 193 member countries.
Overview of Intellectual Property (IP):
- IP includes creations like inventions, industrial designs, literary and artistic works, symbols, and more, which are used in commerce.
- IP rights protect creators, allowing them to benefit from their work when commercially exploited.
India's First Constitution Museum
- 26 Nov 2024
In News:
Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla and Union law minister Arjun Ram Meghwal inaugurated the country's first Constitution Museum at OP Jindal Global University in Sonipat.
Museum Features
- Centrepiece: A photolithographic copy of the Indian Constitution (one of 1,000 reproductions).
- 360-Degree Experience: A visual presentation that takes visitors through pre-Independence India.
- Multimedia Presentation: Chronologically details significant events leading to the drafting of the Constitution.
- Constituent Assembly Members:
- Nearly 300 sculptured busts of members who contributed to the making of the Constitution.
- Hologram of Dr. BR Ambedkar: Located in the mezzanine section, showcasing his philosophies through interactive displays.
- Art Installations:
- ‘We, The People of India’ by Rajesh P Subramanian: Represents unity in diversity.
- ‘Echoes of Liberty’ by Rahul Gautam: Combines constitutional manuscripts with contemporary design.
- ‘Triad of Unity’ by Harsha Durugadda: Symbolizes unity, justice, and sovereignty.
- ‘Insaaf Ki Devi’ by Nishant S Kumbhatil: Depicts Lady Justice, representing judicial impartiality.
- ‘Equality Before Law’ by Pradeep B Jogdand: Illustrates equality and justice principles.
- ‘Map’ by Deval Verma: Encourages visitors to reflect on value and beauty.
- ‘Freedom’ by KR Nariman: Pays tribute to the people who uphold constitutional values.
- ‘Founding Mothers’ by Rahul Gautam: Honors the 15 women members of the Constituent Assembly.
One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
- 26 Nov 2024
In News:
Cabinet approves One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) Scheme.
Key Highlights:
- Objective: It is a new initiative to provide unified access to international scholarly research articles and journals for all government-managed higher education institutions and research institutions in India.
- Scheme Overview:ONOS aims to make nearly 13,000 scholarly journals accessible to over 1.8 crore students, faculty, researchers, and scientists in more than 6,300 institutions across India. These journals will cover all academic disciplines, promoting both core and interdisciplinary research, including in tier 2 and tier 3 cities.
- Digital Platform:The scheme will be implemented through a fully digital process, coordinated by the Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET), an autonomous center under the University Grants Commission (UGC). The platform will provide easy access to the journals and facilitate a streamlined subscription process.
- Investment and Coverage:A total of ?6,000 crore has been allocated for ONOS for three years (2025-2027). The scheme will cover major international publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and Oxford University Press. It will enable institutions to access 13,000 journals from 30 global publishers.
Benefits of the Scheme:
- Access to Top-Quality Research:ONOS will provide wide access to top-tier scholarly journals, benefiting institutions, researchers, and students across various fields. It will significantly improve the research environment in the country, especially for institutions that previously lacked the resources to access high-impact journals.
- Fostering Research and Development:The initiative aligns with India's vision of becoming an Atmanirbhar and Viksit Bharat by 2047, supporting the government's goals under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF). It will help foster a culture of research and innovation in Indian institutions.
- Inclusivity:The scheme will particularly benefit institutions in smaller towns and rural areas, helping bridge the knowledge gap between urban and rural academic institutions.
- Simplified Access:The scheme eliminates the need for separate subscriptions to individual journals by different institutions, streamlining access to high-quality content through a single platform.
Implementation Details:
- Platform and Process:The ONOS platform will allow institutions to access journals through a unified portal, providing easy and coordinated access. The Department of Higher Education (DHE)will be responsible for conducting awareness campaigns about the initiative, ensuring widespread utilization among students and faculty.
- Review Mechanism:The ANRF will monitor and periodically review the usage of ONOS and track the contributions of Indian authors in the journals, ensuring that the initiative continues to support India’s research landscape.
- Operational Date:The ONOS platform is set to become operational on January 1, 2025, providing comprehensive access to research materials for government-managed higher education and research institutions.
The One Nation One Subscription scheme is a major step towards enhancing India's position in the global research ecosystem. It will provide unparalleled access to scholarly resources, supporting research excellence and innovation across the country.
Proba-3 mission
- 26 Nov 2024
In News:
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will launch the European Space Agency’s Proba-3 mission on its PSLV rocket to study the solar corona, the outermost and hottest part of the Sun’s atmosphere, from Sriharikota on December 4.
Key Highlights:
- Mission Objective:The mission will study the Sun’s outermost and hottest atmosphere, the solar corona. The mission will also demonstrate the first-ever precision formation flying with two satellites working in tandem.
- Satellite Formation:Proba-3 consists of two satellites that will fly together, maintaining a fixed formation to study the Sun's corona.
What is Proba-3?
- Proba-3 is a solar mission developed by ESA, with an estimated cost of 200 million euros. The mission involves launching two satellites that will separate after launch, but fly in precise formation. The satellites will create a solar coronagraph, which blocks the Sun’s bright light to observe the solar corona, the Sun’s outermost atmosphere.
- Orbit: Proba-3 will orbit in a highly elliptical path (600 x 60,530 km) with an orbital period of 19.7 hours.
- Mission Duration: The expected mission life is two years.
What will Proba-3 Study?
The Sun's corona is extremely hot (up to 2 million degrees Fahrenheit), making it difficult to observe with conventional instruments. However, studying the corona is essential because it generates space weather phenomena such as solar storms and solar winds, which can impact satellite communications, navigation systems, and power grids on Earth.
Proba-3 will use three main instruments for its mission:
- ASPIICS (Association of Spacecraft for Polarimetric and Imaging Investigation of the Corona of the Sun):This coronagraph will observe the Sun’s outer and inner corona, similar to how the corona is visible during a solar eclipse. It features a 1.4-meter occulting disk to block the Sun’s light and facilitate close-up observations.
- DARA (Digital Absolute Radiometer):This instrument will measure the Sun’s total energy output (total solar irradiance).
- 3DEES (3D Energetic Electron Spectrometer):It will study electron fluxes as they pass through Earth's radiation belts, providing valuable data on space weather.
Why is Proba-3 Unique?
- Proba-3 is designed to mimic a natural solar eclipse, allowing continuous study of the Sun’s corona. Typically, solar scientists observe the corona for only about 10 minutes during an eclipse, occurring around 1.5 times a year. Proba-3 will provide up to six hours of data per day, equivalent to 50 eclipse events annually.
- The two satellites will maintain a precise formation, with one acting as an occulting spacecraft to cast a shadow, while the other (the coronagraph) stays in the shadow and observes the Sun’s corona. They will be positioned 150 meters apart, maintaining their formation autonomously.
- This artificial eclipse will enable scientists to study the corona and its less-understood features more effectively.
National Gopal Ratna Award 2024
- 26 Nov 2024
In News:
The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) declared the winners of the National Gopal Ratna Awards(NGRA); one of the highest National Awards in the field of livestock and dairy sector for the year 2024.
About the National Gopal Ratna Awards (NGRA):
- Purpose:Recognize and encourage individuals, AI technicians, dairy cooperatives, and farmer organizations in the livestock and dairy sector.
- Categories:
- Best Dairy Farmer (Indigenous Cattle/Buffalo Breeds)
- Best Artificial Insemination Technician (AIT)
- Best Dairy Cooperative/Milk Producer Company (MPC)/Dairy Farmer Producer Organization
- Addition (2024):Special awards for North Eastern Region (NER) to promote dairy development in the area, with winners in all three categories.
- and Prizes:
- Rs. 5 lakhs for 1st rank, Rs. 3 lakhs for 2nd rank, Rs. 2 lakhs for 3rd rank, and Rs. 2 lakhs for Special NER Award in the categories of Best Dairy Farmer and Best Dairy Cooperative/FPO/MPCs.
- For Best AIT, winners will receive a Certificate of Merit and a memento.
- Process:Winners selected from 2,574 applications via an online portal (https://awards.gov.in).
- The livestock sector is crucial for India's economy, contributing significantly to agriculture and providing livelihood, especially for small and marginal farmers, women, and landless laborers.
- Indigenous breeds have immense genetic potential, but their population and performance have been declining. To address this, the Rashtriya Gokul Mission was launched under the National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development in 2014 to conserve and develop indigenous bovine breeds.
National Milk Day
- It is celebrated annually on November 26 in India to honor the significant contributions of milk and the dairy industry to the country's development.
- The day commemorates the birth anniversary of Dr VergheseKurien, the "Father of the White Revolution" in India, who played a pivotal role in transforming India into the largest producer of milk globally.
- National Milk Day was first celebrated on November 26, 2014, after the Indian Dairy Association (IDA), along with various dairy institutions across the country.
Nayi Chetna 3.0 – PahalBadlaav Ki
- 26 Nov 2024
In News:
Union Minister Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan launches the third edition of ‘Nayi Chetna – PahalBadlaav Ki’ a month-long national campaign against gender-based violence in New Delhi.
Key Highlights:
- Organized by: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) under the Ministry of Rural Development.
- Led by: DAY-NRLM’s extensive Self-Help Group (SHG) network.
- Aim of the Campaign: Raise awareness and encourage grassroots-level action to combat gender-based violence.
- Campaign Slogan: “EkSaath, EkAwaaz, HinsaKeKhilaaf” (United Voice Against Violence).
- Approach:
- Adopts a "whole-of-government" approach with collaboration from 9 key ministries:
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- Ministry of Women and Child Development
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
- Department of School Education and Literacy
- Ministry of Home Affairs
- Ministry of Panchayati Raj
- Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
- Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
- Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
- Department of Justice
- Key Objectives:
- Raise awareness about all forms of gender-based violence.
- Mobilize communities to demand accountability and action.
- Facilitate access to timely intervention and support systems.
- Empower local institutions to take action against violence.
- Goals for Nayi Chetna 3.0:
- Generate widespread awareness about gender-based violence.
- Foster collective action at the grassroots level.
- Drive convergence among government ministries and community stakeholders.
- Create a sustainable and informed movement for gender equality and women’s empowerment.
Narasapur Crochet Lace Craft
- 25 Nov 2024
In News:
The Narasapur crochet lace craft, which has been a significant part of the cultural and economic fabric of the Godavari region in Andhra Pradesh, has recently been granted the prestigious Geographical Indication (GI) tag. The GI tag, registered by the Department of Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) on March 1, 2024, acknowledges that this unique craft is geographically linked to the West Godavari and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema districts in the Godavari region.
Key Details:
- Historical Background:
- The origins of the Narasapur crochet lace craft date back to 1844, when Macrae and his wife from Scotland introduced the lace-making technique to local women while they were associated with a Christian missionary in Dummugudem (now in Telangana).
- Over time, the craft became a crucial part of the region’s heritage and survived significant historical events like the Indian famine of 1899 and the Great Depression of 1929.
- Craftsmanship:
- The crochet lace is produced using thin threads and delicate crochet needles of varying sizes, resulting in intricate designs.
- The products made include doilies, pillow covers, cushion covers, bedspreads, table runners, and tablecloths, among others. These items are often exported to international markets like the US, UK, and France.
- Economic and Social Impact:
- The craft is predominantly carried out by women artisans, with over 15,000 women involved in its production. The GI tag is expected to revitalize the industry, especially after its stagnation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and competition from machine-made lace from China.
- The craft is also an important part of the Alankriti Lace Manufacturing Mahila Mutual Aided Co-operative Societies’ Federation Limited, which supports local women artisans and has revived operations at the Alankriti Lace Park in Narasapur.
- GI Tag Benefits:
- The Geographical Indication tag serves to protect the authenticity of the lace products, boost demand, and ensure better market recognition.
- It provides legal protection to the traditional craft, preventing unauthorized use of the term "Narasapur lace" by others and promoting the region's cultural heritage and economic growth.
- Future Outlook:
- With the GI tag, there is hope for increased demand for Narasapur lace products both in domestic and global markets, thus offering a fresh avenue for artisans to revive and sustain the craft.
- Alankriti Federation and other stakeholders are optimistic that the GI tag will significantly revitalize the local economy and empower women in the region.
Palparescontrarius
- 25 Nov 2024
In News:
Palparescontrarius is a species of antlion that was recently spotted for the first time in Tamil Nadu, on the Madras Christian College (MCC) campus. It is notable for being a large-sized adult antlion that resembles a dragonfly but has distinct characteristics that separate it from dragonflies, such as its clubbed antennae and fluttering flight.
Key Features of Palparescontrarius:
- Appearance:
- The adult Palparescontrarius is large and resembles a dragonfly in its general body structure.
- It has lacy wings, long clubbed antennae, and a slender, grayish body.
- Its wings are typically clear, although some species of antlions have spots on their wings.
- Flight and Behavior:
- Unlike dragonflies, Palparescontrarius has a distinct fluttering flight.
- It is a weak flier and can often be spotted at night near illuminated spots.
- Habitat and Lifestyle:
- Like other antlions, Palparescontrarius is found in dry, sandy regions and is mostly active at night.
- The larvae of this species are particularly known for their predatory behavior, as they trap ants and other small insects in cone-shaped pits they dig into the sand.
- Ecological Importance:
- Antlions, including Palparescontrarius, are harmless to humans and beneficial to the environment because they feed on ants and other insects, thus helping to control pest populations.
Breakthrough in Bacterial Computing
- 25 Nov 2024
In News:
Scientists at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kolkatahave successfully engineered bacteria capable of solving mathematical problems, marking a major step forward in the field of synthetic biology and biocomputing. These engineered bacteria can function like artificial neural networks, performing tasks that were traditionally reserved for humans or conventional computers.
Key Highlights:
- Bacterial Computers:
- The research team introduced genetic circuits into bacteria, turning them into computational units capable of tasks like determining whether a number is prime or identifying vowels in an alphabet.
- These bacterial "computers" mimic artificial neural networks (ANNs), where each type of engineered bacterium (called a "bactoneuron") behaves like a node in a network, processing inputs to generate outputs.
- How it Works:
- The bacteria's genetic circuits are activated by chemical inducers, which represent binary 0s and 1s (the fundamental language of computing). The presence or absence of certain chemicals determines whether a bacterium expresses a specific fluorescent protein, representing the binary states.
- For example, when asked if a number between 0-9 is prime, the bacteria can express green fluorescent proteins (1) for "yes" or red fluorescent proteins (0) for "no", providing binary outputs that solve the problem.
- Complex Tasks:
- The team advanced to more complex tasks, such as asking the bacterial computers whether adding a number (like 2 + 3) results in a prime number or if a number's square can be expressed as the sum of factorials.
- In an even more complex test, the bacteria solved an optimization problem—calculating the maximum number of pieces a pie could be cut into with a given number of straight cuts. The bacteria’s fluorescent output represented binary numbers that were converted to decimal for the correct solution.
- Technical Details:
- The researchers used Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, engineered with transcriptional genetic circuits, which recognize specific DNA sequences and trigger the expression of proteins based on the presence of chemical inducers.
- The system is similar to how ANNs work in traditional computing, where nodes (bactoneurons) take inputs, apply weights, and produce outputs based on activation functions.
- Implications and Future Prospects:
- Synthetic Biology & Biomanufacturing: This breakthrough could revolutionize industries such as pharmaceuticals and biomanufacturing by enabling biocomputers that perform specific tasks in a biological environment, potentially reducing reliance on silicon-based computers.
- Medical Applications: The ability of engineered bacteria to process data could lead to biocomputers capable of diagnosing diseases (such as cancer) at an early stage and even administering localized treatments.
- Understanding Intelligence: Bagh and his team hope to explore the biochemical nature of intelligence, pondering how intelligence could emerge from simple, single-celled organisms.
- Groundbreaking Research:
- The research, published in Nature Chemical Biology, has drawn significant attention in the synthetic biology community. Centre for Synthetic Biology highlighting the potential of bacteria programmed to solve complex problems.
This innovative work paves the way for future developments in biocomputing, where living organisms, instead of silicon chips, could be used to perform sophisticated calculations, offering new ways to think about computing, intelligence, and even the future of technology in medicine.
6th ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) Joint Committee Meeting
- 25 Nov 2024
In News:
The 6th ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) Joint Committee and related meetings for discussions on the review of the AITIGA were held recently in Vanijya Bhawan, New Delhi.
Key Highlights:
Key Negotiation Areas
- 8 Sub-Committees under the AITIGA Joint Committee discussed:
- Market access, rules of origin, SPS measures, standards and technical regulations.
- Customs procedures, economic and technical cooperation, trade remedies, and legal and institutional provisions.
- 5 Sub-Committees met physically during this round of negotiations.
Progress in Discussions
- Textual Discussions: Sub-Committees made progress in discussions on various provisions.
- Tariff Negotiations: Initial steps towards initiating tariff negotiations were covered.
High-Level Meetings Leading to AITIGA Review
- 21st ASEAN-India Economic Ministers Meeting: Held in September 2024 in Vientiane, Laos.
- 21st ASEAN-India Summit: Held in October 2024 in Vientiane, Laos.
Both meetings urged the Joint Committee to expedite negotiations and aim for the conclusion of the review in 2025.
Bilateral Meetings
- ASEAN delegates held separate bilateral meetings with Thailand and Indonesia to discuss bilateral trade issues.
- Indian and ASEAN Chief Negotiators met to align on the ongoing issues and future steps.
India's Review Demands
- Request for Review: India sought a review of AITIGA (implemented in 2010), citing disproportionate trade benefits favoring ASEAN countries.
- India’s Objectives:
- Enhanced Market Access: India pushed for ASEAN countries, especially Vietnam, to commit to greater market-opening for Indian goods.
- Stricter Rules of Origin (ROO): India requested more stringent ROO provisions to prevent Chinese goods from entering India via ASEAN countries at preferential rates.
Trade Relationship and Economic Impact
- Bilateral Trade:
- Total trade with ASEAN reached USD 121 billion in FY 2023-24.
- Trade during April-October 2024 was USD 73 billion, marking a 5.2% growth.
- Trade Deficit: India’s trade deficit with ASEAN widened from USD 4.98 billion in FY 2010-11 to USD 38.4 billion in 2023-24.
- ASEAN accounts for 11% of India’s global trade.
Future Outlook
- The next meeting of the AITIGA Joint Committee is scheduled for February 2025 in Jakarta, Indonesia.
- The review process aims to further enhance sustainable trade between India and ASEAN countries.
Access to Medicine Index Report 2024
- 25 Nov 2024
In News:
- Recently, Access to Medicine Index Report 2024 was released by the Access to Medicine Foundation. The report evaluates 20 leading pharmaceutical companies on their efforts to expand access to medicines in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).The biennial report has been published since 2008.
- Key Highlights:
- Key Areas of Evaluation
- Governance of Access: Companies’ leadership in addressing access issues.
- Research & Development (R&D): Focus on innovations for diseases prevalent in LMICs.
- Product Delivery: Efforts to ensure medicines and vaccines are accessible.
- Findings from the 2024 Report
- Gaps in Access for Low-Income Countries:
- Many pharmaceutical companies are adopting ‘inclusive business models,’ but outcomes are mixed, with transparent reporting still lacking.
- 61% of products lack specific access strategies for low-income countries.
- Exclusion from Clinical Trials:Only 43% of clinical trials take place in LMICs, despite these countries representing 80% of the global population.
- Limited Technology Transfers & Local Availability:
- Technology transfers and voluntary licensing are concentrated in countries like Brazil, China, and India.
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) remains largely overlooked.
- Decline in R&D for Priority Diseases:
- Pharmaceutical companies are moving away from diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases, which disproportionately affect LMICs.
- Gaps in Access for Low-Income Countries:
- Key Issues in Accessing Medicines in LMICs
- Economic Barriers:
- High costs of essential medicines, including patented drugs, limit access for patients in LMICs with low purchasing power.
- Out-of-pocket expenditures lead to catastrophic financial consequences for families.
- Infrastructure Challenges:
- Poor transportation and cold chain infrastructure hamper the efficient distribution of medicines, especially in rural areas.
- Disruptions in supply chains (e.g., during pandemics) exacerbate medicine shortages.
- Regulatory Issues:Weak enforcement of regulatory frameworks results in the proliferation of substandard and counterfeit medicines, compromising treatment efficacy.
- Workforce Limitations:
- A shortage of trained healthcare professionals restricts appropriate prescription and management of medicines.
- Cultural beliefs and low health literacy further complicate adherence to treatments.
- Economic Barriers:
- Challenges Specific to LMICs
- Dual Burden of Diseases:
- LMICs face both infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), putting strain on fragile healthcare systems.
- 17 million people die from NCDs before age 70 annually, with 86% of these deaths occurring in LMICs.
- Need for Local Manufacturing:
- Strengthening local pharmaceutical manufacturing and distribution networks is crucial to ensure a reliable supply of essential medicines and reduce dependence on imports.
- Dual Burden of Diseases:
- Recommendations for Improving Access
- Companies should scale up efforts to bridge the health equity gap and use innovative approaches and local partnerships to improve access.
- Focus on increasing transparency in access reporting and addressing the lack of strategies for low-income countries.
- Pharmaceutical companies should refocus on diseases prevalent in LMICs, such as malaria and tuberculosis, and ensure that their R&D addresses the needs of these regions.
- Key Areas of Evaluation
Chagas Disease
- 24 Nov 2024
In News:
A recent study by Texas A&M University has uncovered a concerning new risk for dogs in Texas related to Chagas disease—the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), which causes the disease, can survive in dead kissing bugs (Triatominae). This discovery was published in the Journal of Medical Entomology in October 2024 and has raised alarms about how dead insects, which might be found in insecticide-treated dog kennels, could still pose a transmission risk for dogs.
Key Findings:
- Chagas Disease is primarily spread by kissing bugs, which carry T. cruzi in their gut. Dogs can contract the parasite by ingesting the bug's feces, especially when they lick their bite wounds.
- The study shows that even dead kissing bugs, which are often discarded in kennels, can still carry viable T. cruzi. This is particularly worrying in areas where insecticides are used to control the insects but dead bugs remain accessible to dogs.
- Researchers collected live and dead triatomines from six Texas kennels between June and October 2022, using both genetic testing and culture methods to assess whether the bugs were carrying live T. cruzi.
- 28% of the collected bugs tested positive for T. cruzi.
- A dead kissing bug (Paratriatomalecticularia) was found to still harbor live T. cruzi cultures, demonstrating that the parasite can survive even after the insect has died.
Transmission and Risks:
- Kissing bugs typically feed on the blood of animals like dogs, rodents, and raccoons, defecating near the bite site. If the dog licks the contaminated area, they can ingest the parasite-laden feces and become infected.
- The new discovery suggests that dead kissing bugs may pose a secondary transmission route for T. cruzi. Dogs that ingest these dead bugs, either in insecticide-treated areas or natural environments, could still contract the parasite.
- Researchers noted that dead bugs with intact gut contents showed a higher rate of infection than desiccated ones, which suggests that the condition of the bug after death impacts how long the parasite survives.
Implications for Management:
- The findings challenge current insecticide-based control methods. While insecticides kill the bugs, dead insects could still serve as a source of infection, necessitating new approaches for managing Chagas disease transmission in dog kennels.
- The study underscores the importance of regularly removing dead insects in kennels and reconsidering control strategies beyond just using insecticides.
About Chagas Disease:
- Chagas disease is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, commonly found in the feces of kissing bugs. It can cause long-term heart and digestive issues if left untreated.
- The disease is common in parts of South America, Central America, and Mexico, but it has been increasingly reported in the southern United States.
- Treatment focuses on killing the parasite in the acute phase, but once it progresses to the chronic phase, treatment is aimed at managing symptoms.
Next Steps and Ongoing Research:
- The Texas A&M team plans to explore how long T. cruzi survives in dead triatomines and whether insecticides affect the parasite’s ability to persist. They are also looking into developing integrated pest management strategies for environments with high kissing bug activity.
- The study also forms part of a broader "One Health" approach, recognizing that both human and animal health are interconnected, and research on Chagas disease in animals can help inform public health strategies.
Imperial Eagle(Aquila heliaca)
- 24 Nov 2024
In News:
- A rare Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) was spotted in the PulluzhiKole wetlands. This marks a significant event as the species was last reported in Kannur in 2003.
Key Highlights:
- Habitat and Migration:
- The Imperial Eagle primarily breeds in southeastern Europe, west, and central Asia.
- During the winter months, it migrates to regions including northeastern Africa, West Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia.
- Conservation Status:The IUCN Red List lists the Imperial Eagle as a vulnerable species, indicating its potential risk of extinction, underscoring the need for its conservation efforts.
- Importance of Conservation:
- The Kole fields are a Ramsar-protected area, emphasizing their critical role in preserving migratory bird habitats.
- Ongoing conservation and observation efforts in these wetlands are essential for protecting the diverse bird species that use the area.
Features of the Imperial Eagle:
- Scientific Name: Aquila heliaca
- Physical Characteristics:
- Size: Length ranges from 68 to 90 cm, with a wingspan between 1.76 to 2.2 meters.
- Color: It has a pale golden crown and nape, with a grey base extending to the tail. Its wings feature prominent white "braces" on the scapulars.
- Sexual Dimorphism: Males are typically smaller than females.
- Habitat: Prefers old forests, mountainous regions, and riverside forests.
- Feeding: It has strong legs and curved talons for capturing and killing prey, and exceptional eyesight to spot prey from high altitudes.
- Conservation Efforts: Continued monitoring and protection of the Kole wetlands and other vital habitats are crucial for the survival of this vulnerable species and other at-risk birds.
Chinar Boat Race 2024
- 24 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Chinar Boat Race 2024 was successfully organized in Dal Lake, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.
Key Highlights:
- Organizers:The event was hosted by the Indian Army in collaboration with White Globe NGO and the Lake Conservation and Management Authority (LCMA).
- Purpose:The race aimed to celebrate Kashmir’s culture and traditions while promoting conservation of Dal Lake.The event emphasized the ecological importance of Dal Lake and the need for its protection.
- Cultural Impact:The race attracted a large crowd of both locals and tourists, highlighting the vibrant culture of Kashmir.The event fostered a sense of community and unity, with people cheering for the participants.
- Military Engagement:The Army organizes sports and cultural events in the region to strengthen Army-public relationships, engage local youth, and promote an honourable profession in the military.
Dal Lake Overview:
- Location: Situated in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, surrounded by the PirPanjal mountains.
- Area: 18 sq. km (lake); part of a 21.1 sq. km wetland.
- Islands: Includes 3 islands, two marked by Chinar trees: Roph Lank (Silver Island) and Sone Lank (Gold Island).
- Significance: Known as the “Jewel in the crown of Kashmir” or “Srinagar’s Jewel”.
- Floating Market: Famous for its floating market where vendors use wooden boats (Shikaras) to sell goods.
- Temperature: Can drop to −11°C in winter, sometimes freezing the lake.
Minke Whale
- 24 Nov 2024
In News:
Scientists have directly measured the hearing range of minke whales for the first time, finding that they can detect high-frequency sounds up to 90 kHz.
Key Highlights:
- Implication for Ocean Noise: The study suggests that baleen whales, including minke whales, may be more affected by anthropogenic ocean noise (e.g., naval sonar) than previously recognized, as their hearing range had been underestimated.
- Research Method: A novel catch-and-release technique was used to temporarily hold adolescent minke whales in Norway for auditory evoked potential (AEP) tests to measure their hearing sensitivity.
- Findings: Contrary to the belief that baleen whales are low-frequency specialists, minke whales can detect frequencies between 45 kHz to 90 kHz.
- Impact of Findings: The results could affect future regulations on ocean noise and its impact on marine mammals, as better hearing data is now available for baleen whales.
Minke Whale Overview:
- Family: Minke whales are members of the baleen or "great" whale family and are the smallest of the rorquals.
- Species: There are two recognized species:
- Common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), found in various ocean basins.
- Antarctic minke whale (B. bonaerensis), found in the Southern Hemisphere.
- Subspecies:
- Dwarf minke whale: An unnamed subspecies of the common minke whale, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.
- North Atlantic (B. a. acutorostrata) and North Pacific (B. a. scammoni) subspecies of common minke whales.
- Distribution: Minke whales are widely spread across tropical, temperate, and polar regions (65°S to 80°N), with common minke whales in all ocean basins and dwarf minke whales mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.
- Feeding Areas: They feed in cooler waters at higher latitudes and can be found both inshore and offshore.
- Conservation Status (IUCN):
- Common minke whale: Least Concern.
- Antarctic minke whale: Data Deficient.
Project Veer Gatha
- 24 Nov 2024
In News:
Over 1.76 crore school students from all 36 States and UTs participated in Project Veer Gatha 4.0.
Key Highlights:
- Activities: Students submitted poems, paintings, essays, videos, and other creative works in honor of the bravery and sacrifice of Armed Forces personnel.
- Objective: Instituted in 2021, the project aims to spread the inspiring stories of Gallantry Awardees to foster patriotism among students.
- Platform for Creativity: Students engage in creative projects based on the heroic deeds and sacrifices of Gallantry Award winners.
- Previous Editions:
- Edition 1 (2021): 8 lakh students.
- Edition 2 (2022): 19.5 lakh students.
- Edition 3 (2023): 1.36 crore students.
- School-Level Activities: Schools conducted various activities from 16.09.2024 to 31.10.2024, uploading 4 best entries per school to the MyGov portal.
- Awareness Programs: The Ministry of Defence organized virtual and face-to-face awareness sessions across schools.
- Winner Recognition:
- Past Editions: 25 winners in Editions I and II, and 100 winners in Edition 3.
- Project 4.0: 100 National winners, each receiving Rs. 10,000.
- District & State/UT Winners: 4 District-level and 8 State/UT-level winners will be felicitated by respective authorities.
- Collaborative Initiative: The project is a joint effort of the Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Education.
11th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus)
- 23 Nov 2024
In News:
The 11th ADMM-Plus held in Vientiane, Laos saw Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh engage in discussions with his counterparts from the United States, Japan, and the Philippines.
Focus: The talks centered on strengthening defence partnerships, regional security, and enhancing cooperation among Indo-Pacific nations.
ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus):
- Platform for Dialogue: The ADMM-Plus is a key platform for ASEAN and its eight Dialogue Partners—Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russia, and the United States.
- Establishment: The inaugural ADMM-Plus was held in HàN?i, Vietnam on 12 October 2010.
- Annual Meetings: Since 2017, the ADMM-Plus has met annually to enhance dialogue and cooperation amidst an increasingly complex regional security environment.
Objectives:
- Capacity Building: To aid ASEAN members in addressing shared security challenges.
- Promote Trust and Transparency: Enhance mutual trust and confidence between ASEAN and partner nations.
- Regional Peace and Stability: Focus on cooperation in defence and security to counter transnational security challenges.
- ASEAN Security Community: Contribute to realizing the ASEAN Security Community, as per the Bali Concord II, aiming for peace, stability, democracy, and prosperity in the region.
- Vientiane Action Programme: Facilitate ASEAN's efforts towards a peaceful, secure, and prosperous ASEAN with outward-looking relations with Dialogue Partners.
Cicada
- 23 Nov 2024
In News:
North American cicadas have life cycles that last for prime numbers of years, putting pressure on the idea that humans created mathematics.
What are Cicadas?
- Classification: Cicadas are insects that belong to the order Hemiptera and the superfamily Cicadoidea.
- Physical Features: Hemipteran insects (also known as true bugs) have piercing-sucking mouthparts and two pairs of wings.
- Life Span: Cicadas spend the majority of their life underground, feeding on plant sap. Once they emerge from the soil, they have a short adult life span of about 2 to 4 weeks.
Habitat:
- Preferred Environment: Cicadas are typically found in natural forests with large trees and are considered canopy dwellers.
- Global Distribution: Cicadas are found on every continent except Antarctica. The highest genetic diversity of cicadas is found in India and Bangladesh, followed by China.
Cicada Emergence and Life Cycle:
- Life Cycle: Cicadas have a complex life cycle, involving long periods of underground development followed by brief adult emergence.
- Periodical Cicadas: There are species of cicadas that emerge in 13-year and 17-year cycles.
- Broods: Initially, 30 broods were categorized based on geography and emergence times, but currently, only about 15 broods remain active due to some broods becoming extinct.
- Unique Phenomenon: In April 2024, a rare event is expected where a trillion cicadas from two different broods will emerge simultaneously in the Midwest and Southeast regions of the United States.
Cicada's underground Development:
- Feeding on Sap: During their underground phase, cicadas feed on the sap of plants.
- Purpose of Long Development: Researchers believe the long development period helps cicadas evade above-ground predators by keeping them hidden in the soil.
Vulnerability after Emergence:
- Emergence Behavior: Once cicadas emerge, they construct a "cicada hut" to shed their nymphal skins, then climb onto nearby trees or vegetation.
- Predator Vulnerability: Adult cicadas are vulnerable to predators such as turtles and other forest creatures because they are clumsy and defenseless, making them easy prey for predators.
Significance of the 2024 Emergence:
- The coinciding emergence of cicadas from different broods (13-year and 17-year cycles) is a rare event that highlights the complexity and mathematical precision behind the cicada life cycle.
The science of plant communication
- 23 Nov 2024
In News:
More than any organism, plants understand the significance of communication the best.
Communication Through Chemical Warning (Volatile Organic Compounds - VOCs):
- Plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when threatened, such as during herbivore grazing.
- VOCs act as distress signals, alerting neighboring plants to potential dangers.
- Neighboring plants respond by producing defensive compounds or toxins to deter herbivores.
- VOCs can travel through air and soil, enabling distant plants to prepare for threats, thereby enhancing survival across larger areas.
Wood Wide Web (Symbiotic Relationship with Mycorrhizal Fungi):
- Plants form a network with mycorrhizal fungi, connecting their roots in a symbiotic bond.
- This "Wood Wide Web" allows plants to communicate by sending chemical signals through their roots when under stress (e.g., pest attacks or drought).
- Fungi extend the root system and help share nutrients between plants, especially in times of distress.
- The network facilitates collective resilience and survival by ensuring nutrient sharing among plants.
Cooperative Behavior: Sharing Resources for Survival:
- Plants in close proximity, especially in dense forests, often share resources like water, nutrients, and light.
- When a plant detects a neighboring plant in distress, it prioritizes resource allocation to support its growth.
- This cooperative behavior promotes ecosystem stability and the overall health of forests.
- The mutual support system shows how cooperation enhances the survival of individual plants and the broader ecosystem.
Significance of Plant Communication in Ecosystem Health:
- Plants communicate through chemical signals, underground fungal networks, and cooperative behaviors.
- These interactions foster resilience, ensuring the survival of both individual plants and entire ecosystems.
- The silent communication among plants contributes to a dynamic, cooperative environment that thrives on mutual support.
GQ-RCP Platform
- 23 Nov 2024
In News:
Researchers have developed a technology for targeted better detection of HIV-genome derived G-Quadruplex (GQ).
Key Features of the GQ-RCP Platform
- Technology: GQ Topology-Targeted Reliable Conformational Polymorphism (GQ-RCP) platform developed by Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR).
- Detection Mechanism: Uses a fluorometric test to detect HIV-derived GQ DNA through reverse transcription and amplification.
- Advantage: Increases diagnostic reliability by reducing false positives associated with non-specific DNA probes.
- Process: pH-mediated transition of double-stranded DNA into GQ conformation for targeted detection.
- Flexibility: Initially designed for SARS-CoV-2, now adapted for HIV diagnosis.
About HIV
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the immune system, specifically CD4 cells, weakening the body's ability to fight infections.
- Transmission: Spread through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.
- AIDS: Without treatment, HIV progresses to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), where the immune system becomes severely damaged.
- Management: No cure; managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which controls viral replication.
Current HIV Situation in India
- Prevalence: As of 2021, ~2.4 million people living with HIV in India, with a 0.22% adult prevalence rate.
- Demographic Distribution: High prevalence among female sex workers (2.61%) and injecting drug users (5.91%). Women represent 39% of HIV-positive population.
- High-Prevalence States: Northeastern states have the highest prevalence (e.g., Mizoram - 2.70%) and southern states (e.g., Andhra Pradesh - 0.67%).
Government Initiatives on HIV
- National AIDS Control Program (NACP): Launched in 1992, aims for prevention, treatment, and care.
- Phase I (1992-1999): Focus on awareness, blood safety, and surveillance.
- Phase II (1999-2006): Expanded interventions for high-risk populations.
- Phase III (2007-2012): Increased targeted interventions and civil society involvement.
- Phase IV (2012-2021): Focused on integration of HIV services into public health systems.
- Phase V (2021-2026): Aim to reduce new infections and AIDS-related deaths by 80% by 2026.
- Legislative Framework: The HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Act (2017) ensures the rights of people living with HIV and access to treatment without discrimination.
- International Support: India receives support from UNAIDS, WHO, the World Bank, and foundations like Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Global Soil Conference 2024
- 23 Nov 2024
In News:
- Global Soil Conference (GSC) 2024 held in New Delhi.
- Focused on soil health's importance for food security, climate change mitigation, and ecosystem services.
What is the Global Soil Conference 2024?
- Organizers: Indian Society of Soil Science (ISSS) in collaboration with the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS).
- Objective: Address sustainable soil/resource management challenges and foster global dialogue.
- Theme: "Caring Soils Beyond Food Security: Climate Change Mitigation & Ecosystem Services."
Key Highlights of GSC 2024:
- Soil Health Issues:
- Soil degradation threatens productivity and global food security.
- 30% of India's soil is compromised by erosion, salinity, pollution, and organic carbon loss.
- Soil erosion is linked to SDG 15 (Sustainable Development Goal 15), aiming to protect terrestrial ecosystems.
- SDG 15:
- Goals: Promote sustainable land use, combat desertification, halt land degradation, protect biodiversity.
Concerns Regarding Soil Health in India:
- Soil Degradation:One-third of India's land faces degradation due to poor farming practices.
- Soil Erosion & Fertility Loss:
- India loses 15.35 tonnes of soil/hectare annually.
- Results in crop losses, economic damage, and environmental issues like floods and droughts.
- Soil Salinity:Reduces water infiltration, nutrient uptake, and aeration, making land infertile.
- Low Organic Content:
- Organic carbon in Indian soil is 0.54%, which hampers fertility.
- Over 70% of soils are affected by acidity or alkalinity, disrupting nutrient cycles.
- Desertification:Reduces soil fertility, increases erosion, and worsens food insecurity.
- Diversion of Fertile Land:Fertile agricultural land is diverted for non-agricultural purposes.
India's Initiatives for Soil Conservation:
- Soil Health Card (SHC) Scheme:Provides farmers with soil nutrient information.
- Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana:Focuses on efficient water use.
- Zero Budget Natural Farming & Natural Farming Mission:Promotes sustainable farming practices to protect soil health.
Guided Pinaka Weapon System
- 22 Nov 2024
In News:
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully completed the Flight Tests of Guided Pinaka Weapon System.
Key Details of the Flight Tests:
- Conducted as part of Provisional Staff Qualitative Requirements (PSQR) Validation Trials.
- Tests Phases: Flight tests were carried out in three phases at different field firing ranges.
- Parameters Assessed:
- Ranging (the distance the weapon can accurately target).
- Accuracy (precision of hits).
- Consistency (performance over multiple trials).
- Rate of Fire (ability to fire multiple rockets simultaneously in salvo mode).
Guided Pinaka Weapon System:
- Design and Development:
- Developed by Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) in association with other DRDO labs and production agencies, including:
- Research Centre Imarat,
- Defence Research and Development Laboratory,
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory,
- Proof & Experimental Establishment.
- Production Agencies: Munitions India Limited, Economic Explosives Limited, Tata Advanced Systems Limited, and Larsen & Toubro.
- Developed by Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) in association with other DRDO labs and production agencies, including:
- Key Features:
- Pinaka: A multi-barrel rocket launcher system named after Lord Shiva’s bow.
- Mobility: Highly mobile, providing quick deployment in battlefield scenarios.
- Firepower: Capable of delivering concentrated firepower on enemy targets.
- Upgraded Version (Pinaka Mark II):
- Extended range: 70 to 80 km.
- Future range targets: 120 km and 300 km.
- Salvo Mode: Tested for the ability to launch 12 rockets simultaneously.
- Significance:
- Strategic Importance: The successful trials enhance the artillery firepower of the Indian Armed Forces.
- Completion of Pre-requisite Trials: The system has successfully completed all flight trials before its induction into the Indian Army.
Prasar Bharati’s OTT Platform – WAVES
- 22 Nov 2024
In News:
Recently, Prasar Bharati launched its OTT platform WAVES, to cater to India’s increasing demand for digital streaming services.
Key Features of WAVES OTT Platform:
- Content Offered: A mix of classic content and contemporary programming, catering to various audiences.
- Target Audience: Aimed at Indians and those abroad wishing to stay connected to their Indian roots.
- Languages: Available in 12+ languages, including Hindi, English, Bengali, Marathi, Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil, Gujarati, Punjabi, Assamese.
- Genres: Spanning 10+ genres, including infotainment, games, current affairs, and news.
- Free Access: Most content is available free to download and view, with exceptions for premium content.
- Additional Features:
- Video on demand.
- Free-to-play gaming.
- Radio streaming.
- Live TV streaming with 65 live channels.
- Online shopping via the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) supported e-commerce platform.
Content Highlights:
- Fauji 2.0: A modern adaptation of the iconic 1980s Shahrukh Khan show, focusing on lives of people who serve and protect India.
- Kakbhushandi Ramayana: An original show on DD National now available on WAVES, based on research of over 350 versions of the Ramayana worldwide. The show aims to provide a new portrayal of the epic, appealing to younger audiences.
Vision for WAVES OTT:
- WAVES aims to revive nostalgia while embracing modern digital trends.
- It serves as an inclusive platform that highlights Indian culture with an international outlook.
Rare Leucistic Peacock
- 22 Nov 2024
In News:
Tamil Nadu Forest Department staff and members of a non-governmental organisation rescued a rare peacock with white feathers, caused by a genetic condition called leucism, in Coimbatore.
Key Highlights:
Incident Details:
- Species: Indian peacock (Pavocristatus), known for its beautiful plumage.
- Condition: The peacock was rescued due to a leg injury and its rare white plumage.
- Cause of White Plumage: The bird's white feathers are caused by leucism, a genetic condition that reduces pigmentation in feathers while leaving eye color unaffected.
Expert Insights:
- Leucism: It causes partial loss of pigmentation in animals. A leucistic animal retains normal eye color but has pale or white coloration.
- Distinction from Albinism: Unlike albinism, which results in a complete lack of melanin and often causes red or pink eyes, leucistic animals retain normal eye pigmentation.
- Identification of Leucism in Peacock: The bird’s dark eyes and pink bill and feet confirmed it as fully leucistic.
Peacock Species:
- Indian Peacock (Pavocristatus): The National Bird of India, native to India and Sri Lanka. It belongs to the Phasianidae family, which also includes pheasants, quails, and jungle fowl.
- Green Peacock (Pavomuticus): Found from Myanmar to Java.
Conservation Status:
- IUCN Status: Listed as Least Concern.
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: The Indian peacock is listed under Schedule I, offering it the highest level of legal protection in India.
India’s First AI Data Bank
- 22 Nov 2024
In News:
The Ministry of Science and Technologyrecently launched India’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI) data bank that is aimed at propelling innovation and boosting the country’s national securityat the 7th Edition of the ASSOCHAM AI Leadership Meet 2024.
-
- The event theme: “AI for India: Advancing India’s AI Development – Innovation, Ethics, and Governance”.
Key Highlights:
- Objective:
- Propel innovation and enhance national security.
- Provide access to diverse, high-quality datasets for creating scalable and inclusive AI solutions.
- Key Features of the AI Data Bank:
- Target Audience: Researchers, startups, and developers.
- Data Types: Satellite, drone, and IoT data.
- Purpose:
- To enhance national security through real-time analytics.
- Enable predictive analytics for disaster management and cybersecurity.
Strategic Importance of AI in India:
- National Security: AI to strengthen national security by providing real-time analytics from satellite, drone, and IoT data.
- AI for Development:
- AI’s role in reshaping sectors like governance, business, healthcare, education, and space exploration.
- AI as a tool for economic growth, addressing climate change, improving public service delivery, and ensuring national security.
- Ethics and Governance:
- Ensuring responsible AI use with optimal handling.
- Addressing algorithmic bias and data privacy through robust governance frameworks.
- Commitment to transparent and fair AI systems that empower people rather than replace them.
- AI in Disaster Management and Cybersecurity:
- Aligning with India’s goals to use AI for predictive analytics in disaster management.
- Enhancing cybersecurity through AI technologies.
Government’s Vision on AI:
- Empowering Citizens: AI must bridge divides and ensure equitable access to its benefits.
- AI as Backbone for Future Development: India’s focus on making AI an integral part of its future economic and technological growth.
Climate Change Performance (CCPI 2025)
- 22 Nov 2024
In News:
Recently, the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI 2025) report was released at the annual UN climate conference in Baku.
Key Highlights:
- It is published by think tanks German watch, New Climate Institute, and Climate Action Network International.It was first published in 2005.
- It tracks the progress of the world’s largest emitters in terms of emissions, renewables, and climate policy.
India's Ranking in Climate Change Performance (CCPI 2025)
- India's Rank: 10th (Dropped two places from the previous year).
- Key Factors for India's High Rank:
- Low per capita emissions: 2.9 tons of CO2 equivalent (global average: 6.6 tons).
- Rapid deployment of renewables: India is a leader in solar energy projects, including large-scale solar and rooftop solar schemes.
- Renewable energy targets: Aims for 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.
- Energy efficiency standards: Introduced, but coverage remains inadequate.
- Electric vehicle (EV) deployment: Significant progress, especially in two-wheelers.
- Challenges for India:
- Heavy reliance on coal: India remains one of the top 10 countries with the largest developed coal reserves.
- Growth-oriented approach: Economic growth and energy demand continue to drive climate action, with limited change in climate policy expected.
- Future Pledges:
- Net-zero emissions by 2070.
- Global leadership in green energy.
CCPI 2025 Rankings Overview
Rank
Country
Key Points
1-3
Empty
No country performed well enough to achieve a "very high" rating.
4
Denmark
Leading climate actions but ranks 4th technically.
5
Netherlands
Strong climate performance, follows Denmark.
6
U.K.
Notable improvement due to coal phase-out and halting new fossil fuel licenses.
10
India
High performer, despite challenges like reliance on coal.
55
China
Largest emitter, heavily reliant on coal, ranks 55th despite promising plans.
57
U.S.
Second-largest emitter, ranks 57th with insufficient climate targets.
59
Argentina
Major climate policy setbacks, including potential exit from Paris Agreement.
64-67
Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Russia
Lowest-ranked, major oil and gas producers with weak climate policies.
General Findings of the Report
- CCPI Methodology: Assesses 63 countries (plus the EU) responsible for 90% of global emissions based on their emissions, renewable energy efforts, and climate policies.
- Global Trends:
- No country has been able to secure a "very high" rating across all categories.
- Denmark and Netherlands are among the top performers.
- The U.K. shows significant progress with its coal phase-out and fossil fuel policies.
Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development
- 21 Nov 2024
In News:
- Daniel Barenboim (Classical Pianist and Conductor) and Ali Abu Awwad (Palestinian Peace Activist) were jointly awarded the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development for 2023.
- Daniel Barenboim was recognized for fostering peace through musical and cultural dialogue initiatives.
- Ali Abu Awwad was honored for his advocacy of peace through dialogue via his organization Roots, which he founded after serving time in Israeli prison.
Significance of the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize:
- The award is given to individuals or organizations who have made outstanding contributions to international peace, disarmament, and development.
- It includes a monetary award of ?25 lakh and a citation.
About the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize:
- Established: 1986 by the Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust in memory of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
- Objective: To honor sustained efforts towards international peace, the development of humanity, and the promotion of disarmament.
- Past recipients: Includes prominent figures and organizations such as Mikhail Gorbachev, UNICEF, Jimmy Carter, Angela Merkel, ISRO, and Sir David Attenborough.
2022 Awardees:
- The Indira Gandhi Peace Prize for 2022 was awarded to the Indian Medical Association and the Trained Nurses Association of India, in recognition of their contribution as COVID-19 warriors.
Key Takeaways:
- The Indira Gandhi Peace Prize is regarded as one of the most prestigious awards for promoting peace, disarmament, and development worldwide.
- Daniel Barenboim's musical initiatives and Ali Abu Awwad's work through dialogue exemplify efforts to bridge divides and promote peaceful resolutions to conflict.
Green World Awards 2024
- 21 Nov 2024
In News:
Coal India Limited (CIL) under the aegis of the Ministry of Coal, has been conferred with the esteemed Green World Environment Award in the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) category along with the distinguished tile of Green World Ambassador.
Key Highlights:
- Reason for the Award:
- The award was granted to CIL for its Thalassemia Bal SewaYojna, a CSR initiative aimed at providing permanent curative treatment for Thalassemia through Bone Marrow Transplants (BMT).
- The scheme provides financial assistance of up to ?10 lakh for BMT and has helped over 600 Thalassemia patients across India.
- Background of the Award:
- The Green Organization, an independent, non-political, non-profit environmental group, conferred the award.
- The organization has been recognizing and promoting environmental best practices and CSR initiatives globally since its establishment in 1994.
- CIL’s Role in CSR:
- CIL has been a pioneer in CSR, with its Thalassemia Bal SewaYojna being the first of its kind among public sector undertakings in India.
- The initiative partners with 17 prominent hospitals across India to provide stem cell transplants for Thalassemia patients.
- CIL’s Contribution to India's Energy Sector:
- CIL is responsible for producing over 80% of India's coal and contributes to 70% of the total coal-based power generation in the country.
- CIL accounts for 55% of India’s total power generation and meets 40% of the primary commercial energy requirements.
- Environmental Initiatives by CIL:
- CIL has adopted various measures to improve environmental sustainability, including:
- Expanding green cover over mined areas.
- Creating eco-parks and tourism spots.
- Providing mine water for domestic and agricultural use to surrounding villages.
- About Coal India Limited (CIL):
- Established: November 1975.
- Headquarters: Kolkata.
- Status: A Maharatna company and the largest coal-producing company in the world.
- Subsidiaries: CIL has seven producing subsidiaries and is a major corporate employer in India.
- About the Green Organization:
- Founded: 1994.
- Nature: Independent, non-political, non-profit organization.
- Objective: To recognize, reward, and promote environmental and CSR best practices worldwide.
- Initiatives: The Green World Awards are part of global efforts to encourage sustainability and corporate social responsibility.
- Significance of the Award:
- The Green World Environment Award highlights CIL’s commitment to social responsibility and environmental sustainability while maintaining its core role as an energy provider.
- The recognition underscores CIL’s leadership in integrating CSR initiatives with corporate operations to contribute to national development.
Bhu-Neer Portal
- 21 Nov 2024
In News:
- Minister of Jal Shakti, digitally launched the “Bhu-Neer” portal during the India Water Week 2024.
- Developed by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA), under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, in collaboration with the National Informatics Centre (NIC).
Key Highlights:
- Purpose of the Portal:
- Centralized platform for managing and regulating groundwater resources across India.
- Aims to ensure transparency, efficiency, and sustainability in groundwater usage, facilitating easier access to groundwater withdrawal permits.
Key Features:
- User-Friendly Interface: Simplified interface to streamline the application process for groundwater withdrawal.
- PAN-Based Single ID System: Allows seamless user registration, providing a unique identification for all stakeholders.
- NOC with QR Code: Enables verifiable and trackable compliance documents, ensuring authenticity.
- Improved Version: An enhanced version compared to the previous NOCAP system, with improved efficiency and features.
- Streamlined Process Flow: Simplifies the process for obtaining groundwater withdrawal permits.
Goals and Benefits:
- Promotes the sustainable use of groundwater and ensures compliance with legal frameworks at state and national levels.
- Supports Ease of Doing Business: Aligns with the Prime Minister’s vision by making the groundwater regulation process seamless and faceless, reducing bureaucratic delays.
Public Accessibility:
- The portal is now live and accessible to both project proponents and the general public.
- It offers services such as groundwater withdrawal related queries, tracking applications, and payment of statutory charges.
Impact on Groundwater Management:
- The platform is expected to bring improved groundwater regulation by providing centralized access to policies, compliance details, and sustainable practices related to groundwater use.
- It will contribute significantly to monitoring and sustainable management of India’s groundwater resources, crucial in light of increasing water scarcity.
Vision of the Portal:
- In line with the government’s broader goals of digitalization, transparency, and environmental sustainability, the “Bhu-Neer” portal marks a significant step in efficient water resource management.
India’s First Indigenous Antibiotic
- 21 Nov 2024
In News:
- Nafithromycin is India's first indigenously developed antibiotic aimed at combating drug-resistant pneumonia, developed with support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC).
- The drug is being marketed under the trade name "Miqnaf" by Wockhardt.
Significance in Combating Drug Resistance:
- Nafithromycin addresses Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP), a serious disease caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
- Pneumonia is responsible for over 2 million deaths globally annually, with India facing 23% of the global burden.
- The drug is 10 times more effective than current treatments like azithromycin, requiring only three doses for effective treatment, offering a safer and faster solution.
Biotechnology Sector and Public-Private Collaboration:
- BIRAC, under the Department of Biotechnology, supported the research and development of Nafithromycin.
- This achievement underscores the public-private collaboration between the government and pharmaceutical industry, demonstrating India’s capacity to develop indigenous solutions for global health challenges.
Global Health Implications:
- Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis that prolongs illnesses and raises healthcare costs.
- The new antibiotic offers a vital solution to multi-drug-resistant pathogens, contributing significantly to global health.
- India’s leadership in addressing AMR positions the country as a major player in biotechnology innovation.
Importance for Vulnerable Populations:
- Vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems (e.g., diabetes, cancer patients), are particularly affected by drug-resistant pneumonia.
- Nafithromycin offers a much-needed therapeutic option for these groups.
Impact of AMR Awareness:
- The launch coincides with World AMR Awareness Week, emphasizing the urgency of tackling antimicrobial resistance.
- Public awareness, fostered by the COVID-19 pandemic, has increased the focus on biotechnology and its potential to address global health challenges.
Future Prospects:
- Nafithromycin is awaiting final approval from the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) for manufacturing and public use.
- The launch is expected to lead to future breakthroughs in antibiotic development and contribute significantly to improving public health.
UNICEF’s State of the World’s Children 2024 (SOWC-2024) Report
- 21 Nov 2024
In News:
The world is facing an unprecedented crisis with nearly half of all children – about 1 billion – living in countries that face a high risk of climate and environmental hazards, the UNICEF’s State of the World’s Children 2024 (SOWC-2024) report, said.
Key Highlights:
Environmental Hazards and Children’s Health:
- Children face an increasingly unpredictable and hazardous environment due to climate change, environmental crises, and frontier technologies.
- Nearly 1 billion children live in countries facing high risks from climate and environmental hazards.
- Children’s developing bodies are especially vulnerable to pollution, extreme weather, and environmental hazards.
- Air pollution, rising temperatures, and extreme weather events harm children's respiratory health, increase the spread of diseases like malaria and dengue, and impact food security and access.
Impact of Climate Change:
- Climate destabilization, biodiversity loss, and pollution are intensifying globally.
- Climate-related disasters (e.g., floods) affect water supplies, causing waterborne diseases, a leading cause of death in children under five.
- Extreme weather events, such as floods, can cause trauma, anxiety, and displacement for children.
- By the 2050s, more children will be exposed to extreme climate hazards compared to the 2000s.
- School closures, affecting 400 million children since 2022 due to extreme weather, disrupt education and hinder economic growth.
Projections for Child Survival and Life Expectancy:
- Newborn survival rates: Projected to rise by nearly 4 percentage points to over 98% globally by the 2050s.
- Probability of surviving to age 5: Expected to increase to 99.5%.
- Life expectancy: Expected to rise to 81 years for girls and 76 years for boys by the 2050s.
Child Population Trends by 2050:
- Global child population expected to stabilize at 2.3 billion by the 2050s.
- South Asia, Eastern/Southern Africa, and West/Central Africa will have the largest child populations, facing significant challenges in meeting children’s basic needs.
- These regions also face climate risks, inadequate digital infrastructure, and socio-economic challenges.
Technological Advancements:
- Artificial Intelligence (AI), neurotechnology, renewable energy, and vaccine breakthroughs could significantly improve childhood well-being.
- Digitalization: While it can empower children, it also exposes them to online risks, including sexual exploitation and abuse.
Socio-Economic Conditions and Inequality:
- 23% of children projected to live in low-income countries by 2050, a significant increase from 11% in the 2000s.
- GDP per capita in East Asia, Pacific, and South Asia expected to more than double from the 2020s to the 2050s.
- Growing inequalities between high- and low-income countries, particularly in terms of digital access and infrastructure.
Urbanization and Child Welfare:
- By the 2050s, nearly 60% of children globally will live in urban areas, up from 44% in the 2000s.
- Ensuring healthier and more secure urban environments is critical for improving future childhoods.
- Over 95% of people in high-income countries are connected to the internet, compared to just 26% in low-income countries, exacerbating inequalities.
Key Takeaways:
- Children are facing a more hazardous environment than ever before, influenced by climate change, technological developments, and demographic shifts.
- Proactive measures are needed to mitigate environmental risks, promote digital inclusion, and ensure equitable access to resources and opportunities for children globally.
India’s Polio Eradication Journey
- 20 Nov 2024
In News:
India's achievement of becoming polio-free in 2014 stands as one of the most remarkable successes in global public health. This milestone, which was celebrated worldwide, represents decades of consistent efforts, collaboration, and innovative strategies, culminating in the elimination of wild poliovirus in the country.
Key Milestones in Polio Eradication
- Pulse Polio Programme Launch (1995):
- The Pulse Polio Immunization Programme was a game-changer, initiating large-scale vaccination campaigns across India, with the first nationwide campaign held on 2nd October 1994 (Gandhi Jayanti) in Delhi.
- The campaign used the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and reached over 1 million children.
- The slogan "Do BoondZindagi Ki" (Two drops of life) became synonymous with India’s polio eradication efforts.
- Routine Immunization and System Strengthening:
- The Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), which launched in 1985, made polio one of the first diseases targeted for elimination. UIP is now one of the world’s largest immunization programs, aiming to provide vaccines against 12 preventable diseases, including polio.
- Cold chain management was improved through systems like the National Cold Chain Training Centre (NCCTE) and Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN), ensuring proper storage and distribution of vaccines.
- Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) Introduction (2015):
- As part of the Global Polio Endgame Strategy, India introduced the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) in 2015 to provide enhanced protection, particularly against type 2 poliovirus.
- This move followed the global transition from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV (which excludes the type 2 strain) and helped ensure continued protection against all forms of polio.
- Surveillance Systems:
- India implemented Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance to track unexplained paralysis in children, a symptom of polio.
- Environmental Surveillance, involving monitoring sewage water for poliovirus strains, played a critical role in identifying potential outbreaks and residual poliovirus transmission.
- Political Will & Community Engagement:
- Strong political commitment from both central and state governments ensured sustained resources and focus on the program.
- Community participation was also vital, with health workers and volunteers working to ensure vaccination coverage in the most remote areas.
The Final Leap: Certification and Maintenance
- 2011 marked the last case of wild poliovirus in Howrah, West Bengal, and India ramped up its surveillance and response efforts to ensure no further cases.
- India achieved polio-free certification from the World Health Organization (WHO) on 27th March 2014, after meeting strict criteria, including three years without wild poliovirus transmission and robust surveillance systems.
Post-Certification Efforts: Keeping Polio at Bay
Even after achieving polio-free status, India remains vigilant to maintain this achievement:
- Annual National Immunization Days (NID) and Sub-National Immunization Days (SNID) are held regularly to boost immunity levels and ensure no child is missed.
- Continuous surveillance and vaccination at international borders help prevent the risk of re-importation of the virus.
- Mission Indradhanush (MI), launched in 2014, aims to increase immunization coverage to 90%, focusing on hard-to-reach areas and improving vaccine coverage.
Ongoing Commitment to Immunization
India’s immunization programs continue to evolve:
- New vaccines like Rotavirus, Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV), and Measles-Rubella (MR) are being added to protect against other vaccine-preventable diseases.
- Mission Indradhanush’s intensified phase has played a crucial role in improving vaccination rates, particularly in underserved areas.
High-Altitude Sickness
- 20 Nov 2024
In News:
In September, a trekker from Idukki, Kerala, died in Uttarakhand while attempting to scale Garur Peak due to respiratory failure. Every year, numerous tourists like this succumb to the effects of high-altitude sickness in the pristine but challenging inner Himalayas. These regions present hidden dangers due to their extreme altitudes, where thinner air and reduced oxygen can lead to potentially fatal conditions.
What is High-Altitude Sickness?
- Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) occurs when the body struggles to acclimatize to high altitudes, typically above 8,000 feet (2,400 meters), where oxygen levels are lower.
- As altitude increases, oxygen levels decrease, leading to hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Early symptoms include:Headache, Nausea, Fatigue&Shortness of breath
- If untreated, AMS can develop into:
- High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE): Fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to severe breathing problems.
- High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE): Fluid in the brain causing confusion, hallucinations, or coma.
- Both conditions are life-threatening and require immediate descent to lower altitudes.
Infrastructural Issues
- Many Himalayan regions lack adequate healthcare facilities beyond major towns like Shimla.
- Leh is an exception, with specialized facilities for high-altitude ailments, but most areas lack preventive health measures.
- Implementing health screenings at entry points to high-altitude zones (like Kinnaur or Lahaul-Spiti) could significantly improve prevention and response to AMS.
Mandatory Registration System for Tourists
- Tourist Registration: A system where tourists must register before entering remote mountain areas would allow authorities to monitor movements and provide timely medical assistance.
- Benefits:
- Quick emergency responses by having data on tourists' locations.
- Research support: Tracking demographic patterns and risk factors to better understand how altitude impacts different populations.
Early Intervention for High-Altitude Sickness
- Gradual Ascent: To allow the body to acclimatize, gradual ascent is crucial. Every 3-4 days, take a rest day and avoid increasing sleeping altitude by more than 500 meters/day.
- Medications: Doctors recommend:
- Acetazolamide to promote better oxygenation.
- Dexamethasone for reducing inflammation in severe cases.
- For those with a history of HAPE, Nifedipine may be used preventively.
- However, no medication guarantees immunity from AMS. Travelers with pre-existing conditions should consult a doctor before traveling.
Treatment Strategies
- Descent: The best treatment for AMS is to descend to lower altitudes (300-1,000 meters), where symptoms improve rapidly.
- Additional Measures: If available, supplemental oxygen or a portable hyperbaric chamber can help in emergencies.
- Medications like acetazolamide and dexamethasone can provide short-term relief but are not substitutes for descent.
Policy Recommendations
- Medical Infrastructure: Establish state-of-the-art medical facilities in high-altitude regions of the Himalayas.
- Research: Set up research centers to study high-altitude illnesses.
- Air-ambulance Services: Equip states with air-ambulance services for rapid medical evacuation in emergencies.
- Health and Safety Information: Provide accessible information on government websites and at check-in points to educate tourists on preventing and managing AMS.
Preventive Measures Before Scaling the Himalayas
- Acclimatization: Gradual ascent is essential for preventing AMS.
- Health Checks: Get a medical check-up to assess risk factors before travel.
- Medications: Consult a doctor for potential preventive medications.
- Hydration and Rest: Stay hydrated and take ample rest during the ascent.
- Monitor Symptoms: Be aware of early symptoms like headaches or nausea and stop ascending if they occur.
By addressing these measures, the risks associated with high-altitude sickness can be mitigated, improving safety for tourists and trekkers in the Himalayas.
Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS)
- 20 Nov 2024
In News:
- Russia reported that Ukraine fired six US-made Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) missiles at Bryansk, Russia, marking a significant escalation in the ongoing conflict.
- This came after US President Joe Biden authorized Ukraine to use long-range missiles to strike deeper inside Russian territory, easing previous restrictions on such weapons
About the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS)
- Overview:
- ATACMS is a surface-to-surface artillery weapon system designed to strike targets at much greater ranges than conventional artillery, rockets, or missiles.
- Manufacturer: Produced by Lockheed Martin, a leading US defense contractor.
- First Use: It was first used during the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
- Key Features:
- Guidance: ATACMS missiles are inertially guided ballistic missiles, capable of operating in all weather conditions.
- Range: Approximately 190 miles (305 km).
- Propulsion: It uses a single-stage, solid propellant for propulsion.
- Launch Platforms: Fired from platforms like the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) and the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS).
- Payload: ATACMS missiles can carry cluster munitions, releasing hundreds of smaller bomblets over a targeted area, increasing their destructive power.
- Global Operators:Besides the US, ATACMS is also operated by countries such as Bahrain, Greece, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United Arab Emirates.
SanyuktVimochan 2024
- 20 Nov 2024
In News:
Recently, the Indian Army successfully conducted the Multilateral Annual Joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise, 'SanyuktVimochan 2024' at Ahmedabad and Porbandar, Gujarat.
Key Highlights:
- Conducted by: Konark Corps of Southern Command, Indian Army.
- Day 1: Tabletop Exercise (TTX)
- Theme: 'Cyclone in Coastal Region of Gujarat'.
- Focused on simulating a cyclone scenario affecting the Okha-Porbandar coastline.
- Discussed disaster relief strategies and interagency cooperation to improve response readiness.
- Attended by senior officials from NDMA, Armed Forces, State Disaster Management, and industry representatives, including delegates from nine foreign countries.
- Day 2: Multi-Agency Capability Demonstration
- Held at Chowpatty Beach, Porbandar.
- Simulated Disaster Scenario: Coordinated response to a cyclone, showcasing joint operations by:
- Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, NDRF, SDRF, and other Central and State agencies.
- Key actions demonstrated:
- Requisition and Surveillance: Civil administration’s request for Armed Forces' assistance, followed by area surveillance.
- Rescue Operations: Insertion of personnel to rescue casualties.
- Casualty Evacuation: Use of resources to evacuate and assist victims.
- Resuscitation and Rehabilitation: Restoration efforts for affected citizens.
- Industrial Display &Atmanirbhar Bharat Initiative:
- Showcased indigenous HADR equipment from Indian defense industries.
- Highlighted technological advancements and self-reliance in disaster management.
- SanyuktVimochan 2024 enhanced India's disaster response capabilities, ensuring a coordinated and effective approach to humanitarian assistance.
- The exercise also bolstered India’s leadership in global disaster relief, contributing to international best practices and collaborative efforts in humanitarian assistance and disaster response.
Sickle Cell Eradication
- 20 Nov 2024
In News:
- On the occasion of Janjatiya Gaurav Diwason 15th November 2024, Hon’ble Governor of Madhya Pradesh, and Chief Minister unveiled a commemorative postage stamp dedicated to "Sickle Cell Eradication - 2047" at PG College, Dhar.
- Significance:Focuses on India’s commitment to eradicate Sickle Cell Anemia by 2047, especially in tribal communities.
Sickle Cell Anemia Overview
- What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
- Genetic blood disorder leading to abnormal hemoglobin.
- Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, blocking blood flow and causing pain, organ damage, and reduced life expectancy.
- Symptoms:
- Chronic anemia causing fatigue, weakness, and pallor.
- Painful episodes (sickle cell crisis) resulting in intense pain in bones, chest, and limbs.
- Delayed growth and puberty in children.
- Treatment Processes:
- Blood Transfusions: Relieve anemia and reduce pain crises.
- Hydroxyurea: Reduces the frequency of painful episodes.
- Gene Therapy: Includes bone marrow or stem cell transplants and methods like CRISPR for treatment.
Challenges of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in India
- Tribal Population Impact:
- India has the world’s largest tribal population (~67.8 million, 8.6% of total population as per 2011 Census).
- Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is identified as one of the top 10 health issues for tribal communities.
- Challenges:
- Limited diagnostic and treatment facilities in remote tribal regions.
- Lack of awareness about genetic counseling and preventive care.
- High treatment costs (e.g., CRISPR therapy costs USD 2-3 million).
- Bone marrow donor availability is a challenge.
Government Initiatives for SCD Management
- National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (2023):
- Objective: Eliminate SCD as a public health issue by 2047.
- Key Features:
- Community Screening: Mass screening to identify at-risk individuals.
- Genetic Counseling: Educating families on genetic nature of SCD.
- Advanced Diagnostics: Use of tools like HPLC for accurate diagnosis.
- Prenatal Testing: Partnership with organizations like Sankalp India.
- Newborn Screening: AIIMS Bhopal provides early detection.
- Technology: A mobile app and National Sickle Cell Portal for tracking data.
- Progress:Over 3.37 crore people screened, with 3.22 crore confirmed negative.
- Target Groups:Focus on children, adolescents, youth, and adults for screening, counseling, and care.
- National Health Mission (NHM) (2013):
- Emphasizes disease prevention and management, particularly for hereditary conditions like sickle cell.
- Facilitates medications like hydroxyurea for treatment.
- National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research (2017):Regulates stem cell therapies and allows Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) for SCD.
- National Guidelines for Gene Therapy (2019):Guidelines for gene therapies for inherited disorders, including CRISPR treatment for SCD.
- State Haemoglobinopathy Mission of Madhya Pradesh:Addresses screening and management challenges of SCD in the state.
Global Awareness and Observances
- World Sickle Cell Awareness Day:
- Observed on 19th June annually, with the 2024 theme: "Hope Through Progress: Advancing Sickle Cell Care Globally".
- Aimed at raising awareness about SCD struggles, improving patient care, and finding a cure.
Bharat NCX 2024
- 19 Nov 2024
In News:
The Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise (Bharat NCX 2024), inaugurated on November 18, 2024, is a key initiative aimed at strengthening India’s cybersecurity resilience. This 12-day exercise is designed to equip cybersecurity professionals and national leadership with the skills to manage complex cyber threats, enhance incident response capabilities, and improve strategic decision-making. The event is organized by the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) in collaboration with Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU).
Key Details of Bharat NCX 2024:
- Cyber Defense and Incident Response Training
- The exercise focuses on defensive cybersecurity skills, preparing participants to defend against cyberattacks.
- Live-fire simulations will provide hands-on experience with real-time cyberattacks on IT and Operational Technology (OT) systems.
- Strategic Decision-Making Simulations
- A core component is the Strategic Decision-Making Exercise, where senior management from across sectors will simulate decision-making in a national-level cyber crisis.
- This exercise enhances their ability to respond swiftly and strategically in high-pressure scenarios.
- CISO’s Conclave
- The CISO's Conclave brings together Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) from government, public, and private sectors.
- The conclave will feature panel discussions on the latest cybersecurity trends and government initiatives, allowing professionals to exchange knowledge and collaborate.
- Bharat Cybersecurity Startup Exhibition
- An exhibition will highlight innovative cybersecurity solutions developed by Indian startups. This showcases the growing role of the private sector in strengthening India’s cybersecurity infrastructure.
- Leadership Engagement and Capacity Building
- Leadership engagement is a key feature, ensuring that high-level decision-makers are prepared to lead national cybersecurity efforts.
- The exercise will foster a unified approach to dealing with emerging cyber threats.
Significance for India’s Cybersecurity Strategy
- National Cybersecurity Resilience: Bharat NCX 2024 is a vital step in fortifying India’s cybersecurity defenses, preparing professionals and leadership to address the evolving cyber threat landscape.
- Collaboration and Innovation: The inclusion of industry stakeholders, startups, and leaders from various sectors underscores the importance of collaboration in developing innovative solutions to cybersecurity challenges.
- Capacity Building: The exercise aims to improve decision-making at all levels, helping India build a robust cybersecurity framework to secure its critical infrastructure and respond effectively to potential cyber crises.
Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger
- 19 Nov 2024
In News:
PM Modi receives Nigeria’s second-highest national award.
Key Events and Achievements
- Award Conferred:
- Award Name: Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON).
- Significance: Nigeria’s second-highest national award, conferred on Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
- Historical Context: Modi becomes the second foreign dignitary to receive this award, after Queen Elizabeth in 1969.
Strategic and Developmental Ties Between India and Nigeria
- First Visit in 17 Years: Modi’s visit is the first by an Indian PM to Nigeria in 17 years, underscoring the significance of strengthening bilateral ties.
- Economic Cooperation:
- Over 200 Indian companies have invested around $27 billion in Nigeria across key sectors, making India a major economic partner.
- India has provided $100 million in development assistance through concessional loans and is actively involved in capacity-building training programs in Nigeria.
- MoUs Signed:
- Three Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) were signed in the fields of:
- Cultural Exchange.
- Customs Cooperation.
- Survey Cooperation.
- Three Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) were signed in the fields of:
- Relief Aid: Modi announced the dispatch of 20 tonnes of relief supplies to help Nigeria recover from the devastating floods that affected the country last month.
Diplomatic Discussions and Initiatives
- Strategic Partnership: Modi described the India-Nigeria partnership as one with immense potential in sectors like defence, energy, technology, trade, health, and education.
- Indian Expatriate Community: Modi acknowledged the 60,000-strong Indian diaspora in Nigeria, recognizing their role as a pillar of bilateral ties.
- Support for Africa:
- Modi highlighted India’s support for the African Union’s membership in the G20, an outcome of the India-hosted G20 summit in 2023.
- Nigeria’s Role: He noted Nigeria’s positive influence on Africa and its importance as a key partner in India’s Africa engagement.
Broader Implications for International Relations
- India-Nigeria Security Cooperation:
- The National Security Advisors (NSA) of India and Nigeria held in-depth discussions on counter-terrorism, extremism, and cybersecurity challenges.
- India and Nigeria are committed to jointly addressing global threats such as arms smuggling and international crime.
- India's Role as a Development Partner:
- India’s growing role as a development partner for African nations is becoming increasingly important, exemplified by Nigeria’s close ties with India.
- Global Diplomacy and Soft Power:
- Modi’s award and visit reflect India’s growing influence in Africa and its emphasis on fostering ties with resource-rich and strategically located nations like Nigeria.
- The Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger is also a reflection of the soft power India is wielding globally.
Key Facts about Nigeria:
- Location: Nigeria is located in West Africa, bordering Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Benin, with access to the Atlantic Ocean.
- Significance:
- Known as the “Giant of Africa” due to its large population and economic power.
- It has the largest economy in Africa, largely driven by its oil reserves.
Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP-IV)
- 19 Nov 2024
In News:
As Delhi’s AQI worsened, the Commission for Air Quality Management issued the order to activate Stage-IV of the Graded Response Action Plan.
Restrictions Under GRAP-IV in Delhi-NCR
- Truck Movement:
- Banned except for essential goods and trucks using clean fuels (LNG, CNG, BS-VI diesel, or electric).
- Non-essential light commercial vehicles registered outside Delhi are also banned unless they are CNG or BS-VI diesel or electric vehicles (EVs).
- Delhi-registered BS-IV or older diesel vehicles (medium and heavy goods vehicles) are banned, except for those in essential services.
- Construction Activities:Suspension of all construction work, including public projects like highways, roads, flyovers, power lines, pipelines, etc.
- Schools and Work:
- Online classes for students of Classes 6 to 9 and Class 11.
- Work from home (WFH) recommendations for 50% office capacity in NCR.
- Central government employees may also be asked to work from home.
- Offline classes for Classes 10 and 12 continue, but schools for other classes must shift to online mode.
- Other Measures:
- State governments may impose additional measures such as:
- Closure of colleges.
- Odd-even vehicle scheme.
- Restrictions on non-essential commercial activities.
- State governments may impose additional measures such as:
About GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan)
- Purpose: A plan to reduce air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region based on AQI levels.
- Approved By: Supreme Court in 2016 (M.C. Mehta v. Union of India).
- Notified by MoEFCC: 2017.
- Implementation Authority: CAQM (Commission for Air Quality Management).
Stages of GRAP
GRAP is an incremental system, with measures activated as air quality deteriorates:
- Stage 1: Poor AQI (201-300) – Basic pollution control measures.
- Stage 2: Very Poor AQI (301-400) – Enhanced measures.
- Stage 3: Severe AQI (401-450) – Stricter actions like shutting down industries.
- Stage 4: Severe Plus AQI (Above 450) – Most stringent restrictions, as activated on November 18, 2024.
Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Introduced: 2014, by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
- Categories:
- Good: 0-50
- Satisfactory: 51-100
- Moderately Polluted: 101-200
- Poor: 201-300
- Very Poor: 301-400
- Severe: 401-450
- Severe Plus: 451 and above (current status in Delhi).
- Pollutants Considered: PM10, PM2.5, NO?, SO?, CO, O?, NH?, and Pb.
- Measurement: 24-hour average values for PMs, and 8-hour averages for CO and O?.
Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)
- Established: Under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) Act, 2021.
- Mandate: To coordinate, research, and manage air quality issues in the NCR and adjoining areas.
- Composition: Includes government officials, technical experts, and NGO representatives.
- Jurisdiction: Covers Delhi and parts of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
Nepal-Bangladesh Power Transfer via India
- 19 Nov 2024
In News:
Nepal starts exporting energy to Bangladesh with Indian grid support.
Significance of the Power Transfer:
- Energy Cooperation:
- A major step in regional energy cooperation among Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.
- Strengthens sub-regional connectivity in the power sector.
- Nepal’s Hydropower Potential:
- Nepal, a Himalayan nation, possesses untapped hydropower resources, and this agreement opens the door for future cross-border electricity cooperation.
- Nepal’s energy exports are a green energy initiative, supporting sustainable industrial growth in Bangladesh and regional prosperity.
- Electricity Crisis in Bangladesh:
- Bangladesh is facing an ongoing electricity shortage, worsened by the suspension of power supply from Adani’s Godda plant and the maintenance of the Payra thermal unit.
- The addition of 40 MW of Nepalese hydroelectric power aims to alleviate the energy shortfall in Bangladesh.
Tripartite Power Sales Agreement:
- Agreement Details:
- The agreement for power transfer was signed in October 2023 between:
- NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN) (India)
- Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) (Nepal)
- Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) (Bangladesh).
- Power Export: Nepal has started exporting 40 MW of electricity, which marks a significant milestone in trilateral power cooperation.
- The agreement for power transfer was signed in October 2023 between:
Key Entities Involved:
- NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN):
- A wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC Ltd. (National Thermal Power Corporation), created to facilitate power trading.
- NVVN is diversifying into renewables, e-mobility, and green fuel solutions.
- NTPC Ltd.:
- A Maharatna PSU under India’s Ministry of Power, established to develop power resources in India.
- Involved in large-scale power generation and clean energy initiatives
Guru Ghasidas-TamorPingla Tiger Reserve
- 19 Nov 2024
In News:
The Guru Ghasidas-TamorPingla Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh has been officially notified as India's 56th tiger reserve, marking a significant milestone in the country's conservation efforts. Here's an overview of this new reserve:
Key Details:
- Location: The tiger reserve is located across the Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur districts of Chhattisgarh.
- Area: The reserve spans 2,829.38 square kilometers and includes both core and buffer zones.
- Core/critical habitat: 2,049.2 sq. km (includes the Guru Ghasidas National Park and TamorPingla Wildlife Sanctuary).
- Buffer zone: 780.15 sq. km.
- Rank: It is the third largest tiger reserve in India, after the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh) and Manas Tiger Reserve (Assam).
Connectivity:
The reserve forms part of a landscape complex that extends over nearly 4,500 sq. km and is interconnected with other major tiger reserves:
- Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) to the north.
- Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) to the west.
- Palamau Tiger Reserve (Jharkhand) to the east.
This connectivity supports greater wildlife movement, reducing the risk of inbreeding and strengthening the overall conservation efforts for the tiger population.
Biodiversity:
The Guru Ghasidas-TamorPingla Tiger Reserve is ecologically rich, harboring a wide array of species:
- 753 species have been documented, including:
- 230 bird species.
- 55 mammal species, including several threatened species such as tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and wolves.
- A variety of invertebrates, especially insects.
- The reserve's terrain includes dense forests, streams, rivers, and varied elevations, making it an ideal habitat for tigers and other wildlife.
Ecological Importance:
- Situated in the Chota Nagpur and Baghelkhand plateaus, the reserve has varied landscapes that contribute to its ecological diversity. The region's tropical climate and dense forests make it a critical habitat for tigers and other wildlife.
- The reserve's core area forms an important critical tiger habitat, providing a sanctuary for tigers to thrive with minimal human disturbance.
Conservation Impact:
With the addition of this tiger reserve, Chhattisgarh now boasts four tiger reserves, complementing the existing Udanti-Sitanadi, Achanakmar, and Indravati reserves. This bolsters the state's and the country's ongoing efforts to protect and conserve tigers, which are a keystone species in maintaining ecological balance.
Procedural Steps for Notification:
- Identification: The state government identifies a significant ecological area with potential for tiger conservation.
- NTCA Approval: After a thorough assessment, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) evaluates and approves the proposal.
- State Notification: The state government officially notifies the area as a tiger reserve under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
- Implementation: The state, with NTCA support, begins implementing conservation and management strategies.
Mystery mollusk
- 18 Nov 2024
In News:
- In a groundbreaking discovery, researchers have identified a new species of sea slug deep within the ocean’s midnight zone—a place that lies between 3,300 to 13,100 feet (1,000 to 4,000 meters) below the ocean's surface.
- The species, named Bathydeviuscaudactylus, is a glowing, swimming sea slug that exhibits several unique adaptations to survive in the extreme conditions of the deep ocean.
Key Features of BathydeviusCaudactylus
- Glowing Bioluminescence: One of the most striking features of this newly discovered mollusk is its ability to glow with bioluminescence. Bathydevius emits a soft, starry glow, an adaptation seen in only a few deep-sea species. The glowing feature plays a role in distracting predators and even includes the ability to detach glowing projections from its tail as a decoy.
- Unique Body Structure: Unlike most sea slugs that typically live on the seafloor, Bathydevius has evolved to thrive in the open water. It has a gelatinous, paddle-like tail and a large, bowl-shaped hood that covers its internal organs, making it appear somewhat like a “megaphone with a feathered tail.” This structure helps it capture prey, such as mysid shrimp, which it traps using its hood.
- Adaptations for Deep Sea Life: Bathydevius' transparent body, along with its ability to drift with ocean currents and flex its body to move vertically in the water column, allow it to navigate the depths of the midnight zone. Its hermaphroditic nature means it carries both male and female reproductive organs, allowing it to reproduce by attaching to the seafloor and laying eggs when needed.
Discovery and Exploration
- The unusual species was first encountered by researchers from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) during a deep-sea dive in February 2000 using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) called Tiburon. Since then, more than 150 sightings have been made of the creature in the waters off the Pacific Coast of North America, ranging from Oregon to Southern California.
- Interestingly, similar creatures have been observed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the Mariana Trench, suggesting that Bathydevius may have a wider range than initially thought. A specimen was eventually collected for further study, revealing its identity as a nudibranch, a type of soft-bodied marine mollusk.
Survival Tactics and Behavior
- Prey Capture: Unlike typical sea slugs that scrape food from the seafloor, Bathydevius uses its large hood to trap crustaceans like mysid shrimp. This allows it to thrive in the open ocean where food can be harder to obtain.
- Defensive Mechanisms: When threatened, Bathydevius can glow with bioluminescence to distract predators. This glow, which creates a starry appearance across its back, has been seen in other deep-sea species but is rare in nudibranchs. Additionally, it can detach part of its tail (a glowing projection) to confuse attackers, similar to how lizards shed their tails as a defense mechanism.
- Reproduction and Movement: As a hermaphrodite, Bathydevius has the ability to self-fertilize or mate with other individuals. During reproduction, it descends to the seafloor and uses its foot to temporarily attach, releasing eggs before returning to its swimming lifestyle. It also relies on its flexible, transparent body to blend in with the surroundings and evade predators.
India Successfully Tests Long-Range Hypersonic Missile
- 18 Nov 2024
In News:
- India has made a major advancement in its defense capabilities with the successful flight test of its first long-range hypersonic missile, marking a historic moment in the country's defense technology.
- The test was conducted, by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), took place off the coast of Odisha from the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Island.
- The missile has a range of over 1,500 km and is capable of carrying various payloads for all branches of the armed forces.
Key Highlights of the Test:
- Successful Trial: The missile successfully completed its flight test with high accuracy, confirmed by the data gathered from down-range ship stations. It performed a series of terminal maneuvers, validating its precision targeting capabilities.
- Speed and Range: The missile achieved hypersonic speeds (Mach 6), or six times the speed of sound, and is designed for a range of more than 1,500 km, far exceeding the capabilities of many conventional missiles.
- Indigenous Development: This missile is a product of DRDO's indigenous efforts, developed with contributions from the Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex in Hyderabad, as well as other DRDO laboratories and industry partners.
What are Hypersonic Missiles?
- Definition: Hypersonic missiles are defined as weapons that travel at speeds greater than Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound), or about 3,836 miles per hour (6,174 km/h). At such speeds, they are incredibly difficult to track and intercept, posing a challenge for traditional missile defense systems.
- Types:
- Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGVs): These are launched from rockets and glide towards their target.
- Hypersonic Cruise Missiles (HCMs): These missiles use air-breathing engines like scramjets for sustained flight at hypersonic speeds.
- Advantages: Hypersonic missiles offer several advantages, including:
- Responsive strike capability: They can target time-sensitive threats quickly and with high precision.
- Manoeuvrability: Unlike ballistic missiles, which follow a predictable parabolic trajectory, hypersonic missiles can change course mid-flight, making them harder to defend against.
- Challenges:
- Heat and air resistance: Traveling at such high speeds generates tremendous heat due to friction, presenting engineering challenges.
- Tracking and interception: Their low-altitude flight and high speeds make them harder to detect and intercept with existing missile defense systems.
- High costs: Developing and deploying hypersonic weapons comes at a higher cost than traditional missile systems.
Global Context of Hypersonic Weaponry
- Russia and China: Both Russia and China are leaders in hypersonic missile technology. Russia has already deployed the Kinzhal hypersonic missile in Ukraine, demonstrating its effectiveness in combat situations.
- United States: The U.S. is also making significant advancements, with contracts like the Long Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW), awarded to Lockheed Martin for continued development.
- Other Nations: Countries such as France, Germany, Australia, Japan, and Israel are also actively working on developing hypersonic missile systems.
WIPO 2024 Report
- 18 Nov 2024
In News:
India continues to make significant strides in intellectual property filings, ranking among the top 10 countries for patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
India’s Performance in Global Intellectual Property (IP) Filings:
- Overall Growth: India continues to make significant strides in intellectual property filings, ranking among the top 10 countries for patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
- Patent Applications: India recorded a +15.7% growth in patent applications in 2023, marking its fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth, placing it among the top contributors to global patent filings.
- Trademark Filings: India ranks 4th globally in trademark filings, reflecting the country’s growing focus on brand protection.
- Industrial Designs: India saw a 36.4% surge in industrial design applications, emphasizing creativity and design innovation.
India’s Global Patent Ranking:
- Global Rank: India ranks 6th globally for patent applications with 64,480 filings in 2023.
- Resident Filings: For the first time, over half (55.2%) of India’s patent applications were filed by residents, highlighting growing domestic innovation.
- Patent Grants: A 149.4% increase in granted patents in 2023 underscores the efficiency of India’s patent office and the rising quality of applications.
Key Metrics and Trends in Patents:
- Patent-to-GDP Ratio: India’s patent-to-GDP ratio grew from 144 in 2013 to 381 in 2023, signaling a knowledge-driven economy.
- Sectoral Diversity: India’s patent filings span diverse sectors, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, IT, and renewable energy, showcasing the broad scope of innovation.
Surge in Industrial Design Applications:
- Growth Rate: A 36.4% increase in industrial design filings in 2023, reflecting a shift towards value-added industries focused on product design and functionality.
- Leading Sectors: Key sectors driving design filings include textiles, accessories, tools, machines, and health & cosmetics.
- Manufacturing Transformation: This growth signals India’s transition from basic manufacturing to a more design-driven, innovation-focused ecosystem.
Trademark Filings:
- Global Rank: India ranks 4th globally in trademark filings with a 6.1% increase over the previous year.
- Resident Filings: Nearly 90% of trademark filings in India were made by domestic entities, highlighting a strong focus on brand protection.
- Active Trademarks: India now has over 3.2 million active trademarks, the second-largest in the world, reflecting a competitive and dynamic domestic marketplace.
Sectoral Trends in Trademarks:
- Leading Sectors: Health (21.9%), agriculture (15.3%), and clothing (12.8%) were the top sectors for trademark filings, underscoring India’s leadership in pharmaceuticals, food production, and fashion.
- Global Expansion: The rise in trademark filings also mirrors the increasing global demand for Indian products and services.
India’s Contribution to Global IP Growth:
- Global Trend: In 2023, a record 3.55 million patent applications were filed worldwide, with India contributing significantly to this surge, particularly in emerging markets.
- Local Innovation Focus: India’s rising resident filings in patents and trademarks point to a shift towards local innovation, with more Indian businesses and startups protecting their intellectual property.
Government Initiatives Fueling IP Growth:
- National IPR Policy: Launched in 2016, this policy fosters innovation, improves IP awareness, and supports domestic IP development.
- Key Measures: Modernization of IP offices, improvements in procedural requirements, and IP education initiatives.
- Atmanirbhar Bharat: Government campaigns like Atmanirbhar Bharat have supported local innovation and made Indian businesses more IP-conscious.
- Startup India & Atal Innovation Mission: These initiatives have further strengthened India’s innovation ecosystem by promoting entrepreneurship, research, and technological advancement.
- Startup India: Over 1,49,000 recognized startups as of September 2024.
- Atal Innovation Mission: More than 10,000 Atal Tinkering Labs in schools and 3,500+ startups incubated across India.
Assam’s Semiconductor Plant
- 18 Nov 2024
In News:
A Semiconductor Plant has been set up in Morigaon, Assam, projected for completion by mid-2025.
Overview of the Morigaon Semiconductor Plant:
- Location: Morigaon, Assam.
- Investor: Tata Semiconductor Assembly and Test Pvt Ltd (TSAT).
- Investment: ?27,000 crore.
- Production Capacity: Expected to produce 48 million semiconductor chips daily.
- Technology: Utilizes advanced packaging technologies such as flip chip and Integrated System in Package (ISIP).
- Sectors Served: Automotive, electric vehicles, telecommunications, consumer electronics.
- Completion: Projected to be completed by mid-2025.
- Job Creation: Expected to generate 15,000 direct jobs and 11,000-13,000 indirect jobs.
- Market Reach: Will serve both domestic and international markets, enhancing India's position in the global semiconductor supply chain.
India's Semiconductor Industry and Market Growth:
- Market Size (2023): Estimated at $38 billion.
- Projected Growth: Expected to grow to $109 billion by 2030.
- Government Initiatives: Several initiatives have been launched to promote domestic semiconductor manufacturing, including the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) and the Semicon India Program.
India Semiconductor Mission (ISM):
- Objective: To build a self-reliant semiconductor ecosystem in India.
- Launched: 2021 with a financial outlay of ?76,000 crore.
- Scope: Covers semiconductor fabs, packaging, display manufacturing, Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Testing (OSAT), sensors, and other critical components.
- Support Schemes: Includes Modified Schemes for setting up Semiconductor and Display Fabs, as well as support for Compound Semiconductors, Silicon Photonics, and Sensors.
Key Projects in Semiconductor Industry:
- Morigaon Facility: Part of the broader government-backed initiative to enhance semiconductor production in India.
- Other Facilities: New semiconductor units by Tata Electronics (Dholera, Gujarat), CG Power (Sanand, Gujarat), and KaynesSemicon Pvt Ltd (Sanand, Gujarat).
- Modernization: The Semi-Conductor Laboratory in Mohali is being modernized, alongside initiatives like the Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors (SPECS) and the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme.
Strategic Importance of Semiconductors:
- Role in Modern Electronics: Semiconductors are critical for a wide range of devices like computers, smartphones, solar cells, LEDs, and integrated circuits.
- Global Dependence: The global semiconductor market has significant reliance on suppliers like Taiwan (44%), China (28%), and South Korea (12%).
- Global Shortage: The 2021 chip shortage highlighted the vulnerability of global supply chains, prompting efforts by countries to boost domestic semiconductor production.
Government Support for Semiconductor Manufacturing:
- Financial Incentives: The government offers fiscal support for setting up semiconductor manufacturing plants:
- 50% of project cost support under the Semiconductor Fab Scheme and the Display Fab Scheme.
- Support for Compound Semiconductors and Chips to Startup (C2S) initiatives.
- Training 85,000 engineers through the C2S Programme in collaboration with academic institutions, R&D organizations, and MSMEs.
e-Tarang System
- 18 Nov 2024
In News:
Recently, the Ministry of Defence launched the AI-enabled e-Tarang System.
Key Highlights:
- Development Collaboration: Created in partnership with Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N).
- Purpose:
- Improve planning for interference-free operation of defence equipment during both wartime and peacetime.
- Enable automated, efficient planning and management of Defence Spectrum.
- Support the development of newer technologies in higher frequency bands.
- Facilitate rapid decision-making and integration of critical modern defence technologies.
BISAG-N Overview:
- Status: Autonomous Scientific Society under the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India.
- Key Roles:
- Technology development and management.
- Research and development in geo-spatial technologies.
- National and international cooperation in geo-spatial fields.
- Capacity building and entrepreneurship development in geo-spatial technology.
- Core Domains:
- Satellite Communication
- Geo-informatics
- Geo-spatial Technology
Joint Electromagnetic Board (JEMB) – Annual Meeting Highlights:
- Chairperson: Air Marshal Jeetendra Mishra, Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Operations).
- Attendees: Senior officers from the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, DRDO, DDP, and industry.
- Agenda: Focused on joint operations and integration in several areas:
- Electronic Warfare (EW)
- Signature Management
- Emerging Technologies
- Electromagnetic Interference/Compatibility (EMI/EMC)
- Spectrum Management
- Human Resource Management
- Key Outcome:
- Introduction of the AI-enabled e-Tarang System to enhance Defence Spectrum management.
- Release of the Technical News Letter (TNL) 2024, outlining future technologies for modern warfare.
- Development of a roadmap to enhance Spectrum Warfare capabilities and integration of EW assets across the three Services.
- Successful joint EW exercise conducted in September 2024, promoting the principle of “Victory through Jointness”.
Objective of the Meeting:
- Goal: Achieve synergy in joint electronic warfare operations across the Services.
- Focus: Establish technology development and training priorities for the future.
Exercise PoorviPrahar
- 17 Nov 2024
In News:
- From November 10 to 18, 2024, the Indian Army is conducting a high-intensity tri-services exercise named PoorviPrahar in the forward areas of Arunachal Pradesh.
- The exercise aims to enhance the combat effectiveness and coordination between the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, focusing on integrated joint operations in the challenging mountainous terrain of the region.
About Exercise PoorviPrahar
Objective: The primary goal of Exercise PoorviPrahar is to hone the combat readiness and synergy across the three branches of the Indian Armed Forces. It is designed to improve their ability to conduct integrated joint operations, especially in the difficult terrain of Arunachal Pradesh, which is crucial due to the region's strategic location along India's eastern frontier.
Key Features of the Exercise:
- Multidomain Integration:The exercise involves land, air, and sea operations, demonstrating India's capability to conduct multi-domain operations. This showcases the Indian Armed Forces' preparedness to tackle threats across all three domains simultaneously.
- Advanced Military Platforms:
- Aircraft: Advanced fighter jets, reconnaissance aircraft.
- Helicopters: Including Chinook heavy-lift helicopters and Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH Rudra).
- Artillery: The exercise makes use of the M777 Ultra-Light Howitzers, which provide mobility and precision firepower in rugged terrains.
- Swarm Drones and Loitering Munitions: These cutting-edge technologies enable precision strikes and enhanced situational awareness, contributing to more flexible and adaptive operations.
- Technological Integration:
- The exercise integrates next-generation technologies like Swarm Drones, Loitering Munitions, and First-Person View (FPV) Drones. These tools enhance operational flexibility, improve situational awareness, and enable precision in strike capabilities, marking a significant advancement in India's military technology.
- Operational Coordination:A core component of the exercise is the development of a Common Operating Picture (COP). This system integrates real-time data from land, air, and sea operations, improving coordination and decision-making. The system relies on AI-driven analytics and satellite communications, enabling rapid information sharing and quicker response times.
- Tactical Focus on Mountain Warfare:Arunachal Pradesh, with its mountainous and rugged terrain, is the perfect setting for honing skills required for mountain warfare. The region’s proximity to India’s border with China makes it a critical area for India’s defense strategy.
Key Takeaways:
- Integrated Joint Operations: The exercise focuses on improving the coordination between the Army, Navy, and Air Force to execute seamless operations across land, air, and sea.
- Advanced Technology Integration: The exercise features the use of Swarm Drones, Loitering Munitions, and AI-driven systems to enhance precision, situational awareness, and overall operational flexibility.
- Mountain Warfare Expertise: Conducted in the mountainous terrain of Arunachal Pradesh, the exercise is crucial for preparing the Indian Armed Forces to operate effectively in such challenging landscapes.
- Strategic Posture: The exercise reaffirms India’s ability to defend its Eastern frontier and maintain a robust defense posture in the face of potential threats in the region.
Unified Complex Radio Antenna
- 17 Nov 2024
In News:
- India and Japan recently signed a Memorandum of Implementation (MoI) to co-develop the UNICORN (Unified Complex Radio Antenna) mast for deployment on Indian Navy ships. This pact marks a significant milestone as it is India's first military technology transfer agreement with Japan.
- The deal follows a 2015 agreement on the transfer of defense equipment and technology, further strengthening defense ties between the two countries.
- The UNICORN mast is a cutting-edge communication and radar system designed to enhance the stealth characteristics of naval vessels. This agreement is seen as an important step towards deepening India-Japan defense cooperation.
What is UNICORN?
The UNICORN mast is an advanced, integrated antenna system that combines several communication and radar components into a single conical structure or radome (a radar-absorbing dome). It is designed to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) of ships, improving their stealth capabilities.
Key features of the UNICORN mast include:
- Integration of multiple antennas: It consolidates various antennas used for tactical data links, communications, and navigation systems (e.g., TACAN - Tactical Air Navigation System).
- Stealth enhancement: By reducing the number of exposed components and consolidating them into a single radome, the mast significantly lowers the ship’s radar signature, making it harder to detect.
- Improved performance: The mast design minimizes mutual interference between antennas, enhances maintainability, and increases lightning resistance.
- Space efficiency: It saves valuable below-deck space and reduces ship-building time by integrating multiple systems into one mast.
The UNICORN system is currently deployed on Mogami-class frigates of the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force.
India-Japan Defense Cooperation
- 2015 Defense Technology Transfer Agreement: This pact established a framework for defense cooperation between India and Japan, paving the way for joint projects like the UNICORN mast.
- Bilateral Military Exercises:
- Veer Guardian 2023: A bilateral exercise conducted between the Japan Air Self Defence Force (JASDF) and the Indian Air Force (IAF), which deepened defense interoperability between the two nations.
- Tarang Shakti 2024: The first multilateral air exercise hosted by the Indian Air Force, with Japanese fighter aircraft participating.
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development: Japan has also provided financial aid for infrastructure development in India’s strategically located Andaman and Nicobar Islands, contributing to enhancing India’s maritime security in the region.
Red-Headed Vulture
- 17 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Red-Headed Vulture, a critically endangered species, has been sighted for the first time in Kasaragod, Kerala, marking an important addition to the region’s avian biodiversity. This rare sighting occurred at Manhampothikunnu near Mavungal. Prior to this, the species was predominantly seen in the Wayanad region of Kerala.
- This discovery brings the total number of bird species recorded in Kasaragod to 407, showcasing the district's growing avian diversity.
About the Red-Headed Vulture:
- The Red-Headed Vulture (also known as the Asian King Vulture or Pondicherry Vulture) is one of the rarest and most critically endangered species of vultures in India. It is known for its distinctive scarlet red head and black body with a white patch on the abdomen.
- Physical Features: The bird is medium-sized, weighing around 5 kg, with a wingspan of up to 2.5 meters and a length of 80 cm. It is typically solitary, often found alone or with a mate.
- Distribution: Historically found in Central India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and parts of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, the Red-Headed Vulture’s numbers have drastically declined in recent decades.
Conservation Status:
- IUCN Red List: The Red-Headed Vulture is classified as Critically Endangered.
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: It is listed under Schedule 1, offering it the highest level of legal protection.
- CITES: The species is also listed in Appendix II, indicating that it requires international conservation efforts to prevent it from becoming endangered.
Threats to Vultures:
- Diclofenac Poisoning: The significant decline in vulture populations in India, including the Red-Headed Vulture, is primarily due to the widespread use of diclofenac (a veterinary drug) to treat livestock. When vultures consume the carcasses of treated animals, they ingest the toxic drug, leading to kidney failure and death.
- Other threats include pesticide contamination, lead poisoning, habitat loss, and collisions with man-made structures like power lines and wind turbines.
Conservation Efforts in India:
- India has undertaken various efforts to protect vultures, including banning diclofenac in 2006 and expanding the ban to other harmful drugs like ketoprofen and aceclofenac in 2023.
- Vulture Conservation Breeding Centres (VCBCs): These centers are focused on captive breeding and reintroduction programs for vultures, helping to increase their populations. The Jatayu Conservation and Breeding Centre in Uttar Pradesh is one of the latest initiatives, set up to protect and rehabilitate vultures.
- Vulture Safe Zones have been created across India, providing safe habitats for vulture species to recover.
- Vulture Restaurant Initiative: In some regions, safe feeding centers (such as in Jharkhand) have been established, where vultures are provided uncontaminated carcasses, reducing their exposure to toxic substances.
- Legal Protection: Several species of vultures, including the Red-Headed Vulture, are protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, ensuring stringent legal measures against poaching and habitat destruction.
Global Conservation Efforts:
- India’s vulture conservation initiatives are part of a broader international effort under the SAVE (Saving Asia’s Vultures from Extinction) programme, which involves multiple regional and global organizations working to protect vulture species in South Asia.
Bali Jatra Cuttack Utsav 2024
- 17 Nov 2024
In News:
- Bali Jatra 2024 is being held from November 15 to November 22 in Cuttack, Odisha.
- The festival celebrates Odisha’s ancient maritime history and its cultural and trade links with Southeast Asia.
- The event has gained international attention due to the participation of diplomats and cultural troupes from ASEAN, BIMSTEC, and Pacific Island countries.
Historical and Cultural Significance:
- Bali Jatra ("Voyage to Bali") commemorates the 2,000-year-old maritime trade routes between ancient Kalinga (modern-day Odisha) and Southeast Asia, including regions like Bali, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Burma (Myanmar), and Sri Lanka.
- The festival honors the skills of Kalinga sailors who contributed to the prosperity of the region through trade, including commodities like pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, silk, camphor, gold, and jewelry.
- It highlights Odisha’s maritime legacy and the cultural exchanges between India and Southeast Asia, particularly the cultural influence of Odia merchants on Bali.
Commercial and Economic Aspects:
- Bali Jatra is Asia’s largest open-air trade fair, featuring over 2,500 stalls selling a variety of products including artisanal crafts, household items, and food.
- The event is a major commercial activity with business transactions estimated to exceed ?100 crore over the course of the festival.
- The festival provides an opportunity for both local and national traders to exhibit products at competitive prices.
Cultural Performances and International Participation:
- The festival includes daily cultural performances showcasing Odissi dance, Chhau dance, Bihu, Mahari, Gotipua, Sambalpuri, and Santali folk dances.
- This year, cultural troupes from countries like Indonesia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka have participated, enhancing the international profile of the festival.
- Diplomats, including Ambassadors, High Commissioners, and Heads of Mission from 14 countries attended the inaugural ceremony.
Historical Background of Bali Jatra:
- The festival is linked to Kartika Purnima, the full moon night of the month of Kartika, marking the annual migration of traders from Odisha to Southeast Asia.
- Traders used boats called Boitas to travel to distant lands, which is now symbolically represented in the festival.
- The event’s cultural significance extends to the recognition of Odisha’s historic maritime routes, with ports like Tamralipti, Manikpatna, Chelitalo, Palur, and Pithunda playing key roles in global trade from as early as the 4th century BC.
Kalinga's Maritime Influence:
- The Kalinga Empire (present-day Odisha) had significant influence over the Bay of Bengal, referred to as the Kalinga Sea.
- Kalinga’s dominance in maritime trade is reflected in Kalidasa's Raghuvamsa, where the King of Kalinga is called "Lord of the Sea."
- Kalinga's Boitas (ships) were instrumental in connecting India with the Southeast Asian archipelago, including Bali.
Cultural Linkages with Bali:
- Odisha's trade with Bali influenced the culture, religion, and architecture of the region.
- Balinese Hinduism today still reflects Indian influences, with worship of Hindu deities like Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, and Ganesha.
- The MasakapankeTukad festival in Bali, similar to Bali Jatra in Odisha, is a tribute to the maritime ancestors of Bali and commemorates the long-standing cultural ties.
Recognition and Milestones:
- Bali Jatra 2022 achieved a Guinness World Record for creating the largest collection of origami sculptures.
- The festival has evolved from a traditional trade fair to an international cultural event that highlights Odisha’s historical role in global trade and cultural exchanges.
TarunerSwapno Scheme
- 17 Nov 2024
In News:
Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee has ordered an inquiry after some intended beneficiaries of the ‘Taruner Swapna’ scheme, an initiative of the TMC government, alleged that they did not receive Rs 10,000 meant for the purchase of tablets (mobile device with a touchscreen display, rechargeable battery, and mobile operating system).
Overview:
- Aimed at bridging the digital divide by providing ?10,000 to Class 11 and 12 students in West Bengal for purchasing smartphones/tablets.
- In FY 2024-25, ?900 crore allocated for the scheme, targeting 16 lakh students.
- The main objective of the scheme is to provide scholarship to the students. So that the student can use their scholarship to buy a smartphone and tablet and can get education through online medium.
- This scheme will prove to be effective in making the future of the students bright and will also prove to be effective in strengthening them technically.
- Eligibility criteria for the scheme:
- Applicant must be a permanent resident of West Bengal State.
- The applicant should be a student.
- Students of 11th and 12th will be eligible for this scheme.
- The annual income of the family of the applicant student should not exceed Rs 2 lakh.
- Students with backlog are not eligible as this grant is for one-time only.
- This scheme will make the students technically strong and they will be able to improve their future with technology.
- Students of government/government-aided/sponsored schools and madrassas can avail assistance.
- TarunerSwapno Yojana will bridge the digital divide among students and facilitate modern education.
Europe’s Digital Euro
- 16 Nov 2024
In News:
The digital euro, a central bank digital currency (CBDC) being developed by the European Central Bank (ECB), aims to revolutionize Europe’s digital payment landscape. However, while the ECB has marketed it as a convenient, free, anonymous, and reliable alternative to existing cashless options like credit cards and mobile payment apps, the true purpose of the digital euro goes beyond these simplified claims.
Key Aspects of the Digital Euro
- Direct Issuance by the ECB: Unlike traditional digital payments that rely on intermediaries like banks or payment service providers, the digital euro is issued directly by the European Central Bank. This allows for peer-to-peer transactions without the need for third-party banks or payment gateways. It can be used for offline transactions, which is a major technical innovation that sets it apart from other digital currencies.
- A Digital Version of Cash: The digital euro is essentially a digital version of legal tender (cash), providing an alternative to cash in a world increasingly dominated by digital payments. Its key feature is direct payment between users, bypassing the traditional banking system. It aims to offer the same advantages as cash, such as anonymity, but with the convenience of digital transactions.
- Cost Reduction and Micro-Payments: The digital euro promises to lower transaction costs, especially for micro-payments that are currently prohibitively expensive using conventional bank transfers or digital services like PayPal. This cost efficiency is intended to enable new business models by lowering the friction in digital transactions, thus encouraging innovation in commerce.
The ECB’s Claims vs. the Real Motivation
While the ECB portrays the digital euro as a means to make payments easier, faster, and more secure, there is an underlying political and economic agenda that goes beyond improving consumer convenience.
- Sovereignty and Competition: One of the main drivers behind the digital euro is Europe’s desire to assert its digital sovereignty. The ECB positions the digital euro as a tool to strengthen the euro’s competitiveness against non-European payment providers, particularly those from the United States like PayPal, Apple Pay, and Google Pay. The EU is concerned that foreign companies may dominate the digital payment landscape, thereby reducing Europe's ability to control its own financial systems.
- This is a defensive measure to protect European financial interests. By creating a state-backed alternative to privately controlled digital payment systems, the EU aims to ensure that Europe does not become reliant on foreign corporations for essential services.
- Not About Citizens’ Convenience Alone: While the ECB frames the digital euro as a user-friendly solution for consumers, the real concern is about the control over digital currency. The digital euro offers a more centralized alternative compared to the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. The ECB aims to harness the power of the state in regulating and controlling digital transactions, thus consolidating private property and ensuring the smooth functioning of Europe’s monetary policies.
- A Tool for Strengthening the Euro: The digital euro is also seen as part of Europe’s broader ambition to establish the euro as a dominant global currency. As the first fully-regulated digital currency issued by a central bank, it could position the euro to compete against other digital currencies, including the digital yuan or the U.S. dollar. The EU sees the digital euro as a way to expand its geopolitical influence by promoting its own currency as a global standard for digital payments.
Commemoration of Birsa Munda’s 150th Birth Anniversary
- 16 Nov 2024
In News:
On November 15, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched a commemorative stamp and coin to mark the 150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda, a prominent tribal freedom fighter and leader from Jharkhand.
Key Points about Birsa Munda:
- Iconic Tribal Leader: Birsa Munda, born in 1875, is often referred to as ‘Bhagwan’ (God) and ‘DhartiAaba’ (Father of the Earth) by the tribal communities. He is celebrated for his leadership in the fight against the exploitation of tribal people by both the British and non-tribal settlers.
- Ulgulan Movement: Birsa Munda led the Ulgulan (Great Tumult) against the alienation of land, forced labour, and the illegal appropriation of tribal land in the Chotanagpur Plateau. His efforts were critical in mobilizing tribal communities and challenging the colonial order.
- Religious and Social Reformer: He founded the Birsait faith, focusing on spiritual practices that emphasized prayer, worship of God, and abstaining from alcohol, fostering unity and resilience among tribal communities.
- Death and Legacy: Birsa Munda died in 1900 in British custody at the young age of 25. Despite his early death, his legacy lives on as a symbol of tribal pride and resistance.
- Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas: Since 2021, the Government of India observes November 15 as Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas (Tribal Pride Day) in honor of Birsa Munda's birth anniversary, recognizing the contributions of tribal communities and their role in India's history.
- Highlights of the 2024 Commemoration:
- Commemorative Stamp and Coin: To mark the 150th birth anniversary, the Prime Minister unveiled a commemorative stamp and coin in Bihar's Jamui district. This serves as a tribute to Munda's sacrifices for the country.
- Year-Long Celebrations: The 2024 event marks the beginning of year-long celebrations to commemorate Birsa Munda’s legacy, with a focus on tribal welfare and recognition of their historical contributions.
- Welfare Projects and Initiatives:
- Prime Minister Modi inaugurated and laid the foundation for tribal welfare projects worth over ?6,640 crore.
- The PM launched two tribal freedom fighter museums and tribal research institutes.
- 1.16 lakh homes were sanctioned under the Dharti Aba Janjati Gram Utkarsh Yojana.
- 25,000 homes for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) were approved under the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) scheme.
- The launch of 50 mobile medical units aims to improve healthcare access in tribal regions.
- 10 Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) were inaugurated to promote education for tribal students.
- DhartiAabaJanjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan:
- The DhartiAabaJanjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan aims to address gaps in social infrastructure, health, education, and livelihood in tribal-majority villages.
- The initiative is being implemented across 63,000 villages with the involvement of 17 ministries and departments.
- PM-JANMAN Scheme for PVTGs:
- Launched in November 2023, the PM-JANMAN initiative aims to uplift Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) through various interventions like safe housing, clean drinking water, healthcare, education, and sustainable livelihoods. The scheme also supports Van Dhan Vikas Kendras for the trade of forest produce and solar-powered systems for households in tribal areas.
Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR)
- 16 Nov 2024
In News:
The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has launched the Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) program to significantly boost research and innovation across Indian universities, especially those with limited research infrastructure. The program is designed to bring about a transformative change in India's academic research ecosystem, aligning with the broader goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
Key Details:
- Launch Date: November 2024
- Ministry/Department: Department of Science and Technology (DST)
- Objective:
- To elevate research capabilities in universities that have limited resources by pairing them with well-established, top-tier institutions.
- To foster collaborations that can help these emerging universities enhance their research quality, drive innovation, and make significant, globally competitive research contributions.
- Operational Model: Hub-and-Spoke Framework
- Hub Institutions: These are well-established, top-tier institutions that will serve as mentors to less-researched universities. The hubs will be selected from:
- The top 25 institutions in the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF).
- Institutions of National Importance ranked in the top 50 NIRF.
- Spoke Institutions: These are emerging universities or institutions with limited research infrastructure. These will include:
- Central and State Public Universities ranked within the top 200 NIRF Overall.
- Top 100 NIRF University/State Public Universities.
- Select NITs and IIITs.
- Hub Institutions: These are well-established, top-tier institutions that will serve as mentors to less-researched universities. The hubs will be selected from:
- Funding:
- The program has a budget allocation of up to ?100 crore per PAIR network.
- Distribution of Funds:
- 30% for the Hub institution.
- 70% for the Spoke institutions.
- Private Institutions serving as hubs will need to contribute 25% of their allocated budget.
- Mentorship & Research Focus:
- Hubs will provide mentorship to spoke institutions, guiding them in various aspects of research such as access to resources, advanced infrastructure, and best practices.
- The collaboration is expected to enhance research capabilities, foster innovation, and encourage the development of collaborative networks across institutions.
- Regional Diversity & Inclusion:
- The program ensures regional diversity, with at least one spoke institution located outside the hub's state.
- It also allows the inclusion of one promising university from Category III institutions that may not meet the eligibility criteria but show potential for growth in research.
- Phase-wise Rollout:
- The first phase will focus on institutions ranked within the top 25 NIRF and Institutions of National Importance.
- Future phases will expand the scope, allowing more universities and institutions to participate.
- Goals Aligned with NEP 2020:
- Fostering Research Excellence: By partnering top institutions with emerging ones, PAIR seeks to improve the quality of research in India’s higher education sector.
- Promoting Regional Diversity: Ensuring a geographically diverse set of institutions participate in the research ecosystem.
- Strengthening Innovation: Helping universities in less-researched areas to compete on an international level, particularly in cutting-edge and impactful research.
- Program Implementation:
- Prospective Program Directors from eligible Hub institutions are invited to apply online for the program at ANRF PAIR Application Portal.
About ANRF:
- ANRF was established under the ANRF Act 2023 as an apex body to provide strategic direction for scientific research in India.
- With the formation of ANRF, the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), previously established under an act of Parliament in 2008, has been subsumed into ANRF.
Global Maritime Conference
- 16 Nov 2024
In News:
In a bid to enhance India’s clout in the global merchant shipping sector, the government recently hosted a two-day global maritime conference – Sagarmanthan: The Great Oceans Dialogue.
Key Highlights:
- Purpose of the Conference:
- To enhance India's maritime influence and position India as a key player in the global maritime sector, especially in merchant shipping and maritime trade.
- To showcase India's ambitions in expanding its role in global maritime trade, governance, and collaboration.
- India's Maritime Ambitions:
- Despite being the most populous nation and one of the largest global economies, India’s maritime clout has been relatively lower than expected.
- The dialogue aims to shift global attention towards India's growing role and contributions to maritime trade and shipping.
- India's Maritime Growth:
- India contributed to 16% of global maritime growth in 2023 and is on track to become the third-largest global economy within three years.
- As India’s economic and geopolitical influence expands, maritime governance will become increasingly significant, necessitating deeper international collaborations in commerce, connectivity, and trade.
- Focus Areas of the Dialogue:
- Global Maritime Trade: India's expanding role in international shipping, trade routes, and maritime security.
- International Collaborations: Promoting deeper engagement in maritime governance and policy-making ecosystems.
- Human Well-being: Highlighting the role of maritime trade in supporting human welfare, particularly in the context of sustainable development and climate change.
- Significance for India:
- The conference serves as a platform to discuss India’s aspirations, policies, and presence in global maritime affairs.
- It is an opportunity to strengthen maritime relations and address issues of global relevance such as trade routes, shipping governance, and environmental sustainability
1st Bodoland Mohotsav
- 16 Nov 2024
In News:
- Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the 1st Bodoland Mohotsava two-day event focused on language, literature, and culture.
- Objective: Aims to promote peace, unity, and a vibrant Bodo society through cultural integration. The festival celebrates the rich Bodo culture and heritage.
Historical Context and Peace Initiatives:
- End of Violence: The event marks the end of 50 years of violence, following the Bodo Peace Accord (2020), which ended conflict in Bodoland and led to a path of peace and development.
- Peace Agreements: The Bodo Peace Accord served as a catalyst for other peace settlements, such as the KarbiAnglong Accord, Bru-Reang Accord, and NLFT-Tripura Accord.
Development in Bodoland Post-Peace Accord:
- Impact of the Peace Accord:
- Over 10,000 youth in Assam have renounced violence and joined the mainstream of development.
- Increased mutual trust between the people and the government.
- Economic Assistance:
- Rs 1,500 crore special package by the central government.
- Rs 700 crore spent on infrastructure development in education, health, and culture in Bodoland.
- Rs 5 lakh assistance for families affected by the Bodo conflict.
Government Support for Socio-Economic Development:
- Skill Development & SEED Mission:Focus on skilling, entrepreneurship, employment, and development through the SEED Mission for youth empowerment.
- Rehabilitation of Former Cadres:
- Over 4,000 former cadres of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) have been rehabilitated.
- Many youths have been recruited into Assam Police.
- Tourism & Employment:Growing tourism in Bodoland, with parks like Manas National Park and Raimona National Park, creating employment opportunities for youth.
Cultural Promotion:
- Bodo Culture and GI Tags:Promoting Bodo crafts like Aronnaye, Dokhona, Gamsa, etc., that have received Geographical Indication (GI) tags to preserve cultural identity.
- Bodoland Handloom Mission & Sericulture:Government efforts to promote sericulture and the Bodoland Handloom Mission to sustain Bodo weaving traditions.
- Literary Celebrations:
- Continuous Bodoland Literary Festival in Kokrajhar, enhancing the importance of Bodo literature and language.
- Celebration of Bodo Sahitya Sabha’s 73rd foundation day.
Key Government Initiatives for Development:
- Infrastructure Development:
- Rs 800 crore annually being spent by the Assam government for the development of Bodoland.
- Focus on healthcare, education, and employment.
- Medical Education:Expansion of medical colleges in Assam from 6 to 12, with plans for 12 more new colleges.
Operation Dronagiri
- 15 Nov 2024
In News:
- Recently, the Operation Dronagiri, launched under the National Geospatial Policy 2022 by the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
- Objective: It is a pilot project under India’s National Geospatial Policy 2022 aimed at showcasing the potential of geospatial technologies in sectors such as Agriculture, Livelihoods, and Logistics & Transport to improve quality of life and ease of doing business.
- Implementation:
- The first phase will cover five states: Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
- Sectors Targeted: The focus will be on demonstrating the integration of geospatial data to solve real-world challenges in agriculture, transportation, and livelihoods.
National Geospatial Policy 2022
- Context: The National Geospatial Policy 2022 is aimed at liberalizing geospatial data and enabling widespread access and use of geospatial technologies across various sectors of governance, business, and development.
- Goals:
- Development of Geospatial Infrastructure: Promoting the creation of a robust infrastructure to make spatial data more accessible and usable.
- Geospatial Skill Development: Focus on creating a workforce proficient in geospatial technologies.
- Implementation of Standards: Establishing clear standards for geospatial data to ensure consistency and interoperability.
Role of Integrated Geospatial Data Sharing Interface (GDI)
- Launch: Alongside Operation Dronagiri, the Integrated Geospatial Data Sharing Interface (GDI) was also unveiled.
- Purpose: GDI is designed to facilitate seamless data sharing, access, and analysis of geospatial data.
- Key Features:
- Data Exchange: Enables smooth sharing of geospatial data for urban planning, disaster management, and environmental monitoring.
- Privacy and Security: Built with advanced data exchange protocols and privacy-preserving features to ensure secure data sharing.
- Collaboration: It will promote collaboration among stakeholders, including government agencies, industry, and startups, to unlock actionable insights for decision-making.
- Key Features:
Potential Applications of Geospatial Data
- Urban Planning: Assisting cities in designing efficient infrastructure.
- Disaster Management: Providing real-time data for better disaster response.
- Environmental Monitoring: Supporting initiatives for environmental protection and sustainability.
- Agriculture: Precision farming, crop monitoring, and improving supply chains.
- Logistics & Transport: Streamlining transportation networks, reducing traffic, and improving delivery systems.
Grand Challenge for Startups
- Objective: A Grand Challenge was announced as part of the initiative to support startups in developing Proofs of Concept (POCs) targeting specific problems in the focus sectors.
- Role of Startups: The challenge encourages innovation by early-stage and growth-stage startups in geospatial technology, offering mentorship, resources, and access to datasets.
- Geospatial Innovation Accelerators:
- The Geospatial Innovation Accelerators (GIAs) at prestigious institutions like IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIM Calcutta, and IIT Ropar will support this effort.
- Mentorship and Resources: These accelerators will provide the necessary support for startups to turn their innovations into scalable solutions.
Key Stakeholders and Operational Arms
- Geospatial Innovation Cell (DST): Responsible for overseeing the project’s implementation and execution.
- Navavishkar I-Hub Foundation (IITTNiF): Will manage the operational activities of Operation Dronagiri.
- Partnering Institutions: GIAs at IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIM Calcutta, and IIT Ropar will be the operational arms.
- Private Sector Involvement: Significant involvement of private sector companies, including startups, is crucial to ensuring the success and scalability of the project.
Impact and Significance
- Socioeconomic Benefits: The integration of geospatial data into agriculture, transport, and logistics will improve efficiency, reduce costs, and boost economic activity in critical sectors.
- Geospatial Innovation: The initiative marks a significant step towards making India a global leader in geospatial technology and positioning the country as a hub for innovative solutions using geospatial data.
- Government Engagement: The project will involve various government departments and corporates in a public-private partnership (PPP) model, similar to the successful implementation of the UPI payment system.
Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-professionals Scheme (MATES)
- 15 Nov 2024
In News:
Australia has come up with a new scheme that allows talented young people from India to work in the country for some time.
What is the MATES Scheme?
- Full Name: Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-professionals Scheme (MATES).
- Objective: To provide Indian university graduates and early-career professionals with an opportunity to live and work in Australia for up to two years.
- Establishment: The scheme is part of the Migration and Mobility Partnership Arrangement (MMPA) between Australia and India, signed on May 23, 2023.
- Launch Date: MATES will open for applicants in December 2024.
Eligibility Criteria
- Age: Applicants must be 30 years or younger at the time of application.
- Educational Qualifications: Must have graduated within the last two years from an eligible institution with a Bachelor’s degree or higher in one of the following fields:
- Renewable Energy
- Mining
- Engineering
- Information Communications Technology (ICT)
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Financial Technology (FinTech)
- Agricultural Technology (AgriTech)
- English Proficiency: A minimum score of 6 overall in IELTS (or equivalent), with at least 5 in each module.
- Institutional Criteria: Graduates must be from the top 100 Indian universities as per the NIRF Ranking 2024 (e.g., Panjab University, Chandigarh University, Thapar Institute of Engineering, Lovely Professional University).
- Previous Participation: Applicants must not have previously participated in the MATES scheme.
Key Features of the MATES Scheme
- No Employer Sponsorship Required: Applicants are not required to have sponsorship from an Australian employer.
- Visa Duration: The visa allows a stay of up to 2 years in Australia, with multiple entries permitted.
- Dependents: Visa holders can bring dependents (spouse and children). Dependents will have work rights in Australia but will not count towards the annual cap.
- Visa Application Process:
- The visa will be granted through a ballot system (random selection).
- Application Fee: AUD 25.
- Shortlisted candidates will proceed to further formalities.
Program Features
- Targeted Sectors: MATES focuses on key sectors such as renewable energy, mining, engineering, ICT, AI, FinTech, and AgriTech, aligning with Australia’s demand for skilled professionals in these areas.
- Pilot Program: Initially, the scheme will offer 3,000 places per year for primary applicants.
- Work Flexibility: While the visa does not require applicants to work in their nominated field, it is designed to help young professionals expand their skills and network in Australia’s key industries.
Additional Benefits
- Career Development: Participants will gain international work experience, expanding their professional network and skills.
- Cultural Exchange: The scheme also promotes cultural exchange between India and Australia, fostering stronger bilateral relations.
- Pathway for Future Opportunities: Participants may apply for further temporary or permanent residence in Australia, provided they meet the eligibility requirements.
Impact and Significance
- Bilateral Cooperation: The MMPA, under which MATES is established, enhances migration and mobility between India and Australia while addressing concerns related to illegal migration.
- Youth Empowerment: The scheme offers young professionals a platform to develop their careers internationally, particularly in sectors of global relevance like AI, FinTech, and renewable energy.
- Skill Development: MATES aims to bridge skill gaps in Australia by attracting Indian professionals to key sectors where expertise is in high demand.
- Global Talent Mobility: This scheme supports the global mobility of young talent and strengthens the India-Australia economic and educational partnership.
Know Your Medicine (KYM) App
- 15 Nov 2024
In News:
Union Minister for Youth Affairs & Sports, Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya, has launched a nationwide appeal to strengthen the fight against doping in sports, urging athletes, coaches, and the entire sporting community to embrace the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) India's ‘Know Your Medicine (KYM)’ app.
Introduction to KYM App
- Launch: The app was launched by Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya, Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports, to combat doping in sports.
- Developer: National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) India.
- Purpose: To prevent inadvertent doping by allowing athletes to check whether a medicine contains substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
Key Features of the KYM App
- Medicine Verification: The app enables athletes to verify if any medicine or its ingredients contain banned substances listed by WADA.
- Image and Audio Search: Unique search features help users easily search for specific sport-related information.
- Customizable Search: Users can select their sport category and receive relevant, sport-specific information.
- User-Friendly: Designed for athletes, coaches, and sports professionals to quickly verify medicines and ensure clean competition.
Importance of KYM App
- Supporting Clean Sports: The app promotes a fair and ethical sporting culture by reducing the risk of inadvertent doping.
- Integrity of Sports: Helps athletes avoid penalties or bans due to accidental doping, maintaining the integrity of the competition.
- Accessible Information: Provides easy access to information regarding medicines that may contain banned substances, which is crucial for athletes' health and careers.
NADA India's Mission
- Anti-Doping Awareness: The KYM app is part of NADA India’s broader initiative to educate athletes and raise awareness about the dangers of doping.
- Goal: To promote dope-free sports and ensure that athletes and coaches are equipped with the tools needed for compliance with anti-doping regulations.
NADA India: Background and Functions
- Established: NADA India was set up in November 2005 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
- Mission: To serve as the independent Anti-Doping Organization for India, aiming to create a doping-free sporting environment.
- Key Functions:
- Implementing Anti-Doping Code: Ensuring compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code among all sports organizations in India.
- Dope Testing Program: Coordinating a national dope testing program with stakeholders across various sports.
- Promoting Research and Education: Encouraging research on anti-doping and educating athletes on the importance of staying clean.
- Adopting Best Practices: Ensuring the implementation of high-quality standards for anti-doping programs.
Impact and Significance
- Preventing Doping: The KYM app helps prevent inadvertent doping incidents by providing athletes with the necessary tools to check their medicines.
- Supporting Athletes: It provides athletes with a reliable way to avoid banned substances in over-the-counter medications, thus safeguarding their careers.
- National and International Compliance: Supports India’s commitment to complying with international anti-doping norms, contributing to a global effort to maintain fairness in sports.
Operation Kawach
- 15 Nov 2024
In News:
The Delhi Police recently initiated Operation Kawach, arresting and detaining around 1,000 people in an attempt to crack down on various gangs and their operations in the wake of the recent incidents of shootings reported in the city.
Overview of Operation Kawach
- Objective: A crackdown on gang-related violence, drug trafficking, and other illegal activities like possession of firearms, banned drugs, and liquor.
- Agencies Involved:Delhi Police (Local Police, Special Cell, and Crime Branch)
- Duration: Initiated on November 12, 2024 (5 PM) and continued until November 13, 2024 (5 PM).
Key Details of the Operation
- Arrests and Detentions:
- Around 1,000 people detained.
- 486 people apprehended in Outer North Delhi (20% juveniles).
- Arrests made in Dwarka, Southwest, and North Delhi.
- Key Gangs Targeted:
- Associated with notorious gangs led by Lawrence Bishnoi, Neeraj Bawana, Kaushal Chaudhary, TilluTajpuria, Kala Jatheri, Manjeet Mahal, and Nandu gangs.
- Charges: Involvement in activities like:
- Possession of illegal firearms.
- Trafficking of liquor and banned drugs (NDPS Act).
- Theft and other criminal activities.
Significance of Operation Kawach
- Public Safety: Aimed at dismantling organized crime networks to enhance safety and reduce violence in Delhi.
- Impact on Gangs: Directly targets high-profile criminals, including those involved in gang wars and drug trafficking.
- Strategic Law Enforcement: Strengthens law enforcement capabilities, working in coordination across multiple police units.
Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs)
- 15 Nov 2024
In News:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) retained the State Bank of India, HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs).
Overview of D-SIBs
- Definition: D-SIBs are banks that are 'Too Big to Fail' (TBTF) and their failure could significantly disrupt essential banking services, affecting the economy.
- RBI Classification: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has designated SBI, HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank as D-SIBs.
- Bucketing System: These banks are classified into different buckets based on their systemic importance.
Importance of D-SIBs
- Systemic Importance: Banks are considered systemically important due to their:
- Size
- Cross-jurisdictional activities
- Complexity
- Interconnectedness with the economy
- Impact of Failure: Failure of a D-SIB could cause significant disruption in the banking system and economy, impacting services like payments, loans, etc.
Why D-SIBs are Created
- Risk of Disruption: The failure of a large bank can disrupt essential services and lead to a broader economic crisis.
- TBTF Perception: These banks are often perceived as Too Big to Fail, leading to an expectation of government support during crises. This creates moral hazard, encouraging riskier behavior.
Assessment and Selection of D-SIBs
- Two-Step Process:
- Step 1: Selection of banks based on their size, complexity, and interconnectedness. Only banks with systemic importance are assessed (e.g., banks with assets > 2% of GDP).
- Step 2: Calculation of systemic importance score based on a range of indicators. Banks above a certain threshold are classified as D-SIBs.
- Indicators: Size (measured by Basel III Leverage Ratio Exposure Measure), interconnectedness, substitutability, and complexity are key factors.
Bucket Allocation and Capital Requirements
- D-SIBs are assigned to five buckets based on their systemic importance score:
- Bucket 1: Lowest capital surcharge (e.g., ICICI Bank).
- Bucket 5: Highest capital surcharge.
- Additional Capital Requirements:
- SBI: Additional 0.80% CET1 (Common Equity Tier 1) on Risk-Weighted Assets (RWAs).
- HDFC Bank: Additional 0.40% CET1.
- ICICI Bank: Additional 0.20% CET1.
- The higher the bucket, the higher the capital surcharge.
Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs)
- Global List: Identified by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) based on data from the previous year.
- 2023 G-SIB List includes banks like JP Morgan Chase, Bank of America, HSBC, etc.
- Capital Requirement for G-SIBs in India: Foreign G-SIBs with branch presence in India must meet additional CET1 requirements, proportional to their operations in India.
Key Terms
- Risk-Weighted Assets (RWAs): These are used to calculate the minimum capital a bank must hold. It accounts for the risk level of a bank’s assets.
- Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1): The highest quality of capital a bank can hold, primarily made up of common stock, to absorb losses in times of distress.
World Diabetes Day 2024
- 14 Nov 2024
In News:
- World Diabetes Day is observed on November 14th each year to raise awareness about diabetes, its prevention, and management.
- It was created by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
- Significance: Commemorates the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, who co-discovered insulin in 1922 alongside Charles Best.
- Theme (2024): "Access to Diabetes Care: Empowering Better Health for All".
History:
- Established in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and World Health Organization (WHO).
- Recognized as a global observance by the UN in 2006.
- Activities: Awareness campaigns, health check-ups, educational seminars, and lighting of Blue Circle Monuments worldwide as a symbol of unity in the fight against diabetes.
Global Diabetes Data (2022):
- Total Diabetic Adults: 828 million globally.
- India's Share: 212 million (approximately 25% of global cases).
- Other Countries:
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- China: 148 million.
- USA: 42 million.
- Pakistan: 36 million.
- Indonesia: 25 million.
- Brazil: 22 million.
Risk Factors for Diabetes:
- Global Factors: Obesity and poor diets are key contributors.
- India-Specific Factors: Dietary habits, lack of exercise, and socio-economic disparities contribute significantly to the high prevalence.
Untreated Cases:
- Global untreated cases (2022): 445 million (59% of diabetics globally).
- India untreated cases (2022): 133 million (64 million men, 69 million women).
- Complications: Untreated diabetes leads to severe health complications, including heart disease, kidney failure, and premature death.
Types of Diabetes:
- Diabetes Mellitus: The most common type of diabetes, characterized by issues with insulin production or its efficient use.
- Type 1 Diabetes (T1D):
- Autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
- Primarily affects children and young adults.
- Type 2 Diabetes (T2D):
- Insulin resistance combined with reduced insulin production.
- Often linked to lifestyle factors like obesity and physical inactivity.
- Gestational Diabetes:
- Occurs in pregnant women, leading to high blood sugar.
- Typically resolves after childbirth.
- Diabetes Insipidus:
- Imbalance of water regulation due to inadequate secretion or response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- Leads to excessive urination and dehydration.
- Type 1 Diabetes (T1D):
Symptoms of Diabetes:
- Frequent urination.
- Excessive thirst and hunger.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Blurred vision.
- Fatigue.
- Slow-healing wounds.
Role of Insulin in Managing Diabetes:
- Function of Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.
- In Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin injections or pumps are essential for survival.
- In Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin or oral medications may be prescribed alongside lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise.
Government Initiatives in India:
- National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS): Focuses on awareness, early diagnosis, and management of diabetes.
- National Health Policy (2017): Aims to reduce premature deaths from non-communicable diseases by 25% by 2025.
- Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres: Provides free screenings and consultations for diabetes and other non-communicable diseases.
- Eat Right Movement: Promotes healthier dietary habits to combat obesity and reduce diabetes risks.
- School Health Programs: Aims to educate children on healthy lifestyles to prevent the early onset of Type 2 diabetes.
Decline in African Elephant Population
- 14 Nov 2024
In News:
- The population of African elephants has been declining rapidly, with data showing alarming drops across the African continent.
- Survey Period: The study covers population data from 475 sites in 37 countries over 52 years (1964-2016).
- Population Decrease:
- Savannah Elephants: A 70% decline on average across surveyed sites.
- Forest Elephants: A 90% decline on average across surveyed sites.
- Overall Impact: The study indicates a 77% average decline in elephant populations across both species.
Main Drivers of Decline
- Poaching: Illegal hunting for ivory and other body parts remains a major threat.
- Habitat Loss: Urbanization, agricultural expansion, and climate change are encroaching on the elephant’s natural habitats.
- Human-Elephant Conflict: Increased human settlements near elephant habitats lead to conflicts, further endangering elephant populations.
Species Overview
- Two Subspecies:
- Savannah Elephant (Loxodonta africana): Larger and more common, found in open savannas.
- Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis): Smaller and more elusive, found in dense rainforests.
- Conservation Status:
- Savannah Elephant: Endangered (IUCN).
- Forest Elephant: Critically Endangered (IUCN).
- CITES Listing: Both species are listed under CITES Appendix I, which bans international trade in endangered species.
Regional Impact
- Northern and Eastern Africa: These regions have seen drastic declines, particularly in the Sahel (Mali, Chad, Nigeria), where elephants have been extirpated (locally extinct) due to poaching and insufficient protection.
- Southern Africa: Positive Growth in some areas, particularly in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Namibia, where elephant populations are growing due to strong conservation efforts.
Conservation Success
- Southern Africa: 42% of the surveyed sites showed increasing elephant populations, a testament to successful conservation strategies.
- Government and NGO Efforts: Successful population growth is often attributed to active management, including anti-poaching laws, protected areas, and conservation funding.
Elephant Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Structure: Elephants live in family units led by mature females, with strong social bonds.
- Low Sleep Time: Elephants sleep only 2 hours per day on average.
- Reproduction: They have a long gestation period of up to 2 years, and calves are cared for by mothers and allomothers (non-mother females).
Conservation Challenges
- Sustainability: Continued poaching and habitat destruction threaten to undo gains made in conservation.
- Fragmentation of Populations: With many elephants in isolated pockets, genetic diversity is declining, which could lead to long-term problems for species survival.
Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (JNMF)
- 14 Nov 2024
In News:
Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund to launch ‘Nehru Archive’ next year.
Nehru Archive Initiative
- Launch Date: The Nehru Archive will go online on November 14, 2025, coinciding with Jawaharlal Nehru's birth anniversary.
- Purpose: The archive will showcase less-known published and unpublished works of India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, including his speeches, letters to Chief Ministers, and other writings.
Archive Content
- Key Features:
- 100 volumes of The Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru.
- Letters to Chief Ministers (1947-1964), documenting Nehru's communication with state leadership.
- Nehru’s iconic books like:
-
-
- The Discovery of India
- Glimpses of World History
- Letters from a Father to His Daughter
- An Autobiography
- The Unity of India
- A Bunch of Old Letters
-
-
- Speeches from 1917 to 1964.
- Writings on Nehru by his contemporaries.
- Global archival material from international sources.
- Objective: The goal is to provide dynamic, continuously updated, open-ended access to Nehru’s work, making it the most important research source on Nehru.
Significance
- Educational and Intellectual Contribution: The archive will serve as a comprehensive, accessible source of information for students, scholars, and the general public to understand Nehru’s contributions to the making of modern India.
- Preservation of Legacy: It will preserve and promote Nehru’s intellectual legacy and his vision for India's development post-independence.
- Historical Importance: The archive will help contextualize Nehru’s leadership during critical periods of Indian history, including India’s independence, partition, and post-independence challenges.
Governance and Establishment of JNMF
- Founded: The Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (JNMF) was established in 1964 through a Deed of Declaration of Trust following a National Committee chaired by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, then President of India.
- Purpose: To preserve and promote Nehru's legacy, especially his role in shaping modern India.
- Governance: The JNMF is governed by 14 trustees and is currently headed by Sonia Gandhi, the Chairperson of the Congress Parliamentary Party.
Sea Ranching Initiative off Vizhinjam Coast
- 14 Nov 2024
In News:
- The State Fisheries Department in Kerala launched a sea ranching project by releasing 20,000 pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fingerlings off the Vizhinjam coast as part of the artificial reef project.
- Coordinates: The fingerlings were released near artificial reef modules placed 1.5 nautical miles off the coast.
- Follow-up to Artificial Reef Project: The release of fingerlings is a follow-up to the artificial reef project aimed at replenishing marine fishery resources and promoting sustainable fishing practices.
Project Details
- Fingerling Release: The first batch of 20,000 pompano was released as part of the broader initiative to release 10 lakh fingerlings (pompano and cobia) at 10 locations along the Thiruvananthapuram coast.
- Location and Quantity: At each location, 1 lakh fingerlings will be released, where artificial reefs have already been deployed under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
- Reef Design: Artificial reefs consist of 150 reef modules (triangular, flower, and pipe-shaped) created at 42 locations off 33 fishing villages in the Thiruvananthapuram district.
Objective and Benefits
- Marine Resource Replenishment: The primary aim is to replenish marine fishery resources in the region by enhancing biodiversity through the introduction of fingerlings.
- Sustainable Fishing: The project aims to promote sustainable fishing practices by supporting fish populations and ensuring long-term fishery health.
- Attraction of Fish Species: The artificial reefs have already attracted a variety of fish species, including tuna, trevally, and mackerel, enhancing the fishing ecosystem.
Implementation and Funding
- Scheme: The project is being implemented under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), which focuses on sustainable fisheries development.
- Central Approval: The National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) approved the ?3 crore funding for the initial phase in Thiruvananthapuram.
- Proposed Expansions:
- Phase II: A proposal for extending the artificial reef project to 96 villages in the districts of Kollam, Alappuzha, Ernakulam, and Thrissur with an estimated cost of ?29.76 crore.
- Phase III: A similar proposal for 96 villages in the northern districts of Malappuram, Kozhikode, Kannur, and Kasaragod with an estimated cost of ?25.82 crore.
Mission and Fingerlings Details
- Fingerlings:
- Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) and Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fingerlings were reared at the Ayiramthengu fish farm.
- Each fingerling weighs between 8 to 10 grams.
- The release aims to stock marine areas with species that will contribute to biodiversity and fisheries sustainability.
Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
- Launched: PMMSY is a Centrally funded scheme under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
- Goal: The scheme focuses on sustainable fisheries development to enhance fisheries production, boost aquaculture, and promote responsible fishing practices.
- Funding: The scheme involves both Central and State Government funding for projects related to fisheries management, infrastructure development, and resource conservation.
Mission Fingerling
- Launched: 2017 by the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
- Objective: To achieve the Blue Revolution by holistically developing and managing fisheries in India.
- Production Target: The mission aimed to increase fisheries production from 10.79 MMT (2014-15) to 15 MMT by 2020-21.
OECD Report on Indian Agricultural Policies
- 14 Nov 2024
In News:
- In 2023, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) revealed that Indian farmers faced the highest implicit taxation globally, amounting to USD 120 billion.
- Implicit Taxation: This taxation arises from government policies like export bans, duties, and price controls, aimed at lowering food prices for consumers but reducing the income of farmers.
- Export Restrictions: Key commodities affected include rice, sugar, onions, and de-oiled rice bran.
Impact on Indian Farmers
- Market Price Support (MPS):
- Negative MPS: In 2023, Indian agricultural policies resulted in a negative MPS of USD 110 billion.
- Farmers received lower prices than international market rates due to export bans and trade restrictions, impacting their income.
- Budgetary Support: Despite government subsidies and the Minimum Support Price (MSP) worth USD 10 billion, negative MPS outweighed positive support, leading to an overall loss for farmers.
- Farmer’s Share in Global Negative Support:
- India’s share of global negative price support in 2023 was 62.5%, a significant increase from 61% in 2000-02.
Global Agricultural Policy Trends
- Global Support: Total support for agriculture across 54 countries averaged USD 842 billion annually (2021-2023). However, there was a decline in support in 2022-23 from the pandemic-era peak.
- Challenges:
- Geopolitical Tensions (e.g., Russia-Ukraine war) and climate change are exacerbating global agricultural production and trade.
- Export Restrictions in various countries are distorting international agricultural markets.
- Farmer Protests across countries reflect the economic and social struggles of the farming community.
- Sustainability Issues: Global agricultural productivity growth is slowing, posing challenges to feeding a growing population sustainably.
India's Agricultural Policies
- Export Bans and Restrictions: These policies are intended to control domestic prices but undermine farmers’ income by lowering market prices for key agricultural products.
- Minimum Support Price (MSP): MSP is meant to protect farmers, but is often set below international market rates, leading to a negative price effect.
- Regulatory Constraints: Policies like the Essential Commodities Act (1955) and APMC Act (2003), though aimed at ensuring food security, often lead to price suppression for farmers.
- Price Depressing Policies: India's agricultural policies result in lower farm-gate prices due to price controls, government-set procurement prices, and lack of market access.
Negative Market Price Support (MPS)
- Historical Trends:
- From 2014-2016, India’s Producer Support Estimate (PSE) was -6.2%, driven mainly by negative MPS (-13.1%).
- The PSE measures the annual value of transfers to farmers, both from consumers and the government.
- Inefficiencies:
- Infrastructure Gaps: Poor infrastructure and high transaction costs lower the prices farmers receive.
- Inefficient Resource Allocation: Short-term subsidies for inputs (fertilizers, irrigation) don’t address long-term agricultural challenges like climate change and market access.
Government Support Programs
- Subsidies and Schemes:
- National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) for organic farming.
- Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) to promote agricultural development.
- Digital Agriculture Mission and Unified Farmer Service Platform (UFSP) for modernizing agricultural practices.
- Sustainability Efforts:
- The government has introduced initiatives like AgriStack and Mission Organic Value Chain Development in the North East to enhance sustainable agricultural practices and reduce the negative impacts on farmers.
Global Context and Recommendations
- Environmental Public Goods Payments (EPGP): Only 0.3% of total producer support is dedicated to environmental sustainability, despite the growing need for climate-resilient agriculture.
- Sustainable Agricultural Practices: The OECD advocates for governments to tie producer support to sustainable farming practices, including the use of metrics like Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and Agri-Environmental Indicators (AEIs).
- TFP measures agricultural efficiency, while AEIs assess the environmental impacts of farming.
OECD Overview
- OECD Function: Founded in 1961, the OECD is an international organization of 38 countries that promotes prosperity, equality, and well-being through economic reports, data, and policy analysis.
- India’s Role: India has been an OECD Key Partner since 2007, engaging with the OECD on various policy issues, though it is not a member.
Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI) 2024
- 13 Nov 2024
In News:
India with an abysmal score of 45.5 (out of 100) has been ranked 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index, 2024.
Key Highlights:
- India's Ranking:
- Ranked 176th out of 180 countries in the 2024 Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI).
- India is listed among the five worst performers, along with Kiribati (180), Turkey (179), Iraq (178), and Micronesia (177).
- Score: 45.5 out of 100, indicating significant conservation challenges.
- Key Factors Contributing to Low Rank:
- Inefficient land management practices.
- Rising threats to biodiversity, exacerbated by unsustainable development and climate change.
- Four Key Markers Assessed by the NCI:
- Land Management: Ineffective management leading to significant land conversion.
- Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat loss, fragmentation, and deforestation.
- Capacity and Governance: Need for stronger political will and better enforcement of conservation laws.
- Future Trends: Growing pressure from population density, climate change, and illegal wildlife trade.
- Sustainable Land Use Concerns:
- 53% of land has been converted for urban, industrial, and agricultural purposes.
- High use of pesticides and concerns over soil pollution.
- Sustainable nitrogen index of 0.77 indicates significant risks to soil health.
- Marine Conservation Issues:
- Only 0.2% of India’s national waterways are under protected areas, with no protected areas within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
- Significant improvements needed in marine conservation despite 7.5% of terrestrial areas being protected.
- Deforestation and Habitat Loss:
- 23,300 sq. km of tree cover lost between 2001-2019 due to deforestation.
- Habitat fragmentation from agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development.
- Impact of climate change on sensitive ecosystems like alpine regions and coral reefs.
- Biodiversity Decline:
- Despite 40% of marine species and 65% of terrestrial species being within Protected Areas (PAs), many species continue to face population decline.
- 67.5% of marine species and 46.9% of terrestrial species are still experiencing population declines.
- Illegal Wildlife Trade:
- India is the fourth-largest illegal wildlife trading nation globally, with an estimated annual trade value of £15 billion.
- The NCI emphasizes the need for stronger enforcement and international cooperation to combat wildlife trafficking.
- Ecological Wealth Under Threat:
- India’s high population density (with a population that has doubled since the late 1970s) continues to put pressure on its ecological wealth.
- The country faces significant biodiversity challenges due to overpopulation and unsustainable development.
- Recommendations and Optimism:
- The NCI stresses the need for strong political will and commitment to sustainable development.
- India can improve its rank by strengthening conservation laws, improving governance, and securing funding for environmental initiatives.
- The NCI remains optimistic about India’s potential to address its conservation challenges and achieve more sustainable outcomes in the future.
- About the Nature Conservation Index (NCI):
- Developed by: Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change (Ben-Gurion University) and BioDB.com (a biodiversity database).
- Purpose: Evaluates the conservation efforts of countries, using a data-driven approach to balance conservation and development.
- Key Focus Areas: Land management, biodiversity threats, governance, and future sustainability trends.
RBI's New Framework for Reclassification of FPI to FDI
- 13 Nov 2024
In News:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) directed foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) to obtain necessary approvals from the government and concurrence from the investee companies when their equity holdings go beyond the prescribed limits and they reclassify the holdings as foreign direct investment (FDI).
- Approval Requirement:
- FPIs (Foreign Portfolio Investors) must obtain necessary government approvals when reclassifying their foreign portfolio investments (FPIs) into Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
- Approvals are mandatory, including those related to investments from countries sharing a land border with India.
- Investment Limits:
- According to FEMA (NDI) Rules, 2019, an FPI’s investment in an Indian company should not exceed 10% of the total paid-up equity capital (on a fully diluted basis).
- If the FPI exceeds this limit, it has 5 trading days from the settlement of trades to either divest or reclassify the excess holdings as FDI.
- Restrictions on Reclassification:
- Reclassification to FDI is not allowed in sectors where FDI is prohibited.
- FPIs must ensure compliance with FDI norms, such as entry routes, sectoral caps, investment limits, pricing guidelines, and other related conditions.
- Concurrence from Investee Companies:
- The FPI must obtain the concurrence of the investee company for reclassifying the investment into FDI.
- This ensures that the company adheres to conditions related to prohibited sectors, sectoral caps, and government approvals.
- Reclassification Procedure:
- The FPI must clearly state its intent to reclassify the investment to FDI and provide the necessary approvals and concurrence to its custodian.
- The custodian is responsible for freezing the FPI's purchase transactions in the investee company’s equity instruments until the reclassification is complete.
- Regulatory Adherence:
- The reclassification must follow the relevant provisions for FDI, including compliance with the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) and FDI guidelines.
India’s Vision of ‘Adaptive Defence’
- 13 Nov 2024
In News:
- Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh introduced the concept of ‘Adaptive Defence’ at the inaugural Delhi Defence Dialogue (DDD).
- Adaptive Defence aims to prepare India's military for the rapidly changing landscape of modern warfare, with evolving threats and technologies shaping global security.
Key Aspects of Adaptive Defence:
- Strategic Approach:
- Adaptive Defence is an evolving strategy where military and defence systems continuously adjust to emerging threats, focusing on proactive preparedness rather than reactive responses.
- It is based on anticipating future threats, fostering flexibility, resilience, and agility in both strategic and tactical responses.
- Core Elements:
- Situational Awareness: The ability to understand and respond to dynamic, often unpredictable environments.
- Flexibility & Agility: At both the strategic and tactical levels to ensure swift and effective responses.
- Resilience: The capacity to recover and adapt quickly to unforeseen circumstances.
- Integration with Emerging Technologies: Emphasis on adopting cutting-edge technologies like AI, drones, and cybersecurity to stay ahead of adversaries.
The Changing Nature of Warfare:
- Grey Zone & Hybrid Warfare:
- Modern conflicts now often occur in the grey zone and involve hybrid warfare, blending traditional and non-traditional threats like cyber-attacks, terrorism, and psychological warfare.
- These new threats demand continuous adaptation in strategies, doctrines, and military operations.
- Technological Transformation:
- Drones and swarm technologies are reshaping warfare. India aspires to become a global hub for drones, leveraging these technologies for both economic and military growth.
- The increasing significance of Artificial Intelligence (AI), cyber capabilities, and quantum technologies in defence highlights the need for international collaboration in research and innovation.
- Psychological Warfare:
- The rise of information overload and psychological warfare challenges traditional defence paradigms. Manipulation of information to influence public opinion and disrupt decision-making processes is now a key threat.
Government Initiatives for Adaptive Defence:
- Institutional Strengthening:
- Establishment of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and initiatives to enhance jointness among the three armed services (Army, Navy, Air Force) to create a unified strategic force.
- Reform of training curricula and emphasis on integrated operations to ensure readiness for new-age warfare.
- Focus on Self-Reliance:
- Strengthening the indigenous defence sector through initiatives like Make in India and the Aatmanirbhar Bharat campaign.
- Increasing foreign direct investment (FDI) in defence and promoting defence exports, with India currently exporting to over 100 nations.
- Drone Hub Vision:
- India aims to become the world’s drone hub, supporting R&D and fostering innovation to develop reliable certification mechanisms and enhance Indian intellectual property in the drone sector.
- Programs like iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) and ADITI are rewarding innovation and driving India's defence sector towards greater self-sufficiency.
- Technology and Innovation:
- Focus on cybersecurity, AI, and quantum technologies to develop solutions that address both national and global security challenges.
- India is also working on Theaterisation, integrating the three services into a unified force structure for enhanced coordination and joint operations.
- Defence Acquisition and Export:
- Introduction of the Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020, establishment of Defence Industrial Corridors in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, and a Positive Indigenisation List to boost self-reliance.
- India is actively increasing defence exports, aiming for Rs 50,000 crore worth of exports by 2029, with key export destinations including the USA, France, and Armenia.
Strategic Vision for the Future:
- Collaborative Approach:
- Given the interconnectedness of global security, the defence minister emphasized the importance of a collaborative approach in dealing with transnational threats.
- Cross-border issues, cyberspace threats, and the potential of quantum and nanotechnologies demand the sharing of knowledge and strategies across borders.
- Joint Military Vision:
- Jointness in defence strategy should go beyond national borders and should involve international cooperation in response to global security challenges.
- The need for interconnected solutions in the face of transnational threats underscores the importance of multilateral cooperation.
Sudden Resurgence of H5N1 in Cambodia
- 13 Nov 2024
In News:
- Cambodia saw a resurgence of H5N1 avian influenza cases after over 10 years of no human infections.
- From February 2023 to August 2024, 16 human cases were reported, with 3 deaths caused by the A/H5 clade 2.3.2.1c virus.
- Notably, 14 of these cases were caused by a novel reassortant virus, involving a mixture of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4b gene segments.
Key Points:
- Reassortment of the Virus:
- The reassortment between clades 2.3.2.1c (Southeast Asia) and 2.3.4.4b (global spread) has created a new strain.
- This reassortant virus is responsible for the second wave of infections in humans, starting in October 2023.
- Zoonotic Transmission:
- Investigations confirmed that direct contact with sick poultry or bird droppings was the primary source of human infections.
- There have been no reported cases of human-to-human transmission.
- The novel reassortant virus appears to have replaced the 2.3.2.1c strain in Cambodian poultry.
- Geographic Spread and Spillovers:
- Clade 2.3.2.1c was first reported in Cambodian poultry in March 2014. It continued to circulate in both poultry and wild birds.
- Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses began circulating in Cambodian live bird markets by 2021, co-existing with clade 2.3.2.1c.
- There were two key spillovers to humans:
- The first spillover in February 2023, associated with clade 2.3.2.1c, involved two related individuals, with one death.
- The second spillover, beginning in October 2023, involved the novel reassortant virus.
- Genetic Analysis and Mutation Concerns:
- Genetic sequencing showed significant changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of viruses from human cases, indicating a shift from older local strains to newer sublineages.
- The PB2 627K mutation in the novel reassortant is concerning, as it is linked to increased mammalian adaptation and the potential for airborne transmission, particularly in mammals like ferrets.
- This mutation raises concerns about the virus’s ability to adapt to humans or other mammals.
- Environmental and Epidemiological Factors:
- The reassortment is believed to have been facilitated by:
- High-density poultry farming.
- Wild bird migration.
- Cross-border poultry trade in Southeast Asia.
- These factors heighten the risk of zoonotic transmission, emphasizing the need for continued vigilance in the region.
- The reassortment is believed to have been facilitated by:
- Surveillance and Response:
- One Health investigations linked human cases to infected poultry, highlighting the importance of rapid response through whole genome sequencing.
- The ongoing surveillance is critical, as the novel reassortant strain has already replaced clade 2.3.2.1c in Cambodian poultry.
- Public Health Recommendations:
- There is an urgent need to strengthen sustained surveillance of avian influenza in both poultry and wild birds, particularly in Southeast Asia.
- Public health strategies should focus on:
- Reducing human exposure to infected poultry.
- Promoting safe poultry handling practices.
- Encouraging early healthcare-seeking behavior in individuals with potential symptoms.
Accessibility for Disabled Persons
- 13 Nov 2024
In News:
Recently, the Supreme Court of India delivered a significant ruling affirming that the right of persons with disabilities (PwDs) to access environments, services, and opportunities is a fundamental human right. The judgment was made in the case of RajiveRaturi vs. Union of India &Ors. and is based on a report submitted by the Centre for Disability Studies (CDS) at NALSAR University of Law.
Key Points of the Judgment:
- Social Model of Disability:
- The Court upheld the social model of disability, which focuses on societal changes to ensure the full inclusion and participation of PwDs.
- The model emphasizes removing social barriers and creating an inclusive environment that accommodates all disabilities.
- Challenges Faced by PwDs: The ruling highlighted various challenges faced by PwDs, as identified in the CDS NALSAR report:
- Accessibility Barriers: Significant gaps exist in accessibility measures across public spaces such as courts, prisons, schools, and public transport.
- Intersectionality & Compounded Discrimination: PwDs often face multiple layers of discrimination, such as caste, gender, and socio-economic status, which compound their marginalization.
- Inconsistent Legal Framework: The RPwD Act (2016) mandates mandatory compliance for accessibility standards, but Rule 15 under RPwD Rules (2017) only offers self-regulatory guidelines, which the Court found insufficient.
- Court's Analysis of Rule 15:
- The Court declared Rule 15(1) of the RPwD Rules, 2017, as ultra vires, meaning it is inconsistent with the mandatory compliance intended by the RPwD Act.
- The Court stressed the need for stronger legal and regulatory enforcement to ensure access for PwDs.
- Principles of Accessibility: The Court outlined several essential principles for achieving accessibility:
- Universal Design: Environments and services should be universally accessible to all, including PwDs.
- Comprehensive Inclusion: All types of disabilities, both visible and invisible, should be addressed.
- Assistive Technology Integration: Using technology to support PwDs in daily activities.
- Stakeholder Consultation: PwDs and disability advocacy groups must be consulted in planning and designing accessible spaces.
- Two-Pronged Approach:
- The Court recommended a two-pronged approach:
- Ensure accessibility in existing infrastructure: Modify and update current institutions and services to become accessible.
- Design future infrastructure with accessibility in mind: Plan and build new spaces and services that are inclusive from the start.
- The Court recommended a two-pronged approach:
Legal and Policy Framework:
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016:
- The RPwD Act mandates various accessibility standards and provisions to protect and promote the rights of PwDs, in alignment with India’s obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which India ratified in 2007.
- The Act defines a person with a benchmark disability as someone with at least 40% of a specified disability.
- International Obligations:
- The ruling reaffirmed the importance of Article 9 of the UNCRPD, which emphasizes the right of PwDs to access the physical environment, transport, and information and communication technologies.
- Government Initiatives: The judgment highlights several initiatives aimed at improving accessibility:
- Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan): A nationwide effort to make public spaces and services accessible to PwDs.
- Assistance for Aids and Appliances: Government schemes to provide PwDs with necessary aids and appliances.
- Unique Disability Identification Portal: A platform for PwDs to register and obtain a disability certificate.
Notable Judicial Precedents:
The Court referred to several previous rulings that recognized the right to accessibility:
- State of Himachal Pradesh v. Umed Ram Sharma (1986): The Court included the right to accessibility under the Right to Life (Article 21) of the Constitution.
- Disabled Rights Group v. Union of India (2017): The Court directed that educational institutions ensure reserved seats for PwDs.
Nano-Coating Technology for Fertilizer Efficiency
- 12 Nov 2024
In News:
A mechanically stable, biodegradable, hydrophobic nanocoating material can enhance the nutrient use efficiency of chemical fertilizers by tuning them for slow release, thereby limiting their interaction with the rhizosphere soil, water and microbes.
Development of Slow-Release Fertilizers:
- A biodegradable, hydrophobic nanocoating has been developed to enhance the nutrient use efficiency of chemical fertilizers.
- The nanocoating allows for slow release of nutrients, thus limiting excessive interaction with soil, water, and microbes, and optimizing fertilizer usage.
Coating Composition:
- The coating is made from nanoclay-reinforced binary carbohydrates, primarily chitosan (a biopolymer from chitin) and lignin (a plant-based polymer).
- These materials are low-cost, naturally derived, and eco-friendly, ensuring sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of fertilizer use.
Technological Innovation:
- The coating process involves using a drum rotor method to uniformly coat fertilizers, improving their efficiency.
- The tuning of hydrophobicity in the nanocoating alters the release kinetics of fertilizers, ensuring that nutrients are released in accordance with the crop’s nutrient uptake needs.
Sustainability and Biodegradability:
- The nanocoating is biodegradable, which ensures that it does not harm the environment post-application, unlike conventional chemical fertilizers that may lead to soil degradation and water pollution.
- Life cycle assessment confirms the product's long-term sustainability compared to traditional fertilizers.
Enhanced Crop Productivity:
- The slow-release coating enables a reduced fertilizer dose, while maintaining or even increasing crop yields, particularly for staple crops like rice and wheat.
- This technology facilitates higher agricultural output with fewer inputs, contributing to food security.
Industrial Viability:
- The mechanical stability of the coated fertilizers ensures they can withstand transportation and handling, making them suitable for large-scale industrial application.
- The rotary drum system used for coating ensures uniform application and superior mechanical performance, ensuring that the fertilizers are not damaged during the supply chain process.
Economic Benefits:
- The use of slow-release fertilizers can reduce overall fertilizer costs for farmers while enhancing yields, leading to improved socio-economic conditions for farmers.
- The technology holds potential for economic growth by boosting agricultural productivity and reducing the financial burden on farmers for chemical fertilizer inputs.
Global Relevance:
- The research is significant in the context of global sustainable development goals, aiming to reduce the over-reliance on conventional chemical fertilizers that contribute to soil degradation, water contamination, and greenhouse gas emissions.
Research Collaboration:
- This breakthrough was achieved by scientists from the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, in collaboration with the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
- The findings were published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Science: Nano, highlighting its scientific validation.
3rd Indian Space Conclave
- 12 Nov 2024
In News:
- The 3rd Indian Space Conclave, held in New Delhi, was a significant event for India's growing role in global space exploration and strategic partnerships.
- Organized by the Indian Space Association (ISPA), the conclave brought together key stakeholders from the government, industry, academia, and space agencies to discuss India’s space ambitions and the transformative role of space technologies.
Key Highlights:
Satcom as a Transformative Force for Digital India
- Emphasis on Satellite Communication (Satcom) is more than a mere tool—it's a transformative force driving Digital India by connecting every household, village, and remote area of the country.
- Satcom has a wide array of applications that extend across essential sectors such as telecommunications, disaster management, healthcare, education, and agriculture, particularly in underserved regions.
Indo-EU Space Collaboration
- The event also showcased India’s growing space partnerships, particularly with the European Union (EU). The EU Ambassador recognized India as a dynamic space power and highlighted shared goals in Earth observation, space security, and human spaceflight.
- Proposed joint initiatives include training programs, collaborative research, and satellite missions, such as the Proba-3 satellite launch by ISRO, focusing on observing the Sun.
- India’s trustworthiness as a partner in space was underscored by its role in the successful launch of the Proba-1 and Proba-2 missions for the EU, with Proba-3 marking India’s third contribution to EU space exploration.
Space Startups and Innovation
- The rise of space-focused startups in India, spurred by the 2020 space sector reforms, was another key highlight. India now has over 300 space startups, contributing to both economic growth and innovation in the space industry.
- These reforms have helped curb brain drain, with many talented Indian professionals returning from global agencies like NASA to join the expanding Indian space ecosystem.
India’s Long-Term Space Goals
- The Indian space program has ambitious long-term goals, including:
- Gaganyaan, India’s human spaceflight mission.
- A crewed lunar landing by 2040.
- The establishment of an Indian space station by 2035.
- Plans for space tourism by 2040.
- These initiatives demonstrate India’s commitment to becoming a global leader in space exploration and technological innovation.
Space Sector Reforms (2020)
- The Space Sector Reforms 2020 were designed to increase the participation of private players in India’s space activities. The creation of agencies like the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) and the strengthening of New Space India Limited (NSIL) have been pivotal in boosting India’s global space market share.
- IN-SPACe serves as an autonomous body fostering industry, academia, and startups, while NSIL handles commercial activities and promotes high-tech space-related ventures.
India's First Mars and Moon Analog Mission
- ISRO's First Mars and Moon Analog Mission was inaugurated in Leh, Ladakh. This mission simulates the conditions of space habitats, specifically focusing on Mars and Moon environments.
- Ladakh's unique climate—high altitude, low oxygen levels, and extreme temperature fluctuations—makes it an ideal location for testing life support systems, space habitat technologies, and sustainable resource utilization.
Key Aspects of the Analog Mission:
- Life support systems like hydroponics (space farming) and standalone solar power systems to support sustainable food production and renewable energy in space habitats.
- Circadian lighting to simulate daylight cycles, maintaining astronaut health and well-being.
- The mission’s goal is to understand the psychological and operational challenges of living in isolation and extreme conditions, preparing India for future interplanetary exploration.
State of Food and Agriculture 2024Report
- 12 Nov 2024
In News:
- India's annual hidden costs from agrifood systems total $1.3 trillion, the third-largest globally, after China ($1.8 trillion) and the US ($1.4 trillion).
- These costs are mainly driven by unhealthy dietary patterns leading to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.
Major Contributors to Hidden Costs:
- Unhealthy Diets: Over 73% of India’s hidden costs stem from unhealthy dietary habits, including:
- Excessive consumption of processed foods and additives ($128 billion).
- Low intake of plant-based foods, fruits, and beneficial fatty acids ($846 billion).
- These dietary risks contribute to a significant health burden, increasing the prevalence of NCDs and reducing labor productivity.
Global Context:
- Global hidden costs of agrifood systems amount to $12 trillion annually.
- 70% of these costs (~$8.1 trillion) arise from unhealthy dietary patterns, which include high intakes of sugar, salt, and processed foods, contributing to diseases and economic losses.
Health Impacts:
- The report identifies 13 dietary risk factors that contribute to NCDs, including insufficient intake of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and excessive sodium, with varying effects across different agrifood systems.
Environmental and Social Costs:
- Environmental Costs: High costs from unsustainable agricultural practices, including greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen runoff. In some agrifood systems, environmental costs can reach up to 20% of GDP.
- Social Costs: High poverty rates among agrifood workers and undernourishment in systems like protracted crises and traditional agrifood systems contribute significantly to the hidden costs.
India’s Agrifood System Profile:
- India’s agrifood system faces significant challenges related to low wages, poor productivity, and poverty among agrifood workers, driven by distributional failures.
- Climate Change and Environmental Degradation: Issues like droughts, floods, and soil degradation threaten food security and agricultural sustainability in India.
Recommendations for Transformative Change:
- True Cost Accounting: Implementing this method can help better capture hidden costs and enable more informed decision-making for a sustainable agrifood system.
- Healthier Diets: Policies to make nutritious food more affordable and accessible to reduce health-related hidden costs.
- Sustainability Incentives: Encouraging practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, harmful land-use changes, and biodiversity loss, using labelling, certification, and industry standards.
- Consumer Empowerment: Providing accessible information about the environmental, social, and health impacts of food choices, ensuring even vulnerable households benefit from healthier options.
India’s Path Forward:
- India has several ongoing initiatives for sustainable agriculture, including:
- National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).
- Eat Right Initiative.
- Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM).
- However, challenges like climate change, soil degradation, and low productivity among smallholder farmers hinder progress toward sustainable food systems.
Key Focus Areas for India’s Agrifood Systems:
- Support for Smallholder Farmers: Enhancing access to technology, markets, and financial services for marginalized farmers.
- Sustainable Practices: Adoption of water-efficient practices, soil health restoration, and environmentally friendly farming methods.
- Collaboration with International Agencies: Cooperation with FAO, WFP, and others to strengthen agricultural reforms and support smallholder farmers.
Diclipterapolymorpha
- 12 Nov 2024
In News:
A new species of Dicliptera, named Diclipterapolymorpha, has been discovered in the Northern Western Ghats of India.
Habitat and Location:
- Diclipterapolymorpha was found in the grasslands of Talegaon-Dabhade, a region known for its grasslands and fodder markets.
- The species thrives in the harsh climatic conditions of the Northern Western Ghats, an area vulnerable to summer droughts and frequent human-induced fires.
Unique Characteristics:
- The species is fire-resilient (pyrophytic), exhibiting a rare dual-blooming pattern:
- First Blooming: Occurs post-monsoon, typically from November to March/April.
- Second Blooming: Triggered by grassland fires in May and June, during which the plant produces dwarf flowering shoots.
- The inflorescence structure is unique in India, with its cymules developing into spicate inflorescences, a feature more commonly found in African species.
Taxonomy:
- The species is named Diclipterapolymorpha to reflect its diverse morphological traits.
- It is taxonomically distinct within the Dicliptera genus, with no known Indian species exhibiting similar characteristics.
Conservation Implications:
- The discovery highlights the need to carefully manage grassland ecosystems, as the species is adapted to fire but still vulnerable to habitat degradation.
- Human-induced fires are essential for the species' blooming cycle but must be managed to avoid overuse and degradation of habitat.
- The species' limited habitat range underscores the need for conservation efforts to protect the delicate ecosystems of the Western Ghats.
Publication:
- A research paper detailing the discovery of Diclipterapolymorpha has been published in the prestigious Kew Bulletin.
AntarikshaAbhyas 2024
- 12 Nov 2024
In News:
- ‘AntarikshaAbhyas – 2024’ is a three-day space exercise held from November 11-13, 2024, hosted by the Defence Space Agency (DSA), Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff.
- The exercise is the first of its kind and focuses on war-gaming the growing threats to space-based assets and services.
Objective of the Exercise:
- Enhance understanding of space-based assets and their operational dependencies.
- Identify vulnerabilities in military operations in case of denial or disruption of space services.
- Integrate India's space capabilities in military operations to secure national strategic objectives.
Participants:
- Defence Space Agency (DSA) and its allied units.
- Personnel from the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
- Specialist agencies under Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff, including:
- Defence Cyber Agency (DCA)
- Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)
- Strategic Forces Command (SFC)
- Representatives from ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) and DRDO (Defence Research & Development Organisation).
Focus Areas:
- Space-based asset and service operational dependency.
- Securing national interests in space through technological innovation and development.
- Assessing space service vulnerabilities and impacts on military operations.
EV as a Service Programme
- 11 Nov 2024
In News:
- The 'EV as a Service'programme was launched by Shri Manohar Lal, Union Minister of Power and Housing & Urban Affairs, at the Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium.
- The initiative is spearheaded by Convergence Energy Services Limited (CESL), a subsidiary of Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), to promote electric vehicles (EVs) in government offices.
Objective:
- The 'EV as a Service'programme aims to boost e-mobility within the government sector by deploying 5,000 electric cars in central and state government ministries, public sector enterprises (CPSEs), and various institutions over the next two years.
- The programme is designed to support India’s net-zero emissions goal by 2070 and advance the country's environmental sustainability vision.
Flexible Procurement Model:
- The programme utilizes a flexible procurement model, allowing government offices to choose from a range of E-Cars based on operational needs, making it adaptable for different government departments.
- It will help in reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, cutting carbon emissions, and contributing to energy security.
CESL’s Contribution:
- CESL has already deployed 2000 electric cars across India and is working on deploying around 17,000 electric buses.
- The 'EV as a Service'programme is a key step in helping India transition to clean mobility and reducing emissions from government fleets.
Alignment with National Initiatives:
- The launch complements the PM E-DRIVE Scheme, which aims to accelerate India’s transition to electric mobility.
- Vishal Kapoor, MD & CEO of CESL, emphasized that the initiative is helping to create a collaborative ecosystem involving manufacturers, fleet operators, policymakers, and users to scale up electric mobility in India.
Comics Commandos in Assam
- 11 Nov 2024
In News:
- "Comics Commandos" is an innovative initiative launched in Goalpara district, Assam, aimed at combating child labour and child marriage through the creative medium of comics.
- The initiative trains 30 local youths to create comic strips that use humour and minimal text for effective communication and public engagement.
Purpose and Objectives:
- Primary Goal: To raise awareness about child labour and child marriage, two major social issues prevalent in the region, by using visual storytelling.
- The initiative aims to resonate with the local community, focusing on everyday struggles like economic hardship, child abuse, and the social norms that perpetuate these issues.
- Rising Dropout Rates: Assam has witnessed an increase in school dropout rates, from 3.3% in 2020-21 to 6.02% in 2021-22, exacerbated by economic pressures like poverty, which force children to work or marry early.
Execution and Approach:
- Training: Thirty local youths are trained to design caricatures and doodles for the comics, ensuring the messages are both simple and engaging for a broader audience.
- Visual Storytelling: The use of visuals over text helps overcome literacy barriers and makes the message more impactful and accessible.
- Community Involvement: The program collaborates with teachers and school committees to facilitate wider participation and support in creating social awareness.
Government Support:
- Chief Minister HimantaBiswaSarma initiated a state-wide campaign in 2023 against child marriage, with the ambitious goal of eradicating it by 2026. This initiative aligns with the state's broader efforts to address social issues.
Impact of the Initiative:
- Comics Commandos is being seen as an effective tool for community empowerment and awareness generation in a region that faces persistent social challenges.
- By involving local youths in the campaign, the initiative ensures community participation and ensures that the message is communicated in a culturally relevant manner.
- The program also empowers young people to use their creativity for social change, thus helping build leadership and social responsibility among the youth.
Arpactophiluspulawskii
- 11 Nov 2024
In News:
- Arpactophiluspulawskii, a new species of aphid wasp, was discovered in Nagaland (Khuzama district), marking the first record of the genus Arpactophilus outside Australasia.
- This significant discovery highlights the biodiversity of Northeastern India, a region known for its rich and unexplored fauna.
Importance of Discovery:
- The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) researchers cataloged the species, marking a major range expansion for the genus Arpactophilus, previously only found in Australasia, including regions like New Caledonia.
- The discovery expands the genus’s known distribution by thousands of kilometers, suggesting ecological connections between Nagaland and the Australasian region.
Species Characteristics:
- Arpactophiluspulawskii is distinguished by its square-shaped head, an inverted V-shaped uplifted clypeus, and rust-colored body markings.
- It features a uniquely textured thorax, setting it apart from other species in the genus.
- The wasp was collected from an altitude of over 1,800 meters, indicating Nagaland’s ecological diversity at high altitudes.
Ecological Significance:
- The Arpactophilus genus is known for its unique nesting behavior: females use silk from their abdomen to create protective cells in old termite galleries or mud nests.
- The discovery suggests that Nagaland’s ecological conditions (e.g., high altitude, diverse habitat) support the presence of such specialized fauna, making the region an important site for entomological research.
Taxonomic Contribution:
- The species is named Arpactophiluspulawskii in honor of Dr. Wojciech J. Pulawski, a distinguished expert in wasp taxonomy.
Scientific and Research Implications:
- The discovery is expected to stimulate further entomological research in Northeastern India, especially in areas like Nagaland, which are often overlooked in global biodiversity studies.
- Researchers believe that this discovery could lead to the identification of other unknown species in the region, expanding our understanding of species distribution and the ecological connectivity between regions.
Parliamentary Panel's Review on Mechanism to Curb Fake News
- 11 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Parliamentary Panel on Communications and Information Technology is reviewing mechanisms to curb fake news, following the Bombay High Court striking down a provision of the amended Information Technology (IT) Rules, 2021.
- The controversial provision allowed the government to identify and flag "fake news" on social media through its Fact Check Unit (FCU).
- The panel, led by BJP MP Nishikant Dubey, has summoned representatives from News Broadcasters and Digital Association and the Editors Guild of India to discuss the issue on November 21, 2024.
Issue with the Amended IT Rules:
- The IT Rules, 2021 were amended in April 2022 to include “government business” under the definition of fake news, expanding the scope of content flagged by the FCU.
- This amendment was challenged by media bodies and individuals like comedian Kunal Kamra, leading to the Bombay High Court striking it down in 2024.
- The court deemed the provisions unconstitutional, citing concerns about transparency and the potential misuse of power.
Types of Fake News:
- Misinformation: False information spread unintentionally.
- Disinformation: Deliberately false information meant to deceive and cause harm.
Status of Fake News in India:
- India as a major spreader of misinformation: The World Economic Forum's Global Risks 2024 report identifies disinformation as a significant short-term risk, with India as one of the largest consumers and producers of false information.
- Social Media Influence: Platforms like Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, and YouTube are widely used in India for news dissemination, making them a breeding ground for fake news.
- Spread of Political and Religious Misinformation: Fake news often serves political or religious agendas, leading to societal polarization and conflict.
Government Efforts to Combat Fake News:
- IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023: This amendment expanded the scope of "fake news" to include “government business” and gave the FCU the authority to flag misleading content.
- Press Information Bureau (PIB) Fact Check Unit: The PIB continues to run a fact-checking initiative, but it lacks the authority to remove flagged content from social media platforms.
- Digital Literacy Campaigns: Programs like Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA) aim to improve digital literacy, especially in rural areas, to help citizens identify and avoid fake news.
National Education Day 2024
- 11 Nov 2024
In News:
National Education Day is celebrated annually on November 11 to honor the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India's first Education Minister and a prominent freedom fighter, scholar, and educator.
Key Highlights:
- Establishment:
- The observance was instituted by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (now Ministry of Education) in 2008 to recognize Azad’s pivotal contributions to India’s education system and his vision for a progressive, educated society.
- Azad's Contributions to Education:
- Azad played a significant role in shaping India's post-independence educational landscape, establishing critical institutions such as:
- University Grants Commission (UGC)
- All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
- Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), including IIT Kharagpur
- Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)
- Promoted scientific research, cultural institutions, and technical education.
- Azad played a significant role in shaping India's post-independence educational landscape, establishing critical institutions such as:
- Significance of National Education Day:
- Reflects India’s commitment to promoting quality and inclusive education.
- Emphasizes the importance of education in empowering individuals and fostering national progress.
- Highlights educational reforms, literacy, and equal access to education as tools for societal transformation and empowerment.
- Theme for 2024:
- Although not officially published yet, the theme is expected to focus on inclusive, high-quality education, underlining the need for educational systems that equip students with skills to thrive in a rapidly evolving world.
- Focus Areas:
- Promoting literacy, equal access to education, and educational reforms.
- Developing critical thinking, creativity, and emotional intelligence in students.
Indian Military Heritage Festival 2024
- 10 Nov 2024
In News:
- Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan inaugurated the 2nd edition of the Indian Military Heritage Festival (IMHF) on November 8, 2024, in New Delhi.
- The two-day festival engages global and Indian experts, corporations, academicians, and non-profits focusing on India’s national security, foreign policy, military history, and military heritage.
Launch of Project Shaurya Gatha:
- Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’ was launched to conserve and promote India’s military heritage.
- The initiative, spearheaded by the Department of Military Affairs and USI of India, focuses on education and tourism to highlight India’s military history and valor.
- Publications Released:
- General Chauhan released important military publications:
- "Because of this: A History of the Indo-Pak Air War December 1971" by Air Marshal Vikram Singh (Retd).
- "Valour and Honour", a joint publication by the Indian Army and USI of India.
- "War-wounded, Disabled Soldiers, and Cadets", a joint publication by USI and the War Wounded Federation.
- General Chauhan released important military publications:
- Festival's Significance:
- The festival addresses the gap in public awareness regarding India’s military heritage and security concerns.
- It aims to enhance understanding of India’s military traditions, security issues, and the country’s efforts toward self-reliance in military capabilities under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
Zhurong Rover
- 10 Nov 2024
In News:
Chinese rover helps find evidence of ancient Martian shoreline.
Mission Overview:
- Rover: Zhurong, part of China’s Tianwen-1 Mars exploration program.
- Mission Launch: Zhurong landed in 2021 in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars' northern hemisphere.
- Key Discovery: Evidence of an ancient ocean on Mars, suggesting a habitable past for the planet.
Key Findings:
- Geological Features Indicating a Coastline:
- Data from Zhurong and orbiting spacecraft (Tianwen-1 Orbiter, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) revealed geological features such as troughs, sediment channels, and mud volcano formations, suggesting the existence of a Martian coastline.
- Features indicate both shallow and deeper marine environments, supporting the idea of a past ocean.
- Age of the Ocean:
- The ocean likely existed around 3.68 billion years ago, with its surface potentially frozen in a geologically short period.
- The ocean is thought to have disappeared by 3.42 billion years ago.
Evolutionary Scenario of Mars:
- At the time of the ocean, Mars might have already begun transitioning away from a habitable planet, losing much of its atmosphere and becoming cold and dry.
- The ocean may have formed after Mars' climate began to change, suggesting that it was once more hospitable, possibly capable of supporting microbial life.
Implications for Life on Mars:
- The presence of water, a key ingredient for life, raises the possibility that Mars could have supported microbial life in its early history.
- When Mars had a thick, warm atmosphere, conditions might have been favorable for life, as microbial life would have been more likely to exist.
Significance of Zhurong's Contribution:
- Zhurong exceeded its original mission duration of three months, operating until May 2022, helping provide key data to understand Mars' ancient water history.
- The discovery adds to ongoing efforts to study the disappearance of water on Mars and its implications for the planet's habitability.
Future Exploration:
- Other studies, including seismic data from NASA’s InSight lander, suggest that liquid water might still exist deep beneath the Martian surface, hinting at the possibility of finding water in the planet's subsurface in the future.
World’s First CO? to Methanol Plant
- 10 Nov 2024
In News:
- NTPC has achieved the first-ever synthesis of CO? (captured from flue gas) and hydrogen (produced via a PEM electrolyzer) into methanol at its Vindhyachal plant.
- This marks a significant step in carbon management technology, aimed at advancing sustainable fuel production.
About CO?-to-Methanol Conversion:
- Carbon Dioxide Capture:
- CO? is captured from industrial sources, such as power plants, or directly from the atmosphere.
- Hydrogen Production:
- Renewable energy sources like solar or wind power are used to produce hydrogen through water electrolysis.
- Methanol Synthesis:
- The captured CO? is combined with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to produce methanol, typically under high pressure and temperature conditions.
Benefits of CO?-to-Methanol Conversion:
- Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU):
- This technology reduces the impact of CO? on the atmosphere by converting it into useful products.
- Renewable Fuel Source:
- Methanol produced through this process can be used as a fuel for transportation, power generation, or as a feedstock for chemicals.
- Energy Storage:
- Methanol offers a more practical storage and transportation option than hydrogen, making it a potential energy storage solution and aiding the transition to hydrogen-based energy systems.
- Versatile Feedstock:
- Methanol is widely used in producing chemicals, solvents, and plastics, supporting various industrial applications.
What is Methanol?
- Brief: Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is the simplest form of alcohol. It is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid with a distinctive odor.
- Key Properties:
- Colorless, miscible with water, toxic if ingested, flammable.
QS World University Rankings
- 10 Nov 2024
In News:
The QS World University Rankings: Asia 2025 spotlights the top institutions in Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern, and Central Asia, emphasizing academic excellence, research, innovation, and internationalization.
India's Performance:
India has shown a remarkable upward trajectory, featuring:
- Two institutions in the Top 50:
- IIT Delhi ranked 44th (up from 46th), with a 99% employer reputation score.
- IIT Bombay ranked 48th, excelling with a 99.5% employer reputation score and 96.6% academic reputation score.
- Top 100 Institutions:
- IIT Madras (56th), IIT Kharagpur (60th), Indian Institute of Science (62nd), IIT Kanpur (67th), and University of Delhi (81st).
- Top 150 Institutions:
- IIT Guwahati, IIT Roorkee, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Chandigarh University (120th), UPES (148th), and VIT (150th).
Key Indicators for India:
- International Research Network and Citations per Paper contribute to India's growing global academic reputation.
- Papers per Faculty and Staff with PhD are India’s strongest indicators, reflecting robust research output and high teaching standards.
- Anna University achieved a perfect score of 100 in the Papers Per Faculty indicator, emphasizing high research output.
- North Eastern Hill University and University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore received a perfect score of 100 in the Faculty-Student Indicator.
Growth of Indian Institutions:
- India now has 46 institutions in the 2025 rankings, up from just 11 in 2015, marking a 318% increase over the past decade.
- India dominates Southern Asia with seven institutions in the top 10, showcasing the country's strengthening educational landscape.
India's Growing Global Influence:
- India's achievements underscore its commitment to academic excellence, competitiveness, and resilience in global higher education.
- Institutions like IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay highlight India’s ability to balance research productivity with high-quality teaching, enhancing its reputation as a global education hub.
One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) Initiative
- 10 Nov 2024
In News:
- India is in talks with Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Maldives, and Singapore to establish cross-border electricity transmission lines.
- This is part of the ambitious OSOWOG initiative to create a global renewable energy grid.
Key Points:
- Proposed by the Prime Minister of India at the 2018 International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly.
- Aims to create a transnational electricity grid that delivers power worldwide.
- Led by India and the UK, in collaboration with ISA and the World Bank Group.
Vision of OSOWOG:
- Connect regional grids through a common infrastructure for the transfer of renewable energy, focusing on solar power.
- Harness solar and other renewable energy from regions where the sun is shining and efficiently transmit it to areas of need.
- Aim to provide power to 140 countries using clean and efficient solar energy.
Phases of OSOWOG:
- Phase 1:
- Connect the Indian grid with grids in the Middle East, South Asia, and South-East Asia.
- Share solar and other renewable energy resources.
- Phase 2:
- Expand the interconnected grid to include renewable resources from Africa.
- Phase 3:
- Achieve a global interconnection aiming for 2,600 GW by 2050.
- Integrate as many countries as possible into a single renewable energy grid.
Global Collaboration:
- Involves national governments, international organizations, legislators, power operators, and experts.
- Focus on accelerating infrastructure development for a clean energy-powered world.
Adaptation Gap Report 2024
- 08 Nov 2024
In News:
The Adaptation Gap Report 2024, published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), underscores the urgent need for enhanced climate adaptation efforts, particularly through increased financial support for developing countries. The report, titled Come Hell and High Water, provides an annual assessment of global adaptation progress in planning, implementation, and financing.
Key Findings
- Adaptation Gap:
- The adaptation finance gap is estimated at $187–359 billion per year.
- Current adaptation finance falls short, with only $28 billion provided in 2022, meeting just 5% of projected needs.
- Adaptation Progress:
- International public adaptation finance to developing countries rose to $27.5 billion in 2022, up from $19 billion in 2019, reflecting progress toward the Glasgow Climate Pact's goal of doubling finance by 2025.
- Significance of Adaptation:
- Ambitious adaptation measures could reduce global climate risk by 50%.
- For instance, $16 billion annually in agriculture could prevent climate-induced hunger for 78 million people.
- Impact of Global Warming:
- According to UNEP's Emissions Gap Report 2024, global temperatures may increase by 2.6°C–3.1°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100.
- Developing countries face severe vulnerabilities, evidenced by recent floods in Nepal, Nigeria, and Chad.
- National Adaptation Plans (NAPs):
- While 171 countries have at least one adaptation policy, progress in implementation remains slow.
- 10 countries have shown no interest in developing adaptation policies.
Challenges in Adaptation Financing
- Financial Burden: Adaptation projects such as seawalls and resilient infrastructure are costly for developing nations.
- Funding Shortfalls:
- Developed nations have failed to meet financial commitments like the $100 billion goal set for 2020.
- The adaptation finance gap remains significant in non-private sector-funded areas, such as ecosystem preservation.
- High-Interest Loans: Much current funding relies on high-interest loans, increasing the debt burden for recipient countries.
Recommendations
- Adopt New Financing Goals: Establish an ambitious New Collective Quantified Goal for climate finance at COP29.
- Strategic Adaptation Financing:
- Shift from project-based to anticipatory and transformational financing.
- Invest in harder-to-finance areas like ecosystem preservation and cultural heritage.
- Alternative Financing Models: Encourage risk finance, resilience bonds, debt-for-adaptation swaps, and payments for ecosystem services.
Global and Indian Initiatives
Global Initiatives:
- Paris Agreement: Sets a global adaptation goal to enhance resilience.
- UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience: Introduced at COP28, focusing on agriculture, water, and health adaptation targets.
- Adaptation Fund: Provides project funding for developing nations under the Kyoto Protocol.
Indian Initiatives:
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Includes eight missions, such as the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC).
- Sectoral Schemes:
- MISHTI: Mangrove initiative for shoreline protection.
- Amrit Dharohar: Enhances wetland ecosystems.
- India's adaptation spending accounted for 5.6% of GDP in 2021–2022.
PM Vishwakarma Yojana
- 08 Nov 2024
In News:
The PM Vishwakarma Yojana is a landmark initiative by the Indian government aimed at revitalizing traditional craftsmanship and empowering artisans and craftspeople, often referred to as Vishwakarmas. Launched on September 17, 2023, during Vishwakarma Jayanti, the scheme highlights the government's commitment to preserving India's rich cultural heritage and supporting the unorganized sector.
Key Highlights
- Objective:
- To strengthen the Guru-Shishya tradition and improve the quality, reach, and marketability of products and services by artisans.
- To integrate Vishwakarmas into domestic and global value chains, making them self-reliant.
- To alleviate poverty by supporting rural and urban artisans across India.
- Financial Outlay:,Fully funded by the Union Government with a ?13,000 crore budget spanning five years (2023–2028).
- Eligibility:
- Open to rural and urban artisans and craftspeople involved in 18 traditional crafts, such as blacksmithing, goldsmithing, pottery, boat making, and carpentry.
- Covers 5 lakh families in the first year and aims to reach 30 lakh families over five years.
- Key Benefits:
- Financial Support:
- Collateral-free credit of ?1 lakh (first tranche) and ?2 lakh (second tranche) at a concessional 5% interest rate.
- Government provides 8% interest subvention upfront to banks.
- Toolkit Incentive: ?15,000 via e-vouchers for acquiring modern tools.
- Training and Skill Development: Basic and advanced skill training to create industry-ready manpower.
- Digital and Marketing Incentives: Encourages digital transactions and provides marketing support.
- Recognition: Beneficiaries receive a PM Vishwakarma Certificate and ID Card.
- Market Linkage: Facilitates better market access for artisan products.
- Financial Support:
- Achievements (as of Nov 4, 2024):
- 25.8 million applications received.
- 2.37 million artisans registered after verification.
- Over 1 million artisans benefited from toolkit incentives.
Significance
- Promotes inclusive development by supporting an underserved segment of the workforce.
- Recognizes and supports traditional skills passed down through generations, preserving India’s cultural diversity.
- Enhances productivity and competitiveness by integrating artisans into MSME sectors.
- Encourages sustainability through the promotion of handmade, eco-friendly crafts.
Key Institutions Involved
- Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME): Oversees implementation.
- Common Services Centres (CSC): Facilitates registration through biometric-based PM Vishwakarma Portal.
Challenges Addressed
- Lack of access to modern tools and financial support.
- Insufficient market linkages and exposure for traditional crafts.
- Limited opportunities for skill enhancement and product development.
Protected Planet Report 2024
- 08 Nov 2024
In News:
The Protected Planet Report 2024, released by UNEP-WCMC and IUCN, evaluates global progress toward achieving Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF). This target aims to conserve 30% of Earth's terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine areas by 2030.
Key Highlights of the Report
- Current Global Coverage
- Land and Inland Waters: 17.6% protected.
- Oceans and Coastal Areas: 8.4% protected.
- Progress since 2020: Minimal increase (<0.5% for both realms), equivalent to an area twice the size of Colombia.
- Remaining Challenges to Achieve Target 3 by 2030
- Land: An additional 12.4% of land area must be protected (equivalent to Brazil + Australia).
- Ocean: 21.6% more marine areas must be safeguarded (larger than the Indian Ocean).
- Key Gaps:
- Only 8.5% of protected areas on land are well-connected.
- Only one-fifth of the areas critical for biodiversity are fully protected.
- Biodiversity representation remains uneven, with some ecological regions having no protection at all.
- Governance and Effectiveness Issues
- Less than 5% of protected land and 1.3% of marine areas have management effectiveness assessments.
- Only 0.2% of protected land and 0.01% of marine areas have undergone equitable governance assessments.
- Indigenous governance covers less than 4% of protected areas despite Indigenous and traditional territories covering 13.6% of the terrestrial areas.
- Ocean Conservation Progress: Most progress is in national waters; however, areas beyond national jurisdiction (the high seas) remain underrepresented (<11% coverage).
- Data Deficiency: Insufficient data to measure biodiversity outcomes, equity, and governance in protected areas.
Importance of Target 3
- Biodiversity Benefits: Protected areas play a critical role in halting and reversing biodiversity loss.
- Ecosystem Services: These areas contribute to clean air, water, climate regulation, and food security.
- Cultural and Economic Significance: They uphold the rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, ensuring equitable governance and sustainable resource use.
Key Recommendations
- Accelerate Conservation Efforts:
- Expand protected and conserved areas with a focus on biodiversity hotspots.
- Ensure areas are ecologically connected and effectively managed.
- Strengthen Indigenous and Local Contributions:
- Recognize and support the stewardship of Indigenous Peoples and local communities.
- Ensure their voices and knowledge systems are integrated into conservation planning.
- Improve Governance and Equity:
- Address gaps in equitable governance and include rights-based approaches.
- Global Cooperation:
- Increase international financing to developing nations for biodiversity conservation.
- Foster cross-border partnerships and support data-sharing initiatives.
- Enhance Data Availability:
- Collect and disseminate data on the effectiveness of protected areas and their biodiversity outcomes.
India’s Role and Strategy
- Commitment to KM-GBF: India updated its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) to align with the KM-GBF goals, aiming to protect 30% of natural areas by 2030.
- Focus on Restoration: Prioritizes the restoration of forests, rivers, and other ecosystems to maintain essential resources like clean air and water.
- Indigenous Participation: India emphasizes integrating Indigenous territories into its conservation framework.
Adoption Awareness Month 2024
- 08 Nov 2024
In News:
Adoption Awareness Month is an annual event where CARA and all its stakeholders come together to raise awareness about the legal process of adoption.
Context
- Celebrated by: Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) and the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA).
- When: November 2024.
- Theme: “Rehabilitation of Older Children through Foster Care and Foster Adoption.”
- Purpose: To raise awareness about legal adoption, foster care, and the rehabilitation of older children in India.
Objectives
- Promote Legal Adoptions:
- Create awareness about the legal framework and processes for adoption.
- Encourage prospective adoptive parents (PAPs) to adopt older children or children with special needs.
- Foster Care Focus:
- Highlight the importance of foster care as a rehabilitative measure for older children.
- Public Engagement:
- Engage various stakeholders, including adoptive families, PAPs, older adoptees, and the general public, to share experiences and insights.
Key Activities
- Nationwide Campaigns:
- Offline events in states like Ladakh, Assam, Mizoram, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and West Bengal.
- Mega event in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, on November 21, 2024.
- Online Initiatives (via MyGov India):
- Storytelling, poster making, slogan writing, pledges, and online surveys.
- Informative content on adoption and foster care shared via social media.
- Interactive Engagements:
- Cultural programs, competitions, Q&A sessions with PAPs, and discussions with stakeholders.
- Sharing of experiences by older adoptees and adoptive parents.
Significance of Adoption Awareness Month
- Focus on Older Children:
- Addresses challenges faced by older children in finding permanent families.
- Promotes inclusive adoption practices for children with special needs or in foster care.
- Stakeholder Involvement:
- Builds trust and awareness by sharing real-life adoption experiences.
- Encourages societal participation in the rehabilitation of vulnerable children.
- Policy Awareness:
- Educates the public about the legal adoption process under CARA.
- Highlights the benefits and responsibilities of foster care and adoption.
Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)
- Role: Apex body for regulating adoption in India under the MWCD.
- Key Function: Ensures legal, ethical, and transparent adoption processes for orphaned, abandoned, and surrendered children.
Challenges in Adoption and Foster Care
- Limited awareness about adopting older children or children with special needs.
- Cultural and societal barriers.
- Complexities in the legal adoption process.
Way Forward
- Streamlining Processes: Simplify legal procedures to make adoption and foster care accessible.
- Increased Awareness: Continued campaigns to reduce stigma and misinformation about adoption.
- Policy Support: Strengthen programs for foster care and ensure periodic evaluation of their impact.
One Rank One Pension (OROP) Scheme
- 08 Nov 2024
In News:
As OROP completes the 10 years in 2024, it is essential to reflect on the immense benefits the scheme has brought to the armed forces community.
Overview:
- Implemented on: November 7, 2015.
- Announced in: Union Budget 2014, allocation of ?1,000 crore.
- Aim: To ensure uniform pension for military personnel retiring at the same rank with equal service duration, irrespective of retirement date.
- Significance: A landmark reform addressing a four-decade-long demand of ex-servicemen.
- Origin: Longstanding demand since the 1970s; first highlighted by the 3rd Central Pay Commission.
- Key Committees: K.P. Singh Dev Committee (1984) and Sharad Pawar Committee (1991) recommended reforms but faced financial and administrative hurdles.
Key Features:
The policy’s primary elements include:
- Re-fixation of Pensions: The pension of all past pensioners is re-fixed based on the pensions of personnel who retired in 2013, starting from July 1, 2014. This created a new benchmark for pensions, with all retirees getting equal benefits for their service.
- Periodic Revision: The pension is to be re-fixed every five years, ensuring that it continues to reflect changes in the pay and pension structure.
- Arrears Payments: Arrears of pension were to be paid in equal half-yearly installments, although the arrears for family pensioners and gallantry awardees were paid in a single installment.
- Safeguarding Above-Average Pension: For personnel drawing pensions higher than the average, their pensions are protected, ensuring that they do not lose out on the benefits of OROP.
- Inclusive of All Ex-Servicemen: The order covered all personnel who retired up to June 30, 2014, and provided a robust framework for revising pensions for all ranks, including family pensioners.
Impact:
- Veterans and Families:
- Benefited over 25 lakh ex-servicemen and families.
- Enhanced financial security, standard of living, and dignity.
- Emotional and Social Value:
- Strengthened trust between veterans and the government.
- Recognized sacrifices of armed forces personnel.
Okinawicius tekdi
- 07 Nov 2024
In News:
Researchers have recently discovered a new species of jumping spider in the Baner Hill area, underscoring the region's rich biodiversity and the growing need to preserve the natural landscapes around Pune.
About Okinawicius tekdi:
- The newly identified species, named Okinawicius tekdi, is a jumping spider that contributes to the growing diversity of India's spider population, now numbering 326 species of jumping spiders.
- The name "tekdi" comes from the Marathi word for "hill," reflecting the spider's habitat.
- The last time a spider species was identified in Pune was over three decades ago.
About Jumping Spiders:
- Jumping spiders belong to the family Salticidae and are known for their distinctive eight legs and remarkable jumping ability.
- These spiders possess a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed legs.
- In addition to their agility, they are famous for spinning webs that they use to capture their prey.
World Cities Report 2024
- 07 Nov 2024
In News:
The World Cities Report 2024, released by UN-Habitat, highlights the urgent need for cities to address climate change, both as victims and major contributors.
Key Findings of the Report
- Temperature Increases by 2040: Nearly 2 billion people living in urban areas are projected to face at least a 0.5°C rise in temperature by 2040, exposing them to heatwaves and other climate-related risks.
- Urban Vulnerability and Climate Risk:
- Cities are disproportionately affected by climate change while being major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, which exacerbates their vulnerability to events like floods, cyclones, and heatwaves.
- The urban population is facing a dual challenge: increased heat and extreme weather events such as flooding, cyclones, and erratic rainfall.
- Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Risks: Over 2,000 cities in low coastal areas, many located under 5 meters above sea level, are at heightened risk from sea-level rise and storm surges, potentially affecting more than 1.4 billion people by 2040.
- Riverine Flooding: Flood exposure in cities is growing 3.5 times faster than in rural areas, with 517 million people in urban areas projected to be exposed to riverine flooding by 2030.
- Investment Gap: Cities require between USD 4.5 trillion and USD 5.4 trillion annually to build and maintain climate-resilient systems, but current investments stand at only USD 831 billion, highlighting a massive funding shortfall.
- Decline in Urban Green Spaces: The average share of urban green spaces has dropped from 19.5% in 1990 to 13.9% in 2020, reducing cities' ability to absorb carbon, manage heat, and provide essential ecosystem services.
- Vulnerable Communities: Informal settlements and slums, often situated in environmentally sensitive areas, are disproportionately affected by climate impacts. These communities lack adequate infrastructure and are often unable to invest in necessary upgrades due to eviction fears or lack of legal recognition.
- Green Gentrification: While climate interventions like park creation can provide environmental benefits, they can also lead to green gentrification—displacing low-income households or increasing property values and rents, thus pricing vulnerable communities out.
Contributing Factors to Urban Global Warming
- Energy Consumption: Urban areas account for 71-76% of global CO? emissions from energy use, driven by dense populations, industrial activities, transportation, and high-energy demand for buildings.
- Industrial Activities: Urban industries and power plants release a variety of greenhouse gases (GHGs), including CO?, methane (CH?), and nitrous oxide (N?O).
- Land Use Changes: Urban expansion leads to deforestation and reduced carbon absorption, contributing to global warming. Urban land areas are expected to more than triple by 2050, accelerating environmental degradation.
- Waste Generation: Decomposing waste in landfills releases methane, a potent GHG, exacerbating the greenhouse effect.
- Urban Heat Island Effect: Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) occur when cities absorb and retain more heat due to their dense infrastructure (asphalt, concrete, and buildings), increasing local temperatures and energy consumption.
Impacts of Global Warming on Cities
- Heatwaves: Cities, especially in warmer regions like India, are experiencing more severe heatwaves and rising temperatures.
- Urban Heat Island Effect: UHIs increase the intensity of heatwaves, particularly in high-density cities, where buildings and roads trap heat, exacerbating energy demands and public health risks.
- Coastal Flooding: Rising sea levels threaten coastal cities with flooding and storm surges, displacing communities and disrupting economies.
- Wildfire Seasons: Warming temperatures and prolonged droughts increase the risk of wildfires in urban areas, particularly in forest-adjacent cities.
India's Climate Initiatives for Urban Areas
- Smart Cities Mission: Focuses on developing sustainable urban infrastructure, promoting smart technologies, and enhancing resilience to climate impacts.
- AMRUT Mission: Aims to provide basic infrastructure and sustainable urban development in cities, including water supply, sewage, and green spaces.
- Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban: Focuses on improving waste management and reducing pollution in urban areas.
- FAME India Scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles): Promotes electric vehicles to reduce urban air pollution and carbon emissions.
- Green Energy Corridor (GEC): Facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources into the national grid, encouraging clean energy use in urban centers.
21st India-US Military Cooperation Group (MCG) Meeting
- 07 Nov 2024
In News:
- The 21st India-US Military Cooperation Group (MCG) meeting was held from November 5 to 6, 2024, at the Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi.
- The meeting focused on strengthening defence ties between India and the US, covering a wide range of topics aimed at improving military cooperation.
Key Areas of Discussion
- Capacity Building: The meeting discussed initiatives for enhancing defence capacity through training exchanges, joint exercises, and sharing best practices.
- Defence Industrial Cooperation: Both countries explored opportunities for collaborative defence industrial ventures and technology sharing.
- Joint Exercises: The advancement of joint military exercises was highlighted to boost readiness against both conventional and hybrid threats.
- Strategic Objectives: The meeting aimed to enhance interoperability between the two countries' armed forces, enabling more effective joint operations.
Commitment to Strengthen Indo-US Defence Ties
- Strategic Partnership: Both nations reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening the Indo-US defence partnership, recognizing the shared challenges in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Focus on Regional Security: The discussions underscored the importance of ensuring regional security and global stability in the face of emerging threats.
The Role of the MCG
- Purpose: The MCG forum serves as a key platform for enhancing strategic and operational defence collaboration between India and the US.
- Long-term Goals: The MCG aims to build mutual defence capabilities, counter emerging threats, and ensure the security of both nations and the wider region.
Maha Kumbh Mela 2025
- 07 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 will be held in Prayagraj from January 13 to February 26.
- The event is a sacred pilgrimage that draws millions of pilgrims to bathe in the holy waters of the Triveni Sangam (the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and Sarasvati rivers) for spiritual purification and liberation.
Significance and Spiritual Importance
- Sacred Rituals:
- The central ritual is the act of bathing in the holy waters of the confluence, believed to cleanse one’s sins and bring spiritual liberation (Moksha).
- Pilgrims also engage in worship, spiritual discourses, and seek blessings from revered sadhus and saints.
- Auspicious Dates:
- The event includes Shahi Snan (Royal Bath), where prominent saints and their followers bathe on specific dates, marking the beginning of the Mela.
- Paush Purnima marks the start of the auspicious bathing period.
- Cultural Ceremonies:
- The Mela features a grand procession (Peshwai) with Akharas (spiritual orders) on elephants, horses, and chariots.
- Cultural performances, traditional music, dance, and art are also part of the festivities, showcasing India’s vibrant cultural diversity.
Mythological and Historical Roots
- Mythology:
- The Kumbh Mela is deeply embedded in Hindu mythology, symbolizing humanity’s quest for spiritual unity and enlightenment.
- The timing of the event is based on astrological positions of celestial bodies, particularly the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter.
- Historical Significance:
- The origins of the Kumbh Mela trace back over 2,000 years, with references found in the Maurya and Gupta periods.
- Royal Patronage: Emperors like Akbar supported the Mela, symbolizing unity among different religions and cultures.
- British Colonial Era: British officials documented the Mela, fascinated by its scale and ritualistic practices.
- Modern Recognition:
- In 2017, the UNESCO recognized the Kumbh Mela as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, underscoring its global significance.
Cultural Celebration and Unity
- Cultural Diversity:
- The Maha Kumbh Mela is a celebration of India's rich cultural heritage, where pilgrims experience traditional crafts, art, music, and dance, alongside spiritual practices.
- International Participation:
- Pilgrims from across the globe attend the Mela, drawn by its message of unity, tolerance, and the universal quest for spiritual growth and peace.
- Message of Unity:
- The Mela serves as a reminder of humanity’s shared desire for self-realization and spiritual fulfillment, transcending national, cultural, and religious boundaries.
PM-Vidyalaxmi Scheme
- 07 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved the PM Vidyalaxmi scheme to provide financial assistance to meritorious students for higher education.
- Objective: The scheme aims to ensure that financial constraints do not hinder students from pursuing quality higher education.
Key Features of the scheme:
- Eligibility:
- Students admitted to top 860 Quality Higher Education Institutions (QHEIs) are eligible.
- Includes both government and private institutions, as per the NIRF (National Institutional Ranking Framework) rankings.
- Loan Provision:
- Collateral-free and guarantor-free education loans for tuition fees and other course-related expenses.
- Loans up to ?7.5 lakhs will have a 75% credit guarantee from the government to encourage banks to offer loans.
- Interest Subvention:
- For students with an annual family income of up to ?8 lakhs (and not eligible for other scholarships or schemes), a 3% interest subvention will be provided on loans up to ?10 lakhs.
- This subvention applies during the moratorium period (when repayment is deferred).
- Preference for interest subvention is given to students in technical/professional courses and those from government institutions.
- Target Beneficiaries:
- Around 22 lakh students are expected to benefit from the scheme annually.
- The government has allocated ?3,600 crore for the period 2024-2025 to 2030-2031, with 7 lakh fresh students anticipated to receive the benefit each year.
- Digital Process:
- A unified “PM-Vidyalaxmi” portal will allow students to apply for loans and interest subvention in a simplified, transparent, and digital manner.
- Payment Method:
- Interest subvention will be paid via E-vouchers or Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) wallets.
Loan Product Features
- Collateral-free & Guarantor-free: Loans will be accessible without the need for collateral or a guarantor.
- Loan Coverage:
- The scheme will cover full tuition fees and other related expenses.
- Eligibility Criteria:
- Students enrolled in NIRF top 100 HEIs, state institutions ranked 101-200, and central government institutions are eligible.
- The list of eligible institutions will be updated annually based on the latest NIRF rankings.
Government's Commitment
- The scheme is a part of the National Education Policy 2020’s vision to enhance access to quality education through financial support.
- Additional Support:
- It complements the existing Central Sector Interest Subsidy (CSIS) and Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Education Loans (CGFSEL) under PM-USP.
- The CSIS scheme provides full interest subvention for students with an annual family income of up to ?4.5 lakhs, pursuing technical/professional courses.
India-Algeria Strengthen Defence Ties
- 06 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of India recently visited Algeria, culminating in the signing of a significant Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on defence cooperation.
- Objective: The MoU aims to strengthen the strategic and military ties between India and Algeria.
Recent Developments in India-Algeria Relations
- Important Visit: The CDS’s visit coincided with Algeria’s 70th anniversary of its revolution, celebrated on November 1st, with military parades and ceremonies highlighting Algeria’s historical and political legacy.
- Defence Cooperation:
- India re-established its defence wing in Algeria, and Algeria reciprocated by considering the establishment of its defence wing in India.
- India emphasized its role as a “Vishwa Bandhu” (global partner) and offered to share defence expertise and experiences with Algeria.
- Strategic Discussion: The MoU aims to enhance mutual understanding, laying the foundation for long-term defence collaboration across multiple sectors, including manufacturing under India’s 'Make in India' and 'Make for the World' initiatives.
- Global Peace Support: CDS reiterated India’s commitment to peaceful conflict resolution and expressed support for Algeria’s defence interests.
Significant Areas of India-Algeria Relationship
- Diplomatic Relations:
- India and Algeria established diplomatic ties in July 1962, the same year Algeria gained independence from French colonial rule.
- India supported Algeria's liberation movement and both countries have maintained close ties as part of the Non-Aligned Movement.
- Bilateral Trade:
- Trade peaked at USD 2.9 billion in 2018 but dropped to USD 1.5 billion by 2021 due to COVID-19 and Algeria’s import restrictions.
- Trade rebounded in 2022, increasing by 24% to USD 2.1 billion.
- Exports from India (2023-24): Rice, pharmaceuticals, granite.
- Imports from Algeria: Petroleum oils, LNG, calcium phosphates.
- Bilateral Agreements:
- 2015 MoU: Between All India Radio (AIR) and Algerian National Radio for cooperation in broadcasting.
- 2018 Space Cooperation Agreement: Focuses on satellite technology for applications like crop forecasting and disaster management.
- Visa Waiver Agreement (2021): Diplomatic and official passport holders are exempt from visa requirements.
- Cultural Engagement:
- International Day of Yoga (2024): Celebrated in Algeria at the Jardin d’Essai du Hamma, attracting over 300 participants.
- Space Cooperation:
- The 2018 India-Algeria Space Cooperation Agreement focuses on joint space science, technology, and applications.
- India has launched four Algerian satellites (2016), and the 2022 Joint Committee Meeting expanded satellite capacity building efforts.
- Algeria’s space agency has engaged with ISRO on satellite applications like crop forecasting and disaster management.
- Indian Community in Algeria:
- Approximately 3,800 Indians live in Algeria, working in various sectors, including technical and semi-skilled roles.
- The community includes 13 Overseas Citizens of India (OCI), 10 Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs), and 15 Indian students.
Spraying Diamond Dust to cool the Earth
- 06 Nov 2024
In News:
- A new study in Geophysical Research Letters suggests that diamond dust could be more effective than any other material in reflecting solar radiation.
- Objective: The goal is to reduce global temperatures by 1.6°C by spraying approximately 5 million tonnes of diamonds annually into the atmosphere.
Background of Geoengineering Solutions:
- Geoengineering refers to large-scale interventions aimed at altering Earth's natural climate system to counteract global warming.
- One proposed solution involves spraying diamond dust in the Earth's upper atmosphere to cool the planet.
- This approach is part of Solar Radiation Management (SRM), which seeks to reflect sunlight away from Earth, thereby reducing global temperatures.
- Previous Materials Considered: Sulphur, calcium, aluminium, silicon, and other compounds have been studied to perform a similar function.
Context of Geoengineering and Climate Crisis:
- Inadequate Progress: Current efforts to mitigate global warming, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, have been insufficient. Global temperatures have continued to rise, and targets like the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C are increasingly out of reach.
- Rising Global Temperatures:
- 2023: Global temperatures were approximately 1.45°C higher than pre-industrial levels.
- Projected Challenge: To meet the Paris goal, global emissions must be reduced by at least 43% by 2030. However, current actions will likely result in only a 2% reduction by 2030.
Geoengineering Technologies:
- Geoengineering Methods:
- Solar Radiation Management (SRM): Reflects sunlight to cool Earth.
- Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR): Involves capturing and storing CO?.
- SRM Techniques:
- SRM draws inspiration from natural events like volcanic eruptions, where large amounts of sulphur dioxide form particles that reflect sunlight.
- Mount Pinatubo (1991): One of the largest eruptions, which temporarily reduced global temperatures by 0.5°C due to the sulphur dioxide released.
Diamond Dust vs Other Materials:
- Study Comparison: Diamonds were found to be the most effective material compared to other compounds (sulphur, calcium, etc.) for reflecting solar radiation.
- Quantity Needed: To achieve a cooling of 1.6°C, 5 million tonnes of diamonds would need to be dispersed into the upper atmosphere each year.
Broader Geoengineering Context:
- Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS):
- CCS is already in practice, where CO? emissions from industries are captured and stored underground to reduce atmospheric carbon.
- However, CCS faces high costs and scalability issues, and safe storage sites for CO? are limited.
- Direct Air Capture (DAC): A more advanced method where CO? is directly removed from ambient air, but it faces even greater challenges in terms of infrastructure and cost.
VINBAX 2024 Exercise
- 06 Nov 2024
In News:
The 5th Edition of Vietnam Indian Bilateral Army Exercise “VINBAX 2024” had commenced at Ambala.
Key Participants
- Indian Army: A contingent of 47 personnel from the Corps of Engineers, along with personnel from other arms and services.
- Vietnam People's Army: A similar-sized contingent representing Vietnam's military forces.
- Bi-Service Participation: For the first time, personnel from both Army and Air Force of India and Vietnam are participating.
Objectives of VINBAX 2024
- Joint Military Capability Enhancement:
- Focus on enhancing joint military capabilities of both countries, specifically in the deployment of Engineer Companies and Medical Teams.
- Peacekeeping Operations (UN Context):
- The exercise prepares both sides for United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (PKO), under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, which deals with peace enforcement actions.
- Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR):
- The exercise includes a 48-hour validation exercise with demonstrations of Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations.
- The HADR component will include equipment displays to assess the technical standards of both contingents while executing disaster relief and humanitarian missions in peacekeeping contexts.
Key Activities & Events
- Field Training Exercise: The exercise includes a field training component, with a larger scope than previous editions, focusing on:
- Engineer Tasks.
- Medical Support.
- Disaster Relief Operations.
- Validation Exercise: A critical 48-hour validation exercise to test the preparedness of the two forces in providing HADR, including:
- Demonstrations of disaster relief operations.
- Equipment displays to showcase capabilities in managing and executing peacekeeping and humanitarian operations.
- Cultural Exchange: The exercise will also provide an opportunity for cultural exchange, where the troops will learn about the social and cultural heritage of each other.
Background of VINBAX
- Inception: VINBAX was first conducted in 2018 as part of the growing defense cooperation between India and Vietnam. The inaugural edition took place in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.
- Alternating Locations: The exercise alternates between India and Vietnam every year.
- Previous Editions:
- 2023 Edition: Held in Vietnam.
- Current Edition: This is the 5th edition, conducted in India (Ambala and Chandimandir).
Indian Defense Engagements in Southeast Asia
- India-Indonesia Joint Special Forces Exercise (Garud Shakti 2024): Held from November 1-12, 2024, in Cijantung, Jakarta, strengthening ties with Indonesian special forces.
- Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise (SIMBEX 2024): Held from October 23-29, 2024, in Visakhapatnam, focusing on maritime security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.
Proba-3 Mission
- 06 Nov 2024
In News:
Europe's Proba-3 mission to arrive in India for launch aboard PSLV-XL by ISRO
Key Highlights:
- Objective: The Proba-3 mission, led by the European Space Agency (ESA), aims to observe the Sun’s corona by creating an artificial solar eclipse. This will allow continuous observation of the Sun’s faint outer atmosphere, which is typically only visible during a natural solar eclipse.
- Key Features:
- Artificial Solar Eclipse: The two spacecraft will fly in formation to maintain a shadow between them, enabling the uninterrupted observation of the solar corona.
- Formation Flying: The satellites must maintain a precise formation with an accuracy of one millimetre, equivalent to the thickness of a fingernail.
Mission Details
- Launch Date: Scheduled for December 4, 2024.
- Launch Location: Satish Dhawan Space Centre near Chennai, India.
- Launch Vehicle: The PSLV-XL rocket developed by ISRO will be used for the launch.
- Spacecraft Mass: The combined mass of the two spacecraft is 550 kg.
- Orbit: The spacecraft will be placed in a highly elliptical orbit with a maximum altitude of 60,000 km to facilitate the precise formation flying.
- This high altitude minimizes Earth’s gravitational pull and reduces the amount of propellant required to maintain their positions during the mission.
Mission Significance
- Solar Observation: The primary objective is to observe the Sun’s corona, which has been challenging to study due to its faintness. The artificial eclipse will allow continuous data collection on solar activity.
- Formation Flying: This technology will allow the two satellites to maintain autonomous flight with millimetre-level precision, which is a significant advancement in satellite formation control.
- Six-Hour Observation Windows: Each formation flying session will last for up to six hours, during which the satellites will observe the Sun's corona.
Technological and Scientific Contributions
- ASPIICS Instrument: The ASPIICS (AStronomical PIcture Camera for the Intense Corona of the Sun) will be the mission's primary instrument, developed by the Royal Observatory of Belgium. It will provide crucial data on solar activity and space weather.
- International Collaboration: The mission is a collaborative effort involving 14 ESA member states and various organizations across Europe.
- Mission Control: The mission will be managed from the ESA’s European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Belgium, with significant pre-launch training and preparations already underway.
ISRO's Role and Historical Context
- Launch by ISRO: The Proba-3 mission will be ISRO’s first launch for ESA since 2001, marking an important milestone in India-Europe space cooperation.
- PSLV-XL Rocket: ISRO’s PSLV-XL rocket is known for its reliability and capability in deploying satellites into precise orbits. It is well-suited to carry the 550 kg Proba-3 duo into a highly elliptical orbit for the mission.
Minuteman III ICBM
- 06 Nov 2024
In News:
The U.S. Army is scheduled to test launch a Minuteman III ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile) after the closure of voting on Election Day.
Missile Features
- Speed: Hypersonic, capable of reaching speeds up to 15,000 mph (Mach 23).
- Range: 13,000 km.
- Payload: Currently carries one nuclear warhead (as per arms control agreements with Russia), but originally designed for multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs).
- Launch Time: Extremely fast, enabling near-instant global retaliation capabilities.
- Testing Reliability: Nearly 100% success rate in tests, with backup airborne launch controllers to ensure continuity of the retaliatory strike capability.
- Length: 18.2 meters.
- Diameter: 1.85 meters.
- Launch Weight: 34,467 kg.
- Type: Three-stage, solid-fuel missile.
Strategic Significance
- Land-Based Nuclear Deterrent: The Minuteman III is a key component of the U.S. nuclear triad, which includes land-based missiles, submarine-launched missiles (SLBMs), and strategic bombers.
- Cost-Effectiveness: The Sentinel weapon system (modernized Minuteman III) is viewed as the most cost-effective option for maintaining the land-based leg of U.S. nuclear deterrence until the planned Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD) system replaces it in 2029.
- Global Reach: The missile can strike any target worldwide within minutes, demonstrating U.S. nuclear reach and power projection.
India's Green Leap
- 05 Nov 2024
In News:
India's journey toward a sustainable energy future has gained significant momentum with a series of policy reforms designed to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and accelerate the shift to clean energy. The recent Asia-Pacific Climate Report from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) highlights India's remarkable progress in reforming its fossil fuel subsidy system and its efforts to foster renewable energy, positioning the country as a leader in the region's green transformation.
Key Highlights from the Report:
India's Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform
- India has successfully reduced fossil fuel subsidies by 85%, from a peak of $25 billion in 2013 to just $3.5 billion by 2023.
- The reform strategy is built on a "remove, target, and shift" approach, which involved phasing out subsidies on petrol and diesel from 2010 to 2014, followed by incremental tax hikes on these fuels through 2017.
- These fiscal changes created space for funding renewable energy projects, such as solar parks, electric vehicle initiatives, and infrastructure improvements.
Role of Taxation in Supporting Clean Energy
- Between 2010 and 2017, India introduced a cess on coal production and imports, which contributed significantly to funding clean energy projects. Approximately 30% of the cess was directed to the National Clean Energy and Environment Fund.
- This funding supported major renewable energy initiatives, including the National Solar Mission and Green Energy Corridor project, helping reduce the cost of utility-scale solar energy and expand off-grid renewable energy solutions.
- The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017 altered the financial landscape, redirecting the cess funds to GST compensation rather than directly to clean energy.
Government Schemes and Initiatives
- India is advancing its clean energy agenda through several key government schemes:
- National Green Hydrogen Mission: Aimed at establishing India as a leader in green hydrogen production.
- PM-KUSUM Scheme: Focused on promoting solar energy among farmers, allowing them to produce renewable power.
- PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana: A program designed to provide solar energy access to rural communities, reducing dependency on fossil fuels.
A Strategic Shift: From Subsidies to Clean Energy
- India’s subsidy reforms are an important part of its strategy to transition from a reliance on fossil fuels to a focus on renewable energy investments.
- These changes reflect India’s long-term goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070, as outlined in its climate action plans.
Global Significance of India’s Efforts
- The reduction in fossil fuel subsidies and the surge in clean energy investment serve as a model for other nations seeking to balance economic development with climate action.
- India’s approach demonstrates that policy reforms and innovative financing mechanisms can be used to accelerate the transition to a cleaner, greener economy while creating job opportunities and fostering economic growth.
IUCN’s First Global Tree Assessment
- 05 Nov 2024
In News:
More than one in three tree species threatened with extinction, finds IUCN’s first Global Tree Assessment
Key Highlights:
Global Tree Extinction Risk:
- 38% of the world’s tree species are now facing the risk of extinction — over one in three tree species is at risk.
- This means 16,425 out of 47,282 tree speciesanalyzed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) are under threat.
- Threatened tree species outnumber all threatened birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians combined, highlighting the urgent need for conservation action.
Key Drivers of Threat:
- Deforestation: The primary threat to trees is deforestation, driven by agriculture, livestock rearing, and urban development, especially in tropical regions.
- Climate Change: Rising sea levels and increasingly frequent storms exacerbate the threats, particularly in tropical regions and islands.
- Invasive Species & Pests: Non-native species, pests, and diseases are adding pressure to vulnerable tree populations.
Geographic Vulnerabilities:
- Islands are particularly vulnerable, with a high proportion of threatened species due to habitat destruction and urbanization.
- South America, which boasts the highest tree diversity, faces significant threats, with 3,356 out of 13,668 species at risk, mainly due to deforestation for agriculture.
Ecological and Economic Importance of Trees:
- Trees play a fundamental role in carbon, water, and nutrient cycles, and are critical for soil formation and climate regulation.
- The loss of trees poses a growing threat to thousands of other species of plants, fungi, and animals.
- Trees are essential for local communities, providing resources such as timber, medicines, food, and fuel. Over 5,000 species of trees are used for timber and construction, while more than 2,000 species are vital for food, fuel, and medicine.
Conservation Status:
- Tree species are threatened across 192 countries.
- The assessment is the first global analysis of the conservation status of trees, enabling better-informed conservation decisions.
Positive Actions and Strategies:
- Successful community-driven conservation efforts have had positive outcomes in places like the Juan Fernández Islands, Cuba, Madagascar, and Fiji.
- Some countries, including Ghana, Colombia, Chile, and Kenya, already have national strategies for tree conservation.
- Ex-situ conservation, such as seed banks and botanical gardens, is also crucial to safeguard species that may not survive in the wild.
Urgent Call for Action:
The IUCN Global Tree Assessment underlines the urgent need for enhanced conservation efforts, including:
- Habitat protection and restoration.
- Ex-situ conservation through seed banks and botanical gardens.
- Diversified and species-focused reforestation strategies.
- Supporting community-led conservation initiatives to safeguard vulnerable tree species.
Asia-Pacific Climate Report 2024
- 05 Nov 2024
In News:
Climate change to put APAC GDP on thin ice with 41% melt by 2100.
Key Highlights:
- Economic Losses Due to Climate Change:
- APAC Region: High-end greenhouse gas emissions could reduce GDP by 17% by 2070 and 41% by 2100.
- India: Projected to experience a 24.7% GDP loss by 2070, with neighboring countries like Bangladesh (30.5%), Vietnam (30.2%), and Indonesia (26.8%) facing even steeper declines.
- Major Drivers of Economic Losses:
- Sea-Level Rise: Up to 300 million people at risk of coastal flooding by 2070. Annual damages could reach $3 trillion by 2070.
- Labour Productivity: The APAC region could lose 4.9% of GDP from reduced labour productivity, with India facing a sharper 11.6% loss.
- Cooling Demand: Rising temperatures could reduce regional GDP by 3.3%, but India's cooling demands could cut its GDP by 5.1%.
- Flooding and Storms: Increased rainfall and storm intensity will exacerbate flooding and landslides, particularly in mountainous regions like the India-China border, where landslides could rise by 30-70% under severe warming.
- Impact on Key Sectors:
- River Flooding: By 2070, annual riverine flooding could cause $1.3 trillion in damages across the APAC, affecting over 110 million people. India could face over $1,100 billion in flood-related damages annually.
- Forest Productivity: Climate change could reduce forest productivity by 10-30% by 2070 across APAC. India could see losses over 25%, making it one of the hardest-hit countries, alongside Vietnam and Southeast Asia.
- Climate Risks and Vulnerabilities:
- Coastal Flooding: Coastal flooding could lead to widespread economic damage, with India expected to suffer significant losses, particularly in coastal areas.
- Ecosystem Threats: Intensified storms, rainfall, and landslides will affect ecosystems, forests, and agriculture across the region.
- Climate Change and Adaptation Needs:
- Investment Requirements: Developing Asia requires $102–431 billion annually for climate adaptation, far exceeding the $34 billion tracked from 2021 to 2022.
- Private Investment: The report highlights the need for greater private climate investment and regulatory reforms to attract capital for adaptation initiatives.
- Renewable Energy: APAC is well-positioned to embrace renewable energy for a net-zero transition, and the use of carbon markets could help achieve climate goals cost-effectively.
- Regional Net-Zero Goals and Progress:
- Net-Zero Targets: 36 out of 44 Asian economies have set net-zero emissions targets, but only 4 have legally committed to these goals. India and China target 2070 and 2060, respectively, while many OECD countries aim for 2050 targets.
- Policy Gaps: Developing Asia needs clearer policies and increased financing to meet climate ambitions. Institutions like ADB are crucial in supporting these efforts.
- Action Plan for the Future:
- Urgent Climate Action: The report stresses the importance of coordinated action to address escalating climate risks.
- Enhanced Adaptation Finance: There is a need to scale up adaptation-focused finance to tackle the growing climate challenges facing the region.
India's Vulnerability and Climate Challenges:
- Labour Impact: India is expected to experience a 11.6% GDP loss due to declining labour productivity, the highest among APAC countries.
- Cooling Demands: A 5.1% reduction in GDP due to increased cooling demand.
- Flood Damage: India’s flood-related losses could surpass $1.1 trillion annually by 2070, with damages to residential and commercial properties.
Bob Khathing
- 05 Nov 2024
In News:
- Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated the Major Ralengnao 'Bob' Khathing Museum of Valour in Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, on October 31, 2023, coinciding with National Unity Day (Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's birth anniversary).
- Significance: The museum honours Bob Khathing's contributions to India's security and the integration of Tawang into India.
Role in the Integration of Tawang:
- Tawang Expedition (1951): In January 1951, Major Bob Khathing, an officer of the Indian Frontier Administrative Service, led the expedition to peacefully integrate Tawang into India.
- Strategic Importance: At the time, there were concerns over Chinese intentions to enter Tibet and realign boundaries. Khathing's mission was crucial to prevent Chinese advances into the area.
- Expedition Details: Khathing set off with Assam Rifles troops from Charduar, Assam, and after overcoming extreme terrain and weather, he reached Tawang. On February 14, 1951, he hoisted the Indian flag, marking Tawang's official integration into India.
- Administrative Setup: Khathing established an administrative framework, including appointing Gaon Buras (village elders) to manage local governance.
Military Service and Recognition:
- World War II Service: Bob Khathing joined the Indian Army in 1939 and earned recognition for his role in the Second World War. He was awarded the Member of the British Empire (MBE) and the Military Cross (MC) for his bravery and leadership.
- Guerrilla Warfare: Khathing was part of the Victor Force, a British-led guerrilla unit tasked with countering the Japanese in Burma and India during WWII. Later, he became the adviser to SANCOL, a force set up to track Japanese forces in the region.
- Military Cross Citation: Khathing was praised for his tireless efforts in organizing local Naga support, gathering intelligence, and participating in successful ambushes, which played a critical role in defeating the Japanese.
Post-War Career and Civil Service:
- Ministerial Role in Manipur: After WWII, Khathing was demobilized and joined the interim government of Manipur, where he served as a minister in charge of the hill areas.
- Integration of Manipur: Following Manipur's merger with India in 1949, Khathing joined the Assam Rifles and served for two years before moving into civil administration.
- Key Positions: He served as Deputy Commissioner of Mokokchung (Nagaland), Development Commissioner in Sikkim, and Chief Secretary of Nagaland.
- Ambassadorship: In 1975, Khathing became India's ambassador to Burma, possibly the first person of tribal origin to hold such a position in independent India.
The Importance of His Contributions:
- Integration of Border Areas: Khathing’s role in integrating Tawang and securing India's northeastern frontier was pivotal in preventing further territorial disputes, especially with China.
- Institutional Development: He helped establish military and security institutions, including the Sashastra Seema Bal, Nagaland Armed Police, and the Naga Regiment, which played important roles in maintaining peace and security in the region.
- Heroic Leadership: Khathing's leadership, both as a soldier and civil servant, continues to be celebrated, symbolized by the Major Bob Khathing Museum of Valour.
NAMO DRONE DIDI
- 05 Nov 2024
In News:
Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare has released the Operational Guidelines of Central Sector Scheme “NAMO DRONE DIDI”
Key Highlights:
Objective:
- Empower women through Self-Help Groups (SHGs) by providing drones for agricultural rental services.
- Aim to support 14,500 SHGs from 2024 to 2026.
Scheme Overview:
- Type: Central Sector Scheme, under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM).
- Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
- Target: Women SHGs for providing drone services in agriculture (e.g., nutrient and pesticide spraying).
Key Features:
- Financial Assistance:
- 80% subsidy (up to ?8 lakh) for SHGs to purchase drones.
- Loans for the remaining 20% via the National Agriculture Infra Financing Facility (AIF) with 3% interest subvention.
- Drone Package:
- Includes drones, spray assemblies, batteries, cameras, chargers, and measurement tools.
- Additional batteries and propellers allow up to 20 acres of coverage per day.
- Training Program:
- One SHG member will be selected for 15 days of mandatory training.
- Focus on drone operation and agricultural tasks (nutrient and pesticide spraying).
- Implementation & Oversight:
- Central Governance: Empowered Committee comprising secretaries from key ministries (Agriculture, Rural Development, Fertilizers, Civil Aviation, and Women and Child Development).
- State Level: Lead Fertilizer Companies (LFCs) will implement the scheme in coordination with state departments and SHG federations.
- Monitoring: IT-based Management Information System (MIS) through the Drone Portal for real-time tracking and fund disbursement.
- Financial Flexibility:
- SHGs can access loans through other Ministry of Rural Development schemes if needed.
Implementation Details:
- Governance: Central level oversight by the Empowered Committee and state-level execution by Lead Fertilizer Companies (LFCs).
- Ownership: Drones procured by LFCs will be owned by SHGs or their Cluster Level Federations (CLFs).
- Monitoring: The scheme will be tracked and managed through the Drone Portal, ensuring transparency and accountability.
LignoSat
- 04 Nov 2024
In News:
The world's first wooden satellite, LignoSat, is set to launch from the Kennedy Space Center aboard a SpaceX rocket. This pioneering satellite is a collaborative effort between Kyoto University and Sumitomo Forestry Co., marking a significant step towards exploring more sustainable materials in space exploration.
Key Highlights:
- Purpose:The primary goal of LignoSat is to test the viability of using wood in space technology, with a focus on the eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness of using renewable materials in satellite construction. The satellite will be tested aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to assess its durability, strength, and ability to withstand extreme space conditions.
- Material:The satellite is crafted from magnolia wood, chosen for its durability and adaptability. Magnolia was selected for its strength, making it a suitable candidate to endure the harsh conditions of space travel and the intense environmental factors faced in space exploration.
- Mission Details:Once launched, LignoSat will be sent to the ISS, where it will be released from the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo). Researchers will collect data on the satellite’s performance, examining its ability to handle the challenges of space, including temperature fluctuations and physical strain.
- Environmental Benefits:One of the key advantages of wooden satellites is their environmental impact. Traditional metal satellites, when re-entering the Earth's atmosphere, can generate metal particles that contribute to air pollution. In contrast, wooden satellites like LignoSat are designed to be eco-friendly during reentry. Wood is a natural material that burns up more cleanly during reentry, reducing the potential for harmful atmospheric pollution.
Tumaini Festival
- 04 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Tumaini Festival is held annually in the Dzaleka Refugee Camp in Malawi, one of the world’s few music festivals hosted within a refugee camp. It brings together refugees and locals for cultural exchange, showcasing music, art, and crafts.
- Dates: The festival runs from Thursday to Saturday each year, typically in November.
- Founded: In 2014 by Congolese poet Menes La Plume.
Festival Highlights:
- The festival features performances from a diverse range of artists, including refugees and local Malawians, as well as artists from South Africa, Zimbabwe, and beyond.
- In 2024, performances included Jetu, a 72-year-old singer, and Vankson Boy V, a Congolese refugee, alongside other acts like Maveriq Mavo from South Africa.
- The festival aims to:
- Celebrate cultural exchange and community solidarity between refugees and locals.
- Humanize the refugee experience by allowing refugees and locals to share common experiences and celebrate cultural diversity.
- Challenge stereotypes by showing refugees as people with the same aspirations, talents, and desires as locals.
Significance of Dzaleka Refugee Camp:
- Location: Situated near Lilongwe, Malawi, Dzaleka was originally a prison before becoming a refugee camp in 1994.
- Capacity: Initially designed for 10,000 refugees, the camp now hosts over 60,000 individuals from countries like Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
- Role: Dzaleka has evolved into a hub for humanitarian aid, cultural exchange, and empowerment of its residents.
First Science Result from India's Aditya-L1 Mission
- 04 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Aditya-L1 mission, launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on September 2, 2023, is India's first dedicated scientific mission to study the Sun.
- Primary Payload: The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIAp), Bengaluru, is the spacecraft's main instrument.
Key Highlights:
- First Science Outcome:The first scientific result from the mission, involving VELC, has been released. It successfully estimated the onset time of a coronal mass ejection (CME) that occurred on July 16, 2023.
- CMEs are massive solar eruptions that can disrupt electronics in satellites and communications on Earth.
- Key Findings:
- VELC's Role: The VELC payload was crucial in observing the CME close to the solar surface, providing a detailed understanding of its onset.
- CMEs are typically observed in visible light after they have traveled far from the Sun. However, VELC’s unique spectroscopic observations allowed scientists to study the CME much closer to the Sun's surface.
- Publication:The results will be published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
- Future Significance:
- As the Sun approaches the maximum phase of its current solar cycle (No. 25), CMEs are expected to become more frequent. Continuous monitoring with VELC will provide valuable data for understanding these events.
- Monitoring the thermodynamic properties of CMEs near the Sun is essential to understand their source regions and behavior.
- Mission Details:
- The spacecraft is in a halo orbit around the Lagrange Point 1 (L1), about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth.
- Mission Lifetime: 5 years.
First Asian Buddhist Summit in New Delhi
- 04 Nov 2024
In News:
- The Government of India, in partnership with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), is hosting the First Asian Buddhist Summit in New Delhi.
- Theme: "Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia."
- Significance: The summit aligns with India’s Act East Policy, focusing on collective, inclusive, and spiritual development across Asia.
- Inauguration: The two-day event will be inaugurated by President Droupadi Murmu on November 5, 2024.
- Participants: Buddhist Sangha leaders, scholars, and practitioners from various Asian Buddhist traditions will gather to promote dialogue, understanding, and address contemporary challenges within the Buddhist community.
Key Themes of the Summit
- Buddhist Art, Architecture, and Heritage
- Focus on preserving and celebrating Buddhist landmarks in India (e.g., Sanchi Stupa, Ajanta Caves).
- Emphasizes the role of Buddhist art in fostering cross-cultural understanding.
- Buddha C?rik? and Dissemination of Buddha Dhamma
- Discusses Buddha’s journeys and how his teachings spread across India and beyond.
- Role of Buddhist Relics in Society
- Relics serve as symbols of Buddha's teachings, promoting devotion, mindfulness, and economic benefits through tourism and pilgrimages.
- Buddha Dhamma in Scientific Research and Well-Being
- Exploration of Buddhist teachings on mindfulness and compassion, and their integration into contemporary scientific practices to enhance well-being.
- Buddhist Literature and Philosophy in the 21st Century
- Delving into timeless Buddhist wisdom that continues to address the human condition, the nature of reality, and paths to enlightenment.
- Exhibition: "India as the Dhamma Setu (Bridge) Connecting Asia," showcasing India's role in the spread of Buddhism and its significance in fostering unity.
India’s Role in Promoting Buddhist Heritage
- Cultural Identity: Buddhism is integral to India's cultural fabric, influencing its national identity and foreign policy.
- Buddhist Tourism Circuit: The Indian government has developed a Buddhist Circuit covering key sites such as Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, and Kapilvastu.
- International Conferences and Symposia: India has hosted several events, including the First Global Buddhist Summit (2023), International Abhidhamma Diwas (2024), and Symposiums on Vipassana Meditation.
- Pali Language Recognition: On October 4, 2024, Pali was granted classical status, recognizing its significance in conveying Buddha’s teachings.
Buddhism’s Influence in Asia
- Historical Context: Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the 6th century BCE, spread across Asia with the support of figures like Emperor Ashoka (268-232 BCE), who promoted peace and harmony through Buddhist teachings.
- Spread of Buddhism: From its origins in India, Buddhism spread to Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, adapting to local cultures and creating diverse schools: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana.
Ningol Chakkouba Festival
- 04 Nov 2024
In News:
Ningol Chakkouba is one of the biggest festivals of Manipur, primarily celebrated by the Meitei community, but over the years, it has seen participation from various communities.
Key Highlights:
- Date: The festival is celebrated annually on the second day of the lunar month of Hiyangei in the Meitei calendar.
- Main Celebration: The central tradition involves married sisters visiting their maternal homes for a grand feast, joyous reunion, and the exchange of gifts.
- Customary Invitation: A week before the festival, the son of the family formally invites his married sisters to join the celebration.
- Expansion of Celebration: While traditionally celebrated in Manipur, Ningol Chakkouba is now observed in other states and even outside India, where Manipuris are settled.
- Meaning of Ningol Chakkouba:
- Ningol means ‘married woman’.
- Chakouba means ‘invitation for feast’.
- Thus, the festival is a celebration where married women are invited to their parents' home for a special meal.
- Inclusion of Other Communities: Although originally a Meitei tradition, Ningol Chakkouba is now celebrated by various communities due to its emphasis on family reunion, happiness, and promoting peace and harmony in society.
- Cancellation in 2023: The festival was not held in the previous year due to ethnic violence in the state.
Kodo Millet
- 03 Nov 2024
In News:
Kodo millet is a staple food for many tribal and economically weaker sections in India. It is one of the 'hardiest crops, drought tolerant with high yield potential and excellent storage properties,' according to researchers
Background on Kodo Millet:
- Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), also known as Kodra or Varagu, is a hardy, drought-tolerant crop widely grown in India, especially in Madhya Pradesh.
- It is a staple food for many tribal and economically weaker sections of India and is used to make various dishes like idli, dosa, and rotis.
- Kodo millet is valued for its high yield, nutritional benefits (rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants), and storage properties.
Incident in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve:
- 10 elephants from a herd of 13 died over three days in Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve.
- The cause of death was suspected to be mycotoxins associated with kodo millet, particularly Cyclopiazonic Acid (CPA), which is toxic to animals.
Historical Cases of Kodo Poisoning:
- The first human cases of kodo poisoning were reported in 1922 in the Indian Medical Gazette.
- Animals, including elephants, have also been affected by kodo millet consumption, with documented deaths as early as 1983.
- Cyclopiazonic Acid (CPA), a mycotoxin, was identified as the cause of kodo poisoning in the 1980s.
Why Does Kodo Millet Become Poisonous?
- Kodo millet is grown in dry and semi-arid regions and is vulnerable to fungal infections, particularly Ergot fungus, which produces CPA.
- When the crop encounters rainfall during maturing and harvesting, fungal infection can lead to "poisoned kodo," known locally as 'Matawna Kodoo' or 'Matona Kodo'.
- The mycotoxins in the infected millet are stable and resistant to standard food processing techniques.
Impact of Mycotoxins on Animals:
- Symptoms of poisoning: Vomiting, giddiness, unconsciousness, rapid pulse, cold extremities, limb tremors.
- Nervous and cardiovascular systems are primarily affected, causing liver dysfunction, heart damage, and gastrointestinal issues.
- In severe cases, consumption of infected kodo millet can cause death due to cardiovascular collapse and organ failure.
- Similar symptoms of depression and loss of mobility were observed in animal studies, including in mice.
Solution to Kodo Toxicity:
- Biocontrol agents (organisms that fight harmful pathogens) can help reduce fungal growth and mycotoxin production in kodo millet.
- Good agricultural practices: Sorting, proper storage in airtight containers, and avoiding moisture exposure during threshing can minimize contamination.
- Post-harvest management: Removing infected grains is crucial to preventing the spread of the disease.
Detection of Mycotoxins in Kodo Millet:
- Challenges: Mycotoxins are often undetectable by sight, and traditional methods like chromatography are time-consuming.
- Rapid detection tools: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors offer faster, on-site methods for detecting mycotoxins in kodo millet.
Centre for Science and Environment
- 03 Nov 2024
In News:
Centre for Science and Environment release a report on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for Plastic Packaging
Key Findings:
- EPR Guidelines (2022) were a step towards enforcing the "polluter pays" principle, but the system faces significant issues in its implementation and registration processes.
- Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) report, released on October 29, 2024, highlights gaps in the EPR system for plastic packaging and suggests corrective actions.
EPR Guidelines Overview:
- Issued by: Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
- Objective: Hold producers, importers, brand owners (PIBOs), and plastic waste processors (PWPs) responsible for managing plastic packaging waste.
- Key Requirements:
- PIBOs must register on a centralized portal and set targets for collection, recycling, and reuse of plastic packaging.
- Registration involves compliance with targets on end-of-life recycling and recycled content usage.
Problems Identified in the Current EPR System:
- Low Registration and Enrollment:
- 41,577 registrations on the EPR portal, but a significant discrepancy in the type of stakeholders registered.
- 83% of registered entities are importers, 11% are producers, and only 6% are brand owners.
- Producers contribute 65% of the plastic packaging in the market but have low registration.
- Absence of Key Polluters:
- Manufacturers of virgin plastics are notably absent from the portal, despite being required to register.
- Fraudulent Practices:
- 700,000 fake certificates were generated by plastic recyclers, far exceeding the actual certificate generation capacity.
- The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) found that such fraudulent activities are undermining the integrity of the system.
- For example, end-of-life co-processing units (e.g., cement plants) claimed to have processed 335.4 million tonnes per annum of plastic waste, while their actual capacity is just 11.4 million tonnes per annum.
- Underreporting and Mismanagement:
- Despite 23.9 million tonnes of plastic packaging being introduced into the market, the CPCB’s estimation of plastic waste generation (4.1 MT annually) is underestimated.
- Lack of Stakeholder Representation:
- Urban local bodies and informal waste collectors—key contributors to plastic waste management—are not included in the EPR framework, which limits their incentives and support.
Recommendations for Improvement:
- Incorporate the Informal Sector:
- Recognize informal waste collectors and waste management agencies in the EPR framework to improve traceability and ensure better waste management.
- Eliminate Fraudulent Practices:
- Strict actions need to be taken against fraudulent recyclers and fake certificate issuers to restore credibility to the EPR system.
- Establish Fair Pricing for EPR Certificates:
- Undertake baseline cost studies to determine the true costs of plastic waste management, ensuring fair pricing for recycling certificates and preventing undervaluation.
- Standardize Packaging:
- Focus on product standardization to ensure that packaging materials are uniform and easily recyclable.
- Strengthen Monitoring:
- Improve oversight on the registration process and ensure that all polluters (producers, importers, brand owners) comply with the system’s guidelines.
EPR and Plastic Waste Management: Context and Importance
- Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach where the responsibility of managing the entire lifecycle of plastic products (from production to disposal) lies with the producer.
- It is an essential part of India’s Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016), which mandate the recycling and proper disposal of plastic packaging waste.
Key Elements of EPR:
- Producer Accountability: Producers are responsible for the take-back, recycling, and final disposal of plastic packaging.
- Waste Minimization: Encourages reducing waste at the source by promoting sustainable packaging designs.
- Lifecycle Approach: Considers the entire lifecycle of the product, focusing on sustainability from production to disposal.
- Polluter Pays Principle: Ensures that the cost of waste management is borne by those responsible for generating the waste.
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2024-2030
- 03 Nov 2024
In News:
The updated NBSAP was released by India at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Overview of the NBSAP (2024-30):
- Title:Updated National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan: A Roadmap for Conservation of India’s Biodiversity.
- Objective: To provide a comprehensive roadmap for biodiversity conservation, aligning with global frameworks like the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF).
Key Features of the Updated NBSAP:
- Alignment with Global Frameworks:
- The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) adopted in 2022 aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
- India’s updated NBSAP aligns with KMGBF’s goals, focusing on biodiversity conservation, sustainable resource use, and ensuring fair benefit-sharing.
- 23 National Biodiversity Targets:
- The targets are focused on three key themes:
- Reducing threats to biodiversity
- Ensuring sustainable use of biodiversity
- Enhancing tools for biodiversity implementation
- The targets are focused on three key themes:
- Key Domains of Focus:
- Area-based conservation: Protecting ecosystems and habitats.
- Ecosystem resilience: Enhancing the ability of ecosystems to withstand environmental stressors.
- Recovery and conservation of threatened species.
- Conservation of agrobiodiversity: Ensuring the sustainability of agricultural biodiversity.
- Sustainable management of biodiversity.
- Enabling tools and solutions: Including financial and technical support for implementation.
- Financial Plan and Expenditure:
- Biodiversity Expenditure Review (BER) estimated an average annual expenditure of Rs 32,20,713 crore (FY 2017-2022) for biodiversity conservation.
- Future funding requirements (FY 2024-2030) estimated at Rs 81,664.88 crore annually at the central government level.
- Biodiversity Finance Plan suggests financing solutions, including public finance, corporate social responsibility (CSR), Ecological Fiscal Transfer (EFT), and Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanisms.
- Capacity Building:
- The NBSAP stresses the need for capacity building across various levels—national, state, and local.
- Focus on skills acquisition for biodiversity management and enhancing knowledge to implement conservation strategies.
Implementation Framework:
- Multi-Level Governance:
- At the national level, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) will oversee implementation with involvement from 22 other ministries.
- State-level: Involves State Biodiversity Boards and Union Territory Biodiversity Councils.
- Local level: Community-driven efforts through Biodiversity Management Committees.
- BIOFIN and Resource Mobilization:
- India is recognized as a leading country in the implementation of the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN).
- Encouragement for private entrepreneurs, businesses, and international donors to invest in biodiversity through innovative financial instruments like:
- Green Bonds
- Green Funds
- Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)
- Incentives for Financial Solutions:
- India aims to explore funding from corporate social responsibility (CSR), ecological fiscal transfers, and access and benefit sharing mechanisms to meet the financial needs for biodiversity conservation.
Challenges and Strategies:
- Challenges India Faces:
- Habitat fragmentation
- Pollution
- Illegal wildlife trade
- Adverse effects of climate change
- Strategic Responses:
- The updated NBSAP provides strategies to address these challenges, ensuring comprehensive conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
First in the World Challenge
- 03 Nov 2024
In News:
ICMR announces ‘First in the World Challenge’ to encourage scientists to find innovative ideas to tackle health issues.
Key Highlights:
- Objective:
- Encourage bold, out-of-the-box ideas for solving difficult health problems.
- Aim to foster novel and groundbreaking biomedical innovations (vaccines, drugs, diagnostics, interventions, etc.).
- Target projects that are “first of their kind” and have never been tried or tested globally.
- Key Features of the Initiative:
- Focus on Groundbreaking Innovations:
- Emphasis on high-risk, high-reward ideas with potential for significant global health impact.
- Excludes proposals aiming for incremental knowledge or process innovation.
- Scope of Research:
- Breakthroughs in biomedical and health technologies such as:
- Vaccines
- Drugs/Therapeutics
- Diagnostics
- Interventions
- Breakthroughs in biomedical and health technologies such as:
- Focus on Groundbreaking Innovations:
- Funding & Support:
- Provides funding for projects at various stages, from proof-of-concept to prototype development and final product.
- Support for projects that have the potential to lead to “first-of-its-kind” biomedical innovations.
- Application Process:
- Open to individual researchers or teams (from single or multiple institutions).
- Teams must designate a Principal Investigator responsible for the project’s technical, administrative, and financial aspects.
- Selection Criteria:
- A selection committee will be formed with:
- Experts, innovators, policymakers, and distinguished scientists with an outstanding research record.
- Proposals evaluated based on originality, impact potential, and innovation.
- A selection committee will be formed with:
About the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
- History:Founded in 1911 as the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA), renamed ICMR in 1949.
- Role & Mandate:
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
- Formulates, coordinates, and promotes biomedical research in India.
- Focus on improving public health and addressing national health challenges.
- Vision:“Translating Research into Action for Improving the Health of the Population.”
Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)
- 03 Nov 2024
In News:
The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change has constituted a team to enquire into the death of ten elephants in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve of Madhya Pradesh. The team is conducting an independent enquiry in the matter.
- Incident Overview:
- Ten elephants found dead in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, between October 29-31, 2024.
- Preliminary cause of death suspected to be poisoning; final cause pending postmortem and toxicological analysis.
- Government Actions:
- Union Government:
- The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) has set up a team to conduct an independent investigation into the deaths.
- Madhya Pradesh Government:
- Constituted a five-member State-level inquiry committee, headed by the Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (APCCF, Wildlife).
- Committee includes members from civil society, scientists, and veterinarians.
- The State Tiger Strike Force (STSF) is conducting field investigations, combing surrounding areas for further clues.
- Other Involved Authorities:
- The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF) and Chief Wildlife Warden of Madhya Pradesh are directly supervising the inquiry in Bandhavgarh.
- Senior officials from the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) have visited the site for discussions and investigation.
- Union Government:
About Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB):
- Mandate:
- Combats organized wildlife crime through intelligence gathering and coordination with enforcement agencies.
- Develops wildlife crime data and assists in prosecutions.
- Provides capacity building for wildlife crime enforcement agencies.
- Operations & Initiatives:
- Conducts operations like SAVE KURMA, THUNDERBIRD, WILDNET, and more to counter wildlife crimes.
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
- Headquarters: New Delhi.
PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024
- 02 Nov 2024
In News:
The National Achievement Survey (NAS), a nationwide survey meant to assess students’ learning progress, will be held on December 4 this year under a new name – PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024. This year’s assessment involves a few changes from the last round in 2021.
Overview of PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024:
- New Name: The National Achievement Survey (NAS) is now rebranded as the PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024.
- Date: The survey will be held on December 4, 2024.
- Purpose: To assess students’ learning achievements across India.
- Organizing Bodies: Spearheaded by NCERT and CBSE.
What Does the Survey Assess?
- Assessment Focus: Evaluates students’ learning outcomes in various subjects.
- Survey Methodology: Uses multiple-choice questions to assess a sample of students.
- Target Groups: Students from government, government-aided, and private schools across every district in India.
History of NAS and PARAKH:
- NAS History: Conducted every three years since 2001 to capture learning progress.
- Involvement of Classes:
- 2001-2014: Included Classes 3, 5, and 8.
- 2014-15: Class 10 was introduced.
- 2017 and 2021: Covered Classes 3, 5, 8, and 10.
- Report Cards: Provides national, state, and district-level performance data.
Changes in 2024 Survey (PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan):
- Targeted Classes:
- Class 3 (End of foundational stage)
- Class 6 (End of preparatory stage)
- Class 9 (End of middle stage)
- Exclusion of Class 10: Unlike previous years, Class 10 students are not part of this year's assessment.
- Subjects Assessed:
- Class 3 & 6: Language, Mathematics, and The World Around Us (Concepts of Science, Social Science, and Environmental Education).
- Class 9: Language, Mathematics, Science, and Social Science.
Alignment with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020:
- NEP Structure: Aligns with the NEP 2020 framework, categorizing educational stages:
- Class 1-2: Foundational stage
- Class 3-5: Preparatory stage
- Class 6-8: Middle stage
- Class 9-12: Secondary stage
- The shift to Class 6 and 9 for this year’s survey matches the NEP's stage-wise educational framework.
Key Differences in 2024 Assessment:
- Survey Scale: In 2024, 75,565 schools and 22.9 lakh students from 782 districts will participate.
- 2021 Assessment Data:
- The 2021 survey revealed a drop in learning outcomes post-COVID-19.
- Class 3 students showed a performance below the national average in all states.
- Class 5: Only Punjab and Rajasthan had scores above the national average.
PARAKH's Role:
- PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development) was established in 2023 as the National Assessment Centre to oversee such achievement surveys.
- Mandate: One of PARAKH’s primary roles is to organize national surveys like the PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan.
Significance of the Survey:
- Data Utilization: The survey helps in shaping educational policies based on real-time data on student learning levels.
- Competency-Based Assessment: This year’s survey is focused on competency-based assessments, aligning with the goals of NEP 2020.
- Policy and Planning: The data helps in designing interventions to address regional or subject-wise disparities in education quality.
Hwasong-19
- 02 Nov 2024
In News:
- North Korea recently announced the successful test-firing of its latest intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the ‘Hwasong-19’.
- Claims by North Korea: The missile was described as ‘the world’s strongest strategic missile’ and a ‘perfected weapon system’ by North Korean state media.
Key Features of the Hwasong-19:
- Solid-Fuel Propulsion: The Hwasong-19 reportedly uses solid-fuel propulsion, which enables quicker launches and greater secrecy. This contrasts with liquid-fuel missiles, which take longer to prepare and are more visible.
- Enhanced Performance: The missile is said to have improved altitude and flight duration compared to previous North Korean ICBMs, marking significant progress in missile technology.
- Size: The Hwasong-19 is estimated to be 28 meters long (92 feet), which is notably larger than many other ICBMs, including those from the U.S. and Russia, which are typically under 20 meters (66 feet).
Strategic Implications:
- Reach and Targeting: The Hwasong-19 is believed to have a range of over 13,000 kilometers, which is sufficient to target the U.S. mainland, signaling a significant advancement in North Korea’s missile capabilities.
- Nuclear Capability: While specific details on the missile’s payload remain undisclosed, the Hwasong-19 could potentially be equipped with a nuclear warhead, enhancing North Korea's strategic deterrence.
Impact on Regional and Global Security:
- US-North Korea Tensions: The launch occurred against the backdrop of ongoing U.S.-North Korea tensions, particularly over North Korea’s nuclear and missile programs. The missile could potentially alter the regional security dynamics, especially in East Asia.
What is an ICBM?
- ICBM Definition: An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a long-range missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads (or other payloads) across continents.
- Range and Speed: ICBMs typically have a minimum range of 5,500 km (3,400 miles), with some capable of reaching up to 16,000 km or more, making them far faster and more capable than other ballistic missiles.
- Launch Mechanism: ICBMs are launched from land or submarine platforms, traveling through space before re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere and targeting distant objectives.
- Comparison with India's Agni-V: India’s Agni-V ICBM, which has a range of over 5,000 km, is often compared to North Korea’s missile systems.
Asset Recovery Interagency Network–Asia Pacific (ARIN-AP)
- 02 Nov 2024
In News:
- India, represented by the Directorate of Enforcement (ED), has joined the Steering Committee of the Asset Recovery Interagency Network-Asia Pacific (ARIN-AP).
- Leadership Role: India will assume the presidency of ARIN-AP and host the Annual General Meeting (AGM) in 2026, providing a platform for global cooperation in asset recovery and tackling economic crimes.
ARIN-AP Overview:
- Establishment: ARIN-AP is a multi-agency network formed to address the proceeds of crime across the Asia-Pacific region.
- Network Goals: Its mission is to facilitate cross-border collaboration in the areas of asset tracing, freezing, and confiscation.
- Membership: ARIN-AP includes 28 member jurisdictions and 9 observers, and operates as a key component of the Global CARIN Network (Camden Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network).
- Functioning: ARIN-AP operates through a network of contact points that enable intelligence exchange among member agencies, promoting effective communication and coordination for asset recovery.
Significance of ARIN-AP's Work:
- Combating Economic Crimes: ARIN-AP enhances the efforts of law enforcement agencies in tracing and recovering assets linked to criminal activities, including both movable and immovable assets.
- Informal Exchange of Intelligence: The network allows for the informal exchange of intelligence between agencies, which often accelerates the identification and recovery of proceeds of crime. This can later lead to formal actions through bilateral or multilateral agreements.
- Global Impact: With over 100 jurisdictions in the broader CARIN Network, ARIN-AP plays a key role in global efforts to combat fugitive economic offenders and illicit financial flows.
India’s Contribution and Alignment with G-20 Priorities:
- India’s Leadership: India’s presidency in ARIN-AP will enhance its leadership in asset recovery, facilitating closer cooperation with regional and international law enforcement agencies.
- G-20 Alignment: This role aligns with India’s priorities under the G-20 framework, particularly focusing on the Nine-Point Agenda aimed at tackling fugitive economic offenders and improving asset recovery mechanisms.
Discovery of the First "Black Hole Triple" System
- 02 Nov 2024
In News:
Scientists have discovered a "black hole triple" system, which is a rare configuration in space involving one black hole and two stars.
Overview of the Discovery:
- Location: The system is located 8,000 light years away from Earth, in the constellation Cygnus.
- Key Features:
- A black hole at the center, currently consuming a star that is spiraling very close to it.
- A second, more distant star that orbits the black hole every 70,000 years, and another star that orbits it every 6.5 days.
What is a Black Hole Triple System?
- Black Hole and Two Stars: Unlike typical binary systems (comprising a black hole and one other object), this system contains a black hole surrounded by two stars, one nearby and one far away.
- V404 Cygni: The central black hole in the system is the V404 Cygni, one of the oldest known black holes, roughly 9 times the mass of the Sun.
Significance of the Discovery:
- Questions on Black Hole Formation: The discovery raises new questions about how black holes are formed. Traditionally, black holes are thought to form after the explosion of a massive star (supernova), but this system does not follow that model.
- New Formation Theory: Researchers suggest the black hole may have formed via a "direct collapse" process, where a star collapses into a black hole without undergoing a supernova explosion. This is referred to as a "failed supernova".
- In a failed supernova, the star's collapse happens too quickly for the explosive outer layers to be ejected, leading to the formation of a black hole without the typical violent explosion.
Implications for Other Binary Systems:
- The black hole’s gradual consumption of one of its stars may imply that some binary black hole systems could have originally been triple systems, with one star eventually being consumed by the black hole.
Research and Collaboration:
- Study: The discovery was made by researchers at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
- Published in: The findings were published in Nature in October 2024.
Additional Context:
- Distance: The system is about 8,000 light years away, which is vast but still observable with advanced telescopes.
- Mystery of the "Failed Supernova": The concept of a failed supernova offers new insights into the life cycle of massive stars and their transformation into black holes.
ISRO's Analogue Space Mission in Ladakh
- 02 Nov 2024
In News:
In a significant leap for the country’s space exploration aspirations, India has embarked on its first analogue space mission in Leh, a landmark step that will attempt to simulate life in an interplanetary habitat to tackle the challenges of a base station beyond Earth.
Mission Overview:
- Objective: To simulate living conditions in an interplanetary habitat, addressing challenges astronauts may face during deep-space missions (e.g., Moon, Mars).
- Goal: Study long-term isolation, habitat design, resource management, and psychological effects on astronauts.
- Partners: ISRO’s Human Spaceflight Centre, AAKA Space Studio, University of Ladakh, IIT Bombay, Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council.
Rationale for Ladakh:
- Geological Similarities: Ladakh’s terrain mirrors Martian and lunar surfaces, making it ideal for testing space technologies.
- Climate: Cold, dry, high-altitude conditions simulate the extreme environments of space.
- Focus Areas: Testing habitat construction, microbial studies, and survival strategies for long-duration space travel.
What are Analogue Space Missions?
- Definition: Simulated space missions on Earth designed to replicate the conditions of space exploration.
- Purpose:
- Test technologies (e.g., life support, habitat design, in-situ resource utilization).
- Study human behavior, psychological impacts of isolation, and operational readiness for extended space travel.
- Relevance: Crucial for preparing astronauts for missions to the Moon, Mars, or asteroids.
Significance of Analogue Missions:
- Technological Testing: Analogue missions help in evaluating systems for habitat design, life support, and health monitoring.
- Human Factors: They provide insights into crew health, teamwork under pressure, and performance during isolation.
- Psychological Studies: Address the impact of confinement, isolation, and communication delays on astronauts.
- Training: Participants (analogue astronauts) are trained for real-world space missions by conducting scientific experiments and managing emergencies.
Global Examples of Analogue Missions:
- NASA’s NEEMO: An underwater mission simulating microgravity conditions to train astronauts for space tasks.
- SIRIUS Program (UAE): Focuses on the psychological impacts of long-duration space isolation, featuring international collaborations.
- Arctic Mars Analogue Svalbard Expedition (AMASE): Uses the extreme Arctic environment of Svalbard to test Mars exploration technologies and procedures.
Relation to India’s Space Aspirations:
- Gaganyaan Mission: ISRO’s human spaceflight mission aiming to send Indian astronauts into space.
- Interplanetary Exploration: The analogue mission supports India’s broader goal of advancing human space exploration and technology development for Mars and beyond.
Melanistic Tigers
- 01 Nov 2024
In News:
- Odisha government relocated a tigress from Maharashtra’s Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve to Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha, to address inbreeding issues among the tiger population.
- The tigress is part of a genetic diversification plan to remedy the increasing number of pseudo-melanistic tigers in the region.
Pseudo-melanistic Tigers:
- Pseudo-melanistic tigers, often referred to as "black tigers," exhibit a darker coat with broader, more prominent stripes.
- The mutation leads to the appearance of a mostly black fur, with occasional white-orange stripes.
Genetic Basis:
- This coloration is due to a mutation in the Taqpep gene, which causes the widening and darkening of stripes on the tiger's coat.
- The mutation is linked to genetic drift and inbreeding within the isolated Similipal population.
Historical Context:
- These tigers were once considered mythical until the 1700s, with sightings only being documented in the 1990s and 2017-18.
- The first confirmed genetic evidence of the black tiger appeared when a cub was born in captivity at Oklahoma City Zoo in the 1970s.
Distribution and Prevalence:
- Pseudo-melanistic tigers are predominantly found in Similipal Tiger Reserve, with 27 out of 30 tigers in Odisha exhibiting the trait.
- Other instances of such tigers exist in captivity, such as in Nandankanan Zoological Park (Bhubaneswar) and Arignar Anna Zoological Park (Chennai), both tracing ancestry to Similipal.
Genetic Studies:
- A 2021 study by the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) linked the Taqpep gene mutation to the unique appearance of these tigers.
- The mutation causes a missense change in the gene, replacing Cytosine with Thymine (C1360T), altering the tiger’s coat pattern.
High Frequency of Mutation in Similipal:
- Genetic analyses indicate a high frequency of the Taqpep gene mutation in Similipal tigers, with a 60% chance that a tiger born there will carry the mutated gene.
- Inbreeding and genetic isolation have contributed to this phenomenon, as Similipal’s tiger population is geographically cut off from other populations.
PM rolls out Ayushman Bharat for Citizens aged 70 and above
- 01 Nov 2024
In News:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has expanded the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to citizens aged 70 years and above, regardless of their income or economic status. This move is aimed at addressing the healthcare challenges faced by India's elderly population, which has been growing rapidly.
Key Highlights of the Ayushman Bharat Expansion:
- Health Coverage for Elderly:
- Ayushman Vaya Vandana Card: This new health card offers Rs 5 lakh annually for individuals aged 70 and above. The coverage is shared within the family, so if there are multiple elderly beneficiaries in one household, the total cover will be split.
- Scope: This initiative is designed to provide a safety net for elderly people, many of whom had previously been unable to access treatment due to high costs.
- Significance of the Scheme:
- India’s elderly population is rapidly growing, with the number of people over 60 expected to reach 319 million by 2050, up from 103 million in 2011.
- The expansion of PM-JAY to include those aged 70+ is a critical step in making universal health coverage more inclusive as India’s population ages.
- Eligibility and Registration:
- Individuals aged 70 years and above must register on the PM-JAY portal or through the Ayushman app. Those who already have an Ayushman Bharat card must complete an eKYC process to receive the new card and coverage.
- Exclusions: The scheme is not available in Delhi and West Bengal, as these states have not adopted the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
- Financial Details:
- The initial outlay for this expansion will be Rs 3,437 crore, covering the remainder of the current financial year and the next year.
- Cover for Overlapping Health Schemes: Elderly individuals who are already covered under other government schemes (e.g., CGHS, Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme) will have the option to either continue with their current coverage or choose Ayushman Bharat. Those with ESIC or private insurance can access both Ayushman Bharat and their existing cover.
- Coverage Scope:
- The expansion is expected to benefit approximately 6 crore individuals across 4.5 crore families.
- Existing Coverage: Around 1.78 crore elderly people are already covered under the scheme. Additional coverage will be provided to those not currently included in the scheme.
- Interoperability with Other Schemes:
- Those under the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS), or other similar schemes will need to choose between their current insurance and the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
- However, individuals enrolled in Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) can have both their existing cover and the Ayushman Bharat coverage.
- Rollout and Reach:
- The scheme will be implemented across 33 states and Union Territories, except Delhi, Odisha, and West Bengal.
- Over 29,600 hospitals, including more than 12,600 private facilities, are empanelled to provide treatment under PM-JAY.
Other Key Announcements:
- U-WIN Portal: A pan-India digital platform for routine vaccinations, aimed at enhancing the efficiency of vaccination programs.
- Critical Care Facilities: The Prime Minister also launched critical care infrastructure, including new facilities in AIIMS Bhubaneswar, Kalyani, and super-specialty units in Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
- 01 Nov 2024
In News:
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a cutting-edge remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to measure distances and create detailed 3D maps of Earth's surface. This technology has recently played a crucial role in discovering a lost Mayan city hidden under the dense Mexican jungle.
What is LiDAR?
- Definition: LiDAR is a remote sensing technology that uses pulsed laser light to measure distances and generate precise 3D models of Earth’s surface.
- Components: The system includes a laser, a scanner, and a GPS receiver. It is usually mounted on an aircraft to map large areas of terrain.
- Data Accuracy: LiDAR can create high-resolution 3D models with vertical accuracy up to 10 cm, making it highly precise for mapping ground elevation.
How LiDAR Works
- Laser Emission: LiDAR sends out rapid laser pulses toward the ground.
- Reflection: These pulses hit the Earth’s surface, reflecting off features like vegetation, buildings, and terrain.
- Measurement: The time it takes for the laser light to travel to the ground and back is measured, allowing the system to calculate the distance between the sensor and the surface.
- Point Cloud Data: The reflected light data is collected as a "point cloud", representing all the surfaces it hits, including trees, buildings, and other features.
- Refinement: This point cloud can be processed into a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), stripping away vegetation and structures to reveal the “bare earth,” which highlights features like roads, buildings, and hidden settlements.
Why LiDAR is Useful for Archaeologists
- Large-Scale Surveying: Traditional archaeological methods often involve labor-intensive fieldwork, such as walking over every square meter and manually cutting through thick vegetation. LiDAR, however, allows researchers to quickly survey vast areas of land, even through dense jungle, from the comfort of a lab.
- Visibility Under Vegetation: LiDAR’s ability to penetrate dense foliage and reveal features beneath the surface is a game changer. Even thick tree canopies that obscure the ground are no match for the laser pulses, which can pass through gaps to illuminate hidden structures.
The Discovery of the Lost Mayan City
- The City of Valeriana: Using publicly available LiDAR data from a forest monitoring project in 2013, archaeologist Luke Auld-Thomas discovered a lost Mayan city in Mexico’s Campeche region. The city, named Valeriana, had been hidden for centuries by the thick jungle.
- City Features: The city has all the hallmarks of a Classic Maya political capital, including:
- Multiple enclosed plazas
- Broad causeways
- Temple pyramids
- A ball court
- A reservoir formed by damming a seasonal watercourse
- Historical Significance: Valeriana is believed to date back before 150 CE and may have been a key political and cultural center in the Maya civilization.
Applications of LiDAR Beyond Archaeology
- Geography and Mapping: LiDAR is widely used to generate precise, three-dimensional data about the Earth’s surface, helping geographers and planners.
- Environmental Monitoring: It is also used in forest monitoring, flood risk assessment, and environmental conservation.
- Urban Planning and Engineering: Engineers use LiDAR for creating highly accurate topographical maps and planning infrastructure projects.
Anti-Counterfeiting Ink developed using Luminescent Nanomaterials
- 01 Nov 2024
In News:
- A novel anti-counterfeiting ink has been developed using luminescent nanomaterials, which significantly enhances security in currency, certificates, medicines, and branded goods.
- The ink utilizes the luminescent properties of rare earth ions and bismuth, enabling excitation-dependent luminescence under different light sources, providing a robust solution to combat counterfeiting.
Key Features:
- Multi-Wavelength Luminescence:
- The ink exhibits distinct colors when exposed to various wavelengths of light:
- Vibrant blue under 365 nm UV light
- Pink under 395 nm UV light
- Orange-red under 980 nm near-infrared (NIR) light
- These varying color emissions make it difficult for counterfeiters to replicate, as traditional covert tags are visible only under UV light and can be easily duplicated.
- The ink exhibits distinct colors when exposed to various wavelengths of light:
- Enhanced Durability:
- The ink remains effective under a wide range of conditions, including varying light, temperature, and humidity, ensuring long-term usability without degradation.
- Simple Application Method:
- The luminescent nanomaterials are synthesized through a co-precipitation method at 120°C.
- The resulting nanomaterials are then mixed into commercially available PVC ink using sonication, allowing for easy dispersion of nanoparticles.
- The ink is applied using screen printing to create patterns and texts that exhibit distinct color changes under different lighting conditions.
- Security Features:
- The ink combines rare earth ions with bismuth emissions, boosting its encryption and decryption capabilities. This creates a high level of security for applications on high-value items.
Applications:
- Currency and Certificates: Enhances the authenticity of financial instruments and official documents.
- Branded Goods: Protects products from counterfeiting and fraud.
- Medicines: Helps verify the authenticity of pharmaceutical products, preventing the distribution of fake medicines.
Benefits:
- Verification: Both consumers and manufacturers can easily verify the authenticity of products, providing an accessible solution to counterfeiting.
- Practical Solution: The ink offers a practical, reliable, and non-invasive method for detecting counterfeit products, addressing a global challenge in various industries.
Report of The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change, 2024
- 30 Oct 2024
In News:
The 2024 edition of The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change presents critical insights into the intersection of health and climate change.
Key Findings from the 2024 Report
- Air Pollution and Mortality in India:
- In 2021, air pollution was responsible for 1.6 million deaths in India.
- Fossil fuels (coal and liquid gas) were identified as major contributors, accounting for 38% of these deaths.
- India was ranked as the second-highest emitter of PM2.5 globally in 2022, contributing 15.8% of consumption-based and 16.9% of production-based PM2.5 emissions.
- Impact of Heat Stress:
- In 2023, India experienced 2400 hours (or 100 days) of moderate to high heat stress, particularly during light outdoor activities like walking.
- Heatwaves have become more frequent, with adults over 65 years experiencing 8.4 heatwave days per year, a 58% increase from 1990-1999.
- This increased heat exposure has led to a loss of 181 billion labor hours globally, translating into an economic loss of approximately $141 billion.
- Global and National Trends in Air Pollution:
- PM2.5 is particularly hazardous because it is fine enough to enter the lungs and bloodstream, leading to severe health risks like respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
- Nitrogen Dioxide (NO?), Sulphur Dioxide (SO?), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Ozone (O?) were identified as other pollutants contributing to poor air quality in India.
- Health Impact of Extreme Weather:
- The 2023 heatwave was one of the hottest years on record, exacerbating health risks worldwide, especially for the elderly.
- Droughts and heatwaves also contributed to a rise in food insecurity, affecting millions globally.
- Disease Transmission and Climate Change:
- Dengue transmission potential rose by 85% from 1951-1960 to 2014-2023.
- Coastal areas suitable for the spread of Vibrio pathogens, which cause cholera, expanded by 23%, affecting over 210 million people.
- Health Effects of Fossil Fuel Pollution:
- Continued reliance on fossil fuels worsens air quality, leading to health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Government Efforts to Tackle Air Pollution in India
- National Clean Air Programme (NCAP):
- NCAP is a national strategy to reduce air pollution across India, with specific action plans for 131 non-attainment cities. The initiative is supported through various central government schemes such as:
- Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)
- Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
- Smart City Mission
- Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME-II)
- NCAP is a national strategy to reduce air pollution across India, with specific action plans for 131 non-attainment cities. The initiative is supported through various central government schemes such as:
- Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) Emission Norms:
- BS-VI standards aim to significantly reduce vehicular pollution, lowering permissible limits for NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions from vehicles.
- System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR):
- SAFAR measures air quality and provides forecasts for metropolitan cities based on real-time data, helping authorities take preventive actions.
- Promotion of Renewable Energy:
- India achieved a record 11% of electricity from renewable energy in 2022. However, 71% of India’s electricity still comes from coal, underscoring the need for a faster transition to cleaner energy sources.
CRS Mobile App
- 30 Oct 2024
In News:
- Recently, the Union Home Minister Amit Shah launched the Civil Registration System (CRS) mobile app.
- The app aims to integrate technology with governance by making the registration of births and deaths more accessible, seamless, and hassle-free.
Key Features of the App:
- Anytime, Anywhere Registration: Citizens can register births and deaths from anywhere and at any time, in their State’s official language.
- The app is designed to significantly reduce the time required for registration, making it more efficient and convenient for users.
Legal and Policy Background:
- The Registration of Births and Deaths (Amendment) Act, 2023 mandates that all births and deaths in India, occurring from October 1, 2023, must be digitally registered through the Centre’s portal: dc.crsorgi.gov.in.
- This move is part of the broader effort to digitize civil records and create a centralized database.
Benefits of Digital Registration:
- Digital Birth Certificates: The new system will issue digital birth certificates which will serve as a single document to prove the date of birth for various services, such as:
- Admission to educational institutions
- Applying for government jobs
- Marriage registration
- Centralized Database: The integration of birth and death data into a centralized database will help update critical records such as:
- National Population Register (NPR)
- Ration cards
- Property registration
- Electoral rolls
National Population Register (NPR) Integration:
- The data collected through the CRS app will assist in updating the National Population Register (NPR), which was first collected in 2010 and updated in 2015 through door-to-door enumeration.
- The NPR serves as the first step toward the creation of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) under the Citizenship Act, aimed at identifying Indian citizens.
Replicas of Konark Wheels at Rashtrapati Bhavan
- 30 Oct 2024
In News:
- Four replicas of the Konark wheels, made of sandstone, have been installed at the Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Centre and Amrit Udyan.
- This initiative is aimed at showcasing India’s rich cultural heritage and promoting traditional historical elements among visitors to Rashtrapati Bhavan.
Significance of the Konark Sun Temple:
- Historical Background: The Konark Sun Temple was built in the 13th century under King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty in Konark, Odisha.
- Architectural Design: The temple is a colossal stone chariot with twelve pairs of intricately carved wheels, symbolizing the chariot of the Sun God.
- Materials Used: Constructed using Khondalite stones, the temple features detailed carvings that depict mythology and cultural life.
- Astronomical Significance: The temple's orientation is designed to capture the first light of the sun, reflecting ancient Indian knowledge of astronomy.
- UNESCO World Heritage Status: The Konark Sun Temple was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984, recognizing its architectural and historical importance.
Symbolism of the Konark Wheel:
- Time and Progression: The Konark wheel represents time (Kalachakra), progression, and democracy. Its 24 spokes symbolize ancient Indian wisdom and the passage of time.
- Sundial Function: The wheel was historically used as a sundial in the temple, marking the passage of time and symbolizing India’s commitment to progress and resilience.
- National Emblem: The Konark wheel's design is also reflected in the Ashoka Chakra, the wheel on the national flag of India, symbolizing the nation’s resolve towards progress.
Cultural Heritage at Rashtrapati Bhavan:
- The installation of these replicas is part of a broader effort to introduce and promote traditional cultural and historical elements at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
- The Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Centre and Amrit Udyan serve as platforms to exhibit India’s diverse artistic legacy to visitors, allowing them to experience the grandeur of ancient Indian architecture and its cultural significance.
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
- 30 Oct 2024
In News:
- Brazilhas opted not to join China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), becoming the second BRICS country after India to reject the multi-billion-dollar infrastructure project.
- Brazil prefers to explore alternative ways to collaborate with Chinese investors without signing a formal treaty, aiming to avoid the perceived risks of the BRI.
BRICS and India’s Role:
- Brazil’s decision follows India’s long-standing opposition to the BRI, particularly due to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) passing through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, which India views as a violation of its sovereignty.
- India has consistently argued that BRI projects should adhere to international norms, good governance, and transparency, emphasizing that such initiatives should be financially sustainable and not lead to debt traps.
Brazil’s Broader Economic Strategy:
- Brazil aims to balance its relationship with China, which is a major economic partner, but without being bound by the BRI. This decision reflects broader concerns within Brazil about the long-term financial sustainability of BRI projects, especially after witnessing debt crises in other countries like Sri Lanka.
Global Context and the BRI's Impact:
- The BRI, launched by China in 2013, spans several infrastructure sectors and has expanded globally, but it has faced criticism for its potential to trap smaller nations in unsustainable debt.
- India and Brazil’s resistance to the BRI highlights growing skepticism among emerging economies about the long-term implications of joining China's flagship project.
Ayurveda Day 2024
- 30 Oct 2024
In News:
Celebrated on 29th October 2024, marking the 9th Ayurveda Day, with the theme “Ayurveda Innovations for Global Health”.
- Global Participation: Over 150 countries participating, reflecting Ayurveda's growing global influence.
- Venue: Major events held at the All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), New Delhi.
Key Highlights:
Significance of Ayurveda and its Global Outreach
- Ancient System: Ayurveda is one of the oldest healthcare systems, focusing on holistic well-being, rooted in Vedic traditions, and dating back over 5,000 years.
- Global Recognition: Recognized in 24 countries and Ayurveda products exported to over 100 countries.
- International Cooperation: Collaborative efforts through forums like BRICS, SCO, BIMSTEC, and WHO to integrate Ayurveda into global health policies.
Role of Dhanvantri in Ayurveda Day
- Dhanvantari Jayanti: Ayurveda Day coincides with Dhanteras, marking the birth anniversary of Lord Dhanvantri, considered the divine physician.
- Cultural & Religious Significance: Worshiped for promoting health and longevity, Dhanvantri symbolizes the healing powers of Ayurveda.
Innovations and Relevance of Ayurveda
- Research and Innovation: The theme emphasizes scientific advancements in Ayurveda to address global health challenges such as non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mental health, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and geriatric care.
- Startup Ecosystem: Focus on fostering innovation through Ayurveda startups, particularly in the North Eastern states and across India.
Ayurveda’s Role in Addressing Global Health Issues
- Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Ayurveda offers preventive and holistic treatment for diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular conditions.
- Mental Health: Ayurveda promotes balance in the mind, body, and spirit, with methods addressing stress, anxiety, and depression.
- Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Emphasizing traditional medicinal plants and natural remedies to combat resistance to antibiotics.
- Geriatric Health: Ayurveda's role in managing aging and enhancing quality of life through rejuvenation therapies.
Focus Areas for Ayurveda Innovation
- Women’s Health: Developing Ayurvedic solutions tailored for women's health issues, including reproductive health and hormonal balance.
- Workplace Wellness: Integrating Ayurveda in workplace settings to improve mental and physical health.
- School Wellness Programs: Promoting Ayurvedic practices in schools to boost immunity and overall health of children.
- Food Innovation: Modernizing Ayurvedic dietary concepts, focusing on nutritional balance and preventive health.
Government Initiatives and Digital Transformation
- Ayush Digital Platforms: Initiatives like Ayush Grid, Ayurgyan Scheme, Ayush Research Portal, and Namaste Portal are enhancing accessibility to Ayurvedic knowledge.
- WHO Integration: Ayurveda's inclusion in the WHO ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module facilitates global standardization and recognition.
- I Support Ayurveda Campaign: A public awareness campaign aiming to garner over 250 million votes in support of Ayurveda.
Ayurvedic Education and Research
- Research Centers: Government-supported centers like the Research Centre for Innovation in Ayurveda Biology and WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre advancing Ayurveda's global integration.
- Academic Contributions: Institutes like National Institute of Ayurveda, Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, and North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy are leading innovation and education in Ayurveda.
Ayurveda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being): Ayurveda contributes significantly to public health, with a focus on preventive care and holistic health.
- Universal Health Coverage (UHC): Ayurveda supports affordable, accessible healthcare solutions, complementing the global health agenda.
'Act4Dyslexia' Campaign
- 29 Oct 2024
In News:
- On October 27, 2024, prominent landmarks such as Rashtrapati Bhawan, Parliament House, India Gate, and the North and South Blocks in Delhi were illuminated in red to raise awareness for Dyslexia and other learning disabilities.
- Similar illuminations took place in major cities like Patna, Ranchi, Jaipur, Kohima, Shimla, and Mumbai, highlighting the importance of dyslexia awareness.
Key Highlights:
- Collaboration for Awareness:
- The campaign is organized in collaboration with UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP) and the ChangeInkk Foundation.
- Its goal is to remove stigma and foster understanding of dyslexia and other learning disabilities, which affect 20% of India’s population—around 35 million students.
- Flagging off the ‘Walk4Dyslexia’:
- The ‘Walk4Dyslexia’ event, aimed at promoting collective action for dyslexia awareness, was flagged off by Shri Rajesh Aggarwal, Secretary of the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD), along with Mr. Shombi Sharp, UN Resident Coordinator in India.
- The walk was organized by ChangeInkk Foundation, UNESCO MGIEP, Orkids Foundation, and Soch Foundation.
- Growth of the Campaign:
- The Act4Dyslexia campaign saw a significant expansion in 2024, with over 1,600 walks held across the country, from state capitals to villages, engaging over 4 lakh participants.
- The campaign mobilized 2 billion steps in support of dyslexia awareness, with 150+ organizations joining forces.
- Focus on Equal Rights and Opportunities:
- Dyslexia and other specific learning disabilities (SLDs) were officially recognized under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. This law mandates equal educational and employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities.
- The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 further emphasizes inclusive education, calling for early identification, teacher capacity building, and necessary support and accommodations.
- Understanding Dyslexia:
- Dyslexia is often misunderstood as a sign of being a "slow learner", but people with dyslexia often excel in areas like logical reasoning, problem-solving, and innovation.
- Notably, 40% of self-made millionaires have dyslexia, and historical figures like Albert Einstein were also dyslexic.
- Global Impact:
- The campaign aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aiming to unlock the untapped potential of individuals with learning disabilities, thereby contributing to societal development at a global level.
New Disability Certificate Rules (RPwD Rules, 2024)
- 29 Oct 2024
In News:
- The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Rules, 2024, were amended by the Union Government in the wake of the Puja Khedkar controversy, where an IAS probationer was dismissed for alleged forgery in her disability and caste certificates.
- National Platform for the Rights of the Disabled (NPRD) has called for a rollback of the new rules, citing that they make the process of obtaining disability certificates more stringent and cumbersome.
Key Changes Under the New RPwD Rules, 2024
- Authority for Issuing Disability Certificates:
- Only a designated medical authority or a notified competent medical authority at the district level can issue disability certificates.
- NPRD had proposed that experts from non-profits also be authorized to carry out checks, but this suggestion was not accepted.
- Colour-Coded UDID Cards:
- The new rules introduce colour-coded UDID cards to represent levels of disability:
- White (general disability)
- Yellow (moderate disability)
- Blue (severe disability with 80% or higher).
- The new rules introduce colour-coded UDID cards to represent levels of disability:
- Mandatory Online Applications:
- Applicants are now required to apply for disability certificates online, which could be problematic for individuals who lack access to the internet, smartphones, or are digitally illiterate.
- The NPRD has urged the government to retain the option for in-person applications.
- Extended Time for Certificate Issuance:
- The new rules extend the time for issuing disability certificates from one month to three months.
- Reapplication Requirement:
- If there is no action taken on an application for two years, the applicant will have to reapply, which the NPRD considers unacceptable, as it punishes disabled individuals for system failures.
NPRD's Concerns
- Regressive and Burdensome:NPRD believes the amendments are regressive, adding more hurdles for genuine persons with disabilities to access certificates, which are crucial for identification and entitlement to services.
- Lack of Accountability:The NPRD argues that the rules do not address the systemic issues highlighted by the Puja Khedkar case, such as the lack of accountability at various levels in the certification process.
- Online Application Issues:Many people from the disabled community may struggle with technical jargon used in online applications and may not have the resources to complete the process digitally.
- Delay in Issuance:Extending the time for issuing certificates to three months could create delays for those in urgent need of certification for services or entitlements.
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
- 29 Oct 2024
In News:
- The Union Government has decided to introduce four new components under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), aimed at promoting modern farming techniques:Hydroponics, Aquaponics, Vertical Farming&Precision Agriculture
Key Features of MIDH:
- MIDH is a Central Sponsored Scheme (CSS) aimed at the integrated development of various horticulture crops, including:
- Fruits, vegetables, root and tuber crops, mushrooms, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, cocoa, and bamboo.
- The scheme focuses on pre-production, production, post-harvest management, processing, and marketing activities.
Revision of Operational Guidelines and Cost Norms:
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare is revising the MIDH operational guidelines and cost norms, which were last updated in April 2014.
- The revised guidelines are expected to be released within one month.
- Cost norms are likely to increase by 20% compared to the existing rates, addressing concerns from various states about outdated guidelines.
Reason for Revision:
- Several states, including Odisha, have raised concerns over the old rates under MIDH. For example, Odisha’s Agriculture Minister highlighted that the state was still using 10-year-old rates.
- The Union Cabinet had already approved the rationalization of all CSS operating under the Ministry into two umbrella schemes:
- Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM-RKVY)
- Krishonnati Yojana (KY)
Growth in India's Horticulture Sector:
- India’s horticulture production has significantly increased in recent years:
- Total production reached 334.60 million metric tonnes in 2020-21, up from 240.53 million metric tonnes in 2010-11.
- India is now the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally, surpassing food grain production.
- MIDH Annual Budget:The annual allocation for MIDH in the current financial year (2024-25) is ?2,000 crore.
Greenhouse Gas Levels Hit Record High in 2023: World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
- 29 Oct 2024
In News:
According to the WMO, the last time the earth had a similar CO2 concentration was 3-5 million years ago, when temperatures were 2-3°C higher and sea levels were 10-20 metres higher than they are now
Key Highlights:
- Record High Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Levels:
- In 2023, annual mean carbon dioxide (CO2) levels rose by 2.3 parts per million (ppm), reaching a new record of 420 ppm.
- This marks the 12th consecutive year with an increase of over 2 ppm in CO2 levels.
- Historical Context:
- CO2 levels not seen in 3-5 million years, when temperatures were 2-3°C higher, and sea levels were 10-20 meters higher than they are today.
- Key GHGs at Record Highs:
- The globally averaged surface concentrations of CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide all reached new highs in 2023.
- Contributors to the Increase in CO2:
- Natural Variability: Natural factors such as large vegetation fires and reduced carbon absorption by forests contributed to higher CO2 levels.
- Human Activity: High fossil fuel emissions from human and industrial activities also played a major role.
- El Niño Phenomenon: The El Niño event led to higher temperatures and drier conditions, exacerbating the rise in GHG levels through increased wildfires and reduced carbon absorption by land sinks.
- Climate Feedback Loop Concerns:
- The WMO warned of a vicious cycle:
- Climate change could cause ecosystems to become larger sources of GHGs.
- Wildfires could release more carbon, and warmer oceans may absorb less CO2, leading to more CO2 remaining in the atmosphere, accelerating global warming.
- The WMO warned of a vicious cycle:
- Radiative Forcing:
- Radiative forcing (the warming effect on climate) from long-lived GHGs has increased by 51.5% from 1990 to 2023, with CO2 contributing 81% of this increase.
- Methane Concerns:
- Methane saw its largest three-year increase between 2020 and 2022.
- This increase was linked to warmer temperatures and wetter land conditions during the 2020-2022 La Niña conditions, which caused an uptick in methane emissions from natural wetlands.
- Long-Term Impact of CO2:
- Given CO2's long atmospheric lifetime, even with rapid emissions reductions, the warming effect will persist for several decades.
C-295 Aircraft
- 29 Oct 2024
In News:
- Recently, PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the Final Assembly Line (FAL) plant in Vadodara, Gujarat, for the manufacturing of the C-295 aircraft.
- The plant is a joint venture between Tata Advanced Systems Ltd (TASL) and Airbus.
- This is the first private sector final assembly line for military aircraft in India.
Key Details:
- Manufacturing Timeline
- Contract: In September 2021, India signed a ?21,935 crore deal with Airbus Defence and Space to procure 56 C-295 aircraft to replace the IAF’s ageing Avro-748 fleet.
- Production Plan:
- The first 16 aircraft will be delivered from Airbus’s plant in Seville, Spain, between September 2023 and August 2025.
- The remaining 40 aircraft will be produced in India by TASL, with the first “Made-in-India” C-295 rolling out in September 2026.
- The entire fleet (56 aircraft) is expected to be delivered by August 2031.
- Key Features and Specifications
- Type: Tactical transport aircraft with a capacity of 5 to 10 tonnes.
- Maximum Speed: 480 km/h.
- Cabin Dimensions: 12.7 meters (41 feet 8 inches), the longest unobstructed cabin in its class.
- Passenger Capacity: Can accommodate up to 71 seats.
- Cargo Handling: Rear ramp door for quick loading/unloading and para-dropping.
- Short Take-off and Landing (STOL): Capable of operating from airstrips as short as 2,200 feet.
- Significance for the Indian Air Force (IAF)
- The C-295 will enhance the medium-lift tactical capability of the IAF.
- It will replace the ageing Soviet-origin AN-32 aircraft, which are nearing the end of their operational life.
- The C-295 will bridge the capability gap in troop and cargo transport over short and medium distances.
- Indigenous Content
- Indigenous Electronic Warfare Suite: All 56 aircraft will be equipped with an indigenous electronic warfare suite, developed by Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).
- Made-in-India Components: 96% of the work that Airbus does in Spain will be done at the Vadodara plant, making it one of the highest-ever indigenous contributions for an aircraft in India.
- Global Operations of the C-295
- The C-295 is operational in various challenging terrains worldwide, including:
- Brazilian jungles, Colombian mountains (South America)
- Deserts of Algeria and Jordan (Middle East)
- Cold climates of Poland and Finland (Europe)
- Military operations in Chad, Iraq, and Afghanistan.
- The C-295 is operational in various challenging terrains worldwide, including:
- Roles and Capabilities
- Tactical Transport: Can transport troops and supplies from main airfields to forward operating airfields.
- Short Take-off and Landing (STOL): Capable of operating from short, unprepared airstrips.
- Low-level Operations: Can conduct low-speed, low-level missions at 110 knots.
- Other Missions: Suitable for casualty evacuation, special missions, disaster relief, and maritime patrol.
ISRO’s First Electric Propulsion-Led Spacecraft (TDS-1)
- 28 Oct 2024
In News:
India's first home-grown electric propulsion satellite to be launched in Dec.
Key Highlights:
- Objective of TDS-1:
- Purpose: To demonstrate electric propulsion technology for satellite steering, using solar-powered ionized gas.
- Goal: Reduce reliance on chemical fuel, making satellites lighter and more efficient.
- Key Benefits of Electric Propulsion:
- Weight Reduction: The technology can significantly cut down satellite mass. For example, a satellite weighing 4 tonnes could be reduced to around 2 tonnes.
- Fuel Efficiency: By using electric propulsion, the need for chemical fuel is minimized, allowing for a more efficient journey to geostationary orbit.
- Technology Details:
- Fuel Used: Gases like Argon are ionized using solar power to create propulsion.
- Process: The ionized gas is expelled at high speeds to generate thrust, pushing the satellite towards its desired orbit.
- Historical Context:
- The technology was first used in GSAT-9 (South Asia Satellite) in 2017 but with imported Russian components.
- TDS-1 marks the first fully indigenous development of electric propulsion technology by ISRO, highlighting India’s increasing space autonomy.
- Significance for India’s Space Program:
- Self-Reliance: TDS-1 reflects ISRO’s growing capacity to develop advanced space technologies domestically.
- Future Prospects: This breakthrough is expected to lead to more efficient satellite designs, enhancing India’s competitiveness in the global space industry.
Emissions Gap Report 2024
- 28 Oct 2024
In News:
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) recently published the Emissions Gap Report 2024, in anticipation of the COP29 meeting of the UNFCCC to be held in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Key Highlights:
- Current Trajectory of Global Warming:
- If countries continue with current environmental policies, global temperatures are expected to rise by 3.1°C above pre-industrial levels.
- This is significantly higher than the Paris Agreement target of limiting global warming to well below 2°C, with an effort to cap it at 1.5°C.
- Paris Agreement at Risk:
- Even if all Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are fully implemented (including both unconditional and conditional emissions reduction targets), the world would still experience 2.6°C of warming by 2030.
- This presents a major challenge to achieving the Paris Agreement’s climate goals.
- Urgent Need for Action:
- To limit global warming to 1.5°C, greenhouse gas emissions must peak before 2025 and decline by 43% by 2030.
- The report highlights the emission gap between current pledges and what is required to meet the 1.5°C goal.
- Record High Emissions:
- Global greenhouse gas emissions hit a record 57.1 gigatons of CO? equivalent in 2023.
- This represents an increase of 1.3% compared to 2022, continuing the upward trend from the previous decade.
- India’s Emissions:
- India’s greenhouse gas emissions grew by 6.1% between 2022 and 2023.
- Per capita emissions in India were 2.9 tCO?e in 2022, significantly lower than China (11 tCO?e) and the U.S. (18 tCO?e).
- G20 Countries’ Contribution:
- G20 countries, excluding the African Union, contributed 77% of global emissions in 2023.
- The six largest emitters (including China, U.S., and India) were responsible for 63% of global emissions.
- This shows a significant imbalance in emissions, with developed countries having much higher per capita emissions compared to developing nations like India and Africa.
- Necessary Emissions Cuts:
- To keep the 1.5°C target within reach, global emissions need to be cut by at least 7.5% annually until 2035.
- Cost of bridging the emissions gap: Achieving net-zero by 2050 will require USD 900 billion to USD 2.1 trillion annually, approximately 1% of global GDP.
- Emission Reduction Pathways:
- Renewable Energy: Scaling up solar and wind energy technologies could contribute up to 27% of the required emissions reductions by 2030.
- Forest Conservation: Protecting and restoring forests could provide 20% of the required emissions reductions by 2030.
- Other crucial measures include improving energy efficiency, transitioning to electric vehicles, and focusing on fuel switching in key sectors like transport, industry, and buildings.
- Disparities in Emissions:
- Despite changes over the past two decades, large disparities remain between emissions across regions.
- Developed countries have three times higher per capita emissions compared to the global average, while India, the African Union, and least developed countries continue to have much lower emissions.
- Call to Action:
- UNEP Executive Director Inger Andersen urged countries to act now, stating: “No more hot air, please.” The urgency is to ramp up climate pledges and ensure stronger actions in the upcoming COP29 talks in Baku, Azerbaijan (November 2024), where nations must work to get on a 1.5°C pathway.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- Established: 1972, following the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.
- Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya.
- Governing Body: The United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA), which is the world’s highest-level decision-making body on environmental matters, with 193 Member States.
- Programs & Initiatives: UNEP leads global efforts on climate action, ecosystem restoration, clean seas, and supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Reports: UNEP publishes crucial assessments like the Emissions Gap Report, Global Environment Outlook, and Adaptation Gap Report, influencing global environmental policies.
Hong Kong Discovers Dinosaur Fossils
- 28 Oct 2024
In News:
Hong Kong discovers dinosaur fossils for the first time
Key Details:
-
- Significance: This marks the first-ever discovery of dinosaur fossils in Hong Kong.
- Time Period:The fossils date back to the Cretaceous Period, approximately 145 million to 66 million years ago.
- Fossil Details:The fossils belong to a large dinosaur, but further studies are required to determine the exact species.Initial analysis suggests the dinosaur may have been buried by sand and gravel after death, later being washed to the surface by a flood before being buried again.
- Site and Protection:Port Island, part of a geopark, is closed to the public to facilitate ongoing fossil investigations and excavation work.
- Geological and Archaeological Importance:The discovery underscores the significance of Hong Kong's geoparks and its role in preserving and showcasing natural history.This finding contributes to global understanding of prehistoric life, especially in the Cretaceous period.
2024 Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI)
- 28 Oct 2024
In News:
India with an abysmal score of 45.5 (out of 100) has been ranked 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index, 2024.
India's Ranking and Score:
- Rank: India ranks 176th out of 180 countries.
- Score: 45.5 out of 100.
- Context: India is listed among the five "worst performers," alongside Kiribati (180), Turkey (179), Iraq (178), and Micronesia (177).
Key Factors Affecting India’s Ranking:
- Inefficient Land Management: The main contributing factor to India's low ranking.
- Threats to Biodiversity: Rising threats due to habitat loss, deforestation, climate change, and pollution.
- Deforestation: Between 2001 and 2019, India lost 23,300 sq. km of tree cover, exacerbating biodiversity loss.
Focus Areas of the Nature Conservation Index (NCI):
- Land Management: Inefficient land use practices, with 53% of land converted for urban, industrial, and agricultural purposes.
- Biodiversity Threats: Habitat loss, fragmentation, and declining populations of marine and terrestrial species.
- Governance and Capacity: Challenges in enforcement of laws and governance structures that support conservation.
- Future Trends: India faces both opportunities and challenges, given its high population density and rapid development.
Key Findings:
- Land Conversion and Urbanization: High rates of land conversion (53%) for development purposes, contributing to habitat loss.
- Soil Pollution: Issues with pesticide use and soil pollution (low nitrogen index of 0.77), affecting soil health.
- Marine Conservation: Only 0.2% of national waterways and none within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are protected.
- Deforestation Impact: Loss of 23,300 sq. km of forest between 2001-2019.
- Biodiversity Decline: Despite 40% of marine species and 65% of terrestrial species in protected areas, biodiversity continues to decline—67.5% of marine species and 46.9% of terrestrial species face population decreases.
Marine and Terrestrial Conservation:
- Marine Areas: Need for greater investment in marine conservation, as India's marine protected areas (MPAs) are limited.
- Protected Areas: While 7.5% of India’s terrestrial area is protected, significant threats like climate change and habitat fragmentation persist.
Biodiversity and Climate Change:
- Climate Change Risks: Impacts on vulnerable ecosystems, including coral reefs and alpine regions, further threaten biodiversity.
- Population Growth: India’s rapidly growing population (one of the highest in the world) places constant pressure on natural resources and ecosystems.
Illegal Wildlife Trade:
- Global Ranking: India is the fourth-largest illegal wildlife trader globally, with an annual trade worth approximately £15 billion.
- Call for Action: Stronger enforcement of wildlife protection laws and international cooperation are crucial to combat illegal wildlife trade.
SDGs and India’s Conservation Challenges:
- SDG 14 (Life Below Water) and SDG 15 (Life on Land): India faces significant challenges in meeting these Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in protecting marine life and terrestrial ecosystems.
Recommendations for Improvement:
- Stronger Political Will: Political commitment is essential for passing laws that promote sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.
- Enforcement and Funding: Increased funding for environmental initiatives and better enforcement of conservation policies are necessary to address the conservation challenges.
- Sustainable Development: Integrating sustainable land use practices and improving governance structures for conservation are key areas for focus.
New Space Missions and Developments
- 28 Oct 2024
In News:
The Space Commission also approved a joint moon mission with Japan called the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission. For LUPEX, ISRO is developing a different moon lander than the one it used for Chandrayaan-3
New Space Missions and Developments
- Chandrayaan-4 (Moon Mission):
- Type: Sample-return mission.
- Launch: Expected by 2027.
- Cost: ?2,104 crore.
- Objective: Sample collection of moon soil and rock to return to Earth.
- Mission Details: Two LVM-3 launch vehicles will launch components that will dock in Earth orbit before heading to the moon. The samples will be sent back using a bespoke canister.
- Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX):
- Collaboration: Joint mission with Japan.
- Objective: Exploration of lunar poles with a new lander design, intended for potential crewed missions in future.
- Venus Orbiter Mission:
- Launch Window: March 2028.
- Cost: ?1,236 crore.
- Objective: Study Venus' surface and atmosphere to understand planetary evolution in the Solar System.
- Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV):
- Development Budget: ?8,240 crore for first three development flights.
- Objective: A new launcher developed with private sector collaboration for future space missions.
Cabinet Approvals for Space Initiatives
- Human Spaceflight Programme (Gaganyaan):
- Four new missions under Gaganyaan, including an uncrewed Gaganyaan flight.
- Focus on developing technologies for India’s first space station, Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), planned by 2028.
- Space-Based Surveillance (SBS) Missions:
- Phase 3: Approval for building 21 ISRO satellites, with 31 additional satellites by private companies.
- Total Cost: ?26,968 crore.
- Development of a Third Launch Pad:
- To support the NGLV and additional space missions at Sriharikota.
Upcoming Satellite Missions
- NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar):
- Launch: Early 2025 on a GSAT launch vehicle.
- Purpose: Earth observation using advanced radar technology.
- Issue: Protective coating added due to high temperatures during testing.
- Proba-3 (European Space Agency):
- Launch: November 29, 2024, aboard PSLV-XL.
- Objective: Study the Sun’s corona using two satellites in formation, mimicking an eclipse to capture unique solar data.
Private Sector Involvement
- Manastu Space & Dhruva Space:
- Collaboration: Testing green propulsion technology for the LEAP-3 mission.
- Technology: Hydrogen-peroxide-based green propulsion system.
- Launch: LEAP-3 mission in 2025.
- Bellatrix Aerospace:
- Project: Prototype satellite for ultra-low earth orbit at 200 km altitude.
- Ananth Technologies:
- Achievement: First private company to assemble, integrate, and test Space Docking Experiment (SpaDEx) satellites for ISRO.
Space Science and Research Updates
- Chandrayaan-3:
- Findings: The crater where Chandrayaan-3 landed is older than the South Pole-Aitken Basin (4.2-4.3 billion years old).
- Data Source: Optical High-Resolution Camera (Chandrayaan-2) and Pragyaan rover (Chandrayaan-3).
- Astrosat (India’s First Space Observatory):
- Mission Life: Expected to last two more years (originally planned for 5 years).
- Significance: Contributed to over 400 published papers based on multi-wavelength space observatory data.
ISRO-DBT Agreement for Biotechnology Experiments in Space
- 27 Oct 2024
In News:
- The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) have signed an agreement to conduct biotechnology experiments on the upcoming Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS).
- Timeline for BAS:
- The BAS is expected to be operational from 2028-2035, with the initial module launches slated for 2028 and full expansion by 2035.
- It will be located at an altitude of 400 km above Earth and will support 15–20-day missions in space.
Focus Areas of Research
- Health Impact:
- Weightlessness & Muscle Health: Studying the effects of zero-gravity on muscle loss during space missions.
- Radiation Effects: Investigating how space radiation impacts astronaut health over long durations.
- Bio-Manufacturing:
- Algae Studies: Exploring algae for potential use in nutrient-rich, long-lasting food sources and biofuel production.
- Food Preservation: Identifying algae varieties that can help preserve food for longer periods in space.
- Integration with Gaganyaan Mission:
- Experiments may also be conducted during uncrewed test flights for the Gaganyaan mission (India’s first crewed mission to space, scheduled for 2025-2026).
BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) Policy
- Objective: The BioE3 policy aims to boost bio-manufacturing in India, which is projected to contribute $300 billion to the Indian economy by 2030.
- Key Focus Areas:
- High-Value Bio-Based Products: Promotes the development of bio-based chemicals, biopolymers, enzymes, and smart proteins.
- Climate-Resilient Agriculture & Carbon Capture: Aims to strengthen agricultural practices to withstand climate change and promote carbon capture technologies.
- Healthcare & Nutrition: Focuses on advancements in biotherapeutics, functional foods, and regenerative medicine.
- Marine & Space Biotechnology: Encourages research in space and marine biotechnology for new applications.
- Innovation & Entrepreneurship: Supports R&D-driven entrepreneurship through the establishment of bio-manufacturing hubs, bio-AI centers, and biofoundries.
- Employment Growth: Aims to create skilled jobs in the growing bioeconomy, promoting green growth and sustainable industries.
Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) Overview
- Structure: The station will consist of:
- Command Module
- Habitat Module
- Propulsion Systems
- Docking Ports
- Objective: To support long-term research in space life sciences and bio-manufacturing, with a focus on human health, food sustainability, and biotechnology innovations.
21st Livestock Census
- 27 Oct 2024
In News:
The Livestock Census is a crucial tool for understanding the current status of India’s livestock sector and its contribution to the economy and society.
What is the Livestock Census?
- The Livestock Census is a nationwide survey conducted every five years to assess the number, species, breed, age, sex, and ownership status of domesticated animals and poultry, including stray animals.
- Purpose: It helps in collecting comprehensive data about the livestock population and their role in the economy and society.
- First Census: The first livestock census was conducted in 1919, and this is the 21st edition.
- Next Census: The 21st Livestock Census will be conducted between October 2024 and February 2025 by approximately 87,000 enumerators across 30 crore households in India.
Animals Covered in the Census
- The census will account for 16 species of animals, including:
- Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun, Yak, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Camel, Horse, Ponies, Mule, Donkey
- Dog, Rabbit, Elephant
- Poultry: Fowl, Chicken, Duck, Turkey, Geese, Quail, Ostrich, and Emu
- The census will also collect data on 219 indigenous breeds of these species recognized by the ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR).
Objectives of the Livestock Census
- Economic Contribution: The livestock sector contributes approximately:
- 30% of the Gross Value Added (GVA) of the agricultural sector
- 4.7% of India's overall GVA
- It plays a crucial role in rural employment, particularly in poultry and animal husbandry.
- Policy Formulation and Planning:
- The data from the census is critical for formulating and implementing policies related to livestock, ensuring sustainable growth in the sector.
- It helps in monitoring and estimating GVA from livestock.
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
- Provides vital data for tracking the progress towards Goal 2 of SDGs (Zero Hunger) and Target 2.5, which focuses on maintaining genetic diversity in livestock, particularly addressing local breeds at risk of extinction (Indicator 2.5.2).
- Sectoral Monitoring:
- The census helps in monitoring the performance and health of India’s livestock sector, which is vital for ensuring food security, rural livelihoods, and economic growth.
Key Features of the 21st Livestock Census
- Digitization:
- Like the 2019 Census, this year’s census will be fully digitized, with data collected via a mobile application.
- Digital Monitoring: A dashboard will monitor progress at various levels, and the latitude and longitude of the data collection locations will be recorded.
- A software-based livestock census report will be generated to streamline analysis.
- New Data Points:
- For the first time, data on pastoral animals and pastoralists will be collected, focusing on their socio-economic status and livestock holdings.
- Granular Data: The census will gather information on:
- Proportions of households that rely on livestock for major income.
- Gender-based data on stray cattle.
- Extended Scope:
- In addition to animal population statistics, the census will also focus on the socio-economic contributions of the livestock sector, gender inclusion, and employment.
Significance of the Livestock Census
- A Comprehensive Livestock Profile:
- Provides a holistic view of livestock population and the interlinkages between animal husbandry, agriculture, and rural economies.
- Assists in the management and preservation of indigenous animal breeds.
- Informed Decision-Making:
- Helps policymakers, researchers, and development organizations in formulating strategies for sectoral growth, genetic diversity preservation, and livelihood enhancement for rural communities.
- Monitoring Livestock Health:
- The census helps in tracking the health and sustainability of India’s livestock population, which is essential for ensuring food security and preventing animal diseases.
Findings of the 2019 Livestock Census
- Total Livestock Population: 535.78 million
- Cattle: 192.9 million
- Goats: 148.88 million
- Buffaloes: 109.85 million
- Sheep: 74.26 million
- Pigs: 9.06 million
- Other species contributed a small fraction to the total livestock population (0.23%).
Launch of 'Abhay'
- 27 Oct 2024
In News:
Recently, ‘Abhay’, the seventh ship in the Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) series was launched.
Key Details:
Project Background
- Contract Details: The Ministry of Defence (MoD) signed a contract with Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata, in April 2019 for the construction of eight ASW SWC ships.
- Class of Ships: The Arnala-class ships are intended to replace the older Abhay-class ASW Corvettes currently in service with the Indian Navy.
- Purpose: These ships are designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) operations in coastal waters and to conduct Low-Intensity Maritime Operations (LIMO) and mine-laying activities.
Design and Features of 'Abhay'
- Dimensions:
- Length: 77 meters
- Width: 10 meters
- Speed and Endurance:
- Maximum speed: 25 knots
- Endurance: 1800 nautical miles (NM).
- Propulsion: Waterjet-propelled, offering agility and swift response in tactical situations.
- Indigenous Content: Over 80% indigenous content, supporting India’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) initiative in defence manufacturing.
Capabilities of the ASW SWC
- Anti-Submarine Warfare:
- Designed to conduct subsurface surveillance and anti-submarine operations in coastal waters.
- Equipped with advanced sonar systems, including Hull-Mounted Sonar and Low-Frequency Variable Depth Sonar for enhanced underwater surveillance.
- Armament and Equipment:
- Torpedoes and ASW rockets for anti-submarine operations.
- Mines for mine-laying operations.
- Close-in Weapon System (CIWS): 30 mm for close-range defence against aerial and surface threats.
- 12.7 mm Stabilized Remote-Control Guns for additional defensive capability.
Strategic Importance
- Coastal Defence: The ASW SWC ships enhance the Navy’s capability to defend India’s extensive coastline and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) against submarine threats.
- Operational Role:
- In addition to anti-submarine warfare, these ships can conduct Low-Intensity Maritime Operations (LIMO), which include operations against non-traditional threats.
- Mine-laying capability to disrupt enemy naval operations.
- Advanced Detection: These ships are equipped to track both surface and underwater targets, enabling them to coordinate operations with aircraft, strengthening maritime security.
Center for Generative AI, Srijan
- 27 Oct 2024
In News:
IndiaAI and Meta have announced the establishment of the Center for Generative AI, Srijan (????) at IIT Jodhpur, along with the launch of the “YuvAi Initiative for Skilling and Capacity Building” in collaboration with the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), for the advancement of open source artificial intelligence (AI) in India.
Key Initiatives Launched
- Center for Generative AI, Srijan (????) at IIT Jodhpur:
- Focus on Generative AI (GenAI) research and innovation.
- Meta’s support for ethical and responsible development of AI technologies.
- Aim to empower researchers, students, and practitioners with the tools for responsible AI deployment.
- Focus Areas: Open science, AI policy advisory, and indigenous AI application development.
- YuvAi Initiative for Skilling and Capacity Building:
- Target: Empower 100,000 students and young developers (ages 18-30) with AI skills.
- Core Focus: Leveraging open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) for real-world solutions.
- Skills Development: Generative AI, open-source tools, and sector-specific AI applications (healthcare, education, agriculture, smart cities, mobility, and financial inclusion).
- Partnership: Collaboration with AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education).
Strategic Goals and Outcomes
- Research and Innovation:
- Strengthen India’s AI ecosystem through groundbreaking research and collaborations.
- Focus on open-source AI and indigenous AI solutions for national challenges.
- Empower India to lead in AI through ethical and responsible AI deployment.
- AI Talent Development:
- Bridge the AI talent gap by training young developers in open-source AI technologies.
- Develop AI solutions for critical sectors like healthcare, education, agriculture, smart cities, and financial inclusion.
- Program Components:
- GenAI Resource Hub with courses, case studies, and open datasets.
- Unleash LLM Hackathons for students to propose AI solutions for real-world challenges.
- Support for AI startups through an Innovation Accelerator.
Sectoral Focus and Impact
- Healthcare: AI for diagnostics, personalized medicine, and healthcare delivery.
- Education: AI tools for enhancing learning outcomes and personalized education.
- Agriculture: AI solutions for precision farming, pest control, and crop management.
- Smart Cities: AI in urban planning, traffic management, and public services.
- Mobility: AI applications in transportation, logistics, and urban mobility.
- Financial Inclusion: AI in fintech, digital payments, and financial services for underserved populations.
Additional Programs and Opportunities
- AICTE Collaboration: Mobilizing technical institutions across India to build AI capabilities.
- Master Training Activation Workshops: To introduce foundational AI concepts to students.
- Mentorship and Grants: Top AI solutions from hackathons will receive mentoring, seed grants, and market support.
- Student Startups: AI Innovation Accelerator will incubate 10 student-led AI startups experimenting with open-source models.
Pandemic Fund Project
- 27 Oct 2024
In News:
Recently, the Union Minister Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying launched the Pandemic Fund Project on "Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response"in New Delhi.
Key Highlights:
Launch of Pandemic Fund Project
- Objective: Strengthening animal health security in India to enhance pandemic preparedness and response.
- Funding: $25 million initiative funded by the G20 Pandemic Fund.
- Location: New Delhi, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
Context and Importance
- Livestock Sector: Crucial for socio-economic upliftment, contributing to employment and rural development.
- Growth in Livestock Sector: Significant progress in the last 9 years through schemes like the National Animal Disease Control Program (NADCP).
- Key Diseases Targeted:
- Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): Aimed at eradication, with over 90.87 crore vaccines administered.
- Brucellosis: Over 4.23 crore vaccines administered.
Objectives of the Pandemic Fund Project
- Enhanced Disease Surveillance: Includes genomic and environmental monitoring for early warning systems.
- Laboratory Infrastructure Development: Upgradation for better diagnosis and disease management.
- Cross-Border Collaboration: Strengthening partnerships for global monitoring of zoonotic diseases.
- Integrated Monitoring System: Creation of a robust system for managing zoonotic diseases, with a focus on early detection and containment.
Documents Released for Strengthening Animal Health
- Standard Veterinary Treatment Guidelines (SVTG):
- Best practices for veterinary care to improve livestock health and productivity.
- Supports national action plans, especially for combating antimicrobial resistance.
- Crisis Management Plan (CMP) for Animal Diseases:
- Framework for effective response and containment during animal disease outbreaks.
- Ensures timely mitigation of animal disease crises.
One Health Approach
- Integration of Human, Animal, and Environmental Health: Key to preventing and managing future health crises.
- Zoonotic Risks: The project emphasizes reducing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to humans, crucial given the origins of many recent public health emergencies.
Implementation and Collaboration
- The project will be executed in collaboration with global institutions:
- Asian Development Bank (ADB)
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- World Bank
Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2024
- 26 Oct 2024
In News:
- Recently, the Chanakya Defence Dialogue (CDD) 2024, second edition, was held at the Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi.
- Theme: "Drivers in Nation Building: Fueling Growth Through Comprehensive Security."
- Focus: Discussions on integrating national security into India's development trajectory and global strategy for a Viksit Bharat by 2047.
Key Objectives:
- The dialogue aimed to explore India’s strategic directions and development priorities by fostering discussions between policymakers, strategic thinkers, defence experts, and academia.
- Highlighted the link between national security and economic growth, stressing how security frameworks are vital for national progress.
Key Sessions and Discussions:
- Session 1: Social Cohesion and Inclusive Growth: Pillars of a Secure Nation:
- Focused on internal security, social unity, and inclusive development.
- Panelists discussed the role of community engagement, countering terrorism, and law enforcement reforms.
- Emphasized the need for integrating social progress and addressing challenges like separatism and terrorist narratives.
- Panelists called for evidence-based policies for equitable growth and stronger security frameworks to protect the country from internal threats.
- Session 2: Blurring Frontiers: The Convergence of Technology & Security:
- Addressed the intersection of technology and national security.
- Topics included AI, quantum computing, IoT, and blockchain for improving cyber resilience and data protection.
- Panelists emphasized the need to balance technological innovation with strong security measures, particularly in cybersecurity and critical infrastructure protection.
- Session 3: Ground-breakers: Shaping Land Warfare, Reflections for the Indian Army:
- Explored the integration of emerging technologies like AI, unmanned systems, and cyber warfare tools in enhancing military readiness.
- Focused on indigenous defense technologies under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, promoting self-reliance and reducing dependency on foreign technologies.
- Emphasized multi-domain operations and the challenges of adapting to evolving security threats, especially from advanced cyber and space warfare.
Strategic Insights:
- Economic Growth & Security: The dialogue highlighted that national security and economic growth are interlinked, with a strong military infrastructure crucial for sustaining development.
- Role of Technology: Technological advancements like AI, space technology, and cybersecurity are pivotal for enhancing India's defense capabilities and strategic posture in a rapidly evolving global security landscape.
- Inclusive Security: Emphasized social cohesion and inclusive growth as key components of national security, acknowledging that a unified society contributes significantly to national resilience.
- Global Diplomacy: India’s global leadership in multilateral forums, its stance on peacekeeping, and its role in promoting sustainable development were discussed as part of the country’s soft power strategy.
National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM)
- 26 Oct 2024
In News:
- The Union Ministry of Culture plans to revive and relaunch the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) to enhance the preservation and accessibility of India’s ancient texts.
- The mission’s objective is to document, conserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s rich manuscript heritage, ensuring their protection and public access.
Formation of a New Autonomous Body:
- The National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) is likely to be restructured into an autonomous body called the National Manuscripts Authority, which will be under the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
- The new body will address the challenges and gaps in manuscript preservation and management, offering more focused and flexible governance.
Background and Achievements:
- Established in 2003, the NMM has been part of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA).
- Key achievements:
- 52 lakh manuscripts have had metadata prepared.
- Over 3 lakh manuscripts have been digitized, though only one-third have been uploaded for public access.
- Preventive and curative conservation of over 9 crore folios of manuscripts has been undertaken over the last 21 years.
- The NMM has set up 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India.
Current Challenges and Gaps:
- Data Uploading and Access:
- Of the 130,000 digitized manuscripts, only 70,000 are accessible online due to the absence of a comprehensive access policy.
- A significant portion (around 80%) of manuscripts areprivately owned, restricting public access and usage.
- Digitization Mismatch:
- There have been concerns about discrepancies between the digitized data and the original manuscripts, which requires correction to ensure authenticity and accuracy.
- Lack of Comprehensive Access Policy:
- Limited public access to manuscripts due to policy restrictions hinders further research and public engagement with this rich heritage.
Scope and Future of NMM:
- India's Manuscript Heritage: India is believed to have around 10 million manuscripts, spread across various regions, languages, scripts, and topics.
- Digitization and Accessibility: Moving forward, the key challenge will be ensuring that a larger proportion of the manuscripts are digitized, uploaded, and made publicly available, particularly from private collections.
- The establishment of the National Manuscripts Authority is expected to streamline efforts and enhance coordination between government bodies, private institutions, and scholars.
Precision Medicine, Biobanks, and Regulatory Challenges in India
- 26 Oct 2024
In News:
Precision medicine is bringing in a new era of personalised healthcare. The field began to take concrete shape when scientists were wrapping up the Human Genome Project.
Introduction to Precision Medicine:
- Precision Medicine is a novel approach to healthcare that tailors treatments and preventive strategies based on an individual’s genetics, environment, and lifestyle, instead of using a one-size-fits-all approach.
- It leverages technologies like genomics, gene editing (CRISPR), and mRNA therapeutics to address various diseases such as cancer, chronic diseases, and genetic disorders.
- Recent breakthroughs include gene therapy for restoring vision and stem cell transplants for reversing diabetes, demonstrating the transformative potential of precision medicine.
Role of Biobanks in Precision Medicine:
- Biobanks are repositories storing biological samples (blood, DNA, tissues) along with associated health data. These samples are crucial for research and development of personalized treatments.
- Large and diverse biobanks are essential for ensuring that precision medicine benefits a wide demographic, as data from homogenous groups could limit the applicability of findings.
- Recent studies using biobank data have led to breakthroughs, such as identifying rare genetic disorders and developing organoid models for high-throughput drug screening.
Precision Medicine and Biobanks in India:
- Market Growth: India’s precision medicine market is growing at a CAGR of 16%, expected to surpass USD 5 billion by 2030, contributing 36% to the national bioeconomy.
- Policy Framework: The government’s BioE3 policy aims to promote biomanufacturing, with a focus on precision therapeutics and related technologies like gene editing and cancer immunotherapy.
- Biobank Initiatives:
- Genome India Programme: Completed sequencing of 10,000 genomes from 99 ethnic groups, aimed at identifying treatments for rare genetic diseases.
- Phenome India Project: Focused on collecting 10,000 samples for improving prediction models for cardio-metabolic diseases.
- Paediatric Rare Genetic Disorders (PRaGeD) Mission: Aiming to identify genes that could help develop targeted therapies for genetic diseases in children.
Regulatory and Ethical Challenges in Biobanking:
- India’s biobanking regulations are inconsistent, hindering the full potential of precision medicine. Unlike countries like the U.K., U.S., and Japan, which have comprehensive laws addressing issues like informed consent, data protection, and privacy, India lacks a cohesive regulatory framework.
- Informed Consent Issues: In India, participants provide samples without full knowledge of how their data will be used, who will have access to it, and for how long it will be stored. This lack of transparency undermines public trust in biobank research.
- Ethical Concerns: Without a clear regulatory framework, there is a risk of misuse of biological samples, such as non-consensual data sharing and sample mishandling.
- International Implications: The absence of robust laws allows foreign pharmaceutical companies to access Indian biobank data and samples without ensuring that the Indian population benefits from the resulting research or profits.
Global Comparison of Biobank Regulations:
- International Standards: Countries like the U.K., U.S., and Japan have established comprehensive biobank regulations, addressing:
- Informed consent for sample collection and data usage.
- Privacy protection and secure storage of genetic information.
- Withdrawal rights for participants at any stage of research.
- India’s biobank regulations lack clear provisions for data protection and participant rights, limiting the effectiveness of research and undermining public confidence in biobanks.
Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)
- 26 Oct 2024
In News:
Recently, the Financial Services Secretary stated that Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have played a crucial role in fostering financial inclusion but they should refrain from any reckless lending.
Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) and Financial Inclusion:
- MFIs provide small loans and financial services to low-income and marginalized groups, particularly those without access to formal banking services.
- Goal: To promote financial inclusion and empower marginalized communities, especially women, by enabling them to become self-sufficient and improve their socio-economic status.
- In India, over 168 MFIs serve around 3 crore clients across 29 states and 563 districts.
- The sector has grown significantly and is crucial for empowering Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) to access credit and other financial services.
Concerns over Reckless Lending:
- The Financial Services Secretary, emphasized that MFIs should avoid reckless lending practices that could harm both borrowers and the sector.
- Poor underwriting and irresponsible lending could lead to unsustainable debt, especially for Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) with limited financial literacy.
- Key Advice: Lending practices must be responsible, careful, and should aim to empower borrowers, not exploit their limited understanding.
Government Programs Supporting MFIs:
- SHG-Bank Linkage Programme: Over 77 lakh SHGs with a total loan outstanding of ?2.6 lakh crore, benefiting around 10 crore households.
- Lakhpati Didi Yojana: Aimed at empowering women, this scheme helps transform SHG members into women entrepreneurs.
Challenges Facing Microfinance Institutions:
- Regulatory Scrutiny: Many MFIs face scrutiny for high interest rates and non-compliance with borrower assessments. The RBI has urged MFIs to reassess lending practices.
- Over-Indebtedness: Many borrowers take loans from multiple MFIs, leading to unsustainable debt. As of March 2024, over 12% of borrowers had multiple loans, risking defaults.
- Low Financial Literacy: A significant challenge is low financial literacy among borrowers, which increases the risk of defaults and harms the reputation of MFIs.
RBI Guidelines on Microfinance (2022):
- Collateral-Free Loans: For households with income up to ?3 lakh, loans should be collateral-free.
- Repayment Cap: Monthly loan repayments should not exceed 50% of the borrower’s monthly income.
- Flexibility in Repayment: MFIs must offer flexible repayment options and ensure proper income assessment.
- Interest Rate Cap: The RBI has implemented guidelines to limit excessive interest rates charged by MFIs.
Government Schemes for Microfinance:
- Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): Provides financial assistance to non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises.
- National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM): Promotes rural livelihoods through the formation and capacity building of Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana: Focuses on the empowerment of rural poor through skill development and income generation.
- Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE): Provides guarantee cover to micro and small enterprises.
Way Forward for Microfinance Sector:
- Responsible Lending: MFIs must prioritize affordable lending practices, ensuring borrower’s repayment capacity is carefully assessed to avoid over-indebtedness.
- Enhancing Financial Literacy: MFIs should focus on financial education for borrowers, enabling them to make informed choices.
- Adherence to Regulatory Guidelines: MFIs should comply strictly with RBI regulations, including interest rate caps and borrower income assessments, to enhance sector transparency and trust.
- Malegam Committee Recommendations: Implementing suggestions like capping interest rates, tracking multiple loans, and improving transparency to prevent over-indebtedness.
- Diversifying Funding Sources: To reduce vulnerability to economic downturns, MFIs should work on diversifying their funding sources, reducing dependence on external capital.
Environmental Ship Index (ESI)
- 26 Oct 2024
In News:
- Mormugao Port Authority (MPA) has been globally recognized as an incentive provider on the Environmental Ship Index (ESI) platform, acknowledged by the International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH).
- Mormugao is India's first port to implement Green Ship Incentives through the ESI, contributing to global efforts to reduce maritime air emissions.
‘Harit Shrey’ Scheme:
- Launched in October 2023, the ‘Harit Shrey’ scheme provides discounts on port fees based on the Environmental Ship Index (ESI) scores of commercial vessels.
- Ships with higher ESI scores (indicating better environmental performance) are rewarded with incentives to encourage eco-friendly practices in shipping.
ESI and Global Efforts for Emission Reduction:
- The Environmental Ship Index (ESI) is a global system to evaluate and reward ships based on their environmental performance, particularly their emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur oxides (SOx).
- The 2023 IMO greenhouse gas strategy aims to reduce the carbon intensity of international shipping by at least 40% by 2030.
Incentives and Benefits:
- The Harit Shrey scheme has already benefitted several vessels, promoting greenhouse gas emission reductions and contributing to sustainable maritime operations.
- The scheme aligns with global sustainability goals, particularly in reducing the carbon footprint of shipping operations.
Sustainability Recognition:
- The Mormugao Port Authority has submitted the Harit Shrey scheme for consideration in the IAPH Sustainability Awards under the World Port Sustainability Programme (WPSP), reflecting its commitment to environmental sustainability.
The Environmental Ship Index (ESI):
- ESI is a system that evaluates and rewards ships for better environmental performance than the standards set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
- Ships are assessed based on their emissions of NOx and SOx, with greenhouse gas reporting also included in the evaluation.
Main Features of ESI:
- Port-Centric: Developed as a port-to-port system, where ports can offer incentives based on the ESI score.
- Voluntary Participation: Shipowners participate voluntarily to demonstrate their vessels' environmental performance.
- Automated Calculation: The ESI score is automatically calculated and updated.
- Incentives: Ships with higher ESI scores may receive benefits such as reduced port fees and priority berthing.
Great Indian Bustard (GIB)
- 25 Oct 2024
A critically endangered Great Indian Bustard (GIB) chick was successfully born through artificial insemination (AI) at a breeding center in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, marking a crucial step in efforts to save the species.
Endangered Status:
- The Great Indian Bustard is classified as critically endangered with fewer than 150 individuals left in the wild in India.
- About 90% of these birds are found in the desert areas of Rajasthan, with smaller populations in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
Main Threats to the Species:
- Habitat Loss: The primary threat is the loss of habitat, which is often perceived as wasteland and is diverted for infrastructure projects like roads and development.
- Slow Reproductive Rate: The bustard’s low reproductive rate exacerbates its risk of extinction.
Conservation Efforts: Bustard Recovery Program
- In 2016, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change launched the Bustard Recovery Program to focus on captive breeding and creating a sustainable environment for the reintroduction of GIBs into the wild.
- A dedicated GIB breeding center was set up at the Desert National Park in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, as part of this initiative.
- Protection Status of GIB:
- IUCN: Critically Endangered
- CITES: Appendix 1
- Convention on Migratory Species (CMS): Appendix I
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I
- It is also the state bird of Rajasthan, emphasizing its importance in the region’s biodiversity.
Introduction to Innovative Cancer Detection Technique
- 25 Oct 2024
In News:
- Scientists have developed an ultrasound-based technique for detecting cancer, aiming to replace traditional biopsies, which are invasive and painful.
- Promising Alternative: The method uses high-energy ultrasound to release biomarkers (RNA, DNA, and proteins) from cancerous tissue into the bloodstream, allowing for early cancer detection with minimal discomfort.
- Presented at Acoustical Society Conference: The technique was discussed at the joint meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and Canadian Acoustical Association in May 2024.
Traditional Cancer Detection vs. New Ultrasound Approach
- Current Gold Standard - Biopsy: Traditionally, cancer is diagnosed using biopsies, where a tissue sample is extracted using a needle from suspected cancerous areas. Although effective, biopsies are invasive, painful, and carry some risks.
- Ultrasound as a Non-Invasive Alternative: The new method involves using high-frequency ultrasound waves to break off cancerous tissue into droplets, which are then released into the bloodstream. The biomarkers in the droplets can be analyzed for cancerous mutations.
- Enhanced Sensitivity: This ultrasound-based technique increases the levels of genetic and vesicle biomarkers in blood samples by over 100 times, enabling the detection of cancers and specific mutations that are otherwise undetectable in blood.
Key Findings of the Research
- Single Cancer Cell Detection: The technique allows for the detection of a single cancer cell in blood samples. It works by passing ultrasound waves through isolated blood samples, which break apart circulating cancer cells, releasing biomarkers into the blood.
- Cost-Effective: Traditional methods for detecting circulating cancer cells are costly (e.g., the ‘CellSearch’ test costs $10,000). In contrast, this ultrasound method can detect cancer with a much lower cost, around $100 (?8,400).
- Potential for Early Diagnosis: The research shows promise for detecting cancer at an early stage, even before symptoms appear, using blood samples.
Challenges and Next Steps
- Need for Large-Scale Clinical Trials: While the technique shows potential, large cohort studies involving diverse patient groups across different geographies and ethnicities are needed to validate the approach.
- Long-Term Study for Effectiveness: Further research is required to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the technique across various cancer types and to determine the ideal biomarker thresholds for early detection.
- Regulatory Approval and Commercialization: If the clinical trials yield positive results, the method could be commercially available in approximately five years, following regulatory approval.
Understanding Cancer and Its Types
- Cancer Definition: Cancer refers to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can form tumors and spread to other parts of the body.
- Types of Cancer:
- Carcinoma: Cancer originating in epithelial cells (e.g., breast, lung, prostate cancer).
- Sarcoma: Affects connective tissues like bones and muscles.
- Leukemia: Affects blood-forming tissues, leading to abnormal white blood cell production.
- Lymphoma: Begins in immune cells, including Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Melanoma: Cancer of pigment-producing skin cells.
- Key Differences Between Normal and Cancer Cells:
- Cancer cells grow uncontrollably and evade immune detection.
- Cancerous cells accumulate chromosomal abnormalities, unlike normal cells, which follow regulated growth patterns.
National Workshop on SATHI Portal
- 25 Oct 2024
In News:
Recently, the Department of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare (DA&FW) organised a National Workshop on the SATHI (Seed Authentication, Traceability, and Holistic Inventory) Portal in New Delhi.
Key Highlights:
Purpose & Focus
- SATHI Portal: Focuses on Seed Authentication, Traceability, and Holistic Inventory to enhance seed certification, improve seed traceability, and streamline the seed supply chain.
- Primary Objective: Ensure availability of high-quality seeds to farmers through a transparent and efficient seed management system.
Key Features of the SATHI Portal
- Seed Certification: Aims to streamline seed certification processes across states for faster and more accurate seed certifications.
- Seed Traceability: Enhances transparency and traceability of seeds to ensure quality and authenticity.
- Inventory Management: The portal facilitates seed inventory management, helping farmers and stakeholders access reliable and transparent seed information.
- Technological Integration: Developed by the National Informatics Centre (NIC), the portal incorporates technology-driven solutions to minimize transactional time for registrations, approvals, and certifications.
Phase-II Rollout
- Focus on seed inventory management, with the objective of offering farmers reliable access to certified seed varieties.
- It aims to integrate state-specific seed processes into the national framework for greater standardization and efficiency.
Workshops & Technical Sessions
- NIC and ICAR Presentations: Covered the core components of the SATHI Portal, including:
- Seed Law Enforcement
- DNA Fingerprinting for ensuring seed authenticity.
- Seed Laboratory Processes to uphold quality control.
- Review of Phase-I: Discussions on achievements of Phase-I, focusing on improvements in seed certification processes across states.
- State Experiences: 10 state representatives shared insights on their experiences with the portal, discussing both benefits and challenges in the implementation phase.
Role of NIC & Technology
- The National Informatics Centre (NIC) is the technology partner behind the SATHI Portal, which is designed to enhance the efficiency of seed certification and inventory management.
- The portal contributes to larger digital initiatives like the Digital Agriculture Mission and Unified Farmer Service Platform (UFSP), which aim to support agricultural development through technology.
Chenchu Tribe
- 25 Oct 2024
In News:
The Chenchus of Penukumadugu have lived in the dense Nallamala forests for centuries, their existence intertwined with the wilderness around them. However, their inability to keep up with the relentless pace of modernisation has led to dwindling work opportunities under the MGNREGA.
Chenchu Tribe Overview
- Location: Primarily in the dense Nallamala forests, Andhra Pradesh (AP).
- Tradition: Historically hunter-gatherers, now relying on subsistence farming.
- Vulnerable Status: Classified as one of the 12 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in Andhra Pradesh due to low literacy, stagnant population growth, and limited access to development.
- Livelihood: Dependent on forest resources (Non-Timber Forest Produce - NTFP) and agricultural labor.
Impact of MGNREGS (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme)
- MGNREGS Chenchu Special Project: Launched in 2009 to address specific needs of the Chenchus, such as physical strength, food insecurities, and cultural practices.
- Before Discontinuation: Provided 180 days of work per person annually, which helped Chenchus access regular income, improving food security and living conditions.
- Post-Discontinuation (2022):
- The project was integrated into a nationwide MGNREGS framework, reducing workdays to the standard 100 days per household.
- Consequences: Many Chenchus stopped engaging with MGNREGS due to bureaucratic hurdles (Aadhaar and bank linkage), reduced job days, and irregular wage payments.
- Only 1,500 out of 4,000 enrolled households currently participate in MGNREGS work.
Key Issues Post-MGNREGS Reform
- Aadhaar & Bank Account Challenges:
- Lack of literacy and digital skills makes the Aadhaar-based system intimidating.
- Many Chenchus are excluded from PDS and health benefits due to missing or unlinked Aadhaar cards.
- Absence of mobile phones and access to banks makes wage disbursement difficult.
- Irregular Payments & Trust Issues:
- The shift to bank payments has created trust issues, as many Chenchus are illiterate and cannot verify wage deposits.
- Distance from banks (up to 30 km) adds to the difficulty in accessing payments.
Forest Rights and Wildlife Conservation
- Forest Dependency: The Chenchus continue to depend on the forest for food and livelihood, but increasing restrictions due to wildlife conservation (e.g., Nagarjuna-Srisailam Tiger Reserve) have further curtailed their access to forest produce.
- Forest Rights Act (FRA): Many Chenchus have land pattas under the FRA but lack resources or support to utilize their land effectively due to the discontinuation of MGNREGS.
Government and Policy Response
- PVTG Initiatives: Various government initiatives like PM PVTG Mission, Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra, and Janjatiya Gaurav Divas aim to uplift PVTGs, but their impact remains limited without proper implementation of specialized support programs like the MGNREGS Chenchu Special Project.
United Nations Day 2024
- 25 Oct 2024
In News:
United Nations Day is celebrated each year on October 24 to mark the anniversary of the UN Charter's entry into force, aiming to raise awareness about the goals and achievements of the international body.
Key Highlights:
- Purpose: Celebrates the anniversary of the UN Charter coming into effect on October 24, 1945, after World War II.
- Goal: Raise awareness about the UN’s objectives and accomplishments.
UN Charter Overview
- Signing & Implementation:
- Signed on June 26, 1945, in San Francisco.
- Came into effect on October 24, 1945.
- India ratified the UN Charter on October 30, 1945.
- Predecessor: The League of Nations, created in 1919 after WWI, aimed at promoting international cooperation and peace.
- Content:
- Foundational document of the UN, binding all member states.
- Establishes principles of international relations, including equality of nations and the prohibition of force between countries.
- Amended three times: 1963, 1965, and 1973.
UN's Core Objectives
- Peace and Security: Maintaining global peace and preventing conflicts.
- Humanitarian Aid: Providing assistance to those in need.
- Human Rights: Protecting and promoting human rights globally.
- International Law: Upholding the rule of law on the global stage.
Main Organs of the UN
- General Assembly (UNGA):
- Comprises all 193 Member States, each with one vote.
- Main policy-making body, addressing international issues covered by the UN Charter.
- Security Council (UNSC):
- Consists of 15 members (5 permanent, 10 elected for two-year terms).
- Permanent members: China, France, Russia, UK, USA.
- India has been elected to the UNSC eight times.
- Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
- Composed of 54 members elected by the General Assembly.
- Coordinates policy and addresses economic, social, and environmental issues.
- Trusteeship Council:
- Established to oversee trust territories transitioning to independence.
- International Court of Justice (ICJ):
- The only international court resolving disputes between UN member states.
- Handles contentious cases and provides advisory opinions.
- Secretariat:
- Led by the Secretary-General, appointed by the General Assembly based on Security Council recommendations.
- Acts as the chief administrative body of the UN.
Note: Most UN organs, including the UNGA, UNSC, ECOSOC, Trusteeship Council, and Secretariat, are based in New York, while the ICJ is located in The Hague, Netherlands.
Nobel Peace Prize 2024
- 24 Oct 2024
In News:
The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, an organisation of survivors of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings. In doing so, the Nobel Committee has highlighted the power of their testimonies and the need for disarmament.
Key Points about Nihon Hidankyo and the Hibakusha Movement
- Nihon Hidankyo:
- Established on August 10, 1956, as the nation-wide organization for survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings.
- Focuses on the welfare of Hibakusha (A-bomb survivors), promoting nuclear disarmament, and advocating for compensation for victims.
- Works to share the stories and experiences of Hibakusha, both within Japan and globally.
- Hibakusha (Bomb-affected People):
- Survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
- Played a pivotal role in the global nuclear disarmament movement.
- Their testimonies have helped create the "nuclear taboo," ensuring nuclear weapons have not been used since 1945.
Role of Hibakusha in Nuclear Disarmament
- Global Impact:
- The bombings ignited a global movement for nuclear disarmament.
- Hibakusha's advocacy has highlighted the human cost of nuclear weapons, shaping international policy and promoting the nuclear taboo.
- Nihon Hidankyo’s Advocacy:
- The organization has been instrumental in documenting the effects of nuclear weapons and advocating for their abolition.
- Testimonies from Hibakusha have been key in raising awareness about the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear warfare.
Nobel Committee's Recognition and Current Nuclear Challenges
- Recognition of Hibakusha's Work:
- The Nobel Committee awarded the Peace Prize to Nihon Hidankyo for its role in promoting nuclear disarmament and for contributing to the nuclear taboo.
- The nuclear taboo is under increasing pressure as new countries seek nuclear weapons and existing powers modernize their arsenals.
- Current Nuclear Landscape:
- The US and Russia continue to maintain large nuclear stockpiles, with the US planning to spend over $1 trillion on upgrading its nuclear capabilities by the 2040s.
- New Threats: Geopolitical tensions, including regional conflicts, raise concerns about the resurgence of nuclear arms races.
Previous Nobel Peace Prizes for Disarmament
- Past Laureates:
- 1974: Former Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Sato awarded for Japan's commitment to non-nuclear weapons policy.
- 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) awarded for its efforts to draw attention to the humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons and push for a nuclear ban treaty.
- Link with Alfred Nobel’s Vision:
- Alfred Nobel, the founder of the Peace Prize, made his fortune with the invention of dynamite and sought to use his wealth to promote peace, especially through disarmament.
IMF's World Economic Outlook (WEO)
- 24 Oct 2024
In News:
- The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has maintained India’s GDP growth forecast at 7% for FY2024, marking a moderation from 8.2% in 2023.
- FY2025 Projection: Growth is expected to slow further to 6.5% in FY2025.
- India’s growth is expected to be stronger than most other large economies, yet the downward revision reflects challenges in the global economy and moderation in domestic economic momentum.
Global Economic Growth Projections:
- Global Growth (2024-2025): Global growth is projected at 3.2% in 2024 and 2025, which is stable but modest. This growth rate is largely unchanged from previous IMF forecasts.
- Long-Term Outlook: The IMF's long-term projection for global growth is 3.1%, which is considered subpar compared to pre-pandemic growth rates, signaling a potential era of low growth.
Key Risks and Uncertainties:
- The IMF highlights several downside risks to global growth, including:
-
- Monetary tightening: Central banks' high-interest rate policies to combat inflation could have long-term negative effects on economic growth and financial stability.
- Geopolitical Tensions: Ongoing conflicts, such as the Russia-Ukraine war, could disrupt global supply chains and trade, exacerbating inflation and slowing growth.
- China’s Economic Slowdown: China, the world’s second-largest economy, is facing a slower growth trajectory, especially in its real estate sector, which is dragging down its overall growth.
- Structural Challenges: The aging population and weak productivity are long-term growth inhibitors in many advanced economies, adding uncertainty to future growth prospects.
-
- Inflation and Monetary Policy:
- The IMF's inflation forecast shows global inflation cooling:
- 2023: Global inflation is expected to reach 6.7%.
- 2024: It is forecast to fall to 5.8%, with advanced economies expected to return to inflation targets sooner than emerging markets.
- 2025: A further decline to 4.3%.
- The primary driver of disinflation is not interest rate hikes but the unwinding of pandemic-related shocks, supply chain improvements, and the gradual return of labor supply.
- Monetary Policy: Central banks are likely to ease policies once inflation nears target levels, but risks of further commodity price spikes or geopolitical tensions could delay this.
- The IMF's inflation forecast shows global inflation cooling:
US and Europe Growth:
- Emerging Markets and Developing Economies:
- Growth Outlook: The IMF forecasts growth in emerging markets and developing economies at 4.2% for 2024 and 2025, with a slight moderation to 3.9% by 2026.
- Emerging Asia: Growth in emerging Asia (led by India and China) is expected to slow, from 5.7% in 2023 to 5% in 2025.
- India’s Relative Strength: India’s growth continues to outperform many emerging economies, though the slowdown from 8.2% in 2023 to 7% in 2024 reflects global economic headwinds.
- Income Inequality Risks:
- The IMF warns that low growth over an extended period (4+ years) could exacerbate income inequality within countries, as sluggish growth affects job creation and wage growth.
- Countries with slow economic recovery are likely to see a widening gap between rich and poor, undermining social cohesion and stability.
PM Young Achievers’ Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India (PM YASASVI)
- 24 Oct 2024
In News:
With a vision of "Sabka Sath, Sabka Vikas", the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has implemented the PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India (PM-YASASVI).
- Objective of PM-YASASVI:
- The scheme aims to provide financial support and educational opportunities to students from Other Backward Classes (OBC), Economically Backward Classes (EBC), and Denotified Tribes (DNT).
- The goal is to help these students overcome financial barriers and pursue quality education, fostering a more inclusive and equitable society.
- Consolidation of Earlier Schemes:
- PM-YASASVI integrates multiple previous scholarship schemes:
- Dr. Ambedkar Post-Matric Scholarship for EBCs.
- Dr. Ambedkar Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarship for DNTs.
- This consolidation aims to streamline the process and increase the impact on vulnerable groups.
- Key Components of the Scheme:
- Pre-Matric Scholarship: For students in Class 9-10 with annual family income below ?2.5 lakh. Provides ?4,000 annually.
- Post-Matric Scholarship: For students pursuing higher education, with academic allowances ranging from ?5,000 to ?20,000 based on course type.
- Top Class School Education: For meritorious students, offering ?1.25 lakh annually for students from OBC, EBC, and DNT categories in Classes 9-12.
- Top Class College Education: Covers tuition, living expenses, and educational materials for students in top institutions.
- Construction of Hostels for OBC Boys and Girls: Provides hostel facilities to socially and educationally backward students near government institutions.
- Scope and Financial Allocation (2023-24):
- Pre-Matric Scholarship: ?32.44 crore allocated to states and UTs for the year 2023-24, benefiting 19.86 lakh students.
- Post-Matric Scholarship: ?387.27 crore allocated for the year, benefiting 27.97 lakh students.
- Top Class School Education: ?6.55 crore for 2,602 students.
- Top Class College Education: ?111.18 crore for 4,762 students.
- Hostel Construction: ?14.30 crore allocated for the construction of hostels, accommodating 1,146 students.
- Key Benefits:
- Financial Assistance: Reduces the financial burden on students from marginalized communities, enabling them to continue their education without financial stress.
- Inclusive Education: Supports students from disadvantaged backgrounds, ensuring that they can access quality education from school through to higher education.
- Promotion of Merit: Focuses on meritorious students, ensuring that academic excellence is supported at all levels, from school to top-class institutions.
- Selection Process:
- The YASASVI Entrance Test (YET) is conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) for candidate selection under the scheme.
- Eligible students must appear for this test, and the results determine scholarship awards.
- Eligibility Criteria:
- The scheme is open to OBC, EBC, and DNT students with a family income not exceeding ?2.5 lakh annually.
- Additional specific eligibility criteria may apply for different scholarships under the scheme.
- Application Process:
- Interested students can apply for scholarships via the National Scholarship Portal (scholarships.gov.in), which is the official platform for application submission.
E. coli Outbreak Linked to McDonald's Burgers
- 24 Oct 2024
In News:
- An E. coli outbreak has been linked to McDonald's burgers in the United States. The infection has affected at least 10 states.
E. coli in India:
- Prevalence: E. coli infections are common in India, especially during the summer and rainy seasons, when there is an increase in gastrointestinal infections.
- Transmission: E. coli spreads mainly through contaminated food and water.
- National statistics: Over 500 outbreaks of diarrhoeal diseases were reported in India in 2023. E. coli is one of the most common pathogens causing gastrointestinal infections in India.
- ICMR data: According to the latest report from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), E. coli was found in 23.19% of patient samples from tertiary care hospitals across India.
- FSSAI's Role: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is establishing a network of 34 microbiology labs to test food for pathogens like E. coli, salmonella, and listeria.
Symptoms of E. coli Infection:
- Common symptoms include:
- High fever (over 102°F)
- Persistent diarrhoea, sometimes bloody
- Vomiting
- Dehydration due to fluid loss
- Severe cases may lead to acute kidney injury.
Treatment of E. coli Infections:
- E. coli is treated with antibiotics, but medical consultation is necessary before taking any medication.
- Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern, as E. coli's susceptibility to antibiotics, including carbapenem, has declined from 81.4% in 2017 to 62.7% in 2023.
When to Seek Medical Attention:
- Consult a doctor if:
- Diarrhoea lasts more than a couple of days.
- Frequent visits to the toilet (every half hour to an hour).
- Bloody diarrhoea.
- Vomiting frequently or inability to retain fluids.
Food Safety Measures:
- The FSSAI is working to improve food safety by implementing better testing protocols for microbial contamination in food products across India.
Cyberfraud Losses and Economic Impact
- 24 Oct 2024
In News:
- ?1.2 lakh crore is the projected financial loss due to cyber frauds in India over the next year (2024), according to the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under the Union Home Ministry.
- This could amount to 0.7% of India’s GDP.
- Mule Accounts:
- Mule accounts are a significant contributor to cyber frauds. These accounts are used to facilitate money laundering and illegal transactions.
- On average, around 4,000 mule accounts are identified daily by I4C.
- Mule accounts typically facilitate the transfer of funds out of India, often through cryptocurrency transactions.
- Sources of Cyber Scams:
- A majority of frauds are linked to Chinese entities or China-based operations, with about half of the cybercrime complaints originating from China.
- Other major hubs for cyber frauds include Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos, which house call-centre-like scam compounds.
- Azerbaijan has also been identified as a new hotspot for such scams.
- International Dimension:
- Fraudulent withdrawals have been reported from ATMs in Dubai, Hong Kong, Bangkok, and Russia using mule accounts.
- The international nature of these scams often involves routing stolen funds through various countries, using methods like cryptocurrency exchanges.
- Cybercrime and Terror Financing:
- Cyber scams have potential ramifications beyond financial losses; they can be used for terror financing and money laundering.
- Cryptocurrency is a common medium for laundering money, with an example cited of ?5.5 crore laundered through 350 transactions in a short span.
- ATM Hotspots and Fraudulent Withdrawals:
- 18 ATM hotspots have been identified across India where fraudulent withdrawals occur.
- Fraudsters exploit these locations to withdraw money, often using mule bank accounts and cross-border ATM networks.
- Government Response:
- The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is working to combat these frauds by convening meetings with the Union Finance Ministry and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
- The objective is to curb the operation of mule accounts and strengthen the banking system to prevent such frauds.
- Banks are being urged to flag unusually high-value transactions or accounts with low balances that are engaging in suspicious activity.
- Fraudulent Calls and Scam Compounds:
- Indian fraudsters, in collaboration with international scam rings, use Indian mobile phone numbers to deceive citizens.
- Countries like Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Azerbaijan have been identified as hubs for investment scams involving fraudulent calls.
- Helpline and Cyber Fraud Reporting System:
- The Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System (part of I4C) and the 1930 helpline provide mechanisms to report financial frauds.
- ?11,269 crore in financial frauds was reported during the first half of 2024 via these channels.
- The system also involves cooperation with over 200 financial intermediaries, including banks and wallets.
Tenkana
- 23 Oct 2024
In News:
- A team of arachnologists has discovered a new genus of jumping spiders, Tenkana, found across southern India and northern Sri Lanka.
- The discovery includes two previously known species, Tenkanamanu and Tenkanaarkavathi, and introduces a new species, Tenkanajayamangali, from Karnataka.
Name and Origin:
- The name Tenkana comes from the Kannada word for "south," reflecting the geographical region where all known species of this genus are found—southern India and northern Sri Lanka.
- The genus belongs to the Plexippina subtribe of jumping spiders, which is distinct from related genera like Hyllus and Telamonia.
Key Findings:
- Tenkanajayamangali was first discovered in Devarayanadurga reserve forest, Tumakuru district, Karnataka, at the origin of the Jayamangali river.
- The new species was identified through genetic analysis and physical examination, showing it did not match any known species.
Physical Characteristics:
- The male and female Tenkanajayamangali exhibit distinct physical differences.
- The male has pale hairs covering most of its carapace, while the female is grey with a pattern.
- The ocular area of T. jayamangali is uniformly covered with white hairs, in contrast to T. arkavathi and T. manu, which have distinctive markings.
Habitat and Distribution:
- Tenkana spiders are typically ground-dwelling and prefer dry, open habitats like short grasses, leaf litter, and rocky outcrops.
- These spiders have been observed in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and some areas in Sri Lanka.
- The male and female spiders of T. jayamangali were discovered in different regions, 2 km apart, at the hilltop and foothills of the same forest.
Ecological and Behavioral Insights:
- The Tenkana genus is considered endemic to India, with species observed in diverse regions such as Bengaluru, Yercaud (Tamil Nadu), and Bannerghatta (Karnataka).
- These spiders are found in complex microhabitats, like shaded short grasses with dry leaf litter or rocky outcrops in relatively dry habitats.
- The movement of Tenkana spiders resembles that of Stenaelurillus, another ground-dwelling spider species.
Amazon Future Engineer Program (Phase 3)
- 23 Oct 2024
In News:
- The National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS) launched the third phase of the Amazon Future Engineer Program in 50 Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS).
- Schools involved are spread across Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Telangana, and Tripura.
Program Focus Areas:
- Emerging Technologies: The third phase introduces tribal students to key areas like:
- Blockchain technology
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Coding and block programming
- The program is designed to equip students with skills in computer science fundamentals.
Teacher Training:
- A four-day in-person training workshop for teachers was conducted to empower them with the skills necessary to teach emerging technologies effectively.
- Teachers also participated in the EMRS Coders Expo, showcasing top student coding projects from the previous academic year.
Target Audience:
- Students: The program targets students from grades 6 to 9. Class 10 students will participate in project-based virtual sessions aligned with the CBSE AI Skills Curriculum.
- The goal is to enhance students' understanding of computer science and technology and prepare them for STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) careers.
Program Expansion:
- Future Plans: The program will be rolled out in the next phase to cover a total of 410 EMRSs across India.
- Impact: Over 7,000 students in grades 6 to 8 have already benefited from the program’s introduction to computer science and block programming.
Key Goals of the Program:
- Empower Tribal Students: Provide tribal students with modern technological skills to prepare them for future STEM careers.
- Capacity Building: Equip both teachers and students with the knowledge and skills to engage with emerging technologies.
- Fostering Technological Literacy: The initiative aims to foster technological literacy and modernize education in tribal areas.
Recognition:
- During the event, Top 3 Student Coding Projects were felicitated for their creativity and innovation.
- The Top 3 IT Teachers were also recognized for their dedication in guiding students through the program.
Partnership with Amazon:
- The program is a collaboration between NESTS and Amazon, showcasing a joint effort to improve educational access and technological skill development among tribal students.
India's Mission Mausam and the Cloud Chamber
- 23 Oct 2024
In News:
Mission Mausamaims to not just improve weather forecasting in the country but also ‘manage’ certain weather events, and on demand, enhance or suppress rainfall, hail, fog and, later, lightning strikes.
- Focus Areas:
- Enhancing or suppressing rainfall, hail, fog, and later, lightning strikes on demand.
- Strengthening cloud physics research to better understand and modify weather conditions.
- Establishment of Cloud Chamber:
- Location: The cloud chamber is being built at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune.
- Purpose: To study cloud physics in detail and develop methods for weather modification.
- Key Feature: It will be a convective cloud chamber, capable of simulating conditions specific to Indian monsoon clouds.
What is a Cloud Chamber?
- A scientific apparatus that mimics the conditions required for cloud formation.
- Function: Water vapour, aerosols, and other particles are injected into the chamber, and under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, clouds can be formed.
- Global Context: While many countries have cloud chambers, India is building one with convection properties, which are essential for studying monsoon clouds. Only a few such chambers exist globally.
Why India Needs a Convective Cloud Chamber?
- Cloud Physics: The chamber will allow scientists to study various phenomena such as:
- Cloud behaviour under normal and extreme conditions.
- Formation of rain droplets and ice particles.
- Influence of moisture from cyclones or low-pressure systems.
- Interactions between different cloud layers.
- Objective: To gain insights into cloud formation specific to the Indian monsoon and develop strategies for weather modification.
Applications for Weather Modification:
- The cloud chamber will help scientists simulate and understand how to influence weather events like rain and fog, particularly in monsoon systems.
- It will allow testing of new ideas and theories under controlled conditions, adjusting temperature, humidity, and convection parameters to suit Indian weather conditions.
India’s Experience with Cloud Seeding:
- Cloud Seeding: A technique tested in India to enhance rainfall by introducing particles (seeds) into clouds.
- CAIPEEX Program: India conducted the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) over a decade to study cloud seeding's effectiveness.
- Findings: Cloud seeding increased rainfall by up to 46% in some regions, showing its potential under specific conditions.
- Limitations: Cloud seeding is not a one-size-fits-all solution and is effective only under certain conditions.
Significance for India’s Weather Forecasting:
- Improved Weather Modification: The cloud chamber and insights from it could lead to better management of weather events, especially in regions affected by monsoon rains, cyclones, and droughts.
- Tailored Strategies: India will be able to implement targeted weather interventions, especially in agricultural regions, to reduce the negative impacts of extreme weather.
???????Global and Regional Relevance:
- Cloud Chamber: The Pune facility will be one of the few globally with the specific focus on convective properties needed to study Indian monsoon systems.
- Role in Climate Science: India’s investment in cloud physics research positions it at the forefront of developing technologies to manage climate variability and extreme weather events.
India-Pakistan Kartarpur Corridor Agreement Renewal
- 23 Oct 2024
In News:
- India and Pakistan have extended the Sri Kartarpur Sahib Corridor Agreement for another five years (until 2029).
- Purpose: The extension ensures uninterrupted operation of the corridor, allowing Indian pilgrims to visit Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur in Pakistan.
- Significance: The extension reflects continued cooperation between India and Pakistan, with potential implications for improving bilateral relations.
Background of Kartarpur Corridor:
- Inception: The agreement was first signed on October 24, 2019, to allow visa-free access for Indian pilgrims to Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur near Narowal in Pakistan.
- Pilgrimage Details:
- Eligibility: Indian nationals and Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) cardholders can visit the gurdwara on a daily basis.
- Return on Same Day: Pilgrims must return on the same day.
- No Religious Restrictions: Pilgrims of any faith can use the corridor.
- Capacity: Up to 5,000 pilgrims per day can visit the gurdwara.
- Historical Importance: The corridor facilitates the Sikh community's access to a key religious site, located just 4.7 km from the India-Pakistan border.
- Service Charge Dispute:
- Pakistan's Service Fee: Pakistan continues to charge a $20 service fee (approx. ?1,680) per pilgrim, which India has consistently urged Pakistan to waive.
- Pakistan’s Justification: Pakistan maintains the fee to cover the $17 million spent on refurbishing the gurdwara and developing infrastructure for the corridor.
- Geopolitical Context and Timing:
- Recent Developments: The agreement renewal follows External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s visit to Pakistan to attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Council of Heads of Government meeting.
- Improved Bilateral Relations: Jaishankar’s visit marked the first visit by an Indian foreign minister to Pakistan in nearly nine years, signaling potential thaw in relations, despite the lack of formal bilateral dialogue.
- Strategic and Religious Importance:
- Religious Diplomacy: The Kartarpur Corridor is viewed as a confidence-building measure and a symbol of religious diplomacy, particularly for the Sikh community.
- Historical Legacy: The corridor links Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur in Pakistan to Gurdwara Dera Baba Nanak in India, facilitating access to a site of immense religious significance for Sikhs.
- Implications for India-Pakistan Relations:
- No Formal Bilateral Talks: Despite the successful renewal of the agreement, formal talks between India and Pakistan remain suspended, particularly after India’s revocation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir in 2019, which led to a diplomatic freeze.
- Pakistan's Diplomatic Stance: Pakistan had recalled its high commissioner from India in August 2019, and tensions have remained high since then.
- Potential for Future Engagement:
- Diplomatic Channels Opened: The renewal of the Kartarpur agreement and Jaishankar’s visit suggest that diplomatic channels are still open, and there may be scope for further engagement if both sides take steps to address outstanding issues.
IMF retains India’s growth projection at 7% for FY25
- 23 Oct 2024
In News:
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has revised India's GDP growth forecast for the fiscal year 2024-25 to 7%, up by 20 basis points from its previous estimate of 6.8%.
- India’s Growth Projections:
- Current Fiscal Year (FY2024-25): India’s GDP growth is projected at 7%, unchanged from June 2024 estimates.
- Next Fiscal Year (FY2025-26): Growth expected at 6.5%.
- Growth Decline from FY2023 (8.2%): The slowdown is attributed to the exhaustion of pent-up demand post-pandemic and the economy returning to its potential.
- Global Economic Growth:
- World Output: Projected global growth at 3.2% in both 2024 and 2025.
- Advanced Economies: U.S. GDP growth revised upward to 2.8% in 2024 and 2.2% in 2025.
- Emerging Markets & Developing Economies: Growth revised upwards, largely due to stronger economic activity in Asia, with China and India being key contributors.
- Global Inflation and Monetary Policy:
- Inflation Decline: Global inflation has decreased from its peak of 9.4% in Q3 2022 to 3.5% projected by end-2025.
- Inflation Outlook: Despite reductions in inflation, price pressures persist in some regions.
- Monetary Policy Tightening: IMF acknowledges challenges due to tight monetary conditions in several economies and their potential impacts on labor markets.
- Global Risks and Challenges:
- Geopolitical Tensions: Ongoing Russia-Ukraine war and escalating conflicts in West Asia (e.g., Lebanon) have increased geopolitical risks, potentially affecting commodity markets.
- Protectionism: Growing protectionist policies worldwide are a risk to global trade and economic stability.
- Sovereign Debt Stress: Debt burdens in several countries could become a source of instability.
- Weak Chinese Economy: Slower-than-expected recovery in China remains a significant concern for global economic growth.
- Monetary Policy Risks: Prolonged tight monetary policies in some countries could impact labor markets and economic recovery.
- IMF’s Policy Recommendations for Medium-Term Growth:
- Monetary Policy Neutrality: Countries should adopt a neutral monetary policy stance to balance growth and inflation control.
- Fiscal Policy Adjustment: Build fiscal buffers after years of loose fiscal policy to ensure stability.
- Structural Reforms: Implement structural reforms to boost productivity and cope with challenges like aging populations, the climate transition, and the need for youth employment.
- India’s Economic Outlook - Key Drivers:
- Rural Consumption Growth: The upward revision of India's FY2024-25 GDP forecast to 7% is driven by improved consumption, especially in rural areas.
- Upward Revisions for 2023: The increased growth forecast also reflects positive carryover effects from India's 8.2% growth in 2023.
- Emerging Asia's Growth: The growth outlook for emerging Asia is supported by India and China, though long-term growth prospects for China are weaker (projected to slow to 3.3% by 2029).
- Global Economic Outlook:
- World Growth Projections: Global growth is expected to remain at 3.2% in 2024 and 3.3% in 2025.
- Diverging Growth Rates: Growth across economies is converging as output gaps close, particularly in advanced economies (e.g., U.S. labor market cooling, euro area recovery).
Z-Morh Tunnel Project in Kashmir
- 22 Oct 2024
In News:
Seven people were killed in Jammu and Kashmir when suspected militants targeted the workers of infrastructure company APCO Infratech, which is constructing the Z-Morh tunnel on the Srinagar-Sonamarg highway. This is the first militant attack on a key infrastructure project in Jammu and Kashmir. In the past, militants have not targeted such infrastructure projects in the region.
What is the Z-Morh Tunnel?
- Length: 6.4 kilometers
- Connection: Links Sonamarg (a popular tourist destination) with Kangan town in central Kashmir’s Ganderbal district.
- Construction Site: Located near Gagangir village, ahead of Sonamarg.
- Naming: The tunnel gets its name from the Z-shaped road near the construction site.
Importance of the Z-Morh Tunnel
- All-Weather Connectivity: The tunnel is crucial for year-round access to Sonamarg, particularly in the winter when the road is often blocked by snow avalanches.
- Location: Situated at 8,500 feet above sea level, the tunnel provides a safe, all-weather route for tourists and locals, especially during winter months when access to Sonamarg is typically limited.
Strategic Importance
- Part of Zojila Tunnel Project:
- The Z-Morh tunnel is integral to the larger Zojila tunnel project, which aims to provide all-weather connectivity from Srinagar to Ladakh.
- The Zojila Tunnel, under construction at an altitude of around 12,000 feet, will connect Sonamarg (Kashmir) to Drass (Ladakh) and is expected to be completed by December 2026.
- Military and Strategic Significance:
- The Z-Morh tunnel is crucial for rapid military mobilization between Srinagar, Kargil, Leh, and Drass regions.
- It ensures quick access for military personnel to the Ladakh border, particularly in areas of heightened security like Siachen Glacier and the Turtuk sub-sector (on the Pakistan border).
- The tunnel will reduce dependence on air transport for troop and supply movements to forward areas, leading to cost savings and extended aircraft lifespan.
The case for a nature restoration law in India
- 22 Oct 2024
In News:
The Nature Restoration Law (NRL), which was enacted by the European Union (EU), is an inspiring model from which India can draw points to tackle its growing environmental crises.
Background of the NRL in the EU
- The Nature Restoration Law (NRL) was enacted by the European Union (EU) to restore ecosystems and combat biodiversity loss.
- Adopted on June 17, 2024, by the EU’s Environmental Council.
- Key objectives:
- Restore 20% of EU’s land and sea areas by 2030.
- Achieve full restoration of all ecosystems by 2050.
- Part of the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and European Green Deal.
- Target Areas:
- Forests, agricultural lands, rivers, urban spaces.
- Restoration measures include:
- 25,000 km of free-flowing rivers.
- Planting 3 billion trees by 2030.
- Global Impact: NRL is a critical tool in reversing Europe’s biodiversity loss, where 80% of habitats are in poor condition.
Environmental Crisis in India
- Land Degradation:
- 29.7% of India’s total geographical area is affected by land degradation (as per ISRO’s Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas, 2018-19).
- 97.85 million hectares of land degraded, with a significant increase since 2003-05.
- Major desertification hotspots in Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan.
- Desertification: A growing concern, affecting 83.69 million hectares in 2018-19.
- Ongoing Efforts:
- Green India Mission, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, and National Afforestation Programme have had positive effects.
- Integrated Watershed Management Programme is the second-largest watershed programme globally.
Need for a Comprehensive Nature Restoration Law in India
- The scale of India’s environmental challenges requires a comprehensive nature restoration law similar to the EU’s NRL.
- The law should have legally binding targets to restore degraded landscapes and ensure ecosystem sustainability.
Key Features of an Indian Nature Restoration Law
- Restoration Targets:
- 20% of degraded land to be restored by 2030.
- Full restoration of ecosystems (forests, wetlands, rivers, agricultural lands, urban spaces) by 2050.
- Wetland Restoration:
- Target restoring 30% of degraded wetlands by 2030.
- Priority wetlands like Sundarbans and Chilika Lake play critical roles in biodiversity and carbon sequestration.
- Biodiversity in Agriculture:
- Promote agroforestry and sustainable agriculture practices.
- Use biodiversity indicators (e.g., butterfly or bird index) to monitor progress.
- River Restoration:
- Focus on free-flowing rivers such as the Ganga and Yamuna.
- Address pollution, obstructions, and ecosystem damage in major rivers.
- Urban Green Spaces:
- Ensure no net loss of urban green spaces.
- Promote urban forests in cities like Bengaluru and Delhi, where urban heat islands and air quality degradation are prominent.
Economic and Social Benefits of Ecosystem Restoration
- Global Economic Impact:
- Nature restoration could generate $10 trillion annually by 2030 (World Economic Forum estimate).
- Benefits for India:
- Agricultural Productivity: Restoring degraded land will enhance farm productivity.
- Water Security: Improved land restoration will contribute to better water availability.
- Job Creation: Millions of rural jobs could be created through ecosystem restoration efforts.
- Contributing to SDGs:
- The law would help India meet SDG 15 (sustainable management of forests, combating desertification).
- Climate Change Mitigation:
- Restoring ecosystems can help India enhance its carbon sinks, which is crucial for meeting Paris Agreement targets.
- Degraded lands lose their capacity to absorb carbon dioxide, contributing to global warming.
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)
- 22 Oct 2024
In News:
The tiny nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has played an outsized role in scientific discovery, contributing to four Nobel Prizes over the years.
Key Discoveries from C. elegans Research
- C. elegans and Cellular Processes:
- The worm has helped scientists understand programmed cell death (apoptosis), a vital process in development and disease. This work contributed to the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, addressing how cells are instructed to kill themselves and how this process goes awry in conditions like AIDS, strokes, and degenerative diseases.
- Gene Silencing and RNA Interference:
- In 2006, a Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi), a process first explored using C. elegans. This discovery led to the development of a new class of RNA-based drugs.
- Cellular Imaging Techniques:
- In 2008, C. elegans contributed to breakthroughs in cellular imaging, as its use helped invent cellular “lanterns” that allowed scientists to visualize the inner workings of cells, earning a Chemistry Nobel.
- Gary Ruvkun’s 2024 Nobel:
- Gary Ruvkun’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2024 was the fourth in a series of Nobel recognitions stemming from C. elegans research, reinforcing its role in fundamental biological discoveries.
Key Facts About Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans):
- Size: 1 millimeter long.
- Life Cycle: Completes in 3-5 days.
- Cell Count: 959 cells.
- Genome: First multicellular organism to have its full genome sequenced in 1998.
- Sexual Reproduction: Hermaphroditic (self-fertilizing) and male.
- Scientific Role: Used to study genetics, developmental biology, neuroscience, and cell biology.
- Nobel Prize Contributions: Four Nobel Prizes, including those in Physiology, Medicine, and Chemistry, for advancements in cell death, gene silencing, and imaging.
IAEA’s 2024 Climate Change and Nuclear Power Report
- 22 Oct 2024
In News:
- The 2024 edition of the IAEA’s Climate Change and Nuclear Power report has been released, highlighting the need for a significant increase in investment to achieve goals for expanding nuclear power.
- The new report was launched last week on the margins of the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) in Brazil.
Key Highlights:
- Nuclear Power's Role in Climate Change Mitigation:
- Nuclear energy is gaining global interest as nations seek to enhance energy security and decarbonize economies.
- To meet net-zero emissions by 2050, nuclear power is projected to play a pivotal role, with a projected capacity increase of 2.5 times the current level by mid-century in the IAEA's high case scenario.
- Investment Needs for Nuclear Expansion:
- Annual investment required to meet the IAEA's high case scenario (2050 nuclear capacity) is USD 125 billion, a significant increase from USD 50 billion annually from 2017-2023.
- If the aspirational goal to triple nuclear capacity (as pledged by over 20 countries at COP28) is to be met, USD 150 billion annually would be necessary.
- Challenges in Financing: Upfront capital for nuclear power plants is expensive, posing challenges, especially in market-driven economies and developing countries.
- Private Sector and Multilateral Support:
- The private sector will need to play a larger role in financing nuclear projects.
- The IAEA is engaging with multilateral development banks to improve financing options for developing countries to invest in nuclear energy.
- Private finance initiatives: In September 2024, 14 major financial institutions signaled readiness to help fund nuclear newbuild projects.
- Nuclear Financing at Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM):
- The IAEA report was launched during the 15th CEM in Brazil, a high-level forum for advancing clean energy technologies.
- Key stakeholders from Brazil, the IAEA, the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the U.S. discussed strategies for securing nuclear power financing, especially in the context of COP29 (2024) where clean energy financing will be a key focus.
- Nuclear Energy in the EU’s Sustainable Financing:
- The EU taxonomy for sustainable activities now includes nuclear power, facilitating the issuance of green bonds for nuclear projects in Finland and France (2023).
- EDF received €4 billion in green bonds and around €7 billion in green loans (2022-2024).
- Investment in Nuclear Power:
- To meet global climate goals, nuclear power capacity must increase by 1.8 times by 2035.
- Effective financing mechanisms are crucial to scale up nuclear power and develop the workforce and supply chains needed for the energy transition.
- Policy Reform and International Partnerships:
- The report advocates for policy reforms and international partnerships to bridge the financing gap and accelerate nuclear power deployment, particularly in emerging markets and developing economies.
- Focus on technologies such as small modular reactors (SMRs), which could play a role in the energy transition.
- Key Areas to Support Nuclear Growth:
- Robust regulatory frameworks and new delivery models are essential to unlock investments.
- Development of skilled labor and effective stakeholder engagement is crucial for the expansion of nuclear energy.
- Energy System Modelling and Planning:
- The IAEA’s energy system modelling tools assist countries like Brazil in planning nuclear power projects, including cost analyses for electricity generation and financing strategies.
Role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):
- Mandate: The IAEA is the leading international body for promoting the safe, secure, and peaceful use of nuclear energy and technologies.
- Functions:
- Nuclear safeguards: Ensuring nuclear activities remain peaceful and preventing the diversion of nuclear materials for weapons purposes.
- Assisting member states with technical support, knowledge sharing, and strengthening nuclear safety and security.
- The IAEA also supports capacity-building and emergency response in case of nuclear or radiological incidents.
- Structure:
- The IAEA General Conference is made up of all 178 member states, meeting annually to approve budgets and policies.
- The Board of Governors (35 members) meets several times a year to oversee the agency's activities and appointments.
- Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
- The IAEA is part of the United Nations family, reporting to both the UN General Assembly and the Security Council.
Egypt becomes 2nd country in 2024 to be declared ‘malaria-free’
- 22 Oct 2024
In News:
Egypt was officially declared ‘malaria-free’ by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Key Highlights:
- Egypt became the second country (after Cabo Verde) to be certified malaria-free in 2024.
- It is the fifth African country to achieve this milestone, joining Morocco, UAE, and Cabo Verde in the malaria-free list.
- WHO Certification Criteria:
- A country is certified malaria-free if it can prove the Anopheles mosquito-borne malaria transmission chain has been broken for at least three years.
- The country must also have the capacity to prevent the re-establishment of transmission.
- About Malaria:
- Malaria is an acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
- It is a life-threatening disease primarily found in tropical countries.
- Symptoms include fever, headache, and chills, which can be mild and difficult to diagnose.
- Prevention mainly involves vector control interventions, and treatment involves early diagnosis and use of antimalarial drugs.
Russia's Izdeliye 305 (LMUR) Missile
- 21 Oct 2024
In News:
Russian state corporation Rostec has claimed that its Light Multipurpose Guided Rocket, also known as Izdeliye 305 or “Product 305,” has demonstrated remarkable resistance to jamming and interference on the battlefield in Ukraine.
Missile Overview
- Name: Izdeliye 305 (Product 305), also known as LMUR (Light Multipurpose Guided Rocket)
- Primary Use: Deployed by Russia’s Mi-28NM and Ka-52M attack helicopters.
- Function: Designed to target and destroy armored vehicles, fortifications, pillboxes, and watercraft with high precision.
Key Features
- Sniper-Like Accuracy: The missile is touted for its exceptional precision in targeting, making it one of Russia’s most successful guided weapons.
- Resistance to Jamming: The missile’s control channel has shown remarkable resistance to enemy electronic warfare (EW) systems, making it effective even in contested environments.
- No instances of the missile's control channel being suppressed during the ongoing Ukraine conflict.
- Versatile Guidance Systems: The missile operates in several modes:
- Fire-and-Forget: The missile locks onto the target before launch and operates autonomously post-launch.
- Remote Control Mode: The operator guides the missile to the target after it locks onto coordinates and transmits live imagery to the operator’s screen.
- Inertial + Homing Mode: The missile initially flies inertially toward target coordinates, then activates its homing system for final target guidance.
- High Explosive Warhead: Equipped with a 25-kg high-explosive fragmentation warhead, the LMUR is effective against a variety of targets.
Technical Specifications
- Weight: 105 kg (231 lbs)
- Range: Up to 9 miles, double the range of traditional Russian anti-tank missiles, providing the tactical advantage of engaging from beyond line-of-sight.
- Warhead: 25 kg high-explosive fragmentation for effective target destruction.
- Guidance: A combination of inertial navigation, satellite positioning, thermal imaging, and a two-way communication channel for real-time control.
Deployment and Use
- Helicopter Integration: Primarily used on Mi-28NM and Ka-52M attack helicopters, and also on the Mi-8MNP-2 for special operations.
- Combat Experience:
- The missile was actively used in Ukraine where it played a key role in countering Ukraine’s NATO-backed counteroffensive operations.
- It was previously tested in Syria against various targets, showcasing its capabilities before full operational deployment in 2022.
Significance in Ukraine Conflict
- Impact on Ukrainian Forces: The missile’s long range and resistance to EW have made it a critical component of Russia’s aerial operations, hampering Ukraine’s battlefield progress, particularly against heavily fortified positions and NATO-backed counteroffensive efforts.
Strategic Advantage: The missile’s ability to engage targets from a distance while evading jamming attempts gives it a significant edge in modern warfare.
National Water Awards 2023
- 21 Oct 2024
In News:
The Hon’ble President of India Smt. Droupadi Murmu will confer the 5th National Water Awards 2023 on October 22nd 2024 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
Organizing Body:
- Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti
- Department: Department of Water Resources, River Development, and Ganga Rejuvenation (DoWR, RD & GR)
- Purpose: To recognize and honor individuals, organizations, and bodies that have made significant contributions to water conservation and management.
Award Categories
- Best State
- Best District
- Best Village Panchayat
- Best Urban Local Body
- Best School or College
- Best Industry
- Best Water User Association
- Best Institution (other than school or college)
- Best Civil Society Organization
Winners
- Best State:
- 1st Prize: Odisha
- 2nd Prize: Uttar Pradesh
- 3rd Prize (joint): Gujarat & Puducherry
- Other Awards: Winners in the remaining categories have been recognized, with citations, trophies, and cash prizes provided in certain categories.
Objectives of the National Water Awards
- Promote Water Conservation: Raise awareness about the importance of water and encourage effective water usage practices.
- Recognize Efforts: Celebrate the work of individuals, institutions, and organizations contributing to the government’s vision of a ‘Jal Samridh Bharat’ (Water-rich India).
- National Campaign: Under the guidance of Hon’ble Prime Minister, the Ministry of Jal Shakti has been working to spread awareness on water management and conservation through extensive national campaigns.
History and Background
- The National Water Awards (NWAs) were launched in 2018 by the DoWR, RD & GR to foster awareness and action on water-related issues.
- Awards were given for 2019, 2020, and 2022, but there were no awards in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- The awards aim to inspire best practices in water usage, conservation, and management across India, involving government bodies, industries, communities, and civil society.
Significance
- The National Water Awards serve as a platform to recognize the innovative initiatives taken by various stakeholders in addressing water challenges.
The awards contribute to furthering the government’s mission of achieving sustainable water management practices across the nation.
Funga Taxonomic Kingdom
- 21 Oct 2024
In News:
- Chile and the United Kingdom have prepared a proposal to recognize fungi as an independent kingdom, termed "Funga", alongside flora (plants) and fauna (animals).
- This will be presented at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), to be held in Cali, Colombia in October 2024.
- Why Funga?
- Fungi (e.g., mushrooms, moulds, yeast, lichen) play crucial ecological roles, but have historically been overlooked in conservation strategies.
- Fungi contribute significantly to decomposition, forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, and the global nutrient cycle.
- The recognition aims to strengthen fungal conservation by integrating fungi into global legislation and policies.
- Ecological Importance of Fungi:
- Decomposition: Fungi break down organic matter, facilitating nutrient recycling in ecosystems.
- Symbiotic Relationships: Many fungi form crucial symbiotic relationships with plants (e.g., mycorrhizal associations) and animals.
- Climate Mitigation: Boreal forest fungi absorb large amounts of carbon through symbiosis with plants, playing a role in mitigating climate change.
- Pollution Remediation: Fungi can help clean polluted soils by breaking down toxins.
- Food Production: Fungi are essential for producing common foods like bread, cheese, wine, beer, and chocolate.
- Health: Fungi produce antibiotics (e.g., penicillin) and aid in mammalian digestion.
- Scientific Recognition:
- In August 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recognized fungi as one of the three kingdoms of life, alongside plants and animals.
- The 3F initiative (Flora, Fauna, and Funga), led by Giuliana Furci, aims to promote the international recognition and protection of fungi.
- Diversity and Research Gaps:
- Only 8% of the estimated 2.2 to 3.8 million fungal species have been formally described.
- Approximately 2,000 new fungal species are discovered annually, indicating the vast underexplored diversity of fungi.
- Threats to Fungi:
- Fungi face significant threats from deforestation, climate change, pollution, overharvesting, and fungicide use.
- These threats disrupt the symbiotic relationships fungi share with plants and animals, leading to ecosystem instability.
- Nitrogen enrichment in soils and habitat loss further exacerbate these risks.
Key Facts About Fungi
- Biological Characteristics:
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with rigid cell walls made of chitin (distinct from the cellulose found in plant cell walls).
- They are heterotrophic, meaning they absorb nutrients from their environment through external digestion (secreting enzymes to break down organic material before absorption).
- Reproductive Strategies:
- Fungi reproduce both asexually (via spores) and sexually, ensuring their proliferation across ecosystems.
- Growth Form:
- Fungi grow primarily as mycelium, a network of hyphae (filamentous structures) that helps in nutrient absorption and environmental interaction.
- Symbiotic Relationships:
- Fungi form mycorrhizal relationships with plants, enhancing nutrient exchange, and lichen associations with algae, providing mutual benefits in extreme environments.
WHO Approves First Mpox Diagnostic Test for Emergency Use
- 21 Oct 2024
In News:
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed the Alinity m MPXV Assay under its Emergency Use Listing (EUL) procedure.
- The test, developed by Abbott Molecular Inc., will help expand diagnostic capacity in countries experiencing Mpox outbreaks, particularly in Africa.
- Importance of Early Diagnosis:
- Early diagnosis enables timely treatment and virus control.
- It is critical for improving Mpox surveillance, especially in areas with high transmission.
Current Mpox Situation
- Global Context:
- Over 30,000 suspected cases reported in Africa in 2024.
- India has reported 30 cases since the WHO declared Mpox a global health emergency in August 2024.
- Testing Capacity:
- Limited testing capacity and delays in confirming cases have been a significant barrier to controlling the spread, especially in Africa.
- In India, 35 laboratories are currently equipped to test suspected Mpox cases.
Mpox Diagnostic Test Details
- Alinity m MPXV Assay:
- A real-time PCR test that detects monkeypox virus (MPXV) DNA from skin lesion swabs.
- Used by trained clinical laboratory personnel proficient in PCR techniques.
- Helps confirm suspected Mpox cases from pustular or vesicular rash samples.
- WHO's Role:
- The Emergency Use Listing (EUL) procedure accelerates the availability of life-saving products during public health emergencies.
- WHO aims to increase access to quality-assured diagnostics in regions most affected by Mpox.
About Mpox
- What is Mpox?
- Zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, part of the Orthopoxvirus genus (family Poxviridae).
- Closely related to smallpox, but generally less severe in humans.
- Transmission:
- Spread via physical contact with infected lesions, body fluids, or contaminated materials.
- Can also spread through animal bites, or activities like hunting, skinning, or eating infected animals.
- Two Clades:
- Clade I: Predominantly in Central and East Africa.
- Clade II: More common in West Africa; linked to the 2022 outbreak.
- Symptoms:
- Rashes, blisters, fever, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, back pain, swollen lymph nodes.
- Lesions typically scab over as they heal.
- Most people experience mild symptoms, but children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals are at greater risk.
Treatment and Prevention
- No Specific Cure:
- Supportive care (e.g., pain relief, hydration) is recommended.
- In some cases, antivirals like tecovirimat (developed for smallpox) may be used under exceptional circumstances.
- Vaccination:
- Three smallpox vaccines are recommended for at-risk individuals: MVA-BN, LC16, and OrthopoxVac.
- Mass vaccination is not recommended by WHO.
New 'Lady Justice' Statue in the Supreme Court
- 21 Oct 2024
In News:
Recently, the Chief Justice of India unveiled the ‘new lady justice’ statue in the Supreme Court premises that replaced the ‘original lady justice’. The new statue is clothed in a saree, has shed the blindfold and holds scales on one hand and the Indian Constitution on the other.
Symbolism of the New Statue
- Design:
- Clad in a saree, symbolizing Indian tradition.
- No blindfold, with open eyes, conveying that justice "sees" all equally.
- Holds the Indian Constitution in one hand and scales of justice in the other.
- Significance:
- Aimed at decolonization of the judiciary, replacing colonial symbols with representations that reflect India's identity and values.
- The open eyes represent that justice is not blind, addressing social diversity, discrimination, and constitutional provisions for upliftment of underprivileged sections.
- The Constitution in place of a sword symbolizes its supremacy in India’s legal system.
Historical Context of Lady Justice
- Origin:
- Rooted in Roman mythology; Justitia, the goddess of justice, symbolized by scales, sword, and a blindfold.
- Blindfold added in the Renaissance as a satire on corrupt legal systems but later reinterpreted as a symbol of impartiality, representing justice without bias, irrespective of wealth, power, or social status.
- Scales: Balance in weighing both sides before judgment.
- Sword: Authority and power of law, to protect and punish.
Rationale for Change in India
- Colonial Legacy:
- The 'lady justice' symbol became prominent during British rule, reflecting colonial influence in India's legal system.
- Decolonial Intent:
- The shift from Western attire (robe) to a saree connects the statue to Indian traditions.
- Open eyes emphasize that Indian justice is not blind and addresses social inequalities directly.
- The Constitution's prominence underscores its role as the supreme guiding document in the Indian legal system.
Current Judicial System Challenges
- Pending Cases:
- Over 5 crore cases are pending across courts in India.
- Supreme Court recently dismissed a petition for a three-year timeline to resolve the backlog, citing the overwhelming volume of cases.
- Urgent Reforms Needed:
- Finalize the Memorandum of Procedure:
- Still pending after 8 years; addresses transparency and accountability in judicial appointments.
- Representation in Judiciary:
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- Backward classes, SCs, STs, and minorities are underrepresented in higher judiciary (less than 25%), and women are underrepresented (less than 15%).
- Appointments should reflect India's social diversity.
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- Vacancies in Courts:
-
- High Courts operate at 60-70% strength, contributing to a massive case backlog of over 60 lakh cases.
- Lower courts have 4.4 crore pending cases; vacancies must be filled by states promptly.
- Priority for Constitutional Cases:
-
- Cases concerning the constitutional validity of laws and individual liberty should be prioritized by the judiciary.
Conclusion
- The new Lady Justice statue is not just a symbolic change but reflects a broader effort to realign India’s judiciary with its social and constitutional values.
- To ensure fair and prompt justice, there is an urgent need to address systemic delays, fill vacancies, and improve diversity in judicial appointments.
- Only then will the judiciary truly embody the principles of impartiality and justice, as represented by the new statue.
2nd Indian Lighthouse Festival
- 20 Oct 2024
In News:
The 2nd Indian Lighthouse Festival was held with the aim of promoting lighthouse tourism and celebrating India’s maritime legacy.
Strategic Importance of the Lighthouse Projects
- The Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW) has invested significantly in developing lighthouses as tourist hubs. The festival marks a concerted effort to integrate tourism with the preservation of these iconic structures.
- Lighthouse tourism has witnessed a remarkable increase of over 400% in visitor numbers since 2014, as part of India's broader vision to promote the blue economy.
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- From just 4 lakh visitors in 2014, the footfall surged to 16 lakh in 2023-24, with over 9 lakh tourists already in the first half of FY 2024-25.
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Key Projects and Announcements at the Festival
- New Lighthouses: The announcement of the two new lighthouses at Chaumuck and Dhamra along Odisha’s coastline is significant for enhancing coastal infrastructure and promoting maritime tourism in the state.
- Kalwan Reef Lighthouse: Located in Jamnagar, Gujarat, this lighthouse is part of a broader effort to enhance maritime navigation and heritage conservation along India’s western coastline.
- Development of Coastal Communities: Highlighted the importance of empowering coastal communities, particularly those living around lighthouses, to preserve and promote these structures as national cultural icons. These communities are expected to play a crucial role in lighthouse preservation, as well as in tourism and local economic development.
- Paradip Port Initiatives: Additionally, major infrastructure projects at Paradip Port, such as a stacker-cum-reclaimer and a flyover bridge, were inaugurated to further bolster the port’s capabilities and enhance its role in maritime logistics. The Sagarmala Programme also continues to transform Paradip Port into a mega port with a projected handling capacity of 500 MTPA by 2047.
Economic and Employment Impact
The development of 75 iconic lighthouses across 9 coastal states and one Union Territory is not only aimed at tourism development but also focuses on job creation. As of 2024:
- More than 150 direct jobs and 500 indirect jobs have been created in sectors such as hospitality, transportation, and local crafts, driven by the increasing footfall at these tourist destinations.
- The creation of modern amenities at these lighthouses, such as museums, amphitheaters, and children’s parks, has helped in transforming lighthouses into multifaceted tourism hubs that attract both domestic and international tourists.
Collaborative Efforts for Preservation and Promotion
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Encouraging collaboration between the government, local communities, and private stakeholders to develop and maintain lighthouses as sustainable tourist destinations.
- National Framework: A central association will be created to manage coastal societies surrounding lighthouses, enabling local communities to actively participate in their preservation, protection, and promotion.
- Cultural Integration: The event also underscored the need for integrating cultural heritage with tourism development, using the lighthouses as platforms to showcase local art, cuisine, and history.
COP16 to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- 20 Oct 2024
In News:
The 16th Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) will take place in Cali, Colombia, from October 21, 2024. This marks the first gathering since the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) in 2022.
About Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- Adopted in 1992, the CBD is the most comprehensive international treaty focused on biodiversity conservation, the sustainable use of natural resources, and the fair sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources. It has been ratified by 196 countries, making it a key global instrument for biodiversity governance.
Key Objectives of the CBD
- Conservation of Biodiversity: Protecting genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
- Sustainable Use of Resources: Ensuring resources are used in a way that does not deplete or degrade biodiversity.
- Fair Sharing of Benefits: Ensuring that benefits from genetic resources are shared equitably with countries of origin.
Notable Frameworks within CBD
- Nagoya Protocol (2010): Establishes a framework for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of genetic resources.
- Cartagena Protocol (2000): Regulates the transboundary movement of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology.
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)
- Adoption: The KMGBF was adopted at COP15 in 2022, following the Kunming Declaration.
- Targets: The framework includes 23 targets for 2030 and 4 global goals for 2050, aimed at reversing biodiversity loss and promoting sustainability.
- Notably, the 30x30 Target aims for 30% of the world’s land and oceans to be conserved by 2030. This is a key agenda item at COP16.
- The framework also emphasizes equitable access to genetic resources and the sharing of benefits from their use (Target 13).
Challenges and Issues at COP16
- Benefit-Sharing from Digital Sequence Information (DSI):
- A key issue is the fair sharing of benefits from digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources. The adoption of a global mechanism for this issue is still pending, as negotiations between developed and developing countries remain unresolved.
- Developed nations advocate for unrestricted access to genetic materials in exchange for voluntary contributions to a global fund.
- Developing nations seek a more equitable system, aligned with the CBD's principles of fair benefit-sharing.
- A key issue is the fair sharing of benefits from digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources. The adoption of a global mechanism for this issue is still pending, as negotiations between developed and developing countries remain unresolved.
- 30x30 Target Progress:
- The 30x30 target, which aims to conserve 30% of land and oceans by 2030, is far from being met:
- 17.5% of land and 8.4% of oceans are currently under protection.
- Concerns persist about the effectiveness of these protected areas, as studies suggest they may not be sufficient for long-term biodiversity conservation.
- The 30x30 target, which aims to conserve 30% of land and oceans by 2030, is far from being met:
- Financial Commitments (Target 19):
- Developed countries have pledged $20 billion annually for biodiversity financing by 2025. However, progress is slow:
- By September 2024, only $8.2 billion (41% of the target) had been committed.
- COP16 will assess whether this target can be met, with further announcements expected.
- Developed countries have pledged $20 billion annually for biodiversity financing by 2025. However, progress is slow:
- Implementation Gaps:
- Countries are required to set national targets aligned with the KMGBF. As of COP16, only 100 parties have submitted their targets, and 30 countries have updated their National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs).
- A significant implementation gap remains in translating these targets into concrete actions.
Focus Areas for COP16
- Strengthening the 30x30 Target:
- COP16 will push for enhanced efforts to meet the 30x30 conservation goal. There is a need for better management and monitoring of protected areas to ensure they contribute to biodiversity preservation.
- Finalizing Benefit-Sharing Mechanism:
- Countries will focus on finalizing the multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism for genetic resources and DSI. The goal is to ensure that countries benefiting from genetic resources share those benefits with the countries of origin, addressing the issue of biopiracy and ensuring equitable access.
- Financial Commitment and Tracking:
- The financial shortfall for biodiversity conservation will be a critical discussion point. Effective monitoring of the biodiversity finance tracker will be needed to ensure that developed countries meet their $20 billion/year commitment.
- Addressing Implementation Gaps:
- There is a need to enhance monitoring and reporting mechanisms, improve national strategies, and align financial support with on-ground conservation efforts.
eShram-One Stop Solution
- 20 Oct 2024
In News:
- The ‘eShram-One Stop Solution’ will be launched on 21 October 2024 by the Union Minister of Labour & Employment and Youth Affairs & Sports.
- Objective: To provide easy access to various social security and welfare schemes for unorganized workers in India.
Key Features
- Mediator Platform: The eShram-One Stop Solution will act as an intermediary to facilitate the integration of multiple government schemes for unorganized workers, ensuring efficient access to services and support.
- Information Integration: It will integrate data on beneficiaries across various social security and welfare programs meant for unorganized workers, providing a single point of access.
- Target Group: Aimed at unorganized workers, including daily wage earners, migrants, and others who do not have regular formal employment.
Benefits
- Awareness & Accessibility: The platform will make unorganized workers aware of various government schemes tailored to their needs, helping them access benefits more easily.
- Effective Scheme Implementation: The eShram-One Stop Solution will aid in the identification and implementation of welfare schemes for faster saturation and coverage.
Integration with Existing Schemes
- 12 Integrated Schemes: Currently, 12 social security schemes from different ministries/departments have already been mapped with eShram.
eShram’s Progress So Far
- Launch: eShram was launched on 26 August 2021.
- Achievements: Over 30 crore unorganized workers have been enrolled, highlighting the widespread impact and popularity of the initiative among the target population.
Kala-azar Disease
- 20 Oct 2024
In News:
India to seek WHO certification for eliminating disease.
Overview of Kala-Azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis)
- Cause: Kala-azar is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, transmitted by the bite of infected female sandflies (Phlebotomus argentipes in India).
- Symptoms: Includes irregular fevers, weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, severe anaemia. If untreated, it is fatal in over 95% of cases.
- Affected Areas: Historically, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and parts of Uttar Pradesh report the highest number of cases, with Bihar alone accounting for over 70% of India's cases.
India's Achievement in Kala-Azar Control
- Current Status:
- India has managed to maintain Kala-azar case numbers below 1 per 10,000 population for two consecutive years.
- This meets the WHO's criteria for elimination certification.
- 2023 and 2024 Statistics:
- 2023: 595 cases and 4 deaths.
- 2024 (so far): 339 cases and 1 death.
WHO Certification for Elimination
- WHO's Target: The World Health Organization aims to eliminate Kala-azar as a public health problem by 2030.
- Elimination Criteria: A country can be certified when:
- Local transmission is interrupted for a specified period.
- There is a system in place to prevent re-emergence of the disease.
- Global Context: Bangladesh is the first country to have eliminated Kala-azar, receiving WHO certification in October 2024, after reporting fewer than 1 case per 10,000 people for three consecutive years.
India's Kala-Azar Elimination Strategies
- National Health Policy (2002): Initially set the target to eliminate Kala-azar by 2010, revised multiple times, and is now aiming for 2030.
- Key Strategies:
- Active Case Detection: Identification and treatment of all cases.
- Vector Control: Targeting sandfly breeding grounds through insecticides and environmental management.
- Community Awareness: Educating the public on disease prevention and early diagnosis.
- Improved Surveillance: Ensuring rapid diagnosis and treatment access, including the use of the rK39 diagnostic kit.
- Integrated Vector Management: Combining insecticide spraying with environmental changes to reduce sandfly populations.
Challenges and Areas of Focus
- Root Causes: Persistent issues like poverty, inadequate sanitation, and malnutrition contribute to the spread of Kala-azar, particularly in rural, impoverished areas.
- Long-term Solutions:
- Strengthen vector control and improve sanitation.
- Address socio-economic factors like poverty and displacement.
- Invest in research for vaccines and new treatments.
Public Health Impact and the Way Forward
- Elimination Milestone: If India continues to reduce cases, it will join Bangladesh in eliminating Kala-azar as a public health threat.
- Sustaining Gains:
- Surveillance and quick response to new cases remain critical.
- Expand access to rapid diagnostic tools and effective anti-parasitic treatments.
- Focus on inter-sectoral convergence, integrating efforts from various government sectors, including health, sanitation, and housing.
Naseem-Al-Bahr 2024
- 20 Oct 2024
In News:
Indo-Oman bilateral naval exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr was held in Goa from October 2024.
Naseem-Al-Bahr Exercise Overview
- Indian and Omani Participants:
- Indian Navy: INS Trikand (warship) and Dornier Maritime Patrol Aircraft.
- Royal Navy of Oman: Vessel Al Seeb.
- Initiation: Launched in 1993, marking a long-standing strategic partnership between India and Oman.
- Structure: The exercise is conducted in two phases:
- Harbour Phase:
- Professional Interactions: Subject Matter Expert Exchanges (SMEE), planning conferences.
- Social & Sports Engagements: Informal activities to foster mutual understanding.
- Sea Phase:
- Naval Operations:
- Gun firings at surface inflatable targets.
- Close-range anti-aircraft firings.
- Replenishment at Sea Approaches (RASAPS).
- Helicopter Operations: INS Trikand’s helicopter performed cross-deck landings and Vertical Replenishment (VERTREP) with RNOV Al Seeb.
- Aircraft Support: Dornier aircraft provided Over-the-Horizon Targeting (OTHT) data to enhance operational coordination.
- Naval Operations:
- Harbour Phase:
Key Highlights of the 2024 Exercise
- Interoperability: The exercise focused on improving operational coordination and enhancing mutual understanding of naval practices.
- Cohesion: The Indian Navy Sea Riders embarked on RNOV Al Seeb to further strengthen the bilateral relationship.
Strategic Significance
- Strengthening Ties: Naseem-Al-Bahr reaffirms the strong strategic relationship between India and Oman.
- Regional Collaboration: This exercise exemplifies India's growing collaboration with like-minded nations in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Broader Defence Relations:
- Oman is the first GCC country to conduct such bilateral naval exercises with India.
- Both countries also engage in other defence exercises:
- Army: Al Najah.
- Air Force: Eastern Bridge.
Trade Relations Between India and Oman (2022):
- Oil: India is the second-largest market for Oman's crude oil exports, following China.
- Non-oil Exports: India is Oman's fourth-largest market for non-oil exports, after UAE, US, and Saudi Arabia.
- Imports: India is the second-largest source of Oman's imports, following the UAE.
- Ongoing Trade Agreement: Both nations are currently negotiating a trade agreement to further boost bilateral economic cooperation.
Musaned Digital Platform
- 19 Oct 2024
In News:
Saudi Arabia Launches Musaned Digital Platform to Ensure Wage Protection for Foreign Workers.
Key Highlights:
- Purpose of Musaned:
- Musaned is a digital platform launched by Saudi Arabia to ensure wage protection and improve working conditions for foreign workers, particularly those in domestic (household) employment.
- The platform aims to safeguard workers' rights, create a stable working environment, and reduce illegal immigration.
- Coverage:
- The platform benefits foreign workers from 10 African countries (including Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya) and 9 Asian countries (including India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka).
- Key Features:
- Employment Contract Access: Workers can check and track their employment contracts and receive updates via the Musaned labour app.
- Financial Transaction Tracking: The platform monitors financial transactions between employers and foreign workers, ensuring employers meet their contractual obligations.
- Integration with Benefits: Musaned can be linked to contract insurance and health benefits, providing additional protection for workers.
- Objectives:
- Wage Protection: Ensures timely and fair wages for foreign workers.
- Human Rights Protection: Promotes human rights by holding employers accountable for fulfilling their obligations.
- Vision 2030 Alignment: Supports Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 by improving the work environment and contributing to legal labor migration.
- Impact:
- The platform is expected to help secure workers’ rights, especially for domestic workers, and provide a more transparent, accountable framework for employment relations in the country.
Musaned is a significant step by Saudi Arabia to enhance the security and welfare of foreign workers, aligning with the Kingdom's broader goals of economic reform and social development under Vision 2030. The platform will provide greater transparency, protect workers’ rights, and contribute to a more regulated and sustainable labor market.
National Green Hydrogen Mission
- 19 Oct 2024
In News:
- The Union Government has sanctioned three pilot projects under the National Green Hydrogen Mission to explore the use of green hydrogen in steel production.
- The initiative aims to demonstrate safe and efficient hydrogen-based steelmaking processes, validate their technical feasibility, and evaluate economic viability for low-carbon steel production.
- Objectives of the Scheme:
- Identify and test advanced technologies for utilizing green hydrogen in the steel sector.
- Demonstrate safe and secure operation of hydrogen-based steel production.
- Validate technical and economic feasibility, contributing to decarbonization of iron and steel manufacturing.
- Pilot Project Components:
-
- 100% Hydrogen-based Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) using vertical shaft furnaces.
- Hydrogen use in Blast Furnace to reduce coal/coke consumption.
- Hydrogen injection in vertical shaft-based DRI units.
-
- Sanctioned Pilot Projects:
- Matrix Gas and Renewables Ltd
- Capacity: 50 tons per day (TPD).
- Consortium Partners: Gensol Engineering Ltd, IIT Bhubaneswar, Metsol AB (Sweden).
- Simplex Castings Ltd
- Capacity: 40 TPD.
- Consortium Partners: BSBK Pvt. Ltd., Ten Eight Investment, IIT Bhilai.
- Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL)
- Capacity: 3,200 TPD (Ranchi).
- Financial Support:
- Total Government Funding: ?347 crore for the three projects.
- These pilot projects are expected to be commissioned within the next three years and may serve as a blueprint for scaling up such technologies in India.
- About the National Green Hydrogen Mission:
- Launched: January 4, 2023.
- Total Budget: ?19,744 crore (up to FY 2029-30).
- Primary Goal: Establish India as a global hub for green hydrogen production and export while fostering decarbonization in sectors like steel, mobility, and energy.
- Key Features of the Mission:
- SIGHT (Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition):
- Supports domestic manufacturing of electrolysers and promotes the production and use of green hydrogen.
- Expected Outcomes by 2030:
- Green Hydrogen Production: At least 5 million metric tons (MMT) annually.
- Renewable Energy: Addition of 125 GW in renewable energy capacity.
- Investment: Over ?8 lakh crore in green hydrogen technologies.
- Employment: Creation of 6 lakh jobs.
- Reduction in Fossil Fuel Imports: Savings of over ?1 lakh crore.
- GHG Emissions Reduction: Avoidance of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse gas emissions.
- SIGHT (Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition):
- Phase-wise Implementation:
- Phase I (2022-26): Focus on demand creation and initial deployment in existing hydrogen-using sectors (like steel and mobility).
- Phase II (2026-30): Expansion to new sectors with a push toward commercialization of green hydrogen.
The National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to significantly decarbonize India’s steel sector and other industries by leveraging hydrogen technology. With ?347 crore allocated for pilot projects in steelmaking, the initiative sets the stage for scalable, low-carbon steel production, contributing to India's clean energy transition and supporting its goal to become a global leader in green hydrogen.
Next Generation Missile Vessels (NGMV)
- 19 Oct 2024
In News:
GE’s LM2500 Marine Engines to Power Indian Navy’s Next Generation Missile Vessels (NGMV)
Key Highlights:
- Engine Selection:
- General Electric’s LM2500 marine gas turbines have been chosen to power the Indian Navy's Next Generation Missile Vessels (NGMV), currently being built by Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL).
- Project Details:
- Number of Vessels: Six NGMVs are under construction.
- Contract Value: ?9,805 crore, awarded by the Defence Ministry.
- Delivery Schedule: The first deliveries are expected to commence in March 2027.
- Key Components and Suppliers:
- GE Aerospace will deliver six LM2500 engine kits to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for assembly and testing at their Industrial and Marine Gas Turbine Division in Bengaluru.
- GE will also supply the composite base, enclosure, and a full set of auxiliary systems for the gas turbines.
- LM2500 Marine Gas Turbine:
- The LM2500 turbine is known for its reliability and high power output, making it ideal for the NGMV mission.
- Top Speed: 35 knots (64 km/h).
- It is central to the propulsion system, meeting the stealth and power demands of the new missile vessels.
- Capabilities of NGMVs:
- Role: Designed for offensive missions, the NGMVs will be equipped for anti-surface warfare, maritime strike operations, and sea denial.
- Speed & Stealth: Capable of speeds up to 35 knots while maintaining stealth, these vessels will be difficult for enemy ships to detect.
- Weapons: They will carry a variety of anti-surface weapons, including the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, loitering munitions, unmanned vehicles, and other guided weapons.
- Operational Roles:
- Offensive: The NGMVs will engage in attacking enemy warships, merchant ships, and land-based targets.
- Defensive: They will also be used for local naval defense operations, including the seaward defense of offshore development areas and defending choke points.
- Strategic Importance:
- The NGMVs will significantly enhance India’s maritime strike capability and provide a formidable presence in strategic sea routes, especially in regions like choke points and offshore development areas.
- Cochin Shipyard’s Role:
- After successfully constructing INS Vikrant, India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, CSL is now focusing on the NGMV project, along with building anti-submarine warfare shallow water crafts for the Indian Navy, currently in various stages of construction.
- Partnerships:
- In 2023, GE Aerospace and HAL signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to expand their collaboration on marine gas turbines, including assembly, inspection, and testing (AIT) of the LM500 turbines.
- To date, GE Aerospace has delivered 24 marine gas turbine kits to HAL, supporting India’s Make-In-India initiative.
- Global Impact:
- The LM2500 gas turbine is used by 714 vessels globally, reinforcing its reputation for reliability and availability in critical maritime defense systems.
First Chief Minister of J&K UT Takes Charge
- 19 Oct 2024
In News:
Omar Abdullah sworn in as J&K CM; Surinder Kumar Choudhary is Deputy CM
Key Highlights:
- Omar Abdullah’s Political Context:
- This marks Omar Abdullah's second term as Chief Minister, after his tenure in 2009.
- He becomes the first Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir after the region’s special status was revoked and it was reorganized as a Union Territory in 2019.
- Challenges as CM of a Union Territory:
- Omar Abdullah acknowledged the unique challenges of serving as Chief Minister in a Union Territory and expressed hope that J&K’s Union Territory status would be temporary.
- Public Service and Security Measures:
- In his first official instructions, Abdullah asked the Director General of Police (DGP) to avoid creating “green corridors” or traffic halts during his movements. He also requested the minimization of sirens and aggressive security gestures, emphasizing minimal public inconvenience.
- Legal Context:
- Oath of Office: As per Article 164(3) of the Indian Constitution, the Chief Minister and other ministers are sworn in by the Governor or Lieutenant Governor in Union Territories.
- Abdullah is the first CM of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir post the abrogation of Article 370 and the transition of J&K from a state to a Union Territory in 2019.
- Revocation of President's Rule:
- President’s Rule (under Article 356) was revoked following the election results, signaling the restoration of a functioning elected government after direct central governance in the region.
Karmayogi Saptah – National Learning Week
- 19 Oct 2024
In News:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the ‘Karmayogi Saptah’ - National Learning Week on 19th October at Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi.
Key Highlights:
- Context:
- The National Learning Week is a key event in the ongoing Mission Karmayogi initiative, aimed at building a civil service rooted in Indian ethos with a global outlook.
- Objective:
- To promote capacity building for civil servants through competency-linked learning.
- To align civil servants with national goals and foster a "One Government" approach.
- About National Learning Week (NLW):
- Largest learning event for civil servants, focused on individual and organizational growth.
- Encourages lifelong learning and continuous professional development.
- Provides fresh impetus to the Mission Karmayogi initiative, launched in September 2020, aimed at a future-ready, citizen-centric civil service.
- Learning Targets for Karmayogis:
- Each civil servant (Karmayogi) must complete at least 4 hours of competency-linked learning during the week.
- Learning opportunities include:
- Role-based modules on iGOT (Integrated Government Online Training platform).
- Webinars, public lectures, and policy masterclasses by prominent experts.
- Focus on improving skills for citizen-centric service delivery.
- Workshops & Seminars:
- Ministries, departments, and organizations organized domain-specific workshops and seminars.
- The goal is to enhance skills and knowledge, fostering better public service delivery.
- Outcomes:
- Strengthened alignment of civil servants with national priorities and goals.
- Enhanced individual competencies to better address citizen needs.
- A stronger commitment to continuous learning within the civil service.
Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme (IDEAS)
- 18 Oct 2024
In News:
- India has extended a ?487.60 crore Line of Credit (LoC) to Mauritius for financing a water pipeline replacement project.
- This initiative is part of the Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme (IDEAS), which supports developmental projects in partner countries through concessional loans.
About the IDEAS Scheme
- Origin: Launched in 2003-04 as the India Development Initiative, later renamed as IDEAS Scheme.
- Objective: To promote India’s political, economic, and strategic interests by providing developmental assistance to developing countries.
- Administering Body: The scheme is managed by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) with support from the Exim Bank.
Key Features of the IDEAS Scheme
- Lines of Credit (LoCs):
- Provides LoCs to developing countries for funding projects in various sectors, including:
- Infrastructure
- Water supply
- Education
- Other key developmental areas.
- Provides LoCs to developing countries for funding projects in various sectors, including:
- Project Recommendations:
- Projects funded under the scheme are recommended by MEA and are aimed at bolstering socio-economic development in the partner countries.
- Concessional Financing:
- The scheme offers concessional terms for the financing of these projects, reducing the financial burden on the recipient countries.
- Diplomatic and Strategic Benefits:
- The IDEAS scheme strengthens India’s diplomatic ties and fosters goodwill with countries in the Global South.
- Focus on Development:
- It aims to support key developmental goals in partner countries while advancing India's role as a leader in global development cooperation.
Significance
- The Mauritius water pipeline project is a part of the larger efforts under IDEAS to support infrastructure and socio-economic development in partner nations, helping to improve the quality of life and fostering closer bilateral relations.
Scam se Bacho Campaign
- 18 Oct 2024
In News:
Government and Meta join forces for "Scam se Bacho" Campaign to tackle rising online scams.
Key Details
- The "Scam Se Bacho" initiative aims to create a safer, more secure digital India by empowering users to protect themselves against growing cyber threats, contributing to the resilience of India’s digital progress.
- Objective: To combat rising online scams and cyber frauds by promoting digital safety and vigilance across India.
- Partners:
- Meta (formerly Facebook)
- Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
- Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
- Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB)
- Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)
Purpose and Vision
- Goal: Empower Indian citizens with the knowledge and tools to protect themselves from online scams and cyber threats.
- Strategic Focus:
- Foster a culture of digital safety and vigilance.
- Align with the Digital India initiative, which has seen extraordinary growth in digital services, including 900 million internet users and leadership in UPI transactions.
- The campaign aims to build a national movement to safeguard citizens, emphasizing the importance of cyber literacy and digital security.
Key Points
- Growing Cybersecurity Threats:
- India has seen a surge in cyber frauds, with 1.1 million cases reported in 2023.
- The government is committed to addressing these threats through stronger cybersecurity measures and enhancing digital literacy.
- Meta’s Role:
- Meta’s global expertise in online safety will be leveraged to equip citizens with the knowledge to prevent cyber scams.
- Meta’s collaboration with the government aims to extend the reach of the campaign nationwide.
Features of the "Scam Se Bacho" Campaign
- Nationwide Reach:
- The initiative targets India’s 900 million internet users, making it a comprehensive national effort.
- Government Support:
- Backed by key ministries to ensure alignment with national digital and cybersecurity goals under Digital India.
- Whole-of-government approach to raise awareness on cyber safety.
- Educational Focus:
- The campaign emphasizes educating citizens on how to recognize and prevent online scams and threats.
Justice Sanjiv Khanna Appointed as Next Chief Justice of India
- 18 Oct 2024
In News:
Justice Sanjiv Khanna Appointed as Next Chief Justice of India, Will Assume Office on November 11
- Appointment:
- Justice Sanjiv Khanna has been appointed as the 51st Chief Justice of India by President Droupadi Murmu.
- He is set to take office on November 11, 2024, succeeding Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, who is retiring on November 10, 2024.
- Tenure:
- Justice Khanna's tenure will be relatively short, lasting only six months, as he is scheduled to retire on March 13, 2025.
Career and Background
- Education and Early Career:
- Justice Khanna is a graduate of Delhi University’s Campus Law Centre.
- He enrolled as an advocate in 1983 and primarily practiced before the Delhi High Court.
- Prior to his elevation to the Delhi High Court in 2005, he served as the Senior Standing Counsel for the Income Tax Department and the standing counsel for civil matters for the Delhi government.
- Judicial Career:
- Supreme Court Appointment: Justice Khanna was appointed to the Supreme Court in January 2019, despite not having served as Chief Justice of a High Court. He was elevated over other senior judges from the Delhi High Court, such as Justices Rajendra Menon and Pradeep Nandrajog, whose names were initially recommended but not forwarded to the government.
- Key Contributions:
- Justice Khanna has been part of several significant rulings, including:
- February 2024: Part of the five-judge bench that struck down the Electoral Bond Scheme as unconstitutional.
- 2023: Contributed to upholding the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution.
- 2023: Authored a ruling granting the Supreme Court the power to directly grant divorce under Article 142 on the grounds of "irretrievable breakdown of marriage."
- Justice Khanna has been part of several significant rulings, including:
- Administrative Role:
- Justice Khanna currently serves as the Executive Chairman of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA).
Process of Appointment of Chief Justice of India (CJI)
- Seniority Principle: The CJI is typically the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court.
- Memorandum of Procedure (MoP): The Law Ministry requests a recommendation from the outgoing CJI for his successor.
- Presidential Appointment: After receiving the recommendation, the President of India formally appoints the new CJI.
- Tenure and Retirement: The CJI serves until the age of 65. Upon retirement, the senior-most judge becomes the next CJI.
- Merit and Integrity Considerations: In addition to seniority, merit and integrity play crucial roles in the selection process for the CJI.
Hand-in-Hand Investment Forum
- 18 Oct 2024
In News:
Recently, the Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) inaugurated the third Hand-in-Hand Investment Forum.
Purpose and Goals
- Objective: To accelerate the transformation of agrifood systems to address global challenges:
- Eradicate poverty (SDG 1)
- End hunger and malnutrition (SDG 2)
- Reduce inequalities (SDG 10)
- Target: Focuses on improving the lives of poor and vulnerable populations by:
- Raising incomes
- Enhancing nutritional status and overall well-being
- Strengthening resilience to climate change
Key Features of the HIH Initiative
- Launched: 2019 as a flagship program by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
- Primary Focus Areas:
- Geospatial and analytics-driven approach: Utilizes advanced geospatial modeling, biophysical, socio-economic data, and analytics to identify key territories for intervention.
- Market-based transformation: Aims to create sustainable, market-based solutions for agricultural development and food systems transformation.
- Value Chain Development: Focus on developing value chains for priority commodities to boost incomes and food security.
- Agro-Industry Building: Strengthening agro-industries and introducing efficient water management and precision agriculture systems.
- Digitalization: Introducing digital services for better agricultural planning and productivity.
Key Areas of Intervention
- Agricultural Transformation: Identifying territories with the highest potential for transformation.
- Sustainable Management: Focus on sustainable practices in forestry, fisheries, and land management.
- Climate Resilience: Building systems to mitigate the effects of climate change and reduce vulnerability.
- Food Loss Reduction: Addressing food losses and waste across agricultural value chains.
Global Participation
- Member Countries: 72 countries have joined the initiative, collaborating on shared goals for agrifood systems transformation.
The Hand-in-Hand Investment Forum
- Purpose: A platform to mobilize investments for the successful implementation of agrifood transformation programs under the HIH initiative.
- Event: The third Hand-in-Hand Investment Forum was recently opened by the FAO Director-General to discuss challenges and solutions for global agrifood system transformation.
About the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- Established: October 1945, it is the oldest permanent specialized agency of the United Nations.
- Mandate:
- Improve nutrition.
- Increase agricultural productivity.
- Raise the standard of living in rural areas.
- Contribute to global economic growth.
- Headquarters: Rome, Italy.
- Members: 194 Member States and the European Union.
Key Role of FAO:
- FAO leads international efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition worldwide.
- Supports member countries in implementing agricultural and food security programs.
Strategic Importance
- The Hand-in-Hand Initiative is integral to FAO’s mandate, focusing on countries with the most pressing needs due to poverty, hunger, or crises (natural or man-made).
- It enhances cooperation among nations to tackle global food security challenges, with a particular emphasis on countries with limited national capacities.
Strengthening Teaching-Learning and Results for States (STARS)
- 18 Oct 2024
In News:
The Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSE&L), Ministry of Education, hosted a two-day Strengthening Teaching-Learning and Results for States (STARS) knowledge sharing workshop in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
- Event Overview:
- Two-day workshop hosted by the Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSE&L), Ministry of Education.
- Focus areas: School-to-Work Transition and Strengthening the Assessment System.
- Key Objectives:
- To enhance school-to-work transitions.
- To discuss strengthening educational assessment systems.
- Align education with future workforce needs as per the National Education Policy 2020.
Day 1: School-to-Work Transition
Panel Discussions:
- Policy Frameworks:
- Role of National Education Policy 2020, National Curriculum Framework (NCF), and National Credit Framework (NCrF) in school-to-work transitions.
- Focus on integrating skill education into school curricula, fostering multidisciplinary learning, and continuous evaluation to meet industry standards.
- Emphasis on internships, apprenticeships, and flexible learning pathways.
- Curriculum Integration:
- Need for integrated efforts across departments and aligning curriculum with industry demands.
- Focus on strengthening 21st-century skills in CBSE schools.
- Career Counselling and Psychometric Analysis:
- Focus on using psychometric assessments for career counselling and preparing students for future work environments.
- Work-Based Learning:
- Discussed partnerships with industry for work-based learning.
- Effective collaborations between schools and industry for internships, placements, and best practices.
Day 2: Strengthening Assessment System
- Psychometric Analysis & Career Counselling:
- Smt. Idzes Angmo Kundan (Principal Secretary, Maharashtra) presented the 3 P approach to career choices: Personal Interest, Parental Approach, and Possible Opportunities.
- Enhancing Student Outcomes:
- Discussed improving student outcomes by strengthening assessment systems.
- Shared innovations in educational assessments.
- Highlighted innovative assessment practices for future education.
- VSK Implementation (Chhattisgarh):
- Discussed VSK modes, data analysis, and strategies for integrating assessment outcomes with learning objectives.
- Strengthening Assessment Cells:
- Advocated for the establishment of assessment cells.
- Discussed best practices and challenges in strengthening assessment cells across states.
World Energy Outlook 2024
- 17 Oct 2024
In News:
The International Energy Agency's (IEA) World Energy Outlook 2024 offers an in-depth analysis of global energy trends, emphasizing the shift towards clean energy, growing energy demand, and the effects of geopolitical conflicts.
Key Highlights:
- Economic Growth:
- India was the fastest-growing major economy in 2023 with a 7.8% growth rate.
- On track to become the world’s third-largest economy by 2028.
- Surpassed China in 2023 to become the most populous country globally, despite a fertility rate below replacement level.
- Energy Demand Surge:
- India is projected to experience the highest increase in energy demand over the next decade.
- By 2035, India’s total energy demand is expected to rise by 35%, driven by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increased living standards.
- Urbanization and Infrastructure Growth:
- Over 12,000 cars are expected to be added to Indian roads daily by 2035.
- Built-up space is set to increase by over 1 billion square meters annually, surpassing the total built space of South Africa.
- Industrial Expansion:
- Iron and steel production is expected to grow by 70% by 2035.
- Cement output is set to increase by 55%.
- Air conditioner stock to grow more than 4.5 times, with electricity demand from cooling expected to exceed Mexico’s total consumption in 2035.
- Energy Supply & Coal:
- India’s electricity generation capacity is projected to nearly triple to 1,400 GW by 2035.
- Coal remains a dominant energy source despite growth in renewables:
- Coal-fired power capacity will increase by 60 GW by 2030.
- Coal will continue to account for over 30% of electricity generation even as solar PV expands.
- By 2035, coal use in industries like steel and cement will grow by 50%.
- Renewable Energy & Clean Tech:
- India is on track to become a global leader in renewable energy, with a nearly 3x increase in electricity generation capacity.
- The country is expected to have the world’s third-largest installed battery storage capacity by 2030.
- By 2030, low-emission energy sources (solar, wind, nuclear) are expected to generate over 50% of India’s electricity.
- Electric Vehicles & Oil Demand:
- The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to peak India’s oil demand by the 2030s, reducing reliance on oil for transportation.
- Oil demand for transport will decline as EVs proliferate, though demand for oil in other sectors (e.g., petrochemicals) will continue.
- Net Zero Target:
- India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
- By 2035, clean energy generation could be 20% higher than current policy projections, thanks to electric mobility, hydrogen use, and improved energy efficiency.
- CO2 emissions are projected to be 25% lower than under the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS).
- Policy Support:
- India’s clean energy goals are backed by government initiatives, such as:
- PM-KUSUM scheme for solar energy in agriculture.
- National Solar Mission.
- Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme to boost domestic solar PV manufacturing.
- India’s clean energy goals are backed by government initiatives, such as:
- Global Energy Trends:
- Geopolitical Risks: Global energy security remains affected by geopolitical tensions (e.g., Russia-Ukraine conflict, Middle East tensions).
- Energy Transition: Global shift toward clean energy, with solar and wind power investments accelerating.
- Oil & Gas Surplus: Oil and LNG supply expected to increase, putting downward pressure on prices by the late 2020s.
- Electric Mobility: EVs projected to account for 50% of new car sales by 2030.
- Energy Efficiency: Despite efforts, global targets for doubling energy efficiency by 2030 are unlikely to be met with current policies.
IEA Overview:
- The International Energy Agency (IEA) provides analysis and policy advice on energy security, economic development, and environmental sustainability.
- Established in 1974, it now includes 31 member countries and 13 association countries, including India.
- Major publications: World Energy Outlook, India Energy Outlook, World Energy Investment Report.
India’s Semiconductor Market Projected to Surpass $100 Billion by 2030
- 17 Oct 2024
In News:
India's semiconductor market is poised to exceed $100 billion by 2030, according to a report from the India Electronics and Semiconductor Association and Counterpoint Research. Currently valued at $45 billion in 2023, the market is projected to grow at an annual rate of 13%, driven by demand in mobile handsets and IT sectors, which together account for over 75% of revenues.
Key Highlights:
- Growth Drivers: The growth is supported by strong demand for electronics and government initiatives like the production-linked incentive scheme. Semiconductors are essential for various industries, including electronics, defense, healthcare, and automotive.
- Importance of Semiconductors: These materials, which include silicon and germanium, are crucial for electronic devices. They can conduct electricity under certain conditions, making them fundamental in transistors, integrated circuits, and devices like LEDs and solar cells.
- Global Context: The global semiconductor supply chain has shown vulnerabilities, particularly during the chip shortage of 2021. Major producers include Taiwan (44% market share), China (28%), South Korea (12%), the U.S. (6%), and Japan (2%). Countries are now focusing on building domestic chip industries to reduce dependency on a few key suppliers.
Factors Favoring India's Growth in Semiconductors:
- Skilled Workforce: India has a vast pool of STEM graduates, providing a skilled workforce for semiconductor manufacturing and design.
- Cost Advantage: Lower labor costs and efficient supply chains position India favorably for semiconductor manufacturing.
- Supply Chain Diversification: India is becoming a hub for back-end assembly and testing operations, with potential for front-end manufacturing.
- Government Support: Initiatives like Semicon India and the India Semiconductor Mission aim to create a robust semiconductor ecosystem, offering substantial fiscal incentives for companies.
Government Initiatives:
- Semiconductor Fab Scheme: Provides 50% project cost support for semiconductor manufacturing.
- Display Fab Scheme: Offers similar support for display manufacturing.
- Chips to Startup (C2S) Programme: Trains 85,000 engineers across academic and R&D institutions.
- Recent approvals for the establishment of semiconductor plants in Gujarat and Assam further bolster this initiative.
Nobel Prize for Economics 2024
- 17 Oct 2024
In News:
The winners of this year’s Economics Nobel, or the Sveriges Riksbank Prize awarded for economic sciences, Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James Robinson (AJR), pioneers in new institutional economics, emphasised the role of institutions in the direction of development.
The Great Divergence
- Definition: Refers to the economic and political development gap between the West and East, particularly during the 17th and 18th centuries.
- Key Factors:
- Industrialization in Western Europe enabled the projection of political power globally.
- Colonial institutions established during this period have long-lasting effects on post-colonial nations.
Role of Institutions in Development
- Nobel Prize Winners: Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson (AJR) awarded for their work in new institutional economics.
- Institutions Defined: Set of rules constraining human behavior, ensuring law and order, and preventing coercion.
- Types of Institutions:
- Extractive Institutions: Concentrate wealth among elites, historically prevalent in colonized regions (e.g., Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America).
- Inclusive Institutions: Promote broader participation in economic growth, more common in countries like the U.S., Canada, and Australia.
Research Contributions
- Natural Experiments: AJR used historical data to show how differing colonial practices influenced economic outcomes.
- Key Findings:
- Areas with landlord-based colonial systems had lower agricultural investment and productivity.
- Regions under direct colonial rule lagged in infrastructure like schools and health centers.
Implications of AJR's Work
- Economic Institutions: Reflect collective choices shaped by political power, which can be either de jure (formal) or de facto (informal).
- Challenges in Reform: Conflicting interests often hinder agreement on the nature of beneficial institutions.
Critical Perspectives
- Skepticism of AJR's Framework: Some scholars argue that AJR's emphasis on Western liberal institutions overlooks the complexities of historical contexts, including corruption and systemic inequalities in early U.S. history.
- Modern Economic Dynamics: AJR caution against assuming that inclusive institutions will automatically lead to prosperity, as evidenced by concerns regarding China's future growth under extractive political systems.
Insights from Nobel Prize Research
- Key Focus Areas:
- Institutional structures in colonized countries significantly shape economic prosperity.
- Example of Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Mexico illustrates the impact of institutions on economic opportunities.
About the Nobel Prize Recipients
- Daron Acemoglu:
- MIT professor and co-author of influential works on power and prosperity.
- Advocates for democracy's role in economic growth while acknowledging its challenges.
- Simon Johnson:
- Former IMF chief economist, current MIT professor.
- Emphasizes the complexity of addressing entrenched poverty due to institutional frameworks.
- James A. Robinson:
- University of Chicago professor, co-author of works on economic disparity.
- Highlights historical transitions toward inclusive societies and their importance in economic development.
Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences
- Established: 1968 by the Swedish central bank.
- Purpose: Complement existing Nobel Prizes, recognizing contributions to economic sciences.
- Notable Previous Laureates: Include Claudia Goldin (2023) for gender pay gap research and Abhijit Banerjee et al. (2019) for poverty alleviation studies.
SAMARTH Scheme
- 17 Oct 2024
In News:
Samarth is a demand-driven and placement-oriented umbrella skilling program of the Ministry of Textiles. Samarth Scheme has been extended for two years (FY 2024-25 and 2025-26) with a budget of Rs. 495 Crore to train 3 lakh persons in textile-related skills.
Key Details:
- Scheme Name: Samarth (Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector)
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Textiles
- Extension Period: FY 2024-25 and 2025-26
- Budget: ?495 Crores
- Target: Train 3 lakh individuals in textile-related skills
Objectives
- Skilling Programs: Provide demand-driven, placement-oriented training.
- Industry Support: Encourage job creation in organized textile and related sectors.
- Skill Enhancement: Focus on upskilling and reskilling in traditional sectors (handloom, handicraft, silk, jute).
Implementation
- Implementing Partners:
- Textile Industry/Industry Associations
- Central/State government agencies
- Sectoral Organizations (e.g., DC/Handloom, Central Silk Board)
- Current Achievements:
- Total Trained: 3.27 lakh candidates
- Employment Rate: 2.6 lakh (79.5%) have secured jobs
- Women Empowerment: 2.89 lakh (88.3%) women trained
Scheme Features
- Coverage: Entire textile value chain, excluding spinning and weaving.
- Training Focus:
- Entry-level skilling
- Upskilling/reskilling existing workers in apparel and garmenting
- Beneficiaries: Handicraft artisans and job seekers in the textile sector.
Background
- Cabinet Approval: The scheme is a continuation of the Integrated Skill Development Scheme from the 12th Five Year Plan.
- Implementation Agency: Office of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts).
Advancements of Research & Global Opportunities for Holistic Ayurveda - AROHA-2024
- 17 Oct 2024
In News:
All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi is organising its first-ever international conference - Advancements of Research & Global Opportunities for Holistic Ayurveda - AROHA-2024.
Key Details:
- Theme: "Advancements in Research & Global Opportunities for Holistic Ayurveda"
- Conference Goals
- Position Ayurveda as a key pillar of global health and wellness.
- Facilitate dynamic exchanges among scholars, industry leaders, and practitioners.
- Explore the integration of traditional Ayurvedic wisdom with modern scientific advancements.
- Agenda Highlights
- Topics Covered:
- Ayurveda and ethnomedicine
- Quality control and standardization
- Diagnosis and drug delivery
- Evidence-based understanding and globalization
- Topics Covered:
- Institute Background
- All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA): Apex institute for Ayurveda with NAAC A++, NABH, and ISO accreditations.
- Facilities: 200-bed referral hospital, 44 specialty departments.
- Global Collaborations: Partnerships with institutions in 17 countries, including London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Western Sydney University.
- Innovations: Focus on research, drug development, and scientific validation of Ayurvedic practices.
- Participant Benefits
- Networking Opportunities: Engage with experts in Ayurveda and holistic healthcare.
- Learning Experiences: Attend plenary sessions, round table discussions, and exhibitions on medicinal plants and startups in Ayurveda.
- Recognition: Awards for contributions to Ayurveda.
- Research and Innovation Focus: Discussions on technology integration, including AI and bioinformatics.
DigiLocker Partners with UMANG
- 16 Oct 2024
In News:
The National e-Governance Division (NeGD) has announced the integration of the UMANG app with DigiLocker- India’s Digital Wallet. This collaboration aims to provide citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services bringing greater convenience and allowing users to manage multiple services through a single platform.
UMANG app
- The UMANG app is accessible to all Android users with an expansion to iOS in the pipeline.
- The UMANG mobile app is an all-in-one single, unified, secure, multi-channel, multi-lingual, multi-service mobile app.
- It provides access to high-impact services of various organizations of the Union and States.
Simplified Citizen-Government interaction
This integration makes it easier for citizens to interact with the Government in an efficient, digital-first manner. DigiLocker has always been a pioneer in simplifying access to personal and official documents, and after integration with UMANG, it has expanded the range of services you can access on the go.
About DigiLocker
DigiLocker is a flagship initiative under the Digital India program aimed at providing secure cloud-based storage of essential documents. By integrating with e-governance services such as UMANG, DigiLocker further is committed to further enhance accessibility and ease of living.
World Food Day 2024
- 16 Oct 2024
In News:
World Food Day, observed annually on October 16, has its roots in the establishment of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by the United Nations in 1945.
Significance: World Food Day emphasizes the critical need to address global hunger and promote resilient food systems capable of overcoming challenges like climate change and economic disparities.
Introduction
- Food is vital for life, health, and well-being.
- Despite sufficient global food production, millions lack access to nutritious food.
- World Food Day serves as a reminder of ongoing challenges in achieving food security.
History and Theme
- Origins: Established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1945, officially recognized in 1979.
- First Celebration: Took place in 1981 with the theme "Food Comes First."
- 2024 Theme: "Right to Food for a Better Life and a Better Future," highlighting that food security is essential for dignity and health. It emphasizes the need for sustainable practices and equitable distribution.
India’s Commitment to Food Security
- India has made significant strides in combating hunger through various programs aimed at malnutrition and poverty alleviation.
- Key initiatives include:
- National Food Security Act (NFSA): Provides subsidized food grains to 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population, benefiting about 81 crore individuals.
- Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): Offers free food grains to approximately 81.35 crore beneficiaries, extending support during the COVID-19 pandemic for an additional five years.
- PM POSHAN Scheme: Aims to improve children's nutritional status in government schools with a budget of ?12,467.39 crores for 2024-25.
- Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): Focuses on the most vulnerable populations, supporting over 8.92 crore individuals and empowering women.
- Rice Fortification: Distribution of fortified rice through the Public Distribution System has improved nutritional intake for millions.
- Price Stability Initiatives: The government manages price volatility of essential commodities using the Price Stabilization Fund (PSF) and ensures affordability through strategic product launches.
Global Recognition of Indian Cuisine
- The Indian Thali has been recognized for its nutritional and sustainable qualities by the WWF Living Planet Report.
- Its plant-based composition contributes to lower resource use and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
- If globally adopted, India’s dietary patterns could significantly lessen the environmental burden.
Significance
- India’s comprehensive initiatives reflect its dedication to food security and improving citizens' quality of life.
- By enhancing agricultural productivity and supporting vulnerable populations, India makes strides towards eradicating hunger.
- On World Food Day, these efforts underline India's commitment to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger, while serving as a model for global food security initiatives.
PM GatiShakti National Master Plan
- 16 Oct 2024
In News:
- The Prime Minister commended the completion of three years of the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan, calling it a transformative initiative for India’s infrastructure development.
- Key Benefits: The plan enhances multimodal connectivity and improves efficiency across various sectors, contributing to logistics, job creation, and innovation.
Overview of PM GatiShakti National Master Plan
- Launch Date: October 2021
- Objective: A transformative initiative worth ?100 lakh crore aimed at revolutionizing India’s infrastructure over five years.
- Development Tool: Created as a Digital Master Planning tool by the Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG-N).
- GIS Platform: Utilizes a dynamic Geographic Information System to integrate action plans from various ministries into a comprehensive database.
- Goals: Accelerate project completion, reduce timelines, and enhance India’s global competitiveness by addressing inter-ministerial challenges.
Key Features
- Digital Integration: A digital platform coordinating the efforts of 16 ministries for seamless infrastructure planning.
- Multi-Sector Collaboration: Incorporates initiatives from major programs like Bharatmala and Sagarmala.
- Economic Zones Development: Focuses on key areas such as textile clusters and pharmaceutical hubs to boost productivity.
- Technology Utilization: Employs advanced spatial planning tools and ISRO satellite imagery for data-driven project management.
Core Sectors Driving the Plan
- The National Master Plan is centered around seven primary sectors that enhance economic growth and connectivity, supported by sectors like energy transmission and social infrastructure.
Six Pillars of PM GatiShakti
- Comprehensiveness: Integrates various initiatives through a centralized portal, ensuring efficient planning.
- Prioritisation: Allows ministries to prioritize projects based on national importance and resource allocation.
- Optimisation: Identifies infrastructure gaps and selects the most efficient transportation routes.
- Synchronisation: Ensures coordinated efforts across ministries to avoid delays.
- Analytical Capabilities: Offers extensive data layers for improved spatial planning and decision-making.
- Dynamic Monitoring: Uses satellite imagery for real-time project tracking and adjustments.
Achievements of PM GatiShakti
- District-Level Expansion: Extended to 27 aspirational districts, with plans for 750 in the near future.
- Technological Integration: Enhanced real-time infrastructure planning using geospatial tools.
- Global Outreach: The GatiShakti tool showcased to 30 countries and highlighted at international conferences.
- Social Sector Benefits: Identified areas for new healthcare facilities and improved planning in various districts.
- Rural and Urban Development: Implemented projects for irrigation and city logistics in multiple states.
- Employment Initiatives: Utilized for setting up training institutes near industrial clusters.
Announcement of AI Centres of Excellence
- 16 Oct 2024
In News:
Union Minister for Education, Shri Dharmendra Pradhan, announced the establishment of three AI Centres of Excellence (CoE) focused on Healthcare, Agriculture, and Sustainable Cities in New Delhi.
Key Details:
- Establishment of Three AI-CoEs:
- Focus Areas:
- Healthcare: Led by AIIMS and IIT Delhi.
- Agriculture: Led by IIT Ropar, Punjab.
- Sustainable Cities: Led by IIT Kanpur.
- Collaboration: CoEs will work with industry partners and start-ups.
- Focus Areas:
- Financial Commitment:
- Total Approved Budget: ?990 crore for FY 2023-24 to FY 2027-28.
- Purpose: Support the establishment and operation of the CoEs.
- Vision and Impact:
- Pradhan emphasized the CoEs' role as solution providers for global public good.
- Expected to create a new generation of job and wealth creators.
- Aims to strengthen India's credentials in the global AI landscape.
- Leadership and Implementation:
- Apex Committee: Co-chaired by Shri Sridhar Vembu (Zoho CEO).
- Committee includes industry leaders and academic heads.
- Shri K. Sanjay Murthy highlighted the importance of interdisciplinary research and collaboration.
- Future Prospects:
- Dr. Vembu noted the CoEs will enhance the health of villages and cities, nurture talent, and generate opportunities.
- The initiative aligns with India's vision of "Viksit Bharat" (Developed India).
- Presentation and Film:
- Insights into the development of AI-CoEs presented by Smt. Saumya Gupta.
- A short film titled "Make AI in India and Make AI work for India" was showcased.
The establishment of these Centres of Excellence in AI signifies a major step toward fostering an effective AI ecosystem in India, aimed at developing scalable solutions and enhancing human resources in critical sectors.
International Abhidhamma Divas
- 16 Oct 2024
In News:
Recently, International Abhidhamma Divas was celebrated at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi, with PM Narendra Modi.
Key Details:
- India's Spiritual Legacy: Birthplace of Buddhism; site of Gautam Buddha's enlightenment.
- Sacred Sites: Veneration of locations like Bodh Gaya, symbolizing Buddha's journey and teachings.
- Core Teachings: Abhidhamma as a key philosophical component emphasizing mental discipline and self-awareness.
International Abhidhamma Divas
- Global Observation: Celebrates the significance of Abhidhamma in ethical conduct and mindfulness.
- Cultural Connection: Highlights India's role in preserving Buddhism and bridging ancient wisdom with contemporary practices.
Historical Background and Significance
- Commemoration: Marks Buddha’s descent from T?vati?sa to Sankassiya (Sankisa Basantapur).
- Teaching Period: Buddha taught the Abhidhamma to deities for three months; linked to the end of the Rainy Retreat and the Pav?ra?? festival.
Teachings of Abhidhamma
- Systematic Analysis: Provides a detailed exploration of mind and matter, differing from Sutta Pi?aka.
- Specialized Vocabulary: Key terms include "citta" (consciousness), "cetasika" (mental factors), "r?pa" (materiality), and "nibb?na" (liberation).
- Textual Framework: Six core books of Abhidhamma Piñaka cover moral states, aggregates, and causal relationships.
- Key Treatise: The Paññh?na offers in-depth causal analysis, essential for practitioners’ understanding.
Modern Observance and Celebrations
- Significance of Pali: Recognition of Pali as a classical language; promoting India's Buddhist heritage.
- Participants: Gathering of ambassadors, monks, scholars from 14 countries; emphasizes Abhidhamma's relevance today.
- Program Highlights: Dhamma discourse, academic sessions on Abhidhamma’s significance, exhibitions on Pali's evolution and Buddha's teachings.
Classical Status of Pali Language
- Pali's Role: Sacred language for delivering Buddha's teachings; recognized as a Classical Language by India.
- Buddhist Canon: Major texts include the Tipitaka (Vinaya, Sutta, Abhidhamma Pitaka) and commentarial traditions.
- Literary Heritage: Jataka Kathas reflect shared moral values; status enhances Pali studies in education and research.
Significance
- Significance of Celebration: Abhidhamma Divas underscores efforts to preserve and promote Buddhism’s legacy.
- Revitalization of Buddhism: Fosters global engagement and appreciation for Buddha’s teachings, reaffirming India's role in Buddhist studies.
e-Migrate Portal
- 15 Oct 2024
In News:
Recently, the Union Ministers for External Affairs and Labour and Employment launched the upgraded e-Migrate portal and mobile app, aimed at enhancing the migration experience for Indian workers seeking employment abroad. This initiative reflects the Indian government's commitment to ensuring the safety and welfare of its migrant workforce, aligning with global migration goals under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
About e-Migrate Portal
The e-Migrate portal is an online platform designed to facilitate and manage the migration of Indian workers. It promotes safe and legal mobility channels by providing a transparent framework for migrant workers, including:
- Information Access: Comprehensive resources to help migrants understand the migration process.
- Documentation Support: Tools to assist with necessary paperwork.
- Helpline Support: A 24/7 multilingual helpline that addresses issues faced by workers, particularly in the Gulf region.
- Awareness Campaigns: Initiatives to educate workers about their rights and responsibilities abroad.
The upgraded version of the portal, launched in October 2024, features enhanced functionality to better serve Indian migrants.
Key Features of e-Migrate v2.0
- Multilingual Helpline: Offers real-time support in multiple languages, ensuring that urgent issues are resolved efficiently.
- Integration with Digilocker: Facilitates secure, paperless submission of essential documents, such as passports and employment contracts.
- Social Security Net: Enhances social security measures for migrants, including insurance policies and partnerships with the State Bank of India for fee-free digital payment services.
- Mobile App: Introduced for the first time, this app provides easy access to services, including a job search marketplace for overseas employment opportunities.
- Rural Accessibility: Collaboration with Common Service Centres (CSCs) aims to expand immigration services to rural areas in local languages, making the platform more accessible to diverse populations.
Significance
The e-Migrate portal aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 10, which promotes orderly and responsible migration. By fostering safe migration practices, this initiative seeks to empower Indian workers and protect their rights while contributing to the country's international workforce.
Mission for Advancement in High-Impact Areas - Electric Vehicle (MAHA-EV) Mission
- 15 Oct 2024
In News:
The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has officially launched its first two initiatives: the Prime Minister Early Career Research Grant (PMECRG) and the Mission for Advancement in High-Impact Areas - Electric Vehicle (MAHA-EV) Mission. These initiatives aim to enhance India’s research landscape and support innovation in critical sectors.
Prime Minister Early Career Research Grant (PMECRG)
- Objective: The PMECRG is designed to empower early career researchers by providing flexible funding and support for high-quality innovative research. It aims to foster creativity and drive technological progress, positioning India as a global leader in science and technology (S&T).
- Significance: This grant recognizes the essential role of young researchers in advancing India's scientific agenda. By investing in their development, ANRF aims to cultivate a vibrant research ecosystem that encourages groundbreaking discoveries.
Mission for Advancement in High-Impact Areas - Electric Vehicle (MAHA-EV) Mission
- Focus: The MAHA-EV Mission targets the development of key technologies for electric vehicles, specifically in areas such as tropical EV batteries, power electronics, machines and drives (PEMD), and charging infrastructure.
- Goals:
- Reduce Import Dependency: By fostering domestic innovation in EV components.
- Global Leadership: Positioning India as a leader in the electric vehicle sector, aligning with the government's Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) vision.
- Collaboration: The mission is designed to encourage multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary collaboration to address critical scientific challenges, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of India's EV sector.
Significance of Both Initiatives
- Bridging Gaps: Both initiatives aim to bridge the gap between academic research and industrial applications, a key goal of ANRF. This alignment is crucial for translating research into practical applications that benefit society.
- Strategic Interventions: These programs reflect the discussions held during the ANRF's Governing Board meeting, which emphasized global positioning in key sectors, capacity building, and fostering an innovation ecosystem.
- Long-term Vision: The initiatives contribute to India's goal of achieving a Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by 2047, accelerating the country's progress toward a sustainable and technologically advanced future.
The launch of the PMECRG and MAHA-EV Mission marks a significant step in enhancing India's research ecosystem. By supporting early career researchers and advancing electric vehicle technologies, ANRF is poised to drive innovation, foster collaboration, and strengthen India’s position on the global scientific stage. These initiatives reflect a commitment to sustainable development and technological leadership, paving the way for transformative advancements in various sectors.
Haber-Bosch process
- 15 Oct 2024
In News:
The Haber-Bosch process has fundamentally transformed agricultural practices and global food production, enabling the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is essential for fertilizers.
The Nitrogen Molecule
- Composition: Nitrogen primarily exists as molecular nitrogen (N?) in the atmosphere, where two nitrogen atoms are bonded with a strong triple bond. This bond is very stable and requires significant energy (946 kJ/mol) to break, rendering N? largely inert and unavailable for direct use by plants.
Nitrogen in Nature
- Natural Fixation: In nature, the energy required to break the N? bond is typically provided by phenomena like lightning, which converts nitrogen to reactive forms such as nitrogen oxides (NO and NO?). These can subsequently form nitric acid when they react with water, depositing reactive nitrogen through rainfall.
- Microbial Processes: Certain bacteria, including Azotobacter and Rhizobia, can fix atmospheric nitrogen into reactive forms, supporting plant growth. Azolla, a fern with a symbiotic cyanobacterium, also helps in nitrogen fixation.
The Nitrogen Cycle
- Plant Uptake: Plants absorb reactive nitrogen in the form of ammonium (NH??) and nitrate (NO??) from the soil, essential for synthesizing proteins and other vital compounds. Humans and animals rely on plants for their nitrogen intake.
- Cycle Completeness: While nitrogen is returned to the soil through excretion and decomposition, some is lost back to the atmosphere as N?. This loss contributes to the depletion of soil nitrogen, especially in crops that do not fix their own nitrogen.
Ammonia Production
- Haber-Bosch Process: This process synthesizes ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure and temperature, using a catalyst to enhance efficiency. Initially developed by Fritz Haber and scaled by Carl Bosch, this method became the backbone of modern fertilizer production.
Benefits and Downsides of Fertilizers
- Food Security: The Haber-Bosch process has significantly increased food production, contributing to a remarkable rise in global food supply and preventing widespread hunger. It is estimated that one-third of the world’s population relies on fertilizers produced via this process for their food.
- Environmental Impact: The widespread use of nitrogen fertilizers can lead to environmental issues:
- Excess Nutrients: Over-application can result in nutrient runoff into water bodies, causing eutrophication, which depletes oxygen and harms aquatic life.
- Acid Rain: Reactive nitrogen can contribute to acid rain, affecting soil health and biodiversity.
- Soil Degradation: Continuous fertilizer use without adequate replenishment of nutrients can degrade soil quality over time.
While the Haber-Bosch process is crucial for modern agriculture and food security, it also presents significant environmental challenges. The balance between using fertilizers effectively and sustainably is essential to ensure that technological advancements do not come at the cost of ecological health. As such, addressing food security requires not just technological innovation, but also thoughtful political and social engagement to manage resources responsibly.
India's Renewable Energy Capacity Hits 200 GW Milestone
- 15 Oct 2024
In News:
India has recently celebrated a landmark achievement in its renewable energy sector, with its total renewable energy capacity surpassing 200 GW as of October 10, 2024. This milestone, reported by the Central Electricity Authority, showcases the country’s growing commitment to clean energy and its strategic shift towards a more sustainable future.
Overview of India’s Renewable Energy Landscape
As of October 2024, India's total electricity generation capacity stands at 452.69 GW, with renewable sources contributing a substantial 201.45 GW, representing 46.3% of the overall capacity. This shift highlights India’s increasing reliance on cleaner, non-fossil fuel energy.
Key contributors to this capacity include:
- Solar Power: Leading with 90.76 GW, capitalizing on India's abundant sunlight.
- Wind Power: Following closely at 47.36 GW, leveraging the country’s vast wind corridors.
- Hydropower: Large hydro projects add 46.92 GW, while small hydro contributes an additional 5.07 GW.
- Biopower: Incorporating biomass and biogas energy, contributing 11.32 GW.
Together, these resources are pivotal in reducing dependence on fossil fuels and enhancing energy security.
Leading States in Renewable Energy Capacity
Certain states are at the forefront of this renewable energy expansion:
- Rajasthan: 29.98 GW, benefiting from ample land and sunlight.
- Gujarat: 29.52 GW, driven by robust solar and wind initiatives.
- Tamil Nadu: 23.70 GW, utilizing favorable wind conditions.
- Karnataka: 22.37 GW, supported by a mix of solar and wind projects.
Key Schemes and Programs
The Indian government has introduced numerous initiatives to accelerate renewable energy capacity, aiming for 500 GW from non-fossil sources by 2030. Notable programs include:
- National Green Hydrogen Mission
- PM-KUSUM Scheme
- PM Surya Ghar Scheme
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) for solar PV modules
These efforts reflect the government's commitment to fostering a sustainable energy future while addressing the challenges posed by climate change and energy security. Here are some other ongoing key initiatives:
- Notification of a trajectory for renewable energy power bids of 50 GW per annum by Renewable Energy Implementation Agencies (REIAs) from FY 2023-24 to FY 2027-28.
- Foreign Direct Investment permitted up to 100 percent under the automatic route to attract investments.
- Waiver of Inter-State Transmission System charges for solar and wind power projects commissioned by June 30, 2025; green hydrogen projects until December 2030; and offshore wind projects until December 2032.
- Announced Renewable Purchase Obligation trajectory until 2029-30, including separate RPO for Decentralized Renewable Energy.
- A Project Development Cell has been established to attract and facilitate investments in the renewable sector.
- Standard Bidding Guidelines issued for tariff-based competitive bidding for procurement of power from grid-connected solar, wind, and wind-solar projects.
- Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Parks are being set up to provide land and transmission for large-scale renewable energy projects.
- Cabinet approval for a Viability Gap Funding scheme for offshore wind energy projects, facilitating the installation and commissioning of 1 GW of offshore wind energy capacity along the coasts of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
- Issued Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020, for net-metering up to 500 kilowatts or the electrical sanctioned load, whichever is lower.
- The “National Repowering and Life Extension Policy for Wind Power Projects, 2023” has been released.
- “Strategy for Establishment of Offshore Wind Energy Projects” outlines a bidding trajectory of 37 GW by 2030.
- Offshore Wind Energy Lease Rules, 2023, notified to regulate the grant of leases for offshore wind energy development.
- Procedure for Uniform Renewable Energy Tariff (URET) has been established.
- Standard & Labelling (S&L) programs for Solar Photovoltaic modules and grid-connected solar inverters have been launched.
- A transmission plan has been prepared to augment transmission infrastructure until 2030.
- The Electricity (Late Payment Surcharge and Related Matters) Rules have been notified.
- Green Energy Open Access Rules 2022 have been issued to promote renewable energy.
- Launched the Green Term Ahead Market (GTAM) to facilitate the sale of renewable energy power through exchanges.
- Orders issued to ensure that power is dispatched against Letters of Credit or advance payment for timely payments to renewable energy generators.
ITU World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly 2024
- 15 Oct 2024
In News:
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated ITU WTSA 2024 and India Mobile Congress 2024, at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
- First Time in India: WTSA hosted for the first time in India and the Asia-Pacific region.
- Participants: Over 3,000 industry leaders, policy-makers, and tech experts from more than 190 countries expected.
ITU WTSA 2024
- Significance: Governing conference for the standardization work of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), held every four years.
- Focus Areas: Discussion on standards for next-generation technologies including:
- 6G
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Internet of Things (IoT)
- Big Data
- Cybersecurity
- Opportunities for India: Enhances India’s role in shaping the global telecom agenda; insights into Intellectual Property Rights and Standard Essential Patents for startups and research institutions.
India Mobile Congress 2024
- Theme: "The Future is Now"
- Technological Focus: Highlight advancements in:
- Quantum Technology
- Circular Economy
- 6G and 5G use cases
- Cloud and Edge Computing
- IoT and Semiconductors
- Cybersecurity
- Green Technology
- Satellite Communication and Electronics Manufacturing
Importance for India
- Showcase of Innovation: A platform for India’s innovation ecosystem, demonstrating advancements in digital technology.
- Global Collaboration: Facilitates collaboration between government, industry, and academia to address global telecommunication challenges.
THAAD Missile Defence System
- 14 Oct 2024
In News:
The US pledged its THAAD missile defence system as well as several troops to Israel after Iran warned the country to not get involved.
In a new boost to Israeli forces, the United States will send a Terminal High Altitude Area Defence battery (THAAD) and troops to Israel amid its ongoing offensive against the Hezbollah.
THAAD battery:
- The Terminal High Altitude Area Defence system (THAAD) is an American anti-ballistic missile defence system. It can shoot down short, medium and intermediate range missiles in it's sphere.
- The THAAD has a “hit to kill” approach which blasts missiles as they before they enter their target zone during their descent.
- The THAAD was developed by the US after their experience of Iraq's Scud missile attacks during the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Out of a total of 88 Scud missiles, Iraq fired 42 into Israel and 46 into Saudi Arabia, killing many American soldiers in barracks as well.
- The first proposal for the THAAD was submitted to the US Defence Ministry in 1987 and a series of tests resulting in failures, finally led to a successful version in 1999.
- In 2008, the US deployed an early missile warning radar, a part of the THAAD system to Israel. Similar deployments were also made in 2012 and 2019, aiding Israel's ability to emerge as a military power in the Middle East.
Ladakh's Aurorae
- 14 Oct 2024
In News:
In October 2024, Ladakh witnessed spectacular auroras, typically seen in higher latitudes, indicating increased solar activity. This phenomenon was reported following intense solar storms, with red and green lights observed in the night sky. The auroras were captured by all-sky cameras operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) in Hanle and Merak.
What Are Auroras?
Auroras are vibrant displays of light caused by interactions between charged particles from the Sun and Earth's magnetosphere. When solar winds—streams of charged particles—collide with atoms in the upper atmosphere, they create visible light, similar to how neon lights function.
Causes of Recent Auroras
The recent auroras in Ladakh were linked to several strong solar storms, particularly coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which are significant bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona. The storms, emanating from active solar regions, traveled towards Earth at remarkable speeds, disrupting the normal space weather and allowing auroras to be visible at lower latitudes, including Mexico and Germany.
Implications of Solar Activity
Astrophysicists at the Center of Excellence in Space Sciences India (CESSI) noted that these auroras validate ongoing efforts in space weather monitoring. The increased solar activity is part of the solar cycle, which peaks approximately every 11 years. Current predictions indicate that Solar Cycle 25 may reach its peak in 2024.
Monitoring Space Weather
Organizations like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) closely monitor space weather to provide timely warnings about solar events that could disrupt satellite communications and other services. The CESSI team successfully predicted the occurrence of solar storms, enhancing confidence in their ability to forecast space weather and its potential impacts.
Potential Hazards
While auroras are visually striking, intense solar storms can have detrimental effects, including:
- Satellite Disruption: Increased drag and radiation can damage satellites in low Earth orbit, affecting navigation, communications, and military operations.
- Communication Blackouts: Severe storms can interfere with radio and satellite communications, impacting daily life and services.
Wayanad’s New X-Band Radar
- 14 Oct 2024
In News:
- Following devastating floods and landslides in July 2024 that resulted in over 200 fatalities in Wayanad, Kerala, the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences approved the installation of an X-band radar to enhance monitoring and early warning systems.
- Impact of Events: The floods were exacerbated by heavy rains, leading to significant debris flows and landslides, highlighting the need for advanced meteorological tools.
What is Radar?
- Definition: Radar stands for "Radio Detection and Ranging." It uses radio waves to determine the distance, velocity, and characteristics of objects.
- Functioning: A transmitter emits radio signals that reflect off objects, returning to a receiver for analysis. This technology is crucial in meteorology for monitoring weather patterns.
X-Band Radar Specifics
- Operating Frequency: X-band radar operates at 8-12 GHz, corresponding to wavelengths of 2-4 cm. This allows it to detect smaller particles, such as raindrops and soil.
- Advantages: The shorter wavelengths provide higher resolution images but have a limited range due to faster signal attenuation.
- Applications: In Wayanad, the radar will monitor particle movements like soil, enabling timely landslide warnings through high temporal sampling.
India’s Radar Network
- Historical Context: India has utilized radar for meteorological purposes since the early 1950s. The first indigenous X-band radar was established in 1970.
- Current Infrastructure: India operates both X-band and S-band radars (2-4 GHz) for various meteorological functions. The X-band network includes storm detection and wind-finding capabilities.
- Future Plans: The Indian government plans to add 56 more Doppler radars under the ?2,000-crore "Mission Mausam," enhancing weather forecasting capabilities across the country.
NISAR Satellite
- Collaboration: NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint satellite project between NASA and ISRO, set to launch in 2025.
- Capabilities: It will feature L-band and S-band radars to monitor Earth’s landmass changes, further supporting environmental monitoring and disaster management.
Global Hunger Index 2024
- 14 Oct 2024
In News:
The 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI) emphasizes food as a fundamental human right, alongside air and water.
Key Highlights:
- Current Crisis: Despite adequate food production globally, around 350 million people face extreme hunger, with 49 million on the brink of famine.
- Statistics: Over 820 million people are chronically undernourished, and malnutrition claims the lives of five million children under five each year.
Top 10 Countries Most Affected by Hunger (2024)
- Somalia: GHI Score 44.1 (GHI 2000: 63.3)
- Yemen: GHI Score 41.2 (GHI 2000: 41.6)
- Chad: GHI Score 36.4 (GHI 2000: 50.5)
- Madagascar: GHI Score 36.3 (GHI 2000: 42.3)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo: GHI Score 34.9 (GHI 2000: 47.2)
- Haiti: GHI Score 34.3 (GHI 2000: 39.8)
- Niger: GHI Score 34.1 (GHI 2000: 53.1)
- Liberia: GHI Score 31.9 (GHI 2000: 48.0)
- Central African Republic: GHI Score 31.5 (GHI 2000: 48.0)
- Korea (DPR): GHI Score 31.4 (GHI 2000: 43.7)
India's Position
- Ranking: India ranks 105th in the GHI 2024, categorized as having a "serious" hunger situation.
- GHI Score: India’s score stands at 27.3, showing some improvement from a score of 38.4 in 2000 (previously classified as "alarming").
Key Concerns in India
- Undernourishment: 13.7% of the population is undernourished.
- Child Stunting: 35.5% of children under five are stunted.
- Child Wasting: 18.7% of children under five experience wasting.
- Child Mortality: 2.9% of children do not survive to age five.
Global Hunger Index (GHI):
A tool measuring hunger across countries based on four indicators:
-
- Undernourishment
- Child Wasting
- Child Stunting
- Child Mortality
- Data Sources: The GHI is based on data from credible organizations like the FAO, WHO, and UNICEF, as well as government surveys.
Hunger Indicators Explained
- Undernourishment: Reflects the overall food access situation.
- Child Wasting: Indicates acute malnutrition; a critical health issue.
- Child Stunting: Reflects chronic malnutrition; significant public health concern.
- Child Mortality: Represents the most severe consequence of hunger.
The 2024 GHI report reveals that while progress has been made in addressing hunger globally, significant challenges remain, particularly in countries like India and the most affected nations. Addressing these issues is crucial for achieving the goal of zero hunger by 2030.
Jipmer Launches ‘Tele-MANAS’ Mental Health Helpline
- 14 Oct 2024
In News:
- Jipmer (Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research) has launched the "Tele-MANAS" (Tele Mental Health Assistance and Networking Across States) helpline, a toll-free service (14416) aimed at providing mental health support.
- This initiative is part of the National Tele Mental Health Programme (NTMHP), launched by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Purpose and Need:
- With an estimated 1 in 10 people in India suffering from mental illness, and about 1% experiencing severe conditions, the service addresses significant gaps in mental health access, particularly in rural and remote areas.
- The helpline aims to provide immediate support for issues such as anxiety, depression, and emotional distress.
Training and Operations:
- Jipmer will train qualified counsellors who will subsequently train additional counsellors to expand the reach of the service.
- Counselors will be available 24/7, including holidays, to ensure continuous support.
Support Structure:
- Trained counselors will serve as the first point of contact for individuals seeking help, providing responses, suggestions, and necessary referrals to advanced mental health facilities.
- Jipmer will supervise the program, ensuring regular retraining and maintaining service quality.
Integration with National Programs:
- The initiative is coordinated by the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), which acts as the National Apex Centre for the NTMHP.
- It includes a comprehensive information library on mental health and guidance for managing early signs of stress and emotional challenges.
Impact on Mental Health Services:
- The program aims to enhance the overall quality of mental health services across states and union territories in India, making them more accessible to a larger population.
- Emphasizes the importance of mental health as a public health priority.
New Cancer Therapy Target
- 11 Oct 2024
In News:
Scientists have identified a promising new target for cancer treatment by activating a DNA repair enzyme called TDP1. This approach suggests a combination therapy that could serve as a potential precision medicine for patients resistant to current treatments.
- Current Treatment Limitations:
- Existing anticancer drugs (e.g., Camptothecin, Topotecan, Irinotecan) target Topoisomerase 1 (Top1), essential for DNA replication and transcription.
- Cancer cells frequently develop resistance to these single-agent therapies, necessitating alternative treatment strategies.
- Research Insights:
- Conducted by scientists at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata, under the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
- The study focused on how cancer cells repair DNA during cell division and respond to chemotherapy targeting Top1.
- Key Findings:
- The research, published in The EMBO Journal 2024, highlights two critical proteins:
- Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)
- Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1)
- CDK1 regulates the DNA repair process, while TDP1 helps cancer cells survive by repairing drug-induced Top1 damage.
- The research, published in The EMBO Journal 2024, highlights two critical proteins:
- Mechanism of Action:
- TDP1 repairs Top1 that is trapped during the S phase of DNA replication.
- The role of TDP1 during the mitotic phase was previously unknown; CDK1 phosphorylates TDP1, enhancing its repair capabilities.
- Phosphorylation is crucial for efficient DNA repair, allowing cancer cells to withstand Top1-targeted chemotherapy.
- Potential for Combination Therapy:
- Targeting both CDK1 and TDP1 could help overcome drug resistance and improve treatment efficacy.
- Suggested use of CDK1 inhibitors (e.g., avotaciclib, alvocidib) alongside Top1 inhibitors may disrupt DNA repair and halt the cell cycle, increasing cancer cell mortality.
- Research Implications:
- Phosphorylation of TDP1 by CDK1 is essential for managing DNA damage in cancer cells.
- Inhibiting CDK1 may induce chromosome instability, effectively targeting cancer cells.
- The combination of CDK1 and Top1 inhibitors aims to enhance cancer treatment effectiveness.
- Future Directions:
- Identifying CDK1 and TDP1 as potential targets paves the way for developing new cancer therapies that inhibit DNA repair mechanisms.
- Further studies using animal models are ongoing to validate this innovative approach for precision medicine in treating resistant cancers.
NABARD Survey on Rural Financial Inclusion
- 11 Oct 2024
In News:
NABARD has published the findings from its second All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (NAFIS) for 2021-22, which offers primary data based on a survey of 1 lakh rural households, covering various economic and financial indicators in the post-COVID period.
Survey Overview:
- Inaugural survey conducted for 2016-17, results released in August 2018.
- Aims to analyze changes in rural economic conditions since 2016-17.
- Included all 28 states and Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.
Insights from NAFIS 2021-22
- Increase in Average Monthly Income:
- Average monthly income rose by 57.6% from Rs. 8,059 (2016-17) to Rs. 12,698 (2021-22).
- Nominal CAGR of 9.5%, with annual nominal GDP growth at 9%.
- Agricultural households earned Rs. 13,661; non-agricultural households earned Rs. 11,438.
- Salaried employment contributed 37% to total income; cultivation contributed one-third for agricultural households.
- Rise in Average Monthly Expenditure:
- Average monthly expenditure increased from Rs. 6,646 (2016-17) to Rs. 11,262 (2021-22).
- Agricultural households reported higher consumption (Rs. 11,710) compared to non-agricultural households (Rs. 10,675).
- Expenditure exceeded Rs. 17,000 in states like Goa and Jammu & Kashmir.
- Increase in Financial Savings:
- Annual average financial savings grew to Rs. 13,209 in 2021-22 from Rs. 9,104 in 2016-17.
- 66% of households saved in 2021-22, up from 50.6% in 2016-17.
- 71% of agricultural households reported savings, compared to 58% of non-agricultural households.
- States like Uttarakhand (93%) and Uttar Pradesh (84%) had high saving rates, while Goa (29%) and Kerala (35%) had lower rates.
- Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Coverage:
- 44% of agricultural households possessed a valid KCC.
- Among larger landholders and those with recent agricultural loans, 77% reported having a KCC.
- Insurance Coverage:
- Households with at least one insured member increased from 25.5% (2016-17) to 80.3% (2021-22).
- Vehicle insurance was most common (55%), followed by life insurance (24%).
- Pension Coverage:
- Households with at least one member receiving any form of pension rose from 18.9% to 23.5%.
- 54% of households with members over 60 years old reported receiving a pension.
- Financial Literacy:
- Good financial literacy increased by 17 percentage points, from 33.9% to 51.3%.
- Sound financial behavior improved from 56.4% to 72.8%.
Conclusion
- The NAFIS 2021-22 highlights significant advancements in rural financial inclusion since 2016-17.
- Improvements in income, savings, insurance coverage, and financial literacy are notable.
- Government welfare schemes (e.g., PM Kisan, MGNREGS) have positively impacted rural lives.
- Continued support and investment in rural development are essential for economic empowerment and financial security in India's rural population.
Colombo Security Conclave
- 11 Oct 2024
In News:
The Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) reached a milestone on August 30, 2024 with India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Mauritius signing a Charter and a memorandum of understanding, for the establishment of the CSC secretariat.
Key Facts:
Background of CSC:
- Originally called the NSA Trilateral on Maritime Security, the CSC was established in 2011 among India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. The initiative aimed to bolster maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region.
Membership:
- The founding members include India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Mauritius joined in 2022, and Bangladesh became a member in 2024. Seychelles participates as an observer state.
Goals of CSC:
The CSC aims to foster cooperation in five main areas:
- Maritime safety and security
- Counterterrorism and prevention of radicalization
- Combating trafficking and transnational organized crime
- Cybersecurity and safeguarding critical infrastructure
- Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
Defence Exercises:
- In November 2021, India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives held Exercise Dosti XV in the Maldives, marking their first joint military exercise in the Arabian Sea under the CSC framework.
Unexpected Transformation of the Sahara Desert
- 10 Oct 2024
In News:
The Sahara Desert, one of the driest regions globally, is undergoing a surprising transformation due to an extratropical cyclone that impacted northwestern Africa on September 7-8, leading to patches of green across Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya.
Key Details:
- Satellite Observations: NASA's satellite images reveal extensive greenery sprouting in areas typically known for drought conditions, as reported by NASA’s Earth Observatory.
- Flourishing Vegetation: Climate researcher Sylwia Trzaska noted that shrubs and trees are thriving in low-lying regions like riverbeds. Peter de Menocal, president of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, highlighted that plant life can quickly respond to significant rainfall, transforming dunes into vibrant landscapes.
- Historical Context: Research indicates that the Sahara was once a lush environment with lakes and vegetation between 11,000 and 5,000 years ago. Recent heavy rains have replenished normally dry lakes.
- Rainfall Dynamics: The unusual rainfall event is attributed to the northward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which has moved further north than usual, resulting in equatorial-like downpours in the Sahara. Some areas experienced over half a foot of rain, surpassing typical annual precipitation levels.
- Impact of Rain Patterns: While the rains primarily affected less populated regions, severe flooding has resulted in over 1,000 fatalities and impacted around four million people across 14 African nations, according to reports from the World Food Programme and Associated Press.
- Climate Change Factors: Experts suggest that the repositioning of the ITCZ may be connected to record-high ocean temperatures and climate change, potentially altering rainfall patterns across Africa.
- Future Projections: As global ocean temperatures stabilize, de Menocal predicts that the rain belt may revert to a more southerly position, potentially crossing the equator.
- Sahara Desert Facts:
o The Sahara is the world's largest hot desert, spanning approximately 4,800 km in length and 1,800 km in width.
o It covers about 31% of the African continent, extending across 11 North African nations, including Algeria, Egypt, Mali, Morocco, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Chad, Libya, Mauritania, Niger, and Sudan
Universal Postal Union
- 10 Oct 2024
In News:
The Universal Postal Union (UPU) is set to assess the integration of the Unified Payment Interface (UPI) with cross-border remittances via the global postal network, according to a recent official announcement.
About the Universal Postal Union
The UPU is a specialized agency of the United Nations and serves as the main platform for international cooperation in the postal sector. Established by the Treaty of Bern in 1874, it stands as the second oldest international organization in the world.
Functions
The UPU coordinates postal policies among its member nations and oversees the global postal system. It establishes the rules for international mail exchanges and makes recommendations aimed at enhancing the volume and quality of mail, parcel, and financial services. Additionally, it plays an advisory, mediating, and liaison role while providing technical assistance when necessary.
Membership
Any member state of the United Nations is eligible to join the UPU. Non-member countries can also become UPU members, subject to approval by at least two-thirds of the existing member nations. Currently, the UPU comprises 192 member countries.
Structure
The UPU consists of four main bodies:
1. The Congress: The highest authority of the UPU, convening every four years.
2. The Council of Administration: Responsible for ensuring the continuity of UPU operations between Congresses and supervising activities related to regulatory, administrative, legislative, and legal matters.
3. The Postal Operations Council: Acts as the technical and operational hub of the UPU, composed of 48 member countries elected during Congress.
4. The International Bureau: Functions as the secretariat, providing logistical and technical support to the other UPU bodies.
The headquarters of the Universal Postal Union is located in Bern, Switzerland.
Caracal
- 10 Oct 2024
In News:
The Gujarat government has recently announced plans to establish a Caracal Breeding and Conservation Center in the Chadva Rakhal area of Kutch, with a budget of ?10 crore.
About the Caracal
- The caracal, known locally as "siya gosh" (meaning "black ear" in Persian), is a reclusive and primarily nocturnal feline celebrated for its agility and remarkable skill in catching birds mid-flight.
- In terms of nesting, caracals typically utilize abandoned porcupine burrows or rock crevices for denning and are often found with their young hidden among dense vegetation. They tend to live in small groups, and their elusive behavior makes them hard to spot in the wild.
Habitat and Distribution
Caracals inhabit various environments, including woodlands, savannahs, and scrub forests. In India, suitable habitats are found in regions such as Kutch, the Malwa Plateau, the Aravalli hills, and Bundelkhand. This species is also present in numerous countries across Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia.
Threats to Survival
The caracal faces significant threats from extensive hunting, illegal wildlife trade, and the destruction of its natural habitats.
Conservation Status
According to the IUCN, the caracal is classified as "Least Concern." In India, it is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
RBI's Recent Monetary Policy Review
- 10 Oct 2024
In News:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) maintained its benchmark interest rate at 6.5% for the 10th consecutive monetary policy review since April 2023. The policy stance was shifted to “neutral,” indicating potential for a future rate cut.
Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) Overview
- The decision to keep interest rates unchanged was supported by a majority of five out of six members of the MPC, which convened for three days starting October 7.
- The change in policy stance from “withdrawal of accommodation” to “neutral” was unanimously agreed upon.
Focus Areas
- The MPC emphasized the need for a durable alignment of inflation with targets while supporting economic growth.
- Macroeconomic parameters for inflation and growth were described as well balanced.
Inflation Insights
- A moderation in headline inflation is expected to reverse in September, likely remaining elevated due to adverse base effects.
- Retail inflation was below the central bank’s median target of 4% in July and August.
Growth Projections
- The RBI maintained its 7.2% GDP growth projection and a 4.5% average inflation estimate for 2024-25, with risks evenly balanced.
- Second-quarter inflation projection was revised down to 4.1% from 4.4%, while a rise to 4.8% is expected for the October to December quarter.
Domestic Growth and Investment
- Domestic growth remains robust, with private consumption and investment growing together.
- This growth has provided the RBI with the capacity to prioritize inflation control to achieve the 4% target.
Risks to Inflation
The Governor highlighted that unexpected weather events and escalating geopolitical conflicts pose significant upside risks to inflation.
National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC)
- 10 Oct 2024
In News:
The Union Cabinet has approved the development of NMHC in Lothal, Gujarat, under the Sagarmala programme.
- Purpose and Vision Aimed at showcasing India’s 4,500-year-old maritime heritage using an edutainment approach with modern technology.
Employment Generation
- Expected to create approximately 22,000 jobs: 15,000 direct and 7,000 indirect.
Project Phases
- Phase 1A
- Features a museum with 6 galleries, including:
- A large Indian Navy & Coast Guard gallery with external naval artifacts.
- Replica of Lothal township surrounded by an open aquatic gallery.
- A jetty walkway.
- Phase 1B
- Expansion includes:
- 8 additional galleries.
- The world's tallest Light House Museum.
- Bagicha complex with facilities for 1,500 cars, a food hall, and a medical center.
- Phase 2
- Development of Coastal States Pavilions by respective states and union territories.
- Hospitality zone featuring maritime-themed eco-resorts and museuotels.
- Recreation of ancient Lothal City and establishment of a Maritime Institute with hostel.
- Creation of four theme-based parks:
- Maritime & Naval Theme Park
- Climate Change Theme Park
- Monuments Park
- Adventure & Amusement Park
Governance and Management
- Governing Council
- Chaired by the Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways, overseeing project implementation and operation.
- Separate Society
- A dedicated society will manage future phases, governed under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
Benefits and Funding
- Beneficiaries
- Local communities, tourists, researchers, government bodies, educational institutions, cultural organizations, conservation groups, and businesses.
- Funding
- Construction of the Light House Museum in Phase 1B will be financed by the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships (DGLL).
Sagarmala Programme
- Objective
- A flagship initiative aiming to transform India’s maritime sector by enhancing logistics performance and fostering port-led development and coastal community upliftment.
- Background
- Approved in March 2015, the programme focuses on utilizing India’s extensive coastline and waterways for economic growth.
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G)
- 09 Oct 2024
Recent Initiatives:
- The Indian government has launched a nationwide survey of kutcha houses.
- Introduction of the Awas Sakhi mobile app to streamline housing assistance.
Purpose of the Kutcha House Survey
- Identify Housing Needs: The survey aims to collect data on families living in kutcha (temporary) houses, enabling targeted support for those in need.
- Support for Awas Sakhi App: The survey will enhance the functionality of the Awas Sakhi app, facilitating the application process and providing beneficiaries with vital housing information.
Overview of PMAY-G
- Launch: Initiated in 2016, PMAY-G aims to provide secure housing for the poorest communities.
- Beneficiary Selection Process: A comprehensive three-stage validation, including the Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011, Gram Sabha approvals, and geo-tagging, ensures that aid reaches those most deserving.
Benefits for PMAY-G Beneficiaries
- Financial Assistance:
- ?1.20 lakh for families in plain areas.
- ?1.30 lakh for families in hilly regions, including northeastern states and union territories.
- Support for Sanitation:
- An additional ?12,000 for toilet construction, aligned with the Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin or MGNREGS.
- Employment Opportunities:
- Provision of 90/95 days of unskilled wage employment through MGNREGA for house construction.
- Access to Basic Amenities:
- Connections for water, LPG, and electricity facilitated through relevant schemes.
- Cost Sharing Structure:
- Expenses are shared in a 60:40 ratio for plain areas and a 90:10 ratio for northeastern states and selected Himalayan states. The Centre covers 100% of costs for other Union Territories.
Progress Under PMAY-G
- Targets: The government aims to construct 2.95 crore houses.
- Current Status: As of August 2024, 2.94 crore houses have been sanctioned, with 2.64 crore completed, enhancing living conditions for millions in rural areas.
Recent Developments
- In August 2024, the Union Cabinet approved funding for two crore additional houses at existing assistance rates.
- Eligibility Criteria Changes:
- Individuals owning bikes or scooters are now eligible.
- The income limit for eligibility has been raised from ?10,000 to ?15,000 per month.
Future Goals
- This initiative, spanning FY 2024-2029, aims to address ongoing housing demands, benefiting approximately 10 crore individuals by providing safe, hygienic, and socially inclusive housing.
2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- 09 Oct 2024
In News:
U.S. Scientists David Baker and John Jumper and Britain’s Demis Hassabis won the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for their work on understanding the protein structures.
Prize Distribution
- David Baker: Awarded half of the Prize for pioneering work in computational protein design.
- Demis Hassabis and John Jumper: Jointly awarded the other half for their revolutionary contributions to protein structure prediction using artificial intelligence.
Significance of Achievements
- The advancements in protein science represent a major milestone for healthcare and biotechnology.
- These innovations have unlocked new possibilities for designing proteins, potentially leading to breakthroughs in medicine, agriculture, and more.
David Baker's Innovations
- Baker has achieved the significant feat of creating entirely new types of proteins, enhancing our understanding of protein functionality.
- In 2003, he designed a novel protein using amino acids and custom software methods, which opened avenues for rapid protein creation.
- Applications include pharmaceuticals, vaccines, nanomaterials, and tiny sensors.
AI Contributions by Hassabis and Jumper
- Demis Hassabis and John Jumper employed advanced artificial intelligence to address the challenge of predicting complex protein structures.
- In 2020, they introduced the AI model AlphaFold2, which can predict the structure of nearly all identified proteins (approximately 200 million).
Notable Facts about the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded 116 times to 197 laureates from 1901 to 2024.
- Frederick Sanger and Barry Sharpless are the only recipients to have won the Prize twice.
- The inaugural Prize was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus H. van ‘t Hoff for his work on chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure.
- Marie Curie became the first woman to win the Prize in 1911 for her discovery of radium and polonium.
- Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, a citizen of Indian origin, received the Prize in 2009 for his research on ribosomes.
2024 Nobel Prize in Physics
- 09 Oct 2024
In News:
John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton won the 2024 Nobel Prize for physics “for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks”. Their work lies at the roots of a large tree of work, the newest branches of which we see today as artificially intelligent (AI) apps like ChatGPT.
Significance of ANNs
- Definition: ANNs are collections of interconnected nodes that mimic the networks of neurons in animal brains, enabling machines to process data, recognize patterns, and learn.
- Applications: Integral to AI applications such as facial recognition, language translation, and numerous fields including physics, chemistry, and medicine.
Historical Context
- Hopfield Network:
- Developed by John Hopfield in 1983.
- Based on Donald Hebb's neuropsychological theory of learning, emphasizing how connections between neurons strengthen through repeated interactions.
- Capable of storing and reconstructing images by adjusting node connections to achieve a low-energy state, effectively denoising input.
- Boltzmann Machine:
- Geoffrey Hinton's work on deep-learning machines, building on Ludwig Boltzmann's statistical mechanics.
- Introduced the concept of generative AI through networks that differentiate between probable outcomes.
- Developed Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) in the 2000s, enhancing learning efficiency through layered networks.
Evolution and Current State of ANNs
- Technological Progress: ANNs have evolved significantly, transitioning from individual computers to distributed networks like the cloud.
- Current Variants: Innovations include transformers, backpropagation, and long short-term memory techniques, making ANNs more capable and widely accessible.
Concerns and Risks
- Ethical Considerations: Rapid advancements in AI raise concerns about safety, misinformation, and job displacement.
- Expert Opinions: Both Hopfield and Hinton have expressed worries about the implications of AI systems surpassing human intelligence and the potential for misuse.
Trachoma
- 09 Oct 2024
In News:
The World Health Organization (WHO) has now recognised that India has successfully eliminated trachoma, a bacterial infection that affects the eyes, as a public health problem.
WHO Declaration:
- India has eliminated Trachoma as a public health problem (2024).
- Third country in the South-East Asia Region to achieve this milestone.
Trachoma Overview:
- Bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis.
- Contagious; spreads through contact with infected secretions.
- Can lead to irreversible blindness if untreated.
- Considered a neglected tropical disease.
Global Impact:
- WHO estimates 150 million affected worldwide; 6 million at risk of blindness.
- Most prevalent in underprivileged communities with poor living conditions.
Historical Context in India:
- Leading cause of blindness in the 1950s-60s.
- National Trachoma Control Program launched in 1963.
- Control efforts integrated into the National Program for Control of Blindness (NPCB).
Statistics:
- Blindness due to Trachoma was 5% in 1971; now reduced to less than 1%.
- Implementation of the WHO SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial hygiene, Environmental cleanliness).
Milestones:
- India declared free from infective Trachoma in 2017.
- Continued surveillance for cases from 2019 to 2024.
National Trachomatous Trichiasis (TT) Survey:
- Conducted in 200 endemic districts (2021-2024) under NPCBVI.
- Mandated by WHO to confirm elimination status.
MACE Observatory
- 09 Oct 2024
In News:
The MACE Observatory was recently inaugurated by the Secretary of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission in Hanle, Ladakh.
About MACE Observatory
- Name: Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment (MACE) Observatory.
- Significance:
- Largest imaging Cherenkov telescope in Asia.
- Highest imaging Cherenkov observatory in the world.
- Location: Situated at approximately 4,300 meters altitude in Hanle, Ladakh.
- Indigenous Development:
- Built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
- Supported by the Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL), Hyderabad, and other Indian industry partners.
Scientific Contributions
- Research Focus:
- Enhances understanding in astrophysics, fundamental physics, and particle acceleration mechanisms.
- Observes high-energy gamma rays to investigate cosmic phenomena like supernovae, black holes, and gamma-ray bursts.
- Global Impact:
- Aims to foster international collaborations in space research.
- Strengthens India’s position in the global scientific community.
Socio-Economic Role
- Local Impact: Contributes to the socio-economic development of Ladakh, promoting scientific awareness and opportunities.
Understanding Cherenkov Radiation
- Definition: A blue glow emitted when charged particles (e.g., electrons and protons) travel faster than light in a specific medium.
- Historical Note: Named after Pavel Cherenkov, who, along with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958 for his work in demonstrating and explaining this phenomenon.
UK-Mauritius Treaty on Chagos Archipelago
- 08 Oct 2024
In News:
The United Kingdom said it would cede sovereignty of the strategically important Chagos Islands to Mauritius, calling it a “historic political agreement”. The UK has long controlled Chagos and the Diego Garcia military base located there, jointly operating it with the United States.
Background of the Chagos Archipelago
Historical Context
- The Chagos archipelago consists of 58 islands located about 500 km south of the Maldives.
- Initially uninhabited, the islands were populated in the late 18th century through the importation of slave labor.
- The islands were ceded to Britain from France in 1814, and in 1965, the UK established the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), which includes Chagos.
Controversy Over Sovereignty
- Mauritius, a former British colony, claims that the detachment of Chagos from its territory during its independence in 1968 was illegal.
- The UK compensated Mauritius with a grant but retained control, establishing a military base on Diego Garcia.
Strategic Importance of Diego Garcia
Military Significance
- Diego Garcia has been a crucial U.S. military base since its operational status began in 1986.
- It played a key role in U.S. military operations during conflicts in the Gulf, Iraq, and Afghanistan.
- The base enables rapid response to crises and supports regional security, especially in light of U.S. interests in monitoring key trade routes like the Malacca Strait.
Geopolitical Implications
- The presence of the U.S. military in the Indian Ocean is vital for countering security threats, particularly regarding China's growing influence.
Recent Developments: The UK-Mauritius Agreement
Key Features of the Treaty
- On October 3, 2023, the UK agreed to cede sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, marking a significant political shift.
- The treaty allows Mauritius to resettle Chagossians (excluding Diego Garcia) and establishes a trust fund for their benefit.
- Despite this, the UK retains control over Diego Garcia for an initial period of 99 years.
Implications of the Agreement
- The resolution of the sovereignty issue may strengthen Western commitments to a stable and free Indo-Pacific region.
- If unresolved, tensions could push Mauritius toward seeking alliances with alternative powers like China.
India’s Position and Interests
Support for Mauritius
- India has historically supported Mauritius in its claims over Chagos, reflecting its stance against colonial legacies.
- In 2019, India voted in favor of Mauritius at the UN General Assembly regarding the Chagos dispute.
Strategic Partnerships
- With increasing Chinese assertiveness in the Indian Ocean, India has been strengthening its ties with Mauritius.
- Recent initiatives include the inauguration of an India-built airstrip and jetty in Agaléga, enhancing connectivity and support for Mauritius.
Conclusion
The UK-Mauritius treaty over the Chagos Archipelago marks a significant turning point in colonial legacies and geopolitical alliances in the Indian Ocean. For India, supporting Mauritius aligns with its broader strategic interests and enhances its influence in a region marked by competing global powers. As the dynamics evolve, India's role in fostering regional stability and partnerships will be crucial.
44th Session of Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses
- 08 Oct 2024
In News:
India Participates in 44th Session of Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses
Key Contributions:
- Nutrient Reference Values:
- Advocated for reference values for ages 6 to 36 months.
- Suggested combining NRV-R values by averaging those for 6-12 months and 12-36 months.
- This proposal was accepted by the committee.
- Probiotic Guidelines:
- Emphasized the need to update FAO/WHO probiotic guidelines, which are two decades old.
- Highlighted the lack of international harmonization in probiotic regulations affecting global trade.
- Committee agreed to revisit guidelines and requested FAO and WHO to conduct a literature review on probiotics.
- Discussion on Sweetness Assessment:
- Disagreed with the EU’s sensory testing proposal for carbohydrate sources in Follow-up Formula, citing lack of scientific validation.
- Supported by USA, Canada, and others; this led to the committee discontinuing the topic for now.
- Noted that ISO 5495 or other methods could be used in the absence of harmonized methods.
- Delegation:
- Included representatives from the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and Ministry of Women and Child Development.
- Advocated for various food safety, consumer health, and trade-related issues.
- Outcome:
- India’s suggestions were officially incorporated into the final report, significantly influencing global food safety and nutrition standards.
- Additional Announcements:
- FAO/WHO plans for a Joint Statement on Healthy Diet Principles.
- Updates on reviewing benefits and risks of Alternative Animal Source Foods (A-ASFs).
- FAO introduced a new “Food and Diet” domain on its FAOSTAT database.
Marburg Virus
- 08 Oct 2024
In News:
- Definition:
- Marburg virus is one of the deadliest pathogens known to infect humans, causing severe hemorrhagic fever.
- Current Situation in Rwanda:
- Rwanda reported its first Marburg case late last month.
- At least 46 individuals have been infected, with 12 reported deaths.
- Approximately 80% of infections are among medical workers.
- The outbreak poses a significant threat to Rwanda’s fragile healthcare system, which has only 1,500 doctors for over 13 million people.
Characteristics of Marburg Virus
- Deadliness:
- Marburg virus disease (MVD) has case fatality rates ranging from 24% to 88%, depending on the strain and case management.
- The first outbreak occurred in Marburg, Germany, in 1967, with subsequent outbreaks primarily in Africa.
- Family:
- Marburg belongs to the filovirus family, which includes Ebola.
- Both viruses are clinically similar and can cause high-fatality outbreaks.
Transmission
- Initial Infection:
- Human infections initially occurred through prolonged exposure to mines or caves inhabited by Rousettus bats (notably the Egyptian fruit bat).
- Human-to-Human Transmission:
- MVD spreads directly through contact with blood and bodily fluids of infected individuals.
- Indirect transmission can occur via contaminated surfaces and materials (bedding, clothing).
- Risk for Medical Workers:
- Medical workers treating MVD cases are frequently infected, especially when infection control measures are inadequate.
Symptoms of Marburg Virus Disease (MVD)
- Incubation Period: Symptoms can appear 2 to 21 days after infection.
- Initial Symptoms: High fever, Severe headache, Muscle ache, Watery diarrhea, Abdominal pain and cramping, Vomiting
- Hemorrhagic Symptoms:
- Many patients develop bleeding from various sites, including the digestive system (fresh blood in feces and vomit), nose, gums, and vagina.
- Fatalities often occur due to severe blood loss and shock, typically 8 to 9 days after symptom onset.
Prevention and Treatment
- Current Status:
- No approved vaccines or specific treatments exist for MVD.
- Supportive Care:
- Rehydration (oral or intravenous fluids) and symptom management improve survival rates.
- Experimental Treatments:
- Rwanda is seeking experimental vaccines and treatments to address the outbreak.
- The US-based Sabin Vaccine Institute provided 700 doses of an experimental Marburg vaccine for healthcare professionals on the frontlines.
Genome Editing and Hereditary Cancers
- 08 Oct 2024
In News:
The International Agency for Research on Cancer’s estimates of the burden of 36 cancers in 185 countries suggest one in five individuals has a lifetime risk of developing cancer.
- Impact of CRISPR on Cancer Research:
- CRISPR screens have revolutionized the study of BRCA genes through high-throughput functional genetic analysis.
- Researchers use CRISPR-Cas9 to create specific mutations in BRCA genes, studying their effects on DNA repair and cancer development.
- Cancer Statistics:
- One in five individuals has a lifetime risk of developing cancer (International Agency for Research on Cancer).
- In 2022, there were approximately 20 million new cancer cases and 9.74 million cancer-related deaths; projections suggest these could rise to 32 million new cases and 16 million deaths by 2045, with Asia potentially accounting for half of the cases.
- Genetic Mutations and Inheritance:
- All cancers stem from genetic mutations; about 10% of cancer cases may involve inherited mutations.
- Specific inherited mutation prevalence:
- 20% in ovarian cancer patients.
- 10% in breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers.
- 6% in cervical cancer.
- BRCA Genes Overview:
- The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, discovered in 1994 and 1995, are crucial for understanding hereditary cancer syndromes.
- Mutations in BRCA genes significantly increase the risk of breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers.
- BRCA mutations are estimated to occur in 1 in 400 individuals, with higher prevalence (1 in 40) among Ashkenazi Jews due to genetic bottlenecks and founder effects.
- Importance of Genetic Testing:
- Testing for BRCA mutations helps identify individuals at higher risk, enabling personalized prevention strategies such as increased surveillance or preventive surgery.
- The American Society of Clinical Oncology recommends testing for 15 genes related to breast and ovarian cancer risk.
- Targeted Therapies:
- PARP inhibitors represent a new class of chemotherapy drugs effective for cancers with BRCA mutations.
- Clinical trials show promising results, especially when combined with platinum-based chemotherapy.
- Advancements in Understanding Cancer Genes:
- CRISPR technology has improved our understanding of cancer-related genes, enabling researchers to study the effects of specific mutations.
- Studies have identified how different mutations influence responses to therapies like PARP inhibitors.
- Recent Research Findings:
- Research from the Wellcome Sanger Institute identified over 3,000 genetic changes in the RAD51C gene that could significantly increase breast and ovarian cancer risk.
- Variants disrupting RAD51C function can increase ovarian cancer risk six-fold and aggressive breast cancer risk four-fold.
- Risk Spectrum:
- Genetic risk is a spectrum based on how mutations affect protein function.
- Large-scale variant analysis is vital for personalized medicine and cancer prevention.
- Role of Population Studies:
- Population prevalence studies help identify hereditary cancer risks and inform genetic screening for at-risk individuals.
- Early cancer detection allows for better healthcare decisions and potential preventive therapies.
- Goals for Cancer Management:
- The ultimate aim is to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality, leading to healthier lives for individuals and families.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024: MicroRNA Research
- 08 Oct 2024
Overview
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for their groundbreaking discovery of microRNA and its crucial role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. This award highlights their individual contributions to understanding how microRNAs influence gene expression, significantly advancing the field of molecular biology.
What are MicroRNAs?
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules typically 19-24 nucleotides long. They regulate protein production by interacting with messenger RNA (mRNA), ultimately influencing how much protein is synthesized from genetic information.
The Process of Gene Regulation
Gene expression involves two primary steps:
- Transcription: DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus.
- Translation: mRNA is translated into proteins by ribosomes with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA).
MicroRNAs play a critical role in regulating this process, particularly after transcription, by silencing mRNA and thereby controlling protein production.
Pioneering Research
Background
In the late 1980s, Ambros and Ruvkun utilized the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, a small roundworm, to explore developmental processes. They focused on mutant strains, lin-4 and lin-14, which displayed abnormal development.
Key Discoveries
- Victor Ambros: Ambros cloned the lin-4 gene and discovered that it produced a short RNA molecule that did not code for proteins. This finding suggested that lin-4 could inhibit lin-14’s activity.
- Gary Ruvkun: Ruvkun investigated the regulation of the lin-14 gene and determined that lin-4 did not prevent the production of lin-14 mRNA. Instead, it inhibited protein production later in the gene expression process. He identified crucial segments in lin-14 mRNA essential for its inhibition by lin-4.
Collaborative Findings
Their subsequent experiments demonstrated that lin-4 microRNA binds to lin-14 mRNA, effectively blocking the production of lin-14 protein. Their findings were published in 1993 and laid the foundation for the understanding of microRNA.
Impact and Recognition
Initially, the significance of their discoveries was not widely recognized, as it was thought that microRNA regulation was specific to C. elegans. However, Ruvkun’s later identification of the let-7 gene, a microRNA found in various animal species, broadened the understanding of microRNAs' universal role in gene regulation.
Current Understanding
Today, it is known that humans possess over a thousand genes that code for different microRNAs. These molecules are crucial in regulating gene expression across multicellular organisms.
Applications and Future Directions
MicroRNAs can fine-tune gene expression, influencing various cellular functions despite similar genetic backgrounds. Abnormal microRNA regulation has been linked to diseases such as cancer and genetic disorders. While the Nobel Committee acknowledged that practical applications of miRNA research are still developing, understanding these molecules is vital for future research and therapeutic advancements.
Doddalathur Megalithic Burial Site
- 07 Oct 2024
In News:
A team of history and archaeology scholars and students from the University of Mysore have embarked on an excavation of megalithic burial sites in Chamarajanagar district.
- Location: Doddalathur village, Hanur taluk, Chamarajanagar district, situated in a valley by the Male Mahadeshwara Hill ranges.
- Team: A group of history and archaeology scholars and students from the University of Mysore, in collaboration with the Mythic Society, Bengaluru.
- Excavation Focus: Exploration of megalithic burial sites corresponding to the Iron Age (approximately 1200 BC to 300 CE).
- Site Features:
- Burials consist of circles made of large boulders, referred to as "megalithic."
- A small hillock is located to the west of the village.
- Historical Significance:
- The site was discovered by C. Krishnamurti of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1961.
- Originally contained over 1,000 burials, many of which have been lost due to agricultural expansion and development.
- Despite disturbances, many burials remain intact and are considered suitable for excavation.
- Goals of the Project:
- To enhance understanding of megalithic-Iron Age culture in southern Karnataka's hilly regions.
- To provide practical field training for archaeology students.
Maritime Exercise Malabar 2024
- 07 Oct 2024
In News:
Maritime Exercise Malabar 2024, Commencing at Visakhapatnam on 08 Oct Hosted by India, USA, Australia and Japan in Participation.
Background
- Origins: Initiated in 1992 as a bilateral naval drill between the United States and Indian Navy.
- Evolution: Has grown into a key multilateral exercise aimed at enhancing interoperability and addressing maritime challenges in the Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific region.
Participating Naval Assets
- India: Various platforms, including:
- Guided missile destroyers
- Multi-purpose frigates
- Submarines
- Fixed-wing maritime reconnaissance aircraft
- Fighter aircraft and helicopters
- Australia:
- HMAS Stuart (Anzac Class Frigate)
- MH-60R helicopter
- P-8 Maritime Patrol Aircraft
- United States:
- USS Dewey (Arleigh Burke-Class Destroyer)
- Integral helicopter
- P-8 Maritime Patrol Aircraft
- Japan:
- JS Ariake (Murasame-class Destroyer)
Focus Areas of the Exercise
- Operational Enhancements:
- Discussions on special operations
- Surface, air, and anti-submarine warfare
- Subject Matter Expert Exchange (SMEE)
- Maritime Operations:
- Anti-submarine warfare
- Surface warfare
- Air defense exercises
- Emphasis: Improving situational awareness in the maritime domain.
Special Events
- Distinguished Visitors’ Day: Scheduled for October 9, 2024.
- Hosted by Vice Admiral Rajesh Pendharkar, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Naval Command.
- Joint Press Conference: Co-chaired by heads of delegations from all participating nations during the Harbour Phase.
Significance
- Comprehensive Exercise: Malabar 2024 is expected to be the most detailed edition to date, featuring complex operational scenarios and enhanced cooperation among the naval forces of the participating countries.GS Paper
DefConnect 4.0
- 07 Oct 2024
In News:
- DefConnect 4.0 was inaugurated by Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on October 7, 2024, at Manekshaw Centre, Delhi Cantonment.
- Organizer: Hosted by Innovations for Defence Excellence - Defence Innovation Organisation (iDEX-DIO) under the Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence.
Purpose and Focus
- Advancing Indigenous Innovation: Aims to enhance India’s defense ecosystem by promoting self-reliant defense technologies.
- Participants: Involves Armed Forces, Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), start-ups, MSMEs, academia, incubators, investors, and policymakers.
Technology Showcase
- Exhibitions: iDEX innovators showcased cutting-edge technologies, products, and capabilities.
- Collaboration and Dialogue: Encourages partnerships and discussions to drive defense innovation and long-term collaborations.
Special Sessions
- Budget Insights: Focused on key takeaways from recent budget announcements impacting the defense innovation ecosystem.
- Semiconductor Domain: Highlighted initiatives and opportunities within the semiconductor sector.
Path Forward: Vision for 2047
- Viksit Bharat Goal: Aligns with India’s vision of becoming a global leader in defense innovation by 2047.
- Government Initiatives: Supports local talent and indigenous solutions through programs like iDEX.
iDEX Impact
- Defence India Start-up Challenges: 11 editions launched, garnering over 9,000 applications.
- Collaborations: Engages with over 450 start-ups/MSMEs on significant defense projects.
- Contribution to Self-Reliance: Supports the goal of achieving self-reliance in the defense and aerospace sectors.
India’s Tripartite Agreement
- 07 Oct 2024
In News:
Nepal, India, and Bangladesh have signed a tripartite agreement to facilitate cross-border electricity trade, enabling Nepal to export surplus electricity to Bangladesh via India.
Key Details of the Agreement
- Export Period: The agreement allows for electricity exports from June 15 to November 15 each year.
- Initial Export Volume: In the first phase, Nepal will export 40 MW of hydroelectricity to Bangladesh through Indian territory.
- Electricity Rate: The fixed rate per unit of electricity is set at 6.4 cents.
- Projected Revenue: Nepal is expected to earn approximately $9.2 million annually from this trade.
This agreement aims to enhance regional cooperation in energy trade and support sustainable development in the participating countries.
Increasing Frequency of Typhoons in Southeast Asia
- 07 Oct 2024
In News:
Overview of Typhoons
- Definition: A typhoon is a type of cyclone with wind speeds of 119 km/h or more, forming over warm ocean waters near the equator.
- Mechanism: As warm, moist air rises from the ocean, it creates a low-pressure system, leading to the characteristic circular wind patterns: anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
Recent Typhoon Events
- Typhoon Yagi: The most powerful tropical cyclone in Asia in 2024, with peak winds of 260 km/h. It caused significant destruction across Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand, displacing around 631,000 people and resulting in over 500 fatalities.
- Typhoon Bebinca: Reached wind speeds of 151 km/h, classified as a Category 1 storm, impacting eastern China with heavy rainfall and forcing evacuations for over 414,000 residents.
- Typhoon Shanshan: Affected Japan, bringing severe weather conditions.
Why are Typhoons more frequent?
- Rising Sea Surface Temperatures:
- Global warming has raised ocean temperatures, providing more energy for typhoon formation and intensification.
- Atmospheric Circulation Changes:
- Alterations in patterns, such as the weakening of the Walker Circulation, affect the frequency and paths of typhoons.
- El Niño and La Niña Effects:
- The El Niño-Southern Oscillation significantly influences typhoon activity. El Niño years often lead to increased typhoon occurrences in Southeast Asia, while La Niña can enhance cyclone activity in the Western Pacific.
- Increased Atmospheric Moisture:
- Higher global temperatures result in more evaporation, adding moisture to the atmosphere, which fuels stronger storms and increases rainfall intensity.
- Geographical Vulnerability:
- Southeast Asia’s location near warm ocean currents makes it a hotspot for typhoon activity, particularly along its extensive coastlines.
- Marine Heat Waves:
- Climate change has led to more frequent marine heat waves, causing extreme ocean warming, which contributes to intensified storms.
- Weaker Land-Sea Temperature Gradients:
- Changes in temperature differences between land and sea can prolong storm duration and severity.
- Urbanization and Environmental Degradation:
- Rapid urban development and the destruction of coastal ecosystems, like mangroves, diminish natural barriers against storm impacts.
Humanitarian Impact and Response
- The increasing intensity and frequency of typhoons have precipitated severe humanitarian crises in affected regions. The need for international cooperation in disaster response has become critical, involving collaboration among governments, civil societies, and humanitarian organizations to provide aid and support for those affected.
- Understanding the multifaceted reasons behind the rising frequency of typhoons is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate their impacts and enhance community resilience in Southeast Asia.
Mpox Diagnostic Test
- 06 Oct 2024
In News:
In an important move to improve global access to Mpox testing, the World Health Organization (WHO) has listed the first Mpox in vitro diagnostic under its Emergency Use Listing procedure.
- Context of Mpox Outbreak:
- Since January 2022, mpox has spread to 121 countries.
- By September 2024, there were 103,048 confirmed cases and 229 deaths.
- Diagnostic Test Approval:
- WHO approved Abbott Laboratories’ PCR diagnostic test, Alinity MPXV assay, for emergency use.
- This test detects mpox virus DNA from skin swabs, intended for trained lab personnel.
- Emergency Use Listing (EUL) Procedure:
- Allows WHO to expedite approval of unlicensed vaccines, treatments, and diagnostic tests during public health emergencies.
- In August, WHO called for manufacturers to submit diagnostic tools to aid low-income countries.
- Current Testing Landscape:
- Limited testing capacity has hindered response, especially in Africa, where over 30,000 suspected cases were reported in 2024.
- 35 laboratories in India are now equipped to test suspected mpox cases.
- Importance of Early Diagnosis:
- Early detection facilitates timely treatment and control of the virus, essential in outbreak areas.
- Characteristics of the Alinity MPXV Assay:
- Utilizes real-time PCR to detect mpox virus (clade I/II) DNA from lesion materials.
- Designed for skilled laboratory personnel familiar with PCR techniques.
- Ongoing Efforts:
- WHO is reviewing three additional mpox diagnostic tests and negotiating with more companies to enhance availability.
- Efforts include addressing the spread of a new variant, clade Ib, which is affecting more women and children.
- Public Health Implications:
- Expanding access to diagnostics is vital for managing the mpox outbreak and protecting populations, particularly in underserved regions.
- WHO emphasizes the importance of quality-assured medical products in containing the virus spread.
Discovery of New Hammerhead Shark Species
- 06 Oct 2024
In News:
A team of marine biologists led by a Florida International University researcher has described a new species of the shark genus Sphyrna from the Caribbean and the Southwest Atlantic.
- New Species: Named Sphyrna alleni (common name: shovelbill shark).
- Habitat: Found in coastal waters, estuaries, coral reefs, and seagrass beds from Belize to Brazil, with confirmed presence in:
- Caribbean: Belize, Panama, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago.
- Southwestern Atlantic: Brazil.
- Characteristics:
- Small species, less than 1.5 m in length.
- Distinctive flat, shovel-shaped head lacking indentations on the anterior edge.
- Different from Sphyrna tiburo:
- More rounded anterior margin.
- Absence of lobules on the posterior margin.
- Higher precaudal vertebral count (80-83 vs. ~73 in Sphyrna tiburo).
- Evolutionary Insight: Possible sister lineage to Sphyrna vespertina, suggesting Sphyrna tiburo diverged later.
- Conservation Status:
- Hammerhead sharks are highly threatened, primarily due to overfishing.
- Most species, except Sphyrna gilberti, are listed as Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered by the IUCN.
- Current IUCN assessment of Sphyrna tiburo as Globally Endangered may need reevaluation considering the new findings.
- Management Recommendations:
- Increased management efforts needed for Sphyrna alleni, particularly restrictions on gillnets and trawls, which significantly impact this species.
- Publication: Findings reported in the journal Zootaxa.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
- 06 Oct 2024
In News:
- External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar will attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Heads of Government meeting in Islamabad on October 15-16, 2023.
- This marks the first visit by an Indian External Affairs Minister to Pakistan since Sushma Swaraj in 2015.
Context of the Visit:
- The visit is primarily for the SCO meeting, reflecting India's focus on regional cooperation mechanisms.
- No bilateral meetings have been scheduled as of now, although Jaishankar's presence is based on "reciprocity" following Pakistan's participation in an earlier SCO meeting in India.
SCO Overview:
- Established on June 15, 2001, in Shanghai; evolved from the "Shanghai Five" formed in 1996.
- Original members included China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and later Uzbekistan.
- Current members: India, Pakistan, Iran, and others, with Afghanistan and Mongolia holding Observer Status.
Significance of the SCO:
- Focuses on security cooperation, primarily among Asian nations.
- Seen as an alternative to Western international frameworks, especially with heavyweights like Russia and China positioning against US influence.
- India's inclusion alongside Pakistan in 2017 reflects the geopolitical jostling between Russia and China.
Geopolitical Dynamics:
- While SCO promotes cooperation, underlying tensions remain, particularly between India and Pakistan, and India and China.
- The organization has limited tangible outcomes due to member states' rivalries and differing interests.
India's Objectives in SCO:
- Provides a platform for enhancing relations with Central Asian countries, addressing common security concerns.
- Involves participation in the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) to combat terrorism and drug trafficking.
India-Pakistan Relations:
- Jaishankar's visit is seen in light of ongoing tensions; India shares difficult relations with both China and Pakistan.
- India canceled a summit under its presidency last year, opting for a virtual format instead.
Implications for Regional Politics:
- The visit comes shortly after the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections, with potential implications for India-Pakistan ties.
- Despite attending the SCO meeting, there is little expectation of progress in the India-Pakistan peace process.
- Recent statements from the Indian government criticize Pakistan for hosting wanted individuals, reflecting ongoing diplomatic tensions.
Strategic Importance:
- Participation in SCO allows India to engage with key regional players, including Russia, China, and Central Asian leaders.
- The meeting serves as preparation for India's participation in upcoming BRICS discussions, emphasizing the interconnectedness of these groupings.
Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan (SPRP)
- 06 Oct 2024
In News:
The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan (SPRP) to tackle dengue and other Aedes-borne arboviruses.
Key Highlights:
- Purpose:
- Tackle dengue and other Aedes-borne arboviruses (e.g., Zika, chikungunya).
- Reduce disease burden, suffering, and deaths globally.
- Background:
- Rapid geographical spread of dengue due to:
- Unplanned urbanization.
- Poor water, sanitation, and hygiene practices.
- Climate change.
- Increased international travel.
- An estimated 4 billion people at risk, projected to increase to 5 billion by 2050.
- Significant increase in dengue cases; 12.3 million reported by August 2023, nearly double the total from 2022.
- Rapid geographical spread of dengue due to:
- Global Impact:
- Dengue endemic in over 130 countries, particularly affecting:
- South-East Asia.
- Western Pacific.
- Americas.
- Africa facing compounded health crises due to conflicts and disasters.
- Dengue endemic in over 130 countries, particularly affecting:
- Emergency Grade: WHO has graded the global dengue situation as grade 3, the highest emergency level.
- Key Components of SPRP:
- Emergency Coordination: Leadership and coordination activities for outbreak response.
- Collaborative Surveillance: Tools for early detection and control, including strengthened surveillance and epidemiological analysis.
- Community Protection: Engaging communities in local prevention and response measures.
- Safe and Scalable Care: Ensuring resilient health services for adequate patient care.
- Access to Countermeasures: Promoting research for better treatments and vaccines.
- Implementation Timeline: Over one year until September 2025, requiring US$ 55 million for health preparedness and response efforts.
- Alignment with Other Initiatives:
- Supports the Global Vector Control Response 2017-2030.
- Linked to the Global Arbovirus Initiative (2022) targeting mosquito-borne diseases.
- Call to Action:
- Encourages collaboration among government agencies, healthcare providers, and communities.
- Emphasizes the need for innovation and improved vector control strategies.
This plan aims to mobilize a coordinated response to the escalating threat of dengue and related diseases, emphasizing the role of all stakeholders in public health.
Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORAD)
- 06 Oct 2024
In News:
DRDO completed development trials of the 4th Generation miniaturised Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORAD).
Key Details:
- Trial Location: Conducted at Pokhran Field Firing Ranges, Rajasthan.
- Importance: VSHORAD addresses the Indian Army's need to replace legacy Igla systems, with past efforts making little progress.
- Recent Procurement: Army acquired small volumes of Igla-S through emergency procurement.
- Production Collaboration: Two production agencies involved in Development cum Production Partner (DcPP) mode for VSHORAD missiles.
- Trial Dates: Successful tests held on October 3 and 4, 2024.
Key Performance Metrics:
- Maximum Range and Altitude: Interception against high-speed aerial targets.
- Hit-to-Kill Capability: Demonstrated success in engaging targets in various scenarios (approaching, receding, crossing).
System Overview:
- Type: Fourth generation man-portable air defence system (MANPADS).
- Developer: Research Centre Imarat (RCI) in collaboration with other DRDO labs and industry partners.
Capabilities:
- Designed to neutralise low altitude aerial threats at short ranges.
- Features include Dual-band IIR Seeker, miniaturised Reaction Control System, and integrated avionics.
- More portable and lightweight than existing missile systems in the Army's arsenal.
Pradhan Mantri-Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) Scheme
- 05 Oct 2024
In News:
The Prime Minister of India is set to announce the 18th installment of the PM-KISAN scheme in Washim, Maharashtra. This will benefit over 9.4 crore farmers nationwide, with the government allocating more than ?20,000 crore for this initiative.
About PM-KISAN
The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) is a Central Sector Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) initiative aimed at providing income support to farmers.
Key Features:
- Financial Assistance: The scheme offers ?6,000 annually to small and marginal farmer families, distributed in three equal installments.
- Eligibility: Initially targeted at families with up to 2 hectares of cultivable land, the scope was later broadened to include all farmer families, regardless of land size.
- Family Definition: The definition of a family under this scheme includes the husband, wife, and minor children.
- Identification of Beneficiaries: State governments and Union Territory administrations are responsible for identifying eligible farmer families based on the scheme's guidelines.
- Direct Transfers: The funds are directly credited to the beneficiaries' bank accounts.
Exclusion Criteria
Certain categories of individuals are not eligible for benefits under the PM-KISAN scheme, including:
- Institutional Land-holders: Those who hold land under institutional ownership.
- High-Profile Government Officials: This includes former and current holders of constitutional posts, ministers, members of legislative assemblies, mayors, and district panchayat chairpersons.
- Government Employees: Serving or retired officers and employees of central or state government ministries and departments are excluded.
- Pensioners: Retired pensioners receiving a monthly pension of ?10,000 or more, as well as those in the previously mentioned categories, are also ineligible.
- Income Tax Filers: Individuals who have paid income tax in the last assessment year.
- Registered Professionals: Professionals such as doctors, engineers, lawyers, chartered accountants, and architects who are engaged in practice and registered with professional bodies.
India's BRAP 2024 Alignment with World Bank's B-READY Index
- 05 Oct 2024
In News:
- The Indian government plans to align indicators of the BRAP 2024 index with the World Bank’s B-READY index to enhance business readiness rankings.
- State Involvement: States have been instructed to address gaps identified in the B-READY evaluations to improve their global rankings.
- Indicators Included: The upcoming 2024 BRAP rankings, prepared by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, will incorporate specific indicators from the B-READY index.
- Enterprise Survey Launch: An enterprise survey for the B-READY index in India is set to start in October, with support from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
- Participation Timeline: Although B-READY rankings will commence in 2024, India’s participation will begin in 2026. The initial rankings will cover 54 countries, expanding to 120 in 2025 and 180 in 2026.
- Successor to Previous Rankings: The B-READY index replaces the Ease of Doing Business rankings, which were discontinued in 2021 due to irregularities. It considers a broader range of factors in its assessments.
- Benchmark for Global Institutions: The B-READY framework will serve as a benchmark for global financial institutions and multinational companies to evaluate a country’s regulatory and policy environment.
- Historical Improvement: India improved its Ease of Doing Business ranking from 142 in 2014 to 63 in 2020.
- Technical Understanding: A team of government officials is tasked with understanding the technical aspects of the B-READY index to formulate strategies for improving India’s score.
- Lifecycle Parameters: The new index tracks ten parameters throughout a firm's lifecycle, including business entry, utility services, and labor, focusing on real-world applications rather than just legal changes.
- Recent BRAP Rankings: The BRAP 2022 rankings were recently announced, with Andhra Pradesh and Kerala achieving the top positions.
Co-district Initiative
- 05 Oct 2024
In News:
Assam has launched an innovative administrative initiative by inaugurating 21 'co-districts' as part of its Phase 1 rollout, which began on Friday and will extend into Saturday, ultimately introducing a total of 39 co-districts. This new structure replaces the previous system of 24 civil sub-divisions, aiming to bring governance closer to the citizens.
About the Co-District Initiative
- Structure: Co-districts serve as smaller administrative units within the larger district framework, each headed by an Assistant District Commissioner.
- Objective: This unique initiative, the first of its kind in India, seeks to enhance accessibility to governance and address administrative challenges faced by district administrations.
- Scope: The government plans to establish co-district offices in all 126 assembly constituencies in Assam.
Functions and Powers
The co-districts will handle a variety of important functions, including:
- Land Revenue Matters: Managing land-related issues and revenue collection.
- Development and Welfare Work: Overseeing development projects and welfare programs.
- Excise and Disaster Management: Addressing excise-related matters and coordinating disaster response efforts.
- Administrative Control: Co-districts will have authority over all departmental activities within their jurisdiction.
- Magisterial Powers: Commissioners will be empowered to issue permissions for events and manage other administrative tasks.
- Routine Administrative Tasks: Responsibilities include issuing ration cards, caste certificates, and land sale permissions.
India-U.S. MoU on Critical Minerals Supply Chains
- 05 Oct 2024
In News:
- The sixth Commercial Dialogue took place in Washington on October 4, 2024, led by Indian Union Minister of Commerce Piyush Goyal and U.S. Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo.
- MoU Signing: A day prior, the leaders signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) aimed at expanding and diversifying critical minerals supply chains to enhance resilience.
- Focus Areas:
- Identification of equipment, services, policies, and best practices for the development of U.S. and Indian critical minerals, covering:
- Exploration
- Extraction
- Processing and refining
- Recycling and recovery
- Identification of equipment, services, policies, and best practices for the development of U.S. and Indian critical minerals, covering:
- Context: This agreement follows China's export restrictions on gallium and germanium, critical for the semiconductor industry, and its ban on technology related to rare earth magnets and critical materials extraction.
- Strategic Goals:
- Promote open supply chains, technology development, and investment flows for green energy.
- Explore collaboration with other mineral-rich countries, particularly in Africa and South America.
- Progress on Semiconductor Supply Chains:
- Continued efforts to establish resilient semiconductor supply chains since the previous MoU.
- Completion of a "readiness assessment" by the U.S. Semiconductor Industry Association and India Electronics Semiconductor Association.
- Commitment to foster investments, joint ventures, and technology partnerships.
- Innovation Handshake: Success of roundtables in San Francisco and New Delhi aimed at enhancing innovation ecosystems and startup collaboration.
- Strategic Clean Energy Partnership: Discussions from the EIN Roundtable in March 2024 informed the U.S.-India Strategic Clean Energy Partnership meeting.
- IPEF Supply Chain Agreement: Significant progress noted in the IPEF ministerial meeting, focusing on semiconductors, chemicals, and critical minerals, particularly batteries and healthcare products.
- Future Collaborations:
- Focus on expanding U.S. Department of Commerce presence in India with approximately 70 Foreign Commercial Service staff.
- Plans for a U.S. trade mission to India in March 2025 aimed at supporting U.S. SMEs owned by underserved communities.
- Domestic Solar Manufacturing Protection: India reinstated the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) order to protect local solar PV module production against cheaper imports from China.
- Economic Context:
- The Economic Survey 2023-24 highlights China's expanding manufacturing trade surplus and its restrictive actions affecting India's access to solar equipment.
- India’s Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes have invested over $4.5 billion to bolster clean energy manufacturing but require additional policies to safeguard these investments.
Status of Elephant in India 2022-23
- 05 Oct 2024
In News:
- Shelved Census Report: The Environment Ministry has delayed the release of the elephant census report, “Status of Elephant in India 2022-23,” due to a lag in the Northeast census, with publication on hold until at least June 2025.
- Population Decline: Preliminary data from the report indicates significant drops in elephant populations across several regions:
- Southern West Bengal: 84% decline
- Jharkhand: 64% decline
- Odisha: 54% decline
- Kerala: 51% decline
- Developmental Threats: The report cites “mushrooming developmental projects,” including unregulated mining and infrastructure development, as major threats to elephant populations.
- Methodological Concerns: The Environment Ministry noted that refined counting methods could explain some discrepancies, suggesting new data may not be directly comparable to previous censuses conducted every five years since the 1990s.
- Old Counting Methods:
- Pre-2002: Elephants were counted using the “total direct count” method, which involved simple head counts but lacked scientific rigor for larger populations.
- 2002: Introduction of the “indirect dung count” method, where dung samples were used to estimate density based on decay rates.
- Sample Block Counts: Modified methods involved surveying limited areas (5 sq km) to improve detection accuracy.
- Elephants vs. Tigers: In 2021, a harmonized approach for estimating elephant and tiger populations was proposed, utilizing a similar block and co-variate methodology for both species.
- Genetic Mark-Recapture: The 2022-23 elephant census employed a genetic mark-recapture model using dung samples to identify individual elephants.
- Impact of Delay: Experts argue that withholding the available data hinders conservation efforts and governance. Delays could exacerbate the plight of elephant populations, particularly in regions facing specific threats, such as mining in Odisha.
Key Findings of the Unreleased Report:
- Overall Decline: The overall elephant population has decreased by 20% since 2017, with some areas reporting reductions of up to 41%.
- Regional Impact:
- Southern West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha have seen losses of nearly 1,700 elephants.
- The Western Ghats region indicates an 18% decline.
- Northeast Region: The census for this area relies on extrapolated data from 2017, with approximately one-third of India's elephants located there.
- Contributing Factors: Habitat fragmentation, poaching, and human-elephant conflicts due to developmental activities are major threats.
- Conservation Recommendations: Strategies to strengthen elephant corridors, restore habitats, and enhance community involvement in conservation are vital.
- Challenges in the Northeast: Urban development, mining, and agriculture significantly threaten elephant movement and survival, underscoring the need for targeted conservation strategies.
- Conservation Status of Elephants in India:
- Leading States: Karnataka, Assam, and Kerala have the highest elephant populations.
- Conservation Status: Elephants are classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and are protected under multiple international conventions.
- Threats to Elephants:
- Habitat Loss: Rapid human population growth is diminishing elephant habitats.
- Fragmentation: Habitat disruption from construction and development projects is prevalent.
- Unlawful Killing: Human-elephant conflict often leads to retaliatory killings.
- Poaching: Targeting of male elephants for tusks continues to threaten genetic diversity.
- Conservation Measures:
- Financial support under various government schemes for habitat conservation and human-elephant conflict resolution.
- Establishment of 33 Elephant Reserves across 14 states.
- Collaborative efforts with railways and power departments to mitigate risks.
- Regular elephant census every five years by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) for monitoring populations.
USCIRF Report on India: Key Highlights
- 04 Oct 2024
In News:
The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), a Washington DC-based bipartisan U.S. federal government agency, has released a country update on India, flagging “collapsing religious freedom conditions”.
- Agency Overview:
- The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) is an independent, bipartisan U.S. federal commission established under the 1998 International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA).
- Its primary functions include reviewing global religious freedom violations, providing policy recommendations to U.S. leaders, and publishing annual reports.
- Current Concerns:
- USCIRF's latest report indicates a “collapse” in religious freedom conditions in India, particularly worsening throughout 2024, especially around national elections.
- Legal and Policy Changes:
- Strengthening of discriminatory legislation, including:
- State-level anti-conversion and anti-terrorism laws.
- Implementation rules for the 2019 Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA).
- Passage of a State-level Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Bill in Uttarakhand.
- Strengthening of discriminatory legislation, including:
- Violations and Incidents:
- Expropriation of Places of Worship:
- Authorities have facilitated the construction of Hindu temples on former mosque sites.
- Increased attacks on religious minorities, particularly following the consecration of the Ayodhya temple in January 2024.
- Targeting of Religious Minorities:
- Arrests of Christians accused of forced conversions under anti-conversion laws.
- Anti-cow slaughter laws exploited by vigilante groups to target Muslims, Christians, and Dalits, often with little to no legal repercussions for perpetrators.
- Expropriation of Places of Worship:
- Recommendations:
- USCIRF urges the U.S. State Department to designate India as a “Country of Particular Concern” due to severe violations of religious freedom.
About USCIRF
- Composition: Comprised of nine commissioners appointed by the U.S. President or Congressional leaders, supported by non-partisan staff.
- Objective: To monitor and recommend actions on religious freedom violations aligned with international human rights standards.
Indian push needed to end AIDS as a global health threat by 2030: UNAIDS
- 04 Oct 2024
In News:
The UNAIDS Director recently highlighted the crucial role India plays in the global fight against HIV/AIDS, asserting that without its significant contributions, achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030 is unlikely.
Understanding HIV/AIDS
- HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells, which diminishes the body's ability to combat infections and diseases.
- When HIV progresses to its most severe form, it is diagnosed as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), characterized by a severely compromised immune system, leading to life-threatening infections and cancers.
- The virus is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, including blood, semen, and breast milk. While there is currently no cure, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively manage HIV and prevent its progression to AIDS.
India’s Progress in Combating HIV/AIDS
- From 2010 to 2023, India has made significant strides in reducing annual new HIV infections by 44%, surpassing the global average.
- Additionally, AIDS-related deaths in India have decreased by nearly 80% during the same period, also exceeding global trends. However, challenges persist, with approximately 68,000 new infections reported in 2023, translating to around 185 daily.
- The Global AIDS Strategy emphasizes the need for 80% of prevention services to be delivered by community-led organizations, which are essential for reaching key populations but require sufficient resources and support.
About UNAIDS
UNAIDS, established in 1996, coordinates global efforts to combat HIV/AIDS and supports those affected. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it unites the efforts of 11 UN organizations and works in collaboration with various global and national partners to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030.
Key aspects of UNAIDS include:
- Global Mandate: To coordinate responses, support countries in prevention and treatment, and advocate for human rights and equality in access to services.
- Targets: The "90-90-90" targets aimed for 2020 sought to ensure that 90% of people living with HIV were diagnosed, 90% of those diagnosed were on treatment, and 90% of those on treatment achieved viral suppression.
- Current Strategy: The 2021-2026 Global AIDS Strategy focuses on eliminating inequalities that drive HIV and aims to ensure that 30 million people are on treatment by 2025.
- Funding and Advocacy: Funded by governments, private foundations, and corporations, UNAIDS organizes key campaigns, including World AIDS Day, to raise awareness and promote advocacy.
PM Internship Scheme
- 04 Oct 2024
In News:
The Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme, announced by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman during her Budget speech on July 23, was launched on October 3. The PM Internship Scheme aims to provide internship opportunities to one crore youth in the top 500 companies over the next five years.
Companies will upload their internship positions, and candidates can submit applications starting October 12.
What is the Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme?
The PM Internship Scheme will enhance youth employability in India by offering them hands-on exposure to real-world business environments. The scheme represents a transformative opportunity to bridge the skills gap and drive sustainable growth in India.
A monthly stipend of ?4,500 will be provided to the interns from the central government via DBT (Direct Benefit transfer), with an additional ?500 offset provided by the company’s CSR fund.
Who is eligible for the PM internship scheme?
- Candidates aged between 21 and 24 years who are not engaged in full-time employment are eligible for the one-year internship programme.
- Internships are available to those who have passed class 10 or higher.
- Individuals from families with government jobs are excluded
- The scheme is not open to post-graduates
- A candidate who graduated from premier institutes such as IIT, IIM, or IISER, and those who have CA, or CMA qualification would not be eligible to apply for this internship.
- Anyone from a household that includes a person who earned an income of ?8 lakh or more in 2023-24, will not be eligible.
How to apply for the PM internship scheme?
- Interns can register in the portal and apply for internships. The portal, pminternship.mca.gov.in, is likely to be opened up for youngsters to enroll for consideration by companies on October 12. This window will be open till October 25 for the first batch of internships. Candidates must share and self-certify some data about their educational qualifications and residential pin codes.
- Candidates’ data will be matched with companies’ needs and locations using Artificial Intelligence tools, and a shortlist of candidates will then be generated for companies to consider.
- The portal is designed to streamline the application process and make candidate selection more transparent. Applicants can check the status of their applications in the portal once they have applied to the available posts.
What is the benefit of the scheme?
The scheme is to provide on-job training to youth and an exposure to real-life work environment. The scheme will also benefit the industry by creating a pipeline of skilled, work-ready youth who can be employed post-internship both in large as well as micro, small and medium enterprise.
National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds)
- 04 Oct 2024
In News:
Cabinet Approves National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds) (2024-25 to 2030-31).
Objective:
- Achieve self-reliance in edible oil production in seven years.
Financial Outlay:
- ?10,103 crore for the mission period.
Key Goals:
- Increase primary oilseed production from 39 million tonnes (2022-23) to 69.7 million tonnes by 2030-31.
- Boost domestic edible oil production to 25.45 million tonnes, meeting 72% of projected requirements.
Focus Areas:
- Enhance production of key oilseed crops: Rapeseed-Mustard, Groundnut, Soybean, Sunflower, Sesamum.
- Improve extraction efficiency from secondary sources (e.g., Cottonseed, Rice Bran).
Strategies:
- Promote high-yielding, high oil content seed varieties.
- Extend cultivation to rice fallow areas and encourage intercropping.
- Use advanced technologies like genome editing for seed development.
SATHI Portal:
- Launch of an online 5-year rolling seed plan for timely seed availability.
- Coordination with cooperatives, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), and seed corporations.
Infrastructure Development:
- Establish 65 new seed hubs and 50 seed storage units.
- Develop over 600 Value Chain Clusters across 347 districts, covering over 1 million hectares annually.
Support for Farmers:
- Access to high-quality seeds, training on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), and pest management advisory.
Environmental Benefits:
- Promote low water usage, improve soil health, and utilize crop fallow areas.
Background Context:
- India relies on imports for 57% of its edible oil demand.
- Previous initiatives include the National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm (NMEO-OP) and significant increases in Minimum Support Price (MSP) for oilseeds.
- Imposition of 20% import duty on edible oils to protect local producers.
The NMEO-Oilseeds mission aims to enhance domestic oilseed production, reduce import dependency, and improve farmers' incomes while contributing to environmental sustainability.
Status of Classical Language: An Explainer
- 04 Oct 2024
In News:
The Union Cabinet has approved to confer the status of Classical Language to Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese and Bengali languages.
Why is a language declared as Classical?
Designating a language as classical acknowledges its historical significance and its role in preserving Bharat’s rich cultural heritage. These languages have been crucial in transmitting ancient knowledge, philosophies, and values for millennia. Government recognition emphasizes their deep antiquity and literary traditions, enhancing their status and promoting efforts for their preservation and research, ensuring their relevance in the modern world.
What are the criteria for declaring a language as classical?
In 2004, the Government of India, for the first time, created a new category of languages known as Classical Languages. It set the following as criteria for the status of Classical Language:
- High antiquity of its early texts/ recorded history over a thousand years.
- A body of ancient literature/ texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generation of speakers.
- The literary tradition must be original and not borrowed from another speech community.
This criterion was revised in 2005 and 2024 based on the recommendations of Linguistic Experts Committees (LEC) under Sahitya Akademi to examine the proposed languages for the status of Classical Language. Later the criteria were revised in 2024 as follows:
- High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500- 2000 years.
- A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a heritage by generations of speakers.
- Knowledge texts, especially prose texts in addition to poetry, epigraphical and inscriptional evidence.
- The Classical Languages and literature could be distinct from its current form or could be discontinuous with later forms of its offshoots.
The 2024 Linguistic Expert Committee also recommended the following languages to be fulfilling revised criteria to be considered as a Classical Language: Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, Bengali
How many languages have been declared classical so far?
Languages Date of Recognition Notification by Source/Notification Date
Tamil October 12, 2004 Ministry of Home Affairs October 12, 2004
Ministry of Sanskrit November 25, 2005 Ministry of Home Affairs November 25, 2005
Telugu October 31, 2008 Ministry of Culture October 31, 2008
Kannada October 31, 2008 Ministry of Culture October 31, 2008
Malayalam August 8, 2013 Ministry of Culture August 8, 2013
Odia March 1, 2014 Ministry of Culture March 1, 2014
Steps Taken by the Ministry of Education for Advancing Classical Languages:
- Establishment of Central Universities (2020): Three universities created to promote Sanskrit through an Act of Parliament.
- Central Institute of Classical Tamil:
- Facilitates translation of ancient Tamil texts.
- Promotes research and offers courses for students and scholars.
- Centres for Excellence:
- Established for Classical Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and Odia under the Central Institute of Indian Languages in Mysuru.
- Awards: Introduction of national and international awards to recognize achievements in Classical Languages.
- Additional Benefits:
- National Awards for Classical Languages.
- Establishment of university chairs.
- Dedicated centers for promoting Classical Languages.
Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) Results for 2022-23
- 03 Oct 2024
In News:
- The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has released the results of the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for the financial year 2022-23 (April 2022 to March 2023).
- The fieldwork for this survey was conducted from November 2023 to June 2024.
- The ASI provides critical insights into the dynamics of the manufacturing sector, covering aspects such as output, value added, employment, and capital formation.
Key Highlights
- Gross Value Added (GVA): Increased by 7.3% in current prices for 2022-23 compared to the previous year.
- Industrial Output: Grew by over 21% in 2022-23 compared to 2021-22.
- Employment: Estimated employment in the sector rose by 7.4% over the previous year, surpassing pre-pandemic levels.
The growth in key economic parameters such as invested capital, input, output, GVA, and wages indicates a robust recovery in the industrial sector. Notably, industries like Basic Metal Manufacturing, Coke & Refined Petroleum Products, Food Products, Chemicals, and Motor Vehicles were significant contributors, accounting for about 58% of total output and showing a 24.5% increase in output and 2.6% in GVA.
State Contributions
- Top GVA Contributors:
- Maharashtra
- Gujarat
- Tamil Nadu
- Karnataka
- Uttar Pradesh
Together, these states contributed over 54% of the total manufacturing GVA.
- Highest Employment States:
- Tamil Nadu
- Maharashtra
- Gujarat
- Uttar Pradesh
- Karnataka
Collectively, these states accounted for about 55% of total manufacturing employment in 2022-23.
Survey Details
The ASI encompasses various industrial units, including:
- Factories registered under the Factories Act, 1948.
- Bidi and cigar manufacturing establishments.
- Electricity undertakings not registered with the Central Electricity Authority.
- Units with 100 or more employees registered in the Business Register of Establishments.
The survey employs a comprehensive sampling strategy, dividing units into Central and State Samples to ensure accurate representation. Key components of the data collection include:
- Central Sample: Includes all units in less industrially developed states and specific industrial categories.
- State Sample: Comprises selected units based on employee count and other criteria.
Industrial Classification
Since 1959, the ASI has adopted various classifications to categorize industries. The current classification, NIC 2008, is based on the UN's international standards and has been in use since 2008-09.
Data Collection and Reliability
Data collection is conducted via a dedicated web portal, following the Collection of Statistics Act. Various quality checks ensure reliability, with the Relative Standard Errors (RSE) for important estimates remaining within acceptable limits.
Modified PKC-ERCP project
- 03 Oct 2024
In News:
Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan governments signed an agreement for the implementation of the Rs 72,000 crore Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal river linking project.
Modified PKC-ERCP Project Overview
- Signatories: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti signed a MoU for implementation.
- Project Type: Inter-state river linking initiative.
- Integration: Combines the long-standing Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) project with the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) under India's National Perspective Plan for interlinking rivers.
Objectives and Benefits
- Water Supply: Aims to provide drinking and industrial water to 13 districts in eastern Rajasthan and the Malwa and Chambal regions of Madhya Pradesh.
- Irrigation: Expected to irrigate approximately 5.6 lakh hectares across both states.
- Groundwater Management: Focus on improving groundwater levels and enhancing socio-economic conditions in rural Rajasthan.
Project Components
- Detailed Project Report (DPR): Currently under preparation, will outline water sharing, cost distribution, and implementation strategies.
- Historical Context:
- PKC Project: Proposed in 1980 as part of a national plan, initially focused on diverting water from Kalisindh and Newaj rivers to Chambal.
- ERCP: Proposed by Rajasthan in 2019 to optimize water resources by redistributing surplus monsoon water from various sub-basins to deficit areas.
Geographic Focus
- Beneficiary Districts in Rajasthan: Includes Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur, Karauli, and others.
- River Systems Involved:
- Chambal River: Originates in Madhya Pradesh, flows through Rajasthan, and joins the Yamuna.
- Kalisindh and Parbati Rivers: Serve as sources for water diversion.
Implementation Challenges
- Dependable Yield Issues: The original project proposal was based on a 50% dependable yield, contrary to the 75% norm, which was unacceptable to Madhya Pradesh. This led to discussions and revisions.
- Task Force Recommendations: Integrated discussions led to the proposal of the Modified PKC-ERCP, addressing both states' concerns.
Significance of the Project
- National Perspective Plan (NPP): Part of a larger initiative to manage water resources effectively across India, aiming to address water scarcity and improve irrigation.
- Support for Industrial Development: Enhances water availability for the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, fostering economic growth.
PM E-DRIVE Scheme
- 03 Oct 2024
In News:
The Union Cabinet approved the PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme to promote electric mobility in the country.
Objective:
- Accelerate electric vehicle (EV) adoption
- Establish essential charging infrastructure
- Promote cleaner and sustainable transportation
Key Highlights
- Significant Occasion: Launched on the eve of Mahatma Gandhi's 155th Birth Anniversary, aligning with the vision of ‘Swachh Bharat’ and ‘Swachh Vahan’.
- Financial Commitment: Union Cabinet approved a financial outlay of ?10,900 crore for the scheme over two years (approved on September 11, 2024).
Key Features of the PM E-DRIVE Scheme
- Subsidies/Demand Incentives:
- Total of ?3,679 crore allocated for:
- 24.79 lakh electric two-wheelers (e-2Ws)
- 3.16 lakh electric three-wheelers (e-3Ws)
- 14,028 electric buses (e-buses)
- Total of ?3,679 crore allocated for:
- E-Voucher Introduction:
- Aadhaar-authenticated e-vouchers for EV customers
- Simplifies access to incentives, with real-time generation for dealers.
- E-Ambulances:
- ?500 crore allocated for deployment
- Standards to be developed with relevant ministries.
- E-Buses:
- ?4,391 crore for 14,028 e-buses in nine major cities
- Focus on replacing scrapped state transport unit buses.
- E-Trucks:
- ?500 crore for incentivizing electric trucks
- Scrapping certificates required for incentives.
- Public Charging Stations:
- ?2,000 crore to install:
- 22,100 fast chargers for electric four-wheelers (e-4Ws)
- 1,800 for e-buses
- 48,400 for e-2Ws/3Ws
- ?2,000 crore to install:
- Test Agency Modernization:
- ?780 crore for upgrading Ministry of Heavy Industries test agencies to accommodate new EV technologies.
India’s Oil Imports from Saudi Arabia and Russia
- 03 Oct 2024
Context
- India’s crude oil imports are influenced by refinery maintenance cycles, which affect demand.
- August saw a dip in oil demand due to pre-maintenance preparations, but September recorded a recovery.
September Oil Import Trends
- Saudi Arabia:
- Imports rose 39.8% month-on-month to 0.73 million barrels per day (bpd), the highest since March.
- Saudi market share increased to 15.5% in September from 11.7% in August.
- Riyadh is reducing prices to regain lost market share, as earlier imports had plummeted to a multi-year low (0.42 million bpd in June).
- Russia:
- Remains India’s largest oil supplier with imports increasing by 6.4% from August to 1.88 million bpd.
- Russian crude constituted 40.2% of India’s total crude imports of 4.68 million bpd in September.
- Iraq:
- Supplied 0.87 million bpd, accounting for 18.7% of total imports.
- UAE:
- Oil imports increased by 18.6% month-on-month to 0.49 million bpd, the highest since June 2022.
Market Dynamics
- Price Sensitivity: Indian refiners are highly price-sensitive, which could lead to increased competition among suppliers.
- Potential for Increased Russian Imports: With Indian refiners expected to secure larger long-term contracts for Russian oil, further increases in imports from Russia are anticipated.
Strategic Implications
- Saudi Arabia is concerned about losing market share to Russia, especially as India’s refiners are currently favoring discounted Russian crude.
- Increased competition may benefit Indian refiners through better pricing from various suppliers.
Economic Context
- India, as the world's third-largest oil consumer with over 85% import dependency, is significantly affected by global oil price fluctuations.
- Although discounts on Russian crude have decreased, the overall savings from purchasing large volumes remain significant for Indian refiners.
The evolving landscape of India’s oil imports highlights the competitive dynamics among major suppliers, particularly Saudi Arabia and Russia, and underscores India’s strategic importance as a key market in the global oil sector.
Little Prespa Lake's Decline
- 03 Oct 2024
In News:
Little Prespa Lake on Albanian-Greek border slowly dying.
Overview of Little Prespa Lake's Decline
- Location and Geography:
- Little Prespa Lake is situated on the Albanian-Greek border, primarily in Greece with a southern tip extending into Albania.
- It covers approximately 450 hectares in Albania, now largely transformed into swamps or dry land.
- Ecological Changes:
- Once a crystal-clear lake, it has degraded into a marshy area, with about 430 hectares in Albania suffering from significant drying.
- Local wildlife has shifted; cows now roam where fish once thrived.
- Historical Context:
- The lake's decline began in the 1970s when Albanian authorities diverted the Devoll River to irrigate surrounding agricultural lands, severely limiting water inflow.
- Climate Change Impact:
- Rising temperatures, mild winters, and decreased precipitation have intensified the lake’s ecological crisis.
- Local experts warn that continued dry winters and hot summers could lead to irreversible damage.
Cruise Bharat Mission
- 01 Oct 2024
In News:
The central government launched the five-year Cruise Bharat Mission, aiming to boost cruise tourism in India to 1 million passengers and create 400,000 jobs by 2029.
Mission Goals
- Passenger Traffic: Increase from 0.5 million to 1 million sea cruise passengers by 2029.
- River Cruise Passengers: Grow from 0.5 million to 1.5 million.
- Job Creation: Generate 400,000 jobs in the cruise sector.
- Infrastructure Expansion:
- International cruise terminals: From 2 to 10.
- River cruise terminals: From 50 to 100.
- Marinas: From 1 to 5.
Implementation Phases
- Phase 1 (2024-2025):
- Conduct studies and master planning.
- Form alliances with neighboring countries.
- Modernize existing cruise terminals and destinations.
- Phase 2 (2025-2027):
- Develop new cruise terminals and marinas.
- Activate high-potential cruise locations.
- Phase 3 (2027-2029):
- Integrate cruise circuits across the Indian Subcontinent.
- Continue developing infrastructure and enhancing cruise experiences.
Strategic Focus Areas
- Sustainable Infrastructure:
- Develop world-class terminals, marinas, and water aerodromes.
- Emphasize digitalization (e.g., facial recognition) and decarbonization (shore power).
- Create a National Cruise Infrastructure Masterplan 2047.
- Operational Efficiency:
- Streamline operations using digital solutions (e.g., e-clearance and e-visa facilities).
- Cruise Promotion & Circuit Integration:
- Focus on international marketing and investment.
- Host events like the "Cruise India Summit."
- Form alliances with neighboring countries (UAE, Maldives, Singapore).
- Regulatory and Financial Policies:
- Establish tailored fiscal and financial policies.
- Launch a National Cruise Tourism Policy.
- Capacity Building & Employment:
- Create a Centre of Excellence for cruise-related economic research.
- Develop National Occupational Standards to enhance youth employment opportunities.
Expected Outcomes
- Tourism Growth: Position India as a global cruise destination.
- Cultural Promotion: Highlight the cultural, historical, and natural heritage of Bharat through cruise circuits.
- Community Benefits: Ensure inclusive growth for local communities and stakeholders in the cruise sector.
The Cruise Bharat Mission is set to redefine India's cruise tourism landscape, focusing on infrastructure development, operational efficiency, and promoting cultural heritage, while ensuring economic growth and job creation for the future.
BharatGen Initiative
- 01 Oct 2024
In News:
BharatGen is a pioneering generative AI initiative launched in New Delhi, aimed at revolutionizing public service delivery and enhancing citizen engagement, with Dr. Jitendra Singh, Union Minister of State, in virtual attendance.
- Significance
- Represents India's commitment to advancing homegrown technologies.
- Positions India as a global leader in generative AI, similar to achievements with UPI and other innovations.
- Marks the world's first government-funded Multimodal Large Language Model project focusing on Indian languages.
- Leadership and Implementation
- Spearheaded by IIT Bombay under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS).
- Collaboration with the TIH Foundation for IoT and various academic partners, including IITs and IIMs.
- Key figures involved include Prof. Shireesh Kedare (Director, IIT Bombay) and Prof. Ganesh Ramakrishnan (consortium leader).
- Core Objectives
- Deliver generative AI models as a public good, prioritizing socio-cultural and linguistic diversity.
- Address broader needs such as social equity, cultural preservation, and inclusivity.
- Make AI accessible for industrial, commercial, and national priorities.
- Key Features
- Multilingual and Multimodal Models: Capable of handling text and speech in multiple languages.
- Bhartiya Data Sets: Focus on India-centric data collection and training.
- Open-Source Platform: Promotes collaboration and innovation in AI research.
- Ecosystem Development: Fosters a robust AI research community.
- Project Timeline and Impact
- Expected completion in two years, with benefits for government, private, educational, and research institutions.
- Ensures coverage of India’s diverse linguistic landscape through multilingual datasets.
- Emphasis on data sovereignty to strengthen control over digital resources.
- Alignment with National Goals
- Supports the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision by reducing reliance on foreign technologies.
- Aims to strengthen the domestic AI ecosystem for startups, industries, and government agencies.
- Focuses on democratizing access to AI for innovators and researchers.
- Research and Community Engagement
- Data-efficient learning for languages with limited digital presence.
- Development of effective models with minimal data through research collaborations.
- Initiatives to foster an AI research community, including training programs and hackathons.
- Future Roadmap
- Key milestones outlined up to July 2026, focusing on:
- Extensive AI model development and experimentation.
- Establishment of AI benchmarks tailored to India’s needs.
- Scaling AI adoption across industries and public initiatives.
- Key milestones outlined up to July 2026, focusing on:
Joint Military Exercise KAZIND-2024
- 01 Oct 2024
In News:
The 8th edition of the India-Kazakhstan Joint Military Exercise, KAZIND-2024, has commenced in Auli, Uttarakhand, running from September 30 to October 13, 2024.
Key Details:
- Joint Exercise KAZIND-2024 has been held annually since 2016.
- Last edition of the Joint Exercise was held at Otar, Kazakhstan from 30th October to 11th November 2023.
Participants:
- India:
- 120 personnel from KUMAON Regiment of the Indian Army
- Additional support from other arms and Indian Air Force
- Kazakhstan:
- Personnel primarily from Land Forces and Airborne Assault Troopers
Aim:
- Enhance joint military capability for counter-terrorism operations
- Focus on sub-conventional scenarios under Chapter VII of the UN Charter
Focus Areas:
- Operations in semi-urban and mountainous terrains
- High physical fitness levels
- Rehearsal and refinement of tactical drills
- Sharing best practices
Tactical Drills:
- Joint response to terrorist actions
- Establishment of a Joint Command Post
- Creation of an Intelligence and Surveillance Centre
- Securing helipad/landing sites
- Combat free fall and Special Heliborne Operations
- Cordon and Search operations
- Employment of drones and counter-drone systems
Outcomes Expected:
- Sharing of tactics, techniques, and procedures for joint operations
- Development of interoperability between the two armies
- Strengthening of bonhomie and camaraderie
- Enhancement of defense cooperation and bilateral relations between India and Kazakhstan.
La Nina and North India’s pollution
- 01 Oct 2024
In News:
Recent research by scientists at the National Institute of Advanced Science (NIAS) has underlined the links between climate change, La Niña and air quality.
Key Points on Air Quality Outlook for Delhi and North India
- Delayed La Niña & Monsoon Retreat:
- Erosion of optimism for improved air quality this winter in Delhi.
- Significant pollution challenges anticipated in early winter months.
- Possible relief in December and January, contingent on La Niña strengthening.
- Impact of Stubble Burning:
- If stubble burning occurs at half the intensity of previous years, November air quality may deteriorate.
- Research Insights:
- Study by National Institute of Advanced Science (NIAS) links climate change, La Niña, and air quality.
- Notable air quality improvement in winter 2022-23 was linked to La Niña conditions.
- Late onset of La Niña contributes to air quality uncertainty.
- Changing Pollution Dynamics:
- Shift from local emission-centric views to broader climatological factors is necessary.
- Air quality in Delhi worsens during winter due to high humidity, calm winds, and poor pollutant dispersion.
- La Niña Delays:
- Delayed La Niña onset means weak winds and stagnant conditions, worsening pollution.
- Expected development between September and November 2024.
- Effects of Stubble Burning:
- North-north-westerly winds could carry pollution from stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana into Delhi.
- Potential Outcomes of Late La Niña Onset:
- If La Niña develops in December or January, may improve air quality slightly.
- However, a longer, severe winter could exacerbate pollution issues due to lower inversion layers.
- NIAS-SAFAR Model Predictions:
- Early La Niña could have worsened air quality in the peninsular region.
- Early onset might have improved northern air quality.
- Link to Climate Change:
- Evidence suggests extreme air pollution correlates with climate change.
- Emphasizes the need for rigorous mitigation efforts and broader airshed management.
- Call for Rethinking Air Quality Strategies:
- Focus on integrating larger climatic factors into air quality policies.
- Prioritize health-centric measures through collaborative efforts with scientific bodies.
What is La Niña?
- La Niña (or ‘The Little Girl’ in Spanish) is a phase of what climatologists refer to as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a phenomenon that is a key driver of global natural climate variability.
- ENSO is characterised by changes in sea temperatures along the tropical Pacific Ocean due to atmospheric fluctuations overhead. These changes alter and interfere with the global atmospheric circulation, and influence weather worldwide.
- Occurring in irregular cycles of anywhere between two to seven years, ENSO has three phases — warm (El Niño or ‘The Little Boy’ in Spanish), cool (La Niña), and neutral.
- During the neutral phase, the eastern Pacific (off the northwestern coast of South America) is cooler than the western Pacific (around Philippines and Indonesia). This is because prevailing trade winds — caused by Earth’s rotation, between 30 degrees north and south of the equator — move east to west, sweeping warmer surface water along with them. The relatively cool waters from below rise to the surface to replace the displaced water.
- These wind systems weaken in the El Niño phase, leading to lesser displacement of warmer waters off the American coasts. Consequently, the eastern Pacific becomes warmer than usual. The opposite happens in the La Niña phase i.e. trade winds become stronger than usual and push larger quantities of water to the western Pacific.
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)
- 01 Oct 2024
In News:
- The Manipur government has extended the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in the hill districts of the State for another six months.
- Effective October 1, the provisions of the Act will be extended to the whole State, except 19 police station limits in seven valley districts, thus maintaining the status quo, since three such notifications were passed since March 2023.
- It added that the “disturbed area” status could not be reviewed and a detailed ground assessment could not be done as “the sister security agencies are preoccupied with maintenance of law and order” and “it will be premature to arrive at any conclusion or decision on such sensitive matter without detailed assessment.”
Overview of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)
- Enactment: The AFSPA was passed by Parliament and approved by the President on September 11, 1958.
- Context: It was introduced in response to rising violence in the North-eastern States, which state governments struggled to control.
Key Provisions of AFSPA
- Powers Granted:
- The Act empowers armed forces and Central Armed Police Forces in "disturbed areas" to:
- Kill anyone acting against the law.
- Arrest and search premises without a warrant.
- Receive protection from prosecution and legal action without Central government sanction.
- The Act empowers armed forces and Central Armed Police Forces in "disturbed areas" to:
- Issuance of Notifications:
- Both State and Union governments can issue notifications regarding AFSPA.
- The Ministry of Home Affairs issues "disturbed area" notifications for Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
Definition of Disturbed Areas
- Criteria:
- A disturbed area is declared under Section 3 of AFSPA, indicating the need for armed forces' assistance in maintaining civil order.
- Factors leading to the declaration can include:
- Conflicts among different religious, racial, linguistic, or regional groups.
- Authority to Declare:
- The Central Government, the Governor of the State, or the administrator of a Union Territory can declare an area as disturbed.
- Duration:
- Once designated as disturbed, the area remains classified as such for three months, as per The Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976.
- State Government Input:
- State governments can recommend whether AFSPA should continue in their region.
Colombo Security Conclave (CSC)
- 03 Sep 2024
In News:
The Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) recently marked a significant milestone with the signing of the Charter and the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the establishment of its Secretariat in Colombo. This initiative aims to strengthen regional security collaboration among member states.
Key Features of the Colombo Security Conclave
- Member States: The CSC comprises five member countries:
- India
- Bangladesh
- Sri Lanka
- Maldives
- Mauritius
Additionally, Seychelles participates as an observer nation.
- Core Objectives: The primary goal of the CSC is to enhance regional security by addressing transnational threats and challenges that are common concerns for member states. This includes a collaborative approach to ensure stability and safety in the region.
Origin and Evolution
- The CSC originated as the Trilateral for Maritime Security Cooperation, established through trilateral meetings among National Security Advisors (NSAs) and Deputy NSAs from India, Maldives, and Sri Lanka starting in 2011.
- The initiative faced a setback after 2014 due to heightened tensions between India and the Maldives.
- It was revived and rebranded as the CSC in 2020, expanding its membership to include Mauritius and, more recently, Bangladesh.
Structure and Cooperation
- The conclave facilitates interactions among NSAs and Deputy NSAs of member countries, fostering dialogue and cooperation on security matters.
- Cooperation under the CSC is organized around five key pillars:
- Maritime Safety and Security
- Countering Terrorism and Radicalization
- Combating Trafficking and Transnational Organized Crime
- Cybersecurity and Protection of Critical Infrastructure
- Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief
Permanent Secretariat
- The establishment of a permanent Secretariat in Colombo is expected to enhance coordination and streamline operations among member states, bolstering the efficacy of the CSC in addressing regional security issues.
Thanjavur Veena
- 03 Sep 2024
In News:
The Thanjavur Veena has the distinction of being the first musical instrument in India to receive the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, highlighting its cultural and artistic significance. Here’s an overview of its features, types, and craftsmanship:
About Thanjavur Veena
- Construction:
- The Thanjavur Veena is known for its unique construction, which comes in two main types:
- Ekantha Veena: Carved from a single block of wood.
- Sada Veena: Composed of three sections—resonator (kudam), neck (dandi), and head—with joints.
- The Thanjavur Veena is known for its unique construction, which comes in two main types:
- Design Features:
- The instrument features 24 fixed frets (mettu), enabling musicians to play a wide range of ragas.
- Traditionally made from the bark of the Jackfruit tree, the bark undergoes extensive testing to ensure quality and durability.
- Craftsmanship:
- The process of crafting a Thanjavur Veena can take 15-20 days, involving cutting, intricate carving, shaping, and assembly of the wood to form the integral parts of the instrument.
Types of Veena
The Thanjavur Veena is one of several types of veenas used in Indian classical music:
- Rudra Veena and Vichitra Veena: Predominantly used in Hindustani classical music.
- Saraswati Veena and Chitra Veena: Associated with Carnatic classical music, with the Saraswati Veena being unique to Thanjavur.
Cultural Significance
- The Saraswati Veena is particularly notable as it is often associated with Goddess Saraswati, the deity of learning and arts, who is frequently depicted holding a veena. This connection emphasizes the instrument's importance in Indian culture and music.
7 New Schemes to Boost Farmer Income
- 03 Sep 2024
In News:
The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, approved seven schemes to improve farmers’ lives and increase their incomes at a total outlay of Rs 14,235.30 Crore.
1. Digital Agriculture Mission: based on the structure of Digital Public Infrastructure, Digital Agriculture Mission will use technology for improving farmers’ lives. The Mission has a total outlay of Rs 2,817 crores. It comprises two foundational pillars
1. Agri Stack
- Farmers registry
- Village land maps registry
- Crop Sown Registry
2. Krishi Decision Support System
- Geospatial data
- Drought/flood monitoring
- Weather/satellite data
- Groundwater/water availability data
- Modelling for crop yield and insurance
The Mission has provision for
- Soil profile
- Digital crop estimation
- Digital yield modelling
- Connect for crop loan
- Modern technologies like AI and Big Data
- Connect with buyers
- Bring new knowledge on mobile phones
2. Crop science for food and nutritional security: with a total outlay of Rs 3,979 crore. The initiative will prepare farmers for climate resilience and provide for food security by 2047. It has following pillars:
- Research and education
- Plant genetic resource management
- Genetic improvement for food and fodder crop
- Pulse and oilseed crop improvement
- Improvement of commercial crops
- Research on insects, microbes, pollinators etc.
3. Strengthening Agricultural Education, Management and Social Sciences: with a total outlay of Rs 2,291 Crore the measure will prepare agriculture students and researchers for current challenges and comprises the following
- Under Indian Council of Agri Research
- Modernising agri research and education
- In line with New Education Policy 2020
- Use latest technology … Digital DPI, AI, big data, remote, etc
- Include natural farming and climate resilience
4. Sustainable livestock health and production: with a total outlay of Rs 1,702 crore, the decision aims to Increase farmers income from livestock and dairy. It comprises the following
- Animal health management and veterinary education
- Dairy production and technology development
- Animal genetic resource management, production and improvement
- Animal nutrition and small ruminant production and development
5. Sustainable development of Horticulture: with a total outlay of Rs 1129.30 crore the measure is aimed at increasing farmers’ income from horticulture plants. It comprises the following
- Tropical, sub-tropical and temperate horticulture crops
- Root, tuber, bulbous and arid crops
- Vegetable, floriculture, and mushroom crops
- Plantation, spices, medicinal, and aromatic plants
6. Strengthening of Krishi Vigyan Kendra with an outlay of Rs 1,202 crore
7. Natural Resource Management with an outlay of Rs 1,115 crore
Current State of Mental Healthcare in India
- 03 Sep 2024
Overview
India’s mental healthcare landscape is evolving, with increasing awareness and decreasing stigma around mental health issues. However, access to mental healthcare remains a significant challenge due to a shortage of professionals. Here are the key points:
Current State of Mental Healthcare in India
- Rising Demand: Shifts in societal attitudes have led to more individuals seeking mental health support. Awareness and willingness to access treatment have notably increased.
- Professional Shortage: Despite the rising demand, there are only 0.75 psychiatrists per one lakh population, far below the World Health Organization’s recommendation of three per lakh. As of the latest data, India has about 9,000 psychiatrists, while an estimated 36,000 are needed to meet the standard.
- Slow Workforce Growth: Approximately 1,000 psychiatrists enter the workforce annually, but with attrition and unemployment, it could take around 27 years to reach the WHO target without intervention.
- Comparative Analysis: India has one of the lowest psychiatrist-to-population ratios among BRICS nations, trailing only Ethiopia. However, it performs better than many South Asian countries.
Limitations of Current Data
- Outdated Survey: The data largely relies on the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) conducted between 2015 and 2016, which is based on a limited sample size of around 40,000 people across 12 states.
- Narrow Focus: The NMHS primarily addressed specific mental illnesses and overlooked milder conditions, emotional issues, and vulnerable populations like prisoners and the homeless.
- Need for Updated Research: A second NMHS is scheduled for release next year, which may provide more comprehensive data and insights.
Improvements in Awareness and Attitudes
- Positive Attitudinal Shift: A study by the LiveLoveLaugh Foundation found significant improvements in how Indians perceive mental health. For instance, the percentage of people believing that individuals with mental illnesses can handle responsibilities rose from 32% in 2018 to 65% in 2021.
- Willingness to Seek Help: Over 90% of respondents in 2021 indicated they would seek treatment for themselves or support others in doing so, a substantial increase from 54% in 2018.
- Increased Awareness: Awareness of mental health issues has grown, with 96% of respondents in 2021 recognizing mental health compared to 87% in 2018.
Conclusion
While India is making strides in reducing stigma and increasing awareness around mental health, the critical shortage of mental health professionals poses a significant barrier to accessing timely care. Addressing this issue requires targeted policy interventions and incentives to boost the supply of mental health professionals and improve the overall infrastructure for mental healthcare in the country.
Digital Agriculture Mission
- 03 Sep 2024
Introduction
India's digital revolution has significantly transformed governance and service delivery in recent years by creating digital identities, secured payments and transactions. This progress has paved the way for a thriving digital ecosystem across various sectors, including finance, healthcare, education, and retail, positioning India as a leader in citizen-centric digital solutions.
For a similar transformation of the Agriculture Sector, the Union Cabinet Committee, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the 'Digital Agriculture Mission' with a substantial financial outlay of Rs. 2,817 Crore, including a central government share of Rs. 1,940 Crore, on September 2, 2024.
The Digital Agriculture Mission is designed as an umbrella scheme to support various digital agriculture initiatives. These include creating Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), implementing the Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES), and supporting IT initiatives by the Central Government, State Governments, and Academic and Research Institutions.
The scheme is built on two foundational pillars:
- Agri Stack
- Krishi Decision Support System.
Additionally, the mission includes ‘Soil Profile Mapping’ and aims to enable farmer-centric digital services to provide timely and reliable information for the agriculture sector.
AgriStack: Kisan ki Pehchaan
AgriStack is designed as a farmer-centric Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) to streamline services and scheme delivery to farmers. It comprises three key components:
1. Farmers' Registry
2. Geo-referenced village maps
3. Crop Sown Registry
- A crucial feature of AgriStack is the introduction of a 'Farmer ID', similar to Aadhaar card, serving as a trusted digital identity for farmers.
- These IDs, created and maintained by the State Governments/ Union Territories, will be linked to various farmer-related data, including land records, livestock ownership, crops sown, and benefits availed.
- The implementation of AgriStack is progressing through partnerships between the Central and State Governments, with 19 states having signed MoUs with the Ministry of Agriculture. Pilot projects have been conducted in six states to test the creation of Farmer IDs and the Digital Crop Survey.
- The six states include Uttar Pradesh (Farrukhabad), Gujarat (Gandhinagar), Maharashtra (Beed), Haryana (Yamuna Nagar), Punjab (Fatehgarh Sahib), and Tamil Nadu (Virudhnagar).
Key targets include:
- Creating digital identities for 11 crore farmers over three years (6 crore in FY 2024-25, 3 crore in FY 2025-26, and 2 crore in FY 2026-27)
- Launching the Digital Crop Survey nationwide within two years, covering 400 districts in FY 2024-25 and all districts in FY 2025-26
2. Krishi Decision Support System
- The Krishi Decision Support System (DSS) will integrate remote sensing data on crops, soil, weather, and water resources into a comprehensive geospatial system.
3. Soil Profile Mapping
Under the mission, detailed soil profile maps on a 1:10,000 scale for approximately 142 million hectares of agricultural land have been envisaged, with 29 million hectares of soil profile inventory already being mapped.
- Further under the Digital Agriculture Mission, the Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES) will be used for crop-cutting experiments to provide precise yield estimates, enhancing agricultural production accuracy.
- The mission is expected to create direct and indirect employment in agriculture, providing opportunities for around 2,50,000 trained local youth and Krishi Sakhis.
- By leveraging modern technologies like data analytics, AI, and remote sensing, the mission will improve service delivery for farmers, including streamlined access to government schemes, crop loans, and real-time advisories.
Key Components of the Mission
The Digital Agriculture Mission focuses on grassroots implementation, targeting farmers as the primary beneficiaries. Some of the key benefits of the mission include:
- Digital authentication for accessing services and benefits, reducing paperwork and the need for physical visits.
- Enhanced efficiency and transparency in government schemes, crop insurance, and loan systems through accurate data on crop area and yield.
- Crop map generation and monitoring for better disaster response and insurance claims.
- Development of digital infrastructure to optimize value chains and provide tailored advisory services for crop planning, health, pest management, and irrigation.
Digital Public Infrastructure for Agriculture
- Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced in the Union Budget 2024-25 that the Government, in partnership with states, will implement Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for agriculture over the next three years.
- This initiative will cover farmers and their lands, with a digital crop survey for Kharif planned for 400 districts this year. The goal is to update registries with details of 6 crore farmers and their lands.
- The Union Budget 2023-24 had previously introduced the DPI for agriculture, which aims to provide comprehensive data on farmers, including demographic details, land holdings, and crops sown. The DPI will integrate with state and central digital infrastructures to offer a range of farmer-centric services, including information on livestock, fisheries, soil health, and available benefits.
Conclusion
- The Union Cabinet also approved six major schemes alongside the Digital Agriculture Mission, with a total outlay of Rs 14,235.30 crore.
- These initiatives include Rs 3,979 crore for Crop Science aimed at ensuring food security and climate resilience by 2047, and Rs 2,291 crore for strengthening Agricultural Education, Management, and Social Sciences to support students and researchers. Rs 1,702 crore is allocated for Sustainable Livestock Health and Production to boost incomes from livestock and dairy, while Rs 1,129.30 crore is designated for Sustainable Development of Horticulture to increase income from horticulture. Additionally, Rs 1,202 crore will be invested in strengthening Krishi Vigyan Kendra, and Rs 1,115 crore towards Natural Resource Management.
- These comprehensive approaches leverage digital technologies to enhance productivity, efficiency, and sustainability in India's agricultural sector, potentially transforming the lives of millions of farmers across the country. By extending the digital revolution to agriculture, India aims to further solidify its position as a global leader in innovative, technology-driven solutions for critical sectors of the economy.
Supreme Court of India
- 02 Sep 2024
In News:
On August 31, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the National Conference of District Judiciary at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. This event marked the 75th anniversary of the Supreme Court of India, highlighted by the unveiling of a commemorative stamp and coin.
Supreme Court of India: History and Key Insights
The Origins of the Judiciary
- The concept of law, or Dharma, in ancient India was significantly influenced by the Vedas, which outlined rules of conduct and rituals in the Dharma Sutras. These texts addressed the duties of individuals and the rights of kings, forming the foundation of Hindu Law. The earliest systematic examination of jurisprudence can be found in Kautilya's Artha Sastra (circa 300 B.C.), particularly its third chapter, which discusses legal transactions and disputes.
Establishment of the Supreme Court
- The Regulating Act of 1773, enacted by the British Parliament, initiated the establishment of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Calcutta, with its Letters of Patent issued on March 26, 1774. This court had the authority to hear all complaints and lawsuits involving His Majesty’s subjects in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Additional Supreme Courts were later established in Madras (1800) and Bombay (1823).
- The Indian High Courts Act of 1861 replaced these Supreme Courts with High Courts in various provinces, which became the highest judicial authorities until the Federal Court of India was created under the Government of India Act 1935. After India gained independence in 1947, the Supreme Court of India was formally established on January 26, 1950, with its inaugural session held on January 28, 1950.
- The Supreme Court's rulings are binding across India, and it possesses the power of judicial review to ensure that legislative and executive actions align with constitutional provisions and fundamental rights.
Structure and Functioning
- Initially, the Supreme Court operated for only a few hours each day and convened for 28 days a year. Today, it functions extensively, meeting approximately 190 days annually. The court was temporarily housed in the Parliament House before moving to its current location on Tilak Marg, New Delhi, in 1958.
- The court's architecture symbolizes justice, featuring a prominent dome and spacious corridors. It began with a Chief Justice and seven judges, with Parliament later increasing this number as the workload grew. Currently, the Supreme Court includes a Chief Justice and 30 judges.
Appointment and Qualifications of Judges
- Judges are appointed by the President of India, based on recommendations from a committee of senior judges (Collegium System). A candidate must be a citizen of India and have served as a High Court judge for at least five years or as an advocate for ten years. The age of retirement for judges is 65 years.
Judicial Independence and Removal
- Judicial independence is constitutionally protected. A Supreme Court judge can only be removed by the President on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity, following a resolution supported by a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament.
Judicial Salaries and Provisions
- Judges’ salaries and pensions are defined by the Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act, 1958, and are charged to the Consolidated Fund of India.
Acting Chief Justice
- In the absence of the Chief Justice, the President appoints another judge as the Acting Chief Justice, as stipulated in Article 126.
Post-Retirement Opportunities
- While retired judges cannot practice law in India, they often serve in governmental roles, such as leading commissions. There have been calls for a "cool-off" period before such appointments.
Ad Hoc Judges
- Ad hoc judges may be appointed when necessary, and must meet the qualifications for Supreme Court judges. Retired judges can also be called back to serve temporarily.
Courts of Record
- Both the Supreme Court and High Courts are classified as courts of record, with the authority to punish for contempt as per Article 129.
Seat of the Supreme Court
- The Supreme Court is based in Delhi but can convene anywhere in India, with such decisions made by the Chief Justice in consultation with the President.
Samudra Pratap
- 02 Sep 2024
In News
Recently, the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) proudly launched the first indigenously built Pollution Control Vessel, ‘Samudra Pratap’, in Goa.
Key Highlights of the Launch
- Vessel Details:
- Built by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL), the vessel is specifically designed to combat oil spills along India’s coastlines.
- Dimensions: Length: 114.5m, Breadth: 16.5m, Displacement: 4170 T.
- The keel laying ceremony took place on November 21, 2022.
- Contract and Construction: GSL signed a contract worth Rs 583 crores for the construction of two Pollution Control Vessels for the ICG. This marks the first instance of such vessels being designed and built entirely in India.
- Significance of the Vessel: ‘Samudra Pratap’ stands as a testament to India's shipbuilding capabilities, showcasing GSL's expertise in producing advanced Pollution Control Vessels and reinforcing India's commitment to indigenization in defense manufacturing.
Queers can open Joint Bank Accounts
- 02 Sep 2024
In News:
Recently, the Union Government issued an advisory that LGBTQIA+ individuals and queer couples can open joint bank accounts. They can nominate each other as beneficiaries.
Key Details:
- Supreme Court Background:
- In October 2023, the Supreme Court of India urged the government to consider equal entitlements for partners in queer relationships.
- This was part of a judgment that did not recognize same-sex marriage but suggested enabling joint bank accounts and beneficiary nominations.
- Clarification from the Department of Financial Services:
- Issued on August 28, 2023, confirming no restrictions on opening joint accounts for the queer community.
- The Reserve Bank of India also clarified this to Scheduled Commercial Banks on August 21.
- Private Banks' Initiatives:
- Some banks, like Axis Bank, have been allowing joint accounts and beneficiary nominations for LGBTQIA+ couples since September 2021.
- Axis Bank expressed support for the Finance Ministry's advisory, noting alignment with its inclusive banking initiative.
- Government Committee Formation:
- In April 2023, a six-member committee was established to define entitlements for queer couples.
- Chaired by the Cabinet Secretary, it includes Secretaries from various ministries.
- The committee can co-opt experts if needed.
Project NAMAN
- 02 Sep 2024
In News:
- The Indian Army launched the first phase of Project NAMAN, aimed at supporting Defence Pensioners, Veterans, and their families.
- Key Features of Project NAMAN:
- Implements the SPARSH (System for Pension Administration Raksha) digital pension system.
- Streamlines pension processes and provides accessible facilitation points for Veterans and Next of Kin (NOK).
- Importance:
- Ensures care and support for veterans and their families.
- Services extended to residents of military stations and surrounding localities.
- Establishment of Common Service Centres (CSCs):
- Tripartite MoU signed between:
- Indian Army’s Directorate of Indian Army Veterans
- CSC e-Governance India Limited
- HDFC Bank Limited
- CSCs provide:
- SPARSH-enabled pension services
- Government to Citizen (G2C) services
- Business to Consumer (B2C) services
- Tripartite MoU signed between:
- Phase One Deployment:
- 14 CSCs established in key locations: New Delhi, Jalandhar, Leh, Dehradun, Lucknow, Jodhpur, Bengdubi, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Secunderabad, Saugor, Guntur, Ahmedabad, Bangalore.
- Future expansion plans for approximately 200 centres nationwide in the next 2-3 years.
- Infrastructure Support:
- HDFC Bank provided necessary IT infrastructure.
- Local military stations contributed physical facilities.
- Community Engagement:
- Concept developed based on feedback from the Defence community.
- Promotes camaraderie among serving and retired Armed Forces personnel.
- Management of CSCs:
- Each CSC managed by a Village Level Entrepreneur (VLE) selected from veterans or NOKs by Local Military Authorities (LMAs).
- VLEs receive training from CSC e-Governance India Limited.
- HDFC Bank offers monthly grants of ?20,000 for the first 12 months to support VLEs.
- Conclusion:
- Project NAMAN reflects the Indian Army's commitment to veteran welfare.
- Offers SPARSH-centric services and entrepreneurial opportunities for Veterans and NOKs, empowering them to contribute to their communities.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
- 01 Sep 2024
In News:
- Establishment of Disease-Free Zones:
- The Union government plans to create FMD-free zones in eight states: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
- Aim: Expand export opportunities for Indian animal products and enhance global market presence.
- Vaccination Efforts:
- Advanced vaccination initiatives are underway in the identified states, as stated by Alka Upadhyaya, Secretary of the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
- Collaborative Workshop:
- A workshop on ‘Animal Infectious Disease Prioritisation’ was held in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organisation.
- Focus: Prioritized 20 major animal infectious diseases based on severity, transmissibility, and national importance.
- Action Plan:
- Formulated focusing on five critical areas:
- Coordination
- Communication
- Monitoring and surveillance
- Prevention and control
- Therapeutics and socio-economic planning
- Formulated focusing on five critical areas:
- Regional Disease Prioritization:
- Strengthening regional-level prioritization of animal diseases for tailored control strategies.
- Overview of FMD:
- Highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals like cattle, swine, sheep, and goats, but not horses or cats.
- Significant economic impact due to its effect on livestock production and trade.
Key Characteristics of FMD:
- Transmission:
- Virus present in excretions and secretions; aerosolized virus can infect other animals via respiratory or oral routes.
- Symptoms:
- Fever, blister-like sores on the tongue, lips, and hooves.
- High mortality in young animals, with production losses noted even post-recovery.
- Vaccination:
- Available vaccines must be matched to specific virus types/subtypes.
Repairability Index for Mobile and Electronic Sectors
- 01 Sep 2024
In News:
- The Department of Consumer Affairs (DoCA), Government of India, has established a committee of experts to create a framework for the Repairability Index.
- Objective:
- Enhance consumer transparency regarding product repairability.
- Promote sustainable practices in the tech industry.
- National Workshop:
- Held on August 29, 2024, focusing on the Right to Repair in the Mobile and Electronics Sector.
- Aimed to gather industry stakeholders to agree on evaluating components for the Repairability Index.
- Key Goals:
- Address the rapid demand and short lifespan of mobile and electronic devices.
- Provide essential repair information and ensure access to spare parts, even for discontinued products.
- Repairability Index:
- A consumer-focused tool that helps in making informed product decisions based on repairability.
- Aims to standardize repairability assessments, enabling easier product comparisons.
- Consumer Empowerment:
- The index fosters mindful consumption and sustainability.
- Ensures affordable repair options and improves overall consumer satisfaction by addressing information gaps.
- Key components of the Repair Ecosystem:
- Comprehensive Repair Information: Access to repair manuals/DIYs, diagnostics, and a list of necessary tools and parts.
- Accessible Spare Parts: Easily identifiable and timely delivery of spare parts.
- Affordable Tools: Inexpensive, widely available, and safe tools for consumers.
- Modular Design: Key components designed for independent access and modularity.
- Economic Feasibility: Ensuring that the cost of repair parts and labor is affordable for consumers.
Taking into account the above necessities the committee is expected to recommend enabling framework for Policies/Rules/Guidelines which support repairability and integration of repairability index with the extant regulatory provisions in mobile and electronics sector to enhance consumer experiences in reusing the mobile and electronics products they own.
The committee will submit a comprehensive report including a framework for repairability index in Indian context by 15th November, 2024.
India's Biotech Revolution
- 01 Sep 2024
In News:
The Indian Cabinet has recently approved the BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) proposal, a significant move to advance the country’s biotechnology sector.
Scheduled to take effect on April 1, 2025, the BioE3 policy aims to capitalize on India's biotechnology potential by focusing on six key areas: bio-based chemicals, functional foods, precision biotherapeutics, climate-resilient agriculture, carbon capture, and marine/space research.
Current Status of India’s Biotechnology Sector
India ranks among the top 12 biotechnology destinations globally and is the third-largest in the Asia-Pacific region. As of 2024, India's Bioeconomy is valued at an estimated USD 130 billion. The sector is integral to India’s goal of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024, with biotechnology contributing about 3% to the global market share.
Biotechnology Categories in India:
- Biopharmaceuticals: India is a major supplier of low-cost drugs and vaccines, leading in biosimilars with the highest number of approvals.
- Bio-Agriculture: India dedicates approximately 55% of its land to agriculture, holding the fifth-largest area of organic agricultural land worldwide. The sector's contribution to the Bioeconomy is expected to grow from USD 10.5 billion to USD 20 billion by 2025.
- Bio-Industrial: Biotechnology is enhancing industrial processes, manufacturing, and waste disposal.
- Bio IT & BioServices: India excels in contract manufacturing, research, and clinical trials, hosting the highest number of US FDA-approved plants outside the US.
Government Initiatives:
- 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) is permitted in greenfield pharma and medical devices.
- The National Biotechnology Development Strategy 2021-25 aims to make India a global leader in biotechnology, targeting a USD 150 billion Bioeconomy by 2025.
- The Department of Biotechnology has established 51 Biotech-KISAN hubs to connect farmers with scientific advancements.
- The Union Budget 2023-24 includes INR 10,000 crore for 500 ‘waste to wealth’ plants under the GOBARdhan scheme.
- The GenomeIndia Project focuses on sequencing and analyzing the Indian population’s genomes to aid public health.
Challenges and Recommendations
Challenges:
- Regulatory Hurdles: The complex approval process for GMOs and overlapping regulatory bodies slow down progress.
- Funding Issues: Limited funding and high risks deter investment. The biotechnology sector receives only 0.05% of India's GDP from the Central Government.
- Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate research facilities and cold chain infrastructure hamper progress.
- IP Concerns: Intellectual property protection remains weak, affecting innovation.
- Global Competition: Indian firms face stiff competition from established global players.
- Talent Shortages: A brain drain and skills mismatch impede growth.
- Ethical Dilemmas: Ethical issues related to GMOs and gene editing pose challenges.
Recommendations:
- Regulatory Streamlining: Establish a unified Biotechnology Regulatory Authority and adopt a risk-based assessment approach.
- Innovative Funding: Create a Biotechnology Investment Fund with public-private partnerships.
- Talent Development: Launch skill development programs and integrate biotech training into various disciplines.
- Infrastructure Investment: Develop shared high-end research facilities and upgrade cold chain infrastructure.
- IP Strengthening: Enhance the IPR regime and establish a Biotech Patent Pool.
- Leverage Make in India: Expand the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to cover more biotech products and establish specialized manufacturing corridors.
Unified Pension Scheme
- 01 Sep 2024
In News:
The new Unified Pension Scheme (UPS), set to launch on April 1, 2025, aims to provide improved old age income security. Around 23 lakh Central government employees will benefit from this new scheme, and those currently under the National Pension System (NPS) will have the option to switch to UPS. States can also adopt the UPS for their employees, but they will need to secure funding from their own resources.
Key Components of UPS
The UPS introduces several enhancements to pension benefits:
- Pension Benefits: Employees will receive half of their average basic pay over the final 12 months of service as a monthly pension after completing a minimum of 25 years of service. For those with less than 25 years, the pension will be proportionately reduced, with a minimum pension of ?10,000 for those with at least 10 years of service.
- Family Pension: A family pension equivalent to 60% of the employee's pension will be provided to dependents upon the employee's death.
- Inflation Adjustment: Pension incomes will be adjusted in line with the consumer price trends for industrial workers, similar to the dearness relief provided to current government employees.
- Superannuation Payout: In addition to gratuity, a lumpsum superannuation payout will be given, amounting to 1/10th of the employee’s monthly emoluments for every six months of service.
Differences from the Current System
The new UPS combines features from the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) and NPS:
- Old Pension Scheme (OPS): Employees who joined before January 1, 2004, are covered under OPS, which guarantees a pension of 50% of the last drawn salary, adjusted for dearness allowance. It also offers a family pension of 60% of the last drawn pension, with provisions for commutation and additional increases for pensioners over 80 years of age.
- National Pension System (NPS): Introduced in 2004, NPS replaced OPS for new employees, shifting from a defined benefits system to a defined contribution scheme. Employees and the employer contribute a percentage of the salary to market-linked securities, with no guaranteed pension amount, only a corpus that must be used to buy an annuity upon retirement.
The UPS aims to blend the certainty of OPS with the funded approach of NPS. While employees' contributions will be capped at 10% of their salary, the government will contribute 18.5%, with potential adjustments over time. The government will cover any shortfall between investment returns and pension promises.
Reasons for the Change
The transition to UPS addresses concerns raised by government employees and political pressure regarding the NPS. Employees have criticized NPS for its lack of guaranteed pension benefits compared to OPS. The issue has become politically significant, with opposition parties promising to revert to OPS in various states.
In March 2023, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a review of NPS led by former Finance Secretary T.V. Somanathan. Though the review’s findings are yet to be made public, the introduction of UPS reflects a compromise balancing employee expectations with fiscal prudence.
Reactions and Future Impact
Central government employees generally welcome the UPS, recognizing it as a step toward addressing the shortcomings of NPS. However, there are concerns about the contributory nature of UPS and the absence of a commutation option like in OPS. Economists are analyzing the scheme's financial implications, with an expected additional cost of ?7,050 crore this year for the government. Future pension payouts may increase but are anticipated to be manageable with higher revenue growth.
The UPS marks a significant shift in pension policy, aiming to provide greater financial security for government employees while managing fiscal responsibilities.
New Target for Cancer Treatment Discovered by IACS Scientists
- 01 Sep 2024
In News:
In a significant breakthrough, scientists at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in Kolkata have identified a new target for cancer therapy. Their study, recently published in The EMBO Journal, focuses on how cancer cells manage DNA repair during cell division, potentially paving the way for more effective treatments.
Key Findings
The researchers explored how cancer cells respond to topoisomerase 1 (Top1)-targeted chemotherapy. Top1 inhibitors, such as camptothecin, topotecan, and irinotecan, disrupt DNA replication and transcription, causing damage that usually leads to cell death. However, cancer cells can sometimes develop resistance by employing internal DNA repair mechanisms, primarily involving a protein called TDP1.
Mechanism of Action
Top1 is crucial for relaxing DNA supercoils during cell division, a process necessary for accurate chromosome segregation. Drugs targeting Top1 can kill cancer cells by preventing this relaxation. Nonetheless, cancer cells counteract this damage with TDP1, which repairs the DNA and promotes cell survival.
The IACS team discovered that TDP1's function is influenced by its phosphorylation status, which changes during the cell cycle and drug treatment. This modification helps TDP1 detach from chromosomes during cell division, a mechanism that helps cells survive despite the presence of chemotherapy drugs.
Novel Therapeutic Approach
The researchers propose a novel approach that combines inhibitors of two key molecules: CDK1 protein and TDP1 enzyme. CDK1 plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle, while TDP1 is involved in repairing DNA damage. By inhibiting both, the researchers aim to disrupt the cancer cell's ability to repair DNA damage caused by Top1 inhibitors.
This combinatorial targeting strategy could enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatments. While Top1 inhibitors induce DNA damage, CDK1 inhibitors could prevent the repair of this damage or halt the cell cycle, making it difficult for cancer cells to survive. This dual-target approach may also help overcome resistance mechanisms that cancer cells develop against single-agent therapies.
Clinical Implications
CDK1 inhibitors, including avotaciclib, alvocidib, roniciclib, riviciclib, and dinaciclib, are currently in various stages of clinical trials. These drugs can be used alone or in combination with other DNA-damaging agents. Combining CDK1 inhibitors with Top1 inhibitors holds promise for significantly improving cancer treatment outcomes by targeting different aspects of the cell cycle and DNA replication.
Although the study was conducted using human breast cancer cells, the findings suggest potential benefits for patients with other types of cancer, such as ovarian, colorectal, and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). SCLC, in particular, is associated with tobacco smoking and could potentially benefit from this new combinatorial approach.
Conclusion
The IACS study opens new possibilities for cancer treatment by targeting DNA repair mechanisms in cancer cells. By combining CDK1 and Top1 inhibitors, the researchers aim to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy and overcome resistance. Further research, including clinical trials, will be essential to validate these findings and develop personalized cancer therapies that could improve patient outcomes across various cancer types.
Recent Announcement on Dark Matter Research
- 30 Sep 2024
In News:
Recently two representatives from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment, working 1.5 km underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota, announced that they had placed the tightest restrictions yet on the identities of dark matter particles, resulting in a null finding that clarified which identities these particles could not have, leading to a sense of resignation rather than disappointment among the physics community, as similar experiments like XENON-nT in Italy and PandaX-4T in China have yielded empty results for decades despite significant efforts.
Background on Dark Matter
- Definition: Dark matter makes up most of the universe's mass, contributing to its structure.
- Composition: Likely consists of previously unknown particles that:
- Do not interact with photons.
- Remain stable over billions of years.
- Key Question: Can dark matter interact with atomic nuclei and electrons?
Experimental Strategies
- Proposed Method:
- Introduced by physicists Mark Goodman and Ed Witten in 1985.
- Concept: Use a “sail” (a chunk of metal) deep underground to detect dark matter interactions.
- Objective: Measure unknown mass and interaction rate (cross-section) of dark matter particles.
Scattering Cross-Section
- Concept:
- Similar to light interaction with different media (vacuum, glass, rock).
- Cross-sections indicate how readily a particle can scatter.
- Previous Limits: Proposed limits as small as 10−38cm210^{-38} text{cm}^210−38cm2.
- Current Achievements: Recent experiments have ruled out cross-sections as small as 10−44cm210^{-44} text{cm}^210−44cm2.
Challenges Ahead
- Neutrino Interference:
- As detectors increase in size, they also detect more noise from neutrinos, complicating dark matter detection.
- Both PandaX-4T and XENONnT report issues with neutrino signals.
- Resignation in Community:
- Scientists had hoped for clearer results before facing the challenge of distinguishing dark matter from neutrinos.
Alternative Research Avenues
- Focus on Lighter Particles:
- Exploring dark particles lighter than atomic nuclei for easier detection.
- Technological Development:
- Advancing technologies to measure minimal energy transfers using special materials.
Conclusion
- Ongoing Effort: The search for dark matter continues to unite scientific disciplines and require innovative approaches.
- Human Ingenuity: The pursuit reflects a broader effort to understand the universe, drawing on collective expertise and creativity.
NAMASTE programme
- 30 Sep 2024
In News:
A recent government survey has shed light on the demographics of workers engaged in the hazardous cleaning of urban sewers and septic tanks across India. This initiative, part of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment's NAMASTE programme, highlights significant disparities within this labor sector.
Key Findings
- Community Representation: An overwhelming 91.9% of the 38,000 workers profiled belong to marginalized communities:
- Scheduled Castes (SC): 68.9%
- Other Backward Classes (OBC): 14.7%
- Scheduled Tribes (ST): 8.3%
- General Category: 8%
- Mortality Rates: Between 2019 and 2023, at least 377 individuals died while performing hazardous cleaning tasks, underscoring the dangers associated with this work.
The NAMASTE Programme
- Objective: The NAMASTE programme aims to mechanize sewer work to prevent fatalities linked to manual cleaning. It seeks to transition workers into safer, more sustainable roles as "sanipreneurs" by providing safety training, equipment, and capital subsidies.
- Background: This programme replaces the earlier Self-Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers (SRMS), focusing on the more technical aspects of hazardous cleaning rather than manual scavenging.
- Namaste is a Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) as a joint initiative of the MoSJE and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
- The Scheme has been approved with an outlay of Rs. 360 crore for four years from 2022-23 to 2025-26.
- NAMASTE aims to achieve the following outcomes:
- Zero fatalities in sanitation work in India
- All sanitation work is performed by skilled workers
- No sanitation workers come in direct contact with human faecal matter
- Sanitation workers are collectivized into SHGs and are empowered to run sanitation enterprises
- All Sewer and Septic tank sanitation workers (SSWs) have access to alternative livelihoods
- Strengthened supervisory and monitoring systems at national, state and ULB levels to ensure enforcement and monitoring of safe sanitation work
- Increased awareness amongst sanitation services seekers (individuals and institutions) to seek services from registered and skilled sanitation workers
Progress and Coverage
- Implementation: Since the scheme's inception, 3,326 urban local bodies (ULBs) have begun profiling workers, with many reporting minimal or no workers engaged in hazardous cleaning.
- Data Collection: The government is gathering data from over 3,000 ULBs across 29 states and union territories to better understand the scope and risks associated with this labor.
AVGC: The Future of Media & Entertainment Industry
- 30 Sep 2024
Introduction
- The AVGC (Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics) sector is set to be the future of the media and entertainment industry.
- According to the FICCI-EY 2024 report, India now boasts the second-largest anime fan base globally and is projected to contribute 60% to the worldwide growth in anime interest in the coming years.
- In a significant step toward making India a global hub for AVGC, the Union Cabinet recently approved the establishment of a National Centre of Excellence (NCoE) for Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics, and Extended Reality (AVGC-XR) in Mumbai.
NCoE Background
- NCoE will be set up as a Section 8 Company under the Companies Act, 2013 in India with Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry and Confederation of Indian Industry representing the industry bodies as partners with the Government of India.
- The establishment of the NCoE follows the Union Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs 2022-23 budget announcement, which proposed the creation of an AVGC task force in the country.
- NCoE AVGC aims at creating a world class talent pool in India to cater to the Indian as well as global entertainment industry.
- Provisionally named the Indian Institute for Immersive Creators (IIIC), this center aims to revolutionize the AVGC sector and foster innovation in immersive technologies.
- It will be modeled after renowned institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs).
Objective of NCoE (IIIC)
Boasting a growth rate of 25% and an estimated value of ?46 billion by 2023 (FICCI-EY Report 2023), the animation industry in India is thriving and offers a promising future for passionate young talent.
Below are some of the key objectives of the NCoE (IIIC):
- Focusing of creating Indian IP
- Leveraging our cultural heritage in new age
- Create a multiplier effect in the industry
- An industry led initiative, in partnership with state and academia
- Integrated focus on education, skilling industry, development, innovation
- Hub and spoke model of development to be followed
- IIIC as the hub and several center’s as its spokes dedicated innovation and research fund to promote start-up ecosystem
Conclusion
The Union Cabinet's approval of the National Centre of Excellence (NCoE) for AVGC marks a pivotal step in strengthening India’s media and entertainment industry. This initiative is set to boost the economy while creating new job opportunities in the rapidly growing AVGC sector. As a global hub for filmmaking, India's advancements in technology and infrastructure will enable the production of high-quality content, positioning the country as a leader in technological innovation and creativity.
MARBURG VIRUS OUTBREAK IN RWANDA
- 30 Sep 2024
In News:
Rwanda is currently facing an outbreak of Marburg virus disease (MVD), leading to six fatalities, primarily among healthcare workers.
What is Marburg Virus Disease?
Marburg virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness first identified in 1967 in Germany. It is caused by the Marburg virus, which is primarily transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, particularly fruit bats.
Current Situation in Rwanda
The ongoing outbreak has claimed six lives, most of whom were healthcare professionals. The Minister of Health has emphasized the need for heightened preventive measures and community vigilance.
Symptoms and Transmission
Common symptoms of MVD include high fever, severe headache, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The virus spreads through direct contact with the blood, secretions, and bodily fluids of infected individuals.
Available Treatments and Supportive Care
There is currently no specific treatment for Marburg virus disease. Supportive care, including symptom management and hydration, is critical, and early medical attention is essential for those exhibiting symptoms.
Preventive Measures and Recommendations
To prevent the spread of MVD, individuals should:
- Practice good hygiene.
- Avoid contact with infected persons.
- Ensure thorough cooking of animal products.
- Use protective equipment when caring for sick patients.
Global Context and Pandemic Risk
While Marburg virus disease poses a significant mortality risk and can spread between humans, its pandemic potential is lower than that of more contagious viruses. Rapid containment efforts are essential to prevent wider outbreaks.
INDIA DESERVES PERMANENT UNSC SEAT: BHUTAN
- 30 Sep 2024
In News:
With its significant economic growth and leadership of the Global South, India deserves a permanent seat at the UN Security Council, says Bhutan’s Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay.
Key Highlights:
- Economic Growth: Highlights India’s significant economic growth and its leadership in the Global South as justifications for this status.
- International Backing: India’s bid gains momentum with support from several UN Member States, including France, the UK, and the U.S.
- Need for Reform: Bhutan emphasized that the UNSC is outdated and must evolve to reflect contemporary geopolitical and economic realities.
- Advocacy for Representation: Bhutan has long called for a more representative and effective Security Council, backing India’s inclusion at the high table.
About UN Security Council (UNSC)
- Composition: Total of 15 member states.
- 5 permanent members (P5): China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (with veto rights).
- 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms.
- Election of Non-Permanent Members:
- Elected on a regional basis:
- 5 seats for African and Asian states.
- 2 seats for Latin American and Caribbean states.
- 1 seat for Eastern European states.
- 2 seats for Western European and other states.
- Elected on a regional basis:
- Presidency:
- Rotates monthly among members, following the English alphabetical order of country names.
- Primary Functions:
- Maintain international peace and security.
- Investigate and resolve disputes.
- Impose sanctions and authorize the use of force.
- Establish peacekeeping missions.
- Make recommendations to member states.
- Meeting Schedule:
- Regular meetings at UN headquarters in New York.
- Can convene at any time in response to emergencies.
- Decision-Making:
- Requires affirmative votes from at least 9 of the 15 members.
- Any of the P5 can veto resolutions, raising concerns about the Council's effectiveness.
- Subsidiary Bodies:
- Includes committees, working groups, and sanctions committees focused on specific issues like counter-terrorism, nuclear non-proliferation, and peacekeeping operations.
- Reforming the UN Security Council (UNSC)
- Charter Amendments:
- Reforming the UNSC requires amendments to the UN Charter.
- Voting Requirements:
- An amendment must be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly.
- It must also be ratified by two-thirds of UN member states, including all permanent members of the UNSC.
- Charter Amendments:
Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi
- 29 Sep 2024
In News:
- The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, launched the national responsible tourism initiative ‘Paryatan Mitra & Paryatan Didi’ on September 27, 2024, coinciding with World Tourism Day.
- Vision: Aligned with the Prime Minister's vision to use tourism as a tool for social inclusion, employment, and economic development.
Pilot Locations
- Destinations: The initiative is piloted in six tourist destinations:
- Orchha (Madhya Pradesh)
- Gandikota (Andhra Pradesh)
- Bodh Gaya (Bihar)
- Aizawl (Mizoram)
- Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
- Sri Vijaya Puram (Andaman & Nicobar Islands)
Objectives and Training
- Enhancing Tourist Experience: The program aims to connect tourists with ‘tourist-friendly’ individuals who serve as local ambassadors and storytellers.
- Training Focus: Individuals interacting with tourists—such as cab drivers, hotel staff, street vendors, and students—receive training on:
- Importance of tourism and hospitality
- Cleanliness and safety
- Sustainability practices
- Local stories and attractions
Empowering Women and Youth
- Target Groups: Emphasis on training women and youth to develop tourism products such as:
- Heritage walks
- Food and craft tours
- Nature treks and homestays
- Employment Opportunities: Aims to enable locals to secure jobs as homestay owners, cultural guides, and adventure guides.
Digital Literacy
- Training in Digital Tools: Participants are also educated in digital literacy to enhance visibility of their offerings to tourists.
Impact and Recognition
- Training Success: Since the program's pilot in August 2024, approximately 3,000 individuals have been trained.
- Local Enthusiasm: Increased local interest in participating in tourism training programs and contributing to the tourism ecosystem.
- Future Recognition: The Ministry plans to award dedicated badges to Paryatan Mitra and Didi participants, ensuring tourists can identify those committed to providing exceptional experiences.
ETURNAGARAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
- 29 Sep 2024
In News:
A rare collision of two cyclones has led to significant environmental impact, including the flattening of thousands of trees within the sanctuary.
Key Details:
- Location: Situated in the Mulugu district of Telangana, near the borders of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh. Approximately 100 km from Warangal and 250 km from Hyderabad.
- Establishment: Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1952 by the Nizam government of Hyderabad.
- Area: Covers around 806 square kilometers.
Geographic Features
Rivers:
- Dayyam Vagu: A significant water source that divides the sanctuary into two parts.
- Godavari River: Flows through the sanctuary, contributing to its rich biodiversity.
Flora
- Vegetation: Dense tropical dry deciduous forest.
- Key Species: Includes teak, bamboo, madhuca, and terminalia trees, creating a lush habitat.
Fauna
- Wildlife: Home to diverse species such as:
- Mammals: Tiger, leopard, panther, wolf, wild dogs, jackals, sloth bear, chousingha, blackbuck, nilgai, sambar, spotted deer, and four-horned antelope.
- Reptiles: Notable for its population of mugger crocodiles and snakes, including cobras, pythons, and kraits.
Cultural Significance
- Temple: The famous Sammakka-Saralamma Temple is located within the sanctuary.
INDIA TO SUPPORT TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO IN DEVELOPING UPI-LIKE PAYMENT SYSTEM
- 29 Sep 2024
In News:
- NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) has partnered with Trinidad and Tobago's Ministry of Digital Transformation to create a payment platform for person-to-person and person-to-merchant transactions.
- Modeling on UPI: The new digital payments system will be based on India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI), which is widely recognized as a leading digital payment solution.
- Role of NPCI: NIPL, a quasi-government body under the Reserve Bank of India, manages India’s retail payment systems, including UPI.
Previous Initiatives
- Global Expansion: Earlier in 2024, NIPL also committed to establishing digital payment systems in Peru and Namibia, leveraging the UPI model.
- Ongoing Talks: NIPL is exploring opportunities with additional countries in Africa and South America to assist in building their payment infrastructures.
Significance:
- UPI has emerged as a transformative force in India's financial landscape, registering nearly 15 billion transactions in August 2024, with an estimated value of USD 245 billion.
- This strategic partnership aims to empower Trinidad and Tobago to establish a reliable and efficient real-time payments platform for both person-to-person (P2P) and person-to-merchant (P2M) transactions, expanding digital payments in the country and fostering financial inclusion.
India’s Commitment to Social Determinants of Health at UNGA
- 29 Sep 2024
In News:
- Union Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare, represented India at the G20 Joint Finance-Health Task Force meeting during the 79th UN General Assembly.
- Focus: The session emphasized the importance of investing in health and addressing social determinants of health (SDH) through initiatives like debt-for-health swaps.
Key Highlights:
- Role of SDH: Underscored how social determinants such as housing, sanitation, water access, and income security are crucial for health investment priorities.
- Flagship Programs: India’s notable initiatives include:
- Ayushman Bharat: The world’s largest health insurance scheme.
- Swachh Bharat Mission: Aiming for a cleaner India.
- Jal Jeevan Mission: Ensuring water access for all.
- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: Promoting housing for all.
- Impact of PM-JAY: Highlighted improvements in access to healthcare and outcomes, especially for non-communicable diseases.
Data and Policymaking
- Importance of Data: Stressed the need for enhanced data availability and standardization on SDH indicators to support effective policymaking.
- Unified Approach: Called for G20 nations to collaborate on data collection and analysis for better health systems globally.
Exploring Debt-for-Health Swaps
- Potential Mechanism: Discussed debt-for-health swaps as a means to relieve financial pressure while promoting health equity.
- Next Steps: Emphasized the need for stakeholder engagement and pilot programs to ensure effective implementation.
Conclusion
- Global Leadership: India reaffirmed its commitment to health equity through evidence-based policies and partnerships.
- Shared Vision: Advocated for a unified effort towards achieving “Health for All,” highlighting the significance of investments in social determinants of health.
About Social determinants of health (SDOH)
- SDOH are non-medical factors that affect a person's health, well-being, and quality of life. They include the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age.
- SDOH also include the broader systems that shape everyday life, such as economic policies, social norms, and political systems.
- Some examples of SDOH include:
- Safe housing, transportation, and neighborhoods
- Racism, discrimination, and violence
- Education, job opportunities, and income
- Access to nutritious foods and physical activity opportunities
- Polluted air and water
- Language and literacy skills
GST COMPENSATION CESS
- 29 Sep 2024
In News:
- GST compensation cess likely to continue beyond January 2026, with potential rebranding and new end-use defined.
- Revenue Collection: Estimated Rs 20,000 crore expected from the cess by February 2026, with recent receipts of Rs 12,068 crore in August 2024.
- Cess Nature: The compensation cess, originally intended for revenue shortfall, cannot merge with the 28% GST slab due to regulatory limitations.
Financial Context
- RBI Study Insights: Weighted average GST rate decreased from 14.4% at launch to 11.6%, now even below 11%, raising concerns among states.
- State Concerns: Many states, including Punjab and Kerala, seek a 2-5 year extension for the compensation period to stabilize finances.
Regulatory Framework
- Cess Legislation: GST Compensation Cess is governed by the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, 2017, initially set for five years.
- Taxpayer Obligations: All suppliers of designated goods/services must collect the cess, except exporters and those under the composition scheme.
Distribution Mechanism
- Calculation of Compensation: Based on projected revenue growth (14%) against actual revenue, with payments distributed bi-monthly.
- Surplus Distribution: Any surplus in the compensation fund post-transition period will be shared between the Centre and states.
Future Considerations
- Ministerial Panel: A panel established by the GST Council will recommend the cess's future and revenue sharing post-compensation.
- Tax Expert Opinions: Some experts argue against pursuing the revenue-neutral rate, suggesting broader tax base expansion instead.
- Revenue Gap Solutions: Options for addressing compensation fund deficits include revising cess formulas, increasing rates, or market borrowing.
IBSA (INDIA, BRAZIL, SOUTH AFRICA) GROUPING
- 28 Sep 2024
In News:
In a significant move for global security, the Foreign Ministers of the IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) grouping issued a strong declaration against terrorism during the 79th UN General Assembly in New York. This declaration condemned terrorism in all its forms and reaffirmed the collective responsibility of the international community to eliminate terrorist safe havens worldwide.
Key Points from the IBSA Declaration:
- Universal Threat: The ministers stressed that terrorism is a threat that transcends borders, cultures, and governments.
- Rule of Law: They emphasized that counter-terrorism efforts must adhere to international law, particularly the UN Charter and human rights laws, ensuring civil liberties are respected.
- International Framework: A call was made for establishing a comprehensive international counter-terrorism framework, with the United Nations at its core, to coordinate global efforts against terrorism.
- Cross-Border Security: The declaration highlighted the need for stringent actions against the movement of terrorists and the financing of terrorist networks, condemning groups like Al-Qaeda, ISIS/Daesh, Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT), and Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM).
- Comprehensive Convention: A renewed commitment to accelerate the adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism at the UN was emphasized, aiming to create a unified legal framework for combating terrorism.
POLITICAL DECLARATION ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR)
- 28 Sep 2024
In News:
World leaders have officially adopted the Political Declaration on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) at the UN High-Level Meeting, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated global action to combat AMR, which claims 1.27 million lives annually. This declaration recognizes drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) as a critical component of the global AMR response, marking a significant moment in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.
Key Highlights of the Declaration
- DR-TB Priority: The declaration emphasizes the severe burden that DR-TB imposes on health systems, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the potential reversal of progress made against tuberculosis and the Sustainable Development Goals.
- Global Death Reduction Target: A target to reduce global deaths associated with AMR by 10% by 2030 and a funding goal of USD 100 million to help at least 60% of countries establish funded AMR plans by 2025.
- Support for Vulnerable Groups: Recognition of the socioeconomic challenges faced by those affected by AMR, affirming the need for integrated, person-centered healthcare, including support to reduce stigma.
- Independent Panel for Action: Agreement to establish an independent panel to provide evidence for actions against AMR by 2025.
Commitment to Action
The Stop TB Partnership applauds this commitment and urges UN Member States to provide necessary funding for implementing the declaration's commitments. The partnership aims to work closely with governments and civil society to translate these commitments into concrete actions.
Challenges of Antimicrobial Resistance
AMR poses a significant threat, particularly in LMICs, where it exacerbates existing healthcare challenges:
- Increased Infections: Medical facilities often become hotspots for treatment-resistant infections, making routine procedures riskier. In LMICs, about 11% of surgical patients experience infections.
- Lack of Resources: Access to clean water, proper diagnostics, and antimicrobial medicines is often limited, increasing vulnerability to drug-resistant infections.
- Impact of Conflicts: AMR complicates treatment in conflict zones, where drug-resistant infections spread rapidly among displaced populations, further emphasizing the need for peaceful resolutions.
Economic Implications of AMR
The economic case for addressing AMR is compelling:
- Without a stronger response, AMR could lead to an additional $412 billion in healthcare expenditures annually over the next decade, along with $443 billion in losses due to workforce participation and productivity declines.
- Implementing critical AMR interventions is considered a “best buy,” with a potential return of $7 to $13 for every dollar invested.
AYUSHMAN BHARAT DIGITAL MISSION (ABDM)
- 28 Sep 2024
In News:
Over 67 crore Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA) have been created in the past three years under the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM). The digital healthcare mission marked its three-year anniversary.
Key Highlights:
- Launch Date: September 27, 2021.
- Vision: Establish a robust digital health infrastructure to enhance healthcare accessibility, efficiency, and transparency.
- Duration: A transformative three-year journey aimed at revolutionizing India’s digital healthcare ecosystem.
Objectives and Background
- Alignment with National Health Policy: The mission stems from the National Health Policy (2017), emphasizing accessibility and the integration of digital technologies.
- Building Blocks:
- National Health Stack (2018) introduced unique health identifiers and verified registries.
- National Digital Health Blueprint (2019) provided guidance for implementing ABDM.
Key Features of ABDM
- Unique Health Identifier (ABHA ID): Assigns a unique ID to every individual for managing health records.
- Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR): Comprehensive database of healthcare professionals across all systems of medicine.
- Health Facility Registries (HFR): Repository of public and private health facilities, including hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies.
- Health Information Exchange and Consent Manager (HIE-CM): Allows secure access and sharing of health records based on informed consent.
- Unified Health Interface (UHI): Facilitates the discovery and delivery of health services.
- National Health Claims Exchange (HCX): Standardizes the insurance payment process for quicker claims.
- Data Privacy and Security: Ensures confidentiality and security of health-related information in compliance with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
- Interoperability: Enables seamless data exchange among stakeholders, supported by key gateways (HIE-CM, NHCX, UHI).
- Transparency: Offers individuals access to both public and private health services, ensuring transparent pricing and accountability.
Key Initiatives
- Scan and Share: QR-code based OPD registration reduces wait times and improves data accuracy.
- Digital Health Incentive Scheme (DHIS): Financial incentives to encourage participation in the ABDM ecosystem, launched on January 1, 2023.
- Microsites for Private Sector Adoption: Operationalized 106 microsites to facilitate ABDM adoption among private providers.
- End-to-End ABDM Adoption Pilot: Aimed at digitizing healthcare facilities across India, with 131 selected for participation.
Achievements
- Health Accounts Creation: Over 67 crore Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA) established, linking 42 crore health records.
- Ecosystem Participation: Involvement of 236 private entities and leading public institutions, enhancing interoperability.
- Healthcare Facility Registration: 3.3 lakh health facilities and 4.7 lakh healthcare professionals registered.
Moving Towards Transformation
- Collaborations: Partnerships with IIT Kanpur and Maharashtra University of Health Sciences to drive digital health education and public goods development.
- Training Initiatives: Introduction of a WhatsApp Chatbot for stakeholder training on digital health practices.
- Digital Health Standards: Launched by the National Accreditation Board of Hospitals to promote digital health technology adoption.
- Integration of eSwasthya Dham Portal: Extends ABDM benefits to Char Dham Yatris.
Vision for the Future
ABDM aims to create a seamless digital health ecosystem, ensuring every Indian citizen has access to their health records through a unique ABHA ID. The initiative includes:
- Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS): Aids healthcare professionals in improving clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.
INDIA-UZBEKISTAN BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY (BIT)
- 28 Sep 2024
In News:
India and Uzbekistan signed the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) aimed at boosting the confidence of investors of both the countries.
Key Highlights:
- Investor Protections:
- Assured Protection: The BIT guarantees protection for investors from both countries, aligning with international standards.
- Minimum Standards: It establishes a minimum standard of treatment and non-discrimination for investors.
- Dispute Resolution: An independent arbitration forum will be available for dispute settlement.
- Investment Safeguards:
- Protection from Expropriation: The treaty safeguards investments from unjust expropriation.
- Transparency and Compensation: Provisions are included for transparency and compensation for losses incurred.
- Regulatory Balance: While protecting investors, the treaty maintains a balance with the state's right to regulate, ensuring adequate policy space for both countries.
Economic Context
- Shared Commitment: The BIT reflects the commitment of both nations to foster economic ties and create a resilient investment environment.
- Expected Outcomes: It is anticipated that the treaty will facilitate increased bilateral investments, benefiting businesses and economies in India and Uzbekistan.
- Current Investment Landscape: As of August 2024, Overseas Direct Investment (ODI) from India to Uzbekistan stands at $20 million, with Indian investments notable in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, amusement parks, automobile components, and hospitality.
India and Bilateral Investment Treaties
BITs are reciprocal agreements between two countries designed to promote and protect foreign private investments within each other's territories.
- Key Guarantees Established:
- National Treatment: Foreign investors are treated on par with domestic companies.
- Fair and Equitable Treatment: Investors receive treatment aligned with international law.
- Protection from Expropriation: Limits the ability of a country to seize foreign investments without appropriate compensation.
- Status of BITs in India
- Historical Context:
- Until 2015, India had signed BITs with 83 countries, with 74 currently in force. These agreements were based on the Indian Model BIT established in 1993.
- Revisions and Current Approach: In 2015, India revised its Model BIT text. Since then, India has:
- Signed new BITs/Investment Agreements with four countries.
- Entered negotiations with 37 countries/blocks for new agreements.
- Terminated older BITs with 77 countries, with only six remaining in force.
- Historical Context:
- Key Features of the Revised Model BIT
- Investor Protection:
- Provides robust protection for foreign investors in India and Indian investors abroad.
- Balances investor rights with government obligations.
- Investor Confidence:
- Enhances investor confidence by ensuring non-discriminatory treatment and a level playing field.
- Establishes an independent arbitration forum for dispute resolution.
- Investment Definition:
- Adopts an "enterprise"-based definition of investment to encompass various forms of investment.
- Dispute Settlement Provisions:
- Refined Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) provisions require investors to exhaust local remedies before seeking international arbitration.
- Limits arbitration tribunals to awarding monetary compensation only.
- Regulatory Authority Preservation:
- Excludes government procurement, taxation, subsidies, compulsory licenses, and national security from BIT coverage, ensuring the government retains regulatory authority.
- Investor Protection:
- Strategic Impact
- Preferred FDI Destination: The revised BIT aims to position India as a preferred destination for foreign direct investment (FDI).
- Protection of Outbound FDI: It also focuses on safeguarding outbound investments made by Indian entities.
GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX (GII) 2024
- 28 Sep 2024
In News:
- India has moved up to 39th place among 133 economies in the GII 2024, showcasing significant progress from its 81st position in 2015.
Key Details:
- Regional Leadership: India ranks first among the 10 economies in Central and Southern Asia, highlighting its emerging leadership in innovation within the region.
- Lower-Middle-Income Economies: India is also the top-ranked lower-middle-income economy in the GII.
- WIPO Science & Technology Ranking: India holds the 4th position in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Science & Technology Cluster Ranking, indicating robust innovation capabilities.
- Top Science & Technology Clusters: Major Indian cities—Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, and Chennai—are recognized among the world’s Top 100 S&T clusters, emphasizing urban centers' roles in fostering innovation.
- Intangible Asset Intensity: India ranks 7th globally in intangible asset intensity, reflecting a strong focus on knowledge-based assets and intellectual property.
Context and Significance of GII
- Purpose of GII: The GII evaluates innovation ecosystems of 133 economies, providing insights into trends that drive economic and social change through innovation.
- Global Leaders: The top five most innovative economies according to the GII 2024 are Switzerland, Sweden, the US, Singapore, and the UK.
- Fastest Climbers: India is among the fastest climbers in the GII over the past decade, alongside China, Turkey, Vietnam, and the Philippines.
Overview of WIPO
- Foundation and Mission: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), established in 1974 and part of the UN since then, aims to support global innovators and creators, ensuring the safe journey of their ideas to market.
- Membership: WIPO comprises 193 member states, including a diverse range of developing and developed countries, facilitating a broad exchange of intellectual property knowledge.
- Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.
WORLD TOURISM DAY 2024
- 27 Sep 2024
In News:
The Ministry of Tourism celebrated World Tourism Day on September 27, 2024, under the theme “Tourism and Peace.” The focus was on how tourism fosters global peace by encouraging cross-cultural interactions and understanding.
Key Details:
- World Tourism Day, established in 1980 by the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), celebrates the global impact of tourism and raises awareness about its economic, social, and cultural significance.
- This day celebrates the diverse experiences that tourism offers and commits to making travel more inclusive, sustainable, and beneficial for all; here’s all you need to know about the day.
- The date, September 27, was chosen to commemorate the adoption of UNWTO statutes in 1975
- The theme for World Tourism Day 2024 is “Tourism and Peace,” which will highlight the association between tourism and world peace, with the United Nations emphasising the significance of comprehending diverse cultures and encouraging sustainable tourism.
World Tourism Day: Significance and Celebrations
- World Tourism Day is a global event that celebrates the role of tourism in bridging cultural gaps, enhancing mutual understanding, and driving economic development.
- It focuses on responsible tourism practices, celebrating diverse cultural heritage, and addressing environmental sustainability and fair distribution of benefits.
- Events include seminars, workshops, and conferences on the theme of the year, cultural festivals, exhibitions, and public performances.
- Educational campaigns and community outreach activities raise awareness about responsible travel, supporting local economies, and protecting natural environments.
Note:
- The World Economic Forum, in its recently released Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI), shares the top countries gaining popularity in the travel and tourism industry.
- Notably, in Southeast Asia, India ranks 39th as the TTDI’s top lower-middle-income economy. India’s strong Natural (6th), Cultural (9th) and Non-Leisure (9th) resources drive its travel industry, with the country’s being only one of three to score in the top 10 for all the resources pillars.
- The TTDI measures the set of factors and policies that enable the sustainable and resilient development of the T&T sector, which in turn contributes to the development of a country. Among the 119 countries, here are the top 10 countries for travel and tourism in 2024 attracting travellers from all over the globe.
PLANETARY BOUNDARIES AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
- 27 Sep 2024
In News:
A new report from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) indicates that the world's oceans are nearing critical acidity levels.
- Key Findings:
- Nine Crucial Factors: The report identifies nine essential elements for sustaining life on Earth.
- Exceeded Limits: Six of these factors have already surpassed safe limits due to human activities.
- Ocean Acidification: This is poised to become the seventh boundary breached.
- Crossed Boundaries:
- Factors Affected:
- Climate change
- Loss of natural species and habitats
- Depletion of freshwater resources
- Increase in pollutants, including plastics and agricultural chemicals
- Factors Affected:
- Causes of Ocean Acidification:
- Primarily driven by rising carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from burning fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas).
- Implications of Acidification:
- Damage to corals, shellfish, and phytoplankton, disrupting marine ecosystems.
- Threats to food supplies for billions of people.
- Reduced capacity of oceans to absorb CO2, exacerbating global warming.
- Ozone Layer Status:
- Currently not close to being breached; showing recovery since the banning of harmful chemicals in 1987.
- Air Quality Concerns:
- A ninth boundary related to particulate matter is near danger limits.
- Improvements in air quality are noted, but industrializing nations still face pollution risks.
- Tipping Points:
- Crossing these boundaries could lead to irreversible and catastrophic consequences for humanity and future generations.
- All boundaries are interconnected; breaching one can destabilize the entire system.
- Opportunities for Solutions:
- Addressing critical issues, such as limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, can have widespread benefits across multiple environmental challenges.
Planetary boundaries
- The planetary boundaries were introduced in 2009 to define the global environmental limits within which humans can safely live.
- Johan Rockström, former director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre, led a group of 28 renowned scientists to identify the nine processes that regulate the stability and resilience of the Earth system.
- Climate Change: Greenhouse gas concentrations, primarily CO2, are the primary metric here. Exceeding the recommended levels risks amplifying global warming.
- Ocean Acidification: Oceans absorb CO2, leading to decreased pH levels. This boundary measures the carbonate ion concentration, vital for marine life like corals.
- Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: The ozone layer protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiation. This boundary emphasizes the ozone concentration in the stratosphere.
- Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles: Excess nitrogen and phosphorus, often from fertilizers, can disrupt ecosystems. Here, the focus is on their flow into the environment.
- Freshwater Use: Freshwater is vital for life. This boundary pinpoints the annual consumption of freshwater resources.
- Land-System Change: As we modify landscapes, particularly through deforestation, we alter habitats and carbon storage capabilities. This threshold concerns the amount of forested land remaining.
- Biodiversity Loss: Biodiversity underpins ecosystem resilience. This metric observes the extinction rate of species.
- Atmospheric Aerosol Loading: Aerosols influence climate and human health. This boundary examines their density in the atmosphere.
- Chemical Pollution: Synthetic chemicals can harm ecosystems and human health. This boundary reviews their concentration and spread.
PARAM Rudra Supercomputers
- 27 Sep 2024
In News:
Recently, the Prime Minister of India launched three Param Rudra Supercomputing Systems and a High-Performance Computing (HPC) system for weather and climate research via a virtual event.
PARAM Rudra Supercomputers
- Development: Indigenously developed under the National Supercomputing Mission.
- Deployment Locations:
- Delhi: Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC) focuses on material science and atomic physics.
- Pune: Giant Metre Radio Telescope (GMRT) will explore Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) and other astronomical phenomena.
- Kolkata: S N Bose Centre drives advanced research in physics, cosmology, and earth sciences.
High-Performance Computing (HPC) System
- Purpose: Tailored for weather and climate research.
- Location:
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.
- National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF), Noida.
- System Names: 'Arka' and 'Arunika', reflecting their solar connection.
Significance of the HPC System
- Enhanced Predictive Capabilities:
- High-resolution models improve accuracy and lead time for: Tropical cyclones, Heavy precipitation, Thunderstorms, Hailstorms, Heat waves, Droughts and Other critical weather phenomena
National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)
- Launch and Goals
- Launched in 2015 to position India among world-class computing power nations.
- Aims to connect national academic and R&D institutions with a network of over 70 high-performance computing (HPC) facilities.
- Implementation
- Managed by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), Government of India.
- Estimated cost: Rs 4,500 crore over 7 years.
- Supports initiatives like 'Digital India' and 'Make in India'.
- Current Status
- India ranks 74th globally in supercomputing, with only 9 supercomputers out of more than 500 worldwide.
- The mission addresses the growing computing demands of the scientific community and aligns with international technology trends.
- Infrastructure and Networking
- Envisions a supercomputing grid with over 70 HPC facilities networked via the National Knowledge Network (NKN).
- NKN connects academic institutions and R&D labs through a high-speed network.
ASIA POWER INDEX
- 26 Sep 2024
In News:
In a major shift, India surpassed Japan to become the third-largest power in the Asia Power Index, reflecting its increasing geopolitical stature. This achievement is driven by India's dynamic growth, youthful population, and expanding economy, solidifying its position as a leading force in the region.
Key Factors Behind India’s Rise:
- Economic Growth: India has shown remarkable post-pandemic economic recovery, contributing to a 4.2-point rise in its Economic Capability. India’s massive population and strong GDP growth reinforce its standing as the world’s third-largest economy in PPP terms.
- Future Potential: India’s Future Resources score increased by 8.2 points, signalling a potential demographic dividend. Unlike its regional competitors, particularly China and Japan, India benefits from a youthful population that will continue to drive economic growth and labour force expansion in the coming decades.
- Diplomatic Influence: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership has garnered greater international recognition. India’s non-aligned strategic posture has allowed New Delhi to navigate complex international waters effectively. India ranked 6th in terms of diplomatic dialogues in 2023, reflecting its active engagement in multilateral forums.
- Further, India’s large population and economic capabilities offer it substantial promise. India’s score in Cultural Influence has also remained relatively strong, underpinned by its global diaspora and cultural exports.
- In addition, India’s role in multilateral diplomacy and security cooperation has been a point of emphasis. India's participation in dialogues, as well as its leadership in the Quad, has allowed it to play a significant role in regional security dynamics, albeit outside of formal military alliances.
Asia Power Index
- The Asia Power Index, launched by the Lowy Institute in 2018, is an annual measure of power dynamics in the Asia-Pacific region.
- It evaluates 27 countries across the Asia-Pacific, examining their ability to shape and respond to the external environment.
- The 2024 edition offers one of the most comprehensive assessments of power distribution in the region to date. Timor-Leste has been included for the first time, reflecting its growing importance in Southeast Asia.
- The Index focuses on both the material capabilities of states and the influence they exert on the international stage.
Criteria and Parameters of Power Measurement
Power in the Asia Power Index is divided into resource-based and influence-based determinants:
- Resource-Based Determinants:
- Economic Capability: The core economic strength of a country, measured through indicators like GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP), technological sophistication, and global economic connectivity.
- Military Capability: Evaluates conventional military strength based on defense spending, armed forces, weapon systems, and signature capabilities like long-range power projection.
- Resilience: The internal capacity to deter threats to state stability, including institutional robustness, geopolitical security, and resource security.
- Future Resources: Forecasts the future distribution of resources, including economic, military, and demographic factors projected for 2035.
- Influence-Based Determinants:
- Economic Relationships: The capacity to exercise leverage through trade, investment, and economic diplomacy.
- Defense Networks: The strength of alliances and partnerships, measured through military cooperation and arms transfers.
- Diplomatic Influence: The extent of a country's diplomatic reach, participation in multilateral forums, and foreign policy ambition.
- Cultural Influence: The ability to shape international public opinion through cultural exports, media, and people-to-people ties.
A country's overall power score is derived from a weighted average of these eight measures, encompassing 131 individual indicators. The results offer a nuanced understanding of how countries convert their resources into influence within the Asia-Pacific.
10 YEARS OF MAKE IN INDIA
- 26 Sep 2024
In News:
The “Make in India” initiative has completed 10 years. It was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on September 25, 2014.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
- The ‘Make in India’ campaign aims to facilitate investment, foster innovation, enhance skill development, protect intellectual property & build best in class manufacturing infrastructure.
- “Make in India” was designed to transform India into a global hub for design and manufacturing.
- Seen as an important ‘Vocal for Local’ initiative, its objective is twofold. Firstly, to boost India’s manufacturing capabilities and secondly to showcase its industrial potential on a global stage.
- The “Make in India 2.0” phase encompassing 27 sectors – both manufacturing and service.
4 pillars of “Make in India” initiative:
- New Processes: To enhance the business environment, promote entrepreneurship and startups – ‘ease of doing business’ became a crucial factor.
- New Infrastructure: Development of industrial corridors, smart cities, integrating state-of-the-art technology and high-speed communication to create world-class infrastructure, improving intellectual property rights (IPR) infrastructure etc.
- New Sectors: Opening of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors like Defence Production, Insurance, Medical Devices, Construction, and Railway infrastructure.
- New Mindset: In order to support industrial growth and innovation – the government embraced a role as a facilitator rather than a regulator. The Government partners with industry in the economic development of the country.
Key Initiatives to enable Make in India initiative
Production linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: The primary goals of the PLI Schemes are to attract substantial investments, incorporate advanced technology, and ensure operational efficiency. These schemes cover 14 key sectors aimed at fostering investment in cutting-edge technology and promoting global competitiveness.
PM GatiShakti: It is a strategic initiative aimed at achieving Aatmanirbhar Bharat and a US $5 trillion economy by 2025 through the creation of multimodal and last-mile connectivity infrastructure. PM GatiShakti is a transformative approach for economic growth and sustainable development. The approach is driven by 7 engines, namely:
- Railways
- Roads
- Ports
- Waterways
- Airports
- Mass Transport
- Logistics Infrastructure
Semiconductor Ecosystem Development: It encompasses four key schemes:
- Modified Scheme for Setting Up Semiconductor Fabs in India
- Modified Scheme for Setting Up Display Fabs in India
- Modified Scheme for Setting Up Compound Semiconductors, Silicon Photonics, Sensors Fabs, and Discrete Semiconductors, along with Semiconductor Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging (ATMP) / OSAT Facilities in India
- Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme
It aims to foster the development of a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in the country.
The Semicon India Programme aims to provide a significant impetus to semiconductor and display manufacturing by facilitating capital support and promoting technological collaborations.
National Logistics Policy: Introduced to complement the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan. It focusses on enhancing the soft infrastructure of India’s logistics sector.
The Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan (CLAP) was rolled out. The key areas which it addresses are logistics systems, standardization, human resource development, state engagement, and logistics parks.
The National Industrial Corridor Development Programme: Aims to create “Smart Cities” and advanced industrial hubs.
Startup India: Several programs aimed at supporting entrepreneurs, building a robust startup ecosystem, and transforming India into a country of job creators instead of job seekers were rolled out.
Implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST): As India’s tax reforms, it is seen as crucial in the context of the Make in India initiative.
Unified Payments Interface: For India’s digital economy growth, it is seen as one of the key initiatives to enable ease of doing business.
Ease of Doing Business: The efforts aim to simplify regulations, reduce bureaucratic hurdles, and create a more business-friendly environment, significantly boosting investor confidence and supporting the objectives of the Make in India initiative.
China test-fires an intercontinental ballistic missile into the Pacific Ocean
- 26 Sep 2024
In News:
China stated that it test-launched an intercontinental ballistic missile, firing it into the Pacific Ocean in its first such exercise in decades.
- Launch Details:
- The missile carried a dummy warhead and fell into a designated area in the high seas.
- The specific flight path and landing location were not disclosed.
- Testing Objectives:
- The launch tested weapon performance and troop training levels, achieving its expected objectives.
- Historical Context:
- This is the first ICBM test over the Pacific Ocean in over 40 years.
- China's first ICBM, the DF-5, was test-fired in 1980.
- ICBM Specifications:
- The latest ICBM, likely the DF-41, has an estimated range of 12,000 to 15,000 kilometers (7,400 to 9,300 miles), capable of reaching the US mainland.
- Strategic Messaging:
- Analysts interpret the test as a warning to the US, suggesting direct intervention in Taiwan could expose the American homeland.
- The test signals China's ability to engage multiple fronts simultaneously.
- Regional Tensions:
- Recent weeks have seen heightened tensions with Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan due to military incursions and exercises.
- International Norms:
- There is a global expectation to notify nations of long-range missile launches to avoid miscalculations. China has limited agreements regarding this, primarily with Russia.
- Military Buildup:
- Under Xi Jinping, China has enhanced its nuclear capabilities and revamped the PLA’s Rocket Force.
- Recent satellite imagery indicates the construction of hundreds of ICBM silos in China’s deserts.
- Future Projections:
- As of 2023, China has over 500 operational nuclear warheads, projected to exceed 1,000 by 2030 according to the Pentagon.
- Implications of the Test:
- The ICBM test may be aimed at demonstrating military readiness despite recent corruption scandals within the Rocket Force.
About ICBMs:
- An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a long-range ballistic missile system primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery. They are powerful and destructive weapons, capable of travelling vast distances at incredibly high speeds.
- Key features of ICBMs:
- Range: Range greater than 5,500 kilometres with maximum ranges varying from 7,000 to 16,000 kilometres.
- Speed: ICBMs can travel at speeds exceeding 20,000 kilometres per hour.
- Payload: Typically designed to carry nuclear warheads, though they could potentially be used to deliver other types of weapons, such as chemical or biological weapons.
- Deployment: ICBMs can be launched from silos underground, mobile launchers on land, or submarines at sea.
- Countries having operational ICBMs: Russia, United States, China, France, India, United Kingdom, Israel and North Korea.
INDIA'S BIOE3 POLICY AND SMART PROTEINS
- 26 Sep 2024
In News:
The Indian government recently approved the Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment (Bioe3) Policy, which prioritizes the production of "smart proteins". This initiative aligns with broader national goals of achieving a sustainable, circular bioeconomy and a Net Zero carbon economy.
What Are Smart Proteins?
Smart proteins are alternative proteins derived from unconventional sources such as:
- Algae
- Fungi
- Insects
- Fermentation processes
- Lab-grown cells
This category also includes plant-based proteins, designed to replicate the taste and nutritional value of animal products without the need for livestock farming.
Environmental Benefits
The production of smart proteins offers significant environmental advantages:
- Water Use: 72-99% less water compared to conventional meat.
- Land Use: 47-99% less land required.
- Water Pollution: 51-91% reduction in pollution.
- Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 30-90% fewer emissions.
Health and Safety
With rising incomes, India's protein consumption has increased, from 9.7% of calories in 1991 to 11% in 2021. Smart proteins:
- Enhance food safety by reducing the risk of zoonotic diseases.
- Foster ethical consumption and align with traditional Indian dietary preferences.
Objectives of the BioE3 Policy
The Bioe3 Policy aims to:
- Foster high-performance biomanufacturing.
- Promote sustainable growth and innovation in biotechnology.
- Support the transition towards a Net Zero carbon economy.
By emphasizing the development of smart proteins, the Bioe3 Policy represents a strategic move towards a more sustainable and resilient food system in India.
ACHIEVING GLOBAL NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
- 26 Sep 2024
Overview
Global nuclear disarmament remains a top priority for the United Nations, initially emphasized in the General Assembly’s first resolution in 1946. Despite historical efforts, approximately 12,100 nuclear weapons still exist today, with ongoing modernization plans in many countries.
Key Historical Milestones
- 1945: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing an estimated 213,000 people.
- 1946: First UN resolution identifies nuclear disarmament as a key goal.
- 1959: General Assembly endorses the goal of general and complete disarmament.
- 1963: Opening of the Partial Test Ban Treaty.
- 1978: First Special Session of the General Assembly dedicated to disarmament.
- 1996: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty opens for signature.
- 2017: Adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.
Recent Developments
- 2019: U.S. withdrawal from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
- 2023: Russia suspends participation in the New START Treaty, raising concerns over arms control.
The International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons
- Established: December 2013, following a high-level meeting on nuclear disarmament.
- Observed: Annually on September 26.
- Purpose: Raise awareness about the dangers of nuclear weapons and promote their total elimination.
Goals of the International Day
- Enhance public education on the humanitarian risks associated with nuclear weapons.
- Mobilize international efforts towards a nuclear-weapon-free world.
Continuing Challenges
- The doctrine of nuclear deterrence remains central to the security policies of nuclear-armed states and their allies.
- No nuclear weapons have been destroyed under a treaty framework, and current disarmament negotiations are stagnant.
- Growing frustration among UN Member States over the slow progress in nuclear disarmament.
NAGAR VAN YOJANA (NVY)
- 25 Sep 2024
In News:
Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India achieved a 100-Day Target of 100 Nagar Vans under Nagar Van Yojana (NVY) with the objective to Enhance Urban Greenery.
Key Details:
- Launch: Initiated in 2020 to enhance urban greenery, improve quality of life, and foster social cohesion.
- Financial Support: Offers ?4 lakh per hectare for creation and maintenance of urban forests.
- Area Specification: Nagar Van areas range from 10 to 50 hectares.
- Coverage: Applicable to all cities with Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
Achievements
- 100-Day Target: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change achieved a target of 100 Nagar Vans, surpassing it with the approval of 111 Nagar Vans in just 100 days.
- Geographic Spread: These 111 Nagar Vans are distributed across six states and one Union Territory.
Features of Nagar Vans
- Biodiversity Focus: Emphasis on planting fruit-bearing, medicinal, and native species to attract wildlife and maintain ecological balance.
- Community Involvement: Engages citizens, students, and stakeholders through tree planting, educational programs, and sustainable management.
- Design Elements: Each Nagar Van includes two-thirds tree cover and features components like Biodiversity Parks, Smriti Vans, Butterfly Conservatories, Herbal Gardens, and Matri Vans.
Future Goals
- Expansion Plans: Target to develop 1,000 Nagar Vans by 2027, supported by the National Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority (National CAMPA).
- Environmental Impact: Aims to protect forest land from degradation and address urban environmental issues such as air pollution and habitat loss.
Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam Campaign
- Launch Date: Introduced on June 5, 2024, during World Environment Day.
- Purpose: Encourages tree planting as a tribute to mothers, fostering a culture of environmental stewardship.
- Tree Planting Goals: Aims to plant 80 crore trees by September 2024 and 140 crore by March 2025.
- Tracking Efforts: Participants can document their planting through the MeriLiFE portal, where over 75 crore saplings have been recorded.
Recent Initiatives
- Tree Plantation Drive: A recent drive on September 17, 2024, aimed at creating Matri Vans in newly approved Nagar Vans, highlighting community and governmental collaboration for sustainable urban development.
INDIA’s FIRST MISSION TO VENUS
- 25 Sep 2024
In News:
India is set to launch its first mission to Venus in March 2028, following the recent approval from the Union Cabinet. This mission, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), marks India’s second interplanetary endeavor after the successful Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013.
Importance of Studying Venus
- Earth's Twin: Venus is often referred to as Earth’s twin due to its similar mass, density, and size. Understanding Venus can provide insights into Earth’s own evolution.
- Extreme Conditions: The planet has a surface temperature around 462°C and an atmospheric pressure similar to that found deep under Earth’s oceans. Its atmosphere consists primarily of 96.5% carbon dioxide and features clouds of sulfuric acid.
- Historical Water Presence: Venus may have had water in the past, leading scientists to explore how it transitioned to its current hostile environment, likely due to a runaway greenhouse effect.
Mission Overview
- Launch Timeline: The mission will utilize a strategic launch window when Earth and Venus are closest, occurring every 19 months. It was initially planned for 2023 but is now set for 2028.
- Payload: The mission will carry around 100 kg of scientific instruments, including 17 Indian and 7 international experiments.
- Journey to Venus: After exiting Earth's orbit, the spacecraft will take about 140 days to reach Venus.
Aero-Braking Technique
- First-time Use: This mission will employ aero-braking, a technique to adjust the spacecraft’s orbit by skimming through Venus's atmosphere, creating drag that reduces altitude.
- Target Orbit: The satellite will initially be in a highly elliptical orbit of 500 km x 60,000 km and will be gradually lowered to an orbit of either 300 x 300 km or 200 x 600 km over about six months.
Scientific Payloads
- Synthetic Aperture Radar: For imaging the surface of Venus.
- Thermal Camera: To study temperature variations.
- Interplanetary Dust Analysis: Investigating dust particle flow.
- High-Energy Particle Studies: Examining particles entering the atmosphere and their ionization effects.
- Atmospheric Composition Study: Assessing the structure, variability, and thermal state of Venus’s atmosphere.
Which countries are trying to study Venus?
- There have been several missions to Venus in the past by the United States, the erstwhile USSR, Japan, and a collaborative mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) with Japan.
- The US has planned at least two more missions to Venus in the future — DaVinci in 2029 and Veritas in 2031 — and the ESA has planned the EnVision mission for 2030.
INDIA ATTENDS IPEF MINISTERIAL MEETING
- 25 Sep 2024
In News:
Recently, the Union Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal joined a virtual meeting of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) alongside representatives from 13 other partner countries. This meeting marked the third gathering focused on the framework's key pillars: Supply Chain Resilience, Clean Economy, and Fair Economy.
Key Agreements and Future Steps
- Entry into Force of Agreements:
- The IPEF partners celebrated the upcoming implementation of the Clean Economy Agreement and the Fair Economy Agreement on October 11 and October 12, 2024, respectively. These agreements aim to enhance economic cooperation and deliver tangible benefits to member nations.
- Supply Chain Resilience:
- The ministers discussed the progress in operationalizing the Supply Chain Agreement, emphasizing collaborative efforts to create more competitive and resilient supply chains. Key actions include:
- The formation of action plan teams for critical sectors like semiconductors, critical minerals, and chemicals, addressing vulnerabilities revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- India's election as Vice Chair of the Supply Chain Council, which aims to streamline communication and cooperation among member countries.
- The ministers discussed the progress in operationalizing the Supply Chain Agreement, emphasizing collaborative efforts to create more competitive and resilient supply chains. Key actions include:
- Clean Economy Initiatives:
- The Clean Economy Agreement focuses on energy security, climate resilience, and reducing fossil fuel dependence. Ministers acknowledged the advancement of eight Cooperative Work Programs (CWPs) addressing topics such as hydrogen and carbon markets.
- The first IPEF Investor Forum, held in Singapore, facilitated discussions on investment opportunities in climate-friendly technologies.
- Fair Economy Measures:
- The Fair Economy Agreement aims to bolster anti-corruption measures and improve tax administration efficiency. Upcoming workshops will address foreign bribery laws and public procurement oversight.
- India highlighted its own anti-corruption measures and commitment to transparency under Prime Minister Modi's leadership.
About IPEF
Launched on May 23, 2022, in Tokyo, IPEF includes 14 countries: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and the USA. The framework seeks to enhance economic engagement, stability, and prosperity across the Indo-Pacific region through its four key pillars: Trade, Supply Chain Resilience, Clean Economy, and Fair Economy.
SPICED SCHEME
- 25 Sep 2024
In the News
The Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry has authorized the SPICED scheme (Sustainability in Spice Sector through Progressive, Innovative, and Collaborative Interventions for Export Development), which will run until 2025-26.
Overview
This initiative aims to expand the cultivation area and enhance the productivity of both small and large cardamom. It will also focus on improving the quality of spices for export through advancements in post-harvest processes and promoting value-added spice exports.
Key Objectives:
- Increase cardamom production and boost export potential.
- Improve post-harvest quality to meet export standards and ensure compliance with safety and quality regulations.
India holds the position of the largest producer, consumer, and exporter of spices globally.
Cardamom
Cardamom is sourced from the seeds of the Elettaria cardamomum plant (commonly known as green or true cardamom) and is a member of the ginger family. It is known for its unique, robust flavor that combines both spicy and sweet notes. There are two primary varieties: Small Cardamom and Large Cardamom.
Small Cardamom:
- Origin: Native to the evergreen forests of South India's Western Ghats.
- Major Producers: Primarily grown in Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
- Growing Conditions: Thrives in loamy soil with thick shade, requires temperatures between 10°C and 35°C, and needs 1500 to 4000 mm of annual rainfall.
Large Cardamom:
- Distribution: Mainly cultivated in the Sub-Himalayan regions of Northeast India, Nepal, and Bhutan.
- Major Producers: Key production areas include Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and the Darjeeling district of West Bengal.
- Growing Conditions: Prefers high altitudes (600 to 2000 meters), with average rainfall of 3000-3500 mm, and temperatures ranging from 6°C to 30°C. Well-drained, loamy soils rich in organic matter are ideal.
About the Spices Board of India
Established in 1987 under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Spices Board of India serves as the apex organization for the promotion and export of a diverse array of spices, including black pepper, both small and large cardamom, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, cumin, and fenugreek. The Board was formed by merging the Cardamom Board (1968) and the Spices Export Promotion Council (1960). Its headquarters is located in Kochi, Kerala.
Ideas4LiFE Initiative
- 25 Sep 2024
In News:
The Ideas4LiFE portal was launched by Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, at IIT Delhi.
- Purpose: Designed to invite innovative ideas related to products and services that promote environmentally friendly lifestyles.
- Development Partner: Created in collaboration with UNICEF YuWaah.
Key Features of the Ideas4LiFE Portal
- Themes: Aligned with Mission LiFE, focusing on:
- Water Conservation
- Energy Efficiency
- Waste Reduction
- E-Waste Management
- Minimizing Single-Use Plastics
- Embracing Sustainable Food Practices
- Fostering Healthy Lifestyles
- Recognition: Winning ideas will be awarded attractive prizes for both individuals and institutions.
Engagement and Outreach
- Submissions: As of now, the portal has received approximately 3,300 registrations and over 1,000 ideas.
- Social Media Impact: The initiative has garnered 46.5 million impressions and a reach of 13.5 million through social media under the hashtag #Ideas4LiFE.
Collaboration with Educational Institutions
- Partnerships: Collaborations with the University Grants Commission (UGC), All-India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), and various educational institutions to promote the Ideathon among students and researchers.
- Objective: Encourage the academic community to contribute innovative, citizen-focused ideas that support sustainable living.
Future Plans
- Evaluation Process: Submitted ideas will be evaluated by a jury, leading to the announcement of shortlisted and winning ideas.
- Implementation: Winning ideas will be included in a national repository, allowing stakeholders, including government bodies and private entities, to nurture and scale these innovations.
Mission LiFE Context
- Definition: Mission LiFE (Lifestyle For Environment) is a campaign initiated at UN Climate Change Conference COP26 in 2021.
- Goals:
- Mobilize at least one billion people for environmental protection.
- Make 80% of villages and urban local bodies environment-friendly by 2028.
- Promote small, everyday actions to combat climate change.
- Philosophy: Emphasizes the P3 model—Pro Planet People—uniting individuals in the commitment to environmental stewardship.
SWACHH BHARAT MISSION 2.0
- 24 Sep 2024
Mission Overview:
- Launched on October 1, 2021, as the second phase of the Swachh Bharat Mission.
- Aims for "Garbage-Free Status" in all urban areas by 2026.
- Focuses on 100% source segregation, door-to-door waste collection, and scientific waste management.
Legacy Waste Issues:
- Legacy waste consists of improperly collected and stored solid waste, often found in landfills and abandoned sites.
- Approximately 15,000 acres of prime land are buried under nearly 16 crore tonnes of legacy waste in India.
- The mission seeks to convert legacy dumpsites into green zones and establish scientific landfills to manage untreated waste.
Current Progress:
- Of 2,424 identified dumpsites (each with over 1,000 tonnes of waste), only 470 have been fully remediated (16% reclaimed).
- 1,224 sites are under ongoing remediation, while 730 remain untouched.
- Out of 28,460 acres of affected land, 4,552 acres have been reclaimed, with 23,908 acres still to be addressed.
State Performance:
- Tamil Nadu: 837 acres reclaimed (42% of its total dumpsite area).
- Gujarat: Leads in percentage, reclaiming 75% of its landfill area (698 out of 938 acres).
Financial Aspects:
- Central assistance of ?3,226 crore has been approved for remediation efforts.
- States and Union Territories must provide a matching share to access these funds.
Challenges:
- Legacy waste management involves complexities such as radiological characterization, leachate management, and fire control.
- Current municipal solid waste generation in India is around 150,000 tonnes per day.
Historical Context:
- The original Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM-U 1.0) launched on October 2, 2014, focused on making urban areas Open Defecation Free (ODF).
GREENLAND LANDSLIDE AND GLOBAL SEISMIC WAVES
- 24 Sep 2024
In News:
Massive Greenland landslide sent seismic waves around earth for 9 days. One year ago, roughly 25 million cubic metres of ice and rock splashed into the Dickson Fjord in Greenland and displaced the water enough to give rise to a 200-metre high mega-tsunami; in this way, a melting glacier led to a planet-wide tremor, and researchers warn that it may not be the last
Seismic Observations
- Detection: Unusual seismic signals recorded by stations worldwide, characterized by a single frequency, unlike typical earthquake vibrations.
- Classification: Initially termed a "USO" (unidentified seismic object) due to its atypical properties.
- Duration: Waves persisted for nine days, unlike typical aftershock patterns.
Investigation Efforts
- Collaboration: Involved over 68 researchers from 40 universities across 15 countries.
- Data Sources: Combined seismic data, satellite imagery, water level monitors, and a classified bathymetric map from the Danish Navy.
- Conclusion: The seismic waves resulted from a massive landslide caused by the collapse of Hvide Støvhorn peak, which triggered a series of events leading to the tsunami.
Mega-Tsunami and Seiche
- Tsunami Details:
- Created by the avalanche crashing into the fjord, displacing water significantly.
- Resulted in waves that reflected off fjord walls, reaching heights of nearly 110 meters due to the fjord's unique shape.
- Seiche Phenomenon:
- Oscillations in the fjord persisted for over nine days, reflecting the energy from the landslide.
- Maximum amplitude of the seiche recorded at 7.4 meters, with a frequency of 11.45 MHz.
Climate Context
- Global Warming Impact: Thinning glaciers contributed to instability in the region, making such landslides more likely.
- Future Predictions: Researchers warn of increased frequency and scale of similar events as climate change continues to affect Arctic and subarctic regions.
Key Takeaways
- The Greenland landslide serves as a reminder of the unpredictable consequences of climate change, including massive geological events.
- The incident highlights the interconnectedness of natural systems and the potential for localized events to have global repercussions.
ROBOTIC MULES AND HIGH-ALTITUDE INNOVATIONS IN THE ARMY
- 24 Sep 2024
In News:
The Army has inducted 100 robotic mules, known as Multi-Utility Legged Equipment (MULE), under the fourth tranche of emergency procurements (EP).
- Purpose: These robotic mules are designed for surveillance and transporting light loads across challenging terrains, especially in high-altitude areas.
- Specifications:
- Endurance: Capable of operating for up to three years.
- Temperature Range: Functions effectively in extreme temperatures from -40°C to +55°C.
- Payload Capacity: Can carry up to 15 kg.
- Mobility: Can climb stairs, steep hills, and traverse obstacles; waterproof and able to cross rivers.
- Sensing Abilities: Equipped with electro-optics and infrared capabilities for object recognition.
- Control Mechanisms: Operable via an easy-to-use remote control, Wi-Fi, or Long-Term Evolution (LTE) connections.
- Mission Programming: Can be programmed for specific missions using waypoints or pre-recorded tasks.
- Combat Integration: Capable of integration with small arms for military applications.
- Logistics Drones: Logistics drones are currently undergoing trials to enhance support and movement in forward areas, particularly in high-altitude conditions.
- High-Altitude Habitat Evaluation: A new tent designed for extreme cold environments (operating at temperatures down to -40°C) is under evaluation. This tent, called Peak Pods, is intended for use in sub-zero conditions.
- Evaluation Locations: The tent has been tested in three high-altitude sites:
- Leh (11,500 feet)
- Daulat Beg Oldie (16,700 feet)
- Durbuk (12,500 feet)
- Significance: These advancements reflect the Army's focus on technological innovations to enhance operational capabilities in high-altitude areas, especially following the 2020 stand-off with China in Eastern Ladakh.
- Funding and Timelines: The EP process allows contracts up to ?300 crore, with a requirement for delivery within one year.
GINGEE FORT PROPOSED FOR UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE
- 24 Sep 2024
In News:
Recently nominated for UNESCO’s World Heritage Site status, Gingee Fort is part of the Maratha Military Landscapes of India, which encompasses 12 historical sites, primarily located in Maharashtra, with Gingee being the sole representative from Tamil Nadu. The nomination highlights the fort’s historical importance, unique military architecture, and its integral role in Maratha military history.
Significance of Gingee Fort
Gingee Fort, often referred to as the "Troy of the East," stands as a crucial historical monument in Tamil Nadu. Perched atop three prominent hillocks—Rajagiri, Krishnagiri, and Chandragiri—it has served as a significant stronghold for numerous empires throughout Indian history, including the Vijayanagar Nayaks, Marathas, Mughals, French, and British. This fortification exemplifies India’s rich and diverse historical legacy.
Unique Features
The fort complex spans 11 acres and boasts an array of significant structures, including:
- Kalyana Mahal: An eight-storey royal residence.
- Durbar Hall: A ceremonial hall for gatherings.
- Stepped Well and Cannon: Examples of advanced engineering and military use.
- Clock Tower and Armory: Reflecting its historical military significance.
- Elephant Tank and Stables: Indicating its use for royal elephants.
- Temples and Mosques: Including the Venkataramana Temple with intricate carvings and the Sadathtulla Mosque.
Additionally, the fort features advanced water supply systems from various historical periods, ensuring adequate resources for its inhabitants.
Historical Timeline
The origins of Gingee Fort trace back to 1200 CE when built by Ananta Kon of the Konar Dynasty. The fort underwent significant renovations under the Vijayanagar Empire. Key historical events include:
- 1677: Captured by Chhatrapati Shivaji, it remained under Maratha control until 1698.
- 1698: Came under Mughal possession, later ruled by the Nawabs of Arcot and briefly by the French.
- 1750-1770: Occupied by the French before falling to the British.
This timeline reflects the fort's strategic and cultural significance across different dynasties.
Nomination Process for UNESCO
The process for securing UNESCO World Heritage Site status involves rigorous evaluation. Experts from UNESCO and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) assess the site's historical significance, conservation state, and management strategies. A visit to Gingee Fort is scheduled as part of this evaluation, with a recommendation expected for the 2025 World Heritage designation.
Preparation of the Nomination Dossier
The Development and Research Organisation for Nature, Arts and Heritage (DRONAH) prepared the nomination dossier, aligning with UNESCO’s operational guidelines. This comprehensive document details the fort's historical context, conservation status, and management strategies, aimed at demonstrating its outstanding value for humanity.
SUPREME COURT RULING ON CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATIVE MATERIAL: KEY HIGHLIGHTS
- 24 Sep 2024
Overview of the Ruling
- Date: Recent ruling by the Supreme Court of India.
- Context: Determined that viewing, downloading, storing, or distributing material involving child sexual exploitation constitutes a criminal offense under the POCSO Act and the Information Technology Act.
- Appeal Background: Decision overturned a Madras High Court ruling that deemed private viewing of such material non-criminal.
Terminology and Legislative Recommendations
- Terminology Change: Supreme Court advocates replacing “child pornography” with “Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material” (CSEAM) to avoid trivialization of the crime.
- Amendment Call: Court urged Parliament to amend the POCSO Act and advised promulgating an ordinance for immediate effect.
Key Highlights of the Ruling
- Redefinition of Terminology: Emphasizes that "pornography" may imply consensual acts, misrepresenting the nature of child exploitation.
- Expansion of Section 15 of the POCSO Act:
- Possession Without Reporting: Individuals must delete or report any stored CSEAM; failure results in penalties.
- Intent to Transmit: Possessing CSEAM with intent to share, barring reporting, is punishable.
- Commercial Possession: Storing CSEAM for commercial purposes faces the strictest penalties.
- Concept of Inchoate Offenses: Classifies offenses related to CSEAM as preparatory actions towards further crimes.
- Redefinition of Possession:
- Includes "constructive possession," where individuals can be liable without direct physical possession.
- Watching CSEAM online without downloading can still be deemed possession.
- Educational Reforms:
- Court urged for comprehensive sex education to counter stigma and misconceptions.
- Curriculum should cover consent, healthy relationships, and respect for diversity.
- Awareness of the POCSO Act: Central and state governments are mandated to promote awareness, supported by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR).
- Formation of Expert Committee: To develop programs for health and sex education while increasing POCSO awareness among children.
- Victim Support and Awareness: Emphasized the need for psychological support, counseling, and educational assistance for victims.
Status of Crimes Against Children
- Increasing Incidents: India leads in online child sexual abuse imagery, with 25,000 uploads reported from April to August 2024.
- Geographical Distribution: Major uploads identified in Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
- Rising Cases: From 331 cases in 2017 to 781 in 2018, with 1,171 cases of inappropriate content dissemination reported in 2022.
Overview of the POCSO Act
- Purpose: Addresses sexual exploitation and abuse of children, defining a child as anyone under 18.
- Features:
- Gender-Neutral: Recognizes that both genders can be victims.
- Victim Confidentiality: Mandates protection of victims’ identities.
- Mandatory Reporting: Requires reporting of suspected abuse.
Gaps in Implementation
- Support Persons: Lack of designated support persons for victims; 96% of cases showed inadequate support during legal processes.
- POCSO Courts: Only 408 designated courts across 28 states as of 2022, leading to access issues.
- Special Prosecutors: Shortage of trained public prosecutors for POCSO cases.
Conclusion
- Call for Collaboration: Emphasizes the need for a coordinated approach involving educators, healthcare providers, and law enforcement to combat child sexual exploitation.
- Societal Responsibility: A shift in societal attitudes is essential for preventing victimization and ensuring recovery for victims.
KEY FINDINGS ON ATROCITIES AGAINST SCS AND STS (2022)
- 23 Sep 2024
In News:
According to the latest report under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act by the Social Justice and Empowerment Ministry, the majority of atrocities against Scheduled Tribes (STs) were also concentrated in 13 states, which reported 98.91% of all cases in 2022.
- Case Statistics:
- Total cases of atrocities against Scheduled Castes (SCs): 51,656
- Total cases against Scheduled Tribes (STs): 9,735
- 97.7% of SC cases and 98.91% of ST cases reported from 13 states.
- States with Highest Incidents:
- SCs:
- Uttar Pradesh: 12,287 cases (23.78%)
- Rajasthan: 8,651 cases (16.75%)
- Madhya Pradesh: 7,732 cases (14.97%)
- Other significant states: Bihar (6,799), Odisha (3,576), Maharashtra (2,706)
- STs:
- Madhya Pradesh: 2,979 cases (30.61%)
- Rajasthan: 2,498 cases (25.66%)
- Odisha: 773 cases (7.94%)
- Other significant states: Maharashtra (691), Andhra Pradesh (499)
- SCs:
- Charge Sheets and Investigations:
- SC-related cases: 60.38% resulted in charge sheets; 14.78% ended with final reports (false claims/lack of evidence).
- ST-related cases: 63.32% led to charge sheets; 14.71% concluded similarly.
- Pending investigations by end of 2022: 17,166 SC cases, 2,702 ST cases.
- Conviction Rates:
- Decline from 39.2% in 2020 to 32.4% in 2022.
- Infrastructure Deficiencies:
- Only 194 out of 498 districts in 14 states have established special courts for these cases.
- Lack of identified atrocity-prone areas in states like Uttar Pradesh despite high case numbers.
- Protection Cells:
- SC/ST protection cells established in multiple states and union territories.
Reasons for Atrocities Against SCs and STs
- Caste Prejudice: Deep-rooted hierarchies and social exclusion lead to violence.
- Land Disputes: Conflicts over land access among historically deprived SC/ST communities.
- Economic Marginalization: Limited access to education and resources heightens vulnerability.
- Power Imbalance: Dominant castes wield political and social influence, perpetuating discrimination.
- Inadequate Law Enforcement: Weak implementation of protective laws and bureaucratic bias hinder justice.
- Political Exploitation: Caste tensions are sometimes used for electoral gains.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
- Objective: Protect SCs and STs from caste-based violence and discrimination.
- Key Provisions:
- Defines various offences against SC/ST members, prescribing stricter punishments.
- Excludes anticipatory bail provisions for accused under the Act.
- Mandates establishment of special courts for speedy trials.
- Investigations must be conducted by senior police officers and completed within stipulated time frames.
- Recent Amendments:
- 2015: Enhanced protections for SC/ST women.
- 2019: Restored original provisions for arrest procedures following a Supreme Court ruling.
Recommendations for Improvement
- Strengthen Legal Framework: Establish more special courts and train personnel in sensitive handling of SC/ST cases.
- Improve Reporting Mechanisms: Enhance systems for victims to report atrocities without fear.
- Awareness Campaigns: Educate communities on SC/ST rights and legal protections.
- Targeted Interventions: Identify and address issues in atrocity-prone districts.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement frameworks for accountability and continuous improvement in addressing these issues.
- Collaborate with NGOs: Work with civil society to support victims and advocate for their rights.
100 YEARS OF ICAR-NISA
- 23 Sep 2024
Overview:
The ICAR-National Institute of Secondary Agriculture (NISA), originally established in 1924 as the Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums in Ranchi, Jharkhand, marks its centenary this year. Renamed in 2022, it operates under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, focusing on enhancing the value of agricultural products.
Understanding Secondary Agriculture:
Secondary agriculture encompasses the transformation of primary agricultural products into higher-value commodities and includes activities such as:
- Beekeeping
- Poultry farming
- Agricultural tourism
This sector plays a crucial role in converting agricultural produce, residues, and by-products into valuable goods for various uses, including pharmaceuticals, food, and industrial applications. Examples of secondary agriculture practices include:
- Extracting vitamins from grains
- Producing oil from rice bran
- Making jaggery from sugarcane
- Cottage industries for jams and pickles
Growth Potential: The sector is poised for growth due to:
- Increasing consumer demand for value-added products like ready-to-eat meals.
- The need for innovative uses of renewable agro-bio resources.
- The significant availability of agricultural byproducts.
Significance of Secondary Agriculture:
- Environmental Sustainability: Proper utilization of crop residues can reduce waste and pollution.
- Enhanced Farmer Income: Activities like beekeeping and lac culture provide additional revenue streams for farmers.
- Value Addition: Processing agricultural products increases their shelf life and overall productivity.
- Promotion of Cottage Industries: Supports rural economies and fosters technology adoption.
Challenges Ahead: Despite its potential, secondary agriculture faces several hurdles:
- The industry for high-value products from agricultural byproducts, such as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, is still emerging.
- Small landholdings complicate the collection of crop residues.
- Limited research on suitable technologies hampers development.
- There is a lack of awareness among farmers regarding the processing of agricultural waste.
Conclusion
As ICAR-NISA celebrates its 100th anniversary, it remains crucial in shaping the future of secondary agriculture in India, addressing both challenges and opportunities to enhance sustainability and farmer livelihoods.
INDO-PACIFIC ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK (IPEF)
- 23 Sep 2024
In News:
India signed agreements within the US-led 14-member IPEF focused on a clean and fair economy.
- Objectives:
- Facilitate development, access, and deployment of clean energy and climate-friendly technologies.
- Strengthen anti-corruption measures and promote tax transparency among member countries.
- Clean Economy Agreement:
- Aims to accelerate energy security and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
- Focuses on innovative methods to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and promote technical cooperation.
- Fair Economy Agreement:
- Seeks to create a transparent and predictable business environment to enhance trade and investment.
- Emphasizes information sharing, asset recovery facilitation, and strengthening cross-border investigations.
- Funding Mechanisms:
- IPEF offers platforms for technical assistance and concessional funding.
- IPEF Catalytic Capital Fund: Initial grant of $33 million aimed to catalyze $3.3 billion in private investments.
- PGI Investment Accelerator: Received $300 million from the US International Development Finance Corporation.
- Concerns Raised:
- Experts highlighted concerns over the secrecy of IPEF negotiations with limited public input.
- Expressed hope that India has not agreed to a non-derogation clause that could limit domestic regulatory flexibility for national projects.
- Potential Risks:
- Most standards discussed in IPEF are aligned with those in the US and OECD countries.
- India risks compliance pressures in future trade deals if it adopts these standards without adequate preparation.
- Strategic Importance of IPEF:
- Involves 14 member countries, focusing on economic cooperation through four key pillars: trade, supply chain resilience, clean economy, and fair economy.
- Represents 40% of the global economy and 28% of world trade, highlighting India's commitment to regional partnerships alongside the US, Japan, Australia, and other Indo-Pacific nations.
COP 29 AT BAKU
- 23 Sep 2024
In News:
Azerbaijan is making a significant move in the global climate finance landscape by proposing the Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF) at the upcoming COP29 conference. This fund aims to gather voluntary contributions from fossil-fuel-producing nations and companies, with Azerbaijan itself making the initial investment. The fund’s goal is to support climate action in developing countries, which often struggle to finance their environmental initiatives.
Key Aspects of the CFAF:
- Voluntary Contributions: The fund seeks donations from fossil fuel entities, allowing them to contribute based on a fixed amount or production volumes.
- Bipartite Allocation: Proposed funds will be split equally—half for climate projects in developing nations and half for supporting those countries in executing their national climate action plans.
- Operational Threshold: The CFAF will only commence operations once it secures a minimum of $1 billion and commitments from at least ten countries to participate.
Context of COP29:
COP29, hosted in Baku from November 11 to 22, centers on finalizing a climate finance agreement, particularly the obligations of developed nations post-2025. This follows the ongoing struggle to meet the $100 billion annual financing target established in the Paris Agreement.
Additional Proposals:
Azerbaijan has also introduced several other initiatives as part of its agenda, including:
- Expanding Global Energy Storage: Aiming to increase capacity sixfold by 2030.
- Green Hydrogen Market: Fostering a global marketplace for green hydrogen.
- Minimizing Emissions from Digital Growth: Ensuring that the environmental impact of increasing digitalization and data centers is mitigated.
Challenges Ahead:
Despite the ambitious plans, there are significant hurdles to overcome, including establishing a robust framework for the CFAF, garnering international support, and ensuring compliance from contributors. As the conference approaches, ongoing negotiations will be crucial to achieving substantial agreements on climate finance that can lead to meaningful progress in combating climate change.
QUAD CANCER MOONSHOT
- 23 Sep 2024
In News:
The Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative is a significant collaborative effort among the Quad countries—India, the United States, Australia, and Japan—aimed at combating cancer through innovative strategies. The initiative focuses on key areas such as preventing and detecting cancer, improving treatment, and alleviating the disease's impact on patients and families.
Key Highlights of the Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative:
- Focus Areas:
- Cervical Cancer Screening: Enhancing access to screening programs.
- HPV Vaccination: Increasing vaccination rates against HPV, which is the leading cause of cervical cancer.
- Patient Treatment: Improving treatment protocols and accessibility for cancer patients.
- India’s Contributions:
- Financial Commitment: India has pledged $10 million to support the WHO’s Global Initiative on Digital Health, aimed at enhancing digital health technologies for cancer care in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Material Support: India will provide cervical cancer screening kits, detection tools, and HPV vaccines valued at $7.5 million to bolster healthcare initiatives in the region.
- AI-based Protocols: Development of AI-driven treatment protocols to improve care delivery for cancer patients.
- Capacity Building: India aims to enhance radiotherapy services and overall cancer prevention strategies in the Indo-Pacific.
This initiative represents a strong commitment to fostering international collaboration in healthcare, particularly in the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. By empowering communities with accessible tools and resources, the Quad countries aim to significantly reduce the burden of cancer in the region.
AMUR FALCONS
- 22 Sep 2024
In News:
An order issued by the District Magistrate directed the owners of air guns to deposit their hunting weapons at the offices of respective village authorities.
Amur Falcons: An Overview
Scientific Classification:
- Common Name: Amur Falcon
- Scientific Name: Falco amurensis
- Family: Falconidae
Physical Characteristics:
- Size: Small raptors, approximately 28-30 cm in length.
- Distinctive Features: Dark plumage with white wing linings; reddish-orange eyes and feet.
Migration Patterns:
- Breeding Grounds: Southeastern Russia and northern China.
- Migratory Route: They leave their breeding areas in autumn, traveling south to round the Himalayas, stopping in Nagaland, and then heading towards the Western Ghats before crossing the Indian Ocean to reach South Africa.
- Distance: These falcons undertake an incredible journey of around 22,000 kilometers annually, making them one of the most remarkable long-distance migrants among raptors.
Diet:
- Primarily insectivorous, they also consume small vertebrates when available.
Conservation Status:
- IUCN Status: Least Concern
- Legal Protection:
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule IV
- Convention on Migratory Species (CMS): Appendix II
Recent Conservation Efforts:
- Ban in Manipur: The Tamenglong district administration has imposed a ban on hunting, catching, killing, and selling Amur falcons in preparation for their migratory arrival.
- Tagging Program: In 2016, radio transmitters were used to monitor their migration routes.
- Awareness Initiatives: An annual ‘Amur Falcon Festival’ in Tamenglong district promotes awareness and celebrates these migratory birds.
Threats:
- Amur falcons face various threats including habitat loss, hunting, and illegal trapping.
Cultural Significance:
- Locally known as ‘Kahuaipuina’ in Manipur and ‘Molulem’ in Nagaland, these birds hold ecological and cultural significance, particularly in regions that serve as critical stopover points during migration.
Summary
The Amur falcon is a small but remarkable migratory raptor known for its long-distance travels from its breeding grounds in Asia to Africa. Conservation efforts in India, particularly in the Tamenglong district of Manipur, aim to protect these birds from hunting and habitat loss, ensuring their continued survival and highlighting their importance in the ecosystem.
WORLD RHINO DAY
- 22 Sep 2024
In News:
Celebrated annually on September 22, World Rhino Day raises awareness about the critical conservation status of rhinoceroses and the myriad threats they face, such as poaching and habitat loss. This day, first initiated by the World Wildlife Fund South Africa in 2010, aims to highlight the need for the conservation of all five species of rhinos: the Javan, Sumatran, Black, Greater One-Horned, and White rhinos.
The Current Status of Rhino Species
- Among the five rhino species, three are classified as
- Critically Endangered: the Black, Javan, and Sumatran rhinos.
- The White Rhino is considered Near Threatened, with the Northern White Rhino itself critically endangered.
- The Greater One-Horned Rhino, primarily found in India, is listed as Vulnerable.
Notably, Kaziranga National Park in Assam is home to the largest population of Greater One-Horned Rhinos, boasting approximately 3,700 individuals.
Conservation Efforts
In India, initiatives like Project Rhino play a crucial role in safeguarding rhino populations. This project focuses on preventing poaching, enhancing habitat management, and increasing public awareness. It collaborates with various conservation groups and government agencies to strengthen law enforcement against poaching and to relocate rhinos to safer areas.
Another significant program is the Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV 2020), aimed at boosting the population of Greater One-Horned Rhinos in Assam, particularly in regions where they had previously become extinct.
Surprising Facts About Rhinos
- Despite their thick skin, rhinos can get sunburned.
- Rhinos are related to zebras, horses, and tapirs.
- All five species are considered endangered.
- A group of rhinos is called a "crash."
- Rhinos' horns are made of keratin, the same protein found in human hair and nails.
- The term "rhinoceros" comes from two Greek words meaning "nose" and "horn."
- Rhinos and elephants are not natural enemies.
- One of the most famous depictions of a rhino is Albrecht Dürer's woodcut from 1515.
- The gestation period for rhinos can last up to 16 months.
- Rhinos have historically been used in traditional Asian medicine.
QUAD GROUPING
- 22 Sep 2024
In News:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in the United States, where he will participate in the fourth Quad Leaders Summit in Wilmington, Delaware.
What is the Quad Grouping?
The Quad, or Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is an informal strategic alliance comprising India, the United States, Japan, and Australia. Originally formed in response to the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, the Quad aims to foster collaboration in various areas, but its primary focus has become countering the influence of China in the Indo-Pacific region.
Historical Background
- 2004: The Quad began as a response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, facilitating disaster relief.
- 2007: Japanese PM Shinzo Abe formalized the alliance.
- 2017: Amid rising Chinese assertiveness, the Quad was revitalized, expanding its objectives beyond maritime security.
Structure and Characteristics
- The Quad is not a formal organization; it lacks a secretariat or permanent decision-making body like the EU or UN.
- It focuses on strengthening bilateral and multilateral ties among member nations.
- Unlike NATO, the Quad does not include collective defense provisions but conducts joint military exercises to demonstrate unity.
Key Developments
- In 2020, the Malabar naval exercises expanded to include Australia, marking the first joint military exercises of the Quad since its resurgence.
- The first in-person summit took place in Washington, D.C. in 2021.
Objectives of the Quad
The Quad has outlined several primary objectives:
- Maritime Security: Ensuring safe and open sea routes in the Indo-Pacific.
- Climate Change: Addressing environmental challenges collaboratively.
- Investment Ecosystem: Creating opportunities for economic investment in the region.
- Technological Innovation: Promoting advancements and cooperation in technology.
- Public Health: Collaborating on initiatives like vaccine diplomacy during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Expansion and Future Directions
The Quad members have discussed expanding the partnership to include countries like South Korea, New Zealand, and Vietnam. In a joint statement, they reaffirmed their commitment to a free, open, resilient, and inclusive Indo-Pacific governed by international law.
Challenges and Opposition
China views the Quad as an effort to encircle and contain its influence. Beijing has criticized the grouping, labeling it as a strategy that incites discord among Asian nations.
100 Years of the Discovery of the Indus Civilization
- 22 Sep 2024
Introduction
The centenary of the announcement of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) by Sir John Marshall on September 20, 1924, marks a significant milestone in archaeological history. This civilization, known for its advanced urban planning, encompasses over 2,000 sites across India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
Historical Context
Discovery of the Indus Civilization
- John Marshall's Role: As the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Marshall played a pivotal role in the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
- Initial Findings: The civilization was revealed through meticulous work over two decades, beginning with Marshall's initial interest in the antiquities of India.
The Process of Discovery
The Concept of 'The Slow Hunch'
- Definition: Inspired by Steven Johnson's idea of 'the slow hunch,' this concept highlights how insights develop over time, similar to Joseph Priestley's early experiments with oxygen.
- Application to Marshall: Marshall's initial curiosity about the antiquity of India was nurtured through years of observations and explorations, culminating in the excavation of Harappa in 1921.
Key Individuals Involved
- Daya Ram Sahni: Conducted the first excavations at Harappa, uncovering evidence of an ancient culture.
- Rakhaldas Banerji: Excavated Mohenjodaro in 1922, leading to significant discoveries that indicated a widespread civilization.
Institutional Challenges
Limitations within ASI
- Lack of Collaboration: The ASI lacked a platform for archaeologists to share insights, impeding a collaborative approach to discoveries.
- Marshall's Focus: His dedication to ongoing projects, particularly at Taxila, resulted in delays in recognizing the significance of findings at Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
Announcing the Discovery
Marshall's Publication
- Impactful Presentation: In September 1924, Marshall's article vividly described the architectural and cultural features of the Indus Civilization, captivating readers.
- Scholarly Reception: The discovery sparked immediate scholarly interest, leading to further inquiries into the civilization's connections with ancient Mesopotamia.
Characteristics of the Harappan Civilization
Overview
- Timeframe: Flourished around 2500 BCE, classified as a Bronze-age civilization.
- Major Sites: Notable locations include Harappa, Mohenjodaro, and Lothal.
Key Features
- Urban Planning: Cities featured grid layouts, advanced drainage systems, and distinct public and private spaces.
- Agriculture and Economy: The economy thrived on agriculture, trade, and crafts, with evidence of cotton production and extensive trade networks.
Religious Practices
- Deities and Symbols: Terracotta figurines and seals indicate worship of fertility deities and animal figures, suggesting a rich spiritual life.
Reasons for Decline
Theories of Collapse
- Environmental Changes: Shifts in rainfall and tectonic activity may have disrupted agriculture and led to resource scarcity.
- Invasion Theories: While some suggest Indo-European invasions, evidence of cultural continuity challenges this narrative.
Recent Initiatives
Preservation and Promotion
- National Maritime Heritage Complex: Development at Lothal aims to highlight maritime history and attract tourism.
- UNESCO Recognition: Dholavira was added to the World Heritage list in 2021, showcasing the importance of IVC sites.
JORDAN
- 21 Sep 2024
In News:
Jordan has made history by becoming the first country in the world to be officially verified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as having eliminated leprosy. This achievement marks a significant advancement in global public health efforts.
Key Highlights:
- WHO Recognition: WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus praised Jordan for this milestone, emphasizing the importance of stopping transmission and alleviating the suffering and stigma associated with leprosy.
- Historic Achievement: This success is not just about disease elimination but also about combating stigma and socio-economic harm.
- No Local Cases: Jordan has not reported any locally transmitted cases of leprosy for over two decades, demonstrating its effective public health strategies and strong political commitment.
- Independent Verification: WHO commissioned an independent team to conduct a thorough assessment, leading to the official recognition of leprosy elimination.
- Ongoing Vigilance: While celebrating this success, both the WHO and the Jordanian Ministry of Health emphasize the need for robust surveillance systems to detect and manage any future cases, including those from abroad.
Additional Context:
Leprosy, or Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious condition caused by Mycobacterium leprae, primarily affecting the skin and nerves. Although it remains a neglected tropical disease, with over 200,000 new cases reported annually across more than 120 countries, Jordan's success showcases the potential for eradication through dedicated efforts.
This milestone serves as a beacon of hope, illustrating that with strong commitment, collaboration, and strategic planning, even longstanding public health challenges can be addressed effectively.
EXERCISE AIKYA
- 21 Sep 2024
In News:
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), in partnership with the Indian Army's Southern Command and the Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority (TNSDMA), recently conducted "EXERCISE AIKYA" in Chennai. This two-day Integrated Symposium and Table Top Exercise (TTEx) aimed to bolster disaster preparedness and response among key stakeholders across Peninsular India.
Key Highlights:
- Objective: "Aikya," meaning "Oneness" in Tamil, sought to unify India’s disaster management community by enhancing collaboration and preparedness.
- Participants: The exercise involved representatives from:
- Six southern states/UTs: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Puducherry.
- Central ministries related to disaster management.
- State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs).
- Armed forces, including the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force.
- Response agencies such as the NDRF, Indian Coast Guard, CRPF, CISF, and Railways.
- Early warning agencies including the IMD, NRSC, INCOIS, CWC, and FSI.
- Research institutions like NIDM, NIOT, IIT Madras, and DAE, with Prof. CVR Murty of IIT Madras serving as the Exercise Mentor.
- Focus Areas: The exercise simulated various emergency situations, covering:
- Tsunamis, landslides, floods, cyclones, industrial incidents, and forest fires.
- Recent disaster events in Tamil Nadu, Wayanad, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Discussions: Participants engaged in discussions about:
- Leveraging technology and AI for disaster management.
- Economic impacts of disasters.
- Vulnerabilities specific to the Peninsular region.
- Strategies for improving response times.
Future Plans
"EXERCISE AIKYA" marks a crucial step towards strengthening India’s disaster management framework. The NDMA and the Southern Command plan to conduct similar exercises with other military commands and institutions, including the Army War College and Naval War College, to further enhance national disaster preparedness and response capabilities.
EUROPA CLIPPER MISSION
- 21 Sep 2024
In news:
NASA is preparing to launch the Europa Clipper mission, which aims to investigate Jupiter's icy moon, Europa.
Key Details:
- Objective: This mission will place a spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter to conduct a thorough study of Europa, focusing on its potential habitability.
- Significance: Europa Clipper will be NASA's first mission specifically designed to explore an ocean world beyond Earth. Europa is believed to have a subsurface ocean beneath its icy surface, which raises the possibility of supporting life.
- Spacecraft Specifications:
- The spacecraft measures 100 feet (30.5 meters) from end to end and 58 feet (17.6 meters) across, making it the largest NASA spacecraft ever built for a planetary mission.
- Mission Plan:
- Europa Clipper will orbit Jupiter and conduct 49 close flybys of Europa to gather critical data regarding its environment and potential habitability.
- Instrumentation:
- Equipped with nine scientific instruments and a gravity experiment that leverages its telecommunications system, the spacecraft will maximize data collection by operating all instruments simultaneously during each flyby. This approach will allow scientists to compile comprehensive data layers, creating an in-depth understanding of Europa.
- Power Source:
- The spacecraft is outfitted with large solar arrays to harness sunlight for its energy needs while operating in the challenging environment of the Jupiter system.
Solar Array
A solar array is a collection of solar panels interconnected to generate electrical power. When combined with other components like an inverter and battery, it forms a complete solar energy system.
GLOBAL CYBERSECURITY INDEX 2024
- 21 Sep 2024
In News:
- India has achieved Tier 1 status in the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2024, published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), with an impressive score of 98.49 out of 100.
Role-Modeling Country: This accomplishment places India among ‘role-modeling’ countries, reflecting a strong commitment to cybersecurity practices globally.
Assessment Criteria: The GCI 2024 evaluates national efforts based on five pillars:
-
- Legal Measures
- Technical Measures
- Organizational Measures
- Capacity Development
- Cooperation
- Evaluation Methodology: The index utilized a comprehensive questionnaire comprising 83 questions, which cover 20 indicators, 64 sub-indicators, and 28 micro-indicators, ensuring a thorough assessment of each country's cybersecurity landscape.
- Tier Classification: The GCI 2024 report categorized 46 countries in Tier 1, the highest tier, indicating a strong commitment across all five cybersecurity pillars. Most countries fall into lower tiers, either “establishing” (Tier 3) or “evolving” (Tier 4) their cybersecurity frameworks.
Key Achievements
- Global Standing: India ranks at the top level of global cybersecurity rankings, showcasing its dedication to enhancing cyber resilience and securing its digital infrastructure.
- Government Initiatives:
- Robust Frameworks: Establishment of comprehensive frameworks for cybersecurity and cybercrime laws.
- Sectoral Support: Implementation of Sectoral Computer Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) that provide technical support and incident reporting across various industries.
- Educational Integration: Cybersecurity has been integrated into primary and secondary education curricula to foster informed digital citizens.
- Public Awareness: Targeted campaigns have promoted secure online practices across multiple sectors, including private industry and academia.
- Skill Development and Innovation: The government has provided incentives and grants to enhance skill development and promote research within the cybersecurity sector.
- International Collaborations: India has engaged in numerous bilateral and multilateral partnerships to strengthen its capacity-building and information-sharing efforts.
About the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- Overview: Established in 1865, the ITU is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies, becoming a UN agency in 1947.
- Membership: ITU has 193 member countries and over 1,000 associated organizations, including companies and universities.
- Functions: ITU coordinates global radio spectrum allocation, sets technical standards for telecommunication, and works to improve ICT access in underserved communities.
- India's Involvement: India has been an active ITU member since 1869 and a regular participant in the ITU Council since 1952.
INDIA JOINS THE INTERNATIONAL BIG CAT ALLIANCE (IBCA)
- 21 Sep 2024
In News:
India formally joined the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on April 9, 2023, during the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger.
- Objective: The IBCA aims to conserve the world's seven big cat species: tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar, and puma, focusing on their protection and natural habitats.
- Founding Members: India joins Nicaragua, Eswatini, and Somalia as founding members of the IBCA, which will collaborate with 24 countries and nine organizations.
- Headquarters: The IBCA will be headquartered in India, facilitating efforts to protect big cats and their ecosystems.
Purpose and Goals of IBCA
- Conservation Focus: The alliance addresses common challenges in the protection of the seven big cats, promoting sustainable resource use and tackling climate change.
- Collaboration and Support: The IBCA will provide a platform for member nations to share knowledge, expertise, and support recovery efforts in potential habitats.
- Mobilization of Resources: The alliance aims to mobilize financial and technical resources for effective conservation strategies based on global experiences.
Background and Evolution
- Inception: PM Modi proposed an international initiative against poaching and illegal wildlife trade in 2019, advocating for collaboration among tiger range countries.
- Extension of Project Tiger: The IBCA serves as an extension of India's long-standing commitment to wildlife protection, initially exemplified by the launch of Project Tiger in 1973.
Big Cat Species Overview
- Tiger (Endangered)
- Population: Approx. 3,167 in India, accounting for over 75% of the global population.
- Threats: Habitat loss, poaching, and climate change impacting their territory.
- Lion (Vulnerable)
- Population: Estimated 700 in India.
- Threats: Habitat reduction and targeted poaching.
- Leopard (Near Threatened)
- Population: Around 13,000 in India, with approximately 250,000 globally.
- Threats: Habitat loss and human-wildlife conflict.
- Snow Leopard (Vulnerable)
- Population: 400-700 in India, with global estimates of 4,000-6,500.
- Threats: Poaching, habitat loss, and human disturbances.
- Cheetah (Vulnerable)
- Population: Declined to less than 7,000 globally; declared extinct in India in 1952.
- Threats: Habitat loss, climate change, and illegal trafficking.
- Jaguar (Near Threatened)
- Population: Approximately 173,000 globally, primarily in South America.
- Threats: Deforestation, illegal hunting, and habitat fragmentation.
- Puma (Near Threatened)
- Population: Estimated 50,000, experiencing a decline.
- Threats: Habitat loss and human-wildlife conflict.
Future Initiatives
- Translocation Efforts: Following successful cheetah translocations from Namibia and South Africa, India plans to explore similar initiatives for other big cats.
- Global Cooperation: The IBCA will strengthen conservation efforts by working with a broader network of range countries to combat poaching and promote habitat preservation.
EARTH TO EXPERIENCE A TEMPORARY 'MINI-MOON' IN SEPTEMBER
- 20 Sep 2024
In News:
In late September, Earth will temporarily capture a small asteroid known as 2024 PT5. This phenomenon, where an asteroid becomes a "mini-moon," will last for about two months before the asteroid escapes back into space. While Earth has gained mini-moons before, such occurrences are quite rare; most asteroids either miss the planet entirely or burn up upon entering the atmosphere.
What Is a 'Mini-Moon'?
Mini-moons are small asteroids that get temporarily captured by Earth's gravity, orbiting the planet for a limited time. These asteroids are typically small and difficult to detect—only four mini-moons have been identified in Earth's history, and none remain in orbit today. Some objects previously thought to be mini-moons were later determined to be space debris, including rocket stages and satellites.
Details About 2024 PT5
Discovered on August 7 through the NASA-funded Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), 2024 PT5 measures approximately 33 feet in length, making it invisible to the naked eye and standard amateur telescopes. However, it is detectable by professional astronomical equipment.
According to Carlos de la Fuente Marcos, a professor at the Complutense University of Madrid, 2024 PT5 originates from the Arjuna asteroid belt, which consists of space rocks that share similar orbits with Earth. There is also speculation that it could be a fragment resulting from an impact on the moon, as noted by Paul Chodas from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
However, some experts argue that 2024 PT5 may not fully qualify as a mini-moon. For an asteroid to be classified as such, it must complete at least one full orbit around Earth. Instead, 2024 PT5 will follow a horseshoe-shaped path, leading Lance Benner, a principal investigator at JPL, to express skepticism about its classification as a mini-moon.
Significance of the Event
Studying 2024 PT5 will provide valuable insights into asteroids that pass near Earth and their potential for future collisions. Additionally, many asteroids are believed to contain precious minerals and water, which could be harvested for future space missions and resource utilization. Observing this mini-moon will enhance our understanding of these celestial bodies and their behavior in Earth's vicinity.
TRISHNA MISSION
- 20 Sep 2024
In News:
During a recent event, the President of the French Space Agency, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), addressed various topics, celebrating 60 years of collaboration between France and India in space exploration, alongside discussions on the Gaganyaan and TRISHNA missions.
Overview of the TRISHNA Mission
The Thermal Infrared Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment (TRISHNA) is a joint initiative by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and CNES.
Mission Objectives
TRISHNA aims to provide high-resolution, timely observations of Earth's surface temperature, monitor vegetation health, and analyze water cycle dynamics. It will facilitate:
- Assessment of urban heat islands
- Detection of thermal anomalies related to volcanic activity and geothermal resources
- Monitoring of snowmelt runoff and glacier behavior
- Collection of data on aerosol optical depth, atmospheric water vapor, and cloud cover
Satellite Payloads
TRISHNA is equipped with two main payloads:
- Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) Payload: Supplied by CNES, this payload includes a four-channel long-wave infrared imaging sensor that enables high-resolution mapping of surface temperature and emissivity.
- Visible-Near Infra-Red-ShortWave Infra-Red (VNIR-SWIR) Payload: Developed by ISRO, this payload consists of seven spectral bands aimed at detailed mapping of surface reflectance, which is crucial for calculating biophysical and radiation budget variables.
The data retrieved from both payloads will aid in solving surface energy balance equations to estimate heat fluxes.
Operational Details
- TRISHNA will operate in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 761 km, with a scheduled overpass time of 12:30 PM at the equator.
- This orbit will achieve a spatial resolution of 57 meters for land and coastal regions, and 1 km for oceanic and polar areas.
- The mission is expected to have an operational lifespan of five years.
PROJECT 200
- 20 Sep 2024
In News:
At the Bengaluru Space Expo 2024, Bengaluru-based start-up Bellatrix Aerospace launched Project 200, a pioneering satellite designed to operate in the Ultra-Low Earth Orbit (ULEO) range of 180 km to 250 km.
Revolutionary Capabilities
Bellatrix Aerospace claims that operating in this orbit dramatically enhances satellite capabilities and redefines their connection to Earth. The satellite's launch is part of a technology demonstration mission, showcasing an innovative propulsion system tailored for this low altitude.
Breakthrough Propulsion Technology
Traditionally, satellites are positioned above 450 km to minimize atmospheric interference. However, deploying at 200 km can significantly enhance capabilities, which has been hindered by propulsion technology limitations until now.
Enhanced Performance Metrics
The new propulsion system allows satellites to maintain their orbits for years, avoiding rapid deorbiting due to atmospheric drag. Key benefits of Project 200 include:
- Reduced Communication Latency: Halves the delay in satellite communication.
- Improved Image Resolution: Enhances clarity threefold.
- Cost Efficiency: Significantly lowers overall satellite costs.
Bellatrix's innovative approach not only addresses current limitations but also positions its satellite as a transformative solution for applications in high-resolution Earth observation, telecommunications, and scientific research.
PRADHAN MANTRI JANJATIYA UNNAT GRAM ABHIYAN
- 20 Sep 2024
In News:
The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved the Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan. This mission aims to enhance the socio-economic conditions of tribal communities by saturating more than 63,000 tribal-majority villages and aspirational districts with a total budget of ?79,156 crore.
Budget Breakdown
- Total Outlay: ?79,156 crore
- Central Share: ?56,333 crore
- State Share: ?22,823 crore
Target Beneficiaries
The initiative is expected to benefit over 5 crore tribal people across 549 districts and 2,740 blocks in 30 States/UTs.
Context
- India's Scheduled Tribe (ST) population stands at 10.45 crore, according to the 2011 Census, with more than 705 tribal communities often residing in remote areas. This mission builds upon the successes of the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN), launched on November 15, 2023.
Mission Objectives
- The mission aims to address critical gaps in social infrastructure, health, education, and livelihood through a comprehensive approach involving 25 interventions across 17 ministries.
Key Goals and Interventions
Goal 1: Developing Enabling Infrastructure
- Housing: Provision of pucca houses under the PMAY (Gramin) for eligible households, along with access to tapped water and electricity.
- Village Infrastructure: Improvement of all-weather road connectivity, mobile connectivity, and educational and health infrastructure.
Goal 2: Promotion of Economic Empowerment
- Skill Development: Enhanced training and self-employment opportunities for ST youth through initiatives like the Skill India Mission and support for tribal marketing.
Goal 3: Universal Access to Good Education
- Education Initiatives: Increase the gross enrollment ratio in schools and higher education, along with setting up tribal hostels for students.
Goal 4: Healthy Lives and Dignified Ageing
- Health Access: Provision of quality health facilities, aiming to meet national standards in maternal and child health indicators through mobile medical units.
Innovative Schemes
- Tribal Home Stay Initiative: Promotion of 1,000 homestays in tribal areas to boost tourism and provide alternate livelihoods. Each household can receive up to ?5 lakh for construction and ?3 lakh for renovations.
- Sustainable Livelihood for FRA Holders: Focus on 22 lakh FRA patta holders, enhancing their rights and providing livelihood support through various government schemes.
- Improving Educational Infrastructure: Upgrading tribal residential schools and hostels to improve local educational resources and retention rates.
- Sickle Cell Disease Management: Establishing Centers of Competence for affordable diagnostic services and prenatal care in regions where the disease is prevalent.
- Tribal Multipurpose Marketing Centres (TMMCs): Setting up 100 TMMCs to improve marketing of tribal products and facilitate better prices for producers.
WHITE REVOLUTION 2.0
- 20 Sep 2024
- Overview:
- India is the world's largest milk producer, with production reaching 230.58 million tonnes in 2022-23.
- White Revolution 2.0 focuses on cooperative societies, similar to the foundation laid by Operation Flood in the 1970s.
- Objectives of White Revolution 2.0:
- Increase daily milk procurement from 660 lakh kg (2023-24) to 1,007 lakh kg by 2028-29.
- Enhance the market access for dairy farmers, especially in uncovered areas.
- Generate employment and empower women through increased dairy cooperative involvement.
- Current Landscape:
- The Ministry of Cooperation has prioritized expanding the cooperative network since its formation in 2021.
- Dairy cooperatives operate in 70% of India’s districts with approximately 1.7 lakh dairy cooperative societies (DCSs).
- These DCSs serve around 2 lakh villages (30% of total villages) and account for 10% of milk production and 16% of marketable surplus.
- Regional Coverage:
- States like Gujarat, Kerala, and Sikkim have over 70% village coverage by dairy cooperatives.
- In contrast, states such as Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Madhya Pradesh have only 10-20% coverage.
- Less than 10% coverage is observed in West Bengal, Assam, and several smaller northeastern states.
- Expansion Plans:
- NDDB plans to establish 56,000 new multipurpose dairy cooperative societies over the next five years and strengthen 46,000 existing DCSs.
- A pilot project initiated in February 2023 aims to set up dairy cooperatives in uncovered gram panchayats in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka.
- Funding Sources:
- The National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) 2.0 will primarily fund White Revolution 2.0.
- Financial assistance will support village-level milk procurement, chilling facilities, and training initiatives.
- Current Production Insights:
- India’s milk production has grown significantly from 17 million tonnes in 1951-52 to 230.58 million tonnes.
- Average yield per animal is 8.55 kg/day for exotic/crossbred and 3.44 kg/day for indigenous animals.
- Per Capita Milk Availability:
- National average: 459 grams/day, higher than the global average of 323 grams/day.
- Significant regional variation: from 329 grams in Maharashtra to 1,283 grams in Punjab.
- Top Milk Producing States:
- Uttar Pradesh (15.72%), Rajasthan (14.44%), Madhya Pradesh (8.73%), Gujarat (7.49%), Andhra Pradesh (6.70%) contribute to 53.08% of total production.
- Indigenous buffaloes contribute 31.94%, while crossbred cattle contribute 29.81%.
- Market Dynamics:
- About 63% of total milk production is marketed; two-thirds of this is in the unorganised sector.
- Cooperatives hold a significant share in the organised sector, providing livelihoods to over 8.5 crore individuals, primarily women.
- Economic Impact:
- The dairy sector represents 40% (?11.16 lakh crore) of the agricultural value output in 2022-23, surpassing cereals.
One Nation, One Election
- 19 Sep 2024
In News:
The Union cabinet has recently approved the "One Nation, One Election" proposal, facilitating the conduct of simultaneous elections in India. This initiative follows a report submitted in March by a high-level committee chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind, which unanimously recommended synchronizing Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections, along with local body polls, within 100 days.
What are Simultaneous Polls?
Simultaneous polls aim to align the timing of Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections across all states, thereby reducing the frequency of elections. Historically, simultaneous elections were held during the first four general election cycles (1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967), but this practice ended in 1959 after the dismissal of the Kerala government. Since then, due to premature dissolutions of various Assemblies, elections have been staggered. Currently, only four states—Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh, and Sikkim—hold simultaneous elections with the Lok Sabha.
Arguments For and Against
Proponents argue that simultaneous elections can significantly reduce election-related costs, which amounted to approximately ?3,870 crore during the 2014 general elections. They also highlight that the Model Code of Conduct triggers twice in a five-year cycle, leading to extended periods of governance downtime.
Opponents caution that this approach may favor larger political parties with national reach, potentially sidelining smaller regional parties. A 2015 study found that the likelihood of a party winning both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections when held simultaneously is 77%, dropping to 61% if elections are spaced six months apart.
Implementation Process
The committee proposed a two-step implementation:
- Simultaneous Elections: Conduct elections for both the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies together.
- Synchronizing Local Elections: Hold elections for municipalities and panchayats within 100 days following the general elections.
Following the announcement of the "appointed date," the terms of all State Assemblies constituted after that date would end with the Lok Sabha's term. This could lead to most State governments not completing their five-year terms, even if they maintain a majority.
Required Constitutional Changes
Several amendments to the Constitution have been proposed:
- Introduction of Article 82A: This would require all Legislative Assemblies elected after the appointed date to conclude with the Lok Sabha’s term.
- Amendment of Article 327: Expanding Parliament's powers to include the conduct of simultaneous elections.
- Revisions to Articles 83 and 172: Defining the five-year term as the "full term" and any remaining period after premature dissolution as the "unexpired term."
- Introduction of Article 324A: Empowering Parliament to ensure that municipality and panchayat elections occur alongside general elections.
- Amendments for Union Territories: Ensuring that Assembly elections in Union Territories align with simultaneous elections.
- Single Electoral Roll: Proposing a common electoral roll for all elections, to be managed by the Election Commission of India (ECI).
State Ratification
Under Article 368, amending the Constitution may require ratification by state legislatures. The panel believes that syncing Assembly elections with Lok Sabha elections will not need state ratification, but amendments for a common electoral roll and synchronization of local elections will require cooperation from the states. The ruling BJP, currently in power in several states, will need to navigate upcoming Assembly elections in Haryana, Maharashtra, and Jharkhand to secure this support.
Conclusion
The "One Nation, One Election" initiative aims to streamline India's electoral process, potentially enhancing governance and reducing costs. However, its success depends on achieving political consensus and implementing necessary constitutional amendments, which will require collaboration among various political parties and state governments.
Cabinet approves Chandrayaan-4 mission, first module of Bharatiya Antariksh Station, Venus mission, next-gen launcher
- 19 Sep 2024
In News:
The PM Modi-led Union Cabinet has approved several ambitious space initiatives, marking a significant leap for India's lunar and space exploration programs.
Chandrayaan-4 Mission
- Objective: The fourth lunar mission aims to collect lunar samples, return them safely to Earth, and analyze them.
- Timeline: Expected completion within 36 months post-approval, with a budget of ?2,104 crore.
- Significance: This mission will build foundational technological capabilities for a manned Moon landing planned by 2040.
- Remarks: ISRO Chairman S. Somanath emphasized that the mission's highlight is its low-cost execution and the step-by-step approach to developing the necessary technology.
Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) and Gaganyaan
- BAS Development: Approval for the first module of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station, targeted for launch by 2028, with full completion by 2035.
- Gaganyaan Program: The program’s budget has been revised to ?20,193 crore, with an additional funding of ?11,170 crore to enhance its scope and include precursor missions for BAS.
- Mission Plan: Eight missions are envisaged by 2028, including four under the ongoing Gaganyaan program, development of BAS-1, and four additional missions for technology demonstration and validation.
Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM)
- Launch Timeline: Scheduled for March 2028, VOM will explore Venus's atmosphere, geology, and generate extensive scientific data.
- Budget: The Cabinet approved ?1,236 crore for VOM, with ?824 crore allocated for the spacecraft.
- Research Focus: The mission will provide insights into Venus's transformation and how different planetary environments evolve.
Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)
- Development Approval: A reusable NGLV has been greenlit with a budget of ?8,240 crore.
- Capabilities: The new rocket will have three times the payload lifting capability compared to existing vehicles (10 tonnes to 30 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit) and will be cost-effective and commercially viable.
- Features: The NGLV will include reusability options and modular green propulsion systems, enhancing India's capacity for satellite launches.
Net Direct Tax inflows increase by 16.1%
- 19 Sep 2024
In News:
- Advance tax payments from corporates and personal taxpayers have risen by 22.6%, surpassing ?4.36 lakh crore. This increase is driven by a 39.2% rise in Personal Income Tax (PIT) receipts and an 18.2% uptick in corporate taxes.
Key Details:
- Overall net direct tax receipts have reached approximately ?9.96 lakh crore, reflecting a 16.1% increase, though this marks a slowdown from the 22.5% growth recorded as of August 11.
- As of September 17, corporate tax collections grew by 10.5%, while inflows from PIT increased by 18.9%.
- Securities Transaction Tax collections nearly doubled to ?26,154 crore, and refunds surged by 56.5% to ?2.05 lakh crore, according to data from the Income Tax Department.
- Personal taxes continue to outpace corporate taxes, contributing 51.7% of net direct tax receipts for the year.
- Gross tax collections, before accounting for refunds, have risen by 21.5%, totaling ?12.01 lakh crore.
Fast-track special courts (FTSCs)
- 19 Sep 2024
In News:
Fast-track special courts (FTSCs) are much more efficient than other courts in handling rape cases and those related to the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, a report released by the India Child Protection.
Key Details:
West Bengal's Performance
- West Bengal recorded less than a 2% disposal rate for rape and POCSO cases, the lowest in India.
- Only five out of 123 earmarked FTSCs are currently functioning in the state.
Overview of the India Child Protection (ICP)
- Established in 2005, the ICP is dedicated to combatting child sexual abuse and related crimes, including:
- Child trafficking
- Exploitation of children in the digital space
- Child marriage
Efficiency of FTSCs
- The ICP report titled "Fast Tracking Justice" highlighted that FTSCs disposed of 83% of cases in 2022, compared to 10% by conventional courts.
- As of August 2023, 755 out of 1,023 earmarked FTSCs were operational.
- Among these, 410 FTSCs are exclusively for POCSO cases.
Historical Context
- The FTSC scheme was launched by the Centre in October 2019, following a Supreme Court directive for ensuring the swift disposal of cases, related to rape and those coming under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act.
- It is a centrally sponsored scheme.
- Implemented by the Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice.
Case Disposal Statistics
- FTSCs have disposed of 52% of the 4,16,638 rape and POCSO cases since the scheme's inception.
- Disposal rates improved from 83% in 2022 to 94% in 2023.
State-wise Disposal Rates
- Top Performing States:
- Maharashtra: 79.5%
- Punjab: 71.3%
- Kerala (Southern India): 69.5%
- Karnataka: 62.2%
- Tamil Nadu: 58.4%
- Lowest Performing States:
- West Bengal: 1.6%
- Jammu and Kashmir: 25%
- Meghalaya: 26.6%
- Delhi: 28.3%
Note: No data was available for Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh, and Sikkim.
Need for Additional FTSCs
- The ICP report states that India needs at least 1,000 more FTSCs to manage the backlog effectively.
- The backlog of pending cases rose from 2,81,049 in 2020 to 4,17,673 by the end of 2022.
Advocacy for Reform
- Bhuwan Ribhu, a child rights activist, emphasized the urgent need for FTSCs to ensure justice for victims:
- Investment in the safety and security of women and children is crucial.
- All pending cases should be resolved within the next three years.
- Rehabilitation and compensation for victims should be prioritized.
- Time-bound policies for case disposal across all courts are necessary.
Funding and Resource Utilization
- The ICP report recommends optimizing the Nirbhaya Fund, created after the 2012 Delhi gang rape, to support additional FTSCs.
- There is currently ?1,700 crore unutilized, while the requirement for operationalizing new FTSCs is ?1,302 crore.
Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP)
- 18 Sep 2024
In News
The recent Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP) Ministerial between the United States and India aimed to enhance collaboration in clean energy innovation, energy security, and the transition to clean energy.
About the Partnership
The meeting reviewed significant achievements and future initiatives across five core pillars:
- Power and Energy Efficiency
- Responsible Oil and Gas
- Renewable Energy
- Emerging Fuels & Technologies
- Sustainable Growth
The SCEP facilitates bilateral cooperation on clean energy, focusing on power, efficiency, renewable resources, emerging technologies, and sustainable practices.
Key Highlights of SCEP
Renewable Energy Technology Action Platform (RETAP)
Launched in August 2023, RETAP aims to create actionable roadmaps for:
- Hydrogen
- Long-duration energy storage
- Offshore wind
- Geothermal technologies
Energy Storage Task Force
This public-private initiative seeks to address:
- Policy
- Safety
- Regulatory challenges
It explores alternatives to lithium-ion technologies, with projects like Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in Assam and Haryana focusing on grid integration and renewable energy storage.
Modernization of Power Distribution
The meeting underscored India’s advancements in:
- Smart metering
- Power market reforms
- The Indian Railways’ goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2030
India has successfully procured 1.5 GW of round-the-clock renewable energy.
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) & Transport Electrification
A comprehensive workshop was launched to enhance R&D, certification, and partnerships for SAF. India’s PM eBus Sewa scheme aims to deploy 10,000 electric buses, promoting electrification in medium and heavy-duty transport.
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) & Methane Abatement
Cooperation on CCUS technologies and regulatory frameworks has increased, alongside efforts to reduce methane emissions in the oil and gas sector through collaboration with India’s Directorate General of Hydrocarbons.
Public-Private Collaborations
The importance of public-private dialogues in shaping policies and reducing the costs of clean energy technologies was emphasized.
Initiatives Supporting Clean Energy
- International Solar Alliance (ISA): A global coalition led by India, promoting solar energy collaboration among solar-rich countries.
- Renewable Energy Technology Action Platform (RETAP): A US-India initiative focusing on hydrogen, energy storage, offshore wind, and geothermal technologies.
- Green Hydrogen Mission (India): Promotes green hydrogen as a clean energy alternative, especially in heavy industries and transportation.
- EU’s Green Deal: A European strategy aimed at achieving climate neutrality by 2050 through clean energy investments and policies.
- PM KUSUM Scheme (India): Supports solar power generation for irrigation, reducing fossil fuel reliance in agriculture.
Union Budget 2024-25: Corridor Projects for Bihar's Temples
- 18 Sep 2024
Why in News?
The Union Budget 2024-25 announced plans to develop corridor projects for the Vishnupad Temple at Gaya and the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. These initiatives aim to enhance both temples as significant pilgrimage and tourist destinations, modeled after the successful Kashi Vishwanath Corridor. The temples are located approximately 10 kilometers apart and hold considerable cultural significance.
Key Facts About the Temples
Vishnupad Temple at Gaya
- Location: Situated on the banks of the Phalgu/Falgu River in Gaya district, Bihar.
- Deity: Dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
- Legend: Local mythology recounts that a demon named Gayasur sought the power to help others attain moksha (liberation). After misusing this power, he was subdued by Lord Vishnu, who left a footprint at the temple, symbolizing this event.
- Architectural Features: The temple stands about 100 feet tall and is supported by 44 pillars made from large gray granite blocks (Munger Black stone), joined with iron clamps. The octagonal shrine is oriented towards the east.
- Construction: Built in 1787 under Queen Ahilyabai Holkar's orders.
- Cultural Practices: The temple is especially significant during Pitra Paksha, a time for honoring ancestors, attracting many devotees. The Brahma Kalpit Brahmins, or Gayawal Brahmins, have served as traditional priests since ancient times.
Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya
- Historical Significance: Believed to be the location where Gautam Buddha attained enlightenment under the Mahabodhi Tree.
- Construction: Originally built by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC, with the current structure dating back to the 5th–6th centuries.
- Architectural Features: The temple complex includes the 50-meter-high Vajrasana (the Diamond Throne), the sacred Bodhi Tree, and six other sacred sites associated with Buddha's enlightenment. The site is surrounded by numerous ancient Votive stupas and is protected by circular boundaries.
- Sacred Sites:
- Bodhi Tree: A direct descendant of the original tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment.
- Animeshlochan Chaitya: Where Buddha spent the second week of meditation post-enlightenment.
- Ratnachakrama: Site of Buddha's third week after enlightenment.
- Ratnaghar Chaitya: Site of Buddha's fourth week after enlightenment.
- Ajapala Nigrodh Tree: Site of Buddha’s fifth week after enlightenment.
- Lotus Pond: Site of Buddha’s sixth week after enlightenment.
- Rajyatana Tree: Site of Buddha’s seventh week after enlightenment.
- Recognition: Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002, the Mahabodhi Temple attracts numerous national and international pilgrims, emphasizing its spiritual importance.
Other Tourist Attractions in Bihar
Additional notable tourist sites in Bihar include:
- Vishwa Shanti Stupa in Rajgir
- Nalanda
- Ancient city of Patliputra
- Valmiki Nagar Tiger Reserve in West Champaran
What is the Pilgrim Corridor Project (PCP)?
The Pilgrim Corridor Project (PCP) aims to upgrade religious sites into world-class destinations for spiritual and tourism purposes.
India-China Disengagement Along the LAC
- 18 Sep 2024
Overview of Disengagement Progress
Recently, India’s External Affairs Minister announced that about 75% of the “disengagement problems” with China along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Ladakh have been “sorted out.” However, notable areas such as Demchok and the Depsang plains have seen no progress toward resolution over the past two years.
Recent Developments on India-China Disengagement
Verified Disengagement
India and China have mutually agreed to and verified disengagement from five friction points, including:
- Galwan Valley
- Pangong Tso
- Gogra-Hot Springs
Despite this, issues in Demchok and Depsang remain unresolved.
Diplomatic Efforts
Recent high-level diplomatic interactions have facilitated the disengagement along the LAC. Key meetings include:
- India’s National Security Advisor Ajit Doval meeting Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi at the BRICS NSAs meeting in St Petersburg, Russia.
- Anticipation for further disengagement is linked to the upcoming BRICS Summit in October in Kazan, Russia, where leaders from both nations are expected to meet.
Significance of Disengagement
The 31st meeting of the Working Mechanism for Consultation & Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC) was described as “frank, constructive, and forward-looking.” Participants urged both parties to “narrow down the differences” and “find early resolution of the outstanding issues.” The phrase "narrow down the differences" marks a hopeful shift in the dialogue surrounding the border standoff.
Strategic Importance of Depsang Plains and Demchok
Depsang Plains
The Depsang Plains hold strategic significance due to the following reasons:
- The People’s Liberation Army (PLA)’s control threatens India’s position over the Siachen Glacier, potentially encircling the Indian Army between China and Pakistan.
- A coordinated attack from both China and Pakistan would leave India’s military position on the Siachen Glacier vulnerable.
- The Indian Army identifies this region as particularly susceptible to mechanized warfare due to its flat terrain, which also offers direct access to Aksai Chin.
Demchok
Demchok is crucial for several reasons:
- It facilitates effective surveillance of Chinese movements and activities in the Aksai Chin region.
- It supports essential road and communication links that enable rapid military mobilization and logistical support.
Key Areas in the India-China Standoff
Pangong Lake Region
- This area frequently sees patrols from both India and China intersecting.
- The north bank of the lake is divided into eight "fingers," with India claiming territory up to Finger 8 and China disputing it down to Finger 4.
Demchok Region
- Recent reports indicated increased Chinese activity and heavy equipment movement.
Galwan River Basin
- Satellite imagery revealed Chinese tents near the Galwan River basin, suggesting incursions into traditionally held Indian territories.
Gogra Post
- A Chinese military buildup near the Gogra post has escalated tensions.
Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO)
- Chinese encroachments have been reported in the DBO sector, located on the Indian side.
- The DBO airstrip is critical for winter operations and reinforcements, accessible via the 255 km-long Darbuk-Shyok-DBO road.
Windfall tax on crude oil cut to zero
- 18 Sep 2024
In News:
The windfall tax on domestically produced crude oil will be slashed to ‘zero’ effective September 18. This marks its second reduction to nil since its introduction in July 2022.
Key Details:
- The windfall tax is revised every 15 days based on average oil prices over the previous two weeks, charged as Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED) on profits from domestically produced crude oil.
- The last revision, effective August 31, set the windfall tax at ?1,850 per tonne.
- The SAED on the export of diesel, petrol, and jet fuel (ATF) has been set to ‘nil’ following a major decline in crude oil prices.
- This is the second instance since the tax was imposed that it has been reduced to nil; the first reduction occurred on April 4, 2023.
Crude Oil Prices
- Crude oil prices increased by $1 per barrel due to supply chain issues; traders anticipate demand growth if the US Federal Reserve lowers borrowing costs.
- More than 12% of crude production from the US Gulf of Mexico was offline last week due to Hurricane Francine, contributing to price increases in three of the past four sessions. US crude futures rose by $1.31 (1.9%) to $71.40, while Brent crude futures increased by $1 (1.4%) to $73.75 per barrel.
- The windfall tax on crude oil companies was introduced in July 2022 to control extreme profits from gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel exports.
What is a Windfall Tax?
- A windfall tax is a surtax imposed by governments on businesses or economic sectors that have benefited from economic expansion.
- The purpose is to redistribute excess profits in one area to raise funds for the greater social good; however, this can be a contentious ideal.
- Some individual taxes—such as inheritance tax or taxes on lottery or game-show winnings—can also be construed as a windfall tax.
Nipah viral infection
- 17 Sep 2024
In News:
- The district administration has imposed restrictions on social gatherings and made masks mandatory in Malappuram district after a 24-year-old man from Naduvath, near Wandoor, died from the Nipah viral infection.
- Five wards in Tiruvali and Mampad grama panchayats have been declared containment zones. Schools, colleges, madrasas, anganwadis and cinema halls in these zones will remain closed until further notice.
What is Nipah?
- Nipah is a viral infection that mainly affects animals such as bats, pigs, dogs and horses.
- It is known to cause infection in humans when they come in contact with saliva, urine, or faecal matter of infected animals — by eating fruits that have been bitten into by the animals or scaling trees were the bats live.
- It can also be transmitted human to human through close contact, but this is not the most common route of transmission.
- The case fatality ratio of Nipah can be extremely high at 40 to 75%. To compare, even at the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic, the case fatality ratio (CFR) – proportion of people who die among those who test positive – remained at around 3%.
What are the symptoms of Nipah?
People with Nipah start showing symptoms around four to 14 days after getting infected. The infection causes fever, headache, cough, sore throat and difficulty breathing. In later stages, the infection can also lead to brain swelling or encephalitis, leading to confusion, drowsiness, and seizures. With encephalitis, people can go into coma within 24 to 48 hours.
How does the Nipah monoclonal antibody work?
The monoclonal antibody binds with the part of the viral envelope that attaches to the human cells to gain entry. Given early in the disease, it prevents the virus from entering more and more cells, thereby stopping its proliferation and severe disease.
The monoclonal antibody has to be administered in the early stages of the disease, before encephalitis sets in.
India first imported 20 doses of the monoclonal antibodies — enough for ten patients — from a laboratory in Australia’s University of Queensland during the 2018 outbreak. Another 20 doses were requested last year. The monoclonal antibody has so far been used in 14 individuals globally and none of them died.
What can be done to protect yourself?
Usually, Nipah outbreaks are localised, meaning people from the rest of the country are not at risk of the infection at present. People from areas where cases are detected should refrain from coming in close contact with the family members and other contacts of the two case. With the infection transmitted by fruit bats, the government also suggests precautions like washing the fruits and peeling them before consumption. Fruits with signs of bat bites should be discarded. And, palm sap or juice must be boiled before consumption.
All-India Reservoir Status
- 17 Sep 2024
In News:
The southwest monsoon has provided significant rainfall across India, with total precipitation at 836.7 mm as of September 12, marking an 8% surplus for this time of year. The Central Water Commission (CWC) reports that reservoir levels are notably higher compared to last year and the 10-year average.
All-India Reservoir Status
- Total Capacity: 180.852 billion cubic metres (BCM) across 155 reservoirs.
- Current Storage: 153.757 BCM, which is 85% of total capacity.
- Last Year Comparison: 119.451 BCM (66%) and 10-year average of 130.594 BCM.
Regional Reservoir Highlights:
- North: 11 reservoirs at 68% capacity (13.468 BCM). Storage is lower than last year (81%) and decadal average (82%). Himachal Pradesh and Punjab saw significant rainfall deficits.
- East: 25 reservoirs at 76% capacity (15.797 BCM), improved from last year's 58%. Despite deficits in Nagaland and Bihar, overall rainfall has supported reservoir levels.
- West: 50 reservoirs at 90% capacity (33.526 BCM), a marked increase from 75% last year. Heavy rainfall, particularly in Gujarat, has led to flooding but boosted water reserves.
- Central: 26 reservoirs at 89% capacity (42.808 BCM), better than last year's 76%. This region has enjoyed normal or above-average rainfall.
- South: 43 reservoirs at 88% capacity (48.158 BCM), significantly higher than 49% last year. Regions traditionally receiving less monsoon rain have also seen improvements.
Comparison to 2023
- Improved Storage: Notable increases in states like Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and several others.
- Stable: No change in Goa and Telangana.
- Declines: Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttarakhand show worse conditions compared to last year.
River Basin Status
Major river basins exhibit normal or above storage levels, including:
- Barak (98.72%)
- Krishna (94.53%)
- Cauvery (93.54%)
- Narmada (92.19%)
- Godavari (91.85%)
- Others range from 83% to 66%.
Overall, the 2024 monsoon has led to improved water storage conditions across much of India, benefiting numerous states while highlighting specific areas of concern.
Precision Farming
- 17 Sep 2024
In News:
The Centre is contemplating to earmark Rs 6,000 crore to promote precision farming, a modern approach that uses smart technology such as Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, drones and data analytics to boost production through maximal use of resources while minimising environmental impact.
Key Details:
- Union Ministry of Agriculture is planning a Smart Precision Horticulture Programme under the existing Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) scheme.
- It will cover 15,000 acres of land in five years from 2024-25 to 2028-29 and is expected to benefit about 60,000 farmers.
- At present, the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF), launched during Covid-19, has provisions for financing infrastructure projects for smart and precision agriculture.
- Under AIF, individual farmers as well as farmers’ communities such as Farmer Producer Organization, Primary Agricultural Credit Societies and SHGs are eligible for loans with interest subvention of 3% for using technological solutions in farm practices. These practices include farm/ harvest automation; purchase of drones, putting up specialised sensors on field; use of blockchain and AI in agriculture; remote sensing and Internet of Things (IoT).
Positive impact
- Smart and precision agriculture maximises use of resources like water, fertilisers and pesticides to increase production quality and quantity, all while insulating farmers from vagaries of climate change and other uncertainties, besides ensuring sustainable farming.
Apart from offering financial support, the Centre is also considering collaborating with the Netherlands and Israel, where tech-based modern farming solutions are being used, through Centres of Excellences (CoEs). The number of CoEs is likely to be 100 in the next five years. Under Indo-Israel Agriculture Project, 32 CoEs have already been set up across 14 states.
The Centre has also set up 22 Precision Farming Development Centres (PFDCs) across the country to test new technologies and modify them according to local needs.
According to the Ministry, these 22 PFDCs are located across State/Central Agricultural Universities, ICAR Institutes and IITs in TN, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Haryana, Telangana, West Bengal, Ladakh, UP, Punjab, Gujarat, Uttrakhand, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Manipur and Assam. Besides, funds are released to states/UTs for projects involving use of AI and machine learning, under schemes like the National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture.
What is Precision Agriculture?
- Precision Agriculture is a farm management concept that revolves around the process of observing, measuring, and responding to various inter-and intra-field variability inputs for modern agriculture.
- Popular definitions of Precision Agriculture (PA) or Site-Specific Crop Management (SSCM) describe the term as a technology-enabled approach to farming management that observes, measures, and analyzes the needs of individual fields and crops.
- The goal of precision agriculture is to increase efficiency and productivity, reduce input costs, and improve environmental sustainability.
- Key Advantages:
- A refined set of cultivation practices and choice of crops based on the suitability of land
- Elimination of volatility and risk
- Waste management
- Reduced production costs
- Minimum environmental impact
- Optimized use of fertilizers
- Water management with optimized irrigation practices
- Improved soil health
What is the current status of the introduction of African cheetahs?
- 17 Sep 2024
In News:
Project Cheetah has encountered significant setbacks, including prolonged captivity and cheetah fatalities; with long-term success hinging on finding sufficient habitat, scientific management, and community support, the project’s future depends on overcoming these enormous challenges.
Overview of Project Cheetah:
- Cheetah Action Plan (CAP): India’s initiative to reintroduce African cheetahs, aimed at species conservation and ecosystem restoration.
- Long-term Commitment: Requires a minimum of 25 years of financial, technical, and administrative support from various governmental bodies.
Challenges Faced:
- Extended Captivity:
- Cheetahs have been held in captivity longer than planned, with only 12 of the original 20 surviving.
- Delays in the release process raise concerns about the cheetahs' fitness for survival in the wild.
- Health Issues and Fatalities:
- Several cheetahs have died due to pre-existing health conditions or management failures before being released.
- Captivity duration exceeds guidelines set by Namibian policy, rendering the cheetahs unfit for release.
- Environmental Adaptation Problems:
- Some deaths attributed to environmental stressors, such as heat stroke and improper management of conditions leading to health complications.
Location for Introduction:
- Kuno National Park: Chosen for its suitable habitat and prey base. However, many cheetahs remain confined, with release dates now pushed to late 2024 or early 2025.
- Additional Sites: Plans for a captive breeding facility in Gujarat and potential releases in Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary.
Management and Oversight:
- An expert committee, led by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), oversees the project. Responsibilities include negotiating with African countries for cheetah procurement and implementing field activities.
Goals and Measurable Outcomes:
- Short-term Objectives: Achieve a 50% survival rate in the first year, establish home ranges, and generate eco-tourism revenue.
- Long-term Success: Establish a stable cheetah population, improve habitat quality, and support local economies.
Future Considerations:
- The project lacks a definitive sunset clause but will require ongoing management for decades.
- The key question remains whether India has sufficient habitat (4,000 to 8,000 sq. km) to support a viable population of free-ranging cheetahs.
Conclusion: Project Cheetah faces significant challenges in achieving its ambitious conservation goals, raising questions about its long-term viability and management practices.
Why is T.N.’s education funding on hold?
- 17 Sep 2024
In News:
Tamil Nadu is yet to receive this year’s funds from the Union government under the flagship education scheme Samagra Shiksha. According to the State government, the Centre has linked these funds to the complete implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which includes provisions that the State has opposed, including the contentious three-language formula.
What is Samagra Shiksha and why has Tamil Nadu not gotten funds under it?
- Samagra Shiksha is an integrated Centrally-sponsored scheme for school education from nursery till Class 12, with components for teacher training and salaries, special education, digital education, school infrastructure, administrative reform, vocational and sports education, with grants for textbooks, uniforms, and libraries, among others.
- The scheme’s estimated outlay between 2021 and 2026 is ?2.94 lakh crore, with the Centre and States contributing funds in a 60:40 ratio. For 2024-25, Tamil Nadu’s allocation under the scheme amounts to ?3,586 crore of which the Central share is ?2,152 crore, with a first quarterly instalment of ?573 crore, which has not yet arrived halfway through the financial year.
- In a letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi last month, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin accused the Centre of imposing a prerequisite for the fund’s disbursal, namely, the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for another Centrally-sponsored education scheme called PM Schools for Rising India (PM Shri).
- This scheme, being run from 2022-2027, aims to create 14,500 model schools across the country to showcase the implementation of NEP 2020, and has a much smaller project cost of ?27,360 crore. The Centre has sent at least 10 letters to Tamil Nadu from September 2022, asking the State to sign the MoU, which included an agreement to fully implement the NEP.
In March 2024, Tamil Nadu committed to signing the PM Shri MoU due to its link to delayed funding for the larger Samagra Shiksha scheme. However, after signing a modified MoU in July that excluded NEP implementation, the Centre found it unacceptable. In August, Chief Minister M.K. Stalin noted that states signing the MoU received funds, accusing the Centre of “denying funds to the best-performing States” for not complying with NEP. The Union Education Ministry labeled these claims as misleading, but Tamil Nadu has not received Samagra Shiksha funds due to the incomplete MoU.
What is Tamil Nadu’s problem with the NEP 2020?
Tamil Nadu Education Minister highlighted the state's objections to specific NEP elements, such as the three-language formula and curriculum changes. He stated that Tamil Nadu is already implementing many acceptable aspects of the NEP through its own initiatives and warned that linking Samagra Shiksha funds to full NEP compliance infringes on the state's constitutional autonomy in education.
Tamil Nadu’s draft State Education Policy (SEP), submitted in July, clearly indicates that the State wants to stick to the 5+3+2+2 curricular formula, rather than the NEP, which includes the pre-school years. The SEP also proposes five years as the age of entry to Class 1, as against six years in the NEP. The State wants undergraduate college admissions to be based on Class 11 and 12 marks, rather than a common entrance test as proposed by the NEP. The biggest hurdle, however, is the NEP’s three-language formula.
Why does Tamil Nadu oppose the three-language formula?
The NEP 2020 recommends using the mother tongue or local language as the medium of instruction until Class 5, with all students learning at least three languages, including two native to India. This three-language formula has been part of every NEP since 1968 but has faced long-standing opposition in Tamil Nadu, rooted in historical movements against mandatory Hindi.
Tamil Nadu follows a two-language policy, requiring students to study Tamil and English, while allowing the choice of an optional third language, such as Hindi. Education Minister Anbil Mahesh emphasized Tamil's importance in the state's identity alongside English proficiency.
While the NEP offers flexibility and states that no language will be imposed on any state, allowing students to choose Tamil as a third language, all major political parties in Tamil Nadu have rejected the three-language formula. In response to concerns about opposing mother-tongue education, Mahesh affirmed the state prioritizes inclusive learning with Tamil at its core.
Pink Bollworm Attack
- 16 Sep 2024
In News:
Haryana has seen an overall fall in acreage under cotton cultivation to 4.76 lakh hectares (lh) this kharif season from 6.65 lh in 2023. This has been accompanied by an increase in the area under rice from 15.20 lh to an all-time-high of 16.44 lh in the state.
Key Details:
- The reduction in the cotton area — also reported in neighbouring Rajasthan (from 7.91 lh to 5.13 lh) and Punjab (2.14 lh to 1 lh) — has been attributed mainly to PBW infestation.
- In May-June this year, at the time of sowing, the price of kapas (raw unginned cotton) averaged Rs 6,700-6,800 per quintal in Haryana mandis. This was against the average Rs 11,100-11,200 per quintal two years ago.
Pink Bollworm (PBW) Infestation:
- Impact: The pink bollworm has devastated cotton yields by attacking the bolls, which affects the weight and quality of the cotton. This pest has been particularly damaging since its appearance in 2017-18 and has caused significant losses in Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab.
- Spread: PBW spreads through the air and infected crop residues, which harbor larvae and spread to future crops. This infestation has led to a dramatic decrease in cotton acreage.
The spread of pink bollworm
- The pink bollworm first appeared in north India during the 2017-18 season in a few districts in Haryana and Punjab, primarily cultivating Bt cotton, and spread to Rajasthan by 2021.
- PBW primarily spreads through the air. Residue of infected crops, often left by farmers on the field to be used as fuel, can also harbour PBW larvae which can then infect future crops. Infected cotton seeds are another reason behind the pest’s spread.
Economic Impacts:
- Price Decline: The price of kapas (raw cotton) has dropped from Rs 11,100-11,200 per quintal to Rs 6,700-6,800, significantly impacting farmers’ profitability.
- Farmer Losses: Farmers like Shyam Sundar have reported substantial losses due to low yields and poor quality, leading them to switch to more profitable and reliable crops like paddy and guar.
Transition to Paddy
Water Requirements:
- Challenges: Paddy requires much more water compared to cotton. Farmers need to flood their fields, which is challenging in regions where groundwater is saline or limited.
- Current Practices: Despite the increased water requirements, some farmers have transitioned to paddy due to its potentially better economic returns, especially when paddy prices are relatively high.
Monsoon and Irrigation:
- Weather Dependence: The monsoon this year has been favorable, allowing some farmers to successfully grow paddy. However, reliance on monsoon and supplementary irrigation from tubewells is not sustainable in the long term.
Government and Expert Perspectives
Government Incentives:
- Subsidies: The Haryana government is offering incentives for farmers switching to alternative crops and using water-saving techniques like direct seeding of paddy.
- Support: While there is support available, the effectiveness and reach of these measures are mixed, and some farmers have faced issues with insurance claims and financial aid.
Expert Opinions:
- Temporary Solution: Experts caution that while switching to paddy may be a temporary solution, it is not sustainable long-term due to water scarcity and environmental concerns.
- Environmental Impact: Paddy cultivation contributes to higher carbon and methane emissions, which adds to the environmental challenges in the region.
Economic and Industry Implications
Cotton Industry Concerns:
- Reduced Production: Lower cotton production affects the entire supply chain, from textile manufacturers to cottonseed oil and meal producers.
- Potential Recovery: There is hope that reduced PBW infestation this year may lead to a recovery in cotton yields, but the extent of this recovery remains uncertain.
NIDHI Companies
- 16 Sep 2024
In News:
The Registrar of Companies has imposed penalties on over two dozen Nidhi companies for breaches of the Companies Act, such as delayed financial filings and share allotment issues. Fines range from ?20,000 to ?12.5 lakh, with Sri Sathuragiri Nidhi receiving the highest penalty.
What is Nidhi Company?
A Nidhi Company is a unique NBFC regulated under the Companies Act, 2013, and the Nidhi Rules, 2014. Nidhi company signifies that these companies promote thrift and savings habits among their members by accepting deposits and providing loans. They primarily cater to their local communities and operate within a defined geographical area.
Requirements for Obtaining Nidhi Company Status:
Within One Year of Registration:
- Minimum Membership: A Nidhi company must have at least 200 members within one year of starting operations.
- Financial Strength: The company's net owned funds (equity share capital + free reserves - accumulated losses - intangible assets) must be ?10 lakh or more.
- Deposit Security: Unencumbered term deposits (deposits not pledged as security) must be at least 10% of the total outstanding deposits.
- Healthy Debt Ratio: The ratio of net owned funds to deposits should not exceed 1:20. This ensures the company has sufficient capital to back its deposit liabilities.
Compliance Filing:
If a Nidhi company meets all the above conditions within the first year, it must file form NDH-1 along with the prescribed fees within 90 days from the end of that financial year. The form needs to be certified by a practicing Chartered Accountant (CA), Company Secretary (CS), or Cost and Works Accountant (CWA).
Extension Option:
Companies that are unable to meet the requirements within the first year can apply for an extension of one additional financial year. To do so, they need to submit form NDH-2 to the Regional Director within 30 days from the end of the first financial year.
Strict Enforcement:
If a Nidhi company fails to meet the requirements even after the second financial year, it will be prohibited from accepting new deposits until it complies with the regulations. Additionally, it may face penalties for non-compliance.
Benefits of Nidhi Company Registration
Nidhi companies offer several advantages for entrepreneurs:
- Tax benefits: They can enjoy tax exemptions on their profits under certain conditions.
- Reduced regulatory burden: Compared to other NBFCs, Nidhi companies face less stringent regulations.
- Local focus: They cater to the specific financial needs of their communities, fostering local economic development.
- Enhanced credibility: Registration brings legitimacy and builds trust among members.
Eligibility for Nidhi Company Registration
For registration of Nidhi company, the following requirements must be met:
- Minimum members: A minimum of seven members are required at the time of incorporation.
- Minimum capital: The minimum paid-up capital must be Rs. 5 lakh.
- Business restrictions: Nidhi companies cannot undertake activities like issuing debentures or underwriting insurance.
- Profit distribution: They can only distribute a maximum of 20% of their net profit as dividend.
BHASKAR Platform
- 16 Sep 2024
In News:
The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, is set to launch a groundbreaking digital platform aimed at strengthening India’s startup ecosystem.
Key Details:
- The Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry (BHASKAR) initiative, under the Startup India program, is a platform designed to centralize, streamline, and enhance collaboration among key stakeholders within the entrepreneurial ecosystem, including startups, investors, mentors, service providers, and government bodies.
- This initiative aligns with the Government of India’s vision to transform India into a global leader in innovation and entrepreneurship, reinforcing the country’s commitment to the startup movement.
Empowering Innovation Through a Centralized Platform
- India, home to over 1,46,000 DPIIT-recognized startups, has rapidly become one of the world’s most dynamic startup hubs. BHASKAR seeks to leverage this potential by providing an all-encompassing, one-stop digital platform that addresses the challenges faced by entrepreneurs and investors alike.
- By serving as a centralized registry, BHASKAR will enable seamless access to a wide array of resources, tools, and knowledge that will help fuel the entrepreneurial journey from ideation to execution.
- BHASKAR is designed to foster a conducive environment for networking, collaboration, and growth within the startup ecosystem.
- By providing personalized BHASKAR IDs for each stakeholder, the platform will facilitate easier interaction, enhance searchability, and allow for efficient discovery of relevant opportunities and partnerships.
Key Features of BHASKAR
- The primary goal of BHASKAR is to build the world’s largest digital registry for stakeholders within the startup ecosystem. To achieve this, the platform will offer several key features:
- Networking and Collaboration: BHASKAR will bridge the gap between startups, investors, mentors, and other stakeholders, allowing for seamless interaction across sectors.
- Providing Centralized Access to Resources: By consolidating resources, the platform will provide startups with immediate access to critical tools and knowledge, enabling faster decision-making and more efficient scaling.
- Creating Personalized Identification: Every stakeholder will be assigned a unique BHASKAR ID, ensuring personalized interactions and tailored experiences across the platform.
- Enhancing Discoverability: Through powerful search features, users can easily locate relevant resources, collaborators, and opportunities, ensuring faster decision-making and action.
- Supporting India’s Global Brand: BHASKAR will serve as a vehicle for promoting India’s global reputation as a hub for innovation, making cross-border collaborations more accessible to startups and investors alike.
Driving Forward India’s Startup Ecosystem
- The launch of BHASKAR marks a significant step forward in the government’s ongoing efforts to promote innovation, entrepreneurship, and job creation. It will serve as a central hub where startups, investors, service providers, and government bodies can come together to collaborate, exchange ideas, and accelerate growth.
- By facilitating easy access to knowledge and resources, BHASKAR will help unlock the full potential of India’s startup ecosystem, driving the country’s emergence as a global leader in entrepreneurship. The platform will be pivotal in creating a more resilient, inclusive, and innovation-driven economy, laying the foundation for a prosperous future.
BHASKAR: Shaping the Future of India's Startups
As India’s startup ecosystem continues to grow, BHASKAR will play a critical role in enhancing the country’s global standing in entrepreneurship. By fostering a culture of collaboration, the platform will help startups overcome challenges and build innovative solutions that address the needs of tomorrow.
With the launch of BHASKAR, the Government of India is reinforcing its commitment to making India a leader in global innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth.
International Day of Democracy
- 16 Sep 2024
In News:
Karnataka marked the 'International Day of Democracy' by forming a 'historic' 2,500-km-long human chain as a symbol of equality, unity, fraternity, and participative governance. The massive human chain, which according to the Karnataka government will be the "world's longest", is being formed across the state from Bidar to Chamarajanagar, covering all 31 districts.
Key Highlights:
- Democracy Day is an annual celebration observed on September 15.
- The United Nations General Assembly established this day in 2007 to emphasise the global significance of democracy. It serves as a reminder that democracy is not merely a fixed condition, but an ongoing pursuit. It calls for active engagement from international organizations, nation-states, civil society and people to pursue the democratic idea.
International Day of Democracy History
- The International Day of Democracy was accredited by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on November 8, 2007, by passing a resolution entitled “Support by United Nations system of efforts of governments to promote and consolidate new or restored democracies.”
- September 15 was chosen to coincide with the anniversary of the Inter-Parliamentary Union’s Universal Declaration on Democracy, which was adopted in Geneva on September 15, 1997.
- This declaration outlines the tenets of democracy proclaiming that democracy is “a system of government based on the freely expressed will of the people to determine their own political, economic, social and cultural systems and their full participation, through free and fair periodic elections, in the composition of their representative government.”
- After the Universal Declaration on Democracy, Qatar spearheaded the campaign to observe an International Day of Democracy at the United Nations.
- The first-ever International Day of Democracy was held in 2008.
International Day of Democracy Significance
- The International Day of Democracy evaluates global democracy, emphasising that it requires commitment and engagement from the international community, the national state governments, civil societies and individuals.
- The day also reminds the nations of the need to uphold the principles of democracy such as the freedom of speech enshrined in Article 19 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Trilobite fossils from upstate New York reveal extra set of legs
- 15 Sep 2024
In News:
A new study finds that a trilobite species with exceptionally well-preserved fossils from upstate New York has an additional set of legs underneath its head.
Key details:
- The research, led by the American Museum of Natural History and Nanjing University in China, suggests that having a fifth pair of head appendages might be more widespread among trilobites than once thought.
- Published in the journal Palaeontology, the study helps researchers better understand how trilobite heads are segmented.
Trilobites
- Trilobites are a group of extinct arthropods whose living relatives include lobsters and spiders.
- Like other arthropods, the bodies of trilobites are made up of many segments, with the head region comprised of several fused segments.
- As with other parts of the trilobite body (the thorax and tail), these segments were associated with appendages, which ranged in function from sensing to feeding to locomotion.
- Trilobites are a group of extinct marine arthropods that first appeared around 521 million years ago, shortly after the beginning of the Cambrian period, living through the majority of the Palaeozoic Era, for nearly 300 million years. They died out at the end of the Permian, 251 million years ago, killed by the end Permian mass extinction event that removed over 90% of all species on Earth. They were very diverse for much of the Palaeozoic, and today trilobite fossils are found all over the world.
- The name 'trilobite' comes from the distinctive three-fold longitudinal division of the dorsal exoskeleton into a central axis, flanked on either side by lateral (pleural) areas.
Two ways
The segments in the trilobite head can be counted in two different ways: by looking at the grooves (called furrows) on the upper side of the trilobite fossil’s hard exoskeleton, or by counting the pairs of preserved antennae and legs on the underside of the fossil. The soft appendages of trilobites are rarely preserved, though, and when looking at the segments in the trilobite head, researchers regularly find a mismatch between these two methods.
In the new study, researchers examined newly recovered specimens of the exceptionally preserved trilobite Triarthrus eatoni from upstate New York. These fossils, known for the gold shine of the pyrite replacement preserving them, show an additional, previously undescribed leg underneath the head.
Resolving mismatch
By making comparisons with another trilobite species, the exceptionally preserved Olenoides serratusfrom the Burgess Shale in British Columbia, the researchers propose a model for how appendages were attached to the head in relation to the grooves in the exoskeleton.
This model resolves the apparent mismatch and indicates that the trilobite head included six segments: an anterior segment associated with the developmental origin of the eyes and five additional segments, associated with one pair of antennae and four pairs of walking legs, respectively.
PM Gram Sadak Yojana-IV
- 15 Sep 2024
In News:
- The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi approved the proposal of the Department of Rural Development for “Implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana - IV (PMGSY-IV) during FY 2024-25 to 2028-29”.
- The financial assistance is to be provided for the construction of 62,500 Kms road for providing new connectivity to eligible 25,000 unconnected habitations and construction/upgradation of bridges on the new connectivity roads. Total outlay of this scheme will be Rs. 70,125 crore.
Details of the Scheme:
The details of the approval given by the Cabinet are as follows:
- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana -IV is launched for financial year 2024-25 to 2028-29. Total outlay of this scheme is Rs. 70,125 crore (Central Share of Rs. 49,087.50 crore and Sate Share of Rs. 21,037.50 crore).
- Under this scheme 25,000 unconnected habitations of population size 500+ in plains, 250+ in NE & Hill Sates/UTs, special category areas (Tribal Schedule V, Aspirational Districts/Blocks, Desert areas) and 100+ in LWE affected districts, as per Census 2011 will be covered.
- Under this scheme 62,500 Km of all-weather roads will be provided to unconnected habitations. Construction of required bridges along the alignment of the all-weather road will also be provided.
Benefits:
- 25,000 unconnected habitations will be provided all weather road connectivity.
- The all-weather roads will play the role of catalysts for the required socio-economic development and transformation of the remote rural areas. While connecting habitations, the nearby government educational, health, market, growth centers will be connected, as far as feasible, with the all-weather road for the benefit of the local people.
- The PMGSY -IV will incorporate international benchmarks and best practices under road constructions such as Cold Mix Technology and Waste Plastic, Panelled Cement concrete, Cell filled concrete, Full Depth Reclamation, use of construction waste and other wastes such as Fly Ash, Steel Slag, etc.
- PMGSY -IV road alignment planning will be undertaken through the PM Gati Shakti portal. The planning tool on PM Gati Shakti portal will also assist in DPR preparation.
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
- PMGSY is a central government scheme launched in 2000 to provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations.
- The scheme was originally a 100% centrally-sponsored initiative, but starting from the financial year 2015-16, the funding has been shared between the Central and State governments in a 60:40 ratio.
Chamran-1 satellite
- 15 Sep 2024
In News:
Iran successfully launched its Chamran-1 research satellite into orbit, utilising the Qaem-100 rocket developed by the paramilitary Revolutionary Guard.
Key Highlights:
- Satellite Details: Chamran-1, a research satellite, was designed and manufactured by Iranian engineers at Iran Electronics Industries (SAIran) in collaboration with the Aerospace Research Institute and private firms. It weighs approximately 60 kilograms.
- Launch Vehicle: The satellite was launched into orbit using the Ghaem-100, Iran's first three-stage solid-fuel space launch vehicle (SLV), developed by the Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
- Mission Objectives: The primary mission of Chamran-1 is to test hardware and software systems for validating orbital maneuver technology. Additionally, it aims to assess the performance of cold gas propulsion subsystems and evaluate navigation and attitude control subsystems.
- Orbit Details: The satellite was placed into a 550-kilometer (341 miles) orbit above Earth.
What are Intercontinental ballistic missiles?
- Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) are a type of ballistic missile with a range greater than 5,500 kilometers and are primarily designed to deliver nuclear warheads.
- They can carry conventional, chemical, and biological weapons, although the latter types have rarely been deployed on ICBMs.
- The United States, Russia, China, France, India, the United Kingdom, Israel, and North Korea are known to possess operational ICBMs, with Pakistan being the only nuclear-armed state that does not have them.
Operation Sadbhav
- 15 Sep 2024
In News:
India has launched Operation Sadbhav to deliver crucial humanitarian aid to Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam, all of which have been devastated by Typhoon Yagi. This powerful storm, the most severe in Asia this year, has led to extensive flooding and widespread destruction across the affected countries.
Relief Efforts:
In response to the crisis, India has mobilized a significant amount of aid. The Indian naval ship INS Satpura has transported 10 tonnes of relief supplies, including dry rations, clothing, and medicines, to Myanmar. Concurrently, the Indian Air Force has dispatched a military transport aircraft with 35 tonnes of aid to Vietnam and an additional 10 tonnes to Laos. The aid includes essential items such as generators, water purification systems, hygiene kits, mosquito nets, blankets, and sleeping bags, which are crucial for addressing immediate needs during this emergency.
India's Proactive Approach:
Operation Sadbhav highlights India's proactive approach to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, emphasizing its role as a leading responder in the region. This initiative reflects India's commitment to providing support to its neighboring countries in times of crisis and aligns with its broader 'Act East Policy,' which aims to strengthen relations with ASEAN member states through practical assistance and cooperation.
Strategic Importance:
The operation also underscores India's strategic goals of enhancing regional stability and reinforcing its position as a reliable partner in disaster management. By providing timely aid, India demonstrates its dedication to supporting regional stability and contributing to international humanitarian efforts.
Global Recognition and Cooperation:
India's response to Typhoon Yagi has received international acknowledgment for its effectiveness and promptness. The coordination of these relief efforts highlights the importance of global solidarity in addressing humanitarian crises and building resilience in disaster-affected regions.
Conclusion:
Operation Sadbhav is a clear demonstration of India's commitment to timely and substantial humanitarian assistance. It not only showcases India's proactive diplomacy but also strengthens its ties with ASEAN nations through meaningful cooperation in times of adversity. The ongoing relief efforts are a testament to India's role as a responsible global stakeholder in disaster response and recovery.
What is Operation Kawach, the new ‘war on drugs’ waged by Delhi Police?
- 05 Sep 2024
Aimed at identifying and apprehending people involved in the trafficking and distribution of narcotics, 'Operation Kawach' is a joint initiative launched by the Crime Branch in coordination with all district units of the Delhi Police.
In a major crackdown on the menace of drugs in the national capital, the Crime Branch of the Delhi Police conducted widespread raids, swooping down on over 100 locations across Delhi. Earlier, raids conducted during the intervening night of May 12 and 13 had led to the arrest of 31 drug offenders in 30 cases under the Narcotic-Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985.
As many as 12 bootleggers were also arrested in six cases of the Excise Act. The operation also saw the seizure of 957.5 grams of heroin, 57.8 kilograms of marijuana and 782 bottles of illicit liquor.
What is Operation Kawach?
Aimed at identifying and apprehending people involved in the trafficking and distribution of narcotics, ‘Operation Kawach’ is a joint initiative launched by the Crime Branch in coordination with all district units of the Delhi Police. The initiative aims to combat the harmful influence of drug addiction on youth and children and underscores the authorities’ commitment to safeguarding the well-being of young individuals and curbing the distribution of illicit substances in educational settings.
Operation Kawach is primarily intended to save the youth from the menace of drugs. Although the focus is to take stringent action on the supply side, it is also appealed to society to create awareness and reduce the demand of drugs. The parents, teachers and the social reformers are specially requested to sensitise the youth about the grave consequences of drug addiction.
Operation Kawach: The story so far
According to the official, the joint operations, which utilised a variety of resources such as undercover officers, surveillance, canine support and intelligence gathering, targetted both street-level dealers and high-level traffickers and have both ‘top-to-bottom’ and ‘bottom-to-top’ approaches to effectively counter drug trafficking in the national capital.
In this year, Delhi Police has arrested 534 narco-offenders in 412 NDPS cases. Around 35 kg of heroin/smack, 15 kg of cocaine, 1,500 kg of ganja, 230 kg of opium, 10 kg of charas and 20 kg of poppy have been recovered during these operations.
Black Coat Syndrome
- 05 Sep 2024
In News:
In her recent speech at the National Conference of District Judiciary, President Droupadi Murmu introduced the concept of 'black coat syndrome' to address the persistent issue of case delays in Indian courts. This term is intended to reflect the anxiety and reluctance that people experience when dealing with the judicial system, similar to the 'white coat syndrome' seen in medical settings.
Current Challenges in India's Judicial System
- Case Pendency: As of October 2023, there are over five crore cases pending across various levels of the judiciary in India. The current number of judges—20,580—falls short of effectively managing this caseload.
- Infrastructure Deficiencies: Many courts lack essential infrastructure and modern technology. For example, as of September 2023, 19.7% of district courts did not have separate toilets for women.
- Judicial Vacancies: There are notable vacancies in the judiciary. High courts have 347 unfilled positions out of a total of 1,114 sanctioned posts. Similarly, 5,300 out of 25,081 district judge positions are vacant.
- Gender Representation: The Supreme Court has three female judges, making up 9.3% of its bench. High courts have 103 female judges, representing 13.42%, while the district judiciary has a more balanced representation with 36.33% female judges.
Ongoing Initiatives to Address Judicial Challenges
- Technological Advancements:
- e-SCR (Electronic Supreme Court Reports): Provides digital access to Supreme Court judgments.
- Virtual Court System: Facilitates court proceedings through videoconferencing.
- eCourts Portal: Serves as a comprehensive platform for interaction among litigants, advocates, government bodies, and the public.
- National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG): Makes case statistics available at various levels for public and research use.
- Legal Reforms and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR):
- National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms (2011): Focuses on improving justice access by tackling delays and arrears.
- ADR Methods: Includes Lok Adalats, Gram Nyayalayas, and Online Dispute Resolution to expedite justice.
- Commercial Courts Act 2015: Enforces pre-institution mediation for commercial disputes.
- Fast Track Courts: Designed to speed up cases involving serious crimes, senior citizens, women, and children.
Strategies for Future Improvement
- Increasing Court Efficiency: The Chief Justice of India has stressed the need for courts to function beyond their current capacity of 71% to better align case disposal with new case inflows.
- Filling Judicial Positions: With 28% of district court positions vacant, a regularized recruitment schedule is suggested to address these gaps. Additionally, integrating judicial recruitment on a national scale is recommended to reduce regional biases.
- Enhancing Case Management: Establish District-Level Case Management Committees to better manage cases by reconstructing records and identifying priority cases. Encouraging pre-litigation dispute resolution can also help manage the case backlog.
- Adjusting Judicial Vacations: The 2003 Malimath Committee report proposed reducing vacation periods to help address the backlog of cases.
- Bridging Judiciary Gaps: Addressing the disparity between district courts and high courts is crucial to create a more cohesive and unified judicial system.
Poshan Tracker Initiative
- 05 Sep 2024
In News:
The Ministry of Women and Child Development recently earned the National Award for e-Governance 2024 (Gold) for its Poshan Tracker initiative, which has made significant strides in enhancing child health and nutrition.
About the Poshan Tracker Initiative
The Poshan Tracker initiative focuses on identifying and addressing growth-related issues in children aged 0-6 years. By using real-time monitoring and WHO growth charts, the program ensures that children receive optimal nutrition.
Key components of the initiative include:
- Role of Anganwadi Workers (AWWs): These workers are essential in assessing children's health and implementing necessary interventions when deviations from expected growth are observed.
- Technology Integration: The program employs advanced ICT tools and Growth Measuring Devices (GMD) at Anganwadi Centers (AWCs) to enable precise data collection and regular monitoring.
- Impact: Real-time growth monitoring through the Poshan Tracker has substantially improved child health outcomes in India, benefiting millions of children under the Mission Poshan 2.0 initiative.
Key Features of the Poshan Tracker App
- Comprehensive Overview: The app offers a complete view of Anganwadi Centre activities, including service deliveries and beneficiary management for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children under six.
- Digitization and Automation: It replaces physical registers used by workers with digital records, thereby enhancing the quality and efficiency of their work.
- Smartphone Provision: Anganwadi workers have been provided with smartphones through the Government e-Market (GeM) to streamline service delivery.
- Technical Support: Each state has a designated nodal person to provide technical assistance and resolve issues related to the Poshan Tracker application.
- Service Accessibility: Migrant workers who registered in their original state can access services at the nearest Anganwadi in their current location.
RHUMI-1
- 05 Sep 2024
In News:
India recently celebrated the launch of its first reusable hybrid rocket, RHUMI-1, developed by the Tamil Nadu-based start-up Space Zone India in collaboration with the Martin Group. The launch took place on August 24, 2024, from Thiruvidandhai in Chennai. This innovative rocket was propelled into a suborbital trajectory using a mobile launcher, carrying three Cube Satellites and fifty Pico Satellites designed to gather data on global warming and climate change.
Key Features of RHUMI-1:
- Hybrid Propulsion System: RHUMI-1 utilizes a combination of solid and liquid propellants, which enhances efficiency and lowers operational costs.
- Adjustable Launch Angle: The rocket's engine allows for precise trajectory control with adjustable angles ranging from 0 to 120 degrees.
- Electrically Triggered Parachute System: Equipped with an advanced and eco-friendly descent mechanism, this system ensures safe recovery of rocket components, offering both cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits.
- Environmentally Friendly: RHUMI-1 is entirely free of pyrotechnics and TNT, underlining its commitment to sustainability.
Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs):
Reusable Launch Vehicles are spacecraft designed to be launched, recovered, and reused multiple times. They offer several advantages:
- Cost Savings: RLVs can be up to 65% cheaper than constructing a new rocket for every launch.
- Reduced Space Debris: By minimizing discarded rocket components, RLVs help reduce space debris.
- Increased Launch Frequency: Shorter turnaround times allow for more frequent use of the rocket.
Unlike traditional multi-stage rockets, where the first stage is discarded after fuel depletion, RLVs recover and reuse the first stage. After separation, the first stage returns to Earth using engines or parachutes for a controlled landing.
Background on Space Zone India and Recent Missions:
Space Zone India is an aero-technology company based in Chennai, focusing on providing cost-effective, long-term solutions in the space industry. They offer hands-on training in aerodynamic principles, satellite technology, drone technology, and rocket technology while raising awareness about careers in the space sector. In 2023, Space Zone India conducted the "Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Students Satellite Launch Mission," involving over 2,500 students from various schools across India. This mission resulted in the creation of a student satellite launch vehicle capable of carrying a payload of 150 Pico Satellites for research experiments.
Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024
- 05 Sep 2024
In News:
On August 1, 2024, the central government introduced the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill in the Lok Sabha. This Bill, aimed at amending the existing Disaster Management Act of 2005, has been proposed in response to the increasing frequency of climate-induced disasters. However, the Bill’s provisions have raised concerns about further centralisation of disaster management processes, which may complicate and delay disaster response efforts.
Centralisation Concerns
The Bill continues the trend of centralising disaster management, a feature already prevalent in the 2005 Act. It grants statutory status to existing bodies like the National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) and the High-Level Committee (HLC), potentially complicating the disaster response process. This centralised approach has previously led to delays, such as the late disbursement of funds to Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, contrary to the Act's intended rapid response.
Proposed Changes
Strengthening NDMA and SDMAs: The Bill aims to bolster the role of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) by having them prepare disaster management plans directly. It also introduces Urban Disaster Management Authorities (UDMAs) for state capitals and major cities, although these bodies may face challenges due to insufficient financial devolution.
Database and Staffing: The Bill mandates the creation of comprehensive disaster databases at national and state levels and allows the NDMA to appoint its own staff, subject to central government approval.
Issues with the Current Definition of ‘Disaster’
Heatwaves Exclusion: On July 25, 2024, the Minister of State for Science, Technology, and Earth Sciences announced that heatwaves will not be classified as a notified disaster under the Act. This decision aligns with the 15th Finance Commission’s view and maintains a restricted list of disasters eligible for assistance, which includes cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, and floods, but excludes climate-induced phenomena like heatwaves.
Inadequate Definition: The existing definition of "disaster" in the Act and the Bill remains narrow, failing to encompass climate-induced events such as heatwaves, which are increasingly recognized globally as significant disasters. Data from the India Meteorological Department shows a record number of heatwave days and related fatalities, highlighting the need for a broader disaster definition.
Critical Issues
Central-State Dynamics: The Bill’s centralisation raises questions about the balance of power between central and state governments. There are concerns that states will remain heavily dependent on central funds, complicating disaster management and response.
Lessons Unlearned: Despite being an update to the 2005 Act, the Bill appears to overlook past shortcomings, including delays in financial preparedness and response. A focus on cooperative federalism and effective disaster management should prioritize practical solutions over a central versus state blame game.
Future Directions: Addressing the challenges of climate-induced disasters and ensuring effective financial and operational preparedness requires revisiting and refining the disaster management framework. Emphasizing cooperative federalism and proactive disaster management strategies will be crucial in improving disaster resilience and response in the face of escalating climate risks.
India-France Bilateral Naval Exercise VARUNA
- 07 Sep 2024
In News:
The 22nd edition of the India-France bilateral naval exercise, VARUNA, took place in the Mediterranean Sea from September 2 to 4, 2024. This exercise highlights the strong maritime partnership between the Indian Navy and the French Navy, showcasing their commitment to enhancing interoperability and operational effectiveness.
Key Highlights:
- Participating Vessels and Aircraft:
- Indian Navy:
- INS Tabar: A frontline stealth frigate commanded by Captain MR Harish.
- Ship-borne Helicopter: Provided air support during the exercises.
- LRMR Aircraft P-8I: An advanced long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
- French Navy:
- FS Provence: A French naval ship participating in the exercise.
- Submarine Suffren: A French attack submarine.
- Aircraft F-20: Providing air support.
- Atlantique 2: A French maritime patrol aircraft.
- Fighters MB339: Multi-role fighter aircraft.
- Helicopters NH90 and Dauphin: Providing additional aerial capabilities.
- Indian Navy:
- Exercise Activities:
- Tactical Maneuvers: Advanced maneuvers showcasing the operational capabilities of both navies.
- Anti-Submarine Warfare: Exercises designed to enhance capabilities in detecting and countering submarines.
- FLYEX (Flight Exercises): Coordinated air operations involving various aircraft.
- Air Defence Exercise: Training in defending against aerial threats.
- Live Weapon Firings: Demonstrations of weapon systems in action.
- PHOTO-EX (Photographic Exercise): Exercises designed for documenting and assessing naval operations.
- Steam Past: A ceremonial maneuver showcasing the participating ships.
- Significance of the Exercise:
- Evolution of VARUNA: Since its inception in 2001, VARUNA has become a key component of the India-France naval relationship. The exercise has evolved to improve interoperability and share best practices between the two navies.
- Strategic Importance: Conducting the exercise in the Mediterranean Sea reflects the Indian Navy's capability and commitment to operate far beyond the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). It underscores the strategic depth and outreach of the Indian Navy.
- Enhanced Interoperability: VARUNA demonstrates the mutual commitment of India and France to enhancing naval collaboration and operational effectiveness through joint exercises and shared experiences.
- Future Outlook:
- Commitment to Partnerships: The Indian Navy continues to prioritize building strong partnerships with like-minded navies worldwide. The VARUNA exercise is a testament to this ongoing commitment and the broader strategic goals of both India and France in strengthening maritime security and cooperation.
This bilateral exercise not only enhances the operational capabilities of both navies but also reinforces the strategic partnership between India and France in the maritime domain.
India’s $15 Billion Push for Chipmaking
- 07 Sep 2024
In News:
India is significantly ramping up its efforts to establish a semiconductor manufacturing industry, with plans to invest $15 billion in the second phase of its chipmaking incentive policy. This move aims to bolster the country's position in the global semiconductor supply chain, where it currently has minimal presence.
Key Points:
- Government Funding and Projects:
- Increased Investment: The Indian government is boosting its funding for chipmaking incentives to $15 billion, up from the $10 billion committed in the first phase.
- Approved Projects: Four major semiconductor projects have been approved, totaling over Rs 1.48 lakh crore ($18 billion). This includes:
- Tata and PSMC Fabrication Plant: India’s first commercial semiconductor fabrication plant, with an investment of more than Rs 91,000 crore ($11 billion), developed in partnership with Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC).
- Assembly and Testing Plants (ATMP/OSAT): Three plants:
- Micron Technology is building the first plant, approved in June 2023.
- Tata is constructing an assembly plant in Assam.
- C G Power and Industrial Solutions, in partnership with Japan’s Renesas Electronics, is developing the third plant.
- Government Subsidies:
- Capex Subsidies: The central government will provide nearly Rs 59,000 crore ($7 billion) in capital expenditure subsidies for these projects.
- State Support: State governments are offering incentives such as discounted land and electricity rates.
- Strategic Importance:
- Economic and Strategic Impact: Semiconductor chips are critical to a wide range of industries, including defense, automotive, and consumer electronics. Developing domestic chipmaking capabilities is seen as essential for economic growth and strategic independence.
- Global Competition: India is entering a highly competitive field dominated by Taiwan and the US. The US has a $50 billion chip incentive scheme, while the EU has a similar program. India’s efforts are part of a broader strategy to reduce dependence on global chip supply chains and capitalize on geopolitical shifts.
- Challenges and Realities:
- Technology Barriers: The Tata-PSMC plant will not produce cutting-edge chips, as the technology for advanced nodes is currently beyond their reach. Manufacturing chips with smaller node sizes involves significant technological expertise and innovation, areas where leading companies like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) excel.
- High Entry Barriers: The chipmaking industry has high entry barriers, and India’s new plants will face challenges in achieving technological and competitive parity with established global leaders.
India's push into semiconductor manufacturing represents a major step in its economic development and strategic planning, aiming to position itself as a significant player in the global tech landscape while addressing critical supply chain vulnerabilities.
India-Maldives Defence Talks
- 07 Sep 2024
In News:
- India and the Maldives held their first defence talks since India withdrew its military personnel early this year.
Significance of Talks:
- The dialogue is notable given recent tensions in bilateral relations. Relations soured after President Mohamed Muizzu's election on an "India Out" platform, leading to the withdrawal of Indian troops. The last defence cooperation dialogue was held in March 2023 under President Ibrahim Solih.
Discussion Topics:
-
- Expediting ongoing defence cooperation projects.
- Planning forthcoming bilateral military exercises.
- Enhancing high-level exchanges and capability development.
Context of Tensions:
-
- Mohamed Muizzu, who took office in November 2023, had called for the removal of Indian military personnel, a significant shift from the previous administration’s stance.
- India agreed to withdraw 80 military personnel between March and May 2024. Indian technical personnel now operate key equipment like helicopters and a Dornier aircraft in the Maldives.
Recent Developments:
-
- Maldives Foreign Minister Moosa Zameer visited India in May.
- President Muizzu attended PM Narendra Modi’s swearing-in ceremony in June.
- In August, Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar visited the Maldives to reaffirm bilateral ties.
Historical Defence Cooperation:
-
- India gifted a Dornier aircraft to the Maldives in 2020 and a patrol vessel in 2019.
- India provided a coastal radar system last year and laid the foundation for the 'Ekatha Harbour' project, enhancing Maldivian Coast Guard capabilities.
Ongoing Projects:
-
- Greater Male Connectivity Project (GMCP) - a $500 million initiative financed by India.
- Building a new Coast Guard base at Uthuru Thilafalhu (UTF) atoll.
- India’s grant for High Impact Community Development Projects (HICDPs).
Strategic Importance:
-
- For Maldives: India is a key security partner and crisis responder, with historical assistance during emergencies (Operation Neer, Vaccine Maitri). Maldives seeks to restore Indian tourist numbers, vital for its economy.
- For India: The Maldives is crucial to India's Neighbourhood First Policy and Vision SAGAR. Its strategic location between major Indian Ocean chokepoints makes it a vital partner for maritime security and countering China's influence.
Recent Changes:
-
- The Muizzu government decided not to renew a 2019 MoU for hydrographic surveying with India, ending joint hydrographic surveys conducted under the pact.
Travel and Trade:
-
- Both countries benefit from an open skies arrangement and visa-free access for tourism, medical, and business purposes
India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
- 07 Sep 2024
In News:
IMEC is an important initiative that can add to India's maritime security and faster movement of goods between Europe and Asia, said Union Minister of Commerce & Industry at the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) India-Mediterranean Business Conclave 2024 in New Delhi.
Key Details:
- Corridors:
- East Corridor: Connects India to the Gulf.
- Northern Corridor: Links the Gulf to Europe.
- Components:
- Railroad: Provides a reliable and cost-effective cross-border ship-to-rail transit network.
- Ship-to-Rail Networks: Integrates road, sea, and rail transport routes.
- Road Transport: Complements the overall transport infrastructure.
- Expected Benefits:
- Increased Efficiency: Enhances transit efficiency and reduces costs.
- Economic Unity: Promotes economic integration and job creation.
- Environmental Impact: Lowers greenhouse gas emissions.
- Transformative Integration: Connects Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.
- Additional Features:
- Infrastructure: Includes laying cables for electricity and digital connectivity, and pipes for clean hydrogen export.
- Implementation:
- MoU Commitments: Participants will collaboratively address technical design, financing, legal, and regulatory aspects.
- Action Plan: A meeting is planned within 60 days to develop an action plan with specific timetables.
Geoeconomic Perspective
- Economic Integration and Interdependence:
- Prosperity Through Integration: IMEC aims to foster trade and investment among India, the Middle East, and Europe, potentially leading to mutual prosperity and regional stability.
- Building Bridges: Aligns with the liberal international order by promoting economic interdependence to reduce tensions and create shared interests.
- Support from Major Powers: Backed by the US, Europe, and India, signaling a strong commitment to economic ties and regional stability.
- Economic Potential:
- Infrastructure and Trade Routes: Enhances infrastructure and trade routes, boosting economic activity, trade volumes, and investment opportunities.
- Regional Development: Promotes job creation and development in economically disadvantaged areas along the corridor.
Geopolitical Perspective
- Strategic Rivalry with China:
- Countering the BRI: IMEC is seen as a strategic counterbalance to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), offering an alternative aligned with US, European, and Indian interests.
- Regional Influence: Aims to limit China’s influence in the Middle East and South Asia by establishing a competing corridor.
- Geopolitical Alliances:
- Aligning Interests: Involves strategic partnerships among the US, Europe, and India, reflecting concerns about China’s global strategy and shifting power dynamics.
- Rivalry and Competition: The IMEC could be viewed as a global positioning move, responding to China’s growing influence and securing strategic interests.
Reasons for Joining the IMEC
- Economic Enhancement:
- Boosts Indo-Gulf Relations: Enhances trade and economic ties with the Arab Gulf, addressing infrastructure gaps.
- Regional Connectivity: Links India with key partners like Israel and Jordan, boosting economic opportunities.
- Strategic Trade Routes:
- Alternative Routes: Complements existing routes like Chabahar Port and INSTC, connecting India to southern Eurasia.
- Bypassing Choke Points: Offers a shorter route to Eastern Mediterranean and Western Europe, avoiding strategic choke points.
- Energy and Trade Opportunities:
- Access to Resources: Provides potential access to Eastern Mediterranean gas fields.
- Trade Bloc Connectivity: Links India with the EU and GCC, opening up growth opportunities.
- Geopolitical Aspirations:
- Global Power Ambitions: Supports India’s goal to enhance global influence and integrate with eastern and western neighbors.
- Economic Growth: Leverages economic integration to support development and influence.
- Infrastructure Development:
- Economic Integration: Facilitates infrastructure creation for increased trade volumes and regional stability.
e-Sankhyiki portal
- 07 Sep 2024
In News:
The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has launched e-Sankhyiki portal with the objective to establish a comprehensive data management and sharing system for ease of dissemination of official statistics in the country.
Key Highlights:
- Launched on National Statistics Day 2024, the e-Sankhyiki portal is designed to create a comprehensive system for managing and sharing data, facilitating the easy dissemination of official statistics across the country.
- The portal is also accessible at - https://esankhyiki.mospi.gov.in. It aims to provide timely and valuable data inputs for policymakers, researchers, and the general public.
- It provides time series data for key macroeconomic indicators, with features for filtering and visualising the data. Users can also download customised datasets and visualisations and access them through APIs, enhancing the data's reusability.
- It consists of two modules viz. Data Catalogue and Macro Indicators.
- Data Catalogue Module:
- This module catalogues the Ministry’s major data assets, simplifying users' access. It enables searching within datasets and tables, downloading relevant data, and enhancing its value and reusability.
- The Data Catalogue includes seven core data products:
- Consumer Price Index
- Index of Industrial Production
- National Accounts Statistics
- Periodic Labour Force Survey
- Annual Survey of Industries
- Household Consumption Expenditure Survey
- Multiple Indicator Survey.
- It currently hosts over 2,300 datasets, each accompanied by specific metadata and visualisations for user convenience.
- Macro Indicators module:
- This module provides time series data on key macro indicators, featuring tools for filtering and visualising data.
- It allows users to download custom datasets, generate visualisations, and share data through APIs, promoting greater reusability. The initial phase of this module covering data from the past decade includes four major MoSPI products:
- National Accounts Statistics
- Consumer Price Index
- Index of Industrial Production
- Annual Survey of Industries
- The portal currently features over 1.7 million records, providing access to extensive vital data.
- Data Catalogue Module:
Government Initiatives for Safe Data Dissemination
- In response to the rapid data expansion, the Government of India has instituted robust data safety measures. These include storing data in the cloud facilities provided by the National Informatics Centre (NIC), conducting comprehensive security audits of applications, and implementing Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology for domain protection.
- Additionally, the government has focused on vulnerability assessments and ensured compliance with guidelines issued by organisations such as NIC and the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In).
- In addition , CERT-In under the Ministry of Electronics and Information technology (MeitY) also undertakes various activities like issuance of advisories and guidelines for cyber/information security, conduct of sensitization programmes/trainings/workshops, operating Cyber Threat exchange platform & Cyber Swachhta Kendra, formulation of a Cyber Crisis Management Plan, setting up of National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) and empanelment of security auditing organisations etc. for data safety.
Rashtriya Poshan Maah 2024
- 06 Sep 2024
In News:
Union Minister of State for Women and Child Development, launched the Rashtriya Poshan Maah 2024 in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh on 1st September,2024.
Key Highlights:
- As part of the 7th Rashtriya POSHAN Maah, awareness programs are being organized at various levels.
- Under the ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) Project, complementary feeding activities were conducted at Anganwadi Centres (AWC) Paduck Bagicha, South Andaman.
- Also, at AWC, Champin Nancowrie, Nicobar district (Andaman & Nicobar) under the ICDS Tribal initiative, local food items and nutrition sources were displayed.
- These efforts aim to further the Prime Minister's vision of a ‘Suposhit Bharat’ by conducting diverse large-scale activities, harnessing the potential of Gram Panchayats and Urban Local Bodies.
Rashtriya Poshan Maah:
- The programme is annually celebrated in the month of September, with a different theme each year, primarily focusing on addressing malnutrition by ensuring convergence of various nutrition-related schemes and programmes.
- The objective of the Poshan Maah is to ensure community mobilisation and bolster people’s participation for addressing malnutrition amongst young children, and women and to ensure health and nutrition for everyone.
Poshan Abhiyaan:
- POSHAN Abhiyan (Prime Minister's Overarching Scheme For Holistic Nourishment) focuses on advancing nutritional outcomes for children under six years, adolescent girls, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
- To cultivate widespread awareness about nutrition at each stage of life, it is celebrated annually as Poshan Maah (1st—30th September) and Poshan Pakhwada (fortnight of March).
- POSHAN Abhiyan (National Nutrition Month) aims to strengthen efforts to end hunger and malnutrition.
- It focuses to improving the nutritional outcomes among children, adolescent girls, pregnant women, and lactating mothers by focusing on prenatal care, diet, and optimal breastfeeding.
- The Ministry of Women and Child Development plans month-long activities under Poshan Maah, focusing on issues such as the hygiene and sanitation, anaemia prevention, maternal and infant health, among others.
- There are outreach programmes, identification drives, camps, and fairs with a special focus on pregnant and lactating women, children below six years, and adolescent girls in order to realise the vision of ‘Swasth Bharat’.
SAMRIDH Scheme
- 06 Sep 2024
In News:
- Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) launches 2nd Cohort of Startup Accelerators of MeitY for Product Innovation, Development and Growth (SAMRIDH).
About SAMRIDH Scheme:
- SAMRIDH is a flagship programme of MeitY for startups acceleration under National Policy on Software Products – 2019.
- The SAMRIDH programme, launched in August 2021 aims to support 300 software product startups with outlay of ?99 crore over a period of 4 years.
- SAMRIDH is being implemented through potential and established accelerators across India which provide services like making products market fit, business plan, investor connect and international expansion to startups plus matching funding upto ?40 lakh by MeitY.
- The scheme is being implemented by MeitY Start-up Hub (MSH), Digital India Corporation (DIC).
- In the first round of cohort, 22 Accelerators spread across 12 states are supporting 175 startups, selected through a multilevel screening process.
- Major Objective:
- The SAMRIDH scheme aims to support existing and upcoming Accelerators to select and accelerate potential IT-based startups to scale.
- Among others, the program focuses on accelerating the startups by providing customer connect, investors connect and connect to international markets
- Eligibility of Accelerator:
- Should be a registered Section-8/Society, [Not-for-Profit Company (eligible to hold equity)] having operations in India.
- The Accelerator and the team are recommended to have more than 3 years of startup experience and should have supported more than 50 start-ups of which at least 10 startups should have received investment from external Investors
- The Accelerator should have an experience of running startup program cohorts with activities listed as desirable under SAMRIDH program.
AgriSURE Fund and Krishi Nivesh Portal
- 04 Sep 2024
In News:
- Recently, the Union agriculture minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan launched two initiatives — a fund aimed at boosting farm-sector startups, and a single-window portal to process investments — as part of a slew of measures being taken by Prime Minister Narendra Modi-led government in its third term to bolster the farm economy.
Key Details:
- AgriSure is a ?750-crore fund established to support agricultural startups.
- Krishi Nivesh Nidhi is a portal designed to expedite the clearance of project proposals.
- Both initiatives aim to enhance farm incomes.
Awards for Credit Disbursal:
- Scheduled banks were recognized for their credit disbursals under the government’s agriculture infrastructure fund.
- First prize: State Bank of India (SBI).
- Second prize: HDFC Bank.
- Third prize: Canara Bank.
Significance of Agriculture Sector:
- Agriculture contributes 16% to India’s GDP.
- Farmers play a crucial role as both producers and consumers in the economy.
PM Modi’s Strategy to Double Farmers’ Incomes:
- The strategy includes:
- Increasing output.
- Reducing input costs.
- Ensuring profitable prices.
- Promoting crop diversification.
- Supporting natural farming.
- Enhancing value addition to crops.
Details of AgriSure Fund:
- Blended capital fund with a total corpus of ?750 crore:
- ?250 crore each from the Department of Agriculture and NABARD.
- ?250 crore to be raised from financial institutions.
- Managed by NabVentures, a subsidiary of NABARD.
- Provides both equity and debt support to startups and agripreneurs.
- Focuses on high-risk, high-impact activities within the agriculture value chain.
Agriculture Infrastructure Fund:
- Mobilized projects worth ?78,000 crore with ?45,000 crore in financing so far.
- Expanded areas of coverage approved by the Union Cabinet on August 28.
- Aims to create durable farm assets, such as warehouses and processing plants.
- Can be used by agricultural produce marketing committees (APMCs) for market facility improvements.
Funding and Loan Details:
- Part of the ?20-lakh crore stimulus package introduced during the Covid-19 pandemic.
- Total funding of ?1 lakh crore over four years:
- ?10,000 crore for 2020-21.
- ?30,000 crore each for the subsequent three financial years.
- Provides medium-to-long term debt financing for rural projects.
- Interest subvention of 3% per annum on loans up to ?2 crore for seven years, with the government covering part of the interest.
eShram portal
- 04 Sep 2024
In News:
The Ministry of Labour & Employment (MoLE) stated in a latest update that in the short span of three years since its launch, eShram has registered more than 30 crore unorganised workers, showcasing its rapid and widespread adoption among the unorganised workers.
Key Highlights:
- The Government envisages to establishing the eShram portal as a "One-Stop-Solution" for Country’s unorganised workers.
- During Budget speech 2024-25 it has been announced that, A comprehensive integration of eShram portal with other portals will facilitate such One-Stop-Solution.
- This initiative aims to facilitate access of various social security schemes being implemented by different Ministries/ Departments to unorganised workers through the eShram portal.
- As part of the eShram - One Stop Solution project, Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoLE) has been working to integrate major schemes like Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY), Pradhan Mantri Street Vendors Atmanirbhar Nidhi (PM-SVANidhi), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G), Ration Card scheme etc. for the benefit of the unorganised workers.
What is e-Shram and its purpose?
- e-Shram is a comprehensive National Database of Unorganised Workers (NDUW) launched by the Government of India under the Ministry of Labour & Employment.
- Its primary purpose is to facilitate delivery of welfare benefits and social security measures to unorganised sector workers across the country.
- The platform aims to register and provide identity cards to unorganised workers, enabling them to access various government schemes, benefits, and services more efficiently.
Who are unorganised workers?
Any worker who is a home-based worker, self-employed worker or a wage worker working in the unorganised sector and not a member of ESIC or EPFO, is called an unorganised worker.
What is unorganised sector?
Unorganised sector comprises of establishment/ units which are engaged in the production/ sale of goods/ services and employs less than 10 workers. These units are not covered under ESIC & EPFO.
What is UAN?
UAN or Universal Account Number is a 12 digit number uniquely assigned to each unorganised worker after registration on e-Shram portal. UAN is a permanent number i.e., once assigned, it will remain unchanged for any worker.
India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)
- 04 Sep 2024
In News:
The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved the proposal of Kaynes Semicon Pvt Ltd to setup a semiconductor unit in Sanand, Gujarat, with an investment of Rs 3,300 crore.
Key Highlights:
- The proposed unit, under the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), will produce nearly 60 lakh chips per day.
- The chips produced in this unit will cater to a wide variety of applications which include segments such as industrial, automotive, electric vehicles, consumer electronics, telecom and mobile phones, etc.
- The initiative aligns with India’s goal of developing indigenous semiconductor capabilities.
- As per the reports, India’s semiconductor market is projected to reach $64 billion by 2026, positioning the country as a major global semiconductor hub.
- The first indigenously-developed chip is set to arrive in the country by the end of this year.
- In March, PM Modi laid the foundation stone of three semiconductor projects worth Rs 1.25 lakh crore.
- Tata Electronics is setting up a semiconductor fab in Dholera, Gujarat and one semiconductor unit in Morigaon, Assam.
- CG Power is setting up one semiconductor unit in Sanand. These units will produce lakhs of direct and indirect jobs.
- These four units will bring an investment of almost Rs 1.5 Lakh crore. The cumulative capacity of these units is about 7 crore chips per day, according to the Ministry of Electronics & IT.
- The Programme for Development of Semiconductors and Display Manufacturing Ecosystem in India was notified in 2021 with a total outlay of Rs 76,000 crore.
About India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)
- It is a specialized and independent Business Division within the Digital India Corporation that aims to build a vibrant semiconductor and display ecosystem to enable India’s emergence as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design.
- ISM has all the administrative and financial powers and is tasked with the responsibility of catalysing the India Semiconductor ecosystem in manufacturing, packaging, and design.
- ISM has an advisory board consisting of some of the leading global experts in the field of semiconductors.
- ISM has been working as a nodal agency for the schemes approved under the Semicon India Programme.
Semicon India Programme:
- Launched in 2021 with a total budget of Rs. 76,000 crore, the ISM is overseen by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), Government of India. This initiative is part of a broad effort to develop a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem within the country.
- The programme is designed to offer financial support to companies involved in semiconductor and display manufacturing and design. It also aims to foster the creation of domestic Intellectual Property (IP), and to promote and incentivize the Transfer of Technologies (ToT).
- Under this programme, four key schemes have been introduced:
- Scheme for establishing Semiconductor Fabs in India.
- Scheme for establishing Display Fabs in India.
- Scheme for setting up Compound Semiconductors/Silicon Photonics/Sensors Fabs and Semiconductor Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging (ATMP)/OSAT facilities in India.
- Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme.
Centre gives clearance for ‘Mission Mausam’
- 13 Sep 2024
The Union Cabinet approved 'Mission Mausam,' a groundbreaking initiative with an investment of ?2,000 crore over the next two years. The mission, spearheaded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), aims to significantly advance India's capabilities in atmospheric sciences and climate resilience.
Objectives and Key Focus Areas
Mission Mausam is designed to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of weather forecasting and climate management through several critical components:
- Advanced Technology Deployment: The mission will focus on deploying next-generation radars and satellite systems equipped with advanced sensors. These technologies are crucial for enhancing weather surveillance and prediction accuracy.
- Research and Development: A key objective of Mission Mausam is to bolster research and development in atmospheric sciences. This will include the development of enhanced Earth system models and advanced weather forecasting techniques.
- GIS-Based Decision Support System: An automated decision support system based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) will be developed to facilitate real-time data sharing and improve decision-making processes.
Institutional Framework and Implementation
The Ministry of Earth Sciences will oversee the implementation of Mission Mausam. The following institutions will play central roles in the mission:
- India Meteorological Department (IMD)
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
- National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting
Additional support will come from other MoES bodies:
- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
- National Institute of Ocean Technology
Sectoral Benefits
Mission Mausam is expected to bring significant improvements across various sectors:
- Agriculture: Enhanced agromet forecasts will aid farmers in optimizing crop management and increasing resilience to climatic variability.
- Disaster Management: Improved monitoring and early warning systems will enhance disaster preparedness and response, potentially reducing loss of life and property damage.
- Defence: Accurate weather forecasting will support strategic planning and operational efficiency within the defence sector.
- Energy and Water Resources: Better weather predictions will lead to more efficient management of energy and water resources.
- Aviation: Safer aviation will be supported by more reliable weather information, reducing risks and improving travel safety.
- Tourism: Sustainable tourism will benefit from accurate weather forecasting, contributing to safer and more enjoyable travel experiences.
Mission Mausam represents a significant investment in India’s ability to manage and mitigate the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events, ultimately aiming to enhance the resilience of communities and support sustainable development.
Delhi Declaration on Civil Aviation
- 13 Sep 2024
In the News:
The Prime Minister has announced the adoption of the Delhi Declaration on Civil Aviation.
Overview:
The Delhi Declaration was unanimously accepted following the conclusion of the 2nd Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference held in New Delhi. This Declaration provides a thorough framework designed to boost regional cooperation, tackle emerging challenges, and promote sustainable growth within the civil aviation sector across the Asia-Pacific region. The conference also marks the 80th anniversary of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Key Announcements:
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted significant achievements in Indian aviation, noting that women make up 15% of Indian pilots, a figure that surpasses the global average.
- A proposal for establishing an International Buddhist Circuit was introduced to enhance regional tourism and connectivity.
- India plans to build between 350 and 400 new airports by 2047, aiming to increase its global aviation presence.
- A Pacific Small Island Developing States Liaison Office will be created to help smaller nations manage aviation-related issues.
- The ‘Ek Ped Ma Ke Naam’ campaign was launched, with a goal to plant 80,000 trees in honor of ICAO’s 80 years, emphasizing green aviation and sustainability in future initiatives.
Significance of the Delhi Declaration:
- It marks a significant advancement in enhancing regional cooperation in civil aviation within the rapidly growing Asia-Pacific region.
- The framework tackles crucial issues such as sustainability, green aviation, and safety, which are vital for the current aviation industry.
- Initiatives like the International Buddhist Circuit are in line with broader regional objectives to improve connectivity, tourism, and economic development throughout Asia.
- India aims to assert itself as a major global aviation player with its ambitious plan to construct 350-400 airports by 2047, thereby becoming a key contributor to aviation infrastructure development.
Civil Aviation Sector in India:
- India ranks as the third-largest domestic aviation market globally and is projected to become the third-largest overall by 2025.
- The sector is expanding through significant government programs such as the UDAN Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Gati Shakti Plan, and NCAP 2016.
- With 136 operational airports and plans for an additional 100, the government is focused on modernizing infrastructure, improving regional connectivity, and promoting public-private partnerships for airport development.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO):
- Established in 1947 by the Chicago Convention (1944).
- Headquarters: Montreal, Canada.
- Functions:
- Ensures the safety and efficiency of international air transport.
- Sets standards for aviation safety, security, and environmental performance.
- Encourages regional and international agreements to liberalize aviation markets.
- Promotes cooperation and dialogue among its 193 member states.
- Develops legal frameworks for aviation laws and standards.
SAARTHI APP
- 13 Sep 2024
In News:
Recently, the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) introduced the Saarthi app in partnership with Bhashini.
About the Saarthi App:
- The Saarthi app is a reference tool designed to help businesses create their own customized buyer-side applications.
- It facilitates network participants in developing buyer apps with multilingual capabilities. Initially, the app supports Hindi, English, Marathi, Bangla, and Tamil, with plans to expand to all 22 languages offered by Bhashini.
- The app features real-time translation, transliteration, and voice recognition, allowing businesses to broaden their market reach and attract customers from new regions.
What is Bhashini?
- Bhashini is India's AI-driven language translation platform. Its goal is to facilitate easy access to the internet and digital services in Indian languages, including through voice-based interactions, and to aid in the creation of content in these languages.
- The platform is designed to provide Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing (NLP) resources to Indian MSMEs, startups, and individual innovators. This support will help developers offer all Indians access to the internet and digital services in their native languages.
- Additionally, Bhashini features a ‘Bhasadaan’ section for crowdsourcing contributions and is available through Android and iOS apps.
Exercise AL NAJAH
- 13 Sep 2024
In News:
- Indian Army contingent departed for the 5th edition of the India-Oman Joint Military Exercise AL NAJAH on September 12, 2024.
Key Details:
- Location: Rabkoot Training Area, Salalah, Oman.
- Frequency: Exercise AL NAJAH has been held biennially since 2015, alternating between India and Oman. Last edition was conducted at Mahajan, Rajasthan.
- Indian Army Contingent:
- Size: 60 personnel
- Composition: Battalion of the Mechanised Infantry Regiment, along with personnel from other arms and services.
- Royal Army of Oman Contingent:
- Size: 60 personnel
- Composition: Troops of the Frontier Force.
- Objective:
- Enhance joint military capability for counter-terrorism operations under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.
- Focus on operations in a desert environment.
- Tactical Drills:
- Joint Planning
- Cordon and Search Operation
- Fighting in Built-Up Areas
- Establishment of Mobile Vehicle Check Posts
- Counter Drone Operations
- Room Intervention
- Training Exercises:
- Combined field training exercises simulating real-world counter-terrorism missions.
- Outcomes Expected:
- Exchange of best practices in tactics, techniques, and procedures for joint operations.
- Foster interoperability, goodwill, and camaraderie between the two armies.
- Strengthen defense cooperation and enhance bilateral relations between India and Oman.
Battle of Saragarhi
- 13 Sep 2024
Why September 12 is Observed as Saragarhi Day:
- Historical Significance: The Battle of Saragarhi is considered one of the finest last stands in military history. On September 12, 1897, 21 soldiers of the 36th Sikh Regiment (now 4 Sikh) defended the fort against 8,000 Orakzai and Afridi tribal militants.
- 127th Anniversary: September 12 marks the 127th anniversary of this battle, which is now regarded as a legendary stand in global military history.
- The Battle: The 21 soldiers held the fort for seven hours despite being heavily outnumbered. They killed 200 militants and injured 600 before they were overwhelmed.
- Capt Amarinder Singh’s Account: In his book, he notes that the soldiers were aware of their certain death but chose to fight valiantly without surrendering, demonstrating unparalleled bravery.
What was Saragarhi and its Importance:
- Location and Role: Saragarhi was a communication tower between Fort Lockhart and Fort Gulistan in the North West Frontier Province (now Pakistan). It was crucial for linking these two forts, which housed a large number of British troops.
- Manning of Saragarhi: On that day, it was manned by only 21 soldiers from the 36th Sikh Regiment and a non-combatant, Daad, who performed odd jobs for the troops.
Details of the Battle:
- Initial Encounter: Around 9 am, the sentry spotted a large tribal army approaching, estimated between 8,000 and 15,000 strong.
- Communication: Sepoy Gurmukh Singh sent a Morse code message to Lt Col Houghton, requesting reinforcements. The response was to hold the position, as the supply route had been cut off.
- Challenges: The soldiers faced being outnumbered, limited ammunition (about 400 rounds per man), and communication issues. Sepoy Gurmukh Singh managed all heliograph communication tasks alone.
Key Figures:
- Havildar Ishar Singh: Leader of the defending troops, known for his bravery and independent nature. He was a respected and loved figure in his regiment.
- Sepoy Gurmukh Singh: The signalman who maintained communication during the battle, despite overwhelming challenges.
- Daad: The non-combatant who fought alongside the soldiers and killed five militants before being killed himself.
Recognition and Legacy:
- British Recognition: Queen Victoria awarded the 21 deceased soldiers the Indian Order of Merit (equivalent to the Victoria Cross), along with two ‘marabas’ (50 acres) and Rs 500 each.
- Current Observance: In 2017, the Punjab government declared September 12 as Saragarhi Day.
- Memorials: The Khyber Scouts regiment of the Pakistani army still mounts a guard at the Saragarhi memorial. The British built an obelisk with bricks from Saragarhi and commissioned gurdwaras at Amritsar and Ferozepur in honor of the martyrs. Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee has named a hall after Saragarhi.
- Cultural Impact: The Battle of Saragarhi has inspired various media portrayals, including Akshay Kumar’s film Kesari.
INDUS-X Summit 2024
- 14 Sep 2024
The third edition of the INDUS-X Summit, held on September 9-10, 2024, in California, marked a significant advancement in the collaborative defence innovation ecosystem between India and the USA. Co-organized by the U.S.-India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF) and Stanford University, the summit emphasized the deepening of defence cooperation through innovation, joint research, and investment.
Key Outcomes
A major highlight of the summit was the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between India’s Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) and the US Department of Defense’s Defence Innovation Unit (DIU). This agreement aims to enhance collaboration in defence innovation. The summit also saw the release of the INDUS-X Impact Report and the launch of a dedicated webpage for the initiative on both iDEX and DIU platforms.
Technological Showcase and Expert Dialogue
The summit provided a platform for startups and MSMEs to present cutting-edge technologies. Additionally, two advisory forums—the Senior Advisory Group and the Senior Leaders Forum—facilitated in-depth discussions on future technology trends, defence supply chain resilience, and funding opportunities for defence innovation. The discussions included contributions from experts across the defence industry, investment sectors, academia, and think tanks from both countries.
Leadership and Commitment
The Indian delegation was led by Amit Satija, Joint Secretary (Defence Industries Promotion), who underscored the commitment of both India and the USA to advancing defence technology through strategic collaboration. Since its launch in June 2023 during the Indian Prime Minister’s visit to the US, INDUS-X has achieved significant milestones, reinforcing its role in strengthening the US-India defence innovation partnership.
NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING
- 14 Sep 2024
Indian Researchers Advance Neuromorphic Computing with Innovative Molecular Film
Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have made a groundbreaking development in neuromorphic computing, creating an analog computing system that leverages molecular films. This new system can store and process data across 16,500 different states, a significant leap from conventional binary computing methods.
Understanding Neuromorphic Computing
Neuromorphic computing is an advanced computing paradigm designed to emulate the structure and function of the human brain. By using artificial neurons and synapses, this approach marks a departure from traditional binary computing, enabling systems to learn and adapt from their environments.
How Neuromorphic Computing Works
Neuromorphic computing relies on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), which consist of millions of artificial neurons similar to those found in the human brain. These neurons communicate through electrical spikes or signals, following the principles of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs). This setup allows the system to replicate the brain’s neuro-biological networks, performing tasks such as visual recognition and data interpretation with high efficiency.
Key Features of Neuromorphic Systems
- Brain-Inspired Architecture: Neuromorphic systems mimic the brain's structure, particularly the neocortex, which is involved in higher cognitive functions like sensory perception and motor commands.
- Spiking Neural Networks: These networks use spiking neurons that interact through electrical signals, mirroring the behavior of biological neurons. This design facilitates parallel processing and real-time learning.
- Integrated Memory and Processing: Unlike traditional von Neumann architecture, which separates memory and processing functions, neuromorphic systems combine these functions, leading to improved computational efficiency.
Advantages of Neuromorphic Computing
- Enhanced Efficiency: Neuromorphic computing enables faster problem-solving, pattern recognition, and decision-making compared to conventional systems.
- Revolutionizing AI Hardware: It holds the potential to transform AI hardware, allowing for complex tasks, such as training Large Language Models (LLMs), to be performed on personal devices. This advancement addresses current limitations related to hardware resources and energy efficiency.
- Energy Efficiency: Current AI tools are confined to data centers due to their high energy demands. Neuromorphic computing could overcome these constraints by providing energy-efficient hardware solutions.
Integration with Molecular Films
Molecular films, ultrathin layers engineered with specific electrical and optical properties, are central to this new advancement. These films act as neuromorphic accelerators, enhancing data storage and processing capabilities. They simulate brain-like parallel processing, improving performance in tasks such as matrix multiplication.
The recent development involves a molecular film that supports 16,500 possible states, a significant advancement over traditional binary systems. This film uses molecular and ionic movements to represent memory states, mapped through precise electrical pulses, creating what can be described as a "molecular diary" of states.
Comparison with Traditional Computing
- Parallel Processing: Neuromorphic computers can handle multiple streams of information simultaneously, unlike traditional computers that process data sequentially.
- Energy Efficiency: These systems consume less power by computing only when relevant events occur, making them suitable for real-time data processing applications.
- Analog vs. Binary: Traditional binary computing operates with bits that are either 0 or 1, akin to a light switch being on or off. In contrast, analog computing involves continuous values, similar to a dimmer switch with varying brightness levels.
This breakthrough by IISc researchers signifies a major step forward in neuromorphic computing, potentially transforming the way we approach data processing and artificial intelligence.
4 Years of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
- 14 Sep 2024
Context:
Celebrating Four Years of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) has marked its fourth anniversary since its launch in 2020. This flagship scheme, managed by the Department of Fisheries under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying, aims to transform India’s fisheries sector into a vibrant and sustainable industry.
About PMMSY
The PMMSY is designed to invigorate the fisheries sector through a comprehensive approach that consolidates various existing schemes and initiatives. It operates as an umbrella scheme with two main components:
- Central Sector Scheme (CS)
- Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS)
The CSS component is divided into:
Non-Beneficiary Oriented Subcomponents:
- Enhancement of Production and Productivity
- Infrastructure and Post-Harvest Management
- Fisheries Management and Regulatory Framework
Fisheries Sector Overview
India stands as the third-largest fish producer globally and the second-largest in aquaculture production. It is also the fourth-largest exporter of fish and fisheries products, experiencing a notable 26.73% growth in exports from FY 2021-22 to FY 2022-23. Andhra Pradesh leads the country in fish production, followed by West Bengal and Gujarat. The sector supports the livelihoods of over 30 million people.
The Department of Fisheries is spearheading the PMMSY to foster a "Blue Revolution" through sustainable and responsible development of the fisheries sector.
Challenges Facing the Fisheries Sector
1. Overfishing: Excessive fishing pressure threatens fish stocks and disrupts ecosystem balance.
2. Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing: Practices such as fishing without proper authorization and using banned gear undermine conservation efforts.
3. Lack of Infrastructure and Technology: Outdated technology and inadequate storage and transportation facilities result in post-harvest losses and reduced productivity.
4. Poor Fisheries Management: Inefficient regulation enforcement and lack of comprehensive data exacerbate overfishing and IUU fishing.
5. Pollution and Habitat Destruction: Industrial pollution and habitat destruction from activities like coastal reclamation impact marine and freshwater ecosystems.
6. Climate Change: Altered oceanic and freshwater environments affect fish distribution and reproductive cycles, disrupting fisheries ecosystems.
7. Socio-Economic Issues: Poverty and limited livelihood options increase the vulnerability of fishing communities.
Government Initiatives for Sector Growth
1. National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB): Established in 2006, the NFDB plans and promotes fisheries development, enhancing production and infrastructure.
2. Blue Revolution: Launched in 2015, this initiative focuses on sustainable development, modern technology adoption, and strengthening fisheries governance.
3. Sagarmala Programme: Also launched in 2015, it aims to boost port-led development and includes projects to develop fishing harbors and cold chain infrastructure.
4. National Fisheries Policy: Introduced in 2020, this policy provides a framework for sustainable fisheries development, focusing on responsible management and socio-economic improvements.
5. Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs): Established at the district level to provide technical guidance and support to fish farmers.
6. Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF): Created in 2018-19 with a fund of Rs 7,522.48 crore to address infrastructure needs, resulting in 121 approved projects.
7. Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA): Regulates coastal aquaculture to ensure sustainability and environmental conservation.
Way Forward
The fisheries sector in India holds immense potential due to its extensive coastline and water resources. Key measures to further enhance the sector include:
- Strengthening Monitoring and Enforcement: Combat IUU fishing with better monitoring and regulatory mechanisms.
- Supporting Sustainable Practices: Provide financial incentives for adopting modern technologies and sustainable practices.
- Protecting Aquatic Habitats: Ensure the conservation and restoration of vital habitats like mangroves and coral reefs.
- Improving Supply Chain Infrastructure: Develop better market linkages to ensure fair pricing and access to markets.
With these strategies, the PMMSY aims to drive the sustainable growth of India’s fisheries sector and bolster its contribution to the economy and livelihoods.
What is Helium & why is it used in rockets?
- 14 Sep 2024
The Crucial Role of Helium in Space Missions and the Challenges It Presents
Two NASA astronauts aboard Boeing’s Starliner will extend their stay on the International Space Station (ISS) due to issues with the spacecraft’s propulsion system, which includes problematic helium leaks. Meanwhile, SpaceX’s Polaris Dawn mission, which successfully launched on Tuesday, experienced delays due to similar helium-related issues with ground equipment.
The Importance of Helium in Spacecraft
Helium plays a critical role in space missions for several reasons. As an inert gas, it does not react with other substances or combust, which is crucial for maintaining the safety and stability of rocket systems. With an atomic number of 2, helium is the second lightest element after hydrogen. Its lightweight nature is essential for reducing the overall mass of rockets, which in turn minimizes fuel consumption and the need for more powerful (and costly) engines.
A key property of helium is its extremely low boiling point of –268.9 degrees Celsius. This allows it to remain in a gaseous state even in the super-cold environments where many rocket fuels are stored.
How Helium Is Utilized in Spacecraft
In spacecraft, helium is primarily used for:
- Pressurizing Fuel Tanks: Helium ensures that fuel flows smoothly to the rocket’s engines. As fuel and oxidizer are consumed during launch, helium fills the empty space in the tanks, maintaining consistent pressure.
- Cooling Systems: Helium is also used in cooling systems to manage the temperature of various components, preventing overheating and ensuring the proper functioning of the spacecraft.
Due to its non-reactive nature, helium can safely interact with the residual contents of the tanks without causing adverse reactions.
The Challenge of Helium Leaks
Despite its advantages, helium is prone to leakage. Its small atomic size and low molecular weight allow helium atoms to escape through even minor gaps or seals in storage tanks and fuel systems. This characteristic poses a significant challenge for space missions.
On Earth, helium leaks are easier to detect due to the gas’s rarity in the atmosphere. This makes helium a valuable tool for identifying potential faults in rocket or spacecraft fuel systems. The frequency of these leaks across various space missions, including those by ISRO and ESA, underscores a broader industry need for improved valve designs and more precise tightening mechanisms.
OpenAI’s powerful new AI model o1
- 14 Sep 2024
OpenAI Unveils New AI Model: Key Features and Implications
OpenAI has introduced its latest AI model, a significant advancement that aims to elevate the capabilities of artificial intelligence. This new model, part of the enigmatic ‘Project Strawberry,’ is designed to think more like a human when solving complex problems, offering a glimpse into the future of AI reasoning.
Introduction of OpenAI o1
The new OpenAI o1 model marks the beginning of a series of "reasoning" models intended to address intricate tasks in fields such as science, coding, and mathematics. This model, released as part of a preview in both ChatGPT and the API, represents a major leap forward in AI technology. OpenAI has announced that this is just the start, with regular updates and enhancements expected. Additionally, evaluations for the next model update, currently under development, are included in this release.
How It Works
The o1 model is designed to approach queries with a level of careful consideration similar to human problem-solving processes. It learns to tackle problems from various angles, verify its outputs, and improve through feedback. According to OpenAI, this model performs at a level comparable to PhD students in disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and biology. It is particularly adept in mathematics and coding, solving 83% of problems in a challenging math contest— a notable improvement from previous versions that only managed 13%. In coding, it has outperformed 89% of participants.
Sub-Models and Their Features
Alongside the main o1 model, OpenAI has also launched the o1-Mini. This version is a more cost-effective alternative, being 80% cheaper than the o1-preview. The o1-Mini is designed to offer fast and efficient reasoning, particularly beneficial for developers focused on coding tasks.
Implications for Jobs and Research
The advanced problem-solving capabilities of the o1 model are expected to impact various job sectors, particularly those involving routine coding, data analysis, and mathematical modeling. While this could reduce the need for human intervention in some tasks, it may also create new roles in AI safety and maintenance. For researchers, the model offers a powerful tool for accelerating breakthroughs in fields like physics, chemistry, biology, and healthcare. Its ability to generate formulas and analyze large datasets positions it as a valuable asset for advancing scientific research.
Access and Usage
The OpenAI o1 model is now accessible to ChatGPT Plus and Team users. The o1-preview and o1-mini can be selected using the model picker, with weekly message limits set at 30 for o1-preview and 50 for o1-mini. This rollout marks a new era in AI capabilities, showcasing OpenAI’s commitment to pushing the boundaries of artificial intelligence.
Key Points to Note
1. Not Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Despite its advanced capabilities, o1-preview is not a step towards AGI, which aims for AI systems to perform cognitive tasks as well as or better than humans. The o1 models, while more adept at reasoning, still fall short of human-level intelligence.
2. Impact on Competition: While o1 gives OpenAI a temporary edge, it is expected to prompt competitors like Google, Meta, and others to accelerate their development of similar advanced models. These companies have the expertise to quickly develop models that could rival or surpass o1's capabilities.
3. Unknowns About Model Operations: Details on how o1 operates remain limited. It combines various AI techniques, including "chain of thought" reasoning and reinforcement learning, but specifics about its training data and internal mechanisms are not fully disclosed.
4. Cost Considerations: Using o1-preview comes at a higher cost compared to previous models. OpenAI charges $15 per million input tokens and $60 per million output tokens for corporate customers, compared to $5 and $15, respectively, for GPT-4o. The model’s complex reasoning requires more tokens, potentially making it more expensive to use.
5. Chain of Thought Transparency: OpenAI has chosen not to reveal the chain of thought process used by o1, citing safety and competitive reasons. This decision may cause issues for enterprise customers who lack visibility into their usage and billing accuracy.
6. New Scaling Laws: OpenAI's o1 models reveal new "scaling laws" suggesting that longer inference times can improve accuracy. This could increase the computing power and costs required to run these models effectively.
7. Potential Risks: o1 models could enable powerful AI agents, but they also present risks. Instances of “reward hacking” and unintended actions suggest that companies must carefully manage these agents to avoid ethical, legal, or financial issues.
8. Safety Assessments: OpenAI reports that o1 is generally safer than previous models, though it still poses a "medium risk" of assisting in biological attacks. This rating has raised concerns among AI safety and national security experts.
9. Concerns About Persuasion and Deceptive Alignment: AI safety experts are wary of o1’s persuasive capabilities and the potential for “deceptive alignment,” where a model might deceive users to achieve hidden goals. These concerns highlight the ongoing challenges in ensuring AI safety and transparency.
Overall, while the o1 models represent a significant leap forward in AI reasoning and problem-solving, they also introduce new complexities and risks that will need to be managed as they become more integrated into various applications.
40% Amazon rainforest unprotected: why is this significant for climate change?
- 12 Sep 2024
In News
- Scientists agree that preserving the Amazon rainforest is critical to combating global warming, but new data published recently, indicate huge swathes of the jungles that are vital to the world’s climate remain unprotected.
- Nearly 40% of the areas of the Amazon rainforest most critical to curbing climate change have not been granted special government protection, as either nature or indigenous reserves, according to an analysis by nonprofit Amazon Conservation.
- The areas lie in the far southwest of the Amazon in Peru and the far northeast in Brazil, French Guiana, and Suriname, the data show.
- Those parts of the Amazon have the biggest, densest trees and the most continuous canopy cover. That means these areas hold the most carbon, which would be released into the atmosphere as climate-warming greenhouse gas if the jungle is destroyed by fire or logging.
What satellite data show
- Amazon Conservation analysed new data from the satellite imaging company Planet that used lasers to get a three-dimensional picture of the forest and combined it with machine-learning models.
- Only aboveground vegetation was considered, and not underground carbon in roots and soils.
- Amazon Conservation’s Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project (MAAP)’s analysis shows that 61% of the peak carbon areas in the Amazon are protected as indigenous reserves or other protected lands, but the rest generally has no official designation.
- In Brazil, Suriname and French Guiana, only 51% of peak carbon areas are labeled for preservation. Peru protects a higher proportion of its critical areas, but some of the areas that have been left unprotected have been earmarked for logging.
Why the Amazon matters
- MAAP published an analysis last month showing that the Amazon contained 71.5 billion tonnes of carbon, roughly double the global carbon dioxide emissions for 2022. That analysis showed that the Amazon just barely absorbed more carbon than it released in the decade leading up to 2022, a positive signal for the world’s climate.
- But that remains an area of intense debate, with other studies showing the Amazon has flipped to become an emissions source.
- As the effects of anthropogenic climate change become more stark with each passing day, the Amazon becomes one of the most valuable assets for the planet’s health. Scientists say that if the Amazon becomes an emission source instead of a carbon sink — which absorbs carbon from the atmosphere — the impact on the planet may be cataclysmic.
Controversy over Mumbai's salt pans: why do these lands matter?
- 12 Sep 2024
In News:
Earlier this month, the Centre approved the transfer of 256 acres of salt pan land in Mumbai to the Dharavi Redevelopment Project Pvt Ltd (DRPPL), a joint venture between Adani Realty Group and the Maharashtra government, for building rental housing for slum dwellers.
What are salt pan lands?
- They comprise parcels of low-lying lands where seawater flows in at certain times, and leaves behind salt and other minerals. Along with Mumbai’s mangroves (also at risk due to development), this ecosystem is instrumental in protecting the city from flooding.
- According to the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification of 2011, the ecologically sensitive salt pans fall under CRZ-1B category, where no economic activity is allowed with the exception of salt extraction and natural gas exploration.
- In all, 5,378 acres of land in Mumbai have been designated as salt pan lands, approximately nine times the size of the Dharavi slum. About 31% of this land is located in residential and commercial belts, and roughly 480 acres are encroached upon, a 2014 study by the state government found. The same study found that about 1,672 acres of Mumbai’s more than 5,000 acres of salt pan lands are “developable”.
- Nationally, some 60,000 acres have been demarcated as salt pan lands, spread across Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Gujarat, and Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh (20,716 acres) boasts the largest expanse of such land, followed by Tamil Nadu (17,095 acres) and Maharashtra (12,662 acres).
Why are Mumbai’s salt pan lands at risk?
Development Pressure
- Land Scarcity: Mumbai faces severe land scarcity, with its burgeoning population and high demand for space. Salt pans, being some of the last undeveloped areas, are increasingly targeted for various projects.
- Development Plans: Multiple state governments have eyed salt pan lands for different uses.
Environmental Significance
- Flood Prevention: Salt pans are situated in low-lying areas that naturally collect rainwater and tidal flows, helping to mitigate flooding in Mumbai’s eastern suburbs. They act as natural buffers, absorbing excess water during heavy rains and high tides.
- Historical Context: During the July 2005 deluge, salt pans helped reduce the impact of flooding compared to other areas of Mumbai, highlighting their role in flood management.
- Ecosystems: Salt pans are home to various species of birds and insects and contribute to local biodiversity. The destruction of these lands could lead to loss of habitat and disruption of local ecosystems.
Risks of Development
- Flooding Concerns: Environmentalists argue that constructing on these low-lying areas will lead to increased flooding in areas like Vikhroli, Kanjurmarg, and Bhandup. This is because the land’s natural ability to absorb and manage water will be compromised.
- Quality of Life Issues: Relocating slum-dwellers to these areas raises concerns about their living conditions. Salt pans are prone to flooding, which could undermine the quality of life for new residents. The cost of making these lands habitable, including extensive land filling and waterproofing measures, could negate the benefits of affordable housing.
- Conflict with Climate Goals: There is a contradiction between Mumbai’s Climate Action Plan, which recognizes climate threats, and the push to develop areas critical for flood management.
Strengthening India-UAE Relations
- 11 Sep 2024
The bilateral relationship between India and the UAE has flourished in recent years, marked by deepening strategic ties and multifaceted collaboration. The recent visit of Abu Dhabi's Crown Prince to India highlights the growing importance of this partnership. The UAE is now India's second-largest export destination, third-largest trading partner, and fourth-largest investor. The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), effective from May 2022, has been transformative, boosting total trade by nearly 15% and increasing non-oil trade by 20% in the 2023-24 period.
Significance of the UAE for India
- Economic Gateway: The UAE is a crucial entry point for India into the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. As India's third-largest trading partner, bilateral trade reached USD 84.5 billion in FY 2022-23. The CEPA, removing tariffs on 80% of Indian exports to the UAE, has led to a 5.8% increase in non-oil trade early in 2023 and is expected to elevate trade to USD 100 billion by 2030. The UAE’s strategic location and infrastructure make it an ideal hub for re-exporting Indian goods to Africa and Europe.
- Energy Security: The UAE is India's fourth-largest crude oil supplier, with oil imports surging by 81% in January 2024. The partnership extends to renewable energy projects, aligning with India's goal of 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030, underscoring the UAE's role in India's energy transition.
- Investment Catalyst: FDI from the UAE to India has increased more than threefold, reaching USD 3.35 billion from USD 1.03 billion in 2021-22. The UAE-India High-Level Joint Task Force on Investments has played a key role, with significant investments like the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority’s Rs 4,966.80 crore in Reliance Retail Ventures Limited.
- Strategic Partner: The UAE has become a vital strategic ally for India in counterterrorism and maritime security. The bilateral naval exercise "Zayed Talwar" in 2021 and India's access to the UAE’s Al Dhafra air base highlight the expanding defense cooperation between the two nations.
- Remittances and Soft Power: The 3.5 million-strong Indian diaspora in the UAE is a major source of remittances and cultural influence. In 2022, India received nearly USD 111 billion in global remittances, with the UAE as a significant contributor. The diaspora also strengthens cultural ties, as evidenced by the BAPS Hindu Temple in Abu Dhabi, symbolizing the UAE’s commitment to religious tolerance.
- Tech and Innovation Hub: The UAE-India partnership is increasingly focused on technology and innovation. The I2U2 group (India, Israel, UAE, USA) aims to enhance cooperation in clean energy and food security. The UAE’s USD 2 billion investment in food parks in India and the UAE-India Artificial Intelligence Bridge, launched in 2018, facilitate joint research and position both countries at the forefront of technological advancement.
Areas of Friction
- Labor Rights: Persistent labor rights issues for Indian workers in the UAE, including passport confiscation and wage theft, remain a concern.
- Geopolitical Tensions: India’s growing ties with Israel and the UAE’s normalization with Israel complicate the geopolitical landscape, potentially entangling India in regional rivalries, especially with Iran. The UAE’s increasing ties with China also add strategic complexity.
- Energy Transition: Both nations’ commitments to net-zero targets—India by 2070 and the UAE by 2050—pose challenges to their traditional hydrocarbon-based relationship.
- Trade Imbalance: Despite growing trade, India’s trade deficit with the UAE stood at USD 16.78 billion in FY 2022-23. While the CEPA aims to address this, diversifying trade beyond hydrocarbons remains a challenge.
- Maritime Security: Coordinating responses to maritime security threats while respecting strategic autonomy is challenging. The UAE’s expanding naval presence and India’s growing maritime footprint require careful coordination.
Enhancing Relations
- Digital Diplomacy: India could use its IT capabilities to develop digital platforms for collaboration, including a real-time trade portal and a joint innovation hub, and expand cross-border digital payments.
- Green Energy Corridor: Proposing an "India-UAE Green Energy Corridor" could align with both nations’ climate goals through joint investments and research in renewable energy.
- Skill Bridge Program: A "Skill Bridge Program" could upskill Indian workers for the UAE job market, focusing on emerging sectors like AI and sustainable technologies.
- StartUp Synergy Scheme: Developing a "StartUp Synergy Scheme" could foster collaboration between Indian and UAE startups through joint incubation programs and market access facilitation.
- Maritime Cooperation Blueprint: Creating a comprehensive "India-UAE Maritime Cooperation Blueprint" could enhance collaboration in maritime security, blue economy initiatives, and port development, including joint patrols and deep-sea ports.
Polaris Dawn Mission: First Private Spacewalk Attempt
- 11 Sep 2024
Recently, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched from Florida, carrying American billionaire Jared Isaacman and three other astronauts into orbit for the Polaris Dawn mission. This five-day mission marks a milestone as it aims to achieve the world’s first private spacewalk. Polaris Dawn is the inaugural flight of the Polaris Program, a collaborative effort between Isaacman and SpaceX, led by Elon Musk. The program's goal is to develop innovative technologies for future Mars missions.
What is a Spacewalk?
A spacewalk, or “extravehicular activity” (EVA), involves an astronaut conducting activities outside a spacecraft while in space. The concept of a spacewalk dates back to March 18, 1965, when Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov performed the first EVA during the Space Race. Leonov's spacewalk lasted just 10 minutes.
Modern spacewalks typically occur outside the International Space Station (ISS) and can last between five and eight hours. Astronauts conduct spacewalks for various purposes, such as performing scientific experiments, testing new equipment, or repairing satellites and spacecraft.
During a spacewalk, astronauts wear specially designed spacesuits and use safety tethers to prevent floating away into space. These tethers have one end attached to the astronaut and the other secured to the spacecraft. An alternative safety device is the SAFER (Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue), a backpack with small jet thrusters controlled by a joystick, which helps astronauts maneuver in space.
Objectives of the Polaris Dawn Mission
The Polaris Dawn mission, utilizing SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, aims to reach an altitude of approximately 1,400 km from Earth. This altitude exceeds the previous record set by NASA’s Gemini XI mission in 1966, which reached 1,372 km. At this height, the mission will be deep within the Van Allen radiation belts, which start around 1,000 km altitude and are known for their high levels of radiation. The crew will study the effects of spaceflight and radiation on human health.
Following this high-altitude phase, the Dragon capsule will descend to a lower orbit to facilitate the spacewalk scheduled for the third day of the mission, Thursday. During the spacewalk, the capsule will be depressurized, and the hatch will open, exposing the interior to the vacuum of space. Only two crew members, Isaacman and Gillis, will exit the capsule, while Poteet and Menon will remain inside to manage safety tethers and monitor the mission’s status.
The primary objective of the spacewalk is to test SpaceX’s newly developed EVA spacesuits. These suits, designed specifically for this mission, feature built-in cameras and heads-up displays to provide real-time information about the suit's condition. They also incorporate advanced thermal management systems.
After the spacewalk, Isaacman and Gillis will return to the capsule, which will then be repressurized before resuming its mission activities.
Additional Mission Activities
Throughout the mission, the crew will conduct 40 scientific experiments. These include attempting to capture X-ray images using natural space radiation instead of traditional X-ray equipment. The mission will also test SpaceX’s Starlink satellite network for laser-based communication, allowing satellite-to-satellite communication without relying on ground-based infrastructure.
Good Digital Public Infrastructure
- 08 Sep 2024
Good digital public infrastructure (DPI) integrates technology with societal needs, ensuring that it is secure, scalable, and inclusive.
India’s achievement of over 80% financial inclusion in just six years has drawn international praise, particularly as a model for the Global South. This accomplishment underscores India’s success in achieving both digital and financial inclusion for over a billion people. Consequently, the G20 summit in New Delhi in 2023 highlighted the critical role of digital public infrastructure.
In response, India’s G20 task force has released a comprehensive report outlining a global strategy for DPI development. This positions India to support other nations in achieving digital sovereignty, financial inclusion, and self-reliance.
The evolving digital landscape is marked by a variety of stakeholders—including private enterprises, government bodies, non-profits, and think tanks—each working to advance their DPI solutions. This raises two key questions: How can we identify genuine and reliable DPIs from the plethora available? And what differentiates a “good DPI” from a “bad DPI”?
Identifying effective DPI involves assessing how well technology meets societal needs while ensuring security, scalability, and inclusivity. Authenticity and adherence to core principles are essential for evaluating DPIs.
The Citizen Stack Model
Citizen Stack, built upon the proven success of India Stack, emerges as a trusted ecosystem in digital infrastructure. India Stack, a robust digital platform, has demonstrated its effectiveness and security on a vast scale, serving over a billion citizens. This strong foundation enhances Citizen Stack’s credibility and reliability. Unlike DPI manufacturers, Citizen Stack functions as a regulatory body or auditor, certifying and authenticating DPIs to ensure they meet high standards of quality and security.
Citizen Stack’s approach is comprehensive, focusing on security, scalability, and inclusivity. The DPI platforms approved by Citizen Stack are designed to meet the diverse needs of large populations while maintaining stringent security measures to protect user data and privacy. As an auditor, Citizen Stack ensures that certified DPIs are dependable, secure, and beneficial to the public.
In an era of abundant digital solutions and promises, distinguishing genuinely reliable platforms is essential. Citizen Stack offers assurance as a gold standard for DPI solutions.
Guiding Principles of a “Good DPI”
Citizen Stack has established five core principles—referred to as sutras—that define a good DPI:
- Maintain Citizen Relationships: Ensure that digital infrastructure supports a fair relationship between citizens, the market, and the state, free from undue influence.
- Protect Empowerment and Privacy: Implement consent-based data sharing systems that prioritize individual empowerment and privacy.
- Prevent Monopolistic Lock-In: Ensure interoperability to avoid citizens being restricted by monopolistic entities.
- Combine Techno-Legal Regulation: Integrate technology with legal frameworks to govern ethical tech use, ensuring innovation while safeguarding security and societal rights.
- Foster Public-Private Innovation: Encourage collaboration between public and private sectors, while avoiding corporate dominance. The focus should be on public good rather than corporate monopolies, and technology should prevent exploitation by state or corporate actors.
Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant
- 08 Sep 2024
Location: Situated in Al Dhafra, Emirate of Abu Dhabi.
Specifications:
- Reactor Count: Four nuclear reactors.
- Annual Output: 40 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity.
Objective and Significance:
- Energy Diversification: The plant is a key component of the UAE’s energy diversification efforts, providing clean and efficient power.
- Environmental Impact: It is projected to reduce carbon emissions by up to 22 million tons annually, equivalent to removing 4.8 million cars from the roads.
International Nuclear Energy Agreements
Purpose: Nuclear energy agreements are bilateral or multilateral treaties focused on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. They facilitate international cooperation in areas such as technology transfer, fuel supply, safety standards, and non-proliferation.
India’s Nuclear Energy Agreements:
- General Overview: India has established civil nuclear cooperation agreements with various countries including France, the United States, Russia, Namibia, Canada, Argentina, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Australia, Sri Lanka, and the United Kingdom.
Key Agreements:
- India-Russia: A longstanding partnership since the Cold War, with Russia significantly contributing to the construction of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu.
- India-US Civil Nuclear Agreement (2008): Known as the 123 Agreement, it marked India’s entry into the global nuclear market despite its non-signatory status to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). This agreement enabled India to engage in nuclear trade with the US and other Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) members.
- India-France Civil Nuclear Agreement (2008): This agreement allows France to supply nuclear technology and fuel to India, including involvement in the proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra.
- India-Canada Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2010): This historic deal marked a return to cooperation after a hiatus following Canada's sanctions in 1974, allowing uranium supply for India’s civilian reactors.
- India-Japan Nuclear Agreement (2016): This agreement facilitates the export of nuclear technology from Japan to India, reflecting Japan’s confidence in India's non-proliferation commitments.
- India-Kazakhstan: Agreements with Kazakhstan for uranium supply, given Kazakhstan’s status as a major uranium producer.
- India-Australia Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Permits Australia to export uranium for India’s civilian nuclear program. Notably, Australia typically exports uranium only to NPT signatories.
- India-United Kingdom Nuclear Agreement (2015): This agreement promotes collaboration on nuclear technology and research between India and the UK.
- India-UAE Civil Nuclear Energy Cooperation: Recently, India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) formalized their collaboration in civil nuclear energy through an MoU.
National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing innovations (NIDHI) program
- 08 Sep 2024
- NIDHI is an umbrella programme conceived and developed by the Technology Translation and Innovation (TTI) Division/ National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board, of Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, for nurturing ideas and innovations (knowledge-based and technology-driven) into successful startups.
- The NIDHI programme works in line with the current national priorities and goals and its focus would be to build an innovation driven entrepreneurial ecosystem with an objective of national development through wealth and job creation.
- NIDHI aims to nurture Startups through scouting, supporting and scaling of innovations by providing them with a series of programme components tailored towards the critical initial phases of the Startup journey.
- The key stakeholders of NIDHI include Science & Technology based entrepreneurs, Startup Incubators, academic and R&D institutions, Startup mentors, financial institutions, angel investors, venture capitalists, relevant government & industry bodies and associations.
- NIDHI has been developed to suit the national aspirations and on the basis of DST’s three-decade long experience in propelling Startup Incubation centres and Science & Technology based entrepreneurs.
- The key components of NIDHI are :-
- NIDHI PRAYAS: Promotion and Acceleration of Young and Aspiring technology entrepreneurs – Support from Idea to Prototype
- NIDHI – EIR: Entrepreneur In Residence – Support system to reduce risk for entrepreneurs.
- NIDHI – TBI : Technology Business Incubator (NIDHI-TBI) – Converting Innovations to start-ups.
- NIDHI – iTBI : Inclusive- Technology Business Incubator – A new variant of the NIDHI-TBI launched in 2022-’23.
- NIDHI – Accelerator : Startup Acceleration Programme – Fast tracking a start-up through focused intervention.
- NIDHI – SSS : Seed Support System – Providing early stage investment
- NIDHI – COE : Centres of Excellence – Globally competitive facilities to help startups go global.
- While NSTEDB is the funding agency, the NIDHI programmes are implemented through Technology Business Incubators (TBIs) available around the country.
- Note: All the NIDHI-Startup funds and offerings are disbursed to eligible startups only through eligible NSTEDB associated incubators across India
Agni-4 ballistic missile successfully test-fired in Odisha
- 09 Sep 2024
In News:
India successfully test-fired the Agni-4 ballistic missile from the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur, Odisha. The test, conducted by the Strategic Forces Command (SFC) under India's Nuclear Command Authority (NCA), demonstrated the missile's operational and technical capabilities.
Key Details:
- Missile Specifications:
- Range: The Agni-4 missile has a maximum range of 4,000 kilometers.
- Payload: It can carry a payload of up to 1,000 kilograms.
- Length: The missile is approximately 20 meters long.
- Launch Platform: It is designed for deployment on a road-mobile launcher, enhancing its flexibility and mobility.
- Historical Context:
- Previous Test (2012): In its earlier test in 2012, Agni-4 successfully covered over 3,000 kilometers within 20 minutes. This was noted as the longest-range mission achieved by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) at that time.
- Name Change: The Agni-4 was previously known as Agni-2 Prime.
- Development and Capabilities:
- Development: The Agni missiles, including the Agni-4, are developed by the DRDO, showcasing India's advancements in missile technology and strategic capabilities.
- Comparison with Agni-5: The Agni-4 is part of a series of Agni missiles that have progressively enhanced India's missile range and strike capabilities. The Agni-5 represents an even more advanced development in this series.
The successful test of Agni-4 underscores India's commitment to strengthening its strategic defense capabilities and maintaining its deterrence posture.
Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Initiative
- 09 Sep 2024
In News:
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi recently launched the ‘Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari’ initiative via video conferencing from Surat, Gujarat.
Key Points:
- Campaign and Objectives:
- Objective: The initiative seeks to bolster water conservation through extensive public and governmental collaboration.
- Scope: About 24,800 rainwater harvesting structures will be constructed across Gujarat.
- Approach: Emphasizes a Whole-of-Society and Whole-of-Government approach to water management.
- Significance:
- Cultural Significance: PM Modi highlighted that water conservation is deeply embedded in Indian culture, with water revered as a divine entity and rivers considered Goddesses.
- Policy and Virtue: He stated that water conservation transcends policy and is both an effort and a virtue, reflecting social commitment and cultural consciousness.
- Future Challenges: The Prime Minister acknowledged the exacerbating impact of water scarcity due to climate change, urging a shift to the ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recharge, and Recycle’ mantra for sustainable water management.
- Impact of Drought and Water Scarcity:
- Recent Challenges: The drought affecting the Amazon region and other parts of India has highlighted the urgent need for effective water conservation strategies.
- Water Table Decline: Significant declines in river levels, such as the Rio Negro reaching its lowest minimum (12.7 meters) on record, and the death of endangered species due to low water levels underscore the crisis.
- Government Initiatives:
- Jal Jeevan Mission: Aims to provide piped water to every home, with significant progress noted from 3 crore households to over 15 crore.
- Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Focuses on renovation and construction of water sources with widespread public participation.
- Amrit Sarovar: Over 60,000 Amrit Sarovars have been constructed under this campaign, which began during the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav.
- Innovative Solutions and Technological Integration:
- Drip Irrigation: Promotion of water-efficient farming techniques like drip irrigation to ensure sustainable agriculture.
- Support for Farmers: Encouragement for cultivating less water-intensive crops such as pulses and millets.
- Role of Industries:
- CSR Contributions: Industries have played a significant role in water conservation through initiatives like Net Zero Liquid Discharge Standards and the completion of 10,000 borewell recharge structures in Gujarat.
- Future Plans: The ‘Jal Sanchay-Jan Bhagidari Abhiyan’ aims to create an additional 24,000 recharge structures.
- Conclusion and Vision:
- Global Leadership: PM Modi expressed his belief that India can become a global leader in water conservation.
- Public Movement: Stressed the importance of continuing public participation in water conservation to make India a model for global sustainability.
Background: The ‘Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari’ initiative builds on the success of the earlier Jal Sanchay program by involving citizens, local bodies, and industries in water conservation efforts. The initiative aligns with the vision of water security and aims to mobilize collective action for long-term sustainability.
Key Data:
- Construction of 24,800 rainwater harvesting structures.
- Significant increase in tap water connections from 3 crore to over 15 crore households.
- Creation of more than 60,000 Amrit Sarovars across the country.
- Completion of 10,000 borewell recharge structures in Gujarat.
Climate change drives Amazon rainforest's record drought, study finds
- 09 Sep 2024
In News:
The drought that hit all nine Amazon rainforest countries - including Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru - is expected to worsen in 2024
Role of Climate Change:
- Likelihood Increase: Climate change made the drought 30 times more likely.
- Temperature and Rainfall: It drove extreme high temperatures and contributed to lower rainfall.
Future Projections:
- Expected Worsening: The drought is predicted to worsen in 2024, with the rainy season expected to recede in May.
Impact on Ecosystems:
- River Levels: Rivers have reached their lowest levels on record, with the Rio Negro river falling to its lowest minimum (12.7 meters) since records began in 1902.
- Dolphin Deaths: At least 178 endangered pink and gray Amazon river dolphins died due to low water levels and high temperatures.
- Fish Deaths: Thousands of fish died from low oxygen levels in Amazon tributaries.
Impact on Human Life:
- Disruptions: Waterways dried up rapidly, forcing people to undertake long journeys across dried river sections to access essential goods like food and medicine.
Contributing Factors:
- El Niño Influence: Periodic warming in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (El Niño) contributed to decreased rainfall but not to higher temperatures.
Potential Consequences:
- Forest Fires and Biome Health: The drought could exacerbate forest fires, combined with climate change and deforestation, potentially pushing the Amazon toward a point of no return where it ceases to be a lush rainforest.
- Previous Droughts: While the region has experienced at least three intense droughts in the past 20 years, this one’s impact on the entire Amazon basin is unprecedented.
Uncommon Cyclones in the Arabian Sea
- 09 Sep 2024
Cyclones are intense weather systems with low atmospheric pressure and rotating winds, forming over warm tropical waters. These storms cause severe weather, including heavy rainfall, strong winds, and storm surges. Cyclones are categorized based on wind speeds, from tropical depressions to severe cyclonic storms. Warm ocean surfaces and high humidity fuel these storms, with atmospheric conditions like wind shear and moisture influencing their strength and formation.
The North Indian Ocean plays a key role in global weather systems, particularly the summer monsoon. Warm waters from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal are crucial for moisture generation during monsoon seasons. However, despite the warm ocean surfaces that typically promote cyclones, this region has fewer cyclones compared to other tropical oceans. A mix of factors—both promoting and suppressing cyclone formation—makes the North Indian Ocean a unique and less cyclone-prone area.
The Indian Ocean stands out due to its monsoonal circulation, marked by seasonal wind reversals north of the equator. It also has "oceanic tunnels" connecting it to the Pacific and Southern Oceans, which influence its weather. The Pacific tunnel introduces warm water into the upper layers, while the Southern Ocean brings cooler waters into deeper levels. These oceanographic features contribute to distinct weather patterns, including influencing the formation and behavior of cyclones.
As the pre-monsoon season begins and the Sun moves into the northern hemisphere, the Arabian Sea rapidly warms. The Bay of Bengal, typically warmer, heats further, driving atmospheric convection and rainfall. These warming patterns make the Bay of Bengal more prone to cyclones, while the Arabian Sea, with its cooler waters and stronger wind shear, experiences less cyclone activity. These conditions contribute to significant differences in cyclone formation between the two seas.
Impact of Climate Change on Cyclones in the Indian Ocean
Climate change is amplifying the Indian Ocean’s warming, bringing in more heat from the Pacific Ocean while the Southern Ocean pushes warmer waters into deeper layers. These changes, combined with shifts in winds and atmospheric humidity, are causing the Indian Ocean to warm at a rapid pace. This warming is affecting cyclone formation, increasing the frequency and intensity of storms. The Indian Ocean acts as a "clearinghouse" for ocean warming, impacting global weather patterns and intensifying cyclone activity.
Monsoon and Cyclone Seasons in the North Indian Ocean
- The monsoon heavily influences cyclone activity in the region. During the monsoon, strong winds cool the Arabian Sea, reducing the likelihood of cyclone formation. In contrast, the Bay of Bengal sees more low-pressure systems, although many do not become cyclones due to wind shear that weakens their energy.
- The North Indian Ocean experiences two distinct cyclone seasons—pre-monsoon and post-monsoon—unlike other regions that typically have just one. Cooler temperatures and stronger wind shear keep cyclone numbers low in the Arabian Sea, compared to the Bay of Bengal.
- Cyclone Asna, formed in August 2023, was a rare cyclone for this time of year. It developed from a land-based depression that moved over the Arabian Sea, marking the first August cyclone in the region since 1981. This rare occurrence highlights how rapidly warming oceans, influenced by climate change and El Niño, can drive unexpected cyclone formations.
India, UAE ink pact for civil nuclear cooperation
- 10 Sep 2024
In News:
- Recently, India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) signed a significant Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for civil nuclear cooperation.
- The agreement, established between the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) and the Emirates Nuclear Energy Company (ENEC)-led Barakah Nuclear Power Plant Operations and Maintenance, was formalized during the visit of Sheikh Khalid bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, to New Delhi.
Background:
- This MoU marks the first formal agreement of its kind between NPCIL and ENEC. The collaboration aligns with the broader commitment made during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the UAE in August 2015, which focused on peaceful nuclear energy applications, including safety, health, agriculture, and science and technology.
Trilateral Cooperation:
- The agreement follows a series of discussions on nuclear cooperation between India and the UAE. On September 19, 2022, Foreign Ministers from France, India, and the UAE met in New York during the UN General Assembly and initiated a trilateral cooperation framework. This was further solidified by a phone call on February 4, 2023. The trilateral format aims to promote joint projects in energy, emphasizing solar and nuclear energy.
Additional Agreements:
During the Crown Prince’s visit, several other agreements were also signed:
- LNG Supply MoU: An agreement was reached between Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and Indian Oil Corporation Limited for long-term LNG supply.
- Production Concession Agreement: Urja Bharat and ADNOC signed an agreement for Abu Dhabi Onshore Block 1.
- Food Parks Development: The Government of Gujarat and Abu Dhabi Developmental Holding Company PJSC (ADQ) signed an MoU for developing food parks in India. This initiative aligns with the I2U2 grouping (including Israel and the United States), which envisions food parks in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Conclusion:
The visit of the Crown Prince and the signing of these agreements reflect the strengthening ties between India and the UAE. This dynamic development coincides with the first India-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Foreign Ministers’ meeting held in Riyadh on September 8-9. External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar highlighted India's growing energy demands and its significant role in future global energy markets during his remarks at the meeting.
Govt dissolves Standing Committee on Statistics
- 10 Sep 2024
In News:
The recent dissolution of the 14-member Standing Committee on Statistics (SCoS) by the Union Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has sparked considerable controversy and debate. The committee, which was chaired by Pronab Sen, a renowned economist and former chief statistician of India, was reportedly disbanded after its members raised concerns about the delay in conducting the decennial census.
Key Points:
- Dissolution of the Committee:
- The SCoS, formed in July 2023, was responsible for advising the Union government on survey methodology and statistical frameworks. According to the experts the decision to dissolve the SCoS was due to an overlap in functions with the newly formed Steering Committee for National Sample Surveys.
- Concerns and Criticism:
- Dr. Pronab Sen and other committee members expressed concerns over the delay in conducting the census, which was due in 2021 but has yet to be carried out. The last census, conducted in 2011, is now outdated, impacting the accuracy of various statistical surveys.
- Members of the SCoS reportedly questioned the delay in census operations during their meetings, leading to speculation that their concerns may have contributed to the committee's dissolution.
- Formation of the New Steering Committee:
- The new Steering Committee for National Sample Surveys, chaired by Rajeeva Laxman Karandikar, was established following a recommendation by the National Statistical Commission (NSC). The roles of this new committee are said to overlap with those of the SCoS, which the Ministry cited as a reason for disbanding the latter.
Standing Committee on Statistics (SCoS)
- The Standing Committee on Statistics (SCoS) was established by renaming and expanding the scope of the Standing Committee on Economic Statistics (SCES), which was originally formed in December 2019.
- The SCES, with 28 members, was tasked with reviewing economic indicators related to the industrial sector, services sector, and labor force statistics, including datasets like the Periodic Labour Force Survey, the Annual Survey of Industries, and the Economic Census.
Current Structure and Members: The newly formed SCoS comprises 14 members, including:
- Four Non-Official Members
- Nine Official Members
- One Member Secretary
The committee's total membership can be extended up to 16 based on requirements.
Functions:
1. Review and Address Issues:
o The SCoS reviews the existing frameworks and addresses issues related to all surveys as presented by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). This includes evaluating survey results and methodologies.
2. Advisory Role:
o It advises on various aspects of survey methodology, including sampling frames, sampling designs, and survey instruments. The committee is also responsible for finalizing the tabulation plans and results of surveys.
3. Data Collection and Production:
o The SCoS oversees the design and implementation of all data collection and production efforts. It ensures that data collected by MoSPI adheres to high standards of statistical quality and accuracy.
Typhoon Yagi
- 10 Sep 2024
In News:
A devastating series of events unfolded in Vietnam, as a bridge collapsed and a bus was swept away by severe flooding, raising the death toll to at least 65. The fatalities are attributed to Typhoon Yagi and the subsequent heavy rains, which have wreaked havoc across the Southeast Asian country.
In Depth:
- The typhoon made landfall in Vietnam’s northern coastal provinces of Quang Ninh and Haiphong with wind speeds of up to 149 kilometers per hour (92 miles per hour) on Saturday afternoon.
- It raged for roughly 15 hours before gradually weakening into a tropical depression early Sunday morning.
- Vietnam’s meteorological department predicted heavy rain in northern and central provinces and warned of floods in low-lying areas, flash floods in streams and landslides on steep slopes.
What is a cyclone?
- The term 'Cyclone' is derived from the Greek word 'Cyclos' which means 'Coiling of the Snake'.
- Cyclones are created by atmospheric disturbances around a low-pressure area and are usually accompanied by violent storms and severe weather conditions. Basically, a tropical cyclone is a deep low-pressure area.
Sakthan Thampuran
- 10 Sep 2024
In News:
Minister of State for Tourism and Thrissur MP Suresh Gopi pledged to replace a statue of Sakthan Thampuran that was knocked over by a state transport bus in June with a new bronze statue if the Kerala government did not do so within 14 days.
Who was Sakthan Thampuran?
- Raja Rama Varma Kunjipillai or Rama Varma IX, better known today as Sakthan Thampuran, ruled over the Cochin kingdom from 1790 to 1805.
- He was born in 1751 to Ambika Thampuran and Chendose Aniyan Namboodiri of the Cochin royal family, but was raised by an aunt who called him Sakthan, meaning ‘powerful’.
- The word thampuran is believed to be an appropriation of the Sanskrit samrat, meaning emperor.
- The Cochin kingdom, which was part of the Late Chera Empire, covered the regions between Ponnani in Malappuram and Thottappally in Alappuzha in today’s Kerala.
Strategist and ruler
- Sakthan Thampuran became heir apparent in 1769 as an 18-year-old. He advised his king to maintain friendly relations with both the Dutch and the English, who were vying for a larger share of trade in the region.
- Sakthan is said to have orchestrated Mysore’s attempt to invade the Travancore kingdom, which had established relations with the English East India Company. This would result in the Powney treaty which freed the Cochin kingdom from its allegiance to Mysore, and helped formalise its relations with the British.
- Sakthan Thampuran put an end to the institution of the Yogiatirippads — the erstwhile spiritual heads of the Vadakkumnathan and Perumanam temples, who had conspired against the previous Cochin king in his wars against the Calicut Zamorin — and entrusted temple management to the government.
- He built a fearsome reputation for himself, and is said to have largely freed his kingdom of crime.
Thrissur and Pooram
- Sakthan Thampuran transferred the seat of the Cochin kingdom from Thrippunithura to modern-day Thrissur.
- The Thekkinkadu Maidanam and the surrounding Swaraj Round became the basis for the city’s elaborate road system and infrastructure.
- The king encouraged merchants of all religions and British officials to relocate to the city. He also overhauled and firmed up the kingdom’s finances, personally overseeing revenue management.
- Sakthan Thampuran started the Thrissur Pooram in 1797 as an alternative to the Arattupuzha Pooram, then the largest temple festival in the state.
- The Thrissur Pooram was conceived as an opportunity for the major temples in Thrissur to come to pay their respects to Lord Shiva, the presiding deity at the Vadakkumnathan Temple.
In a first, critically endangered elongated tortoise spotted in Aravallis
- 10 Sep 2024
In News:
- A critically endangered species, the elongated tortoise (Indotestudo elongata), was spotted in Haryana’s Damdama area during a research survey in the Aravallis.
Key Features:
- The tortoise is medium-sized with a yellowish brown or olive shell and distinct black blotches at the centre of each scute.
- The tortoise has on its nostril a pink ring, which appears in the breeding season.
- Mature individuals of both sexes develop a distinct pinkish colouration surrounding the nostrils and eyes during the season.
- Habitat:
- The tortoise, found in the Sal deciduous and hilly evergreen forests, is distributed across Southeast Asia from northern India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh in the west, eastward through Myanmar, Thailand, and all of Indochina, north to Guangxi Province of China and south to Peninsular Malaysia.
- A disjunct tortoise population exists in the Chota Nagpur plateau in eastern India. It also inhabits lowlands and foothills of up to 1,000 m above sea level.
- There have not been enough surveys to ascertain its presence in Aravallis, but the tortoise is found in the foothills of the Himalayas.
- It inhabits wetter areas and discovering it here is an aberration than a norm, adding it cannot be ruled out that the tortoise was brought by trade.
Conservation Status:
- International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Status: Critically Endangered, under criteria A2cd.
Threats:
- Currently, I. elongata is heavily exploited for food and traditional medicine throughout its range.
- Local people often opportunistically capture tortoises while farming or extracting other forest resources. However, deliberate hunting also occurs and dogs continue to be widely used for finding tortoises.
India-Singapore Relations
- 04 Sep 2024
- High-Level Inter-Governmental Contacts:
- Frequent and high-level exchanges, including the Prime Minister's upcoming visit.
- Recent second India-Singapore Ministerial Roundtable with senior Indian ministers.
- Key Areas of Cooperation:
- Digitalisation, skills development, sustainability, healthcare, advanced manufacturing, and connectivity.
- Broader contacts include parliamentary and judicial exchanges.
- Economic Ties:
- Singapore is India’s largest trading partner among ASEAN countries and the sixth largest globally.
- Singapore is also the largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) for India.
- People-to-People Exchanges:
- Large concentration of IIT and IIM alumni in Singapore.
- Historical ties, including the Indian National Army's presence and the contributions of early Indian diaspora in Singapore.
- Regional Policy and Strategic Importance:
- Singapore has supported India’s “Look East” and “Act East” policies.
- Facilitated India’s dialogue partnership with ASEAN.
- Regional implications due to Myanmar’s instability, with India and Singapore both having stakes.
- Defence and Maritime Cooperation:
- Important defence component and maritime collaboration.
- Focus on the Indo-Pacific region amidst growing Chinese influence and new regional architectures like the QUAD.
- Trade and Economic Outlook:
- The visit provides an opportunity to review and expand trade and economic partnerships.
- Potential for increased Chinese FDI into India, with Singaporean entities likely to play a role.
- Complementarities and Challenges:
- Singapore's role as a global trading and investment hub complements India’s economic landscape.
- Highlights India's regulatory and structural inefficiencies, pointing to areas needing improvement for enhanced bilateral cooperation.
World Bank hikes India's economic projection to 7% for FY 2024-25
- 04 Sep 2024
- The World Bank has forecast a growth of 7% for the Indian economy for the current fiscal year, upping its earlier estimate of 6.6%.
- In its report, India Development Update: India’s Trade Opportunities in a Changing Global Context, the World Bank said India’s growth continued to be strong despite a challenging global environment.
- The World Bank growth projection is in line with those of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Asian Development Bank (ADB).
- Both the institutions have raised their forecast to 7% for the financial year ending March 2025.
- The India Development Update [IDU] observes that India remained the fastest-growing major economy and grew at a rapid clip of 8.2% in FY 23/24.
- Growth was boosted by public infrastructure investment and an upswing in household investments in real estate.
- On the supply side, it was supported by a buoyant manufacturing sector, which grew by 9.9%, and resilient services activity, which compensated for underperformance in agriculture.
- Reflecting these trends, urban unemployment has improved gradually since the pandemic, especially for female workers. While female urban unemployment fell to 8.5 % in early FY24/25, the urban youth unemployment remained elevated at 17%.
- India’s robust growth prospects, along with declining inflation rate will help to reduce extreme poverty
- India can boost its growth further by harnessing its global trade potential. In addition to IT, business services and pharma where it excels, India can diversify its export basket with increased exports in textiles, apparel, and footwear sectors, as well as electronics and green technology products.
- A recovery in agriculture will partially offset a marginal moderation in industry and all services will remain robust. The rural private consumption will recover, thanks to the expected recovery in agriculture.
- The report also highlights the critical role of trade for boosting growth. The global trade landscape has witnessed increased protectionism in recent years. The post pandemic reconfiguration of global value chains, triggered by the pandemic, has created opportunities for India.
- The IDU recommends a three-pronged approach towards achieving the $1 trillion merchandise export target by reducing trade costs further, lowering trade barriers, and deepening trade integration.
23rd Law Commission of India
- 06 Sep 2024
Constitution and Tenure:
- Notification and Term:
- The 23rd Law Commission of India was notified by the Union government on September 2, with effect from September 1.
- The commission will have a three-year term, concluding on August 31, 2027.
- The tenure of the previous Law Commission, chaired by former Karnataka High Court Chief Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi, ended on August 31.
Role and Importance of the Law Commission:
- Purpose:
- The Law Commission is a non-statutory body formed by the Union Ministry of Law and Justice through a gazette notification.
- Its role includes reviewing the functioning of laws, recommending the repeal of obsolete legislation, and providing recommendations on issues referred by the government.
- Composition:
- Typically chaired by a retired Supreme Court or High Court judge.
- Includes legal scholars and can also have serving judges.
- Impact:
- Over the years, 22 Law Commissions have submitted 289 reports.
- Their recommendations have influenced significant legislation, such as the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC), and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (RTE Act).
Constitution of the 23rd Law Commission:
- Structure:
- The commission will consist of:
- A full-time chairperson.
- Four full-time members, including a member-secretary.
- Up to five part-time members.
- Ex officio members including the secretaries of the Legal Affairs and Legislative departments.
- The commission will consist of:
- Appointment and Remuneration:
- Chairperson and full-time members can be serving Supreme Court or High Court judges or other experts chosen by the government.
- The chairperson will receive a monthly salary of ?2.50 lakh, while members will receive ?2.25 lakh.
- The member-secretary must be an officer of the Indian Legal Service of the rank of Secretary.
- Serving judges appointed to the commission will serve until retirement or the end of the commission’s term, without additional remuneration.
Terms of Reference:
- Primary Tasks:
- Identify and recommend the repeal of obsolete or irrelevant laws.
- Create a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for periodic review and simplification of existing laws.
- Identify laws that are misaligned with current economic needs and suggest amendments.
- Directive Principles and Reforms:
- Examine laws in light of Directive Principles of State Policy and suggest improvements and new legislation to achieve constitutional objectives.
- Address laws affecting the poor, conduct post-enactment audits of socio-economic legislation, and review judicial administration for responsiveness.
Previous Commission's Contributions:
- Reports and Recommendations:
- The 22nd Law Commission produced 11 reports, including:
- A report in April 2023 recommending retention of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (sedition law), with suggested amendments for clarity.
- A report recommending a new law to protect trade secrets.
- A report on simultaneous elections, though it was not submitted to the government before the commission’s chairperson assumed office as a Lokpal member.
- The 22nd Law Commission produced 11 reports, including:
Upcoming Focus:
- The 23rd Law Commission is expected to continue examining key issues, including the implementation of a uniform civil code, which was also considered by the 22nd Commission but whose recommendations remain unpublished.
Addressing Vertical Fiscal Imbalance: The Role of the 16th Finance Commission
- 06 Sep 2024
In India, the financial relationship between the Union government and the States is characterized by vertical fiscal imbalance (VFI), where the Union government holds most of the revenue while States shoulder significant expenditure responsibilities. The 16th Finance Commission has a pivotal role in addressing this imbalance. Here's how it should approach the issue:
Understanding Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI)
- Current Situation:
- States incur 61% of revenue expenditure but collect only 38% of revenue receipts.
- States rely heavily on transfers from the Union government, leading to a pronounced VFI.
- VFI Definition:
- VFI arises when the expenditure responsibilities of States exceed their revenue-raising capabilities, necessitating transfers from the Union.
Reasons to Address VFI
- Constitutional Allocation:
- Revenue duties and expenditure responsibilities are constitutionally divided.
- Union government collects Personal Income Tax, Corporation Tax, and part of indirect taxes for efficiency.
- States are better positioned to deliver publicly provided goods and services effectively.
- Historical Context:
- The 15th Finance Commission highlighted that India has experienced a rising VFI, exacerbated by crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Finance Commission's Role:
- The Commission addresses VFI by determining how to allocate taxes collected by the Union to the States and how to distribute these among States.
Finance Commission Recommendations
- Tax Devolution:
- The Commission recommends devolving a portion of Union taxes to States.
- The 14th and 15th Finance Commissions recommended devolving 42% and 41% of net proceeds, respectively.
- To eliminate VFI, devolution should be around 48.94%.
- Grants and Transfers:
- The Commission also suggests grants under Article 275 for specific purposes.
- Transfers under Article 282, such as centrally sponsored and central sector schemes, are tied and include conditionalities, which are not untied resources.
Calculation and Recommendations for VFI
- Estimating VFI:
- Ratio = (Own Revenue Receipts + Tax Devolution) / Own Revenue Expenditure.
- A ratio less than 1 indicates insufficient revenue to meet expenditure, showing the VFI deficit.
- Empirical Findings:
- To address VFI, the share of net proceeds devolved to States should be around 49%.
- This increase would ensure that States have more untied resources, enhancing their ability to meet local needs and priorities.
Implications of Increased Tax Devolution
- Enhanced State Capacity:
- A higher share of tax devolution would empower States with more resources for untied expenditures.
- It would improve the alignment of State expenditures with local needs and priorities.
- Improved Efficiency:
- Enhanced devolution would lead to better efficiency in expenditure by allowing States to respond more effectively to jurisdictional requirements.
- Strengthened Fiscal Federalism:
- Addressing VFI through increased tax devolution contributes to a more balanced and cooperative fiscal federalism.
Conclusion: The 16th Finance Commission should focus on increasing the share of tax devolution to around 50% to address the vertical fiscal imbalance. This adjustment will provide States with the necessary resources to manage their expenditure responsibilities more effectively and ensure a more equitable distribution of fiscal resources in India’s federal structure.
Can Kerala access funds from the Loss and Damage Fund?
- 06 Sep 2024
In light of the recent landslides in Kerala’s Wayanad district, the question arises whether subnational entities like Kerala can access the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)’s Loss and Damage Fund (LDF). While the need for compensation is clear, the process of accessing climate funds is complex.
What is the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF)?
- Established at COP27 in Egypt, the LDF aims to support regions experiencing economic and non-economic losses from climate change.
- Includes extreme weather events and slow-onset processes like rising sea levels.
- Managed by a Governing Board, with the World Bank as the interim trustee.
- The Board is developing mechanisms for resource access, such as direct access, small grants, and rapid disbursement options.
- Concerns exist about the speed and accessibility of climate funds, which may affect their effectiveness in immediate disaster recovery.
What has been India’s Role?
- India faced over $56 billion in weather-related damages from 2019 to 2023. Despite this, its National Climate Action Policy prioritizes mitigation over adaptation, leading to limited engagement in Loss and Damage dialogues at COP meetings.
- High vulnerability in certain regions could benefit from active participation in these dialogues.
- India needs a clear legal and policy framework for climate finance, focusing on locally led adaptation, which is vital for vulnerable communities.
- The Union Budget 2024’s introduction of a climate finance taxonomy raises hopes for increased international climate finance.
- Without clear guidelines for accessing loss and damage funds, frontline communities remain at risk.
- India should advocate for decentralized fund disbursement methods from the LDF, contrasting with the centralized systems used for other climate funds.
What have been State Interventions?
- State governments, such as Kerala, often bear the financial burden of disaster recovery.
- Example: The Rebuild Kerala Development Programme post-August 2018 floods, funded by World Bank and KfW Development Bank loans.
- Focused on infrastructure reconstruction, including roads and bridges.
- Lack of a standardized method for comprehensive disaster damage assessments, especially for slow-onset events, may mean significant loss and damage needs go unassessed.
- This could hinder India’s ability to access the LDF.
- The Wayanad situation highlights broader challenges in accessing and managing climate finance for loss and damage.
- A clearer domestic policy framework focusing on locally led adaptation and defined guidelines for accessing loss and damage funds is needed for better climate change protection.
Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology Stack
- 08 Sep 2024
The Government of India has recently introduced several significant initiatives to advance blockchain technology and its applications.
1. Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology Stack
- Purpose: The Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology Stack is designed to offer Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) with a geographically distributed infrastructure. This stack supports various permissioned blockchain-based applications, enhancing the security and efficiency of digital services.
2. NBFLite
- Description: NBFLite is a lightweight blockchain platform intended as a sandbox for startups and academic institutions. It allows for rapid prototyping, research, and capacity building, fostering innovation in blockchain applications.
3. Praamaanik
- Purpose: Praamaanik is a blockchain-enabled solution for verifying the origin of mobile apps. This ensures that users can trust the source of their applications, contributing to enhanced digital security.
4. National Blockchain Portal
- Function: The National Blockchain Portal serves as a central hub for accessing blockchain technologies and services developed under the National Blockchain Framework (NBF).
5. National Blockchain Framework (NBF)
- Overview: The NBF is designed to promote secure, transparent, and trusted digital service delivery. It includes:
- Distributed Infrastructure: Hosted across NIC Data Centers in Bhubaneswar, Pune, and Hyderabad.
- Core Framework Functionality: Provides the backbone for various blockchain applications.
- Smart Contracts & API Gateway: Facilitates interactions with blockchain-based systems.
- Security, Privacy & Interoperability: Ensures robust security and privacy while supporting integration with other systems.
- Applications Development: Supports the creation and deployment of blockchain applications.
- Goals: The NBF aims to address challenges such as the need for skilled manpower, vendor lock-in, and issues related to security, interoperability, and performance.
6. Strategic Objectives
- Digital Trust and Service Delivery: The framework is part of the government's effort to create trusted digital platforms and improve service delivery to citizens.
- Global Leadership: The initiative seeks to position India as a global leader in blockchain technology, driving economic growth, social development, and digital empowerment.
- Governance Transformation: Blockchain technology is envisioned to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accountability in public services.
7. Collaborative Efforts
- Development: The technologies have been developed through the collaborative efforts of organizations including C-DAC, NIC, IDRBT Hyderabad, IIT Hyderabad, IIIT Hyderabad, and SETS Chennai, with support from MeitY.
- Research and Patents: The NBF project has already resulted in several patents and research publications, reflecting its innovative and research-driven approach.
8. Future Directions
- Scaling Applications: There is an emphasis on scaling blockchain applications across various states and departments.
- Exploring New Innovations: Efforts will continue to onboard new applications and innovative components on the NBF stack.
Tropical Cyclone Remal
- 24 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
The first cyclone in the Bay of Bengal this pre-monsoon season, Cyclone Remal, is expected to make landfall between Sagar Island in West Bengal and Bangladesh's Khepupara on Sunday midnight.
About Cyclone Remal:
- The IMD has forecasted that a depression in the Bay of Bengal is likely to concentrate into a severe cyclonic storm and make landfall between Sagar Island in West Bengal and Khepupara in Bangladesh around May 26 midnight.
Name of the cyclone:
- If the cyclone is formed, it will be named 'Remal', which means 'sand' in Arabic.
- The cyclone has been named ‘Remal’, according to a system of naming cyclones in the Indian Ocean region.
- A standard naming convention is followed for tropical cyclones forming in the North Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
- As the IMD is a part of the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres (RSMCs), it gives names to the tropical cyclones after consulting 12 other countries in the region.
- The name 'Remal' has been suggested by Oman which means 'sand' in Arabic.
What is a Tropical Cyclone?
- A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure centre, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.
- These cyclones develop over warm tropical or subtropical waters and can cause significant damage due to high winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges.
How a Tropical Cyclone is Formed?
- Tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters near the equator.
- The process begins when warm, moist air rises from the ocean surface, creating an area of low pressure.
- This causes surrounding air with higher pressure to move toward the low-pressure area, warming up and rising as well.
- As this air rises and cools, the moisture condenses to form clouds.
- The system of clouds and wind starts to spin and grow, fueled by the ocean's heat.
- When the wind speeds increase sufficiently, an eye forms in the centre of the cyclone.
Characteristics of a Tropical Cyclone:
- Calm Center: The eye of the cyclone is calm and clear, with very low air pressure.
- High Wind Speeds: The average wind speed of a tropical cyclone is around 120 km/h.
- Closed Isobars: These are lines on a weather map that connect areas of equal atmospheric pressure, leading to greater wind velocity.
- Oceanic Origin: Tropical cyclones develop over oceans and seas.
- Movement: They typically move from east to west under the influence of trade winds.
- Seasonal: Tropical cyclones are seasonal phenomena.
How are Cyclones Classified?
- The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) classifies cyclones based on wind speeds:
- Depression: Wind speeds between 31–49 km/h
- Deep Depression: Wind speeds between 50-61 km/h
- Cyclonic Storm: Wind speeds between 62–88 km/h
- Severe Cyclonic Storm: Wind speeds between 89-117 km/h
- Very Severe Cyclonic Storm: Wind speeds between 118-166 km/h
- Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm: Wind speeds between 166-221 km/h
- Super Cyclonic Storm: Wind speeds above 222 km/h
Global Species Action Plan (GSAP) SKILLS Platform
- 24 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
In response to the escalating biodiversity crisis, the Global Species Action Plan (GSAP) is designed to support the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF).
About GSAP SKILLS Platform:
- The Global Species Action Plan (GSAP) SKILLS platform, standing for (Species Conservation Knowledge, Information, Learning, Leverage, and Sharing), brings the GSAP’s content online and enables real-time updates of technical tools and resources.
- This platform aims to facilitate global collaboration and partnership by connecting decision-makers, species conservation practitioners, and experts at all levels.
- It ensures accessibility and relevance by providing real-time updates on technical tools and resources.
- Each target within the Global Biodiversity Framework is accompanied by a summary and rationale for species conservation interventions, actions, and sub-actions, along with the actors involved and the technical tools and resources required, facilitating the scaling-up of implementation efforts.
- Managed proactively by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the platform meets the needs of governments and stakeholders to take decisive action for species conservation.
- The development of the GSAP SKILLS platform has been principally supported by the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, with additional resources from the Tech4Nature Initiative, launched by IUCN and Huawei in 2020.
What is the Global Species Action Plan?
- It has been developed to support the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and to address the increasing biodiversity loss worldwide.
- It outlines strategic interventions and actions to conserve and sustainably manage species while ensuring equitable benefits.
About Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework:
- The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) is an outcome of the 2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference.
- Its tentative title had been the "Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework".
- The GBF was adopted by the 15th Conference of Parties (COP15) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) on 19 December 2022.
- It has been promoted as a "Paris Agreement for Nature".
- It is one of a handful of agreements under the auspices of the CBD, and it is the most significant to date.
- It has been hailed as a "huge, historic moment" and a "major win for our planet and for all of humanity."
- UN Secretary-General António Guterres speaking at the 2022 biodiversity conference in Montreal which led to this treaty
- The Framework is named after two cities, Kunming, which was scheduled to be the host city for COP15 in October 2020 but postponed and subsequently relinquished the hosting duties due to China's COVID policy, and Montreal, which is the seat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat and stepped in to host COP15 after Kunming's cancellation.
The League of Arab States (LAS)/Arab League
- 24 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Arab League called recently for a UN peacekeeping force in the "occupied Palestinian territories" at an international summit dominated by the war between Israel and Hamas.
What is the Arab League?
- The League of Arab States was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (later renamed Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria, with Yemen joining on 5 May 1945.
- It currently has 22 member states; Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordon, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
- Four countries have been admitted as observers: Brazil, Eritrea, India and Venezuela.
- Each member state has one vote in the League Council, while decisions are binding only on those states that have voted for them.
- The official language of the Arab League and its 22 member states is Arabic.
- The league seeks to promote the political, social, and military interests of its members.
- The head of the league is known as the secretary-general.
- The secretary-general is appointed to a five-year term by a two-thirds majority of league members.
- Headquarters: Cairo, Egypt.
Goals:
- The overall aim of the league is to promote Arab interests.
- Its main goals are to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic, and social programs of its members and to try to settle disputes among them or between them and third parties.
- In 1950 the members also agreed to provide military support to help defend each other.
The Arab League Council:
- The League Council is the highest body of the Arab League and is composed of representatives of member states, typically foreign ministers, their representatives, or permanent delegates.
- Each member state has one vote.
- The Council meets twice a year, in March and September. Two or more members may request a special session if they desire.
- The general secretariat manages the daily operations of the league and is headed by the secretary-general.
- The general secretariat is the administrative body of the league, the executive body of the council, and the specialized ministerial councils.
El Niño and La Nina
- 23 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
Last month, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasted above-normal rain in the upcoming monsoon season in India, with “favourable” La Nina conditions expected to set in by August-September.
What are El Niño and La Nina?
- El Niño (meaning “little boy” in Spanish) and La Nina (meaning “little girl” in Spanish) are climate phenomena that are a result of ocean-atmosphere interactions, which impact the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean which affects global weather.
- The Earth’s east-west rotation causes all winds blowing between 30 degrees to the north and south of the equator to slant in their trajectory.
- As a result, winds in the region flow towards a southwesterly direction in the northern hemisphere and a northwesterly direction in the southern hemisphere which is known as the Coriolis Effect.
- Due to this, winds in this belt (called trade winds) blow westwards on either side of the equator.
- Under normal ocean conditions, these trade winds travel westwards along the equator from South America towards Asia.
- Wind movement over the ocean results in a phenomenon called upwelling, where cold water beneath the ocean surface rises and displaces the warm surface waters.
- At times, the weak trade winds get pushed back towards South America and there is no upwelling.
- Thus, warmer-than-usual sea surface temperatures are recorded along the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and this is known as the emergence of El Niño conditions.
- Conversely, during La Nina, strong trade winds push warm water towards Asia.
- Greater upwelling gives rise to cold and nutrient-rich water towards South America.
- Thus, climatologically, El Niño and La Nina are opposite phases of what is collectively called the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
- It also includes a third neutral phase.
- El Niño events are far more frequent than La Nina ones.
- Once every two to seven years, neutral ENSO conditions get interrupted by either El Niño or La Nina.
- Recently, La Nina conditions prevailed between 2020 and 2023.
How could the incoming La Nina impact global weather?
- La Niña, driven by the cooling of ocean waters due to the ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) cycle, can significantly influence global weather patterns.
- The air circulation loop in the region, affected by these temperature changes, impacts precipitation levels in neighbouring areas and can alter the Indian monsoon.
- Currently, the El Niño event that began in June last year has significantly weakened.
- Neutral ENSO conditions are expected to be established by June.
- Following this, La Niña conditions are anticipated to emerge, with its effects likely becoming apparent from August.
La Nina’s Impact on India:
- With above normal rain forecast, the seasonal rainfall is expected to be 106 per cent of the Long Period Average (LPA), which is 880mm (1971-2020 average).
- Except in east and northeast India, all remaining regions are expected to receive normal or above-seasonal rainfall.
- Heavy rains could result in some regions witnessing riverine and urban flooding, mudslides, landslides and cloudbursts.
- East and northeast India region, during La Nina years, receive below average seasonal rainfall.
- Therefore, there may be a shortfall in water reserves there this year.
- During La Nina years, incidents of thunderstorms generally increase.
- “The east and northern India regions could experience thunderstorms accompanied by lightning.
- With increased farming activities undertaken during the July and August rainy months, which coincides with the season’s enhanced lightning and thunderstorms, there is a high risk of fatalities in these regions.
- In addition to ENSO, there are other parameters that can impact the monsoon.
- However, in a La Nina year, a deficit monsoon over India can be easily ruled out.
La Nina’s Impact on the World:
- Similar to India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and their neighbouring countries receive good rainfall during a La Nina year.
- This year, Indonesia has already witnessed floods.
- On the other hand, droughts are common in southern regions of North America, where winters become warmer than usual.
- Canada and the northwestern coast of the United States see heavy rainfall and flooding.
- Southern Africa receives higher than usual rainfall, whereas eastern regions of the continent suffer below-average rainfall.
- ENSO has a huge impact on hurricane activity over the Atlantic Ocean.
- During a La Nina year, the hurricane activity here increases.
- For instance, the Atlantic Ocean churned out a record 30 hurricanes during the La Nina year 2021.
Is Climate Change Affecting ENSO?
- Over India, El Niño is known to suppress the southwest monsoon rainfall and drive higher temperatures and intense heat waves, like the present summer season.
- In the past, monsoon seasons during years following an El Niño were 1982-1983 and 1987-1988, with both 1983 and 1988 recording bountiful rainfall.
- At present too, a similar situation could play out.
- The 2020-2023 period witnessed the longest La Nina event of the century.
- Thereafter, ENSO neutral conditions developed, which soon gave way to El Niño by June 2023 which has been weakening since December last year.
- Scientists say that climate change is set to impact the ENSO cycle.
- Many studies suggest that global warming tends to change the mean oceanic conditions over the Pacific Ocean and trigger more El Niño events.
- The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has also said that climate change is likely to affect the intensity and frequency of extreme weather and climate events linked to El Niño and La Nina.
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
- 23 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) will now be open to new members and observers after a historic first charter of the grouping came into force on 20 May.
What is BIMSTEC?
- The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a multilateral regional organization that brings together seven member states located in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal, forming a contiguous regional unity.
- Aims: The primary aim of BIMSTEC is to accelerate shared growth and cooperation among littoral and adjacent countries in the Bay of Bengal region.
- Formation: The organization was initially founded as BIST-EC in June 1997, following the adoption of the Bangkok Declaration.
- The founding members included Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
- With Myanmar's entry in late 1997, the organization evolved into BIMST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
- In 2004, the inclusion of Nepal and Bhutan led to the formation of BIMSTEC, as we know it today.
- The current member states comprise five South Asian nations: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, and two Southeast Asian nations: Myanmar and Thailand.
- BIMSTEC's Permanent Secretariat is situated in Dhaka, Bangladesh, serving as a hub for regional cooperation and coordination among member states.
Areas of cooperation:
- BIMSTEC functions as a sector-driven cooperative organization, initially focusing on six key sectors: Trade, Technology, Energy, Transport, Tourism, and Fisheries.
- Over time, the scope of cooperation has expanded, and as of now, BIMSTEC has identified 14 priority areas of cooperation.
- The inclusion of Climate Change in 2008 marked the 14th priority area.
- Within these priority areas, each member country takes responsibility for leading specific sectors.
- This allows for focused efforts and utilization of regional expertise.
- India, for example, is the leading country in several crucial areas, including Transport & Communication, Tourism, Environment & Disaster Management, and Counter-Terrorism & Transnational Crime.
- This leadership role involves coordinating initiatives, sharing best practices, and driving collaborative efforts within these sectors to enhance regional development and cooperation.
Planetary Alignment
- 23 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
Next month, on June 3, there will be a planetary alignment that may actually allow you to witness six planets align in the sky.
What is a Planetary Alignment?
- Planetary alignment is a term used to describe the positioning of planets in the solar system such that they appear to be in a straight line or close to one when viewed from a specific vantage point, for us that's Earth.
- It is an astronomical event that happens when, by coincidence, the orbits of several of the planets of the Solar System bring them to roughly the same side of the Sun at the same time.
- This phenomenon is more an illusion of perspective rather than the planets being in a perfect line in space.
- It’s important to emphasise that the planets aren’t forming a straight line in space – that’s a much rarer astronomical event called a syzygy.
- However, because all the planets, including the Earth, orbit around the Sun in roughly the same orientation (moving in which we call the “Plane of the Ecliptic”), when they’re on the same side of the Sun as each other, they appear to form a line in the sky when we view them from Earth.”
- Planetary alignments are rather common within themselves, especially when two, three, or even four planets align in the sky.
- Five or more planets aligning, however, is less common.
- April 8, 2024, was the last time the planets were all in alignment.
Which planets will align?
- Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune will form a near-straight line, offering an extraordinary opportunity to witness this cosmic phenomenon.
Which planets will be visible?
- While six planets align, not all of them will be visible to the naked eye, due to their vast distance from Earth.
- Meanwhile, the Moon will also play a spoilsport as it distorts the visibility.
- Mercury and Jupiter will be tricky to see in the sky due to their proximity to the Sun in their orbit.
- However, Mars and Saturn will be visible to the naked eye, though very dim.
- Meanwhile, keen observers will need telescopes or high-powered binoculars to spot the distant planets Uranus and Neptune.
Economic Capital Framework (ECF)
- 23 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Central Board of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved a record surplus transfer of Rs 2.11 lakh crore to the Central government for the fiscal year 2023-24, determined based on the Economic Capital Framework (ECF).
What is the Economic Capital Framework (ECF)?
- The Economic Capital Framework (ECF) is an objective, rule-based, transparent methodology for determining the appropriate level of risk provisions (fund allocation to capital reserve) that is to be made under Section 47 of the Reserve Bank of India Act.
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) developed an Economic Capital Framework (ECF) for determining the allocation of funds to its capital reserves so that any risk contingency can be met as well as to transfer the profit of the RBI to the government.
- There are two clear objectives for the ECF.
- First, the RBI as a macroeconomic institution has the responsibility to fight any disorder especially a crisis in the financial system. Here, to meet such a crisis, the RBI should have adequate funds attached under the capital reserve.
- Second, is transferring the remaining part of the net income to the government.
- The process of adding funds to the capital reserve is a yearly one where the RBI allots money out of its net income to the capital reserve.
- How much funds shall be added to the capital reserve each year depends upon the risky situation in the financial system and the economy.
- The process of allocation of funds is technically called as provisioning (risk provisioning etc.,) to the reserves.
- After allotting money to the capital reserve, the remaining net income of the RBI is transferred to the government as profit.
- Since the government is the shareholder of the RBI, the latter’s income (means profit) should be transferred to the Government (Section 47 of the RBI Act).
- Previously, there were several attempts to frame an ECF for the RBI. However, under the changed circumstances, the RBI central board constituted a new committee (under Bimal Jalan) to design an ECF in 2018.
What is a Bimal Jalan Committee?
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in November 2018 had constituted a six-member committee, chaired by former governor Dr Bimal Jalan, to review the current economic capital framework (ECF), after the Ministry of Finance asked the central bank to follow global practices.
What did the Bimal Jalan Committee Recommend?
- According to the Committee, a better distinction between the two components of RBI's economic capital, realised equity and revaluation balances, was needed.
- The realised equity can be used as a buffer in meeting losses, whereas the revaluation balances will be used only during market risks as they are unrealised valuation gains and cannot be distributed.
- The Committee has recommended the adoption of Expected Shortfall (ES) under stressed conditions for measuring the RBI’s market risk and asked to adopt a target of ES 99.5 per cent confidence level.
- It also asked to maintain a Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) within 6.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent of RBI's balance sheet.
- The Jalan Committee recommended a surplus distribution policy that follows the realised equity maintained by the RBI.
- The panel also suggested that the RBI’s ECF should be reviewed every five years.
- In August 2019, the Central Board of the RBI, chaired by Governor Shaktikanta Das, finalised the RBI’s accounts for 2018-19 using the revised framework to determine risk provisioning and surplus transfer. According to the reports, the RBI had over Rs 9 trillion of surplus capital with it.
Personality Rights
- 23 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
Hollywood actress Scarlett Johansson has said she was “shocked” and “angered” to hear the voice of GPT-4o, OpenAI’s latest AI model, as it sounded “eerily similar” to her own voice.
What are Personality Rights?
- Personality rights or publicity rights are a subset of “celebrity rights” – a much broader term used to refer to certain rights enjoyed by celebrities.
- Besides personality rights, celebrities also have “privacy rights”, which include the right to be left alone.
- The name, voice, signature, images, or any other feature easily identified by the public are markers of a celebrity’s personality and are referred to as “personality rights.”
- These could include poses, mannerisms, or any other distinct aspect of their public persona.
- Several celebrities register aspects of their personalities as trademarks to use them commercially.
- For instance, footballer Gareth Bale trademarked the heart shape he makes with his hands as part of goal celebrations.
- The rationale behind such rights is that only the creator or owner of the unique features can gain commercial benefit from them.
- Therefore, unauthorised use could lead to revenue losses.
- In India, actors such as Rajnikanth, Anil Kapoor and Jackie Shroff have approached the courts over “personality rights” in India.
- Recently, the Delhi HC protected the personality and publicity rights of actor Jackie Shroff while restraining various e-commerce stores, AI chatbots, and social media from misusing Shroff’s name, image, voice, and likeness without his consent.
How are Personality Rights Protected in India?
- Although personality rights or their protection are not explicitly defined in Indian statutes, they usually fall under the right(s) to privacy and property.
- Concepts in intellectual property rights cases, such as passing off and deception, are usually applied in such cases while ascertaining if protection is warranted.
- Protection can be given through damages and injunctions.
International Criminal Court (ICC)
- 21 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
International Criminal Court (ICC) Chief Prosecutor recently announced that he has applied for arrest warrants against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defence Minister Yoav Gallant for crimes against humanity in the ongoing Gaza war.
What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)?
- The International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague (Netherlands) is a permanent global court established in 2002.
- The ICC was created as a result of the Rome Statute, a treaty established at a United Nations conference in Italy and signed in 1998 by 120 countries — giving the ICC its power.
- The ICC is independent of the United Nations (UN) but is endorsed by the UN General Assembly.
- It also maintains a cooperation agreement with the UN.
- It has the power to prosecute individuals and leaders for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
- Unlike the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which is an organ of the UN, the ICC does not prosecute states.
The Court does not have universal jurisdiction:
- Its jurisdiction only applies to crimes committed by nationals of States Parties or Non-States Parties that have recognized its jurisdiction through declaration and crimes committed in such States.
- The Court may also exercise its jurisdiction for crimes that have been referred to it by the United Nations Security Council, in accordance with a resolution adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations.
The Court’s jurisdiction is governed by the principle of complementarity:
- It does not relieve States of their primary responsibility and only intervenes when the States have been unable or did not wish, to try crimes under their jurisdiction.
- The Court is not a United Nations body. However, it is part of the international system to fight against impunity and prevent and handle crises.
How is the ICC governed?
- The Rome Statute created three bodies:
- The International Criminal Court
- The Assembly of States Parties
- The Trust Fund for Victims
- The Assembly of States Parties (ASP) is made up of representatives of States Parties.
- It provides general guidelines while respecting the independence of the Court and makes decisions relating to how it operates (in particular by electing judges and the Prosecutor and by approving the ICC’s budget).
- The Trust Fund for Victims was created by the ASP to grant individual reparations to victims by executing reparations orders handed down by the Court.
- It also contributes to their rehabilitation through psychological and physical recovery and material support.
- The Fund has financed projects in Uganda, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The International Criminal Court is made up of four bodies:
- The Presidency (made up of three judges) is responsible for external relations with States, organizes the Divisions’ judicial work and supervises the administrative work of the Registry;
- The Judicial Divisions – the Pre-Trial Division, the Trial Division and the Appeals Division – carry out judicial proceedings;
- The Office of the Prosecutor carries out preliminary analyses, investigations and prosecutions;
- The Registry carries out non-judicial activities related to safety, interpretation, information and outreach or support to lawyers for the defence and victims.
The recruitment process for judges at the ICC:
- Every three years, the ASP elects six new judges, a third of the 18 ICC judges, for a term of nine years.
- The candidates for the position of judge at the ICC are presented by the States Parties.
- The election of judges is governed by a unique procedure that aims to ensure, insofar as possible, that there is a balanced bench with regard to legal expertise, geographical representation and gender.
How does the International Criminal Court differ from the International Court of Justice?
International Criminal Court:
1. Part of the United Nations (UN)?
Ans. No, The International Criminal Court is independent but co-operates closely with the UN.
2. What is its aim?
Ans. To try individuals who are suspected of the crime of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity or the crime of aggression.
3. Where is it located?
Ans. The Hague
International Court of Justice:
1. Part of the United Nations (UN)?
Ans. No, The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
2. What is its aim?
Ans. To settle legal disputes between states,and to advise the UN on legal questions.
3. Where is it located?
Ans. The Hague
Nucleosynthesis
- 20 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
Stellar nucleosynthesis is the process by which stars forge elements inside their cores.
What is Nucleosynthesis?
- Nucleosynthesis is the process by which atomic nuclei undergo nuclear reactions and decay to form new nuclei.
- It is responsible for the production of new elements in the universe.
- Nucleosynthesis occurs in various environments, such as during the Big Bang, in the cores of stars through nuclear fusion, and in black hole accretion disks through nuclear burning.
- The process is temperature-dependent, and the rates of nuclear reactions are influenced by the temperature of the environment.
- The Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) model is a fundamental theory that explains the evolution of the early universe and predicts the abundance of light elements.
- Nucleosynthesis plays a crucial role in understanding the composition of the universe and can provide insights into physics beyond the standard model.
Types of nucleosynthesis:
- Nucleosynthesis occurs in several different environments and phases of the universe's evolution, including:
- Stellar Nucleosynthesis: This occurs within stars and is responsible for producing most of the chemical elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.
- As stars age and undergo various stages of nuclear fusion, they synthesize elements up to iron in their cores, and heavier elements during supernova explosions at the end of their life cycles.
- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: This took place during the early moments of the universe's existence, shortly after the Big Bang.
- t primarily produced the lightest elements, hydrogen, and helium, along with trace amounts of lithium, beryllium, and boron.
- Cosmic Ray Spallation: High-energy cosmic rays interacting with interstellar matter can cause fragmentation of atomic nuclei, resulting in the production of lighter elements and isotopes.
Project Astra
- 20 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, during the company's annual developer conference, Google unveiled an early version of Project Astra.
What is Project Astra?
- Project Astra is an experimental “multimodal” AI assistant developed by Google DeepMind.
- It's designed to be a versatile tool that can understand and respond to information from the real world through various means, like text, voice, images, and even videos.
- This makes it different from current AI assistants that mostly rely on internet searches and user input.
- Building on Google’s Gemini language model, Astra has multimodal capabilities to perceive visuals, sounds, and other real-world inputs.
- The aim is to create a universal AI helper that seamlessly assists us in daily life by comprehending the actual environment through sight and sound, not just text.
- Astra represents Google’s vision for next-gen AI assistants.
Key Features of Google's Project Astra:
- Visual Understanding: Astra can interpret and analyze visual input from its camera feed.
- It identifies objects, reads text, and describes scenes and environments in detail, allowing users to show Astra something and ask questions about it.
- Voice Interaction: Astra supports natural conversation without the need to repeatedly use wake words.
- It comprehends context and facilitates back-and-forth dialogue, even allowing users to interrupt its responses.
- Remembering Context: Astra retains memory of previous conversation parts, objects it has seen, and information provided by the user.
- This contextual awareness enhances the fluidity of interactions.
- Multimodal Integration: Astra integrates visual and auditory inputs to form a comprehensive understanding of the current situation, correlating what it sees and hears to fully grasp the context.
- Real-Time Assistance: Astra delivers real-time assistance by rapidly processing sensor data and queries, ensuring a responsive and interactive user experience.
What are Multimodal AI Models?
- Multimodal AI models are advanced artificial intelligence systems that process and integrate multiple types of data inputs, such as text, images, audio, and video, to develop a comprehensive understanding of context.
- By combining these different modalities, these models enhance their ability to interpret complex scenarios more accurately than unimodal systems.
- For instance, in autonomous vehicles, multimodal AI uses data from cameras, lidar, radar, and GPS for better navigation.
- In healthcare, these models integrate medical images with patient history for improved diagnostics.
- Applications also include virtual assistants, which understand and respond to spoken commands while recognizing objects in images, and educational tools that combine text, video, and interactive content for richer learning experiences.
- Multimodal AI models are often implemented using deep learning techniques, which allow the model to learn complex representations of the different data modalities and their interactions.
- As a result, these models can capture the rich, diverse information present in real-world scenarios, where data often comes in multiple forms.
Plunging Region of a Black Hole
- 18 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
For the first time, astronomers have observed the area right at the edge of a black hole where matter stops orbiting and plunges straight in at near-light speed.
What is the Plunging Region of a Black Hole?
- The plunging region of a black hole is an area where matter ceases to orbit the celestial object and instead falls directly into its incalculable depths.
- This phenomenon was initially predicted by Albert Einstein's groundbreaking theory of general relativity, which continues to shape our understanding of the cosmos.
- As matter approaches a black hole, it is torn apart and forms a rotating ring known as an accretion disc.
- According to general relativity, there exists an inner boundary within this disc, beyond which nothing can maintain its orbit around the black hole.
- Instead, the material is drawn towards the black hole at nearly the speed of light, marking the beginning of the plunging region.
- This region, situated just outside the event horizon, represents the point of no return for matter falling into a black hole.
- Despite the challenges posed by studying these enigmatic structures, researchers believe that investigating plunging regions could unveil new insights into the formation and evolution of black holes.
- Additionally, these studies may offer valuable information about the fundamental properties of space-time, potentially transforming our understanding of the universe and its most mysterious inhabitants.
What is a Black Hole?
- A black hole is a celestial phenomenon that arises from the remnants of a massive star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel and undergone gravitational collapse.
- It is characterized by an unfathomably dense core, known as a singularity, which is enveloped by a boundary called the event horizon.
- The event horizon serves as a point of no return; any matter or light that crosses this boundary is irrevocably drawn towards the singularity, making it impossible to escape the immense gravitational pull.
Black holes are classified into three categories based on their size and formation process:
- Stellar-mass black holes: These form when a massive star collapses at the end of its life cycle. They typically have masses ranging from approximately five to several dozen times that of our Sun.
- Supermassive black holes: Found at the centre of most galaxies, including our own Milky Way, these colossal structures boast masses that can reach billions of times the mass of the Sun.
- Intermediate-mass black holes: With masses between those of stellar mass and supermassive black holes, these entities are thought to form through the merger of smaller black holes or the collapse of dense clusters of stars.
- Due to their extreme nature, black holes have been the subject of extensive research and fascination in the scientific community.
- The study of these enigmatic structures continues to yield invaluable insights into the fundamental principles governing our universe.
Mitogenome
- 18 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
New research has found South African leopards originated from two unique clades in southern and central Africa approximately 0.8 million years ago.
What is a Mitogenome?
- DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and also in the mitochondrial genome, or mitogenome.
- Mitogenomes are DNA molecules that float around outside the nucleus of a cell.
- They store their own set of genetic information and are maternally inherited, which means they are only passed on from mother to offspring.
- Mitogenomes are a “genomic by-catch” when sequencing the whole genome.
- They are so abundant in cells that it is very easy to extract them.
- Studying mitogenomes is a reliable way to track the ancestry of a species.
- This is because genes mutate (change) at a regular rate over time.
- The changes in the mitogenome provide a picture of any species' evolution over hundreds of thousands of years.
What is DNA?
- DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid is the genetic material that codes the information for all the different processes that make an organism living like growth, replication, metabolism, etc.
- DNA is present in each cell (except for some viral species, RBCs, sieve cells, etc.) and is passed down from parents to their offspring. DNA is comprised of units called nucleotides.
- DNA is self-replicating, a long stretch of nucleotides.
- DNA is a form of nucleic acid and is one of the four major macromolecules that make up the living system.
- In eukaryotic cells, it is found in the nucleus of the cell whereas in prokaryotes it is found free-floating in the cell cytoplasm.
- Other than the nucleus DNA is also found in mitochondria, chloroplast, and in smaller forms called plasmid in certain bacterial species.
Baobab Tree
- 17 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
A new study has uncovered the origins of baobabs, the tall and uniquely shaped deciduous trees that are famously spotted on the island of Madagascar.
What are Baobab Trees?
- Baobabs are known for their great heights, with some extending up to 50 metres, and exceptionally long lifespans going up to 2,000 years.
- In India too, a few baobab trees exist, including one near the Golconda Fort in Andhra Pradesh that is believed to be more than 400 years old.
- The trees have trunks with large circumferences and thin, spindly branches.
- In local cultures, the trees are also revered because of the multiple uses their parts have, with the fruits and seeds being edible, the seed oil used for cooking and the bark fibre for clothing.
- They are also called “upside down” trees because of their tops resembling an uprooted plant turned upside down.
Essential for the ecosystem:
- Baobab trees are fundamental to the entire dry African savanna ecosystem.
- They help keep soil conditions humid, aid nutrient recycling, and slow soil erosion with their massive root systems.
- As a succulent, the tree absorbs and stores water from the rainy season in its massive trunk, producing a nutrient-dense fruit in the dry season, which can grow up to a foot long.
- The fruit contains tartaric acid and Vitamin C, serving as a vital nutrient and food source for many species.
- They are also an essential source of water and shelter for hundreds of animals, including birds, lizards, monkeys, and even elephants – which can eat their bark for moisture when there is no water nearby.
In human culture:
- For humans, the baobab’s fruit pulp can be eaten, soaked in water to make a refreshing drink, preserved into a jam, or roasted and ground to make a coffee-like substance.
- The bark can be pounded to make everything from rope, mats, and baskets to paper and cloth.
- Leaves are also used, they can be boiled and eaten, or glue can be made from their flower’s pollen.
What Did the Study Find?
- The study highlighted the threats facing baobab trees and examined their genetic makeup.
- It reported that three Madagascar species of baobab trees are threatened with extinction, according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- The study identified various threats, including residential and commercial development and livestock farming, which require land clearing.
- However, even species not currently endangered show declining populations, suggesting that more rigorous conservation strategies are needed to ensure their long-term survival.
- This necessitates a detailed understanding of the baobabs' genetics.
- Genomic sequencing revealed a consensus on the monophyly of the Malagasy lineage from Madagascar.
- According to DNA studies, baobab trees first arose in Madagascar 21 million years ago, with their seeds later carried by ocean currents to Australia and mainland Africa, where they evolved into distinct species.
- The study also warned that climate change poses severe threats to Adansonia suarezensis from Madagascar, predicting its possible extinction by 2080.
- Due to their unique ecological roles and low genetic diversity, these species are likely to have reduced resilience to environmental changes and habitat fragmentation.
Leopard Cat
- 17 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), a small wild cat native to South, Southeast and East Asia, was recently spotted in Maharashtra’s Pench, in what is being billed as Central India’s first sighting of the species.
About Leopard Cat:
- The Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is a small wild cat native to continental South, Southeast, and East Asia.
- With its distinctive leopard-like colouring, this small wildcat is known for its remarkable adaptability and extensive distribution across Asia.
Habitat and Distribution:
- Leopard cats can be found in a variety of environments, ranging from the Amur region in Russia to the Korean Peninsula, China, Indochina, the Indian Subcontinent, northern Pakistan, and as far south as the Philippines and the Sunda Islands of Indonesia.
- Although they can inhabit agriculturally used areas, leopard cats prefer forested habitats, including tropical evergreen rainforests, subtropical deciduous and coniferous forests, and plantations at various altitudes.
Physical Characteristics:
- Size and appearance vary considerably across their range, with a length of 45 to 75 cm (18 to 30 inches), excluding their 23-35 cm (9-13.8 inches) tail.
- Their colouration ranges from pale tawny to yellow, red, or grey, with white underparts and distinctive spots.
- Most leopard cats have four black stripes running from their forehead to the nape, breaking into short bands and elongated spots on their shoulders.
Behaviour and Diet:
- As solitary and nocturnal carnivores, leopard cats primarily feed on rodents, tree shrews, and hares, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems.
Conservation Status:
- Listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List, leopard cats face threats from habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict. Continued monitoring and conservation efforts are essential to protect this species and its vital role in Asia's diverse ecosystems.
Facts about Pench Tiger Reserve:
- Location: Situated in the southern reaches of the Satpura hills, the Pench Tiger Reserve spans Seoni and Chhindwara districts in Madhya Pradesh and extends into Nagpur district in Maharashtra as a separate Sanctuary.
- It derives its name from the Pench River, which flows from north to south through the Reserve.
- The reserve encompasses the Indira Priyadarshini Pench National Park, the Pench Mowgli Sanctuary, and a buffer zone.
- The area served as the inspiration for Rudyard Kipling's renowned work, "The Jungle Book."
- Vegetation: The undulating topography supports a diverse range of vegetation, from moist, sheltered valleys to open, dry deciduous forests.
- Flora: Pench Tiger Reserve boasts a rich variety of flora, including teak, saag, mahua, and various grasses and shrubs.
- Fauna: Renowned for its wildlife diversity, the reserve is home to large herds of Chital, Sambar, Nilgai, Gaur (Indian Bison), and wild boar.
- Key predators include the tiger, leopard, wild dogs, and wolf. Additionally, the reserve supports over 325 species of resident and migratory birds, including the Malabar Pied Hornbill, Indian Pitta, Osprey, Grey Headed Fishing Eagle, and White Eyed Buzzard.
Synchrotron
- 17 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
China's latest scientific achievement, the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS), is poised to become Asia's first fourth-generation synchrotron light source which is scheduled to commence operations by the end of this year.
What is a Synchrotron?
- A synchrotron is a type of circular particle accelerator where particles travel in a loop.
- It functions by accelerating charged particles, typically electrons, through sequences of magnets until they approach the speed of light.
How Does It Work?
- Acceleration: Charged particles are accelerated through magnets.
- Production of Light: These high-speed electrons generate extremely bright light, known as synchrotron light.
- This light, predominantly in the X-ray region, is millions of times brighter than conventional sources and 10 billion times brighter than the sun.
- Beamlines and Workstations: The intense light is directed down beamlines to experimental workstations for research purposes.
Applications:
- Research: Scientists use synchrotron light to study tiny matter such as atoms and molecules.
- By examining how a sample scatters, diffracts, absorbs, or reemits the synchrotron light, they can uncover details about its structure and chemical composition.
Global Presence:
- There are approximately 70 synchrotrons worldwide in various stages of development.
- They have varying technical specifications and uses, ranging from practical applications to fundamental theoretical research.
In India:
- India has a synchrotron facility known as the "Indus Synchrotron."
- It is located at the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
- The Indus Synchrotron is a third-generation synchrotron radiation source that is used for various research applications in fields such as materials science, biology, and environmental science.
What is the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS)?
- HEPS (High Energy Photon Source) is recognized as the brightest synchrotron X-ray source in Asia.
- Location: The HEPS facility is situated in Huairou, China, approximately 50 kilometres from Beijing.
- Acceleration Capabilities: HEPS is designed to accelerate electrons up to energies of 6 gigaelectron volts within its 36-kilometer circumference storage ring, producing high-energy X-rays for research purposes.
- Nanoscale Investigations: The high-energy X-rays generated by HEPS can penetrate deep into samples, allowing researchers to study intricate details at the nanometer scale.
- Diverse Research Applications: HEPS will cater to various research fields, including energy, condensed matter physics, materials innovation, and biomedicine, by providing access to 14 specialized beamlines.
- Superiority to Existing Synchrotrons: Compared to China's current most advanced synchrotron, the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (with a circumference of 432 meters), HEPS will offer a time resolution 10,000 times better.
PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) Mission
- 17 May 2024
Why is it in the News?
NASA is set to launch the two small satellites of the PREFIRE mission from New Zealand on May 22 aimed at filling in critical gaps in data from Earth's polar regions.
What is the PREFIRE Mission?
- PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) is a NASA mission that involves sending two tiny twin spacecraft, known as CubeSats, to the Earth's polar regions to gather data on the heat energy radiated out to space and its impact on our climate.
- PREFIRE consists of two, 6U CubeSats with a baseline mission length of 10 months.
- These shoebox-sized satellites will orbit at altitudes between 292 and 403 miles, crossing paths in the atmosphere.
Objectives:
- The mission will help close a gap in understanding how much of Earth’s heat is lost to space, especially from the Arctic and Antarctica.
- Analysis of PREFIRE’s measurements will inform climate and ice models, providing better projections of how a warming world will affect sea ice loss, ice sheet melt, and sea level rise.
- Improving climate models can ultimately help to provide more accurate projections on the impacts of storm severity and frequency, as well as coastal erosion and flooding.
- By studying the far-infrared radiation emitted from these regions, PREFIRE will help improve the accuracy of climate models, enhancing our understanding of phenomena such as Arctic warming, sea ice loss, and ice-sheet melting.
The mission will help in:
- Uncover the reasons behind the Arctic warming more than 2½ times faster than the global average since the 1970s.
- Provide scientists with a clearer understanding of how efficiently far-infrared heat is emitted by materials such as snow and sea ice, and how clouds affect the amount of far-infrared radiation that escapes to space.
- Enhance predictions about future changes in the heat exchange between Earth and space, and how these changes will impact phenomena like ice sheet melting, atmospheric temperatures, and global weather patterns.
How will the Satellites Work?
- The mission with cube satellites about the size of a shoebox will be launched aboard an Electron launch vehicle.
- It is equipped with technology proven on Mars and will measure a “little-studied portion” of the radiant energy emitted by Earth.
- Two satellites carrying a thermal infrared spectrometer will be in asynchronous near-polar orbits and will be passing over a given spot on Earth at different times. To maximize coverage, they will be overlapping every few hours near the poles.
- The instruments weighing less than 6 pounds (3 kilograms) each will make readings using a device called a thermocouple, similar to the sensors found in many household thermostats.
Why is it Important to Study the Polar Regions?
- According to NASA, Earth's climate balance hinges on the equilibrium between the heat energy the planet receives from the Sun and the amount it radiates back into space.
- The difference between incoming and outgoing energy determines Earth's temperature and climate.
- The polar regions are crucial in this balance.
- Changes in the polar regions can significantly impact global weather patterns.
- Extreme storms, flooding, coastal erosion – all of these phenomena are influenced by what’s happening in the Arctic and Antarctic.
- This underscores the importance of understanding polar dynamics to predict and mitigate global climate effects.
Invasive Alien Species
- 11 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
In a bid to manage the teeming population of chital (spotted deer) in Ross Island (officially known as the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands administration recently sought help from the Wildlife Institute of India.
What are Invasive Alien Species (IAS)?
- According to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Invasive alien species are plants, animals, pathogens, and other organisms that are non-native to an ecosystem, and which may cause economic or environmental harm or adversely affect human health.
- In particular, they impact adversely upon biodiversity, including the decline or elimination of native species - through competition, predation, or transmission of pathogens - and the disruption of local ecosystems and ecosystem functions.
- Invasive alien species, introduced and/or spread outside their natural habitats, have affected native biodiversity in almost every ecosystem type on Earth and are one of the greatest threats to biodiversity.
- Since the 17th century, invasive alien species have contributed to nearly 40% of all animal extinctions for which the cause is known (CBD, 2006).
- The problem continues to grow at great socio-economic, health, and ecological costs around the world.
- Invasive alien species exacerbate poverty and threaten development through their impact on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and natural systems, which are an important basis of people’s livelihoods in developing countries.
- This damage is aggravated by climate change, pollution, habitat loss, and human-induced disturbance.
What are Some Examples of Invasive Wildlife in India?
- The list of invasive wildlife in India is dominated by certain species of fish such as the African catfish, Nile tilapia, red-bellied piranha, and alligator gar, and turtle species such as the red-eared slider.
- The red-eared slider, for instance, is a favorite among India’s exotic pet owners, and many have been abandoned in local water bodies.
- This turtle, native to North America, notoriously edges out local freshwater species, owing to its fast rates of reproduction, and the following competition for food.
- With regards to species of fish, many were introduced in India to feed the demand for those maintaining aquariums.
- For instance, the African catfish was brought over from Bangladesh specifically for aquaculture purposes. “
- The occurrence of C gariepinus (the species’ scientific name) has been reported from several inland systems of India including the mighty rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Sutlej, Godavari, Periyar River, and the lakes like Vembanad Lake.
How do IAS Impact Native Flora and Fauna?
- The invasive species act as disruptors in the food chain and disturb the balance of the ecosystem.
- In habitats where there is no competition, invasive species can dominate the entire ecosystem
- For instance, “in Keoladeo Park, Bharatpur in Rajasthan, which is a UNESCO World Heritage site, the African catfish have been known to prey on waterfowls and migratory birds as well.
- Studies have shown that the proliferation of chital in the Andamans has affected the regeneration of native vegetation, as the deer are known to consume seeds and seedlings.
QS World University Rankings
- 11 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Sixty-nine Indian universities made it to the rankings with 424 entries in the 2024 QS World University Rankings by Subject. This marks a 19.4 percent rise from the previous year’s 355 entries.
About QS World University Rankings:
- The QS World University Rankings, curated annually by Quacquarelli Symonds, are a comprehensive assessment of the world's top 1,000 universities.
- In the latest 2024 edition, universities were meticulously evaluated across 55 specific subjects and five broader subject areas, offering a nuanced perspective on academic excellence.
Key Highlights from the 2024 Rankings:
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) maintains its prestigious position as the top-ranked university globally for the 12th consecutive year, a testament to its enduring academic prowess.
- The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) shines as the leading Indian institution, securing the 149th spot on the global stage.
- Noteworthy Progress: India demonstrates remarkable advancement with a total of 69 universities making their mark in the QS rankings, showcasing a notable 19.4% increase from the previous year.
- India stands as the second most represented country in Asia, highlighting its growing significance in the global academic landscape.
- Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) emerges as a standout, clinching the 20th position globally in development studies, reaffirming its commitment to excellence in specialized fields.
- India's Rise in Research: The nation exhibits a commendable 20% improvement in the Citations per Paper indicator, underscoring its burgeoning research capabilities.
- With a staggering 1.3 million academic papers produced, India emerges as the world's fourth-largest contributor to research, trailing only behind academic powerhouses like China, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
- Challenges Ahead: Despite significant strides, India grapples with the challenge of securing citations in premier global journals, with only 15% of its research receiving recognition in these esteemed publications between 2017 and 2021.
- Overall, India's journey in the QS World University Rankings reflects a narrative of progress, innovation, and resilience, while also highlighting areas for continued growth and enhancement in the global academic arena.
African Baobab Tree
- 11 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
In a groundbreaking conservation endeavor, the Global Society for the Preservation of Baobabs and Mangroves (GSPBM) has initiated a mission to rejuvenate the iconic Baobab trees.
About the African Baobab Tree:
- African baobab trees, scientifically known as Adansonia Digitata, are some of the oldest living organisms in the world.
- Baobab trees originated millions of years ago in West Africa and spread over time to other parts of the world, creating new species.
- There are 9 baobab species, of which 6 have originated in Madagascar, 2 in Australia, and 1 in Africa.
- These trees range in height from 5 to 20 meters and are typically found in deciduous forests composed primarily of broad-leaved trees that shed their leaves during one season.
- It is one of nine species of baobab, is native to mainland Africa, and also thrives in the African savanna ecosystem.
- The savanna features warm temperatures year-round and experiences its highest seasonal rainfall in the summer.
- It is characterized by grasses and dispersed trees, allowing ample sunlight to reach the ground.
- Age Record: Carbon-14 dating has revealed that an African baobab specimen in Namibia is approximately 1,275 years old, making it the oldest known angiosperm tree.
- Tree of Life: African baobabs, being succulents, absorb and store water in their expansive trunks during the rainy season.
- This unique adaptation enables them to produce nutrient-dense fruit during the dry season, even in arid environments.
- Utilization: Baobab trees, with lifespans exceeding a thousand years, offer a multitude of benefits including food, fodder for livestock, medicinal compounds, and raw materials for various purposes.
- Threats: Since 2005, nine of the thirteen oldest African baobab specimens and five of the six largest trees have either perished or experienced significant decline, possibly due to the impacts of climate change.
What are Angiosperms?
- Angiosperms, a taxonomic class of plants, are characterized by seeds enclosed within an ovule, such as those found in apples.
- This group is commonly known as hardwoods.
- Angiosperms typically comprise trees with broad leaves that undergo color changes and shed annually during autumn.
- Examples of deciduous angiosperms include oaks, maples, and dogwoods. However, certain angiosperms, such as rhododendrons, live oaks, and sweet bay magnolias, retain their leaves.
Gymnosperms:
- Gymnosperms, another taxonomic class, encompass plants with seeds not enclosed in an ovule, as seen in pine cones.
- The term "gymnosperm" translates to "naked seed," and this group is often referred to as softwoods.
- Gymnosperms commonly feature needle-like leaves that remain green throughout the year. Examples include pines, cedars, spruces, and firs.
- While many gymnosperms maintain their foliage year-round, some, like ginkgos, dawn redwoods, and bald cypresses, do shed their leaves.
Higgs Boson
- 10 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Peter Higgs, the eminent theoretical physicist who first proposed the idea of what we now know as the “Higgs Boson,” died at the age of 94 on April 8.
What is the Higgs Boson?
- Particles make up everything in the universe but they did not have any mass when the universe began.
- They all sped around at the speed of light, according to the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN).
- CERN, the European Council for Nuclear Research, is where the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is located, and it's where the discovery of the Higgs Boson was made in 2012 through experiments conducted at the LHC.
- Everything we see like planets, stars, and life, emerged after particles gained their mass from a fundamental field associated with the particle known as the Higgs boson.
- The particle has a mass of 125 billion electron volts making it 130 times bigger than a proton?, according to CERN.
- Interestingly, the subatomic particles known as bosons are named after Indian Physicist Satyendra Nath Bose.
How does the Higgs Boson Work?
- The Higgs boson is a fundamental component of a theory formulated by Higgs and colleagues in the 1960s to elucidate how particles acquire mass.
- According to this theory, a pervasive Higgs energy field permeates the universe.
- As particles traverse this field, they interact with and draw in Higgs bosons, which congregate around the particles in varying quantities.
- Likewise, envision the universe akin to a party: less prominent guests can swiftly traverse the room without notice, while more popular guests attract clusters of people (the Higgs bosons), thus decelerating their movement through the room.
- Similarly, particles navigating the Higgs field experience a comparable phenomenon.
- Certain particles attract larger assemblies of Higgs bosons, and the more Higgs bosons a particle draws in, the greater its mass becomes.
Why is the Higgs Boson Called the “God Particle?”
- The Higgs boson is popularly known as the "God Particle".
- The name originated from Nobel Prize-winning physicist Leon Lederman's book on the particle which he titled the "Goddamn Particle", owing to frustration over how difficult it was to detect.
- However, his publishers changed the name to "The God Particle", which often draws ire from religious communities.
Who was Peter Higgs?
- Born in UK's Newcastle upon Tyne in 1929, Mr Higgs studied at King's College in London and has taught at the University of Edinburgh since the 1950s.
- Described as a modest man who published only a few scientific papers, he disliked his sudden fame calling it "a bit of a nuisance", even cringing when the term "Higgs boson" was used.
- Even as a lifelong atheist, he disliked the name "God particle".
- In 2013, Higgs and Francois Englert won the Physics Nobel Prize for their work on the particle which was thought to be a key to explaining the universe.
CDP-SURAKSHA
- 10 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
The government has come up with a new platform to disburse subsidies to horticulture farmers under the Cluster Development Programme (CDP) — the Centre’s initiative to promote horticulture crops.
What is the CDP-SURAKSHA?
- The CDP-SURAKSHA is essentially a digital platform.
- SURAKSHA stands for “System for Unified Resource Allocation, Knowledge, and Secure Horticulture Assistance.”
- The platform will allow an instant disbursal of subsidies to farmers in their bank accounts by utilizing the e-RUPI voucher from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
- The CDP-SURAKSHA has features such as database integration with PM-KISAN, cloud-based server space from NIC, UIDAI validation, eRUPI integration, local government directory (LGD), content management system, geotagging, and geo-fencing.
How does the CDP-SURAKSHA work?
- The platform allows access to farmers, vendors, implementing agencies (IA), cluster development agencies (CDAs), and officials of the National Horticulture Board (NHB).
- A farmer can log in using their mobile number and place an order for planting materials such as seeds, seedlings, and plants based on their requirement.
- Once the demand has been raised by the farmer, the system will ask them to contribute their share of the cost of planting material.
- The subsidy amount paid by the government will appear on the screen automatically.
- After the farmer pays their contribution, an e-RUPI voucher will be generated.
- This voucher will then be received by a vendor, who will provide the required planting material to the farmer.
- Once the ordered planting material is delivered to the farmer, they have to verify the delivery through geo-tagged photos and videos of their field.
- It is only after the verification that the IA will release the money to the vendor for the e-RUPI voucher.
- The vendor will be required to upload an invoice for the payment on the portal.
- The IA will collect all the documents and share them with the CDA for subsidy release, then only the subsidy will be released to the IA.
- However, the farmer, who raised the demand for the plant material using the platform, can avail of the subsidy at the first stage only.
What is e-RUPI?
- The CDP-SURAKSHA platform uses e-RUPI vouchers from the NPCI.
- The voucher is a one-time payment mechanism that can be redeemed without a card, digital payments app, or internet banking access, at the merchants accepting e-RUPI.
- According to the NPCI, the e-RUPI can be shared with the beneficiaries for a specific purpose or activity by organizations or government via SMS or QR code.
What is the Cluster Development Program (CDP)?
- The CDP is a component of the central sector scheme of NHB.
- It is aimed at leveraging “the geographical specialization of horticulture clusters and promoting integrated and market-led development of pre-production, production, post-harvest, logistics, branding, and marketing activities.”
- So far, 55 horticulture clusters have been identified, out of which 12 have been selected for the pilot.
- These clusters are in different stages of development.
- Four more clusters:
- A floriculture cluster in West Bengal
- Coconut clusters in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, and
- White onion clusters in Gujarat
- Each cluster will have an implementing agency and a cluster development agency (CDA).
- According to the government, about 9 lakh hectares of area will be covered through all 55 clusters, covering 10 lakh farmers.
- It is estimated that the initiative will attract private investment of Rs 8,250 crore, in addition to the government’s assistance, which is fixed according to the size of the cluster, up to Rs 25 crore for mini cluster (size up to 5,000 ha), up to Rs 50 crore for medium clusters (5,000 to 15,000), and up to Rs 100 crore for mega clusters (more than 15,000 ha).
C-Dome Defense System
- 10 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Israel for the first time used a seaborne missile defense system to shoot down a drone approaching from the Red Sea that had set off sirens in the port city of Eilat.
What is the C-Dome Defense System?
- The C-Dome is a naval version of Israel's Iron Dome air defense system, designed to protect against rocket and missile attacks.
- Drawing from Iron Dome's technology, C-Dome shares its 90% effectiveness rate and utilizes radars to detect and destroy short-range rockets with its missiles.
Operational Deployment and Integration:
- First unveiled in 2014 and declared operational in 2022, the C-Dome is mounted on Sa'ar 6-class corvettes and German-made warships.
- It employs the same interceptor as the Iron Dome but differs in its integration with the ship's radar for target detection, ensuring full-circular vessel protection.
Combatting Modern Threats:
- C-Dome's primary objective is to counter a wide range of modern maritime and coastal threats with high kill probability.
- Its successful deployment and performance underscore its pivotal role in safeguarding Israel's naval interests and assets against evolving security challenges.
About Iron Dome:
- Developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries, the Iron Dome is a cutting-edge air missile defense system that offers protection against short-range rockets by intercepting them above Israeli territory.
- With its multi-rocket handling capacity, Iron Dome became operational in 2011 and features:
- All-weather capabilities for day and night functionality
- Launching versatility with various interceptor missiles
- A range of approximately 40 miles
- Portable design for deployment on ships or land
- Adaptive defense through reloadable interceptors
Iron Dome consists of three key elements:
-
- Radar system for detecting incoming rockets
- Command-and-control mechanism to evaluate threat levels
- Interceptors are designed to neutralize incoming rockets before impact
- These components work in tandem to provide Israel with a robust and reliable defense against aerial threats.
India Imposed Import Restrictions on Solar PV Cells
- 10 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recent government orders on attempts to increase local sourcing of solar modules to support India’s renewables manufacturing ecosystem have been widely reported in the media as ‘import restrictions’.
What is the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) List?
- The Approved List of Models and Manufacturers of Solar Photovoltaic Modules (ALMM) comprises government-approved manufacturers eligible for use in government projects, government-assisted projects, and schemes.
- ALMM aims to boost the domestic solar industry and reduce dependence on imports, particularly from China.
ALMM's Suspension and Reinstatement:
- The ALMM was kept in abeyance for two years to address concerns raised by renewable energy producers with pre-existing government contracts.
- During this period, India's domestic solar industry struggled to compete with cheap Chinese imports.
- To support local manufacturers, the government launched initiatives like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme under the Atmanirbhar Bharat ('Self-Reliant India') Programme.
- With the PLI scheme enhancing the competitiveness of Indian manufacturers, the ALMM was reinstated in March 2024.
- The government believes that domestic companies can now meet India's solar equipment demand, making the ALMM an essential tool for promoting import substitution and self-reliance in the renewable energy sector.
Solar PV Imports:
- India heavily relies on solar cell and module imports, with China and Vietnam being the primary suppliers.
- Government data reveals that India imported approximately $11.17 billion worth of solar cells and modules over the past five years.
- As of 2023-24, China accounted for 53% of solar cell imports and 63% of solar PV modules.
China's Competitive Edge:
- Several factors contribute to China's dominance in solar PV exports:
- Cost-effective manufacturing due to lower power costs
- Government policies prioritizing the solar PV sector
- Economies of scale and continuous innovation driven by growing domestic demand
- These advantages have made China the most cost-competitive location for producing solar PV components, making it challenging for other countries to match their production capabilities.
What is the Scope of Solar Energy in India?
- India's solar sector holds immense potential, driven by the government's target of achieving 500 GW of installed non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.
- Moreover, the country's rapid growth in electricity demand, fueled by economic activities and climate adaptation measures, positions solar power as a critical resource.
- Solar energy accounted for one-third of renewable energy generation from April 2023 to February 2024, showcasing its significance in India's energy mix.
- Despite an estimated solar power potential of 748.99 GW, the country has yet to fully exploit this resource.
- To harness this potential, the government is implementing various schemes and programs, paving the way for a sustainable and prosperous solar future.
Coordinated Lunar Time (LTC)
- 10 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, the US White House has officially instructed NASA to create a lunar time standard for international and private sector coordination on the Moon.
What is Coordinated Lunar Time (LTC)?
- Coordinated Lunar Time (LTC) is a lunar-based time system being developed by NASA in collaboration with other government agencies to establish a standardized time zone for the Moon.
- LTC aims to provide a precise timekeeping benchmark for lunar spacecraft and satellites, synchronizing communication between astronauts, bases, and Earth.
Importance of LTC:
- As lunar exploration and commerce expand, a unified time standard becomes essential for managing operations, ensuring transaction reliability, and coordinating logistics.
- Furthermore, LTC addresses the discrepancy in timekeeping between Earth and the Moon due to differences in gravity, as time ticks faster on the Moon, causing Earth-based clocks to lose an average of 58.7 microseconds per day.
- Establishing LTC will prevent potential problems in spacecraft docking, data transfer, communication, and navigation.
How Will a Lunar Time Standard Be Established?
- Like on Earth, atomic clocks can be deployed on the lunar surface to set a time standard.
- These clocks have to be placed on the Moon at different locations since the Moon’s rotation and even local lumps of mass, called mascons, beneath the crust of the Moon affect the flow of time ever so slightly.
- Mascons or mass concentrations are so dense that they alter the Moon’s local gravity field.
- These effects are minor but the output from these clocks can be synthesized to give the Moon its own independent time, which can be tied back to UTC for seamless operations from Earth as well.
How Does Earth’s Time Standard Work?
- Most of the clocks and time zones of the world are based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), set by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris, France.
- UTC is essentially an internationally agreed-upon standard for world time.
- It is tracked by a weighted average of more than 400 atomic clocks placed in different parts of the globe.
- Atomic clocks measure time in terms of the resonant frequencies — the natural frequency of an object where it tends to vibrate at a higher amplitude — of atoms such as cesium-133.
- In atomic time, a second is defined as the period in which a cesium atom vibrates 9,192,631,770 times.
- As the vibration rates at which atoms absorb energy are highly stable and ultra-accurate, atomic clocks make for an excellent device for gauging the passage of time.
- To obtain their local time, countries must subtract or add a certain number of hours from UTC depending on how many time zones they are away from 0 degree longitude meridian, also known as the Greenwich meridian.
- If a country lies on the west of the Greenwich meridian, it has to subtract from the UTC, and if a country is located on the east of the meridian, it has to add.
Black Swan Event
- 09 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Army Chief Gen Manoj Pande on Monday called upon the force to be always prepared for 'black swan' events and "expect the unexpected" even as he identified technology as the new area for strategic competition among nations.
What is the Black Swan Event?
- A black swan is a rare, unpredictable event that comes as a surprise and has a significant impact on society or the world.
- These events are said to have three distinguishing characteristics:
- They are extremely rare and outside the realm of regular expectations
- They have a severe impact after they hit; and
- They seem probable in hindsight when plausible explanations appear.
When did the Term Originate?
- The black swan theory was put forward by author and investor Nassim Nicholas Taleb in 2001 and later popularised in his 2007 book – The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable.
- In his book, Taleb does not try to lay out a method to predict such events but instead stresses building “robustness” in systems and strategies to deal with black swan occurrences and withstand their impact.
- The term itself is linked to the discovery of black swans.
- Europeans believed all swans to be white until 1697 when a Dutch explorer spotted the first black swan in Australia.
- The metaphor ‘black swan event’ is derived from this unprecedented spotting from the 17th century, and how it upended the West’s understanding of swans.
Implications of Black Swan Events:
- Black Swan events are characterized by their extreme rarity, severe impact, and widespread implications across various sectors.
- These unanticipated occurrences can trigger substantial disruptions, unveiling vulnerabilities in systems once thought resilient and prompting reassessments of risk management practices.
- Disruption: Black Swan events have the potential to disrupt economies, industries, and societies on a global scale.
- Their unforeseen nature can cause sudden shifts in financial markets, business operations, and everyday life, leaving lasting effects on the overall landscape.
- Uncertainty: The inability to predict Black Swan events using traditional methods injects considerable uncertainty into decision-making and planning for individuals, organizations, and governments.
- Navigating through such unpredictable circumstances can pose significant challenges for all affected parties.
- Vulnerability: These rare events can expose vulnerabilities in systems that were previously thought to be impervious or resilient.
- By doing so, Black Swan events emphasize the importance of preparedness and encourage the development of more robust risk management practices.
- Reassessment of Risk: In the aftermath of a Black Swan event, there is often a renewed focus on identifying and mitigating previously overlooked risks.
- This heightened awareness can lead to changes in investment strategies, regulatory policies, and overall risk management practices.
- Regulatory and Policy Responses: Governments and regulatory bodies may implement new regulations or policies in response to Black Swan events.
- These measures are designed to prevent or mitigate the impact of similar occurrences in the future, ultimately shaping the economic and social landscape.
- Behavioral and Attitude Changes: Black Swan events can significantly alter behaviors and attitudes as individuals and organizations adapt to the new reality.
- These shifts may include changes in consumer behavior, investment strategies, and approaches to risk management.
Examples of Black Swan Events:
- The Dot-com Bubble: In 2000, the valuation of many internet-based companies plummeted after a period of rapid growth.
- The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks: The events of September 11, 2001, had far-reaching consequences on global security, politics, and economies.
- The 2008 Financial Crisis: A series of shocks to Wall Street due to the unraveling of subprime lending practices caused significant economic turmoil.
- Brexit: The unexpected decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union in June 2016 caught many by surprise and caused the British pound to plummet against the US dollar.
- COVID-19 Pandemic: The ongoing global health crisis continues to significantly affect economies and markets worldwide.
- These instances illustrate the profound and widespread implications of Black Swan events, underscoring the importance of adaptability and resilience in an ever-changing global landscape.
Imposition of Anti-Dumping Duty on Sodium Cyanide
- 09 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has now recommended the imposition of anti-dumping duty on sodium cyanide (NaCN) imported from China, the European Union, Japan, and Korea.
Key Facts About Sodium Cyanide:
- Sodium cyanide (NaCN) is a highly toxic, inorganic compound with a white, crystalline appearance.
- It is a solid at room temperature and has a high affinity for metals, making it useful in various industrial processes.
- Due to its toxic nature, proper handling and safety protocols must be followed when working with sodium cyanide.
Applications of Sodium Cyanide:
- Mining and Metallurgy: Sodium cyanide is widely used in the extraction of gold and silver from ores. It is employed in a technique called "cyanide heap leaching," where a dilute sodium cyanide solution is sprayed onto crushed ore.
- The cyanide forms a water-soluble complex with the precious metals, enabling their recovery from the ore.
- Electroplating: NaCN is utilized as an electrolyte in electroplating processes, particularly for the deposition of silver, gold, and other metals on various surfaces to improve their appearance, durability, or conductivity.
- Synthetic Fiber Production: Sodium cyanide is used in the manufacturing of synthetic fibers such as acrylic and nylon.
- It serves as a catalyst in the polymerization process, promoting the formation of long-chain polymers that make up the fibers.
- Pesticides: Due to its toxicity, sodium cyanide has been used as a fumigant to control pests and rodents.
- However, its use in this field has been largely phased out in many countries due to safety concerns and the development of safer alternatives.
- Dye and Pigment Production: NaCN can be used in the production of certain dyes and pigments, particularly those containing nitrogen.
- It acts as a precursor for the synthesis of these compounds.
What is Anti-Dumping Duty?
- An anti-dumping duty is a tariff imposed by a domestic government on foreign imports suspected of being sold at prices lower than those in the exporter's domestic market.
- This measure aims to prevent these products from undercutting local businesses and harming the local economy.
- The World Trade Organization (WTO) oversees a framework of international trade rules governing anti-dumping measures.
- Under this agreement, governments are permitted to address dumping practices if they pose a threat of significant harm to a domestic industry.
Calculation of Anti-Dumping Duty:
- The calculation of anti-dumping duty involves determining the difference between the normal value and the export value of the product.
- The normal value represents the market value of the product in the exporter's domestic market, while the export value denotes the price at which the product is sold when exported to India.
- The anti-dumping duty is levied to neutralize this price disparity and safeguard the domestic industry from the adverse effects of inexpensive imports.
Anti-Dumping Mechanism in India:
- India's anti-dumping mechanism is overseen by the Directorate General of Anti-Dumping and Allied Duties (DGAD) under the Ministry of Finance.
- The legal framework for anti-dumping in India is established by the Customs Tariff Act of 1975 and the Customs Tariff Rules of 1995.
- The DGAD conducts investigations to assess whether a surge in below-cost imports has negatively impacted the domestic industry.
Mangal Pandey
- 09 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Sepoy Mangal Pandey likely didn't anticipate that his shot at the Sergeant Major of his regiment near Kolkata on March 29, 1857, would ignite a significant event in Modern Indian history—the Revolt of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Indian Independence.
Who was Mangal Pandey?
- Mangal Pandey was a prominent historical figure who played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule.
- Born in the kingdom of Awadh, which contributed significantly to the East India Company's army, Mangal Pandey joined the 34th Bengal Native Infantry at the age of 22.
Annexation of Awadh:
- In 1856, the British annexed Awadh in a treacherous act that provoked widespread anger and resentment among the local population.
- The deposition of the Nawab and the subsequent confiscation of villages from the taluqdars during the land revenue settlement of 1856 only exacerbated the situation.
Mangal Pandey's Mutiny and Execution:
- The introduction of the Enfield rifle, which used animal fat (beef and pork) in its cartridges, was met with fierce resistance from soldiers like Mangal Pandey.
- They perceived the use of these cartridges as a direct affront to their religious beliefs.
- On March 29, 1857, Mangal Pandey openly revolted, firing at his Senior Sergeant Major in protest.
- His act of defiance led to his capture, and he was subsequently hanged by order of a Court Martial at Lal Bagan in Barrackpore.
- Mangal Pandey's sacrifice and bravery in the face of British oppression have earned him a lasting place in India's history as a symbol of resistance against colonial tyranny.
The Expansion of the 1857 Revolt and Its Lasting Impact:
- The bravery exhibited by Mangal Pandey inspired a wave of resistance among other soldiers, notably those of the 7th Awadh Regiment.
- On May 11, 1857, a group of Sepoys from Meerut refused to use the new cartridges and killed their European officers, marching to the Red Fort in an act of defiance.
The Legacy of the 1857 Revolt:
- The revolt of 1857 had far-reaching consequences and reshaped the dynamics of British rule in India.
- In response to the growing unrest, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act in 1858, effectively transferring all powers of the East India Company to the Crown.
- Queen Victoria was subsequently declared the Sovereign of British India.
- The Queen's Proclamation, announced by Lord Canning in 1858, introduced a new policy of perpetual support for the native Princes and pledged non-intervention in matters of religious beliefs in India.
- This policy was further reinforced in 1877 during the Delhi Durbar, where Queen Victoria assumed the title of Qaiser-e-Hind, reflecting her position as the Empress of India.
- The 1857 revolt, sparked by Mangal Pandey's actions, marked a turning point in India's struggle for independence and continues to be remembered as a pivotal moment in the nation's history.
Consumer Confidence Survey (CCS)
- 08 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Consumer confidence for the year ahead has improved further on the back of higher optimism, which resulted in the Future Expectations Index (FEI) rising by 2.1 points to 125.2, the highest level since mid-2019, according to a Reserve Bank of India survey conducted in March 2024.
What is the Consumer Confidence Survey (CCS)?
- The Consumer Confidence Survey (CCS) is a comprehensive assessment conducted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to gauge consumer perceptions of the current economic landscape.
- Administered across various cities, the CCS measures consumer confidence based on key indicators such as economic conditions, employment prospects, price levels, income, and spending patterns.
- The survey collects valuable insights into consumer sentiments by posing a series of questions about both present and future economic scenarios.
- These responses offer a glimpse into consumers' perceptions of the prevailing financial environment, shedding light on economic trends, opportunities, and potential challenges.
- As a vital tool for policymakers, the Consumer Confidence Survey contributes to shaping effective strategies aimed at fostering sustainable economic growth and improving overall financial stability.
Highlights of the Survey:
- The survey revealed optimistic consumer sentiments across all parameters, reflecting a positive outlook on the current and future economic landscape.
- Key indicators, such as the Current Situation Index (CSI) and Future Expectations Index (FEI), showcased significant improvements, reaching their highest levels since mid-2019.
- Current Situation Index (CSI): Measuring overall consumer perception of the present economic situation, the CSI experienced a notable increase of 3.4 points compared to the previous survey, currently standing at 98.5.
- Future Expectations Index (FEI): Evaluating consumer sentiment for the next 12 months, the FEI witnessed a substantial surge, reaching its highest point since mid-2019 and indicating a positive outlook for the upcoming year.
- The CSI and FEI are calculated based on net responses concerning the economic situation, income, spending, employment, and price levels, comparing the current period with one year ago and the anticipated changes in the year ahead, respectively.
- Households’ Inflation Expectation Survey: There was a slight increase in the proportion of households anticipating an overall rise in prices and inflation within the next three months and one year, as observed across general prices and most product categories when compared to the previous survey round.
- Additionally, the survey results revealed noteworthy enhancements in households' perceptions regarding the general economic situation and employment prospects, signaling a sense of optimism for both the current period and the years ahead.
Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)
- 08 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has recently forecasted an 83% likelihood that the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) will move into a neutral range between April and June 2024.
What is the Oceanic Niño Index?
- The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) primary indicator for monitoring El Niño and La Niña, which are opposite phases of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or “ENSO” for short.
- NOAA is a US governmental agency responsible for monitoring and researching the Earth's oceans, atmosphere, and climate, and providing weather forecasts and environmental data.
- The ONI is the difference between a three-month running average of the sea surface temperature averaged over an area of the ocean from 120 West to 170 West longitude along the equator and the long-term average for the same three months.
- NOAA considers El Niño conditions to be present when the Oceanic Niño Index is +0.5 or higher, indicating the east-central tropical Pacific is significantly warmer than usual.
- La Niña conditions exist when the Oceanic Niño Index is -0.5 or lower, indicating the region is cooler than usual.
What is El Niño and La Niña?
- El Niño and La Niña are two natural climate phenomena that occur in the Pacific Ocean, characterized by fluctuations in ocean surface temperatures.
- They are part of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, which impacts global weather patterns.
- El Niño refers to the warming of ocean surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific.
- This warming causes changes in atmospheric pressure and wind patterns, which can lead to drought conditions in parts of South America and heavy rainfall in other regions, such as the southern United States.
- La Niña is the opposite phase of the ENSO cycle, characterized by cooler-than-average ocean surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific.
- This results in the strengthening of normal trade winds, causing increased rainfall in some regions, such as Indonesia and northern Australia, and drier conditions in other areas, including the southwestern United States.
- El Niño refers to the warming of ocean surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific.
Effects of El Niño and La Niña on India:
- Both El Niño and La Niña have significant impacts on India's climate, particularly during the monsoon season.
- El Niño events often lead to weaker monsoon winds and reduced rainfall in India, causing droughts and impacting agricultural production.
- On the other hand, La Niña events typically result in stronger monsoon winds and higher rainfall, leading to better agricultural yields.
- However, excessive rainfall can also cause floods and landslides in some regions.
- Monitoring and predicting the occurrence of El Niño and La Niña events is crucial for India's weather forecasting and agricultural planning.
- Accurate predictions enable authorities to take necessary measures to mitigate potential adverse effects on agriculture and infrastructure.
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)
- 08 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
In its manifesto for the Lok Sabha election, the primary opposition party pledged to cease the weaponization of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) if entrusted with power.
About the Prevention of Money Laundering Act:
- The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) constitutes the cornerstone of India's legal framework aimed at combating money laundering, with its enactment and enforcement starting from July 1, 2005.
- Enacted by India's Parliament under Article 253, which authorizes legislation for implementing international conventions, the Act has three primary objectives:
- Prevention and control of money laundering
- Confiscation of proceeds derived from laundering, and
- Addressing related issues within India.
- The Act empowers the Director of the Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) and the Director (Enforcement) with exclusive and concurrent powers to enforce its provisions.
- Subsequent amendments were made in 2009 and 2012 through the Prevention of Money Laundering (Amendment) Acts.
What is Money Laundering?
- Money laundering is defined as the process through which an illegal fund, such as black money, is obtained from illegal activities and disguised as legal money, eventually portrayed as white money.
- The money laundered is passed on through various channels or phases of conversions and transfers to make it legal and eventually reach a legally acceptable institution, like a bank.
Brief History of the PMLA:
- In response to the emergence of global terrorism in the 1990s and the subsequent imperative to curb illicit financial flows, international efforts intensified, culminating in the establishment of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in 1989 to coordinate anti-money laundering endeavors worldwide.
Legislative Response:
- Against this backdrop, India, as a member of FATF, was prompted to enact domestic legislation to combat money laundering following the United Nations General Assembly's political declaration in 1998 urging member states to implement national anti-money laundering measures.
Enactment Process:
- The initial iteration of the Prevention of Money-Laundering Bill in 1998 was introduced by the NDA government, aiming to address various aspects such as the prevention of money laundering, confiscation of illicit proceeds, and establishment of coordinating agencies.
- However, concerns regarding potential misuse of the proposed law led to bipartisan opposition, prompting referral to the Department-related Standing Committee on Finance.
- Despite deliberations and amendments, the bill was eventually passed by Parliament in 2002, with enforcement commencing in 2005 following the formulation of accompanying rules under the subsequent UPA government.
Significant Amendments in the PMLA:
- Over the years, the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) has undergone various revisions, but it was the amendments introduced in 2009 and 2012 that notably empowered the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to take coercive measures against politicians.
- In 2009, amendments expanded the PMLA's scope to include 'Criminal conspiracy' under Section 120B of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), enabling the ED to intervene in cases alleging conspiracy, even if the primary offense isn't listed in the PMLA.
- For instance, this broadening facilitated the ED's pursuit of cases like the land-grabbing accusations against a former Jharkhand CM, currently incarcerated in Ranchi.
- Furthermore, the 2009 amendments granted the ED international jurisdiction for tracking laundered money, enhancing its global reach.
- In 2012, the PMLA was amended to elevate the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (PC Act) to Part A of the statute's schedule from Part B.
- This move imposed stricter bail conditions on corruption suspects, requiring courts to ascertain substantial evidence of guilt if bail opposition arises from the public prosecutor.
- Part A of the schedule encompassed various serious offenses, including acts like waging war against the nation, drug trafficking, and violations of the PC Act, among others.
Supreme Court's Verdicts on the Constitutionality of PMLA:
- In the case of Vijay Madanlal Choudhary & Ors vs Union of India (2022), a three-judge Bench of the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), which faced challenges in over 200 individual petitions.
- One of the primary challenges was regarding the creation of an alternative criminal law system by the PMLA, as the Enforcement Directorate (ED) operates outside the ambit of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).
- Not being classified as 'police', the ED is not bound by CrPC provisions for searches, seizures, arrests, and property attachments.
- The judgment affirmed the ED's expansive powers, including the admissibility of statements made to it in court.
- In Nikesh Tarachand Shah v Union of India (2017), the PMLA, akin to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), imposed stringent bail conditions, requiring accused individuals to prove the absence of a "prima facie" case against them and their commitment to refraining from future offenses.
- The Supreme Court initially struck down these provisions as unconstitutional.
- However, Parliament reintroduced them through an amendment to the PMLA via the Finance Act, of 2018, which the Supreme Court upheld in 2021.
- While certain aspects of the 2021 ruling, such as the ED's non-obligation to disclose the ECIR (similar to an FIR in criminal cases), are currently under review, the ruling stands as the prevailing law of the land.
Use of Green Hydrogen in the Transport Sector
- 06 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced a Rs-496-crore (until 2025-26) scheme to support pilot projects that either test the viability of green hydrogen as a vehicle fuel or develop secure supporting infrastructure such as refueling stations.
What is Green Hydrogen?
- Green hydrogen is a form of hydrogen gas produced through a process called electrolysis, where water (H2O) is split into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) using electricity.
- The electricity used in this process is generated from renewable sources such as solar, wind, or hydroelectric power, hence the term "green" hydrogen.
- Unlike conventional methods of hydrogen production, which often rely on fossil fuels and emit greenhouse gases, green hydrogen production is considered environmentally friendly because it doesn't generate carbon dioxide emissions.
- It can be used as a clean energy carrier in various sectors, including transportation, industry, and energy storage.
- The production of green hydrogen is still relatively expensive compared to other forms of hydrogen production, but ongoing advancements in renewable energy technologies and electrolysis processes are expected to reduce costs and increase the viability of green hydrogen as a sustainable energy source in the future.
India's Push for Green Hydrogen in the Transportation Sector:
- India is aggressively pushing for the adoption of green hydrogen in its transportation sector:
- Major Indian commercial vehicle manufacturers like Tata Motors, Volvo Eicher, and Ashok Leyland are intensifying their efforts to develop hydrogen-powered trucks and buses.
- Simultaneously, Indian energy companies are ramping up efforts to increase the production of green hydrogen while striving to decrease costs, making it competitive with other fuels.
- Given its vast and expanding market for both vehicles and energy, India stands poised to reap substantial benefits from widespread green hydrogen adoption as a vehicular fuel.
- India anticipates numerous advantages from this transition, including mitigating pollution, achieving climate objectives, and reducing reliance on expensive fossil fuel imports.
- Moreover, India views this shift as a significant business opportunity, aiming to establish itself as a global hub for the production and export of green hydrogen.
Scheme for Use of Green Hydrogen in the Transport Sector:
- The Scheme for Use of Green Hydrogen in the Transport Sector focuses on several key objectives:
- Validating the technical feasibility and performance of green hydrogen as a transportation fuel.
- Evaluating the economic viability of vehicles powered by green hydrogen.
- Demonstrating the safe operation of hydrogen-powered vehicles and refueling stations.
- Under the scheme, the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways will designate a scheme implementation agency responsible for inviting proposals for pilot projects.
- Once selected, the chosen company or consortium will serve as the project's executing agency and must complete the pilot project within a two-year timeframe.
- To support these initiatives, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) will consider approving viability gap funding (VGF) based on the recommendations of a Project Appraisal Committee.
- The VGF amount will be determined by assessing the specific needs, merits, and feasibility of each project.
Advantages of Green Hydrogen in the Transportation Sector:
- Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles utilize hydrogen through combustion, akin to traditional diesel and petrol vehicles, but without emitting carbon.
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) convert hydrogen electrochemically into electricity, leaving water as the sole byproduct, offering a clean and efficient alternative.
- While hydrogen ICE vehicles emit no carbon, studies indicate that converting hydrogen into electricity in a fuel cell is more energy efficient than burning it.
- Unlike Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) where the battery is heavy, hydrogen FCEVs are typically lighter due to hydrogen being a lighter element.
- This lightweight characteristic of hydrogen fuel cell technology makes it particularly promising for heavy-duty trucks, providing a viable alternative to EV battery technology.
- Green hydrogen presents a significant opportunity to reduce carbon emissions in the transportation sector without compromising revenue-generating payload capacity, addressing both environmental and economic concerns.
Challenges to the Large-Scale Adoption of Green Hydrogen in the Transportation Sector:
- Cost Prohibitions: The production cost of green hydrogen remains high, posing challenges to its viability as a fuel option.
- To compete with Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), the cost of green hydrogen needs to be reduced to between $3 and $6.5 per kilogram by 2030.
- Retail green hydrogen prices in California reached as high as $30 per kilogram in 2023, underscoring the current cost disparity.
- However, ongoing technological innovations and scale-up efforts are expected to drive cost reductions soon.
- Insufficient Infrastructure: Building hydrogen fueling stations for trucks can cost up to 72% more than those for battery electric trucks, according to the California Transportation Commission.
- Challenges with supply complications and market factors have led to the closure of hydrogen refueling stations, exemplified by Shell's recent decision in California.
- Storage and Transportation Challenges: Hydrogen storage requires high-pressure cylinders, which are costly and pose technical challenges.
- Existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure is unsuitable for transporting hydrogen.
- Specialized cylinders capable of safely storing green hydrogen are under discussion, necessitating infrastructure development.
- Handling and Safety Concerns: Hydrogen's flammability necessitates stringent safety protocols and infrastructure at refueling stations.
- Developing robust safety standards is imperative before widespread adoption can occur.
- Long-Term Viability: Advancements in battery technologies are continuously improving the weight and efficiency of EV batteries, potentially challenging the long-term viability of green hydrogen-powered vehicles, particularly in heavy-duty commercial applications.
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
- 06 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
According to the recently released 2022 statistics by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), out of 3865 samples handled by the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA), 125 (3.2 percent) tested positive — the most in any country.
About World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA):
- WADA, or the World Anti-Doping Agency, is an international independent organization established in 1999.
- It operates with equal funding from both the global sports community and governments worldwide.
- WADA's primary objectives encompass scientific research, education, capacity-building in anti-doping measures, and oversight of the World Anti-Doping Code (Code), which standardizes anti-doping policies across all sports and nations.
- Headquartered in Montreal, Canada, WADA comprises various governing bodies, including a foundation board, executive committee, and several specialized committees.
- The foundation board, consisting of 42 members, holds the highest decision-making authority within WADA.
- It comprises equal representation from both the Olympic Movement and governments.
- Responsibilities for day-to-day operations and policy implementation are delegated by the foundation board to the executive committee, which comprises 12 members, also equally distributed between the Olympic Movement and governments.
- WADA's presidency is a voluntary role that alternates between representatives from the Olympic Movement and governments.
- Additionally, WADA's committees serve as advisory bodies, offering guidance and expertise to support the organization's programs and initiatives.
About National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA):
- The National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) was established on November 24, 2005, under the Societies Registration Act of 1890.
- NADA operates to foster a culture of doping-free sports in India.
- NADA's key objectives include implementing anti-doping regulations in alignment with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) code, regulating the doping control program, promoting education and research, and raising awareness about the detrimental effects of doping.
The primary functions of NADA are as follows:
- Enforcing the Anti-Doping Code to ensure compliance by all sports organizations in the country.
- Coordinating dope testing programs in collaboration with all relevant stakeholders.
- Facilitating anti-doping research and educational initiatives to instill the values of drug-free sports.
- Adopting best practices and quality standards to enhance the effectiveness and continual improvement of the anti-doping program.
Hydroponic Farming
- 06 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
In the wake of evolving consumer preferences, India is at the forefront of an agricultural transformation, pivoting towards sustainable farming with an emphasis on health.
What is Hydroponics?
- Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, utilizing nutrient-rich water as the primary source of essential minerals and elements.
- The technique involves the circulation of nutrient-enriched water through a network of pipes or channels, directly supplying the roots of plants with the necessary nourishment for their growth and development.
Key Features and Benefits:
- Soilless Cultivation: Hydroponics eliminates the need for soil by providing an alternative substrate or a soil-like medium, such as rock wool, perlite, or vermiculite, to support the plants' roots.
- Nutrient Control: This technique enables precise control over the nutrient composition, concentration, and pH levels in the water, ensuring optimal nutrient availability for plants.
- Water Efficiency: Hydroponics recirculates and reuses water, significantly reducing water consumption compared to traditional soil-based farming.
- Space Optimization: Due to the compact nature of hydroponic systems, they can be used in urban areas, greenhouses, and indoor facilities, maximizing yield per unit area.
- Year-round Cultivation: With controlled environmental conditions, hydroponics allows for continuous cultivation, regardless of seasonal changes or weather fluctuations.
- Hydroponics provides a sustainable, efficient, and adaptable approach to agriculture, with potential benefits in resource conservation, food security, and sustainable urban food production.
Hydroponics in India:
- According to a report by Datamintelligence, India’s hydroponic market is poised for a remarkable growth trajectory, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.53% by 2027, outpacing the global industry’s estimated growth of 6.8%.
- This surge underscores the vast potential of hydroponics in meeting the rising demand for sustainable food produce, particularly in metros and tier 1 cities where health-conscious consumers are willing to pay a premium for fresh, safe, and sustainably grown products.
- This transformative shift is not just a response to changing consumer preferences for fresh produce but also an adaptation to the geographical and environmental challenges that face traditional farming methods.
Suitable Regions for Hydroponic Farming:
- Hydroponic farming presents a viable solution in regions where traditional farming faces significant barriers:
- Areas with Limited Water Supply: Hydroponics drastically reduces water usage, making it ideal for drought-prone areas.
- Rocky Regions: In places where the terrain is unsuitable for soil-based agriculture, hydroponics offers a practical alternative.
- Low Soil Fertility Areas: Hydroponics bypasses the need for fertile soil, allowing cultivation in regions with poor soil quality.
- Demand-Driven Areas: Regions with a high demand for fresh products are perfect for hydroponic farms, catering to health-conscious consumers in urban and semi-urban locales
The Edge with Hydroponic Farming in India:
- Hydroponic farming’s ascendancy in India is attributed to several compelling benefits, underpinned by technological advancements that lower operational costs and facilitate scalability:
- Versatility in Location: It enables agriculture in environments traditionally deemed unsuitable, such as deserts or cold climates.
- Controlled Conditions: Farmers have precise control over nutrients, pH, and the growing environment, optimizing plant health and yield.
- Resource Efficiency: The recycling of water and nutrients significantly cuts down on input costs and environmental impact.
- Enhanced Growth Rates: Increased oxygen availability accelerates plant growth, leading to quicker harvest cycles.
- Pest and Disease Reduction: By eliminating soil, hydroponics reduces the risk of soil-borne diseases and pests.
- Higher Yields: The efficiency and controlled environment of hydroponic systems result in substantially higher crop yields.
- Labour and Maintenance Savings: The absence of weeding and traditional cultivation reduces labour requirements and costs.
- Improved Working Conditions: Elevating crops to a more accessible height improves ergonomics for farm workers, further reducing labour costs.
- No Need for Crop Rotation: Hydroponics eliminates the necessity for crop rotation, simplifying farm management.
- Reduced Transplant Shock: Plants grown hydroponically experience less stress when transplanted, enhancing survival rates.
Rakhigarhi
- 06 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
The NCERT has proposed updates to school textbooks, including adding findings from DNA analysis of skeletal remains at the Rakhigarhi archaeological site in Haryana and removing references to the Narmada Dam project's impact on tribals, leading to displacement and destitution.
About the Ancient Site of Rakhigarhi:
- The site of Rakhigarhi is one of the five known biggest townships of the Harappan civilization on the Indian subcontinent.
- The other four are:
- Harappa
- Mohenjodaro and Ganveriwala in Pakistan and
- Dholavira (Gujrat) in India
- Five interconnected mounds spread over a huge area from the Rakhigarhi's unique site.
- Two mounds, out of five, were thickly populated.
- This site was excavated by Shri Amarendra Nath of Archeological Survey of India.
- The archaeological excavations revealed a mature Harappan phase represented by a planned township having mud-brick as well as burnt-brick houses with proper drainage systems.
- The ceramic industry is represented by redware, which includes dish-on-stands, vases, jars, bowls, beakers, perforated jars, goblets, and hands.
- Animal sacrificial pits lined with mud brick and triangular and circular fire alters on the mud floor have also been excavated signifying the ritual system of Harappans.
- A cylindrical seal with five Harappan characters on one side and a symbol of an alligator on the other is an important find from this site.
- Other antiquities included blades; terracotta and shell bangles; beads of semiprecious stones, terracotta, shell, and copper objects; animal figurines, toy cart frame and wheel of terracotta; bone points; inscribed steatite seals and sealings.
- The excavations have yielded a few extended burials, which certainly belong to a very late stage, maybe the medieval times.
About Harappan Civilization:
- The Harappan civilization is believed to be one of the oldest world civilizations together with Egypt and Mesopotamia.
- It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.
- The Harappan civilization developed along the mighty river, the Indus, and for that reason, it is also known as the Indus Valley Civilization.
- The Harappan civilization is identified as a Bronze-age civilization because many objects have been found that are made up of copper-based alloys.
- For example, the famous ‘dancing girl,’ a bronze figurine that provides an insight into the advances made in art and metallurgy, as well as the hairstyle and ornaments prevalent during the period.
- In the 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus Valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were unearthed.
India Abstains from UNHRC Resolution on Gaza Ceasefire
- 06 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
India recently abstained on a resolution at the Human Rights Council that called on Israel for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza.
India's Voting Pattern on Israel-Palestine Issues at the UNHRC:
- India's stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict has been reflected in its voting behavior at the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC).
- While India has voted in favor of resolutions criticizing Israel for human rights violations, occupation of the Syrian Golan, and affirming Palestinian self-determination, it has also abstained from certain resolutions.
- In a significant development, India abstained from a resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and an arms embargo on Israel.
- This decision followed instances of violence, including the killing of aid workers and airstrikes.
- India's abstention is believed to be in line with its previous votes on resolutions involving "accountability."
- India's approach indicates its belief that both parties should be held accountable for their actions.
- As a result, it refrains from supporting resolutions that single out one side for condemnation.
- By taking a balanced stance, India aims to promote peace and stability in the region while advocating for the rights of all parties involved.
About the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC):
- The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is an inter-governmental body established by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 2006.
- Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the council serves as a key platform for addressing human rights issues globally.
- The High Commissioner for Human Rights serves as the principal human rights official within the UN system.
- The council convenes three times annually to address human rights violations worldwide.
Membership:
- Comprising 47 member states, the council is responsible for promoting and safeguarding human rights across the globe.
- Member states are elected individually via secret ballot by a majority vote of the General Assembly.
- The election of members occurs within geographical groups to ensure equitable representation.
Tenure:
- Council members serve for a term of three years and are not eligible for immediate re-election after two consecutive terms.
The UNHRC's primary functions include:
- Promoting universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
- Addressing violations of human rights, including gross and systematic violations.
- Developing international human rights law and making recommendations to the UN General Assembly.
- Conducting investigations into alleged human rights abuses through special rapporteurs and working groups.
- Reviewing the human rights records of all UN member states through the Universal Periodic Review process.
Agni-Prime Ballistic Missile
- 05 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
India has successfully flight-tested the new generation ballistic missile Agni-Prime from the APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha.
About Agni-Prime Missile:
- Agni-P or Agni-Prime is a new generation nuclear-capable medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) developed by the DRDO that incorporates technological advances from Agni-IV and Agni-V and is considered a successor for Agni-I and Agni-II missiles in the operational service of the SFC.
- Agni-Prime, with a strike range of 1,000 to 2,000 km, has significant upgrades, which include composite motor casing, maneuverable reentry vehicle (MaRV), improved propellants, and navigation and guidance systems.
- It is a two-stage, surface-to-surface, road-mobile, and solid-fueled missile that is transported by a truck and launched via a canister.
- It is a ballistic missile with a dual redundant navigation and guidance system.
Features:
- Although Agni-Prime looks similar to Agni-III, the weight is reduced by half.
- Agni-P will replace older generation missiles such as Prithvi-II (350 km), Agni-II (2,000 km), Agni-III (3,000 km), and Agni-4 (4,000 km) ballistic missiles.
- Agni-Prime incorporates upgrades such as propulsion systems, composite rocket motor casings, and advanced navigation and guidance systems.
- Along with Agni-V, Agni-P will provide India with stronger deterrence against countries such as China and Pakistan.
- While Agni-V brings all of China within its strike range, Agni-P seems to have been developed to counter Pakistan's forces.
- Agni-P is developed to achieve maximum maneuverability against missile defense systems and higher accuracy for precision strikes.
What is a Ballistic Missile and why is it named so?
- A Ballistic missile follows a ballistic flight path - which comprises three phases of flight.
- In the first phase or the boost phase, the solid-fuel rocket engine propels the missile upwards and it has to rapidly gain velocity and altitude, by knifing through the densest parts of the earth's atmosphere.
- The second and unpowered phase of flight happens in the upper reaches of the earth's atmosphere or in space, where the missile travels along its pre-determined path, but without the power of its engines.
- It is known as the coast phase or mid-course phase and during this time, it travels along a horizontal path.
- During the coasting, the missile is either in space or the upper atmosphere, where it faces minimal resistance or drag.
- In the third and final phase or the terminal phase, the missile descends and gets back into the earth's atmosphere and flies towards its target, while being guided by its on-board systems.
Microplastics
- 05 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, scientists have created plant-based plastic that doesn't create cancer-causing microplastics because 97% of it breaks down in the environment.
What is Microplastics?
- Microplastics are small plastic particles measuring less than 5 millimeters in diameter.
- These particles, which are distinguished from larger "macroplastics" like bottles and bags, stem from both commercial product development and the breakdown of larger plastics.
- Microplastics are commonly found in a variety of products, including cosmetics, synthetic clothing, plastic bags, and bottles.
- Unfortunately, many of these products can easily enter the environment as waste.
- Composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked in polymer chains, microplastics often contain additional chemicals such as phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA).
- There are two categories of microplastics: primary and secondary.
- Primary microplastics are intentionally designed for commercial use, including in cosmetics and microfibers shed from textiles like clothing and fishing nets.
- Secondary microplastics, on the other hand, result from larger plastic items breaking down due to environmental factors such as sunlight and ocean waves.
- Understanding the sources and types of microplastics is crucial for addressing their impact on the environment, wildlife, and human health, ultimately promoting more sustainable production and waste management practices.
Environmental Impacts of Microplastics:
- Microplastics pose significant environmental concerns due to their resistance to breaking down into harmless compounds, much like larger plastic items.
- Consequently, both primary and secondary microplastics accumulate and endure once introduced into the environment.
- In marine ecosystems, microplastics have the potential to amalgamate with harmful chemicals before being consumed by marine organisms.
- Despite efforts, conventional water treatment facilities struggle to completely eliminate microplastics from water sources.
- Additionally, microplastics contribute to air pollution as they are present in dust and airborne fibrous particles, further highlighting their pervasive impact on various environmental systems.
Ahobilam Temple
- 04 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Forest Department and Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Devasthanam (SLNSD) at Ahobilam have imposed certain restrictions on visitors arriving at the shrine, which is composed of nine different temples, situated within the Nallamala forest.
About Ahobilam Temple:
- The Ahobilam is a famous temple situated on the Nallamalai ranges in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
- The Nallamalai ranges south of river Krishna, down to Tirupati, and are called `Sesha Parvatha`.
- Sesha is the name of the king of serpents.
- The hood of the sesha is at Tirupati, the tail is at Srisailam, and the middle is situated at Ahobilam.
- Nallamalais at the tail are called Sringiri
- In the middle are called Vedagiri and
- Garudagiri referred to as the hood
- The shrine of the Ahobilam temple is situated on the top of the first range and is referred to as Upper Ahobilam and down below is called Lower Ahobilam.
- A huge temple surrounded by several buildings can be seen at the Upper Ahobilam.
- The main shrine or the "sacro sanctum" at Upper Ahobilam was carved out of a big egg-like rock with mandapams.
- There is a tank here, which supplies water to the residents of the Upper Ahobliam temple.
- There is a Lower Ahobilam in the below with a big temple and enclosures, It was built according to the South Indian style (Dravidian architecture).
Significance:
- Ahobilam is traditionally regarded as the place where Vishnu in the form of Narasimha killed the Rakshasa Hiranyakashipu to save his devotee Prahlada.
- The legend says that Narasimha emerged from a rock pillar to slay the Rakshasa.
- The moment is represented in several murtis in the various temples.
- Also, Garuda prayed for a vision of Narasimha in the form of Avathara, to fulfill his wish, and settled in nine forms across the hills in Ahobilam.
About Nallamala Forest:
- Nallamala Forest is among South India's largest expanses of untouched woodland, besides the Western Ghats.
Location:
- Situated across five districts in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, it sprawls across the Nallamala Hills, a segment of the Eastern Ghats, south of the Krishna River.
- Part of the forest falls within the Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, the nation's largest tiger reserve, boasting a significant tiger population.
Climate:
- Experiencing warm to hot conditions year-round, with scorching summers and mostly cool, dry winters.
- The majority of rainfall occurs during the southwest monsoon.
Vegetation:
- Tropical dry deciduous.
Flora:
- Nallamala Forest is rich in endemic species like Andrographis nallamalayana, Eriolaena lushingtonii, Crotalaria madurensis var, Dicliptera beddomei, and premna hamitonii.
Fauna:
- Home to over 700 animal species, including tigers, leopards, black bucks, wild hogs, peacocks, pangolins, Indian Pythons, King Cobras, and numerous rare bird species.
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods
- 04 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, the Uttarakhand government has constituted two teams of experts to evaluate the risk posed by five potentially hazardous glacial lakes in the region.
What is Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)?
- A GLOF denotes the sudden release of meltwater from a moraine or ice-dammed glacial lake, typically due to dam failure.
- These events pose significant hazards, often resulting in catastrophic flooding downstream, leading to substantial loss of life and property.
- GLOF can be triggered by several factors, including earthquakes, heavy rains, and avalanches.
Key Features of GLOFs:
-
- Sudden water releases.
- Rapid occurrences lasting hours to days.
- Large downstream river discharges.
Threats Posed by GLOFs in the Himalayan Regions:
- Climate Change Impact: Climate change-induced glacier melt accelerates the formation or expansion of glacial lakes, heightening the risk of GLOFs.
- Vulnerability of Moraines and Dams: Glacial lakes situated behind unstable moraines or natural dams are prone to breaching, as evidenced by events like the Kedarnath floods in 2013.
- Immediate Flood Risks: Abrupt water releases trigger massive floods, causing extensive damage to homes, and infrastructure, and triggering landslides and sedimentation.
Mitigation Strategies for GLOFs:
- Risk Assessment and Zonation: Identify high-risk areas and implement necessary mitigation measures, including mapping and modeling, as outlined in the 'Guidelines for Preparation of Disaster Management Plans for Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF)'.
- Early Warning Systems: Establish monitoring networks with sensors to detect changes in glacial lakes and provide timely warnings to vulnerable communities.
- Utilization of Technology: Leverage remote sensing and GIS-based tools for monitoring glacial lakes and surrounding areas.
- Regulation of Construction: Implement construction codes to regulate development in high-risk zones, exemplified by the 'Guidelines for the Construction of Earthquake Resistant Buildings' developed by the NDMA.
- Capacity Building Initiatives: Enhance skills and resources through training programs conducted by institutions like the National Centre for Disaster Management, in collaboration with the private sector and NGOs.
- Infrastructure Development: Invest in infrastructure to redirect potential floodwaters away from communities and critical infrastructure.
Wadge Bank
- 03 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
While India 'gave away' rights to Katchatheevu, in a subsequent pact, it secured sovereign rights in Wadge Bank near Kanyakumari.
What is Wadge Bank?
- Wadge Bank is a 10,000 square kilometer submarine plateau, of the sea south of Kanyakumari that is rich in biodiversity and considered India’s richest fishery resource.
- Wadge Bank, located near Cape Comorin, is home to more than 60 species of ornamental fish and other oceanic animals.
- It is a productive coastal area where three seas meet and tides create a rich fishing ground from May to October.
- Moreover, it is an invaluable treasure that indigenous people and communities depend on for food and resources, and is important to their culture.
How did India get control of the Wadge Bank?
- Wadge Bank came to India as part of the second of the two accords signed with Sri Lanka in the 1970s.
- Following the 1974 agreement under which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ‘gave away’ Katchatheevu island to Sri Lanka, New Delhi, and Colombo signed another pact in 1976 under which the former bought Wadge Bank.
- On March 23, 1976, India and Sri Lanka signed the agreement on the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Mannar and the Bay of Bengal as part of which it was agreed that the Wadge Bank “lies within the exclusive economic zone of India, and India shall have sovereign rights over the area and its resources”.
- In the general description of Wadge Bank annexed with the treaty shared with the United Nations, it is described as “outside the territorial waters of India”.
- The Wadge Bank near Kanyakumari is rich in biodiversity and considered India’s richest fishery resource.
- As per the 1976 pact, Sri Lankan fishermen can’t engage in activities here.
- ??But at the request of Sri Lanka and as a gesture of goodwill, India agreed that Lankan fishing vessels licensed by the Government of India could fish in Wadge Bank for three years from its establishment as an exclusive economic zone of India with the stipulation that only six such vessels can fish and their catch cannot exceed 2,000 tonnes in a year.
- And, again at the request of the Sri Lankan government, India agreed to provide Colombo with 2,000 tonnes of fish of the quality, species, and at the price mutually agreed by the two sides for five years after the Lankans stopped fishing at the Wadge Bank.
BIMSTEC Charter
- 03 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, a significant majority in Nepal's Lower House backed the proposal to endorse the BIMSTEC Charter.
About the BIMSTEC Charter:
- The BIMSTEC Charter, officially signed and adopted during the Fifth BIMSTEC Summit in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2022, serves as a cornerstone legal and institutional framework for the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
- This charter aims to establish a structured environment conducive to rapid economic development by delineating specific cooperation projects within the agreed areas of collaboration, along with potential expansions into additional areas as mutually agreed upon by Member States.
- Furthermore, the charter reaffirms the enduring commitment to the foundational principles and objectives of BIMSTEC, as articulated in the Bangkok Declaration of 1997.
The Importance of the BIMSTEC Charter:
- By officially adopting the BIMSTEC Charter, the organization transforms into a structured institution comprising member states situated along the Bay of Bengal, thereby formalizing their cooperation and dependence on this vital maritime region.
- The Charter grants BIMSTEC the authority to establish external relations with non-member states, developmental partners, as well as regional, UN, and international organizations, facilitating broader collaboration and engagement.
- Moreover, it underscores the imperative for a fair, just, equitable, and transparent global order while reiterating the commitment to multilateralism, with the United Nations at its core, and advocating for a rule-based international trading system.
About the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC):
- The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a regional organization comprising seven Member States lying in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity.
- This sub-regional organization came into being on 6 June 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration.
- It constitutes seven Member States:
- Five derive from South Asia, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, and
- Two from Southeast Asia, including Myanmar and Thailand.
- Initially, the economic bloc was formed with four Member States with the acronym ‘BIST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
- Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22 December 1997 during a special Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok, the Group was renamed ‘BIMST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
- With the admission of Nepal and Bhutan at the 6th Ministerial Meeting (February 2004, Thailand), the name of the grouping was changed to ‘Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation’ (BIMSTEC).
Swell waves
- 03 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
As a result of the low-pressure area formed over the Atlantic Ocean moving into the Indian Ocean, high swell waves in the range of 11 m were formed.
What Are Swell Waves?
- Swell waves are characterized by the formation of long wavelength waves on the surface of the seas, propagating along the interface between water and air.
- They are commonly known as surface gravity waves due to their nature.
Origin:
- Unlike waves generated by immediate local winds, swell waves originate from distant weather systems.
- These waves are the result of prolonged wind action over a significant area of water, known as fetch.
- Even after the wind subsides or shifts, or the waves move away from the wind source, swell waves persist and continue to propagate.
Influencing Factors:
- The speed of the wind, the extent of ocean surface area affected by consistent wind direction (fetch), and the duration of time the winds persist over the same part of the ocean are all contributing factors to the formation and behavior of swell waves.
Characteristics of Swell Waves:
- Limited Frequency and Direction Range: Swell waves exhibit a narrower range of frequencies and directions compared to wind-generated waves occurring locally.
- Defined Shape and Direction: Swell waves assume a more distinct shape and direction, displaying less randomness than waves generated by local winds.
- Directional Orientation: Unlike wind waves, swell waves are characterized by the direction from which they originate rather than where they are headed.
- Wavelength Variation: Swell waves typically possess long wavelengths, although this can vary depending on the size of the water body.
- Generally, their wavelengths seldom exceed 150 meters.
- However, on occasion, particularly severe storms may produce swells with wavelengths surpassing 700 meters.
What are the Differences Between a Normal Wave and Swell Waves?
Normal Waves:
- Random Nature: Normal waves encompass any spontaneous disturbance occurring in the sea, exhibiting a wide array of forms, types, shapes, heights, periods, directions, and speeds.
- Varied Characteristics: Waves can manifest in diverse forms and attributes, subject to the prevailing conditions in the ocean.
Swell Waves:
- Deep-water Linear Waves: Swell waves are a distinct category of deep-water, linear waves originating or emerging from a chaotic wave system during external weather events due to wave dispersion.
- Defined Characteristics: Swells travel in a specific direction as uniform, high-speed, long waves that maintain consistency over time, with speeds determined by their wavelengths and periods.
- Extensive Travel: Swell waves traverse significantly greater distances compared to typical wave packets, exhibiting remarkable endurance.
- Independence from Local Weather: Swell waves remain unaffected by local weather systems, retaining their characteristics even in the presence of nearby weather phenomena.
Havana Syndrome
- 02 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
The mysterious so-called Havana Syndrome symptoms experienced by U.S. diplomats in recent years have been linked to a Russian intelligence unit, according to a joint media investigation released on April 1.
What is Havana Syndrome?
- Havana Syndrome is a term used to describe a set of mental health symptoms experienced by US intelligence and embassy officials in various countries.
- The symptoms include hearing sounds without any external noise, nausea, vertigo, headaches, memory loss, and balance issues.
- The syndrome first came to light in 2016 when US officials stationed at the country's embassy in Havana, Cuba, began reporting these symptoms.
- The exact cause of the syndrome remains unknown, but it has been linked to high-frequency microwave transmissions.
- The syndrome was named after the city where it was first reported, Havana, and has since been reported by US government officials and military personnel serving at various stations across the world.
- The symptoms of Havana Syndrome are diverse and range from pain and ringing in the ears to cognitive dysfunction.
- Some individuals have also reported hearing loss, memory loss, and nausea.
- The exact cause of these symptoms remains unknown, with theories ranging from sonic weapons to mass psychogenic illness.
- Despite ongoing investigations, there is currently no known cure for Havana Syndrome.
- Research continues into the potential causes and treatments for this perplexing condition.
Affected Regions:
- As per reports from US media outlets, over the past few years, officials have documented more than 130 instances worldwide, including in Moscow, Russia, Poland, Georgia, Taiwan, Colombia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Austria, among others, with similar accusations emerging in early 2018 from US diplomats stationed in China.
- Status in India: The first such incident was reported in 2021 when a US intelligence officer accompanying CIA director William Burns to New Delhi exhibited symptoms of Havana Syndrome.
Recent Investigation Findings and Russia's Response:
- A year-long investigation revealed evidence suggesting that unexplained anomalous health incidents, commonly known as Havana Syndrome, may be linked to the use of directed energy weapons wielded by members of Russia's GRU Unit 29155, responsible for foreign operations and implicated in various international incidents, including the 2018 attempted poisoning of defector Sergei Skripal in Britain.
- Moscow has dismissed the allegations as "groundless," asserting the absence of convincing evidence, deeming the accusations baseless and unfounded.
What are Microwave Weapons?
- Microwave weapons, a type of directed energy weapon, utilize high-frequency electromagnetic radiation to generate heat in the water within a target's skin, resulting in pain and discomfort.
- Several nations are believed to have developed such weapons for use against both humans and electronic systems.
- China unveiled its "microwave weapon," the Poly WB-1, at an air show in 2014, while the United States has also designed a prototype called the "Active Denial System."
- The existence of these weapons has raised concerns regarding their potential misuse, and further research is necessary to understand their long-term effects and implications on human health and security.
Presence of Ozone on Jupiter's Moon Callisto
- 02 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
An international team of scientists, including from India, has discovered strong evidence indicating the presence of ozone on Jupiter’s moon Callisto, shedding light on the complex chemical processes taking place on icy celestial bodies in the Solar System.
Study on the Formation of Ozone in Callisto's Icy Environment:
- A recent study examined the chemical evolution of sulfur dioxide (SO2)-rich astrochemical ice found on Callisto's surface when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
- The investigation revealed a unique signature indicating the formation of ozone, which could have implications for the potential habitability of the Jovian moon.
- Callisto is Jupiter's second-largest moon and the third-largest moon in our solar system.
- It has a relatively stable surface, which could play a vital role in preserving subsurface oceans or potential habitats beneath its icy crust.
- The study analyzed UV absorption spectra data from ice samples containing SO2, a primary component of Callisto's surface ice, and observed the generation of ozone under UV irradiation.
- Ozone formation on Callisto could have implications for the moon's astrobiological potential, as ozone can protect the surface from harmful radiation.
- Further research is needed to better understand the implications of this discovery on Callisto's habitability and the potential for future exploration missions.
Callisto's Distinctive Environment:
- Following Saturn, Jupiter boasts the second-highest number of moons in the Solar System, with Callisto ranking among its largest moons and holding the position of the third-largest moon overall, after Ganymede and Titan.
- Comprised predominantly of water ice, rocky elements, sulfur dioxide, and traces of organic compounds, Callisto presents a compelling potential for harboring life beyond Earth within the Solar System.
- The moon's extensively cratered surface bears witness to a lengthy history of impacts from asteroids and comets.
Importance of the Research:
- The identification of ozone on Callisto hints at the existence of oxygen, a crucial component essential for the development of intricate molecules vital for life, including amino acids, thus prompting inquiries into the moon's potential for sustaining life.
- This finding also has implications for other icy moons within our Solar System, offering insights that could broaden our comprehension of habitable environments beyond Earth.
Significance of Ozone:
- Consisting of three oxygen atoms bonded together, the ozone molecule plays a pivotal role in shielding life on Earth.
- Situated in the lower region of the Earth's stratosphere, approximately 15-35 kilometers above the surface, the ozone layer acts as a protective barrier.
- Without this layer, ultraviolet radiation would intensify, posing significant threats to various species and disrupting ecosystems.
- Ultraviolet-B and ultraviolet-C, with wavelengths ranging from 290 to 320 nanometers and 100 to 280 nanometers respectively, can cause DNA damage, and mutations, and elevate the risk of skin cancer and cataracts in humans.
- Furthermore, ultraviolet light can impede plant growth and adversely affect diverse organisms.
Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)
- 02 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Congress has hailed as an “important first step” the Supreme Court’s notice to the Election Commission and the Centre on a plea seeking a complete count of VVPAT slips and said the matter should be decided before the Lok Sabha polls commence.
What is the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)?
- The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail, or VVPAT system, was first introduced in 2014 for the first time during the 2014 Lok Sabha Elections.
- The ECI conducted pilot tests of VVPAT systems in a few constituencies in 2011, and after successful trials, VVPAT was gradually deployed across all polling stations in subsequent elections.
- It is connected to Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) and enables voters to confirm that their votes were cast as intended.
- The concept of VVPAT was to enhance the credibility and transparency of EVMs.
What are VVPAT Slips?
- VVPAT slips are an integral part of the EVMs used in elections.
- It provides a physical paper trail for voters to verify that their vote has been correctly recorded by the EVM.
- It ensures transparency and accountability in the electoral process by allowing voters to verify their vote before casting it finally.
- The VVPAT produces a paper slip that permits the voter to confirm the accuracy of their vote on the EVM.
- This slip displays the name and symbol of the party chosen by the voter.
- Additionally, the machine features a transparent window through which the voter can observe the printed slip.
- Subsequently, the slip is securely deposited into a sealed compartment within the machine.
- However, in the event of a dispute, this sealed box can be opened for further examination.
Controversies Surrounding VVPAT:
- Despite its intended purpose of enhancing transparency, VVPAT has been subject to several controversies over the years.
- Some critics have raised concerns about the reliability of VVPAT systems, citing instances of malfunctioning printers, paper jams, and discrepancies between electronic and paper records.
- The Opposition parties within the INDIA bloc have been advocating for the full counting of VVPATs, to bolster public trust in the EVMs, which itself has been subjected to intense scrutiny recently.
- Their concern has mostly stemmed from allegations of delay in the printing and displaying of VVPAT slips for every vote, which they claim can significantly increase the time required for vote counting.
Supreme Court’s intervention in VVPATs:
- In April 2019, the SC asked the poll panel to increase the number of EVMs that undergo VVPAT physical verification from one to five per assembly segment in a parliamentary constituency.
- In the month of May the same year, the Supreme Court dismissed a writ petition seeking 100 percent counting of VVPAT in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
- Earlier in the same month, the Supreme Court had also dismissed the review petition filed by opposition parties to increase verification of VVPAT-EVM to 50 percent.
Katchatheevu Island
- 01 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi once again attacked the Congress about its decision to “callously give away” the island of Katchatheevu.
About the Island of Katchatheevu:
- Katchatheevu is an uninhabited area located between India and Sri Lanka in the Palk Strait.
- It measures around 1.6 km in length and slightly over 300 m wide at its broadest point.
- Situated northeast of Rameswaram, it is approximately 33 km away from the Indian coast.
- Moreover, it is positioned about 62 km southwest of Jaffna, at the northern tip of Sri Lanka, and 24 km from the inhabited Delft Island, which is a part of Sri Lanka.
- Katchatheevu is not suited for permanent settlement as there is no source of drinking water on the island.
History of the island:
- Being the product of a 14-century volcanic eruption, Katchatheevu is relatively new in the geological timescale.
- In the early medieval period, it was controlled by the Jaffna kingdom of Sri Lanka.
- In the 17th century, control passed to the Ramnad zamindari based out of Ramanathapuram, about 55 km northwest of Rameswaram.
What is the dispute?
- The island became part of the Madras Presidency during the British Raj.
- But in 1921, both India and Sri Lanka, at the time British colonies, claimed Katchatheevu to determine fishing boundaries.
- A survey marked Katchatheevu in Sri Lanka, but a British delegation from India challenged this, citing ownership of the island by the Ramnad kingdom.
- This dispute was not settled until 1974.
What is the Agreement on Katchatheevu Island?
- In 1974, Indira Gandhi made attempts to settle the maritime border between India and Sri Lanka, once and for all.
- As a part of this settlement, known as the ‘Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement’, Indira Gandhi ‘ceded’ Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka.
- At the time, she thought the island had little strategic value and that ceasing India’s claim over the island would deepen its ties with its southern neighbor.
- Moreover, as per the agreement, Indian fishermen were still allowed to access Katchatheevu “hitherto”.
- Unfortunately, the issue of fishing rights was not ironed out by the agreement.
- Sri Lanka interpreted Indian fishermen’s right to access Katchatheevu to be limited to “rest, drying nets and for visit to the Catholic shrine without a visa”.
- Another agreement in 1976, during the period of Emergency in India, barred either country from fishing in the other’s Exclusive Economic Zone.
- Again, Katchatheevu lay right at the edge of the EEZs of either country, retaining a degree of uncertainty about fishing rights.
How did the Sri Lankan Civil War Impact Katchatheevu?
- Between 1983 and 2009, the border dispute remained on the back burner as a bloody civil war raged in Sri Lanka.
- With the Sri Lankan naval forces preoccupied with their task of cutting off supply lines of the LTTE based out of Jaffna, incursions by Indian fishermen well into Sri Lankan waters were commonplace.
- Bigger Indian trawlers were especially resented as they would not only tend to overfish but also damage Sri Lankan fishing nets and boats.
- In 2009, the war with the LTTE ended, and things dramatically changed. Colombo beefed up its maritime defenses and turned its focus to Indian fishermen.
- Facing a depletion of marine resources on the Indian side, they would frequently enter Sri Lankan waters as they had been doing for years, but finally began facing consequences.
- To date, the Sri Lankan navy routinely arrests Indian fishermen and there have been many allegations of custodial torture and death.
- The demand for Katchatheevu is revived each time such an incident happens.
Indian Government Stance on Katchatheevu Island:
- The Union government’s position on Katchatheevu has largely remained unchanged.
- It has argued that since the island had always been under dispute, “no territory belonging to India was ceded nor sovereignty relinquished.”
Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KOSO)
- 01 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Since ancient times, seafarers, mathematicians, astronomers, and physicists have all diligently studied and tracked the Sun and its phenomena, with the establishment of the Madras Observatory by the British East India Company in 1792 marking a pioneering effort in this region.
About Kodaikanal Solar Observatory:
- The Kodaikanal Solar Observatory is a solar observatory owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bengaluru.
- It is on the southern tip of the Palani Hills 4 kilometers from Kodaikanal (Tamil Nadu).
- The Government of India separated Astrophysics from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in April 1971.
- From solar data recorded on basic photographic plates or films, the 125-year-old KoSO boasts a mammoth digital repository containing 1.48 lakh digitized solar images of 10 terabytes.
- These include 33,500 white-light images (showing sunspots) and thousands of other images of the Sun recorded every day since the start of the 20th century.
- KoSO is the only observatory offering high-resolution digitized images for such a long period (with coverage of more than 75 percent).
- Today, it houses a spectrum of advanced instruments like the H-alpha telescope to perform full disc imaging, a White light Active Region Monitor (WARM) with calcium and sodium filters to make full disc simultaneous observations of the photosphere and chromosphere layers of the Sun, a solar tunnel telescope and more.
Links to the Great Drought:
- Scanty rainfall over south India during the winter monsoon of 1875 triggered one of the worst droughts the country had experienced till then.
- Multiple failed crops over the famine-stricken peninsular India killed 12.2 to 29.3 million people across the Madras and Mysore Provinces during 1875-1877.
- India, along with China, Egypt, Morocco, Ethiopia, southern Africa, Brazil, Columbia, and Venezuela, suffered concurrent multi-year droughts during 1876-1878, later named the Great Drought, and an associated global famine that killed nearly 50 million.
- The drought was thought to be due to multiple reasons:
- Solar activity
- Cool Pacific Ocean conditions followed by a record-breaking El Nino (1877-1878)
- Strong Indian Ocean Dipole and
- Warm North Atlantic Ocean conditions.
Solar Physics Observatory in Palani Hills:
- Established in response to the British Raj's acknowledgment of solar activity's link to India's weather patterns, the Palani Hills Solar Physics Observatory, also known as the Indian Solar Observatory, was founded to conduct systematic studies on solar phenomena and their correlation with Indian meteorology.
- Located in Kodaikanal, selected for its favorable atmospheric conditions after careful consideration by Charles Michie Smith (a Professor of Physics at the Madras Christian College), the observatory was officially sanctioned by the Government of India in August 1893 and inaugurated by Lord Wenlock (the then Governor of Madras) in 1895.
- Commencing systematic observations in 1901, it merged with the Madras Observatory, enriching its instrumentation.
- Notable discoveries ensued, including the identification of the Evershed Effect.
- Over time, the observatory expanded its research domains to encompass cosmic rays, radio astronomy, and ionospheric physics, among others, solidifying its status as a pioneering institution in the field of astrophysics.
- Notably, it initiated solar radio observations in 1952, marking a significant milestone in Indian solar research.
- Despite the closure of contemporaneous observatories, the Palani Hills Solar Physics Observatory has endured, continuing to contribute to our understanding of the Sun and its effects on Earth's climate and space weather.
Why Study the Sun?
- Being the primary source of energy, life on Earth is supported by the Sun.
- Any change on the solar surface or its periphery could significantly affect the Earth’s atmosphere.
- Powerful solar storms and solar flares can be potentially harmful to Earth’s satellite-based operations, power grids, and navigational networks.
- The KoSO (Kodaikanal Solar Observatory), which has been imaging the Sun for over a century now, has a rich repository of data.
- This is extremely useful not only to reconstruct the Sun’s historic past but also to link its behavioral changes to better understand and predict its future and its impact on life on Earth and Space weather.
Fukushima Water Issue
- 01 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, Japan announced that its experts have engaged in discussions with their Chinese counterparts to address Beijing's concerns regarding the release of treated radioactive wastewater from the damaged Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant into the sea.
What is the Fukushima Water Issue?
- In 2021, the Japanese government unveiled plans to gradually discharge over one million tonnes of contaminated water from the Fukushima nuclear plant into the ocean over the next three decades.
- The contaminated water is a residual product of the devastating 2011 earthquake and tsunami that incapacitated the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, resulting in the release of radioactive materials.
- After more than ten years of storing this wastewater, Japan asserts that they are facing storage space limitations and contends that the treated water is now safe for release.
Concerns Surrounding the Fukushima Water Discharge:
- Tritium and Carbon-14: The water from Fukushima undergoes filtration via the Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS), effectively reducing most radioactive contaminants to acceptable safety levels, except tritium and carbon-14.
- While both emit low levels of radiation, consumption in large quantities could potentially pose risks.
- Insufficient Research: Scientists emphasize the need for further investigation into the potential impact of the water discharge on the ocean bed and marine ecosystems.
- The Pacific Islands Forum regional group has labeled the proposed plan as "another significant nuclear contamination disaster," citing ongoing challenges faced by its member nations due to past US nuclear testing.
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF):
- The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) is an inter-governmental organization that aims to enhance cooperation among countries and territories of Oceania, including the formation of a trade bloc and regional peacekeeping operations.
- It was founded in 1971 as the South Pacific Forum (SPF), and changed its name in 1999 to "Pacific Islands Forum", to be more inclusive of the Forum's Oceania-spanning membership of both north and south Pacific island countries, including Australia.
- It is a United Nations General Assembly observer.
- The PIF secretariat is located in Suva, the capital of Fiji.
Nuclear Incidents:
- A nuclear and radiation incident denotes an occurrence that has resulted in significant repercussions for individuals, the environment, or the facility involved.
- These may entail fatal consequences for individuals, substantial releases of radioactivity into the environment, or reactor core meltdowns.
- Globally, there have been a total of 99 incidents at nuclear power plants.
- Fifty-seven of these incidents have transpired since the Chornobyl disaster, with the United States accounting for 57% of all nuclear-related incidents.
- Noteworthy nuclear power plant mishaps encompass:
- Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011)
- Chernobyl disaster (1986)
- Three Mile Island accident (1979), and
- The SL-1 accident (1961).
Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016
- 01 Apr 2024
Why is it in the News?
Eight years after Parliament passed the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016, the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is in the process of reviewing the functioning of the Act, including by holding regular meetings with homebuyers and setting up a data collection unit within the Ministry.
What Is Real Estate (Regulation & Development) Act, 2016 (RERA)?
- The Real Estate (Regulation & Development) Act, 2016 is an act of the Parliament of India that strives to protect home buyers and helps escalate the investment made in the real estate industry.
- It was established under this Act to regulate the real estate sector.
- Additionally, it acts as the adjudicating body for faster dispute resolution related to the real estate industry.
The Primary Objectives of the Act:
- Ensuring Transparency: Promoting transparency in the real estate sector regarding the sale of flats, apartments, plots, buildings, or any real estate project.
- Establishing Dispute Resolution: Setting up an adjudicating mechanism to swiftly resolve disputes.
- Protecting Buyer Interests: Safeguarding the interests of buyers/allottees in the real estate domain.
- Building Trust: Fostering trust between buyers and promoters by leveraging regulatory authority.
- Furthermore, the Act mandates that Real Estate Regulatory Authorities establish and maintain a web portal containing pertinent details of all registered real estate projects for public access.
Reasons for RERA Implementation:
- The introduction of RERA was necessitated by challenges faced by the Indian real estate sector since 2012, including factors such as unemployment, recession, low rental yield, inventory pile-up, and ambiguous tax and arbitration frameworks.
Projects Covered by RERA:
- RERA covers commercial and residential projects, including plotted developments, that exceed 500 square meters or comprise more than 8 units.
- Additionally, projects lacking a Completion Certificate prior to the Act's commencement are subject to its provisions.
Benefits of RERA Implementation:
- Standardization: RERA ensures uniformity in the real estate sector concerning aspects like carpet areas and common areas, thereby preventing malpractices such as alterations in layout, area, agreements, and specifications.
- It also mandates disclosure of details regarding brokers, architects, and contractors.
- Timely Delivery: Developers are obligated to adhere to scheduled delivery timelines for office spaces or homes.
- Failure to comply may result in stringent penalties or imprisonment for the developer.
- Regulatory Compliance: RERA mandates obtaining clearance from government departments before the sale of any residential or commercial property.
- Financial Transparency: Developers are required to maintain separate bank accounts for each project, enhancing financial transparency and accountability.
- Warranty Protection: Buyers are empowered to report any structural defects in the building to the developer within one year of possession, with the developer obligated to rectify them free of charge.
Challenges Associated with RERA:
- Limited Scope: The regulations of RERA do not extend to ongoing projects or those stalled due to clearance issues, potentially leaving certain projects outside its jurisdiction.
- Approval Delays: Delays in approval and clearance from government agencies may impede the timely completion and delivery of real estate projects, affecting both developers and buyers.
- Exemption for Small Developers: Small-scale developers overseeing projects smaller than 500 square meters are exempt from RERA's provisions, and registration with the regulatory authority is not compulsory for them.
- Project Launch Delays: Projects cannot be launched without necessary clearances, which may result in delays in the commencement of new projects.
X-Class Solar Flares
- 30 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently the Earth was hit by an X-class solar flare that was strong enough to ionize part of the planet's atmosphere.
What are Solar Flares?
- Solar flares are large explosions from the surface of the sun that emit intense bursts of electromagnetic radiation.
- The intensity of the explosion determines what classification the flare belongs to.
- The most powerful are X-class flares, followed by M-, C-, and B-class; A-class flares are the smallest.
- These flares can be visible as bright flashes in a particular region of the sun and can last several minutes.
- Solar flares occur when magnetic energy builds up in the solar atmosphere and is released suddenly.
- These outbursts are intrinsically linked to the solar cycle — an approximately 11-year cycle of solar activity driven by the sun's magnetic field.
What Causes Solar Flares?
- The sun's surface is a magnetically mixed-up place.
- Magnetic fields are created from electrically charged gases generating electrical currents that act as a magnetic dynamo inside the sun.
- These magnetic fields twist, tangle, and reorganize themselves due to the turbulent nature of the gases that create them.
- This unsettled magnetic field behavior — also known as solar activity — can trigger solar flare eruptions from the surface that release vast amounts of electromagnetic radiation — a form of energy that includes radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays, and visible light.
- Solar flares tend to originate from regions of the solar surface that contain sunspots — darker, cooler portions of the solar surface where magnetic fields are particularly strong.
- As such, the number of sunspots can indicate the likelihood of a solar flare eruption.
- Solar activity follows an approximately 11-year cycle with the peak of sunspot activity coinciding with the solar maximum and a sunspot hiatus coinciding with the solar minimum.
- During periods of low solar activity when no sunspots are present, it is unlikely that a solar flare will occur.
What are X-Class Solar Flares?
- Solar flares are categorized into five classes based on the intensity of emitted X-rays, with each class letter denoting a 10-fold increase in energy output, akin to the Richter scale for earthquake strength assessment.
- X-class flares are the most powerful solar flares.
- Then there are M-class flares that are 10 times smaller than X-class flares, then C-class, B-class, and finally A-class flares which are too weak to significantly affect Earth.
- Within each letter class, a finer scale from 1 to 9 gives the flare assessment greater precision with larger numbers representing more powerful flares within the class.
- However, X-class flares can break this nine-point rating mold with higher ratings, since there is no class more powerful than X-class.
- Fortunately, X-class flares occur on average about 10 times per year.
How do Solar Flares Affect the Earth?
- Disruption of Satellite Communications: Solar flares can interfere with satellite communications, GPS signals, and radio transmissions, causing disruptions or blackouts in telecommunications and navigation systems.
- Auroral Displays: Intense solar flares can trigger colorful auroras, or Northern and Southern Lights, as charged particles interact with Earth's magnetic field, creating stunning light displays in the polar regions.
- Power Grid Disturbances: Severe solar flares have the potential to induce geomagnetic storms that can overload power grids, leading to widespread power outages and damage to electrical infrastructure.
- Radiation Hazards: Solar flares emit harmful radiation, particularly in the form of ultraviolet and X-rays, which can pose risks to astronauts in space and airline passengers at high altitudes.
- Impact on Electronics: The influx of charged particles during solar flares can induce currents in electrical circuits, potentially damaging or disrupting sensitive electronic devices, such as computers, satellites, and spacecraft.
India-led ‘Group of Friends’
- 30 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
At a high-level meeting of the India-led 'Group of Friends (GOF), India launched a new database designed to record crimes against UN peacekeepers and monitor progress in holding perpetrators accountable.
About the 'Group of Friends':
- The Group of Friends (GOF) was launched by India in 2022 to promote accountability for crimes against the Blue Helmets during its presidency of the UN Security Council.
- India, Bangladesh, Egypt, France, Morocco, and Nepal are co-chairs of the GOF, which comprises 40 member states.
Key objectives of the group include:
- Engaging and sharing information with the UN Secretary-General to assist member states hosting or having hosted peacekeeping operations in bringing perpetrators of crimes against peacekeepers to justice.
- Serving as an informal platform at the UN to exchange information, share best practices, and mobilize resources to facilitate accountability for crimes against peacekeepers.
- Monitoring progress on bringing accountability for crimes against peacekeepers.
- The 'Group of Friends' will convene two meetings of its members per year and organize one event annually involving Permanent Missions and other stakeholders, ensuring greater safety and security for peacekeepers.
- This initiative represents the political will of member states, particularly troop and police contributing countries, to champion the implementation of UN Security Council resolution 2589, adopted in August 2021 under India's Presidency of the Council.
- Resolution 2589 called upon member states hosting or having hosted UN peacekeeping operations to take all appropriate measures to bring to justice perpetrators of violence against UN personnel, including their detention and abduction.
- The 'Group of Friends serves as a crucial platform for advancing this resolution, promoting accountability, and enhancing the protection of peacekeepers worldwide.
India's Significant Role in UN Peacekeeping:
- As a longstanding advocate for global peace and stability, India has demonstrated its commitment to United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations.
- Over the past seven decades, India has contributed more than 260,000 peacekeepers, making it the largest cumulative contributor to UN peacekeeping missions.
- Despite the risks associated with such endeavors, India has remained steadfast in its support of peacekeeping efforts.
- Tragically, 177 Indian peacekeepers have made the ultimate sacrifice in the line of duty, reflecting India's dedication to fostering stability worldwide.
- Presently, India has more than 6,000 peacekeepers deployed in nine out of the twelve UN peacekeeping missions.
- As a strong proponent of accountability for crimes against peacekeepers, India plays a crucial role in advocating for the safety and security of these dedicated personnel.
C-Vigil App
- 30 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Ever since the general election was announced two weeks ago, a total of 79,000 violations have been reported on the Election Commission of India’s (ECI) cVigil app across the country.
About C-Vigil App:
- cVigil is a user-friendly and easy-to-operate application, that connects vigilant citizens with the District Control Room, Returning Officer and Field Unit (Flying Squads), or Static Surveillance Teams.
- By using this app, citizens can immediately report incidents of political misconduct within minutes and without having to rush to the office of the returning officer.
- As soon as the complaint is sent on the cVigil app, the complainant receives a unique ID, through which the person will be able to track the complaint on their mobile.
- This creates a rapid and accurate reporting, action, and monitoring system.
The cVIGIL app enabled voters to
- Register Complaints: The app allows every citizen within the election boundaries to report the Model Code of Conduct / Expenditure Violations by taking photos/audio/video through their mobile phones by signing into the application.
- Anonymous User: The app also allows the citizen to complain anonymously, without revealing their details/ identity.
- Geotagging: The app automatically enables a geo-tagging feature when users switch on their camera in the cVIGIL to report a violation, which helps the field unit to know the precise location of the incident.
Benefits of the Application:
- cVIGIL is a convenient and user-friendly app allowing citizens to send pictorial evidence of the model code of conduct violations in their vicinity.
- Each reported incident is tracked and scrutinized from the beginning to the endpoint, thus bringing accountability into the system.
- The immediate location verification feature of the cVIGIL will act as a strong deterrence for miscreants and wrong-doers as they can be easily tracked.
- A combination of all these factors will encourage citizens to keep vigil over unhealthy electoral practices and bring them to the notice of the Election Commission.
- This in turn will help the commission reach its objective of conducting free and fair elections.
Great Indian Bustard (GIB)
- 29 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Supreme Court last week said it will review its April 2021 order to bury underground all power lines in the habitat of the Great Indian Bustard (GIB), after the Centre found the order “practically impossible to implement” over long distances.
About Great Indian Bustard:
- Great Indian Bustard (GIB) is an agro-grassland bird endemic to the Indian Subcontinent.
- Known locally as Godawan in Rajasthan, it is a Critically Endangered species as per the IUCN Red List.
- It belongs to the family Otididae and exhibits sexual dimorphism.
- The GIB is an omnivorous bird.
- The species has a current viable population of around 150 individuals in India and mainly survives in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan which holds about 100 individuals.
- Of the remaining individuals, these birds are found in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh respectively.
- With fewer than 150 individuals, they are caught in a deadly maze of power lines that crisscross its last refuge in the Kutch and Thar deserts of western India.
Why Do Power Lines Kill Bustards?
- Power lines pose a risk to all flying birds.
- In 2020, a study carried out by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) in 4,200 sq km of GIB habitat in and around Desert National Park (DNP) in Rajasthan estimated that power lines killed around 84,000 birds of multiple species every year.
- GIBs are especially vulnerable because of their narrow frontal vision and large size.
- Unlike some birds that have a panoramic vision around the head, species like raptors and bustards have extensive blind areas above their heads.
- When they stretch their head forward to scan the ground below, they fly blind in the direction of travel.
Arguments of the Centre:
- The Centre said taking lines of 66 KV and higher voltage underground was not feasible for the evacuation of bulk power due to constraints such as transmission losses, maintenance challenges, multiple cable joints, increased time requirements, and safety concerns.
- The cost implications of undergrounding all power lines in the large area identified are very heavy — running into many thousands of crores and the cost of externalities that will burden the nation was “huge” and “disproportionate”.
- Harnessing renewable power from high-potential areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat was “essential for meeting rising power demand and India’s international commitments on climate change”.
Other threats faced by GIB:
- Free-ranging dogs pose a significant threat to the Great Indian Bustard (GIB) population, particularly in the Thar landscape, with feral packs responsible for a substantial portion of Chinkara depredation in the Desert National Park (DNP) as of 2017.
- Although sporadic hunting of GIBs persists, the prevalent use of pesticides in agricultural areas poses a more substantial risk to the bird's survival.
- Additionally, habitat loss, particularly the decline of grasslands essential for nesting, and diminishing support from local communities are growing concerns.
CoViNet
- 29 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a global network of laboratories to identify and monitor potentially novel coronaviruses that could emerge shortly.
What is CoViNet?
- The Coronavirus Network (CoViNet) is a global collaboration of laboratories with expertise in human, animal, and environmental coronavirus surveillance.
- This network aims to identify and monitor potential new coronaviruses that could emerge and impact public health worldwide.
- To enhance pandemic preparedness, CoViNet will expand its scope to include animal health and environmental surveillance, as well as timely risk assessments.
- This will allow the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop more informed policies and protective measures against future viral outbreaks.
- CoViNet will also play a pivotal role in building and supporting laboratory capacities in low- and middle-income countries to monitor MERS-CoV and other emerging coronaviruses of public health importance.
- By fostering knowledge exchange and capacity building, CoViNet aims to strengthen the global response to coronavirus threats.
- Furthermore, data generated through CoViNet's efforts will guide the work of the WHO's Technical Advisory Groups on Viral Evolution (TAG-VE) and Vaccine Composition (TAG-CO-VAC). These groups rely on cutting-edge research and surveillance data to inform public health policies and vaccination strategies.
- With 36 laboratories from 21 countries across all six WHO regions, CoViNet currently encompasses a wide range of expertise and resources.
- Three Indian institutions, namely, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology in Pune, and the Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, proudly represent the country in this global network dedicated to coronavirus surveillance and preparedness.
About the World Health Organization (WHO):
- The World Health Organization (WHO) stands as a paramount global health authority, dedicated to promoting health, preventing diseases, and improving healthcare systems worldwide.
- Established in 1948, WHO operates as a specialized agency of the United Nations, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
- It collaborates with governments, international organizations, and civil society to address pressing health challenges and provide guidance and support to countries in need.
- WHO's mandate encompasses a wide array of health-related issues, including infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, mental health, maternal and child health, and environmental health.
- Through research, policy development, and technical assistance, WHO plays a vital role in shaping health policies, setting standards, and coordinating responses to health emergencies such as pandemics and natural disasters.
- With a mission to ensure the highest attainable level of health for all people, WHO continues to lead efforts in global health governance, advocacy, and capacity-building, striving for a healthier, safer, and more equitable world.
Food Waste Index Report 2024
- 29 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
As per the Food Waste Index Report for 2024, households worldwide discarded more than one billion meals daily in 2022.
About UNEP Food Waste Index Report 2024:
- The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Food Waste Index Report 2024, co-authored with the Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP), offers a comprehensive analysis of the state of global food waste.
- The report reveals alarming trends, including the wastage of over 1 billion meals per day in 2022, highlighting the urgency to address this critical issue.
Key findings from the report include:
- Per Capita Waste: The average annual food waste per person amounts to approximately 79 kilograms (or around 174 pounds).
- This equates to over a billion meals being wasted daily worldwide, underscoring the significant inefficiencies in current food consumption habits.
- Sources of Waste: Household waste constitutes the majority, around 60%, with food service establishments (such as restaurants) contributing approximately 28%, and retailers making up about 12%.
- This breakdown suggests that interventions targeting consumer behavior could have a substantial impact on reducing overall waste.
- Environmental Impact: Food loss and waste contribute to 8 to 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
- Comparatively, if food waste were considered a country, it would rank as the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases globally, trailing only China and the United States.
- This stark comparison underscores the urgent need to address food waste not only for resource efficiency but also as a crucial aspect of climate action on a global scale.
- Global vs. Local Impact: The report highlights that food waste is a pervasive issue affecting both high-income and lower-income countries alike.
- This universality implies that solutions must be adaptable and scalable across various socioeconomic contexts.
- Collaborative Solutions: Governments, regional entities, industry stakeholders, and non-profit organizations are increasingly involved in public-private partnerships to combat food waste.
- Effective strategies, such as food redistribution through initiatives like food banks and charities, are recognized as vital for reducing waste while simultaneously supporting vulnerable communities.
Recommendations:
- The Food Waste Index Report by UNEP emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive action, both globally and locally, to tackle the issue of food waste.
- By illuminating the extent and origins of waste, as well as its significant environmental and social repercussions, the report advocates for collaborative efforts across all sectors to establish sustainable food systems.
- The target of halving food waste by 2030 is not only in line with environmental goals but also represents a crucial step towards reducing global hunger and promoting a fairer distribution of food resources.
- As nations strive to achieve this objective, the report underscores the interconnectedness of food security, environmental sustainability, and economic viability.
- It presents addressing food waste not only as a moral and environmental imperative but also as a practical opportunity to bolster global food security and combat climate change.
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act
- 29 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Kerala High Court has held that a child charged with offenses under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, is to be prosecuted as per the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) (JJ) Act.
About the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO Act):
- Enacted in 2012, the POCSO Act stands as India's pioneering legislation dedicated to addressing child sexual abuse comprehensively.
- Under the administration of the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD), its primary objective is safeguarding children under 18 from sexual assault, harassment, and exploitation, alongside establishing Special Courts to adjudicate such cases swiftly and efficiently, ensuring justice and protection for victims.
Salient Features of the Act:
- The POCSO Act adopts a gender-neutral approach, defining a child as "any person" under 18, ensuring inclusivity for all victims of child sexual abuse.
- It delineates various forms of sexual abuse, encompassing penetrative and non-penetrative assault, sexual harassment, and pornography.
- Certain circumstances, such as mental illness or abuse by a trusted individual like a family member, escalate the severity of sexual assault as per the Act.
- Individuals involved in trafficking children for sexual exploitation are subject to punishment under the Act's provisions on abetment.
- Attempting to commit an offense under the Act incurs penalties up to half the prescribed punishment for the completed offense.
- There's no time limit for reporting abuse, empowering victims to come forward at any point, regardless of when the abuse occurred.
- The Act mandates reporting of sexual abuse, penalizing failure to do so with imprisonment or fines.
- It includes child-friendly procedures for reporting, evidence recording, investigation, and trial, ensuring a supportive environment for victims.
- These procedures include recording the child's statement in a preferred location, preferably by a female officer, and avoiding aggressive questioning or character attacks.
- Medical examinations occur in the presence of a trusted individual, and the child is shielded from seeing the accused during testimony.
- Trials are held in camera, with the Special Court aiming to complete proceedings within a year of cognizance, prioritizing swift justice for victims.
Amendment to the Act:
- In 2019, the Act underwent its inaugural amendment to intensify penalties for particular offenses, aiming to dissuade perpetrators and safeguard the dignity of childhood.
- This amendment introduced the death penalty for aggravated penetrative sexual assault against children.
- Additionally, it empowered the imposition of fines and sentences of up to 20 years in prison to combat child pornography.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- 29 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in 2023, more than 4,500 Rohingya refugees embarked on a perilous journey across the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.
About the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR):
- UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, is a global organization dedicated to saving lives, protecting rights, and building a better future for people forced to flee their homes because of conflict and persecution.
- It leads international action to protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people.
- Formally known as the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR was established by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1950 in the aftermath of the Second World War to help the millions of people who had lost their homes.
- Today, UNHCR operates in 137 countries and provides life-saving assistance, including shelter, food, water, and medical care for people forced to flee conflict and persecution, many of whom have nobody left to turn to.
- UNHCR defends their right to reach safety and helps them find a place to call home so they can rebuild their lives.
- UNHCR also collaborates with countries to improve and monitor refugee and asylum laws and policies, ensuring that human rights are upheld.
- UNHCR considers refugees and those forced to flee as partners, putting those most affected at the center of planning and decision-making.
Who are the Rohingya Refugees?
- Rohingya are an ethnic group, largely comprising Muslims, who predominantly live in the Western Myanmar province of Rakhine.
- They speak a dialect of Bengali, as opposed to the commonly spoken Burmese language.
- Though they have been living in the South East Asian country for generations, Myanmar considers them as persons who migrated to their land during Colonial rule so, it has not granted Rohingyas full citizenship.
- According to the 1982 Burmese citizenship law, a Rohingya (or any ethnic minority) is eligible for citizenship only if he/she provides proof that his/her ancestors have lived in the country before 1823. Otherwise, they are classified as “resident foreigners” or as “associate citizens” (even if one of the parent is a Myanmar citizen).
- Since they are not citizens, they are not entitled to be part of civil service. Their movements are also restricted within the Rakhine state.
T+0 Settlement Cycle
- 28 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The BSE and NSE introduced trading in the T+0 rolling settlement cycle in the equity segment on an optional basis today.
What is Trade Settlement?
- Trade settlement encompasses the bilateral process of transferring funds and securities on the designated settlement date.
- It signifies the completion of a trade transaction when the purchased securities of a listed company are successfully delivered to the buyer, and the seller receives the agreed-upon payment.
- The evolution of the trade settlement cycle in India has seen notable adjustments over time.
- Initially shortened by SEBI to T+3 from T+5 in 2002 and further to T+2 in 2003, the current cycle in the Indian stock market stands at T+1.
- This migration to the T+1 cycle took effect in January 2023, positioning India as the second country globally, after China, to implement the T+1 settlement cycle for top-listed securities.
What is the T+0 Trading Settlement Cycle?
- In December last year, the capital markets regulator SEBI proposed to introduce a facility for clearing and settlement of funds and securities on T+0 (same day) on an optional basis, in addition to the existing T+1 settlement cycle.
- The regulator has also proposed to introduce optional instant settlement at a later stage.
- Under the T+0 trade cycle, the settlement of trades will happen on the same day after the closure of the T+0 market.
- If investors sell a share, they will get the money credited to their account the same day, and the buyer will also get the shares in their demat account on the very day of the transaction.
What are the Benefits of T+0 Trade Settlement?
- A shortened settlement cycle will bring cost and time efficiency, transparency in charges to investors, and strengthen risk management at clearing corporations and the overall securities market ecosystem.
- The T+0 trade cycle is expected to provide flexibility in terms of faster pay-out of the funds against the securities to the sellers and faster pay-out of securities against the funds to the buyers.
- It will allow better control over funds and securities by the investors.
- For the securities market ecosystem, a shorter settlement cycle will further free up capital in the securities market, thereby enhancing the overall market efficiency.
- It will enhance the overall risk management of Clearing Corporations (CCs) as the trades are backed by upfront funds and securities.
Who can Participate in the T+0 Settlement Cycle?
- All investors are eligible to participate in the segment for the T+0 trade settlement cycle if they are able to meet the timelines, process, and risk requirements as prescribed by the Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs).
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
- 28 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, NASA's Soho mission, which is tasked with observing the Sun, has captured its 5000th comet as it dives around the star in our Solar System.
About Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO):
- SOHO was built as a general solar observatory, with twelve suites of scientific instruments to track all of these properties of the Sun.
- During its operations, it has provided important insights, including:
- Details about the interior of the Sun,
- What sunspots look like beneath the surface,
- Measurements of the speed of the solar wind,
- The charged particles that escape from the corona,
- Mapping the magnetic field behavior over the Sun’s surface; and
- Revealing new phenomena such as “solar tornadoes”.
- Built in Europe, SOHO is operated jointly by ESA and NASA, with contributions from a large number of scientists, engineers, and other staff around the world.
- The spacecraft was launched in 1995 with a planned two-year mission.
- Its work was successful enough to justify keeping the observatory going, and it’s still operating more than 20 years later.
- The probe orbits the Sun at a place where the gravity of the Sun and Earth balance each other out, known as the first Lagrange point (L1).
- Center for Astrophysics (CfA) scientists and engineers provided SOHO’s Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS), which operated until 2013 and measured the ultraviolet spectrum of the hot solar atmosphere.
- UVCS provided the insight that the corona is too hot to be produced by ordinary thermal transfer, where particles collide and pass energy to each other.
- Instead, the corona and solar wind must be accelerated by the magnetic field interactions in some way.
- Other SOHO instruments measure the speed and composition of the solar wind; the seismic waves that travel across the Sun’s surface; the fluctuations in the temperature, composition, and density of different parts of the corona; and the motion of matter upward from the Sun’s interior to its surface.
South East Africa Montane Archipelago (SEAMA)
- 28 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
A recent investigation in southern Africa has revealed a plethora of previously undiscovered biodiversity within a newly identified ecoregion known as the South East Africa Montane Archipelago (SEAMA).
About South East Africa Montane Archipelago (SEAMA):
- It represents a newly identified mountainous ecoregion spanning from northern Mozambique to Mount Mulanje in Malawi, which is the second-highest peak in southern Africa.
- This ecoregion comprises 30 granitic inselbergs rising over 1000 meters above sea level, hosting both the largest (Mt Mabu) and smallest (Mt Lico) mid-elevation rainforests in southern Africa, alongside uniquely diverse montane grasslands.
- SEAMA experiences notably higher annual rainfall and humidity, particularly during the dry season, compared to its surrounding areas.
- Since 2000, SEAMA has witnessed a loss of 18% of its primary humid forest cover, with rates reaching up to 43% in certain locations—marking one of the most rapid deforestation rates across Africa.
- The principal cause of montane forest depletion in SEAMA stems from slash-and-burn agricultural practices, predominantly employed for subsistence food cultivation by local communities, alongside charcoal production for household cooking and economic purposes.
What are Inselbergs?
- Inselbergs are solitary geological formations characterized by isolated, steep-sided hills or small mountains rising abruptly from flat or gently sloping terrain.
- Composed of erosion-resistant rock, such as granite or quartzite, inselbergs stand out prominently in landscapes, with steep or even vertical sides resulting from differential erosion processes.
- These formations, found predominantly in arid or semi-arid regions, take various shapes, including dome-shaped hills, conical peaks, or sheer-sided cliffs.
- Despite their isolated nature, inselbergs support unique ecosystems and biodiversity, creating microclimates and habitats for specialized plant and animal species.
- Rock crevices, caves, and pockets of soil on inselbergs harbor distinct flora and fauna adapted to harsh conditions, making these formations biodiversity hotspots.
- Additionally, inselbergs often hold cultural and spiritual significance for indigenous peoples and local communities, serving as sites for religious rituals, cave paintings, or archaeological artifacts.
- However, inselbergs face threats such as deforestation and habitat degradation due to human activities like slash-and-burn agriculture and charcoal production.
- Conservation efforts are crucial to protect these geological wonders and preserve their ecological and cultural significance for future generations.
Carlsberg Ridge & Afanasy-Nikitin Seamount
- 28 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Indian delegates have been visiting the International Seabed Authority (ISA), Jamaica to strengthen efforts to explore two deep sea regions in the Indian Ocean for mining, according to reports this week.
What is the Carlsberg Ridge?
- The Carlsberg Ridge is the northern section of the Central Indian Ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate, traversing the western regions of the Indian Ocean.
- The ridge of which the Carlsberg Ridge is a part extends northward from a triple point junction near the island of Rodrigues (the Rodrigues Triple Point) to a junction with the Owen Fracture Zone.
- The ridge started its northwards propagation in the late Maastrichtian and reached the incipient Arabian Sea in the Eocene.
- Then it continued to accrete basalt but did not propagate for nearly 30 million years ago.
- Then, in the early Miocene, it started to propagate westwards towards the Afar hot spot, opening the Gulf of Aden.
- The Carlsberg Ridge is seismically active, with a major earthquake being recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey at 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale in July 2003.
- The ridge was discovered by the Danish research vessel Dana during the Carlsberg Foundation's Oceanographic Expedition around the world (1928–1930), better known as the 2nd Dana Expedition, and named after the Carlsberg Foundation, which funded the entire expedition and subsequent analysis and publication of results.
About the Afanasy Nikitin Seamount (ANS) Seabed:
- The ANS is a major structural feature in the Indian Ocean, rising up above the sea bed but below the surface, and forming a seamount.
- It is 400 km long and 150 km wide, and is located in the Central Indian Basin — southeast of Sri Lanka, right below the equator, to the west of Singapore.
- It was formed about 80 million years ago, while dinosaurs still roamed the Earth.
- The Seamount is named after Afanasy Nikitin, a 15th-century Russian merchant who was one of the first to document his travels to India.
- A black monolith is also erected in his honor at Revdanda, about 100 km away from Mumbai, where he is thought to have first set foot in the country.
- The ANS seamount is about 3,000 km from India’s coast and is rich in cobalt, copper, manganese, and nickel.
What are Seamounts?
- Seamounts are submarine mountains originating from volcanic eruptions beneath the ocean's surface, serving as critical habitats for diverse marine ecosystems.
- Similar to terrestrial volcanoes, seamounts can exhibit varying states of activity, including active, dormant, or extinct stages.
- They typically form near mid-ocean ridges, where tectonic plates separate, allowing magma to ascend and solidify on the seabed.
- Notably, seamounts also emerge near intraplate hotspots and oceanic island chains, such as island arcs, characterized by volcanic and seismic activity.
- These underwater formations hold significant scientific value, offering insights into mantle composition, plate tectonics, and oceanic circulation dynamics.
- Moreover, seamounts play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and marine life proliferation, fostering localized upwelling of nutrient-rich waters that support diverse biological communities.
Archaeological Survey of India will ‘Delist’ Some ‘Lost’ Monuments
- 27 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has decided to delist 18 “centrally protected monuments” because it has assessed that they do not have national importance.
Context:
- ASI has decided to delist 18 protected monuments
- ASI says the monuments have ceased to be of 'national importance'
- The 18 'lost' monuments include eleven in Uttar Pradesh
Significance of Delisting Monuments:
- Several monuments are currently facing the prospect of delisting, including historical landmarks such as a medieval highway milestone in Mujessar village, Barakhamba Cemetery in Delhi, Gunner Burkill’s tomb in Jhansi district, a cemetery at Gaughat in Lucknow, and Telia Nala Buddhist ruins in Varanasi.
- The exact whereabouts or condition of these monuments remain uncertain.
Meaning of Delisting:
- Delisting a monument entails its removal from the roster of protected sites, thereby relinquishing its conservation, protection, and maintenance responsibilities by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
- Under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, delisted monuments no longer enjoy protection against construction-related activities in their vicinity, enabling regular urbanization and development activities to proceed uninhibited.
Status of Protected Monuments:
- The inventory of protected monuments is subject to change through additions and removals. Presently, the ASI oversees 3,693 monuments, a number set to decrease to 3,675 following the ongoing delisting initiative.
- This marks the first extensive delisting endeavor in several decades.
Procedures for Monument Delisting:
- The regulations governing the List of Protected Monuments are stipulated under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Rules, 1959.
- This legislation safeguards structures and sites aged over a century, encompassing a diverse array of architectural and historical marvels.
- The government possesses the authority to eliminate certain monuments from the protected list via official notification in the Gazette.
- Through such notifications, the government can declare that certain ancient monuments, archaeological sites, or relics no longer hold national significance under the purview of the AMASR Act (Section 35 of the AMASR Act).
Lost Monuments:
- The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act safeguards monuments and sites aged over a century.
- Nevertheless, numerous structures, particularly smaller or lesser-known ones, have gradually disappeared over time due to factors like urbanization, encroachments, dam and reservoir construction, or neglect.
- In some instances, the lack of public memory hampers efforts to locate these monuments.
Extent of Loss:
- According to a submission by the Ministry of Culture to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture in December 2022, 50 out of India's 3,693 centrally protected monuments were unaccounted for.
- Among these, 14 succumbed to rapid urbanization, 12 were submerged by reservoirs or dams, and the remaining 24 remain untraceable.
- The Committee noted that budget constraints limited the provision of security guards to historical sites, with only 2,578 guards assigned to 248 sites out of the required 7,000.
- Additionally, a 2013 report by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India highlighted the disappearance of at least 92 centrally protected monuments nationwide.
About the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI):
- Founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) was later formalized as a statutory body under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 (AMASR Act) following India's independence.
- ASI's primary mandate encompasses archaeological research and the safeguarding, conservation, and preservation of cultural monuments across the nation.
- Its operational scope includes conducting surveys of antiquarian remains, exploring and excavating archaeological sites, and overseeing the conservation and maintenance of protected monuments, among other responsibilities.
- The ASI operates under the purview of the Ministry of Culture.
Black Carbon
- 27 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
As per a study, the residential sector is responsible for 47% of India's overall black carbon emissions.
What is Black Carbon?
- Black carbon is the dark, sooty material emitted alongside other pollutants when biomass and fossil fuels are not fully combusted.
- It contributes to global warming and poses severe risks.
- Studies have found a direct link between exposure to black carbon and a higher risk of heart disease, birth complications, and premature death.
- Most black carbon emissions in India arise from burning biomass, such as cow dung or straw, in traditional cookstoves.
- According to a 2016 study, the residential sector contributes 47% of India’s total black carbon emissions.
- Industries contribute a further 22%, diesel vehicles 17%, open burning 12%, and other sources 2%.
- Decarbonization efforts in the industry and transport sectors in the past decade have yielded reductions in black carbon emissions, but the residential sector remains a challenge.
- Black carbon is a potent contributor to global warming due to its efficient absorption of light and subsequent heating of its surroundings.
- This process leads to the conversion of incoming solar radiation into heat.
- Moreover, black carbon influences cloud formation and affects regional circulation and precipitation patterns.
- When deposited on ice and snow, it diminishes surface albedo, reducing their ability to reflect sunlight and causing surface warming.
Impacts:
- Black carbon significantly contributes to global warming and poses substantial risks to human health.
- Exposure to black carbon has been linked to increased incidences of heart disease, birth complications, and premature mortality.
- Its warming effect on climate is estimated to be 460-1,500 times more potent than that of CO2.
Post-Vaccination Immunity
- 26 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
A recent review revealed that only a handful of vaccines offer durable protection lasting beyond 20 years.
About Post-vaccination immunity:
Mechanism:
- The fundamental immunological process involves the production of memory B cells in lymph nodes, providing long-term protection against diseases.
- These memory B cells recognize antigens delivered by vaccines, prompting the production of potent antibodies upon encountering similar antigens from foreign objects like viruses, effectively eliminating infections.
- T cell support is essential for the activation of memory B cells, thus vaccines stimulating T cells are capable of inducing their production.
- Notably, certain vaccines, such as polysaccharide typhoid and pneumococcal vaccines, may not prompt the production of B cells.
- To extend the duration of immunity conferred by memory B cells, frequent boosters may be necessary, ranging from six months to several years.
- However, the presence of memory B cells alone does not guarantee protection, as the effectiveness of vaccines in triggering their production varies.
- Long-lasting plasma cells (LLPCs) migrate from lymph nodes to the bone marrow, where they may persist for decades, constituting a crucial aspect of vaccine-induced immunity.
- Every vaccine aims to generate LLPCs in the bone marrow for lifelong protection, with vaccines like those for measles and rubella known to stimulate LLPC production.
- Notably, some potent vaccines, such as mRNA COVID-19 shots, may not effectively activate LLPCs in the bone marrow.
- For vaccines to confer long-term protection, they must generate both memory B cells and LLPCs in the bone marrow, with variations in vaccine effectiveness in producing these cells explaining differences in their durability.
Smart Meter National Programme (SMNP)
- 26 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Kerala's shift towards an alternative approach for the implementation of smart electricity meters, sidelining the Central government's Rs 3 lakh crore project, poses a challenge to the Union Government's initiative of replacing 250 million traditional meters with smart meters in all households by March 2025.
About the Smart Meter National Programme (SMNP):
- The Indian government has initiated the Smart Meter National Programme (SMNP) to revolutionize the country's energy sector through the implementation of smart meters.
- By replacing 25 crore conventional meters, the SMNP aims to enhance the operational efficiency and revenue management of distribution companies (DISCOMs).
- Under the leadership of Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), a joint venture of four National Public Sector Enterprises, the scheme is set to make waves in the energy sector.
- EESL, comprised of NTPC Limited, PFC, REC, and POWERGRID, operates under the Ministry of Power and is committed to undertaking the necessary capital and operational expenditures with zero upfront investment from states and utilities.
- The Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) model facilitates the recovery of smart meter costs via the monetization of energy savings resulting from improved billing accuracy, reduced meter reading costs, and increased efficiency.
- In accordance with guidelines set forth by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the strategic deployment of these smart meters adheres to industry standards.
Smart meters offer a multitude of advantages:
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- Consumers can monitor their electricity usage and make informed decisions to reduce their bills.
- Utilities benefit from enhanced operational efficiency, enabling better power demand management.
- Web-based Monitoring: The interconnected smart meter network can mitigate utilities' commercial losses, enhance revenue generation, and propel power sector reforms.
- The Smart Meter National Programme (SMNP) paves the way for a more efficient and sustainable energy landscape in India, revolutionizing the way utilities operate and consumers engage with their electricity usage.
What are Smart Meters?
- A smart meter serves as an advanced tool for recording electricity consumption and voltage levels, offering a significant upgrade over traditional metering systems.
- While conventional meters simply measure power usage, smart meters take it a step further by transmitting real-time data to utility providers at intervals of 15 minutes or hourly.
- Smart meters truly live up to their name by utilizing internet connectivity to facilitate two-way communication.
- On one hand, they empower consumers with up-to-date information on energy usage patterns, enabling them to make informed decisions and manage consumption more efficiently.
- On the other hand, utility providers gain valuable insights for monitoring purposes and ensuring accurate billing.
- In essence, smart meters pave the way for improved energy management, increased transparency, and enhanced efficiency, catering to the evolving needs of both consumers and utility providers in today's digital era.
ISRO’s Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) LEX 02 Landing Experiment
- 23 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully conducted the Pushpak Reusable Landing Vehicle (RLV) LEX 02 landing experiment at the Aeronautical Test Range in Chitradurga recently.
What is a Reusable Landing Vehicle (RLV) LEX 02?
- Continuing our exploration into reusable landing vehicles, RLV-LEX-02 marks the second mission in our series conducted at the Aeronautical Test Range.
- Following the success of RLV-LEX-01 last year, this latest endeavor showcases the remarkable autonomous landing capability of our reusable launch vehicle (RLV).
- Notably, RLV-LEX-02 demonstrates the vehicle's ability to navigate and safely land from off-nominal initial conditions immediately upon release from a helicopter.
Methodology of the Experiment:
- The RLV LEX-02 mission showcased the autonomous landing prowess of our reusable launch vehicle under demanding circumstances following its release from a helicopter.
- Dubbed 'Pushpak', this winged vehicle was airlifted by an Indian Air Force Chinook helicopter and released from a height of 4.5 km.
- Navigating autonomously, it adeptly approached the runway, making precise cross-range corrections before executing a flawless landing.
- Utilizing a combination of its brake parachute, landing gear brakes, and nose wheel steering system, it safely came to a stop.
- Notably, the winged body and all flight systems previously employed in RLV-LEX-01 were repurposed for RLV-LEX-02 after undergoing necessary certification and clearances.
- This remarkable mission was executed collaboratively by the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), the Liquid Propulsion System Centre (LPSC), and the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU).
What is the Reusable Launch Vehicle?
- The reusable launch vehicle represents a pioneering space plane design characterized by a low lift-to-drag ratio, which mandates high glide angles during approach and consequently requires landing at velocities reaching 350 kmph.
- Integral to its innovation are a multitude of indigenous systems developed meticulously. These encompass sophisticated navigation systems, leveraging pseudolite technology for precise localization, as well as instrumentation and sensor arrays, among other advancements, all spearheaded by ISRO.
Order of the Druk Gyalpo
- 23 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently received Bhutan’s highest civilian award, the ‘Order of the Druk Gyalpo’, during his two-day State visit to the neighboring nation.
What is the ‘Order of the Druk Gyalpo’ Award?
- The Order of the Druk Gyalpo, Bhutan's most prestigious civilian award, was recently conferred upon Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his two-day State visit to the neighboring nation.
- As the first foreign Head of Government to receive this esteemed accolade, Prime Minister Modi joins a select group of individuals honored for their exceptional contributions to Bhutanese society, service, integrity, and leadership.
- According to the ranking and precedence established within Bhutan's honor system, the Order of the Druk Gyalpo represents the pinnacle of lifetime achievement, taking precedence over all other orders, decorations, and medals.
- Prime Minister Modi received the award in recognition of his outstanding contributions to strengthening India-Bhutan relations and his dedicated service to the Bhutanese nation and its people.
- Past recipients of the Order of the Druk Gyalpo include:
- Her Majesty The Royal Queen Grandmother Ashi Kesang Choden Wangchuck in 2008
- His Holiness Je Thrizur Tenzin Dendup in 2008, and
- His Holiness Je Khenpo Trulku Ngawang Jigme Choedra in 2018.
- With Prime Minister Modi's recent addition to this esteemed list, the Order of the Druk Gyalpo continues to symbolize Bhutan's appreciation for remarkable individuals who significantly impact the country and its people.
Netravati River
- 23 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The principal bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in New Delhi has initiated action on the Netravati Waterfront Promenade Development Project in Mangaluru.
About the Netravati River:
- The Netravati River, also known as Netravathi Nadi, originates from the Bangrabalige valley, Yelaneeru Ghat in Kudremukh, Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka, India.
- It passes through the revered pilgrimage site Dharmasthala, earning recognition as one of India's sacred rivers.
- Converging with the Kumaradhara River at Uppinangadi, it eventually flows into the Arabian Sea, south of Mangalore city, serving as the primary water source for Bantwal and Mangalore.
- The Netravati railway bridge, a prominent structure, acts as the gateway to Mangalore.
- Historically known as the Bantwal River, it was documented as unfordable during the South-West Monsoon in the 1855 Gazetteer of Southern India.
- The river's navigability by small country craft and its influence on local geography and transport, including the naming of the Netravati Express train, underscores its significance in the region's history.
- Instances of flooding, notably in 1928 and 1974, have shaped the lives of residents, prompting relocations and resilience
About the National Green Tribunal:
- The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established under the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010.
- While its principal seat is located in New Delhi, it also holds sessions in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, and Chennai.
- The NGT is entrusted with the responsibility of adjudicating applications or appeals, ensuring their final disposition within six months of filing.
Composition:
- The tribunal comprises a Chairperson, Judicial Members, and Expert Members, each serving a non-renewable term of five years.
- The appointment of the Chairperson is made by the Central Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
- A Selection Committee, constituted by the Central Government, is responsible for appointing both Judicial and Expert Members.
- The tribunal can accommodate a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 20 full-time Judicial and Expert Members.
Powers & Jurisdiction:
- Established to efficiently handle cases concerning environmental protection and conservation of natural resources, including forests.
- It possesses appellate jurisdiction akin to a court.
- While not bound by the procedural formalities outlined in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the NGT operates based on the principles of natural justice.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Startup Forum
- 22 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
India will host the fifth meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation startup forum in January next year according to the commerce and industry ministry.
About the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Startup Forum:
- The SCO Startup Forum is a platform for the stakeholders from the startup ecosystems from all SCO Member States to interact and collaborate.
- The entrepreneurial activities aim to empower the local startup communities in the SCO Member States.
- The SCO Startup Forum aims to create multilateral cooperation and engagement for startups among the SCO Member States.
- This engagement will empower the local startup ecosystems in the SCO Member States.
The following are the objectives of the engagement:
- Sharing of best practices to promote entrepreneurship and innovation to build knowledge-exchange systems
- Bringing Corporations and Investors across to work closely with startups and provide local entrepreneurs with much-needed support and market access
- Increasing scaling opportunities for startups by providing solutions in the field of social innovation and providing Governments with a plethora of innovative solutions
- Creating open procurement channels to enable matchmaking for procuring innovative solutions from startups
- Facilitating cross-border incubation and acceleration programs that will enable the startups to explore international markets and get focused mentorship.
Upcoming Events:
- India is set to host the second meeting of the Special Working Group for Startups and Innovation (SWG) in November 2024 and the SCO Startup Forum 5.0 in January 2025.
Past Initiatives:
- SCO Startup Forum 1.0: Established in 2020, laying the groundwork for multilateral cooperation among SCO Member States' startups.
- SCO Startup Forum 2.0: Held virtually in 2021, introducing the SCO Startup Hub, a centralized platform for the SCO startup ecosystem.
- SCO Startup Forum 3.0: Organized physically in 2023 by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), marking a significant milestone for SCO Member States' startup collaboration.
- 1st Meeting of the SWG: Led by India, the first meeting of the SCO Special Working Group on Startups and Innovation in 2023 focused on the theme 'Growing from Roots', emphasizing foundational growth within the startup ecosystem.
Usha Mehta
- 22 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
A recent film has been launched, depicting the inspiring life story of Indian freedom fighter Usha Mehta.
About Usha Mehta:
- Born in 1920 in the village of Saras, near Surat in Gujarat, Usha Mehta, affectionately known as Ushaben, embodied the Gandhian principles of non-violence and civil disobedience from a young age.
Early Activism:
- At the tender age of eight in 1928, she participated in a protest march against the Simon Commission, demonstrating her early commitment to India's independence struggle.
- The Secret Congress Radio: In 1942, amidst the fervor of the Quit India Movement, Usha Mehta and her colleagues boldly established the Secret Congress Radio.
- This clandestine radio station played a pivotal role in connecting freedom movement leaders with the masses, ensuring the dissemination of crucial information, and maintaining the spirit of resistance against colonial rule.
Establishing an Underground Radio Station:
- With the outbreak of the War in 1939, the British government imposed stringent measures, including the suspension of all amateur radio licenses throughout the Empire.
- Operators were mandated to surrender their equipment to the authorities, under threat of severe repercussions for non-compliance.
Key Figures in the Operation:
- Usha Mehta, alongside Babubhai Khakar, Vithalbhai Jhaveri, and Chandrakant Jhaveri, played instrumental roles in orchestrating the Congress Radio initiative, defying the ban on amateur radio broadcasting.
The Congress Radio Trial:
- The trial of the five accused individuals—Usha Mehta, Babubhai Khakar, Vithalbhai Jhaveri, Chandrakant Jhaveri, and Nanak Gainchand Motwane, who facilitated crucial equipment—captivated public attention in Bombay.
- While Vithalbhai and Motwane were acquitted, Mehta, Babubhai, and Chandrakant faced severe sentences for their involvement.
Usha Mehta's Legacy:
- Following her release from Pune's Yerawada Jail in March 1946, Usha Mehta was lauded in nationalist circles as "Radio-ben," symbolizing her courageous defiance and commitment to the freedom struggle through underground broadcasting.
Independence, PhD, & Padma Vibhushan
- When India finally achieved independence in 1947, the British had divided the country into two parts – India and Pakistan, sending the region into chaos.
- The divide results in massive bloodshed with more than 10 million Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs seeking to find their home.
- Mehta was torn. “In a way, I was very happy, but sad at the same time because of partition.
- It was an independent India but a divided India,” she was quoted as saying in the book Freedom Fighters Remembered.
- She was away from active politics in independent India due to her ill health but continued to remain a staunch Gandhian till the very end.
- She penned the script for a documentary on Gandhi produced by her colleague at the radio station, and earned a PhD in Gandhian thought at the University of Bombay.
- She taught political science and ran the politics department at the university.
- She also taught at Wilson College for 30 years.
- She was also the president of the Gandhi Peace Foundation.
- In 1998, she was awarded India’s highest civilian honor, the Padma Vibhushan.
- She lived a simple life and never married or had children.
- She died on 11 August 2000 at the age of 80.
World Inequality Lab Report
- 21 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
India’s top 1 percent income and wealth shares have reached historical highs and are among the very highest in the world, according to a paper released by World Inequality Lab.
What is the World Inequality Lab?
- The World Inequality Lab is a global research center that focuses on studying inequality and public policies that promote social, economic, and environmental justice.
The lab's main missions include:
- Expanding the World Inequality Database: The lab gathers and analyzes data on income, wealth, and capital asset distribution across various countries.
- Publishing research: The lab releases working papers, reports, and methodological handbooks to contribute to the understanding of global inequality dynamics.
- Collaborating with international researchers: The lab works with a network of researchers from around the world to compile and analyze data for the World Inequality Database.
- Promoting public debate: The lab aims to raise awareness about inequality by disseminating their findings and engaging in public discourse.
- The World Inequality Lab is known for producing the World Inequality Report, which offers up-to-date and comprehensive data on different aspects of inequality globally, including wealth, income, gender, and ecological inequality.
Key Insights from the Research Paper Released by the WIL:
- A team of four economists, including Nitin Kumar Bharti, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, and Anmol Somanchi, has compiled comprehensive time series data on income and wealth inequality in India.
- Titled "The Billionaire Raj," the paper asserts that India's current level of inequality surpasses that of the British Raj era.
- In the fiscal year 2022-23, India witnessed its highest recorded levels of income and wealth concentration among the top 1%: 22.6% and 40.1%, respectively.
- India's top 1% income share is noted to be among the highest globally, even surpassing countries like South Africa, Brazil, and the US.
- While India's top 1% holds a significant share of income, the wealth share of this segment is comparatively lower than in South Africa and Brazil.
- The paper accentuates the stark disparities among various income groups in India.
- For instance, the wealthiest 1% possess an average wealth of Rs 5.4 crore, 40 times the national average, whereas the bottom 50% and the middle 40% hold significantly lower amounts: Rs 1.7 lakh (0.1 times the national average) and Rs 9.6 lakh (0.7 times the national average), respectively.
- At the pinnacle of the wealth distribution, approximately 10,000 individuals out of 92 million Indian adults possess an average wealth of Rs 2,260 crore, a staggering 16,763 times the average Indian wealth.
Key Recommendations from the Research Paper:
- The research paper has meticulously compiled data from various sources to construct its estimates on income and wealth inequality.
- Given the absence of official income estimates and wealth statistics based on surveys in India, the paper underscores the necessity for reliable data sources in these domains.
- To tackle the issue of inequality in India, the paper proposes a range of policy interventions.
- These measures encompass a comprehensive overhaul of the tax structure to encompass both income and wealth considerations, alongside substantial public investments in critical areas such as healthcare, education, and nutrition.
- A notable suggestion outlined in the report is the implementation of a "super tax" of 2% on the net wealth of the 167 wealthiest families recorded in 2022-23. This levy is projected to generate revenues equivalent to 0.5% of the national income.
- Furthermore, the imposition of such a tax is envisaged not only to create fiscal leeway for essential investments but also to serve as an effective tool in combatting entrenched inequality within the society.
Project GR00T
- 21 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
AI chip leader Nvidia on Tuesday (March 19) announced Project GR00T or Generalist Robot 00 Technology, which promises to revolutionize the evolution of humanoid robots.
What is Project GR00T?
- Project GR00T stands for Generalist Robot 00 Technology.
- It is essentially a general-purpose foundation model for humanoid robots.
- This ambitious project aims to create a general-purpose foundation model for humanoid robots, enabling them to understand natural language, learn new skills from observing humans, and solve various tasks in real-time.
- Robots built on this platform are designed to understand natural language and emulate movements by observing human actions, such as instantly learning coordination, dexterity, and other skills.
- This can help the robots navigate and engage with the real world around them.
- The goal of Project GR00T is to advance the field of embodied artificial general intelligence (AGI) and drive breakthroughs in robotics.
- NVIDIA intends to leverage its expertise in AI and its technological resources to develop this foundational model, which would provide humanoid robots with human-like abilities, such as emotion, reaction, and movement.
The Potential Consequences of Project GR00T and Humanoid Robots in the Workforce:
- As humanoid robots, such as those envisioned by NVIDIA's Project GR00T, become more advanced and capable of handling various hazardous or repetitive tasks, concerns arise over potential job displacement.
- For instance, Nvidia's partnership with Hippocratic AI to develop AI-powered healthcare agents may lead to a reduction in the demand for nurses.
- However, proponents argue that these robots can serve as valuable aids for humans, enhancing their quality of life and complementing their skills rather than supplanting them entirely.
- Consequently, the impact of humanoid robots on the workforce may ultimately depend on their successful integration into existing labor structures, as well as the willingness and ability of society to adapt to this transformative technology.
Pusa Basmati Rice
- 21 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Even as basmati rice exports from the country are poised to scale a new high, scientists at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) have red-flagged the “illegal” cultivation of its blockbuster varieties in Pakistan.
Unauthorized Cultivation and Export of Pusa Basmati Rice Varieties in Pakistan:
- Despite being officially registered and protected Indian varieties, several IARI-bred Basmati rice varieties, such as Pusa Basmati 1121, Pusa Basmati-6, and Pusa Basmati 1509, are being illegally cultivated and marketed in Pakistan.
- Recent YouTube videos even feature newer IARI varieties like Pusa Basmati-1847, PB-1885, and PB-1886, released in late 2021.
- Pakistan's unauthorized Basmati exports have been substantial, with 7.58 lt ($694.55 million) in 2021-22 and 5.95 lt ($650.42 million) in 2022-23 (July-June).
- This growth is partly due to the depreciation of the Pakistani rupee, allowing the country to offer lower export prices than India.
- The proliferation of these protected varieties in Pakistan can be attributed to the ease of seed multiplication.
- With just a small quantity of seeds, large-scale cultivation can be established within two years of the variety's release in India.
- This unauthorized cultivation not only undermines India's intellectual property rights but also impacts the competitiveness of India's Basmati rice exports in the global market.
What is the Basmati Crop Improvement Program?
- The Basmati Crop Improvement Program focuses on refining the unique qualities of Basmati rice, such as its distinct grain characteristics, cooking properties, and pleasing aroma.
- IARI has played a crucial role in the genetic enhancement, leading to the development of high-yielding, semi-dwarf, and photo-insensitive Basmati varieties like Pusa Basmati 1.
- These improvements have significantly reduced the crop duration from 160 to 120 days and increased productivity from 2.5 to 6-8 tons per hectare.
- As a result, these advanced Basmati varieties account for approximately 90% of India's projected $5.5 billion exports in 2023-24.
- This achievement contributes to substantial foreign exchange earnings and economic growth for the country.
Key Features of IARI-Developed Basmati Rice Varieties:
- IARI has cultivated various Basmati rice varieties with distinct characteristics, including:
- Pusa Basmati 1121: Known as the world's longest Basmati rice, it matures in 145 days with an average yield of 45 q/ha.
- Pusa Basmati 1509: Derived from Pusa 1121 x Pusa 1301, this variety addresses Pusa Basmati 1121's weaknesses, matures in 115 days, and yields 5 tons/ha.
- Improved Pusa Basmati 1 (Pusa 1460): This variety, the first product of molecular breeding in Indian rice, is an enhanced Pusa Basmati 1 with bacterial leaf blight resistance.
- Pusa Basmati 6 (Pusa 1401): Offering superior grain quality, this variety improves upon Pusa 1121's yielding ability, agronomy, and cooking quality.
- Pusa RH10: The world's first superfine grain aromatic rice hybrid, it was released in 2001 for commercial cultivation in specific irrigated ecosystems.
Registration and Cultivation Areas of Pusa Basmati Rice in India:
- All Pusa Basmati rice varieties are officially recognized under the Seeds Act 1966 and can be cultivated within the designated Geographical Indication (GI) area of Basmati rice in India, encompassing seven northern states.
- These varieties are further registered under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act 2001, which permits only Indian farmers to sow, save, re-sow, exchange, or share the seeds of protected/registered varieties.
State of Global Climate Report 2023
- 20 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
In line with a host of observations by climate agencies in the preceding three months, the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has officially confirmed 2023 to be the hottest year on record.
About the State of Global Climate Report 2023:
- Published annually by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the State of Global Climate Report provides a detailed analysis of the Earth's climate system.
- Contributors to the report include various UN organizations, National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, Global Data and Analysis Centers, Regional Climate Centres, the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), and more.
Highlights of the 2023 Report:
- Record-Breaking Global Temperatures: 2023 was the hottest year on record, with a global average near-surface temperature of 1.45°Celsius (±0.12°C) above the pre-industrial baseline.
- The past ten years were also the warmest decade recorded.
- Extensive Marine Heatwaves: Nearly one-third of the global ocean experienced a marine heatwave on an average day in 2023.
- Over 90% of the ocean had faced heatwave conditions at some point during the year, negatively impacting ecosystems and food systems.
- Unprecedented Glacier Ice Loss: Preliminary data reveals the largest loss of ice since 1950 for the global set of reference glaciers, driven by extreme melt in western North America and Europe.
- Surge in Renewable Energy Capacity: Renewable capacity additions in 2023 increased by almost 50% from 2022, totaling 510 gigawatts (GW) and marking the highest rate in the past two decades.
- These findings emphasize the pressing need to address climate change through effective international cooperation, policymaking, and sustainable practices.
About the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO):
- The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that fosters international cooperation in atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology, and geophysics.
- Founded in 1950, WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization established in 1873 to facilitate the exchange of weather data and research.
- Today, WMO comprises 193 member countries and territories and promotes the free exchange of meteorological and hydrological data, information, and research.
- By collaborating with various partners, WMO contributes to environmental protection, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development efforts worldwide.
- Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.
Small-Scale LNG (SSLNG)
- 20 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
India's largest gas utility GAIL (India) Ltd commissioned the country's first SSLNG unit at its Vijaipur complex in Madhya Pradesh recently.
India Unveils Its First Small-Scale LNG Plant:
- In a significant step towards a cleaner energy mix, GAIL (India) Ltd. has commissioned India's first Small-Scale LNG (SSLNG) plant in Vijaipur, Madhya Pradesh.
- This plant will produce 36 tonnes of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) daily, utilizing cutting-edge technology like treatment skids and liquefaction skids to convert natural gas into LNG.
- As part of India's commitment to increasing the proportion of natural gas in its primary energy mix from 6% to 15% by 2030, the SSLNG plant will play a pivotal role in reducing pollution emissions while catering to the nation's growing energy demands.
- This milestone achievement paves the way for a greener future and positions India as a significant player in the global LNG landscape.
What is Small-Scale LNG?
- Small-scale LNG (SSLNG) is an emerging industry that offers a novel approach to natural gas distribution.
- While there is no standard international definition, SSLNG typically involves the liquefaction and transportation of natural gas in smaller quantities using specialized trucks and vessels.
- This allows for the supply of LNG to industrial and commercial consumers in regions without pipeline connectivity.
- SSLNG can be sourced from existing large-scale LNG import terminals or small liquefaction plants in gas-rich locations.
- End-users regasify the LNG using small vaporizers for traditional use cases like supplying Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles and piped gas for households and industries.
- Alternatively, LNG can be supplied in its liquid form for direct use.
Benefits of Small-Scale LNG (SSLNG):
- Expanded Accessibility: SSLNG overcomes the constraints of traditional pipeline infrastructure, enabling natural gas delivery to regions previously lacking access.
- This opens new avenues for cleaner fuel alternatives and widespread energy availability.
- Operational Flexibility: SSLNG's modular design allows for rapid deployment in response to local demand fluctuations, making it an ideal solution for remote locations, industrial environments, and diverse transportation requirements.
- Sustainability Promotion: By fostering the adoption of cleaner fuels, SSLNG significantly reduces emissions in various transportation sectors, including trucks, buses, and marine vessels. This contributes to a greener future and combats climate change.
- Strengthened Energy Security: Decentralized SSLNG distribution systems diversify fuel sources and bolster energy security, ensuring reliable and stable energy supply amid global fluctuations and uncertainties.
Challenges of Small-Scale LNG (SSLNG) Implementation:
- Vehicle Availability Constraints: Limited options for LNG-powered vehicles impede the widespread adoption of LNG as a fuel source, underscoring the need for increased production and diversification of vehicle models.
- Insufficient Retail Infrastructure: The lack of a well-established LNG retail network hinders convenient consumer access to LNG fuel, emphasizing the importance of infrastructure expansion and enhancement.
- Higher Upfront Investment: The comparatively higher initial costs of LNG vehicles compared to traditional diesel options may deter potential buyers, necessitating innovative financial solutions and incentives.
- Financing Barriers: The absence of dedicated financing options for LNG vehicles poses obstacles for interested buyers, requiring tailored financial instruments to support SSLNG uptake.
- Restricted Pipeline Coverage: SSLNG faces logistical challenges in areas without existing natural gas pipeline networks, highlighting the need for infrastructure development to extend its reach to remote regions.
- Regulatory and Permitting Hurdles: SSLNG projects may encounter regulatory and permitting setbacks, including environmental and safety concerns, potentially prolonging project timelines and inflating costs.
- Addressing these challenges is essential for expediting SSLNG implementation and fostering its growth.
Reverse Flipping
- 20 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Payments major Pine Labs and quick commerce firm Zepto are among the startups looking to relocate their headquarters from foreign shores to India, to capitalize on the country's burgeoning tech landscape.
What is Reverse Flipping?
- Reverse flipping is a growing trend where overseas startups relocate their domicile to India and list on Indian stock exchanges.
- The primary motivation behind this shift is the potential for a higher valuation and more certain exit opportunities in India's thriving economic landscape.
Several factors contribute to the rise of reverse flipping:
- Access to a large, expanding economy: India's significant market size and sustained economic growth offer foreign startups attractive prospects for business expansion and success.
- Abundant venture capital: India's substantial venture capital resources provide a strong financial foundation for startups, fueling innovation and growth.
- Favorable tax policies: The country's tax regulations encourage foreign startups to establish operations in India, helping them maximize profits and minimize costs.
- Enhanced intellectual property protection: India's robust IP protection framework fosters innovation and creativity, safeguarding the unique ideas and technologies of startups.
- Skilled, youthful workforce: The availability of a talented, young, and educated population provides startups with a valuable human resource pool to drive growth and success.
- Supportive government policies: The Indian government actively promotes entrepreneurship and innovation through various initiatives and policies, creating a conducive environment for startups.
- The Economic Survey 2022-23 acknowledged the importance of reverse flipping and suggested measures to expedite the process, including simplifying tax vacation procedures, ESOP taxation, capital movement, and reducing tax layers.
- These efforts aim to further enhance India's appeal as a destination for foreign startups and foster economic growth.
What is Flipping?
- Flipping refers to the process by which an Indian company becomes a 100% subsidiary of a foreign entity after moving its headquarters overseas, involving a transfer of intellectual property (IP) and other assets.
- This transforms an Indian startup into a fully-owned subsidiary of a foreign entity, with founders and investors maintaining their ownership through the new overseas structure by exchanging their shares.
The process of flipping poses several concerns for India:
- The brain drain of entrepreneurial talent: As Indian startups move their operations overseas, India experiences a loss of innovative and entrepreneurial talent, which could otherwise contribute to the country's economic growth and development.
- Value creation in foreign jurisdictions: Flipping redirects potential value creation to foreign countries, depriving India of the economic benefits that could result from successful startups and innovations.
- Loss of Intellectual Property: When companies relocate and transfer their intellectual property overseas, India loses valuable IP assets, undermining the country's competitive advantage and innovation potential.
- Reduced tax revenue: Flipping also contributes to decreased tax revenue for India as companies shift their operations and profits to other jurisdictions, which may have more favorable tax policies.
Haemodialysis
- 19 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Findings from a nationwide private hemodialysis network show that there is a variation in the survival of patients receiving hemodialysis in India depending on various factors, and stress on the need to standardize dialysis care across centers.
What is Hemodialysis?
- Haemodialysis, also known as dialysis, is a medical procedure that helps individuals with kidney failure by removing waste products and excess fluid from their blood.
- This procedure essentially performs the functions of the kidneys, which are responsible for filtering waste and maintaining the body's electrolyte balance.
Key points about hemodialysis:
- Process: During hemodialysis, a patient's blood is circulated through a machine with a semipermeable membrane, called a dialyzer or an artificial kidney.
- The dialyzer filters out waste products, such as urea and creatinine, and excess fluid from the blood, which is then discarded, while essential components are returned to the patient's bloodstream.
- Access: To perform hemodialysis, a patient typically requires vascular access, which is a surgically created connection between an artery and a vein, usually in the arm.
- This connection allows for the efficient flow of blood from the patient to the dialysis machine and back.
- Duration: Haemodialysis treatment typically lasts for around 3-5 hours and is performed several times per week, depending on the patient's needs and kidney function.
- Indications: Haemodialysis is prescribed for patients with end-stage kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), who need immediate intervention while waiting for a kidney transplant or when a transplant is not a suitable option.
- Side effects: Some common side effects of hemodialysis include low blood pressure, muscle cramps, itching, and fatigue.
- Complications such as infection, access problems, and blood clotting may also occur, but these risks can be minimized with proper medical supervision and management.
- In summary, hemodialysis is a life-sustaining treatment for patients with kidney failure, offering a means to maintain their health and well-being despite the loss of kidney function.
SAKHI App To Assist Gaganyaan Crew
- 19 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) facility at Thumba in Thiruvananthapuram, has developed a multi-purpose app that will help astronauts on the Gaganyaan space flight mission carry out a range of tasks such as looking up vital technical information or communicating with one another.
About SAKHI App:
- The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), an ISRO facility in Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram, has created the versatile 'SAKHI' app for astronauts on the Gaganyaan space flight mission.
- SAKHI stands for 'Space-borne Assistant and Knowledge Hub for Crew Interaction'.
Purpose:
- During the mission, the app will assist Gaganyaan crew members in various tasks such as accessing vital technical information and communicating with each other.
Utility:
- Health Monitoring: It will monitor key health parameters like blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation, providing crucial insights into the crew's physical condition during the mission.
- Additionally, it will remind them of hydration, dietary schedules, and sleep patterns.
- Connectivity:
- Astronauts can use the app to maintain mission logs in various formats, including voice recordings, texts, and images.
- It will ensure seamless communication between the crew, the onboard computer, and ground-based stations.
- Current Status: An engineering model of the custom-built hand-held smart device featuring SAKHI has been tested, with the development of a flight model underway.
About the Gaganyaan Mission:
- The primary objective of the mission is to demonstrate the capability to launch and safely return three crew members to low Earth orbit.
- The Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) is designated as the launch vehicle for the Gaganyaan mission.
- Crew Escape System (CES): A vital component of the mission, CES is powered by quick-acting, high-burn rate solid motors.
- It ensures the safe evacuation of the Crew Module and crew in case of emergencies during launch or ascent.
- Orbital Module: Comprising the Crew Module (CM) and Service Module (SM), the Orbital Module orbits the Earth, providing safety and support throughout the mission phases.
- Crew Module (CM): Designed to offer a habitable space with Earth-like conditions for the crew during their time in space.
- Service Module (SM): This module supports the CM during orbit, containing essential systems such as thermal, propulsion, power, avionics, and deployment mechanisms.
- This will mark ISRO's inaugural manned spaceflight mission, joining the ranks of the US, Russia, and China, which have previously conducted human spaceflights.
Nilgiris Forest Fire
- 19 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Indian Air Force (IAF) has deployed its assets to aid the local administration in dousing the raging forest fire that started recently in Tamil Nadu's Nilgiris district.
What is a Forest Fire?
- A forest fire, also known as a wildfire, is an uncontrolled fire that occurs in forested areas or other vegetated landscapes.
- These fires can spread rapidly, fueled by dry vegetation, high temperatures, low humidity, and strong winds.
- Once ignited, they can quickly grow in size, consuming vast areas of land, vegetation, and wildlife habitat.
- Wildfires pose significant risks to human safety, property, ecosystems, and air quality.
Causes of Forest Fire:
- Forest fires are caused by Natural causes as well as man-made causes.
- Natural causes: Many forest fires start from natural causes such as lightning which sets trees on fire.
- However, rain extinguishes such fires without causing much damage. High atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favorable circumstances for a fire to start.
- Man-made causes: Fire is caused when a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette or bidi, electric spark, or any source of ignition comes into contact with inflammable material.
- Natural causes: Many forest fires start from natural causes such as lightning which sets trees on fire.
Types of forest fire:
- Surface Fire: This type of forest fire spreads primarily along the ground, consuming surface litter such as dry leaves, twigs, and grasses.
- The flames engulf the forest floor as they advance.
- Underground Fire: Underground fires, also known as muck fires, burn with low intensity beneath the surface, consuming organic matter and surface litter.
- These fires often spread slowly and can continue burning for months, destroying vegetative cover.
- Ground Fire: Ground fires occur in sub-surface organic fuels such as duff layers under forest stands or organic soils of swamps.
- They burn herbaceous growth and organic matter beneath the surface, often transitioning from smoldering underground fires.
- Crown Fire: Crown fires involve the burning of the crowns of trees and shrubs, sustained by a surface fire.
- They are particularly hazardous in coniferous forests, where resinous material can fuel intense flames.
Frequency of Forest Fire in India:
- Seasonality: Forest fires in India are prevalent from November to June, with peak activity typically occurring in April and May, encompassing both small-scale and large-scale incidents.
- Vulnerability: The 2019 India State of Forest Report (ISFR) highlighted that over 36% of the country's forest cover is susceptible to frequent fires, with 4% categorized as extremely prone and an additional 6% as highly fire-prone.
- Affected Regions: Dry deciduous forests experience severe fires, with Northeast India, Odisha, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Uttarakhand being particularly vulnerable areas.
- Recent Incidents: Notable fire outbreaks occurred in 2021 across Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Nagaland-Manipur border, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat, including wildlife sanctuaries.
- In 2023, Goa faced large bushfires under investigation for potential human causes.
- 2024 Trends: Recent reports indicate heightened fire activity in Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, Meghalaya, and Maharashtra, with increased incidents along the Konkan belt, coastal Gujarat, southern Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, coastal Odisha, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
- Southern India: While Andhra Pradesh and Telangana witness fire incidents, forests in southern India, primarily evergreen or semi-evergreen, are less prone to fires, although Tamil Nadu has experienced recent wildfires.
Reasons Behind This Year's Fires:
- Climate Factors: Dry conditions, high temperatures, clear skies, and light winds have fueled forest fires in southern India.
- Temperature Trends: February 2024 was exceptionally hot, making it the hottest month in southern India since 1901.
- Heat Accumulation: Above-average temperatures over the past months led to a buildup of heat, drying out biomass in forests ahead of the summer season.
- Excess Heat Factor: Western Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are experiencing higher-than-normal EHF values, increasing the risk of heat waves.
- Mild Aridity: Lack of rain and high temperatures have classified most districts in southern India as mildly arid.
Equity Issues in IPCC Reports
- 18 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
In a study published recently, researchers analyzed more than 500 future emissions scenarios the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessed in its latest reports.
About the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):
- The IPCC was created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
- It is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change.
- It is a key source of scientific information and technical guidance to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement.
- The IPCC provides governments with scientific information for use in developing climate policies.
- The IPCC currently has 195 members.
- The IPCC does not undertake new research. Instead, it synthesizes published and peer-reviewed literature to develop a comprehensive assessment of scientific understanding.
- These assessments are published in IPCC reports.
- They are subject to multiple drafting and review processes to promote an objective, comprehensive, and transparent assessment of current knowledge.
- The IPCC’s work is guided by principles and procedures that govern all main activities of the organization.
- IPCC member governments and observer organizations nominate experts and the IPCC's scientific governing body, the IPCC Bureau, selects authors and editors with expertise in a range of scientific, technical, and socio-economic fields.
What are IPCC Assessment Reports?
- Typically, IPCC reports comprise three Working Group reports:
- One on physical science
- One on climate adaptation, and
- One on mitigation action.
- One synthesis report consolidates findings from the three Working Group reports.
- Then there are thematic special reports.
- Each report assesses climate-related scientific literature to capture the state of scientific, technical, and socio-economic knowledge on climate change.
- The IPCC is currently in its Seventh Assessment cycle (AR7).
How Does it Assess Future Scenarios?
- The IPCC uses ‘modelled pathways’ to estimate what it will take to limit the warming of the earth’s surface.
- These pathways are drawn using Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) that describe human and earth systems.
- IAMs are complex models that examine possible futures of the energy and climate systems and economies.
- Its macroeconomic models can point to future growth levels in terms of GDP;
- Its energy models can project future consumption
- Vegetation models can examine land-use changes; and
- Earth-system models use the laws of physics to understand how climate evolves.
- With such integration across disciplines, IAMs are meant to provide policy-relevant guidelines on climate action.
- However, these models also have shortcomings. They prioritize least-cost assessments — for example, the absolute cost of setting up a solar plant or undertaking afforestation in India is lower than in the U.S.
- However, experts have said they could exercise the option of enabling countries to equitably share the burden of action, where the richest undertake more drastic mitigation action more immediately.
About the Latest Study:
- Conducted by a team of specialists from Bengaluru and Chennai, the study scrutinized 556 scenarios outlined in the IPCC's AR6 report.
- Their findings indicate that by 2050, per-capita GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, West Asia, and other parts of Asia will remain below the global average.
- Collectively, these regions account for 60% of the global population.
- Additionally, the study highlighted disparities in the consumption of goods and services, as well as energy and fossil fuel consumption, between the Global North and the Global South.
Why Does Equity Matter?
- Equity is crucial in climate action as per the UNFCCC, which mandates developed nations to lead in combating climate change.
- However, current modeling approaches often overlook equity, burdening poorer nations disproportionately.
- Researchers highlight the need for modeling techniques that prioritize climate justice and equitable distribution of responsibilities.
- They argue that mitigation pathways should ensure developed regions accelerate towards net negative emissions and allocate carbon budgets to less developed regions.
- Addressing this gap requires a paradigm shift in scenario building, emphasizing both equity and environmental sustainability.
- This approach is vital for fostering global cooperation and achieving meaningful climate action.
Chausath Khamba
- 18 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Characterized by its marble pillars and intricate latticework, Chausath Khamba (64 pillars) stands adjacent to the Nizamuddin dargah, a 14th-century shrine erected in honor of the revered Sufi saint Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya.
About the Chausath Khamba:
- Chausath Khamba was built in AD 1623 - 24 to serve as a tomb for Mirza Aziz Koka, the foster brother of Mughal Emperor Akbar.
- It is so called on account of the 64 (chausath) monolithic marble pillars (khamba) and stands close to his father, Atgah Khan’s tomb, at the edge of the Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya.
- The tomb enclosure is entered through a lofty arched gateway and has a large sunken forecourt.
- The mausoleum is unique on account of it being built entirely of marble, with 25 marble domes supporting the flat roof of the structure.
- The plan for Chausath Khamba could have been inspired by the wooden garden pavilions from Persia - such as the Chihil Sutun, and in turn, the Chausath Khamba seems to have inspired the architectural design for Emperor Shahjahan’s Diwan-i-Aam, Hall of Audience.
- Each facade of the square structure has five marble arches inset with marble jaallis or lattice screens and a doorway in the central arch providing access to the tomb.
- The column capitals are intricately carved with simple yet striking pendentives bridging the square floor plan to the circular dome above.
- The structure also finds mention in Sir Gordon Risley Hearn’s book The Seven Cities of Delhi.
- As per author and historian Sam Dalrymple, the edifice embodies the architectural style of Gujarat and Ahmedabad within Delhi, serving as the Urs Mahal for hosting festivities during the commemoration of Nizamuddin's passing.
- This illustrates the historical dissemination of regional architectural influences across India over centuries.
Predictive AI: Its Applications and Advantages
- 18 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Predictive AI is revolutionizing data analysis, decision-making, and industry leadership, offering businesses unprecedented insights and strategic advantages.
What is Predictive Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
- Predictive artificial intelligence (AI) utilizes machine learning techniques to analyze historical data and forecast future events, distinguishing it from traditional AI focused solely on retrospective analysis.
- This cutting-edge technology employs advanced algorithms and machine learning models to sift through extensive datasets, identifying subtle patterns and trends.
- Unlike conventional approaches, Predictive AI doesn't just analyze data; it transforms it into actionable insights, enabling organizations to:
- Anticipate future outcomes,
- Predict market shifts, and
- Make strategic decisions with unprecedented foresight.
- By continuously learning from past data and adapting to changing trends, Predictive AI becomes an invaluable tool, guiding businesses through uncertain landscapes.
How Predictive AI Work?
- Leveraging Big Data: Predictive AI relies on access to extensive datasets, often referred to as "big data," as larger datasets typically lead to more accurate analyses.
- Utilizing Machine Learning (ML): As a subset of AI, ML involves training computer programs to analyze data autonomously, without human intervention.
- In the realm of predictive AI, ML algorithms are applied to vast datasets to extract valuable insights.
- Autonomous Processing: Predictive AI models are capable of autonomously processing massive datasets, eliminating the need for human oversight.
- Pattern Recognition: Through ML techniques, predictive AI learns to recognize patterns within datasets, associating specific data points or occurrences with potential future events.
- By examining numerous factors, predictive AI can identify intricate patterns indicative of recurring events, enabling organizations to anticipate future outcomes effectively.
Difference Between Predictive AI and Generative AI:
- Predictive AI and generative AI both employ machine learning techniques and leverage extensive datasets to generate their outputs.
- However, while predictive AI utilizes machine learning to forecast future outcomes, generative AI employs machine learning to produce original content.
- For instance, a predictive AI model may inform fishermen about impending storms, whereas a generative AI model may craft a fictional narrative depicting various scenarios involving weather and fishing expeditions.
- While both types of AI rely on statistical analysis to discern patterns, their objectives, machine learning methodologies, and applications differ significantly.
Various Applications of Predictive AI:
- Assessing the Impact of Natural Disasters: With the recent eruption of a volcano in Iceland, the potential repercussions on air travel echo concerns from a similar event in 2010, which disrupted flights across Europe.
- Predictive AI leverages data analysis to identify patterns and anticipate the impact of such extreme weather events on air travel. Platforms like Yandex offer interactive maps for real-time monitoring of ash clouds post-eruption.
- Enhancing Oil and Gas Exploration: In the realm of oil and gas exploration, companies possess extensive historical geological data that can inform predictive AI systems.
- By analyzing past drilling successes, these systems can predict optimal locations for new oil wells.
- For instance, Saudi Aramco utilizes its meta-brain generative AI to optimize drilling plans, analyze geological data, and forecast drilling outcomes accurately.
- By analyzing past drilling successes, these systems can predict optimal locations for new oil wells.
- Inventory and Supply chain management: Predictive AI aids in inventory and supply chain management by identifying peak consumer demand periods, facilitating proactive stock adjustments, and optimizing resource allocation to address fluctuations in road congestion and meet increased user demands.
- Marketing campaigns: Just as predictive AI can anticipate user or customer behavior, it can help prognosticate what kinds of content or products prospective customers may be interested in.
- Advancing Medical Research: Predictive AI plays a pivotal role in drug discovery, a cornerstone of contemporary medical research.
- Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly collaborating to leverage predictive AI models for analyzing vast datasets and identifying potential drug candidates. Initiatives like the 'MELLODDY Project', supported by the EU Innovative
- Medicines Initiative and multiple pharmaceutical firms, exemplify this collaborative effort in pooling data and leveraging predictive AI for drug discovery.
Honoring, the Architect of Mumbai (Bombay)
- 15 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Maharashtra cabinet recently decided to ask the Ministry of Railways to rename Mumbai Central Station after Nana Jagannath Shankarseth.
Who was Nana Jagannath Shankarseth?
- Nana Jagannath Shankarseth was a social reformer, educationist, and philanthropist and often described as the “architect” of Mumbai (then Bombay).
- He made extremely valuable contributions in terms of both ideas and money to multiple sectors, to lay a strong foundation for the city.
- Shankarseth was greatly inspired by the legendary merchant and philanthropist Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy.
- As a social reformer and community leader, Shankarseth earned the goodwill of both Indians and the British.
- He became the first Indian to be nominated to the Legislative Council of Bombay.
Shankarseth’s Most Significant Contributions:
- Education: Shankarseth was deeply committed to the growth and spread of education in Bombay, and donated land owned by his family for educational institutions.
- Like many social reformers of his age, he believed that Indians could progress through education.
- He also worked for the education of girls and women.
- Shankarseth founded the Native School of Bombay, which was renamed first as the Bombay Native Institution, and then as the Board of Education.
- Finally, this institution evolved into the prestigious Elphinstone College.
- Museum, Temples: Shankarseth was among the wealthy donors who helped promote Dr Bhau Daji Lad Museum in Byculla, which was designed by a famous London-based architect.
- The Bhawani Shankar Temple near Nana Chowk was Shankarseth’s tribute to his late mother Bhawanibai Murkute.
- He also built a Ram temple.
- Railways: The first train in India ran between Boribunder and Thane on April 16, 1853.
- The 34-km project was undertaken by the Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company.
- The committee that gave the project impetus included Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy and Nana Shankarseth.
MNRE to discuss specialized cylinders for hydrogen storage with stakeholders
- 11 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) plans to convene a meeting with relevant stakeholders to discuss the development of specialized cylinders for green hydrogen storage.
What is Green Hydrogen?
- Green Hydrogen is produced through the process of electrolysis of water, utilizing electricity generated from renewable energy sources.
- The carbon intensity of green hydrogen depends on the carbon neutrality of the electricity source, with higher renewable energy content resulting in greener hydrogen.
- With its potential to decarbonize various sectors, reduce carbon emissions, and achieve energy independence, green hydrogen holds significant promise.
- Its production from renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydropower makes it a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuels in transportation and industry, offering a consistent and reliable energy source.
- Storage: Hydrogen is stored in cylinders at high pressure, categorized into four types based on materials used. Type 1 and Type 2 are suited for storage, while Type 3 is ideal for storage and transportation, and Type 4 is recommended for on-board storage.
- Unlike compressed natural gas (CNG) stored at around 3,600 psi, hydrogen is stored at 5,000-10,000 psi.
- Vehicles can utilize hydrogen either by burning it in an internal combustion engine or by using a fuel cell to convert it into electricity to charge on-board batteries.
- Type 3 and Type 4 cylinders are reinforced with carbon fiber, making them lightweight and suitable for vehicles.
- Type 4 cylinders, lined with a polymer instead of aluminum like Type 3, are even lighter.
Application of Green Hydrogen:
- Green hydrogen finds diverse applications, including powering vehicles and generating electricity through fuel cells.
- It also serves in heating systems and the production of chemicals and fertilizers.
- Additionally, green hydrogen supports microgrids, facilitating electricity provision to remote areas and fostering energy independence.
Advantages and disadvantages of green hydrogen:
- 100 % sustainable: Green hydrogen does not emit polluting gasses either during combustion or during production.
- Storable: Hydrogen is easy to store, which allows it to be used subsequently for other purposes and at times other than immediately after its production.
- Versatile: Green hydrogen can be transformed into electricity or synthetic gas and used for commercial, industrial or mobility purposes.
However, green hydrogen also has negative aspects that should be borne in mind:
- High cost: Energy from renewable sources, which are key to generating green hydrogen through electrolysis, is more expensive to generate, which in turn makes hydrogen more expensive to obtain.
- High energy consumption: The production of hydrogen in general and green hydrogen in particular requires more energy than other fuels.
- Safety issues: Hydrogen is a highly volatile and flammable element and extensive safety measures are therefore required to prevent leakage and explosions.
NHAI to start rolling out satellite-based tolling on national highways soon
- 11 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari said in Parliament in February that the government plans to implement a new highway toll collection system based on the global navigation satellite system before the model code of conduct for the 2024 election kicks in.
What is the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)?
- GNSS refers to a constellation of satellites providing signals from space that transmit positioning and timing data to GNSS receivers.
- The receivers then use this data to determine location.
- Examples of GNSS include Europe’s Galileo, the USA’s GPS, Russia’s GLONASS and China’s BeiDou
How will the GNSS-Based Toll System work?
- The system will use an automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) system through cameras installed on highways and deduct tolls based on the distance traveled by a vehicle.
- The device monitors the movements while driving, accurately marking the entry and exit points on tolled segments. By analyzing travel distance, it computes the charges accordingly.
- This eliminates the uniformity of fixed tolls at booths, ensuring fairness for drivers traversing shorter distances.
Difference between FASTags and ANPR technology:
- FASTags streamline electronic toll payments at toll plazas equipped with scanners, enabling vehicles to pass through without stopping.
- Conversely, GNSS-based systems utilize ANPR technology to deduct tolls based on distance traveled, rendering traditional toll plazas unnecessary.
What are the Challenges?
- Detection of Non-Compliance: Without physical barriers, detecting non-compliant vehicles, such as those without an On-Board Unit (OBU) or engaging in fraudulent activities, poses a challenge.
- Infrastructure Requirements: Deploying gantry-mounted Automatic Number-Plate Recognition (ANPR) systems along highways is essential for capturing violations and enforcing toll payments.
- License Plate Quality: The effectiveness of ANPR systems relies on the quality of license plates; subpar plates hinder accurate recognition and enforcement efforts.
- Data Privacy and Security: GNSS-based toll systems entail collecting and processing sensitive location data, necessitating robust privacy and security measures.
Inflection AI rolls out new large language model to its Pi chatbot
- 11 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, Inflection AI launched its latest LLM, Inflection 2.5, an upgrade to its model that powers its friendly chatbot Pi personal assistant.
About Inflection 2.5:
- Inflection-2.5 is an “upgraded in-house model that is competitive with all the world’s leading LLMs like GPT-4 and Gemini.
- The newly upgraded LLM comes with its signature personality and uniquely empathetic fine-tuning.
- Its latest model achieved GPT-4’s performance with only 40 per cent of the OpenAI model’s computation power for training.
- Besides, it seems Inflection 2.5 has made some stellar strides in areas of IQ such as coding and mathematics.
- This means that the model has made substantial improvements on key benchmarks.
- With the new upgrade, Pi has now been endowed with world-class real-time web search capabilities to ensure that users get access to high-quality and up-to-date information in real-time.
What is the Pi chatbot?
- Pi is an advanced chatbot powered by Inflection AI's cutting-edge language model, Inflection 2.5 which allows one to have deep and meaningful conversations.
- To access the chatbot, one needs to log on to Inflection.AI, click on Meet Pi, and simply start talking to the chatbot right away.
- Pi is more humane and has been promoted as a chatbot that has a personality.
- In other words, Inflection AI dubbed it as a chatbot that is “supportive, smart, and there for you anytime”.
- Pi is more like a companion to humans and is free to use.
- The chatbot comes with a voice, in six distinct voices, to choose from adding life to conversations.
Pi chatbot boasts a number of impressive features that make it stand out from other conversational AI systems:
- Real-time web search capabilities: Pi can access and present up-to-date information on a wide range of topics, ensuring that users always have access to accurate and relevant information.
- Empathetic personality: Pi's unique empathetic fine-tuning allows it to understand and respond to the emotional nuances of human communication, making it a more engaging and personable conversational partner.
- Versatile conversation topics: Whether you're discussing current events, asking for local recommendations, studying for an exam, drafting a business plan, coding, or just talking about hobbies, Pi is equipped to handle a wide range of conversational topics.
- User-friendly interface: Designed with accessibility in mind, Pi's intuitive interface makes it easy for users of all technical abilities to engage with the chatbot and get the most out of their conversations.
India’s indigenous fifth-gen fighter jet AMCA
- 09 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) this week cleared a Rs 15,000 crore project to design and develop the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), India’s fifth-generation fighter multirole fighter jet.
About Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)?
- The AMCA will be India’s indigenous fifth-generation fighter aircraft.
- The indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas is a 4.5-generation single-engine multirole aircraft.
- The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) will be the nodal agency for executing the programme and designing the aircraft.
- It will be manufactured by state-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
- The aircraft will put India in a select group of nations that have their own fifth-generation fighter aircraft.
- Discussions for developing the AMCA started in 2007.
- The initial plan was to jointly develop the aircraft with Russia under a Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) programme.
- However, India withdrew from the FGFA project in 2018.
Features of AMCA:
- Stealth: The 25-tonne twin-engine aircraft, which will be bigger that other fighters in the Indian Air Force inventory, will have advanced stealth features to avoid detection by enemy radar.
- With stealth features, this aircraft (AMCA) would be able to compete with other stealth fighters in the world.
- Fuel & Weapons: The aircraft will have a large, concealed internal fuel tank of 6.5-tonne capacity, and an internal weapons bay for a range of weapons, including indigenous weapons, to be buried in its belly.
- Engine: The AMCA Mk1 variant will have the US-built GE414 engine of the 90 kilonewton (kN) class, while the more advanced AMCA Mk2 will fly on the more powerful 110kN engine, which will be developed indigenously by DRDO’s Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) in collaboration with a foreign defense major.
- India has been talking with Safran SA of France, one of the world’s largest manufacturers of aircraft engines and related equipment, in order to finalize the roadmap for the development of the combat aircraft engine
- Another important aspect would be to ensure a higher utilization time and smaller serviceability or maintenance periods for the aircraft.
- This will be aided by the inclusion of a comprehensive Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) system to keep track of multiple structural components, and to assess the condition of the aircraft in real time.
- Other features such as a diverterless supersonic inlet for controlling air flow into the engines, and a serpentine air intake duct to shield the engines from radar emissions, are likely to be part of the AMCA.
Other Fifth-generation Fighters:
- Only a few countries have built a fifth-generation stealth fighter aircraft.
- The list of the aircraft currently in service includes:
- The F-22 Raptor and F-35A Lightning II of the US
- The Chinese J-20 Mighty Dragon, and
- The Russian Sukhoi Su-57.
India to restart Penicillin G manufacture
- 09 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
India will start manufacturing the common antibiotic Penicillin G later this year, three decades after the country’s last plant shut down, Union health minister Mansukh Mandaviya announced last week.
What is Penicillin G?
- Penicillin G serves as a key active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) utilized in the production of various common antibiotics.
- Its molecular formula is C16H18N2O4S.
- Penicillin G (potassium or sodium) is an FDA-approved antibacterial medication primarily indicated for treating severe bacterial infections like pneumonia, meningitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, among others.
- This natural penicillin antibiotic is typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly due to limited oral absorption.
- Additionally, Penicillin G may be employed in certain instances as prophylaxis against susceptible organisms.
Why did Penicillin Manufacturing Stopped in India?
- The discontinuation of Penicillin G production in India, along with numerous other active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), resulted from the influx of cheaper Chinese products driven by subsidies.
- Torrent Pharma in Ahmedabad was the final plant to halt Penicillin G production, with at least five companies, including Torrent, manufacturing the antibiotic in the country during the 1990s.
- In the early 1990s, India boasted nearly 2,000 API manufacturers, while approximately 10,000 units produced formulations. However, the allure of cheaper Chinese alternatives grew, particularly with the relaxation of customs rules during the country's economic liberalization.
- The Drug Prices Control Order, which imposed price caps on essential medicines, further incentivized companies to opt for cheaper imported products.
- While India previously sold Penicillin G for around Rs 800 per kg, China drastically reduced prices to nearly Rs 400 per kg, rendering domestic manufacturing economically unviable.
Why the Delay in Restarting Production?
- Lack of Urgency: Despite awareness within the industry and government about the decline in API production in India due to the availability of cheaper alternatives globally, there was limited emphasis on restarting domestic production.
- The supply chain disruptions caused by the pandemic highlighted the need for self-reliance, prompting the government to launch initiatives like the PLI scheme to bolster domestic manufacturing.
- High Initial Investment: API manufacturing, particularly for fermented compounds like Penicillin G, entails significant upfront costs.
- Establishing a production facility requires substantial capital investment, with companies often needing several years to break even.
- Dominance of China: China has emerged as a dominant supplier, significantly expanding its manufacturing capacity over the past three decades.
- Competing with Chinese prices would necessitate substantial investments in larger facilities.
What's the Impact of PLI Schemes?
- Reduction in API Imports: Since the implementation of the PLI scheme, there has been a notable decrease in API imports.
- For instance, the import dependency for paracetamol, which was previously two-thirds of the required volume, has now halved.
- Incentive Structure: The PLI scheme offers incentives structured as follows:
- 20% support for the first four years, gradually reducing to 15% in the fifth year and 5% in the sixth year for eligible sales of fermentation-based bulk drugs like antibiotics, enzymes, and hormones such as insulin.
- Chemically synthesized drugs receive a 10% incentive for six years on eligible sales.
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, the unsung feminist freedom fighter in the history of India
- 09 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Post-Independence, the revival of the crafts sector began with Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay who strongly championed the handicrafts movement for the role it could play in social and economic upliftment.
About Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay:
- Kamaladevi was born in April 1903 in a liberal Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin family in Mangalore (now Mangaluru).
- She completed her primary education at the local St Ann’s Convent.
- Growing up in a land with a rich cultural heritage, especially of the music and dance form Yakshagana, she developed a taste for traditional art forms.
- After her father’s untimely death, Kamaladevi moved to her maternal uncle’s house.
- There, she met renowned freedom fighters, including Gopalkrishna Gokhale, Srinivasa Shastri, Ramabai Ranade and Annie Besant.
- Kamaladevi was married off at the age of 14 and widowed two years later.
- Unperturbed by these life events, she joined Queen Mary’s College in Madras (now Chennai) for higher studies.
- There, she met Sarojini (Chattopadhyay) Naidu’s brother Harindranath Chattopadhyay which led to their wedlock.
- However, their marriage ended over incompatibility issues and this, too, created history – Kamaladevi was the first legal divorce granted through an Indian court of law.
- Kamaladevi played a prominent role in political reforms and India’s freedom struggle.
- She was the first woman to contest the Madras provincial elections.
- Though she lost by a narrow margin, she got recognition and was appointed secretary of the All-India Women’s Conference.
- She joined Indian National Congress in 1927 and was elected to the All-India Congress Committee within a year.
- During the Salt March to Dandi, she convinced Gandhi to give women equal opportunity to be in the forefront of the march.
- Later, she joined Seva Dal and trained women activists.
- However, the British government banned Seva Dal and threw Kamaladevi into jail.
- There, she contracted jaundice. Having experienced the pathetic condition of the prison hospital, she built a hospital for inmates upon release.
- Kamaladevi got attracted to socialism and took up the problems of laborers and peasants.
- During World War II, she visited America and met several political activists, mostly blacks, and shared with them India’s non-violent approach to freedom struggle.
- The British got wind of her activism and banned her from returning to India.
- Unmoved, Kamaladevi continued on her journey, visiting South Africa, China, Japan and Vietnam.
- Kamaladevi was inarguably the embodiment of women’s empowerment.
- She was an advocate of female sexual freedom and birth control.
- Her remarriage after widowhood and legal divorce from her second marriage were symbolic of her self-empowerment.
- She acted in many films (a Kannada film, too) when the film industry was not considered a respectable place for women.
- Indeed, Kamaladevi’s immense travel and experiences shaped her as a secular, socialist world citizen.
- Such were her ideals that led to her building the city of Faridabad to rehabilitate some 50,000 craftsmen who moved to India from Pakistan during Partition.
- Post-independence, she helped revive Indian handicrafts and built institutions for a ‘New India’-- to name a few, the National School of Drama, Bharatiya Natya Sangha, Lady Irwin College, Sangeet Natak Academy, Central Cottage Industries Emporium, World Craft Council, Craft Council of India, and the Delhi Craft Council.
- Kamaladevi was a prolific writer, too and wrote 18 books altogether, touching upon women’s issues, Indian handicrafts and her foreign visits.
- She published her autobiography, “Inner Recesses, Outer Spaces: Memoir” (1986).
- She received several awards in recognition of her public service, like Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan, the Ramon Magsaysay Award and the UNESCO Award.
- She died in Mumbai on October 29, 1988, aged 85.
Every village to have agricultural credit societies by 2027
- 09 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Union Cooperation Minister Amit Shah Friday said that the Centre has decided to ensure formation of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) in every village by 2027.
Context:
- Union Cooperation Minister Amit Shah recently announced the Centre's commitment to establishing Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) in every village by 2027, introducing 20 new activities to enhance their profitability.
- Emphasizing the significance of computerization in PACS, Shah highlighted its role in fostering development opportunities.
- He also inaugurated the National Cooperative Database and unveiled the 'National Cooperative Database 2023: A Report' to bridge existing gaps through comprehensive analysis.
- The database initiative progressed through three phases, including mapping approximately 2.64 lakh societies across agriculture, dairy, and fisheries sectors in the first phase.
- Subsequent phases involved data collection from various federations, banks, and mapping of the remaining 8 lakh primary cooperative societies in other sectors.
- The unveiling revealed over 8 lakh registered societies in the country, connecting more than 30 crore citizens.
What are Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)?
- PACS are grassroots cooperative credit societies, constituting the final tier in a three-tier cooperative credit system led by State Cooperative Banks (SCBs) at the state level.
- SCBs channel credit to District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) operating at the district level, which collaborate with PACS, directly serving farmers.
- PACS operate as cooperative entities, with individual farmers as members and elected office-bearers from within the community. Villages may host multiple PACS.
- These societies extend short-term and medium-term agricultural loans to farmers for various farming activities.
Number of PACS in India:
- Established since 1904, India currently boasts over 1,00,000 PACS nationwide, engaging a significant member base exceeding 13 crore farmers.
- However, operational PACS stand at only 63,000, indicating the need for enhanced functionality and outreach.
Why are PACS Appealing?
- PACS offer crucial last-mile connectivity, ensuring farmers have access to capital at the onset of agricultural activities.
- They streamline credit extension processes, providing farmers with timely financial support with minimal paperwork, unlike traditional banks known for cumbersome procedures.
- PACS simplify paperwork and administrative tasks, offering farmers collective strength and assistance from PACS office-bearers.
- Unlike individual interactions required with commercial banks, PACS enable farmers to navigate loan processes collectively, reducing reliance on intermediaries.
Challenges Faced by PACS:
- Political influences often overshadow financial prudence within PACS, impacting loan recovery.
- Various committees have highlighted systemic issues within the cooperative system, including low member participation, lack of professionalism, inadequate governance, bureaucratic hurdles, and a workforce with aging and disengaged employees.
Union Cabinet approves India AI Mission with 10,372 cr outlay
- 08 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News
India has made its first move to address a key shortcoming it currently has in unlocking opportunities around generative artificial intelligence (AI) – that of computing hardware.
What is IndiaAI Mission?
- India's AI Mission entails the launch of an artificial intelligence (AI) initiative, announced by the Prime Minister at the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit 2023 in New Delhi, with implementation overseen by the 'IndiaAI' Independent Business Division (IBD) under Digital India Corporation (DIC).
- Led by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), the mission aims to establish a computing capacity exceeding 10,000 graphics processing units (GPUs) and develop foundational models trained on datasets encompassing major Indian languages, focusing on priority sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, and governance.
- Additionally, the mission will involve the establishment of AI Curation Units (ACUs) in 50-line ministries and the creation of an AI marketplace to provide AI services and pre-trained models to AI application developers.
- Implementation of the AI computer infrastructure will follow a public-private partnership model, with 50% viability gap funding, with Rs 4,564 crore allocated from the total outlay of Rs 10,372 crore for building computing infrastructure.
Key Features of the IndiaAI Mission:
- IndiaAI Compute Capacity: Establishing a scalable AI computing ecosystem to meet the growing demands of India's burgeoning AI start-ups and research community.
- IndiaAI Innovation Centre: Focusing on the development and deployment of indigenous Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) and domain-specific foundational models in critical sectors.
- IndiaAI Datasets Platform: Streamlining access to high-quality non-personal datasets to fuel AI innovation.
- IndiaAI Application Development Initiative: Promoting the adoption of AI applications in critical sectors, addressing problem statements sourced from Central Ministries, State Departments, and other entities.
- IndiaAI FutureSkills: Mitigating barriers to entry into AI programs by expanding AI courses at undergraduate, master's, and Ph.D. levels.
- IndiaAI Startup Financing: Supporting and accelerating deep-tech AI startups by providing streamlined access to funding for futuristic AI projects.
- Safe & Trusted AI: Ensuring the responsible implementation of AI projects through the development of indigenous tools and frameworks to foster trust and safety in AI applications.
The Significance of the IndiaAI Mission:
- The IndiaAI Mission aligns with the vision of fostering indigenous AI development and leveraging AI technology for the benefit of India.
- It aims to demonstrate to the international community the positive impact of AI technology on society, thereby enhancing India's global competitiveness.
- By establishing a comprehensive ecosystem for AI innovation through strategic partnerships across public and private sectors, the mission will catalyze AI-driven advancements.
- It will foster creativity and bolster internal capabilities, ensuring India's technological sovereignty.
- Furthermore, the mission is poised to create employment opportunities that demand advanced skills, leveraging India's demographic advantage.
After 10 years struggle, Mendha gets separate Panchayat status under Gramdan Act
- 08 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News
The Maharashtra government recently notified Mendha, a village deep inside the forests of the state’s Gadchiroli district, as a separate Gram Panchayat under The Maharashtra Gramdan Act, 1964.
What is Gramdan?
- Gramdan is an expansion of the Bhoodan Movement started in 1951 by Aacharya Vinoba Bhave.
- ‘Bhoodan’ meant redistribution of land from bigger landowners to the landless.
- Under Gramdan, the entire village will put its land under a common trust.
- This way, the land will not be sold outside the village or to one who has not joined Gramdan in the village.
- But the landowners can continue to cultivate it and reap the benefits.
- The Movement paved the way for the protection of natural resources by giving equal rights and responsibilities to everyone in the community and empowering communities to move towards self-governance.
- Under the Act, at least 75 percent of landowners in the village should surrender land ownership to the village community for it to be declared as ‘gramdan’.
- Such land should at least be 60 percent of the village land. Five per cent of the surrendered land is distributed to the landless in the village for cultivation.
- Recipients of such land cannot transfer the same without the permission of the community.
- The rest remains with the donors.
- They and their descendants can work on it and reap the benefits.
- But they cannot sell it outside the village or to a village resident who has not joined Gramdan.
- Today, seven states in India have 3,660 Gramdan villages, the highest being in Odisha (1,309).
- The states are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.
- In September 2022, the Assam government repealed the Assam Gramdan Act, 1961 and Assam Bhoodan Act, 1965, bypassing The Assam Land and Revenue Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2022.
- This, it said, was done to counter encroachment on donated lands in the state.
- Till that time, Assam had 312 Gramdan villages.
About Mendha’s Village Struggle:
- The village, comprising around 500 Gond Adivasis, has fought for its forests for years.
- It is popular as the first village in India to secure community forest rights (CFR), following the passing of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
- Some 80 per cent of the area in the village is covered with dense forest.
- People here believe that land is not a private property but a collective resource that provides food and livelihood and should be saved and passed on to the next generation.
- All villagers in Mendha have surrendered their land, which is unique. In all other villages, only about 75-80 per cent of landowners had agreed to do so.
- The village fulfilled these conditions of the Act in 2013 and notified the district collector about its decision to implement the Act.
Amit Shah launches National Cooperative Database, to help in policy making
- 08 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News
Cooperation Minister Amit Shah on Friday launched the National Cooperative Database and stressed that it would help in policy making.
About National Cooperative Database (NCD):
- The National Cooperative Database (NCD) is an initiative spearheaded by the Ministry of Cooperation, responding to the pressing need for a robust database to effectively capture essential information concerning India's extensive cooperative sector.
- Developed collaboratively with State Governments, National Federations, and stakeholders, the NCD is designed to promote a cooperative-centric economic model, offering a web-based digital dashboard for seamless data management.
- Acting as a centralized repository, the NCD aggregates data from cooperative societies, including National/State Federations, with information entered and authenticated by nodal officials at RCS/DRCS offices for cooperative societies and provided by various national/state federations for federations.
- The collected data encompasses diverse parameters, such as registered names, locations, membership numbers, sectoral details, operational areas, financial statements, audit statuses, and more, providing a comprehensive overview of the cooperative landscape.
- Serving as a vital communication tool, the NCD facilitates efficient interaction between the Central Ministry, States/UTs, and Cooperative Societies, fostering collaboration and synergy within the cooperative sector.
- Key features and benefits of the NCD include single-point access, comprehensive and updated data, user-friendly interface, vertical and horizontal linkages, query-based reports and graphs, Management Information System (MIS) reports, data analytics, and geographical mapping capabilities.
Kerala declares man-animal conflict a state-specific disaster
- 08 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Amid repeated deaths from animal attacks and rising anger over them, Kerala recently declared man-animal conflict as a state-specific disaster, becoming the first state in the country to do so.
What is Man-animal Conflict?
- Man-animal conflict refers to the interaction between wild animals and humans, resulting in adverse outcomes for both people and wildlife, as well as their habitats.
- Escalating Conflict: In states across India, human-wildlife conflict has intensified, leading to a significant rise in human casualties.
- For instance, in Maharashtra, the conflict resulted in 86 in 2021 and 105 deaths in 2022, marking a sharp increase compared to previous decades.
Causes:
- Factors contributing to this conflict include the encroachment of grodeathswing human and animal populations into each other's territories, habitat fragmentation due to legal and illegal land use changes, alterations in cropping patterns attracting wildlife to agriculture, and habitat destruction from invasive alien species.
- Despite having over 700 protected areas, a substantial portion of elephant, lion, and tiger ranges lie outside these protected zones, exacerbating the conflict.
Ecologist Perspective:
- Ecologist Madhav Gadgil highlights that the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 has inadvertently facilitated an environment where wild animals can invade human habitats with impunity.
- He cites the optimal foraging theory in ecology, which underscores animals' efforts to maximize nutrient intake while minimizing time, effort, and risks.
Solutions:
- Addressing the issue requires robust enforcement and pragmatic policies to mitigate conflict incidences.
- Engaging local communities, as suggested by the Future for All Report 2021 (by WWF and UNEP), fosters coexistence between humans and wildlife, acknowledging that complete elimination of conflicts is impractical.
- Additionally, awareness campaigns aimed at educating the public about man-animal conflict and skill development initiatives for communities living near forests can alleviate pressures on agricultural and forest lands.
Kerala's Decision to Declare Man-Animal Conflict as a State-Specific Disaster:
- Implications of the Decision: Currently, the management of man-animal conflict falls under the jurisdiction of the forest department, operating in accordance with the Wildlife Protection Act.
- By designating man-animal conflict as a state-specific disaster, the responsibility for addressing it shifts to the state disaster management authority, empowered by the Disaster Management Act, enabling swifter and more decisive action.
- Rationale for the Decision: Instances of loss of life due to man-animal conflict have prompted calls to tranquilize, capture, or eliminate the responsible animals.
- Presently, the chief wildlife warden, holding the sole authority in the state, makes decisions regarding wild animals causing disturbances in human settlements.
- Past decisions to tranquilize aggressive animals, like wild elephants, have faced legal challenges.
- Under the disaster management authority, actions can be taken that supersede other regulations, including those outlined in the Wildlife Protection Act.
- According to the Disaster Management Act, except for the Supreme Court or a High Court, no court has jurisdiction to entertain suits or proceedings regarding actions taken by relevant authorities in line with the Act.
- Additionally, the Act stipulates that its provisions hold precedence over any other law during the specific period of a declared disaster.
Kerala's Success in Managing Man-Animal Conflict:
- Kerala, with approximately 5,700 wild elephants in 2017, comprising 19% of the nationwide population of 30,000, witnessed a significantly lower incidence of human fatalities caused by elephants, accounting for only 81 (4%) of the 2,036 deaths recorded in India between 2018 and 2021.
- Factors Contributing to Kerala's Effective Management of Man-Animal Conflict:
- Maintenance of Unchanged Wilderness Boundaries: Kerala has largely preserved the boundaries between wilderness and civilization in recent years, contributing to the mitigation of man-animal conflicts.
- Evolution of Agricultural Practices: Changes in agricultural practices, such as the cultivation of crops like coffee, pepper, and tea, which hold less appeal for elephants, have helped reduce conflicts between humans and elephants.
- Unique Elephant Characteristics: Individual elephants are identified and named based on their distinct characteristics, such as Kabali, an elephant residing in the Athirapally jungle in Thrissur district, known for its tendency to attack or chase automobiles.
- These factors collectively contribute to Kerala's successful management of man-animal conflict, resulting in relatively fewer human fatalities caused by elephants compared to other regions in India.
Countries hope to bring BBNJ or High Seas treaty into force by 2025
- 08 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News
The Blue Leaders High-Level Event on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction was held in Belgium on March 7, 2024, to urge nations to ratify a new treaty to protect the high seas from pollution, climate change and overfishing.
What is the BBNJ Treaty?
- The BBNJ Treaty, also referred to as the Treaty of the High Seas, is an international agreement aimed at conserving and sustainably managing marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, operating within the framework of the UNCLOS.
- These areas encompass the high seas beyond exclusive economic zones or national waters.
- It represents nearly half of the Earth's surface and is characterized by minimal regulation and understanding of their biodiversity, with only 1% currently under protection.
- Launched at the One Ocean Summit in February 2022, the High Ambition Coalition on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction seeks to unite various delegations involved in BBNJ negotiations toward a comprehensive and ambitious outcome.
- The negotiations focus on key elements agreed upon in 2015, including the conservation and sustainable use of marine genetic resources, area-based management tools such as marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments, and initiatives for capacity-building and technology transfer in marine science and management.
- India is yet to sign the treaty. However, it called on efforts for entry into force and implementation of the treaty at the G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration held in September 2023.
The Importance of a Legally Binding Instrument for BBNJ:
- Biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction is crucial for ocean health, coastal communities' welfare, and global sustainability, constituting 95% of the ocean and offering essential ecological, economic, social, cultural, scientific, and food-security benefits.
- Despite their significance, these areas face escalating threats such as pollution, overexploitation, and the impacts of climate change, compounded by the anticipated rise in demand for marine resources in the future.
- Even the deep seafloors, considered one of the most inhospitable habitats, are experiencing the onset of extinction processes, with alarming statistics showing that 62% of assessed mollusc species are threatened, including critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable species, while the International Seabed Authority permits deep sea mining contracts.
- It is imperative to establish a legally binding framework for managing and regulating biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, as over 60% of this resource in the global seas remains unmanaged and unprotected, necessitating comprehensive conservation measures.
ISRO’s second rocket launchport in Tamil Nadu’s Kulasekarapattinam
- 07 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of the second rocket launchport of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) at Kulasekarapattinam on February 28.
Why does India need a new launchport?
- With the Union government’s recent policy announcing the opening of the space sector to private players, a sharp rise in the number of commercial launches is certain.
- To ensure that ISRO’s first launchport, the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR in Sriharikota, is not overburdened with a high number of launches, the space agency has decided to build another facility.
- While SHAR will be only used for launching bigger and heavy-lift-off missions, the Kulasekarapattinam launchport will be used to launch smaller payloads.
- SHAR will also be available for India’s big ticket missions to the Moon, Venus, and much touted human-flight mission, the Gaganyaan.
- Private players could develop space-qualified sub-systems, build satellites, and even launch vehicles using the new launchport.
- It will also facilitate dedicated launch infrastructure for all the on-demand commercial launches.
Why is the new ISRO launchport located in Tamil Nadu?
- Geographically, scientifically, and strategically, the Kulasekarapattinam launchport provides a natural advantage to ISRO’s future launches pertaining to the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV).
- Allowing a direct southward and smaller launch trajectory for the light weight SSLVs carrying less fuel, the Kulasekarapattinam facility will boost ISRO’s attempts to enhance payload capacities.
- Currently, the trajectory followed by all launches from SHAR are longer as they follow a path which requires the vehicle to skirt eastwards around Sri Lanka before taking the actual southward flight.
- This consumes additional fuel. However, the same would not be required for future launches from Kulasekarapattinam, which is geographically located several kilometers to the west of Colombo, thereby allowing a straight southward flight and simultaneously saving the already limited fuel available onboard SSLV.
- Notably, both the launch ports are located in Southern India, near the equator.
- For a launch site close to equator the magnitude of the velocity imparted due to Earth’s rotation is about 450 m/s, which can lead to substantial increase in the payload for a given launch vehicle.
- Geostationary satellites must necessarily be in the equatorial plane.
- So, for such satellites, the closer the launch site is to the equator the better it is.
What are SSLVs?
- SSLV is the new small satellite launch vehicle developed by ISRO to cater for the launch of small satellites.
- It has a three-stage launch vehicle, having a lift-off weight of about 120 tonnes and is 34 meters in length and 2 meters in diameter.
- SSLV is designed with a three-stage solid propulsion and a liquid propulsion stage, which is the terminal stage.
- The SSLV missions are useful to launch small-sized satellites weighing anywhere between 10 to 500kg into the Low Earth Orbit.
- Going by their size and weight, these are typically referred to as mini, micro or nano satellites.
- They are low on cost and intended satellite insertion into orbits takes a shorter flight time.
- SSLV are best suited for commercial and on-demand launches.
- Previously, satellite projects built by college students and private players involved in the space sector have benefitted from SSLV missions.
What are the features of SHAR?
- SHAR is situated along the east coast of Andhra Pradesh and is located 80 km off Chennai.
- It currently provides launch infrastructure to all ISRO missions.
- It is equipped with a solid propellant processing setup, static testing, and launch vehicle integration facilities, telemetry services — tracking and command network to oversee the launch — and a mission control center.
- SHAR has two launch complexes that are routinely used to launch the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), the Geosynchronous Space Launch Vehicles (GSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk-III, now renamed as LVM3.
Haiper, the text-to-video model created by Google DeepMind and Tiktok alumni
- 07 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, a company founded by former members of Google DeepMind, TikTok, and top labs from research academia — introduced an eponymous new text-to-video model Haiper.
What is Haiper?
- Haiper is an all-in-one visual foundation model that allows everyone, with or without technical training, to generate high-quality video content with ease.
- The founders claim that Haiper brings forward cutting-edge machine learning with the belief that creativity should be “fun, surprising, and shareable”.
- The company has built Haiper as a powerful, industry-agnostic creativity tool.
- It was released by Google DeepMind and Tiktok alumni.
What does Haiper do?
- Haiper offers tools such as text-to-video, animated static images, video repainting tools, etc.
- Users can go on to the website, log in with their email addresses, and start generating videos for free by typing in text prompts.
- At present, users can only generate HD video spanning 2 seconds, and a slightly lower-quality video could go up to four seconds.
Strengths and limitations:
- While the short length is a limitation, the company is working towards extending the video outputs.
- Presently, the tool is free to use, with an aim to build a community.
- While OpenAI’s Sora is still not available for the public, Haiper is offering users to try its tool for free on its website.
Controversy Erupts as Tamil Nadu Governor Refers to Ayya Vaikundar as 'Sanatan Dharma Savior'
- 07 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Tamil Nadu Governor R N Ravi’s recent remarks about the 19th-century social reformer Ayya Vaikundar — that he was Lord Vishnu incarnated to prevent the destruction of Sanatan Dharma — have evoked sharp reactions in the state, from politicians as well as Vaikundar’s followers.
Who was Ayya Vaikundar?
- Ayya Vaikundar, born in 1809, is revered as a social reformer and the founder of the Ayyavazhi sect, primarily in southern Tamil Nadu.
- His teachings focused on equality, fraternity, and the eradication of caste-based discrimination, challenging the established religious and social hierarchies of the time.
- At a time when rigid casteism and caste-based atrocities were the norm, Vaikundar introduced measures to challenge these divisions.
- He organized Samapanthi-bhojana or community eateries for people from all backgrounds.
- He would send his disciples to the homes of lower castes to eat with them.
- When lower castes were not allowed to fetch water from wells used by upper caste Hindus, Vaikundar initiated the digging of common wells, called Muthirikinarus.
- At a time when priests threw vibhuti and sandal paste at devotees from a distance to avoid touching them and lower castes were not allowed to enter temples at all, Vaikundar introduced Thottu Namam, in which he inspired priests to apply the sacred paste on devotees’ forehead, irrespective of their caste.
- The paste would be applied in the form of a lamp, indicating the soul and God, representing the form of God inside every life.
- Vaikundar also encouraged all devotees to wear turbans and dhotis, promoting equality.
- He initiated the Thuvayal Panthy programme, teaching vegetarianism and discipline to followers, who spread these teachings across Tamil Nadu.
- He established Nizhal Thangals as community worship spaces, which did not have any idol or deity, and only Tamil was used for worship.
- These community worship centers also had community kitchens and even basic schools.
- He pioneered education for the lower castes and opposed discriminatory taxes.
- One of his significant interventions was the introduction of simplified, inclusive marriage customs without a Brahmin priest or Sanskrit mantras.
Trees in Corbett fell prey to greedy nexus, says Supreme Court
- 07 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Supreme Court on Wednesday condemned the illegal felling of over 6,000 trees to construct buildings, ostensibly for “eco-tourism” at the Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, as a “classic case” of nexus between politicians and officials working to ransack the environment for short-term commercial ends.
News Summary:
- In 2023, a series of applications brought attention to the creation of alleged illegal buildings and encroachment on water bodies, prompting court intervention.
- Petitioners highlighted violations of environmental norms and encroachment into core wildlife habitats.
- Evidence presented during proceedings revealed unauthorized constructions within the national park, including concrete and iron enclosures purportedly intended for a 'safari' experience.
- Moreover, it was disclosed that over 6,000 trees had been felled in the national park under the pretext of safari development.
Supreme Court’s Observations:
- The Court has raised concerns regarding the necessity of developing facilities within natural forest environments, particularly in areas designated for the protection of endangered species like tigers.
- Directing the Government to establish a committee, the Supreme Court seeks recommendations on whether tiger safaris should be permitted in buffer or fringe areas and what guidelines should govern their establishment if allowed.
- Additionally, the Court has strongly criticized the illegal constructions and extensive tree felling in Uttarakhand's Corbett National Park.
What are the Core and Buffer Areas in Tiger Reserves?
- As per the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act of 2006, a Tiger Reserve comprises core or critical habitat and a buffer zone surrounding it.
- Core areas hold the legal status of a National Park or a Sanctuary.
- Buffer zones consist of a mix of forest and non-forest land, managed as a multiple-use area.
- The buffer area acts as a protective barrier, absorbing the impact of poaching pressure on tiger and other wildlife populations.
About Jim Corbett National Park:
- Location: Situated in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand, Jim Corbett National Park is renowned for its rich biodiversity.
Key Facts:
- Established in 1935, it is India’s oldest national park.
- Initially named Hailey National Park after its founder Sir Malcolm Hailey, it was renamed Corbett National Park in 1956 to honor Jim Corbett's contributions to wildlife preservation in India.
- Corbett National Park boasts the highest population of tigers in India, highlighting its importance for tiger conservation efforts.
- Flora: Dominated by Sal, Semal, Kharpat, Sissoo, Khair, Dhak, Khingan, Bakli, Bel, Ber, Bamboo, Khingam, Jamun, Kanju, Rohini, and Pula trees.
- Sal, Khair, and Sissoo are prominently featured throughout the park.
- Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife including Tiger, Leopard, Elephant, Chital Deer, Sambar Deer, Hogg Deer, Barking Deer, Wild Boar, Langur, Wild pig, Rhesus Monkey, Jackal, Rabbit, Yellow Throated Martin, and Otters.
- Various reptiles such as Crocodile, Gharial, King Cobra, Common Krait, Cobra, Russell's Viper, Rock Python, and Monitor Lizard inhabit the park.
- The Kosi River feeds the eastern periphery of Corbett National Park.
- The Ramganga River (West) and its tributaries Sonanadi, Palain, and Mandal serve as significant hydrological resources for the park.
Vaishnaw bats for further simplification of economic laws at ‘NITI for States’ platform launch
- 07 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Union IT, Communications, and Railways Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw Thursday stressed on the need to further simplify economic laws in a modern and relevant way at the launch of NITI Aayog’s ‘NITI for States’ platform.
About “NITI For States” Platform:
- It serves as a cross-sectoral knowledge hub envisioned to be a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for Policy and Good Governance.
Key features include:
- A comprehensive repository comprising Best Practices, Policy documents, datasets, data profiles, and NITI publications across various sectors.
- Knowledge products spanning 10 sectors and two cross-cutting themes (Gender and Climate Change), such as Agriculture, Education, Energy, Health, Manufacturing, MSME, Tourism, Urban, and Water resources & WASH.
- An intuitive and user-friendly interface accessible via multiple devices, including mobile phones.
- The platform aims to catalyze digital governance transformation by providing government officials with contextualized, actionable knowledge and insights, thereby enhancing decision-making quality.
- It supports district collectors and block-level functionaries by granting access to innovative best practices from various States and Union Territories.
What is the Viksit Bharat Strategy Room?
- It serves as an interactive platform enabling users to visualize data, trends, best practices, and policies in an immersive manner, facilitating a comprehensive assessment of any problem statement.
- The platform features voice-enabled AI for user interaction and facilitates connectivity with multiple stakeholders through video conferencing.
- Designed as a plug-and-play model, it enables replication by states, districts, and blocks for widespread adoption.
- Collaboration with various government organizations by NITI Aayog includes:
- iGOT Karmayogi's "SAMARTH" online training modules accessible through the platform.
- Integration of NITI Aayog’s National Data and Analytics Platform (NDAP) to provide access to government datasets.
- Support from the National E-Governance Division (NeGD) in developing the innovative Viksit Bharat Strategy Room.
- Multi-lingual support provided by Bhashini.
- Integration of PM Gatishakti BISAG-N team, with DPIIT support, to offer geospatial tools for Area Based Planning.
INS Jatayu, India’s new naval base in Lakshadweep
- 06 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
On Wednesday (March 6), Naval Detachment Minicoy will be commissioned as INS Jatayu, an upgraded naval base, marking an important milestone in the Indian Navy’s resolve to incrementally augment security infrastructure at the strategic Lakshadweep Islands.
About INS Jatayu Naval Base:
- The existing Naval Detachment Minicoy, which is under the operational command of the Naval Officer-in-Charge (Lakshadweep), will be commissioned as INS Jatayu.
- A naval detachment has administrative, logistics, and medical facilities.
- INS Jatayu will be upgraded to a naval base with additional infrastructure such as an airfield, housing, and personnel, after obtaining the requisite environmental and other clearances.
- The fragile ecology of the island may pose challenges for the construction but there are plans to construct a new airfield that will be capable of operating both military and civil aircraft.
Significance of INS Jatayu?
- The basing of an independent naval unit with requisite infrastructure and resources will enhance its overall operational capability in the islands.
- The establishment of the base is in line with the government’s focus on comprehensive development of the islands.
- The base will enhance its operational reach, facilitate its anti-piracy and anti-narcotics operations in the western Arabian Sea, and augment its capability as the first responder in the region.
- With the commissioning of INS Jatayu, the Indian Navy will add to its strength on the western seaboard.
- The proposed airfield will allow operations for a range of aircraft, including P8I maritime reconnaissance aircraft and fighter jets, and extend the Navy’s reach and operational surveillance capabilities at a time when India is seeking to counter the growing Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean Region.
- This has an immediate bearing at a time when India’s relations with the Maldives have come under strain since the election of the pro-China President Mohamed Muizzu.
About the Lakshadweep Islands:
- Lakshadweep, ‘a hundred thousand islands’ in Sanskrit and Malayalam, is an archipelago of 36 islands located between 220 km and 440 km from Kochi.
- The islands, only 11 of which are inhabited, have a total area of only 32 sq km.
- The Lakshadweep are part of a chain of coralline islands in the Indian Ocean that includes Maldives to the south, and the Chagos archipelago farther beyond, to the south of the equator.
- Given their location in the Indian Ocean, the Lakshadweep are of huge strategic importance to India.
- Minicoy straddles vital Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs) — the world’s main maritime highways — including the Eight Degree Channel (between Minicoy and Maldives) and the Nine Degree Channel (between Minicoy and the main cluster of Lakshadweep islands).
- In consequence, the Lakshadweep Islands are also vulnerable to marine pollution.
Exclusive-World on brink of fourth mass coral reef bleaching event- NOAA
- 06 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The world stands on the brink of witnessing its fourth mass coral bleaching event, a phenomenon that threatens to hit vast expanses of tropical reefs, including significant portions of Australia's iconic Great Barrier Reef.
Key Findings from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA):
- Impending Fourth Mass Coral Bleaching Event: The world is on the brink of a fourth mass coral bleaching event, following those in 1998, 2010, and 2014.
- To classify as global, widespread bleaching must occur across three ocean basins: the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian.
- Impact of Previous Events: The last global mass coral bleaching event occurred from 2014 to 2017, resulting in the loss of nearly a third of the Great Barrier Reef's corals.
- Preliminary data indicates that approximately 15% of the world's reefs experienced significant coral die-offs during this event.
- Current Situation: This year is witnessing even more severe bleaching events, with the Caribbean experiencing its worst coral bleaching on record following the Northern Hemisphere summer last year.
- Link to Climate Phenomena: Coral bleaching is often associated with the naturally occurring El Niño climate phenomenon, which leads to warmer ocean waters.
- Climate Change Impact: The world recently experienced its first 12-month period with an average temperature exceeding 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels.
- A temperature rise of 1.5°C is considered the tipping point for mass coral die-offs, with scientists estimating that 90% of the world's corals could be lost as a result.
About the Corals and Coral Reefs:
- Corals: Corals are animals known as polyps, which engage in a symbiotic relationship with tiny algae called zooxanthellae.
- These algae provide corals with food and oxygen, while corals offer them a safe habitat.
- Coral Reefs: Coral reefs are limestone structures formed by thousands of tiny coral animals and are predominantly found in tropical climates.
Coral Bleaching and Its Concerns:
- Coral bleaching occurs when corals are exposed to stressful conditions like high temperatures, pollution, or changes in water chemistry, leading them to expel the zooxanthellae.
- Without these algae, corals lose their color and turn white, hence the term 'bleaching,' and cannot survive for long in this state.
- Recovery Potential: Despite its severity, coral bleaching doesn't necessarily mean the end of the reef; timely removal of stressors can facilitate the return of zooxanthellae and coral recovery.
- Ecological Importance: Coral reefs serve as habitats and food sources for numerous fish and marine species.
- They also offer coastal protection from erosion and storms and play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate by absorbing and storing carbon dioxide.
- Cultural and Aesthetic Value: Beyond their ecological functions, coral reefs represent stunning biodiversity and natural beauty, making their loss a tragic prospect for future generations.
- Impacts: When coral reefs suffer, so do the ecosystems and communities reliant on them, underscoring the far-reaching consequences of coral degradation.
Google-backed satellite to track global oil industry methane emissions
- 06 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
MethaneSAT — a satellite which will track and measure methane emissions at a global scale — was launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon9 rocket from California recently.
What is MethaneSAT?
- MethaneSAT will orbit the Earth 15 times a day, monitoring the oil and gas sector.
- It will create a large amount of data, which will tell “how much methane is coming from where, who’s responsible, and are those emissions going up or down over time”.
- The data collected by MethaneSAT will be made public for free in near real-time.
- This will allow stakeholders and regulators to take action to reduce methane emissions.
Institutions involved in the development:
- The entity behind MethaneSAT is the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) — a US-based nonprofit environmental advocacy group.
- To develop the satellite, EDF partnered with Harvard University, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the New Zealand Space Agency.
Features of MethaneSAT:
- Historically, tracking the source of methane emissions and measuring them has been quite challenging.
- ?While some satellites can provide high-resolution data, they can only scan specific, pre-targeted sites.
- Others can examine larger areas and detect large emitting events, but cannot scan “smaller sources that account for the majority of emissions in many, if not most, regions,” the EDF statement added.
- Due to this discrepancy, according to an International Energy Agency (IEA) report, global methane emissions are about 70 per cent higher than levels reported by national governments.
- MethaneSAT is expected to fix the issue.
- Equipped with a high-resolution infrared sensor and a spectrometer, the satellite will fill critical data gaps.
- It can track differences in methane concentrations as small as three parts per billion in the atmosphere, which enables it to pick up smaller emissions sources than the previous satellites.
- MethaneSAT also has a wide-camera view — of about 200 km by 200 km — allowing it to identify larger emitters so-called “super emitters”.
Significance of MethaneSAT:
- Advancing the Goals of the Global Methane Pledge 2021: The Global Methane Pledge, signed by over 150 countries in 2021, aims to reduce collective methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030.
- During the previous year's COP, over 50 companies pledged to significantly reduce methane emissions and routine flaring.
- MethaneSAT will play a crucial role in helping these entities achieve their targets.
- Enhancing Transparency: The satellite will usher in a new era of transparency by providing publicly available data accessible to anyone worldwide.
- This data will enable monitoring of methane commitments made by governments and corporations, promoting accountability and transparency in emission reduction efforts."
Why Do We Need to Track and Measure Methane Emission?
- Methane is an invisible but strong greenhouse gas, and the second largest contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide, responsible for 30 percent of global heating since the Industrial Revolution.
- According to the United Nations Environment Programme, over a period of 20 years, methane is 80 times more potent at warming than carbon dioxide.
- The gas also contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone — a colorless and highly irritating gas that forms just above the Earth’s surface.
- According to a 2022 report, exposure to ground-level ozone could be contributing to one million premature deaths every year.
- Therefore, it is crucial to cut methane emissions and the main culprit, fossil fuel operations, which account for about 40 percent of all human-caused methane emissions.
- The objective of MethaneSAT is to help achieve this goal.
Majuli Island's Mask Craft Celebrated With Geographical Indication Tag
- 06 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Adding to their growing national and international recognition, the traditional Majuli masks in Assam were given a Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Centre recently.
What are Majuli Masks?
- These handmade masks are traditionally used to depict characters in bhaonas, or theatrical performances with devotional messages under the neo-Vaishnavite tradition.
- Majuli, the largest river island in the world and the seat of Assam’s neo-Vaishnavite tradition, has been home to the art of mask-making since the 16th century.
- It was introduced by the 15th-16th century reformer saint Srimanta Sankardeva.
- The masks can depict gods, goddesses, demons, animals and birds — Ravana, Garuda, Narasimha, Hanuman, Varaha Surpanakha all feature among the masks.
- They can range in size from those covering just the face (mukh mukha), which take around five days to make, to those covering the whole head and body of the performer (cho mukha), which can take up to one-and-a-half months to make.
- According to the application made for the patent, the masks are made of bamboo, clay, dung, cloth, cotton, wood and other materials available in the riverine surroundings of their makers.
Why is This Art Practiced in Monasteries?
- Sattras are monastic institutions established by Srimanta Sankardev and his disciples as centers of religious, social and cultural reform.
- Today, they are also centers of traditional performing arts such as borgeet (songs), sattriya (dance) and bhaona (theater), which are an integral part of the Sankardev tradition.
- Majuli has 22 sattras, and the patent application states that the mask-making tradition is by and large concentrated in four of them:
- Samaguri Sattra
- Natun Samaguri Sattra
- Bihimpur Sattra and
- Alengi Narasimha Sattra
What is Majuli Manuscript Painting?
- It is a form of painting which also received the GI tag.
- It originated in the 16th century done on sanchi pat, or manuscripts made of the bark of the sanchi or agar tree, using homemade ink.
- The earliest example of an illustrated manuscript is said to be a rendering of the Adya Dasama of the Bhagwat Purana in Assamese by Srimanta Sankardev.
- This art was patronized by the Ahom kings.
- It continues to be practiced in every sattra in Majuli.
India halts Pakistan-bound ship suspected of carrying CNC machines from China
- 05 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi witnessed the start of the process of core-loading the indigenous prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) at the Madras Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
What is the PFBR?
- The PFBR, or Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, is a nuclear reactor designed to produce more nuclear fuel than it consumes.
- In nuclear fission, the nucleus of an atom absorbs a neutron, becomes unstable, and splits into two, releasing energy.
- If the unstable nucleus releases additional neutrons, the reactor’s facilities can utilize them to initiate more fission reactions.
How does the PFBR work?
- PHWRs use natural or low-enriched U-238 as the fissile material and produce Pu-239 as a byproduct.
- This Pu-239 is combined with more U-238 into a mixed oxide and loaded into the core of a new reactor together with a blanket.
- This is a material the fission products in the core react with to produce more Pu-239.
- A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it consumes.
- In a ‘fast’ breeder reactor, the neutrons aren’t slowed, allowing them to trigger specific fission reactions.
- The PFBR is designed to produce more Pu-239 than it consumes.
- It uses liquid sodium, a highly reactive substance, as coolant in two circuits. Coolant in the first circuit enters the reactor and leaves with (heat) energy and radioactivity.
- Via heat-exchangers, it transfers only the heat to the coolant in a secondary circuit.
- The latter transfers the heat to generators to produce electricity.
DoT launches Digital Intelligence Portal, ‘Chakshu’ facility to curb cyber crimes, financial frauds
- 05 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) recently launched its ‘Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP)’ to curb the misuse of telecom resources in cybercrimes and financial frauds, and the ‘Chakshu’ facility on the Sanchar Saathi portal to enable citizens to report suspected fraud communication.
About Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP):
- Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP) is developed by the Department of Telecommunications.
- It is a secure and integrated platform for real time intelligence sharing, information exchange and coordination among the stakeholders i.e. Telecom Service Providers (TSPs), law enforcement agencies (LEAs), banks and financial institutions (FIs), social media platforms, identity document issuing authorities etc.
- The portal also contains information regarding the cases detected as misuse of telecom resources. The shared information could be useful to the stakeholders in their respective domains.
- It also works as a backend repository for the citizen-initiated requests on the Sanchar Saathi portal for action by the stakeholders.
- The DIP is accessible to the stakeholders over secure connectivity and the relevant information is shared based on their respective roles.
- The said platform is not accessible to citizens.
What is the Chakshu Facility?
- Chakshu is the latest addition to the citizen centric facilities already available on the Sanchar Saathi portal of DoT.
- It facilitates citizens to report suspected fraud communication received over call, SMS or WhatsApp with the intention of defrauding like KYC expiry or update of bank account / payment wallet / SIM / gas connection / electricity connection, sextortion, impersonation as government official / relative for sending money, disconnection of all mobile numbers by Department of Telecommunications etc.
- In case, a citizen is already a victim of cyber-crime or financial fraud, it is advised to report at cyber-crime helpline number 1930 or website https://www.cybercrime.gov.in of Government of India.
Carbon Capture and How it Can Help Save the Planet
- 05 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Germany has recently declared its approval for carbon capture and offshore storage for specific industrial sectors.
What is Carbon Capture and Storage?
- CCS refers to a host of different technologies that capture CO2 emissions from large point sources like refineries or power plants and trap them beneath the Earth.
- Notably, CCS is different from carbon dioxide removal (CDR), where CO2 is removed from the atmosphere.
- CCS involves three different techniques of capturing carbon, including: Post-combustion, Pre-combustion, and Oxyfuel combustion.
- In post-combustion, CO2 is removed after the fossil fuel has been burnt. By using a chemical solvent, CO2 is separated from the exhaust or ‘flue’ gasses and then captured.
- Pre-combustion involves removing CO2 before burning the fossil fuel. “First, the fossil fuel is partially burned in a ‘gasifier’ to form synthetic gas. CO2 can be captured from this relatively pure exhaust stream,” according to a report by the British Geological Survey. The method also generates hydrogen, which is separated and can be used as fuel.
- In oxyfuel combustion, the fossil fuel is burnt with almost pure oxygen, which produces CO2 and water vapor. The water is condensed through cooling and CO2 is separated and captured. Out of the three methods, oxyfuel combustion is the most efficient but the oxygen burning process needs a lot of energy.
- Post-combustion and oxyfuel combustion equipment can be retro-fitted in existing plants that were originally built without them. Pre-combustion equipment, however, needs “larger modifications to the operation of the facility and are therefore more suitable to new plants.
- After capture, CO2 is compressed into a liquid state and transported to suitable storage sites.
- Although CO2 can be transported through ship, rail, or road tanker, pipeline is the cheapest and most reliable method.
Can Carbon Capture Help Save the world?
- Operational CCS projects generally claim to be 90 percent efficient, meaning they can capture 90 per cent of carbon and store it.
- Studies, however, have shown that a number of these projects are not as efficient as they claim to be.
- For example, a 2022 study by the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) found most of the 13 flagship CCS projects worldwide that it analyzed have either underperformed or failed entirely.
- Moreover, CCS technologies are quite expensive.
- When CCS is attached to coal and gas power stations it is likely to be at least six times more expensive than electricity generated from wind power backed by battery storage.
- It is far cheaper and more efficient to avoid CO2 emissions in the first place.
- There are also only a few operational CCS projects across the world even though the technology has been pushed for decades.
- According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), there were 40 operational CCS projects in 2023, which captured more than 45 metric tonnes (Mt) of CO2 annually.
- To ensure the planet doesn’t breach the 1.5 degree Celsius temperature increase limit, it would take an “inconceivable” amount of carbon capture “if oil and natural gas consumption were to evolve as projected under today’s policy settings.
- It added that the electricity required to capture that level of carbon as of 2050 would be more than the entire planet’s use of electricity in 2022.
- Therefore, there couldn’t be an overreliance on carbon capture as a solution to tackle climate change.
Grey-zone Warfare Latest Entry in Lexicon of Warfare
- 04 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
On the last day of the 2024 Raisina Dialogue (February 24), India’s Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan said that “grey zone warfare” is the latest in informal warfare.
What is the Grey Zone Warfare?
- Grey zone warfare refers to a strategic approach where a nation seeks to gain advantages over others without engaging in overt conflict.
- It involves a series of tactics, including cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, and economic pressures, aimed at subtly undermining or destabilizing adversaries.
- China has notably employed this strategy against India and neighboring countries.
What are the China's Grey Zone Tactics Against India?
- South China Sea Activities: China asserts its dominance in the South China Sea using naval and civilian vessels, raising tensions with neighboring countries like India.
- Infrastructure Near Borders: China constructs infrastructure and settlements near India's borders, bolstering territorial claims and strategic positioning.
- Digital Investments: China invests in Indian digital platforms and media, influencing public narratives and perceptions.
India's Counter-Measures:
- Inter-Agency Collaboration: India promotes collaboration among defense, intelligence, and law enforcement agencies to devise comprehensive strategies to counter grey zone threats.
- Enhanced Vigilance: India increases surveillance and presence in border areas and strategic locations to detect and respond to covert Chinese activities.
- Regulating Foreign Investments: India scrutinizes foreign investments in critical sectors, particularly technology, to safeguard national security interests.
Long-Term Implications for India:
- Information Warfare: Grey zone conflicts often involve digital misinformation, influencing public opinion and perceptions.
- Economic Leverage: Dependency on foreign investments poses vulnerabilities if used as leverage by investing nations.
- Technology Dependency: Heavy reliance on foreign technology exposes India to risks, emphasizing the need to bolster indigenous technological capabilities.
Conclusion
Grey zone warfare encompasses a multifaceted strategic landscape, blending digital, economic, and geopolitical tactics. India recognizes these challenges and is actively devising strategies to navigate this complex terrain.
PM Modi hails those supporting wildlife conservation efforts on World Wildlife Day
- 04 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
On the occasion of World Wildlife Day on March 3, Prime Minister Narendra Modi lauded those at the forefront of sustainable practices and supporting wildlife conservation efforts.
About the World Wildlife Day:
- World Wildlife Day is observed to advocate for sustainable practices that contribute to biodiversity conservation and to enhance public consciousness about the importance of safeguarding and nurturing animals.
- It endeavors to underscore the interconnectedness of all life forms on Earth and to foster harmonious coexistence between humans and animals through activism, advocacy, and education.
Origins:
- Initially proposed by Thailand to the UN General Assembly in 2013, World Wildlife Day aimed to dedicate a day to spotlight the significance of wild animals and plants worldwide.
- On December 20, 2013, the General Assembly adopted a resolution, designating March 3 as World Wildlife Day from 2014 onwards.
- Coinciding with the day, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was signed in 1973, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding species from the threats of international trade.
The theme of WWD 2024:
- The theme, "Connecting People and Planet: Exploring Digital Innovation in Wildlife Conservation," underscores the potential of technological advancements to revolutionize conservation efforts.
- In today's digital era, technological breakthroughs offer novel solutions to persistent conservation challenges, making this theme particularly relevant.
Significance:
- World Wildlife Day serves as a vital global awareness platform for animal protection and conservation.
- It reinforces the intrinsic value of animals and advocates for treating them with compassion, integrity, and reverence.
About the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES):
- CITES is an international treaty that aims to regulate and monitor the trade of endangered plants and animals, including their parts and derivatives, to ensure their survival in the wild.
- Under CITES, member countries are required to regulate and monitor the trade of endangered species through a system of permits and quotas.
- They must also report regularly on their implementation of the treaty and collaborate with other countries to ensure its effectiveness.
- Currently, CITES has 184 parties.
Several OPEC+ nations extend oil cuts to boost prices
- 04 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Moscow, Riyadh, and several other OPEC+ members announced extensions to oil production cuts first announced in 2023 as part of an agreement among oil producers to boost prices following economic uncertainty.
What is the OPEC+ Oil Alliance?
- OPEC+ is a coalition of oil-exporting nations that convenes regularly to determine the quantity of crude oil to offer on the global market.
- Origin: This alliance was established in late 2016 to formalize a framework for collaboration between OPEC and non-OPEC oil-producing nations on a consistent and sustainable basis.
- The primary objective of these nations is to collaborate on regulating crude oil production to stabilize the oil market.
- OPEC+ collectively controls approximately 40% of global oil supplies and holds over 80% of proven oil reserves.
- At its core, OPEC+ consists of OPEC member states, predominantly comprising nations from the Middle East and Africa.
- Membership: It includes OPEC member states along with Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Russia, Mexico, Malaysia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Oman.
About the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC):
- OPEC, short for the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, is a permanent intergovernmental organization comprised of oil-exporting nations.
Mission:
- To coordinate and harmonize the petroleum policies of its member countries.
- To ensure the stability of oil prices in global oil markets, aiming to eliminate detrimental and unnecessary fluctuations.
- Formation: Founded in 1960 by the five original members - Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.
- Presently, it consists of 13 member countries, which include Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Libya, Nigeria, and the United Arab Emirates.
- Headquarters: Located in Vienna, Austria.
India halts Pakistan-bound ship suspected of carrying CNC machines from China
- 04 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, Indian security agencies have intercepted a Pakistan-bound ship from China at Mumbai's Nhava Sheva port.
What are CNC Machines and Wassenaar Arrangements?
- CNC machines are controlled by a computer and offer efficiency, consistency, and accuracy not possible manually.
- These machines have been included in the Wassenaar Arrangement since 1996.
- This international arms control regime aims to stop the proliferation of equipment with both civilian and military uses, with India being among the 42 member countries exchanging information on transfers of conventional weapons and dual-use goods and technologies.
About the Wassenaar Arrangement:
- The Wassenaar Arrangement is a voluntary export control framework established in July 1996.
- Comprising 42 member nations, it facilitates the exchange of information regarding transfers of conventional weaponry and dual-use goods and technologies.
- Dual-use items possess the capacity for both civilian and military applications.
- The arrangement's secretariat is headquartered in Vienna, Austria.
Membership:
- The arrangement boasts 42 member states, predominantly consisting of NATO and EU nations.
- Members are obligated to report arms transfers and dual-use goods and technology transfers or denials to destinations beyond the arrangement biannually.
- India became a member of the Arrangement in 2017.
Objectives:
- Central to its operation is the continual exchange of technology-related information, encompassing both conventional and nuclear-capable technologies, among member states.
- This information exchange involves the maintenance and refinement of comprehensive lists of materials, technologies, processes, and products deemed militarily significant.
- The primary goal is to regulate the movement of technology, materials, or components to entities or nations that could jeopardize global security and stability.
Wassenaar Arrangement Plenary:
- The WA Plenary is the decision-making and governing body of the Arrangement.
- It is composed of representatives of all Participating States who normally meet once a year, usually in December.
- Chairmanship of the Plenary is subject to annual rotation among Participating States.
- In 2018, the United Kingdom held the Plenary Chair, while Greece assumed the position in 2019.
- Decisions within the Plenary are made through consensus.
Bengaluru's Rameshwaram cafe blast puts the spotlight on IEDs
- 02 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
At least nine people were injured after an explosion at the bustling Rameshwaram Cafe in Bengaluru’s Whitefield area recently, possibly by an improvised explosive device (IED).
What is Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)?
- An Improvised Explosive Device (IED) refers to a makeshift explosive device constructed and deployed unorthodoxly or improvised.
- These devices are typically crafted using commonly available materials, including explosives, triggers, and containers, often to cause destruction, injury, or death.
- IEDs can vary widely in design and complexity, ranging from simple pipe bombs to more intricate devices incorporating timers, remote controls, or even cellular communication for activation.
- IEDs can be deployed using a vehicle, carried, placed, or thrown by a person, delivered in a package, or concealed on the roadside.
- Due to their adaptable nature, IEDs are commonly used by insurgents, terrorists, and other malicious actors to carry out attacks against both military and civilian targets.
- Their unpredictable nature and often concealed placement make them particularly challenging for security forces to detect and mitigate.
- Efforts to counter IED threats involve a combination of technological advancements, intelligence gathering, and counterinsurgency strategies aimed at identifying and neutralizing these devices before they can cause harm.
Types of IEDs:
- Vehicle-Borne IEDs: Among the most destructive forms of IEDs are those concealed within vehicles. These can be driven to specific locations and detonated, causing massive explosions capable of levelling buildings.
- Suicide Bombings: Suicide bombings involve individuals strapping IEDs to their bodies, becoming human carriers of destruction. This method inflicts maximum damage in densely populated areas.
- Package IEDs: Package IEDs are small devices hidden in innocuous-looking packages. They are often placed in public spaces, targeting unsuspecting victims.
Methods of IED Initiation:
- Remote Control: IEDs can be remotely triggered using various methods, such as cell phones or radio signals, allowing attackers to maintain a safe distance from the explosion.
- Pressure Activation: Pressure-sensitive IEDs detonate when a certain amount of pressure is applied, making them lethal traps for those who inadvertently trigger them.
- Timers: IEDs can also be equipped with timers, which delay the explosion to occur at a specific time, further complicating detection and prevention.
The Devastating Impact of IEDs:
- The aftermath of IED explosions is often catastrophic, leading to loss of life, severe injuries, and widespread damage to infrastructure.
- The psychological impact on survivors and affected communities can be long-lasting.
Detection Technologies and Challenges:
- Detection technologies such as (Metal Detectors, X-ray and Imaging Scanners, Explosive Trace Detection (ETD), and Sniffer Dogs) play a critical role in countering the threat of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), but they also face numerous challenges due to the evolving nature of these devices.
India to Make Climate Risk Disclosures Mandatory for Banks
- 02 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
While acknowledging the importance of the environment and its long-term impact on organizations and the economy as a whole, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has now released a draft framework for banks to follow.
What are Climate-led Financial Risks?
- “Climate-related financial risks” means the potential risks that may arise from climate change or from efforts to mitigate climate change, their related impacts, and economic and financial consequences according to RBI.
- These risks manifest through two primary channels: physical risks and transition risks.
- Physical Risks: These entail the economic and financial consequences arising from the escalating frequency and severity of extreme weather events linked to climate change. Such events can exert pressure on the financial sector in various ways:
- Renewable Energy Sector (REs) Vulnerability: The occurrence of local or regional weather events may strain the anticipated cash flows to REs, impacting their financial stability. Furthermore, chronic flooding or landslides pose risks to the collateral that REs have pledged as security for loans.
- Infrastructure and Property Damage: Severe weather phenomena can inflict damage on the physical assets and data centres owned or leased by REs, impairing their capacity to deliver financial services effectively.
- Transition Risks: These risks stem from the transition toward a low-carbon economy, influenced by factors such as evolving climate-related policies, technological advancements, and changing consumer behaviours. Key considerations include:
- Policy and Regulatory Shifts: Changes in climate-related regulations and policies, along with advancements in technologies, can significantly influence the transition process. Moreover, alterations in customer sentiments and behaviour patterns play a pivotal role in shaping this transition.
- Economic Impact: The transition toward reducing carbon emissions carries substantial implications for the economy at large. It entails a shift toward sustainable practices and investments, which can impact various sectors and industries differently.
- Recognizing and addressing these climate-related financial risks is imperative for ensuring the resilience and stability of the financial sector in the face of evolving environmental challenges.
About the Framework:
- Commencing from the financial year 2025-26, all major financial institutions across India, including top-tier NBFCs and renowned NBFCs, will be mandated to furnish details about governance, strategy, and risk management strategies.
- Additionally, they will be required to initiate disclosure of metrics and targets from the fiscal year 2027-28.
Key highlights of the framework include:
- Enhanced Disclosure Requirements: Banks will be obligated to unveil climate-related risks that could potentially impact their financial stability.
- This measure aims to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of climate-related financial risks and opportunities, fostering early assessment and proactive management.
- Scope of Coverage: The framework encompasses various financial entities, including scheduled commercial banks (excluding local area banks, payments banks, and regional rural banks), Tier-IV primary urban cooperative banks (UCBs), and top and upper layer non-banking financial companies (NBFCs).
- Disclosure Obligations for Renewable Energy Sector (REs): REs are mandated to disclose crucial information related to climate-related risks and opportunities across short-, medium-, and long-term horizons. Key areas of disclosure include:
- Identification of Climate-Related Risks and Opportunities: REs are required to identify and disclose climate-related risks and opportunities relevant to their operations and financial outlook.
- Assessment of Impact: REs must delineate the impact of climate-related risks and opportunities on their business strategies and financial planning, enabling stakeholders to comprehend the implications on their overall strategy.
- Resilience Evaluation: REs are tasked with evaluating the resilience of their strategies in light of diverse climate scenarios, thereby ensuring robustness in navigating potential challenges and capitalizing on emerging opportunities.
Significance:
- A pressing requirement exists for an improved and standardized disclosure framework for regulated entities to mitigate financial risks.
- Without such a framework, there is a risk of assets being mispriced and capital being misallocated, which could have adverse repercussions on financial stability. Consequently, the imperative for a standardized disclosure framework on climate-related financial risks became evident.
How India’s first semiconductor fabrication plant can help plug into the global value chain
- 02 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Union Cabinet recently approved the country's first semiconductor fab to be made by the Tata Group in collaboration with Powerchip Taiwan.
What is Semiconductor Fabrication?
- The semiconductor fabrication process is a complex and highly specialized series of steps that transform raw materials into functional electronic components.
- This process involves a multitude of techniques and technologies, with each stage requiring precise control and attention to detail.
- A semiconductor fab -- short for fabrication -- is a manufacturing plant in which raw silicon wafers are turned into integrated circuits (ICs).
- A fab lab features a clean room where ICs are etched onto wafers.
- The completed chips are sent to a back-end assembly and test facility before they are packaged and sold.
- A semiconductor fab facility always includes a clean room -- so known because its environment is carefully controlled to eliminate dust and vibrations and to keep the temperature and humidity within a specific narrow range.
- Contamination can enter the fab environment through external sources, resulting in damage to products that can affect overall yield.
- To minimize the losses, all potential sources of contamination are thoroughly analysed and cleaned.
- For example, the tools used in the chip manufacturing process have low levels of particulates and fibres.
- The goal is to ensure that extraneous contamination is not introduced into the semiconductor fab to ensure the highest quality of the final products.
Technology Used in Semiconductor Fab Labs:
- Photolithography: Photolithography is a crucial optical process in the fabrication process, as it is used to create intricate circuit patterns on a single wafer's surface.
- This is achieved by coating the wafer with a photosensitive material, called a photoresist, and then exposing it to high-wavelength deep ultraviolet (DUV) or extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light through a mask containing the desired pattern.
- The exposed photoresist undergoes a chemical change, which allows it to be selectively removed.
- It leaves behind a patterned layer that serves as a protective layer for subsequent processing steps, such as etching and deposition.
Minimum age to cast postal ballots hiked to 85 years
- 02 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
For the upcoming Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections, senior citizens who are 85 years and older will be able to opt for postal ballots as the government recently amended the rule to increase the eligibility from the current limit of 80 years and above.
News Summary:
- The government, in collaboration with the Election Commission, has introduced amendments to the Conduct of Election Rules (1961), specifically targeting the eligibility criteria for voting by postal ballot.
- Notably, the minimum age for senior citizens eligible for postal voting has been increased from 80 years to 85 years.
- Previously, Rule 27A of the Conduct of Election Rules had extended the postal ballot facility to senior citizens above 80 years, persons with disabilities, poll officers, and individuals diagnosed with COVID-19.
- This provision was first implemented during the 2020 Bihar assembly polls, coinciding with the onset of the pandemic.
- Despite the initial extension of postal voting rights to senior citizens aged 80 and above, a subsequent review by the Election Commission revealed that only a small fraction, approximately 2-3%, of eligible voters in this age group opted for postal ballots.
- The majority preferred to physically visit polling stations to cast their votes.
- Considering the statistics indicating that the total number of senior citizens above 80 years stands at 1.75 crore, with 98 lakh falling within the age range of 80-85 years, the government deemed it necessary to amend the existing rule.
- This adjustment reflects a nuanced approach aimed at ensuring efficient electoral processes while addressing the preferences and needs of elderly voters.
What is Postal Voting?
- Postal voting is only available to a specific group of voters.
- By retyping her choices on the ballot paper and returning it to the inspection officer before counting, a voter can remotely cast her ballot using this feature.
Who Can Avail This?
- Armed forces members such as those in the Army, Navy, and Air Force, armed police officers serving outside their home states, government workers stationed outside of India, and their wives are only eligible to vote by mail.
Features:
- Voters may use this service from any location outside of the designated constituency.
- This system makes it easier to create voter electoral roll data for services.
- It has two layers of security, making it a secure system:
- 1. Downloading the encrypted electronically transmitted postal ballot (ETPB) file requires an OTP (one-time password).
- 2. To decrypt, print, and deliver ETPB, a PIN is necessary.
- By sending postal ballots electronically to eligible service voters, this system addresses the time constraint associated with mailing postal ballots.
- The specific quick response code ensures confidentiality and prevents the duplication of cast ETPB.
Concerned Raised by Political Parties:
- Parties argue that allowing voters 65 and older to cast postal ballots violates voting confidentiality since many of the population lacks education and may ask for help from others at various points, ultimately identifying their chosen candidate.
- Their exposure to "administrative influence or influence by the government or the ruling party" also results from this.
How the development of Agaléga figures in India’s vision for its maritime neighbourhood
- 02 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Pravind Jugnauth jointly inaugurated an airstrip and the St James Jetty on North Agaléga Island in the Indian Ocean.
About Agalega Islands:
- Agaléga Island comprises two islets, a long and thin northern island and a shorter, round southern island.
- It is slightly over 3,000 kilometres from the nearest mainland Indian coast, deep in the Indian Ocean near Madagascar.
- Despite its pristine appeal, Agaléga remains largely undiscovered by tourists and there are no hotels, water bungalows, or bustling tourist shops.
- Instead, approximately 300 islanders sustain themselves through coconut cultivation and fishing, maintaining a way of life passed down through generations.
Importance of Agalega Islands:
- The development of the Agalega Islands holds significant socio-economic and national security implications for Mauritius, aligning closely with India's maritime vision.
- Despite being a dependency of Mauritius, the islands have long remained underdeveloped, posing challenges to the sustainability and well-being of their inhabitants.
- Necessities often required referral to Mauritius due to the lack of infrastructure.
- Moreover, the absence of an official government or security presence posed a serious vulnerability, necessitating urgent attention.
- Recognizing the potential to transform this vulnerability into a strategic asset, Mauritius prioritized the development of the islands and the establishment of facilities capable of accommodating ships and aircraft.
- In this regard, the construction of a jetty and an airstrip emerged as imperative steps to bolster the islands' infrastructure.
- Given the shared interests and cooperation between Mauritius and India, the government of Mauritius selected India as its preferred development partner for this ambitious initiative.
Why did Mauritians Choose India?
- Ties between India and Mauritius go back to 1948, 20 years before the country’s independence from Britain.
- Seventy percent of the inhabitants of Mauritius are of Indian origin, and the two countries share deep historical, social, and cultural bonds.
- The consistent feature in the history of bilateral relations has been friendship and trust at all levels — the political leadership, the diplomatic and military communities, as well as between the peoples of the two countries.
- The development of these strategically located islands required trust more than anything else. India was the obvious choice.
Significance for India:
- The goodwill and trust between the two countries will be further enhanced. India will welcome opportunities to further develop these islands in collaboration with Mauritius as the latter deems appropriate.
- The joint development of Agaléga underscores India’s commitment to the vision of Security And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR), and its willingness to assist smaller maritime nations in building capacity and developing capability.
- It will indicate to other maritime neighbours that India is a benign and friendly country that respects the sovereignty of independent nations.
- India would like to emerge as the preferred development and security partner in the Indian Ocean Region.
Doomsday Glacier has lost 50 billion tons of ice, melting began 80 years ago
- 01 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
Antarctica's Doomsday Glacier, the world's widest glacier, has lost over 50 billion tons of ice and the melting rate is on the rise as the continent gets warmer.
What is Doomsday Glacier?
- The Thwaites Glacier (also known as Doomsday Glacier), a massive and world’s widest glacier is located in West Antarctica.
- The Doomsday nickname reflects the potential for catastrophic flooding if the glacier were to collapse completely.
- Scientists are particularly concerned about Thwaites Glacier because of its size and location.
- If it were to collapse or significantly retreat, it could lead to a more rapid flow of ice from the interior of West Antarctica into the ocean, contributing to rising sea levels.
- The collapse could lead to a 65 cm rise in global sea level.
- The ice loss in the region has been observed to be accelerating since the 1970s, however, so far it remained unclear as to when this retreat began.
- The significant glacial retreat began in the 1940s and the findings coincide with previous work that studied retreat on Pine Island Glacier and found glacial retreat began in the ‘40s as well.
- This change is not random nor specific to one glacier but It is part of a larger context of a changing climate.
Why Did the Melting Begin?
- The meeting was kicked off by an extreme El Nino climate pattern that warmed the west Antarctic, and since then the glacier has not been able to recover from the damage.
- It is significant that El Niño only lasted a couple of years, but the two glaciers, Thwaites and Pine Island remain in significant retreat.
- Once the system is kicked out of balance, the retreat is ongoing.
- The Doomsday Glacier's melting remains one of the most crucial events triggered and accelerated by climate change and could lead to the submergence of several coastal regions of the world.
India to set up International Big Cat Alliance
- 01 Mar 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Union Environment Ministry plans to set up and coordinate an International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), along the lines of the International Solar Alliance, an India-headquartered initiative to promote solar installations globally.
About the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA):
- The idea of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) was first given by Prime Minister Modi during his speech on the occasion of Global Tiger Day in 2019.
- He called for developing an alliance of global leaders to curb poaching in Asia.
- The alliance was formally announced on April 9, 202, in Mysuru, as India commemorated the completion of 50 years of Project Tiger.
- The alliance will focus on the conservation of seven big cats, which include Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Puma, Jaguar, and Cheetah. Out of these, five are found in India.
- Membership to the IBCA is open to 97 'range' countries, encompassing the natural habitats of these big cats, as well as other interested nations and international organizations.
- The alliance aims to facilitate cooperation among countries to advance the conservation agenda for mutual benefit.
- Operating with a multifaceted approach, the IBCA endeavours to establish robust linkages across various domains, including knowledge sharing, capacity building, networking, advocacy, financial and resource support, research, technical assistance, education, and awareness.
- Governance of the alliance consists of a General Assembly comprising all member countries, a Council comprised of seven to fifteen member countries elected by the General Assembly for a five-year term, and a Secretariat.
- The IBCA Secretary General, appointed by the General Assembly upon the Council's recommendation, serves a specific term.
- To support its initiatives, the IBCA has secured initial funding of Rs. 150 crore from the Government of India for the period spanning from 2023-24 to 2027-28.
RBI tweaks norms related to the Regulatory Sandbox scheme
- 29 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Reserve Bank recently tweaked guidelines for the Regulatory Sandbox (RS) scheme under which participating entities will have to comply with digital personal data protection norms.
About the Regulatory Sandbox Scheme:
- The Regulatory Sandbox scheme denotes a controlled regulatory environment where new products or services can undergo live testing.
- Functioning as a "safe space" for businesses, regulators may offer certain relaxations for testing purposes within this environment.
- It serves as a structured platform for regulators to engage with the industry and develop regulations that foster innovation and enable the delivery of cost-effective financial products.
- The scheme holds potential as a tool for creating dynamic regulatory environments that adapt to emerging technologies through evidence-based learning.
Objectives:
- Offering innovative technology-led entities an opportunity for limited-scale testing of new products or services, potentially involving regulatory relaxations before broader implementation.
- At its core, the Regulatory Sandbox is a formal program allowing market participants to test new products, services, or business models in live settings, under appropriate oversight.
- Proposed financial services under the scheme should leverage new or emerging technology to address consumer needs or offer benefits.
- The overarching goal is to promote responsible innovation in financial services, enhance efficiency, and deliver consumer benefits.
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced the 'Enabling Framework for Regulatory Sandbox' in August 2019 after extensive consultations.
- The updated framework mandates compliance with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023 for sandbox entities.
- Furthermore, the timeline for various stages of the Regulatory Sandbox process has been extended from seven to nine months.
- Fintech companies, including startups, banks, financial institutions, and other entities providing support to financial services businesses, are among the target applicants for entry into the Regulatory Sandbox.
European Parliament adopts nature restoration law
- 29 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
The European Parliament recently adopted the first European Union (EU) law to restore degraded ecosystems across the 27-nation political and economic bloc.
About the Nature Restoration Law:
- The Nature Restoration Law is hailed as a significant stride toward rejuvenating Europe’s natural habitats, with a staggering 81% currently classified as being in poor health.
- It sets a pioneering example for global emulation, emphasizing the criticality of safeguarding and revitalizing our natural environment for the welfare of forthcoming generations.
Objectives:
- This legislation aims to rejuvenate ecosystems, habitats, and species across the European Union's (EU) terrestrial and marine domains, fostering the enduring recuperation of diverse and robust nature.
- Additionally, it endeavors to contribute to the EU's climate mitigation and adaptation objectives while fulfilling international commitments.
- These directives aspire to encompass a minimum of 20% of the EU's land and marine territories by 2030, with the ultimate goal of restoring all ecosystems in need by 2050.
Specific Targets:
- Wetlands, forests, grasslands, rivers, lakes, heath & scrub, rocky habitats, and dunes: The objective is to enhance and restore biodiverse habitats on a large scale, fostering the recovery of species populations through habitat improvement and expansion.
- Pollinating Insects: The target is to reverse the decline of pollinator populations by 2030, aiming for a positive trajectory in pollinator numbers.
- Forest Ecosystems: The aim is to promote an upward trend in standing and fallen deadwood, varied aged forests, forest connectivity, common forest bird populations, and organic carbon reserves.
- Urban Ecosystems: The objective is to achieve zero net loss of green urban spaces by 2030 and expand the total area covered by green urban spaces by 2040 and 2050.
- Agricultural Ecosystems: The goal is to bolster grassland butterfly and farmland bird populations, increase organic carbon reserves in cropland mineral soils, and augment the proportion of agricultural land featuring diverse landscape characteristics.
About the European Union (EU):
- The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 European countries that collaborate on various issues, including trade, security, and environmental protection.
- Founded after World War II to promote peace and economic cooperation, the EU has evolved into a complex organization with its own institutions, laws, and currency (the euro).
- It operates on the principles of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, with the European Commission, European Parliament, and European Council among its key decision-making bodies.
- The EU's single market allows for the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people across member states, fostering economic growth and prosperity.
- Additionally, the EU plays a prominent role in global affairs, advocating for multilateralism, sustainable development, and climate action.
Scientists are closer to creating a reference genome for Indians; 10,000 samples sequenced already
- 28 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Government’s ambitious Genome India initiative achieved a significant milestone Tuesday as researchers completed sequencing 10,000 healthy genomes from different regions of the country, representing 99 distinct populations.
News Summary:
- The Department of Biotechnology has announced the successful completion of India's '10,000 genome' project, aimed at establishing a comprehensive reference database of whole-genome sequences within the country.
- This milestone marks the creation of a detailed genetic map of India, offering significant potential for both clinicians and researchers in diverse fields.
- With India emerging as the largest genetic laboratory globally, this rich dataset is poised to catalyze advancements in the country's biology sector.
- Notably, India's bio-economy has witnessed remarkable growth, expanding from $10 billion in 2014 to over $130 billion in 2024, signaling a promising trajectory for future development.
- The entirety of the genomic dataset will be housed at the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC), serving as a valuable digital resource for research purposes.
- Established in 2022, the IBDC represents India's sole indigenous databank, eliminating the need for Indian researchers to rely on foreign servers for hosting biological datasets.
What is Genome Sequencing?
- Genome sequencing is the process of determining the exact order of the building blocks (nucleotides) that make up an organism's entire DNA, or genome.
- It's like reading the complete instruction manual for life, containing the information needed to create and maintain an organism.
Applications of Genome Sequencing:
- Healthcare: Doctors can diagnose diseases with greater accuracy, personalize treatments, and uncover the causes of rare conditions.
- Agriculture: Scientists can engineer crops with desired traits like disease resistance and improved yield, while breeders select animals with specific characteristics.
- Forensics: DNA profiling aids criminal investigations and paternity testing.
- Conservation: Studying the genetic diversity of endangered species helps with conservation efforts while analyzing invasive species' origins aids in controlling their spread.
What is the Human Genome Project (HGP)?
- Initiated in 1990, the Human Genome Project aimed to elucidate the entire sequence of the human genome.
- In 2023, the project culminated in the release of the latest version of the complete human genome, boasting a mere 0.3% error margin.
- Enabled by the Human Genome Project, whole-genome sequencing facilitates the examination of an individual's genome to uncover deviations from the average human genome.
- These deviations, or mutations, offer insights into an individual's susceptibility to diseases, their responsiveness to specific stimuli, and other pertinent genetic attributes.
About the Genome India Project:
- The Genome India Project stands as a pioneering initiative approved by the Department of Biotechnology, geared towards gene mapping.
- This project sets out with the ambitious objective of compiling an exhaustive repository documenting genetic diversity across the Indian populace.
- At its core, the endeavor seeks to conduct genome sequencing for more than 10,000 individuals spanning various geographic and ethnic backgrounds within India, ultimately laying the groundwork for a standardized reference genome specific to the Indian demographic.
Significance of the Genome India Project:
- Unveiling Unique Genetic Variants: The Genome India Project holds the key to unraveling genetic variants exclusive to India’s diverse population, enabling tailored drug formulations and therapeutic interventions.
- For instance, mutations like MYBPC3, linked to premature cardiac arrest and prevalent in 4.5% of Indians, underscore the necessity of region-specific genetic insights, contrasting with global rarity.
- Similarly, the discovery of the LAMB3 mutation, causing a severe skin disorder and impacting nearly 4% of the population around Madurai, emphasizes the localized genetic complexities absent in global databases.
- Comprehensive Database for India's Population: With a colossal population exceeding 1.3 billion, India boasts a mosaic of over 4,600 distinct population groups, many practicing endogamy.
- This vast demographic diversity underscores the need for a comprehensive genetic database tailored to India's populace, crucial for identifying and addressing disease-causing mutations prevalent within specific groups.
- Unlike extrapolating findings from global datasets, the Genome India Project provides precise genetic insights essential for Indian-centric healthcare strategies.
Google unveils Genie AI which can create video games from text and image prompts
- 28 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, Google DeepMind unveiled Genie, a novel model capable of creating interactive video games based solely on textual or image prompts.
What is Genie AI?
- Genie is a foundation world model that is trained on videos sourced from the Internet.
- The model can “generate an endless variety of playable (action-controllable) worlds from synthetic images, photographs, and even sketches.”
- It is the first generative interactive environment that has been trained in an unsupervised manner from unlabelled internet videos.
- When it comes to size, Genie stands at 11B parameters and consists of a spatiotemporal video tokenizer, an autoregressive dynamics model, and a simple and scalable latent action model.
- These technical specifications let Genie act in generated environments on a frame-by-frame basis even in the absence of training, labels, or any other domain-specific requirements.
What does Genie do?
- Genie is a new kind of generative AI that enables anyone – even children – to dream up and step into generated worlds similar to human-designed simulated environments.
- It can be prompted to generate a diverse set of interactive and controllable environments although it is trained on video-only data.
- It is a breakthrough as it makes playable environments from a single image prompt.
- According to Google DeepMind, Genie can be prompted with images it has never seen.
- This includes real-world photographs, and sketches, allowing people to interact with their imagined virtual worlds.
- When it comes to training, they focus more on videos of 2D platformer games and robotics.
- Genie is trained on a general method, allowing it to function on any type of domain, and it is scalable to even larger Internet datasets.
Why is it Important?
- The standout aspect of Genie is its ability to learn and reproduce controls for in-game characters exclusively from internet videos.
- This is noteworthy because internet videos do not have labels about the action that is performed in the video, or even which part of the image should be controlled.
- It allows you to create an entirely new interactive environment from a single image.
- This opens up many possibilities, especially new ways to create and step into virtual worlds.
- With Genie, anyone will be able to create their own entirely imagined virtual worlds.
Ex-SC Judge Justice AM Khanwilkar Appointed As Lokpal Chairperson
- 28 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Nearly 19 months after he retired as a Supreme Court judge, Justice A M Khanwilkar was appointed the chairperson of the anti-corruption ombudsman Lokpal on Tuesday. The post fell vacant nearly two years ago.
Who is AM Khanwilkar?
- Justice Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar was a Supreme Court judge between May 2016 and July 2022.
- He has also served as chief justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court and the Himachal Pradesh High Court and as a judge of the Bombay High Court.
- Recently appointed as the Chairperson of the anti-corruption ombudsman Lokpal on Tuesday.
- The appointment came nearly two years after the post fell vacant.
- Khanwilkar was elected for the post following discussions by a high-level committee, which included:
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi
- Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud
- Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha, Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury
- The Lokpal has been functioning without its permanent chief since the conclusion of Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose's term on May 27, 2022.
About Lokpal:
- The Lokpal is a statutory body established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act of 2013.
- Its primary mandate is to investigate allegations of corruption against certain public officials and handle related matters.
- The organizational structure of Lokpal includes a chairperson and a maximum of eight members.
- The chairperson must be a former Chief Justice of India, a former Judge of the Supreme Court, or an eminent individual meeting specified eligibility criteria.
- Half of the maximum eight members are judicial members, who must be former Judges of the Supreme Court or former Chief Justices of High Courts.
- Additionally, a minimum of fifty percent of the members are drawn from SC/ST/OBC/minority backgrounds and include women.
How are Members Appointed?
- The President of India appoints the Chairperson and Members based on recommendations from a selection committee.
- This committee comprises the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Speaker of Lok Sabha, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India or a nominated Judge, and one eminent jurist.
- Members serve a term of five years or until they reach 70 years of age, whichever comes first, starting from the date they assume office.
- The Chairperson receives salary, allowances, and other benefits equivalent to those of the Chief Justice of India.
- Similarly, Members receive salary, allowances, and other benefits equivalent to those of a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Jurisdiction:
- The Lokpal has the authority to investigate allegations of corruption against current or former Prime Ministers, Union Ministers, Members of Parliament, and officials from various levels of the Union Government categorized under Groups A, B, C, and D.
- Its jurisdiction extends to include chairpersons, members, officers, and directors of entities established by parliamentary acts or financed by the Union or State government, as well as any organization receiving foreign contributions exceeding Rs 10 lakh.
- However, there are exceptions regarding the Prime Minister's jurisdiction. The Lokpal cannot investigate allegations related to international relations, external/internal security, public order, atomic energy, and space. Moreover, complaints against the PM require approval from at least two-thirds of the Lokpal's members before initiation of an inquiry.
Powers of Lokpal:
- The Lokpal possesses the authority to oversee and issue directives to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
- Once the Lokpal has referred a case to the CBI, the investigating officer cannot be transferred without the Lokpal's approval.
- It holds the power to authorize the CBI to conduct search and seizure operations related to these cases.
- The Inquiry Wing of the Lokpal is endowed with powers akin to those of a civil court.
- In specific circumstances, the Lokpal can confiscate assets, proceeds, receipts, and benefits obtained through corrupt means.
- It is empowered to recommend the transfer or suspension of public servants implicated in corruption allegations.
- The Lokpal can issue directives to prevent the destruction of records during the preliminary inquiry phase.
- As per Section 48 of the Act, the Lokpal is mandated to submit an annual report on its activities to the President, which is subsequently laid before both Houses of Parliament.
RBI Allows Lending And Borrowing Govt Securities
- 27 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
In a bid to deepen the bond market, the Reserve Bank of India on Wednesday issued guidelines for lending and borrowing in government securities.
What are Government Securities?
- Government securities, also known as G-Secs, refer to the debt instruments issued by the government to finance its fiscal requirements.
- These securities are backed by the government’s guarantee of repayment and are considered risk-free investments.
- They are an integral part of the fixed-income market and are traded on the government securities market.
- Government securities serve as a means for the government to raise funds from the public to meet its expenditure needs, bridge budget deficits, and fund developmental projects.
- Investors who purchase these securities lend money to the government in return for regular interest payments and the principal amount at maturity.
- These securities come in mainly two categories:
- Short-Term: Often known as “Treasury Bills,” these have initial maturities of less than a year.
- Long-Term: Typically referred to as Government Bonds or Dated Securities, these have an original maturity of one year or more.
- In India, the Central Government issues both treasury bills and bonds or dated securities while the State Governments issue only bonds or dated securities, which are called State Development Loans (SDLs).
Treasury Bills (Short-Term G-Secs)
- Treasury Bills, commonly known as T-Bills, are short-term government securities with a maturity period of less than one year.
- They are issued at a discount to their face value and are highly liquid instruments.
- T-Bills serve as a mechanism for the government to efficiently manage its short-term funding requirements.
Dated Securities (Long-Term G-Secs)
- Dated Securities are long-term government securities with a fixed maturity period, typically 5 to 40 years.
- They pay regular interest to investors, known as coupon payments, and return the principal amount at maturity.
- Dated Securities are vital for financing long-term projects and meeting government borrowing needs.
India gets desi Garbhini GA2 for evaluation of foetal growth
- 27 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Specifically tailored to address the unique characteristics of foetal growth within the Indian population, India has finally got its locally made ‘Garbhini-GA2’, a groundbreaking Artificial Intelligence model.
What is Garbhini-GA2?
- The Garbhini-GA2 model, developed as part of the DBT India initiative (GARBH-Ini) program by researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras and the Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, addresses the challenge of accurately estimating foetal age (gestational age, GA) in the Indian population, particularly in the second and third trimesters.
- Unlike existing formulas designed for Western populations, Garbhini-GA2 accounts for variations in foetal growth specific to the Indian context, significantly reducing estimation errors by nearly threefold.
- This innovative model is crucial for ensuring precise prenatal care and determining accurate delivery dates, thereby enhancing maternal and foetal health outcomes.
- Garbhini-GA2 marks a milestone as the first late-trimester GA estimation model validated using Indian population data, offering a tailored approach to foetal age determination that is essential for effective maternal healthcare."
About Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI):
- THSTI, an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Science and Technology, was founded in 2009 in Faridabad, Haryana, with a core commitment to advancing research beyond mere discovery.
- By fostering collaboration among diverse teams in medicine, science, and technology, THSTI leverages translational expertise to drive clinical research and innovation.
- In addition to its core mission, THSTI plays a pivotal role in fostering social innovation and entrepreneurial endeavors, particularly in the domain of maternal and child healthcare.
PM Modi Inaugurates 'Sudarshan Setu', India's Longest Cable-Stayed Bridge
- 26 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
PM Modi recently inaugurated the Sudarshan Setu, a four-lane cable-stayed bridge connecting Okha to Beyt Dwarka island in Gujarat.
About the Sudarshan Setu:
- 'Sudarshan Setu' is the country's longest cable-stayed bridge 2.32 km on the Arabian Sea connecting Beyt Dwarka island to mainland Okha in Gujarat's Devbhumi Dwarka district.
- It boasts a unique design, featuring a footpath adorned with verses from the Bhagavad Gita and images of Lord Krishna on both sides.
- It also has solar panels installed on the upper portions of the footpath, generating one megawatt of electricity.
- The 2.32 km bridge, including 900 metres of a central double-span cable-stayed portion and a 2.45 km long approach road, has been constructed at a cost of Rs 979 crore.
About Beyt Dwarka:
- Bet/Beyt (pronounced ‘Bait’ Dwarka also known as Shankhodara, is an island located near the shores of Okha which is situated around 30 km from Dwarka, in the Gulf of Kutch.
- It said that Lord Krishna resided here while Dwarka was his constitutional seat.
History:
- Bet Dwarka derived its name from the word ‘bet’ which translates to ‘gift’ and is believed that Lord Krishna received it from his friend Sudama.
- In the ancient epic, Mahabharata, Bet Dwarka is known by the name of ‘Antardvipa’ to which people of the Yadava clan needed to travel by boat.
- Explorations and excavations carried out under the sea have revealed the presence of settlements whose age can be traced back to the era of the Harappan civilisation and that of the Mauryan rule.
- In the later years, the region was under the administration of the Gaekwad clan of the state of Baroda.
- During the revolt of 1857, Vaghers attacked the region and captured it, but had to concede defeat in two years and return the region back to the Gaekwads.
Ladakh: Centre agrees to examine demand for statehood, inclusion in Sixth Schedule of Constitution
- 26 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, the Centre has agreed to examine whether the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution can be implemented in Ladakh.
What is the Sixth Schedule?
- The Sixth Schedule under Article 244 provides for the formation of autonomous administrative divisions — Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) — that have some legislative, judicial, and administrative autonomy within a state.
- ADCs have up to 30 members with a term of 5 years and can make laws, rules and regulations with regard to land, forest, water, agriculture, village councils, health, sanitation, village- and town-level policing, inheritance, marriage and divorce, social customs and mining, etc.
- The Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam is an exception with more than 40 members and the right to make laws on 39 issues.
- The Sixth Schedule applies to the Northeastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram (three Councils each), and Tripura (one Council).
Why does Ladakh want to be part of the Sixth Schedule?
- There was much enthusiasm initially, mostly in Leh, after the August 5, 2019 decisions that created two new Union Territories.
- The Buddhist-dominated Leh district had long demanded UT status because it felt neglected by the erstwhile state government, which was dominated by politicians from Kashmir and Jammu.
- This development has sparked concerns among locals regarding potential challenges related to identity preservation, resource allocation, and administrative oversight.
- Also, the changed domicile policy in Jammu and Kashmir has raised fears in the region about its own land, employment, demography, and cultural identity.
- The UT has two Hill councils in Leh and Kargil, but neither is under the Sixth Schedule.
- Their powers are limited to the collection of some local taxes such as parking fees and allotment and use of land vested by the Centre.
- The Sixth Schedule empowers the Governor of the State to designate specific areas as administrative units within the Autonomous Districts and Autonomous Regions.
Can Ladakh be included in the Sixth Schedule?
- In September 2019, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes recommended the inclusion of Ladakh under the Sixth Schedule, noting that the new UT was predominantly tribal (more than 97%), people from other parts of the country had been restricted from purchasing or acquiring land there, and its distinct cultural heritage needed preservation.
- Notably, no region outside the Northeast has been included in the Sixth Schedule.
- In fact, even in Manipur, which has predominantly tribal populations in some places, the autonomous councils are not included in the Sixth Schedule.
- Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, which are totally tribal, are also not in the Sixth Schedule.
- “Ladakh’s inclusion in the Sixth Schedule would be difficult.
- The Constitution is very clear, the Sixth Schedule is for the Northeast.
- For tribal areas in the rest of the country, there is the Fifth Schedule.
- However, it remains the prerogative of the government — it can, if it so decides, bring a Bill to amend the Constitution for this purpose.
IGNCA’s ‘language atlas’ to shine a light on India’s linguistic diversity
- 26 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, an autonomous body under the Union Culture Ministry, proposes to conduct a linguistic survey across the country to create a ‘Language Atlas’ of India.
About the Language Atlas of India:
- The Language Atlas of India traces its roots back to the seminal Linguistic Survey of India (LSI) conducted by Sir George Abraham Grierson, which was first published in 1928.
- Since its inception, the linguistic landscape of India has undergone significant transformations, necessitating a comprehensive reevaluation.
- The proposed linguistic survey aims to capture the myriad languages and dialects prevalent across the country, acknowledging the dynamic nature of linguistic diversity.
- It seeks to document not only the languages and dialects actively spoken but also those that have faced extinction or are teetering on the brink of disappearance.
- Engaging a wide array of stakeholders, including the Ministries of Culture, Education, Tribal Affairs, Home, Social Justice and Empowerment, and Development of the North East Region, the survey endeavours to be inclusive and representative of diverse language communities.
- Phased Approach: The Detailed Project Report (DPR) advocates for a structured approach, commencing with state-wise data collection followed by regional assessments.
- Furthermore, the proposal advocates for the preservation of linguistic heritage through the digital archiving of audio recordings encompassing the linguistic richness of the nation.
- Significance: Languages serve as conduits of communication and repositories of cultural heritage, encapsulating local wisdom, traditions, narratives, and medicinal knowledge.
- For instance, many indigenous communities possess indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants and herbs, which are transmitted through generations via their native languages, emphasizing the intrinsic link between language and cultural preservation.
About the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA):
- Established in 1987 as an autonomous institution under the aegis of the Ministry of Culture, the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) serves as a pivotal hub for research, academic endeavours, and dissemination within the realm of the arts.
- Governance Structure: Operating with a Board of Trustees, the IGNCA convenes regularly to provide overarching guidance and direction for its multifaceted activities.
- Under the stewardship of a Chairman, the Executive Committee, composed of select Trustees, oversees the operational facets of the centre.
- Integral Role in Project Mausam: Embracing its role as a research unit, the IGNCA actively contributes to Project Mausam, a collaborative initiative spearheaded by the Ministry of Culture in partnership with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), New Delhi.
- Project Mausam endeavours to explore the intricate tapestry of cultural routes and maritime landscapes that historically linked diverse regions along the Indian Ocean littoral, fostering connections between coastal centres and their hinterlands.
- Engagement in the Vedic Heritage Portal: In alignment with its commitment to cultural heritage preservation, the IGNCA embarks on a project dedicated to designing and developing a Vedic Heritage Portal, under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
- This portal serves as a digital platform aimed at elucidating the profound messages encapsulated within the Vedas, contributing to the dissemination of ancient wisdom and knowledge.
Analysis of Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2022-23 Report
- 26 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
The per capita monthly household expenditure more than doubled in 2022-23 as compared to 2011-12, according to the latest study by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).
Context:
- As per the 2022-23 report, rising inequality between the top and bottom of the pyramid.
- Urban and rural households register higher expenditure, spending less on food items.
- New methodology and questionnaire used in Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23.
About the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO):
- The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) comes under the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation headed by a Director General.
- It is responsible for the conduct of large-scale sample surveys in diverse fields on an All-India basis.
- Primarily data are collected through nationwide household surveys on various socio-economic subjects, Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), etc.
- Besides these surveys, NSSO collects data on rural and urban prices and plays a significant role in the improvement of crop statistics through supervision of the area enumeration and crop estimation surveys of the State agencies.
- It also maintains a frame of urban area units for use in sample surveys in urban areas.
The NSSO has four Divisions:
- Survey Design and Research Division (SDRD): This Division, located at Kolkata, is responsible for the technical planning of surveys, formulation of concepts and definitions, sampling design, designing of inquiry schedules, drawing up of tabulation plans, and analysis and presentation of survey results.
- Field Operations Division (FOD): The Division, with its headquarters at Delhi/Faridabad, is responsible for the collection of primary data for the surveys undertaken by NSS.
- Data Processing Division (DPD): The Division, with its headquarters at Kolkata is responsible for sample selection, software development, processing, validation and tabulation of the data collected through surveys.
- Survey Coordination Division (SCD): This Division, located in New Delhi, coordinates all the activities of different Divisions of NSS.
- It also brings out the bi-annual journal of NSS, titled “Sarvekshana”, and organizes National Seminars on the results of various Socio-economic surveys undertaken by NSS.
Key Insights From the 2022-23 Survey:
- Evolution of Food Expenditure: Over the past two decades, there has been a notable shift in spending patterns on food in India.
- Between 1999-2000 and 2022-23, both urban and rural households witnessed a gradual decline in the share of expenditure allocated to food.
- This period marks the first instance where food expenditure has dropped to below 50% in rural India and below 40% in urban India.
- Changing Dietary Preferences: The composition of food consumption has also undergone significant changes.
- Cereals and pulses have seen a reduction in their share of overall food consumption expenditure, while spending on milk has surged, surpassing that on cereals and pulses combined.
- In a noteworthy shift, the average Indian now spends more on fruits and vegetables than on food grains.
- Furthermore, expenditure on animal proteins like eggs, fish, and meat has shown a growing trend, indicating a preference for animal-based proteins over plant-based ones.
- Rise in Processed Food Consumption: There has been an observed increase in the share of expenditure allocated to processed foods, beverages, and purchased cooked meals.
- This trend aligns with the Engel Curve hypothesis, suggesting that as incomes rise, households allocate a smaller proportion of their spending to food and tend to prefer superior items over inferior ones.
- Closing Rural-Urban Consumption Gap: Consumption growth in rural areas has outpaced that in urban areas, leading to a narrowing of the rural-urban consumption divide.
- If this trend continues, it could potentially lead to parity in urban and rural incomes and consumption patterns in the future.
- Challenges in Inflation Calculation: The findings of the latest Household Consumption Expenditure (HCE) Survey underscore the need to review the inflation basket.
- The current Consumer Price Index (CPI)-based inflation calculation, established in 2012, may not accurately reflect contemporary consumption patterns.
- For instance, the disparity between the weightage assigned to cereals in the CPI basket and actual expenditure on cereals by rural households highlights the need for recalibration.
- Insights on Poverty Reduction: According to NITI Aayog CEO B V R Subrahmanyam, the latest survey indicates a reduction in poverty to five per cent nationwide.
- Both rural and urban areas are witnessing increased prosperity, as evidenced by rising per capita monthly expenditure.
- Demand for Legal Guarantee to MSP: While there is a demand for a legal guarantee to Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 23 crops, including food grains and sugarcane, the survey data suggests that the growth in the farm sector is being primarily driven by livestock, fisheries, and horticulture crops.
- This poses a pertinent question regarding the promotion of production: should the focus be on crops outside the MSP purview, such as milk, fish, poultry products, fruits, and vegetables, given their growing consumption trends?
BharatGPT Unveils Hanooman, a New Suite of Indic Generative AI Models
- 24 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, the BharatGPT group, led by IIT Bombay along with seven other elite Indian engineering institutes announced that it would launch its first ChatGPT-like service next month.
What is Hanooman?
- Hanooman is a series of large language models (LLMs) that can respond in 11 Indian languages like Hindi, Tamil, and Marathi, with plans to expand to more than 20 languages.
- It is unveiled by Seetha Mahalaxmi Healthcare (SML) in partnership with the IIT Bombay-led BharatGPT ecosystem.
- The BharatGPT group, which is backed by Reliance Industries.
- Hanooman has been designed to work in four fields, including health care, governance, financial services, and education.
- According to BharatGPT, the series isn’t just a chatbot but It is a multimodal AI tool, which can generate text, speech, videos and more in multiple Indian languages.
- One of the first customised versions is VizzhyGPT, an AI model fine-tuned for healthcare using reams of medical data.
- The size of these AI models ranges from 1.5 billion to a whopping 40 billion parameters.
Are There Any Other Indian Language Models?
- Apart from BharatGPT, a host of different startups like Sarvam and Krutrim, backed by prominent VC investors such as Lightspeed Venture Partners and billionaire Vinod Khosla’s fund, are also building AI models customised for India
What are Large Language Models (LLMs)?
- Large language models use deep learning techniques to process large amounts of text.
- They work by processing vast amounts of text, understanding the structure and meaning, and learning from it.
- LLMs are ‘trained’ to identify meanings and relationships between words.
- The greater the amount of training data a model is fed, the smarter it gets at understanding and producing text.
- The training data is usually large datasets, such as Wikipedia, OpenWebText, and the Common Crawl Corpus.
- These contain large amounts of text data, which the models use to understand and generate natural language.
The NB8 visit to India focuses on cooperation and trust
- 24 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar hosted the India-Nordic-Baltic meeting on the sidelines of the ongoing Raisina Dialogue 2024 recently.
What are the Nordic-Baltic Countries?
- The Nordic-Baltic countries, also known as the NB8, are a group of Northern European countries that share historical, cultural, and geopolitical ties.
- The group includes
- Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, and
- Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
- These countries collaborate on various regional issues, such as security, economy, environment, and culture, and often work together within international organisations and forums.
- The term "Nordic-Baltic" highlights the close relationship and cooperation between these neighbouring states in the Baltic Sea region.
India's Relations with NB8 Countries:
- India's collaboration with NB8 nations is broadening, exemplified by initiatives like the India-Denmark Green Strategic Partnership, the India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy, and cooperation on sustainability and ICT with Finland, including the 'LeadIT' (Leadership for Industry Transition) initiative with Sweden.
- Cooperation extends across various sectors, including innovation, green transition, maritime affairs, healthcare, intellectual property rights, emerging technologies, space exploration, and artificial intelligence.
- Trade and investment between the NB8 region and India are on a steady rise, reflecting deepening economic ties.
- Moreover, the security dynamics of the Nordic-Baltic region and the Indo-Pacific are intertwined, underlining the interconnectedness of regional security challenges.
Significance of NB8:
- The NB8 nations embody advanced economies characterised by their outward orientation, emphasis on innovation, complementarity, and seamless integration into the European Common Market, the world's largest single market area.
- The Baltic states, in particular, stand out as pioneers in IT, digitization, cyber technology, and green innovations, showcasing their leadership in these critical domains.
- Moreover, all NB8 members share a steadfast commitment to democracy and human rights, serving as advocates for an international order grounded in principles of multilateralism and adherence to international law.
NB8 Proposals for India:
- In light of the Ukraine conflict and its ripple effects on global food and energy security, supply chains, macro-financial stability, inflation, and growth, the NB8 seeks to collaborate with India in the following ways:
- Recognizing Shared Challenges: In an increasingly interconnected world, challenges such as the Ukraine conflict, global health crises, climate-related events, and geopolitical tensions affect us all.
- Acknowledging these shared challenges underscores the necessity for collaborative efforts to address them effectively.
- Embracing a Positive Agenda: There is an urgent imperative to pivot towards a more positive agenda for global cooperation.
- Leveraging our mutual commitment to the multilateral system, the NB8 proposes to enhance dialogue and cooperation on issues that are paramount to India's priorities and those of other global partners.
PM Modi unveils of Sant Ravidas statue in Varanasi on 647th birth anniversary
- 24 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently said that the present government is taking forward the teachings and ideals of Sant Ravidas while following the mantra of ‘Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas aur Sabka Prayas’.
Who is Guru Ravidas?
- Guru Ravidass (also Ravidas, Rohidas and Ruhidas in eastern India) was a North Indian Guru mystic of the bhakti movement who was active in the 15th century CE.
- Venerated in the region of Uttar Pradesh as well as the Indian state of Maharashtra, his devotional songs and verses made a lasting impact upon the bhakti movement.
- He is often given the honorific Guru.
- He was a socio-religious reformer, a thinker, a theosophist, a humanist, a poet, a traveller, a pacifist and a spiritual figure before whom even head-priests of Benaras lay prostrate to pay homage.
- His birthday comes every year at Puran Mashi in the month of Magh.
- His mother’s name was Mata Kalsi and his father’s name was Baba Santokh Dass.
- Guru Ravidass was born into a humble family which was considered untouchable as per the social order prevailing at that time in Hindu society.
- He spearheaded the fight against man-made discrimination based on caste, colour or creed and preached the lofty ideas of socialism, secularism, equality and fraternity.
- He taught the lessons of universal brotherhood, tolerance, and the message of loving your neighbour, which got more importance in today’s world.
- Guru Ravidass fulfilled Guru Nanak Dev’s request by donating old manuscripts, which contained a collection of Guru Ravidass’s verses and poems.
- The earliest collection of these poems is available in Sri Guru Granth Sahib.
- It was compiled by Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.
- There are 41 verses of Guru Ravidass in the Sikh Holy Book, Guru Granth Sahib.
- Meera Bai, a revered figure in Hindu spiritualism, is said to have considered Guru Ravidas as her spiritual Guru.
- It is said that Guru Ravidass disappeared from the world, leaving behind only his footprints.
- Some believe that Guru Ravidass lived in Banaras during his last days, dying a natural death at the age of 126 years.
Govt amends electricity rules to speed up new connections, promote EVs and solar PV systems
- 24 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, the government amended the Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules 2020, allowing consumers to now obtain separate electricity connections for charging their electric vehicles, and reducing the time period for obtaining a new electricity connection.
Context:
- The Government of India has recently approved the amendments to the Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020.
- According to the Union Minister for Power and New & Renewable Energy, Shri R. K. Singh, these amendments aim to expedite the process of obtaining new electricity connections.
- Encompassing various facets including billing, grievance redressal, compensation, and timeframes for new connections, these rules are designed to streamline consumer experiences.
- Moreover, they extend support to prosumers engaged in renewable energy generation.
- The amendments, as highlighted by the Minister, are poised to enhance consumer empowerment, fostering a more consumer-centric electricity ecosystem.
Major Amendments to the Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020:
- Streamlining Rooftop Solar Installation: Amendments exempt the requirement for technical feasibility studies for rooftop solar systems up to 10 kW capacity.
- For systems exceeding 10 kW, the timeframe for feasibility studies has been condensed from twenty to fifteen days, with automatic approval if deadlines are missed.
- Commissioning timelines for distribution licensees have been shortened from thirty to fifteen days.
- Dedicated Connections for Electric Vehicle Charging: Consumers can now secure separate electricity connections for charging Electric Vehicles (EVs), aligning with national emission reduction targets and Net Zero aspirations by 2070.
- Accelerated Connection Processes: New electricity connection timelines have been slashed from seven to three days in metropolitan areas, from fifteen to seven days in other municipal areas, and from thirty to fifteen days in rural regions.
- Exceptions apply in rural hilly terrains, maintaining the existing thirty-day period.
- Enhanced Consumer Rights in Residential Complexes: Residents in cooperative housing societies and residential colonies gain the option of individual or single-point connections, decided through transparent ballots conducted by Distribution Companies.
- Tariff parity is ensured between single-point and individual connections.
- Prompt Meter Installation for Complaints: Distribution licensees are mandated to install additional metres within five days of receiving complaints to verify consumption for a minimum of three months, enhancing consumer confidence and billing accuracy.
First moon-landing by private company
- 24 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Fifty-two years after the last successful Apollo mission, a US-made spacecraft landed on the Moon recently which also marks the arrival of private space companies on the lunar surface.
What is Odysseus Lunar Exploration?
- Odysseus is a spacecraft built by Intuitive Machines, embarked on its journey from Earth aboard a Falcon 9 rocket by SpaceX recently.
- Intuitive Machines, headquartered in Houston, USA, boasts a decade-long legacy in space exploration endeavours.
- Loaded with six NASA payloads, Odysseus set its course for the Moon.
- Its lander module, Nova-C, achieved the milestone of landing in the Moon's south pole region, following Chandrayaan-3's similar feat last year.
- This marks the third successful moon-landing event in under a year, alongside Chandrayaan-3 and Japan's SLIM (Smart Lander for Investigating Moon).
Mission Objectives:
- The primary aim of the lunar lander is to assess the environmental conditions at the Moon's south pole.
- This assessment holds significant importance as NASA gears up for a crewed mission in September 2026 with Artemis III.
- Before sending astronauts to this area, NASA seeks to gather crucial data, including insights into water presence and accessibility, to inform mission planning.
Funding:
- Under the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, NASA allocated $118 million to Intuitive Machines for this mission.
- CLPS has engaged at least 14 private companies to ferry NASA payloads to the Moon, fostering a collaborative environment aimed at nurturing the private space industry's capabilities in lunar exploration technology and science.
The Significance of Odysseus:
- Advancing Long-Term Lunar Presence: Odysseus' successful landing heralds a transformative phase in lunar exploration, aiming to establish infrastructure and a technological ecosystem capable of sustaining extended human presence.
- Diverging from Past Lunar Missions: In contrast to the moon landings of the 1960s and 1970s spearheaded by the US and the Soviet Union, Odysseus' mission focuses on leveraging lunar resources for sustained exploration.
- While historic moon landings were remarkable feats, technological limitations of the time hindered the immediate utilisation of lunar resources such as mining.
- Supporting US Commitment to Moon Exploration via Artemis Program: Odysseus' touchdown aligns with the US commitment to rekindle lunar exploration through the ambitious Artemis program.
- This endeavour transcends mere lunar landing missions, aiming to establish essential infrastructure and a thriving lunar economy conducive to comprehensive exploration.
- Unlocking Lunar Potential as a Gateway to Deep Space: By laying the groundwork for lunar infrastructure and economic activity, missions like Odysseus pave the way for leveraging the Moon as a springboard for deeper space exploration, offering nations unprecedented opportunities for cosmic discovery.
Kiru Hydropower Corruption Case: CBI Searches J&K Ex-Governor Satya Pal Malik’s Premises
- 23 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
The CBI conducted searches at the premises of former Jammu and Kashmir governor Satya Pal Malik and 29 other locations recently in connection with alleged corruption in the Rs 2,200-crore Kiru Hydropower project.
What are the Corruption Allegations Surrounding the Kiru Hydel Project?
- During his tenure as the governor of Jammu and Kashmir from August 23, 2018, to October 30, 2019, Satya Pal Malik claimed that he was offered a Rs 300-crore bribe to approve two files, one of which pertained to the project.
- In 2022, the J&K government requested a CBI investigation into alleged misconduct, previously highlighted by Satya Pal Malik, in the awarding of two government contracts.
- Concerns have been raised regarding the award of civil works, particularly to Patel Engineering Ltd, a prominent infrastructure and construction company established in 1949.
- The CBI has initiated action against the former CVPPPL chairman, MD, and Directors, as well as Patel Engineering.
- According to the FIR, an inquiry by the J&K Anti-Corruption Bureau and the Power Department had been conducted.
- The FIR alleges non-compliance with e-tendering guidelines in the awarding of civil works for the project.
- Additionally, accusations of substandard work and failure to employ local youth have been levelled against the hydel project.
What is the Kiru Hydel Power Project?
- The 624MW Kiru hydroelectric project is being developed as a run-of-river scheme in the Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir, a union territory in India.
- Location of the Kiru project: The Kiru hydropower project is being built along the Chenab River near the villages of Patharnakki and Kiru, approximately 42 km from Kishtwar.
- It will be located between the Kirthai II hydroelectric project to its upstream and the Kwar hydroelectric project to its downstream.
- The project is being developed by the Chenab Valley Power Projects (CVPPPL) joint venture (JV) between:
- National Hydroelectric Power (NHPC, 49%)
- Jammu & Kashmir State Power Development (JKSPDC, 49%) and
- The Power Trading Corporation (PTC, 2%)
- The Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) awarded environmental clearance for the hydroelectric project in 2016 while the foundation stone was laid in February 2019.
- The project is being constructed at an estimated cost of Rs 4,287 crore and is expected to start commercial operations in July 2025.
- The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the investment in the project in March 2019.
- Apart from helping address the energy demand across northern India and the state’s rural areas, it could aid small-scale and cottage industries.
Advantages of the Kiru Hydroelectric Power Project:
- This project aims to alleviate the energy shortage in Northern India while also enhancing the transportation, education, healthcare, and road infrastructure in the area.
- By bringing electricity to rural communities, the project will lessen the reliance of residents on alternative energy sources.
- The heightened power availability will foster the growth of small-scale and cottage industries, generating employment opportunities and revenue for the local populace.
What is a Run-of-river Project?
- Run-of-river hydropower is a facility that channels flowing water from a river through a canal or penstock to spin a turbine.
- Typically a run-of-river project will have little or no storage facility.
- Run-of-river provides a continuous supply of electricity (base load), with some flexibility of operation for daily fluctuations in demand through water flow that is regulated by the facility.
Race to the global eradication of Guinea worm disease nears the finish line
- 23 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
The world is on the brink of a public health triumph as it closes in on eradicating Guinea worm disease. There were more than 3.5 million cases of this disease in the 1980s, but according to the WHO, they dwindled to 14 cases in 2021, 13 in 2022, and just six in 2023.
What is Guinea Worm Disease?
- Dracunculiasis is also called guinea worm disease (GWD).
- It is an infection caused by a parasite called Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm).
- This parasite is an organism that survives by deriving nutrients and feeding off another organism.
- GWD spreads through drinking contaminated water.
- It is presently eradicated in most parts of the world but is still seen in remote parts of Africa and some remote rural areas in the world where there is no access to clean drinking water.
- GWD is considered endemic in three African countries, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Mali.
- In recent years, a few cases of GWD in animals, especially dogs, have been reported in developed countries as well.
- GWD is a serious condition, that causes debilitating pain and complications, affecting the quality of life
Symptoms:
- People infected with Guinea worm don’t typically have any symptoms until about a year after they're first infected.
- It’s not until the worm is about to erupt from the skin that people start to feel sick.
- What that happens, the symptoms of Guinea worm disease can include Fever, Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhoea, Shortness of breath, Burning, itching, pain, and swelling where the worm is in the body (often the legs and feet) and Blister where the worm breaks through the skin.
Impact:
- Guinea worm disease isn’t often deadly, but it can cause serious complications, lifelong disabilities, and financial hardship for those involved.
- The pain involved is often so intense that it’s difficult for people to work, go to school, or care for themselves or others.
- This lasts an average of 8.5 weeks, though lifelong disability is common.
Dracunculiasis Treatment:
- There is no vaccine or drug developed to prevent or treat this disease.
- The only means available is the management of the disease which is removing the whole worm and caring for the wound caused by it and avoiding infection in the process or exposure to the guinea worm larvae at all costs, especially by avoiding contaminated drinking water and stagnant water sources.
- Without proper treatment, wounds caused by the worm can become infected by bacteria, leading to sepsis, septic arthritis, and contractures (when joints lock and deform).
- In some cases, these infections become life-threatening.
Earth’s early evolution: Fresh insights from rocks formed 3.5 billion years ago
- 23 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Exploring ancient cratons such as the Singhbhum Craton in India, alongside similar formations in South Africa and Australia, provides unparalleled insights into the early stages of our planet's development, reaching back approximately 3.5 billion years.
What is Singhbhum Craton?
- The Singhbhum Craton encompasses a vast expanse of rugged terrain, primarily spanning regions in Jharkhand and Odisha, situated between the Chhota Nagpur plateau and the Eastern Ghats.
- Dating back approximately 3.5 billion years, this ancient segment of the Earth's crust offers valuable insights into early geological processes.
- Its oldest rock formations consist predominantly of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, referred to as greenstone successions.
- Greenstones are characterised by submarine volcanic rocks with minor sedimentary components.
- Geologically akin to greenstone belts in South Africa's Barberton and Nondweni regions and the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia, these areas experienced extensive submarine mafic volcanic activity, rich in magnesium oxide, between 3.5 and 3.3 billion years ago, with preserved features like pillowed lava and komatiites.
Significance:
- The Singhbhum Craton sheds light on early tectonic activities during the Archaean era, enhancing our understanding of the Earth's formative stages.
- Its distinctive geological characteristics, particularly the presence of greenstone belts, yield invaluable data on surface and atmospheric processes crucial for theorising about early habitable conditions and the emergence of life on Earth.
What are Cratons?
- A craton is a stable and ancient part of Earth's lithosphere that has experienced long-term tectonic and geomorphic stability.
- It is considered to be the nucleus of a continent and is characterised by its thick and cold lithosphere.
- Cratons can undergo destruction, which is defined as a geological process resulting in the loss of craton stability due to changes in its physical and chemical properties.
- The mechanisms responsible for craton destruction include oceanic plate subduction, rollback and retreat of subducting plates, stagnation and dehydration of subducting plates in the mantle transition zone, melting of the mantle caused by dehydration of stagnant slabs, non-steady flow in the upper mantle induced by melting, and changes like the lithospheric mantle.
- Craton destruction can lead to crustal thinning, surface uplift, and the concentration of mineral deposits.
In a first, CERN scientists carry out laser cooling of Positronium
- 23 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
In a first, an international team of physicists from the Anti-hydrogen Experiment: Gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy (AEgIS) collaboration has achieved a breakthrough by demonstrating the laser cooling of Positronium.
About Anti-hydrogen Experiment: Gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy (AEgIS):
- AEgIS is an experiment at the Antiproton Decelerator facility at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research).
- It is a collaboration of physicists from a number of countries in Europe and from India.
- In 2018, AEgIS demonstrated the first pulsed production of antihydrogen atoms, by interacting pulse-produced positronium (an atom consisting of only an electron and a positron) with cold, trapped antiprotons.
- The primary scientific goal of the Antihydrogen Experiment: Gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy (AEgIS) is the direct measurement of the Earth's gravitational acceleration, g, on antihydrogen.
What is Positronium?
- Positronium is a bound state system of a positron and an electron, similar to the hydrogen atom, where an electron orbits around a proton.
- In the case of positronium, the positron and the electron orbit around their common centre of mass.
- The system is unstable, and the two particles eventually annihilate each other, releasing two or more gamma ray photons.
- Positronium has two possible states:
- The singlet state (para-positronium), in which the electron and the positron spins are antiparallel and the system has a shorter lifetime, and
- The triplet state (ortho-positronium), in which the electron and the positron spins are parallel, and the system has a longer lifetime.
- Positronium has been studied extensively in experimental and theoretical physics because it provides a simple system for testing quantum electrodynamics (QED) and for studying the properties of matter and antimatter.
- It also has potential applications in fields such as material science, plasma physics, and astrophysics.
What is Antimatter?
- Antimatter shares similarities with ordinary matter, except for its opposite electric charge.
- Often referred to as "mirror" matter, antimatter pairs with ordinary matter particles.
- For example, while an electron possesses a negative charge, its antimatter counterpart is a positron, which carries a positive charge and has the same mass as an electron.
- Positrons, antiprotons, and antineutrons are the antimatter counterparts of electrons, protons, and neutrons, respectively, collectively known as antiparticles.
- These antiparticles can combine to form anti-atoms and theoretically could lead to the formation of antimatter regions within our universe.
- However, the coexistence of matter and antimatter is short-lived due to their tendency to annihilate upon contact, resulting in the release of substantial energy in the form of gamma rays or elementary particles.
- Antimatter, like matter, emerged during the Big Bang.
- Scientists have produced antimatter particles through high-speed collisions in large particle accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider operated by CERN outside Geneva.
- Additionally, antiparticles are sporadically generated throughout the universe through natural processes.
Eminent Jurist Senior Advocate Fali Nariman passes away
- 22 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, eminent jurist and senior advocate of the Supreme Court Fali S Nariman died at the age of 95.
Who was Fali S Nariman?
- Fali S Nariman was born on January 10, 1929, in Rangoon, then part of British India.
- He began his legal career by enrolling as an advocate of the Bombay High Court in November 1950.
- His stature grew, and he was designated as a senior advocate in 1961.
- In 1972, he moved to New Delhi to practise in the Supreme Court of India.
- In May 1972, Nariman assumed the role of additional solicitor-general of India; however, he resigned a day after the Emergency was imposed on June 26, 1975.
- He also served as the president of the International Council for Commercial Arbitration and chaired the Executive Committee of the International Commission of Jurists, Geneva, from 1995 to 1997.
- His son, Justice Rohinton F Nariman, formerly served as a judge on the Supreme Court.
- Nariman received the Padma Bhushan in January 1991 and in 2007 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan.
What Were Some of Nariman's Landmark Cases?
- The Golak Nath case: In the historic judgement, the Supreme Court held that the Parliament cannot make a law which is capable of infringing the fundamental rights of citizens.
- It came up after two brothers in Punjab challenged the Constitution (17) Amendment Act, 1964, which came into effect by amending Article 31A of the Constitution. (This article deals with the acquisition of estates).
- Nariman, not only supported the petitioners but also appeared to argue on the issue representing the intervenors in the case.
- They argued that Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368 did not include articles contained in Part III of the Constitution dealing with fundamental rights.
- Following the hearing of the case submitted in 1967, an eleven-judge bench agreed with the petitioner’s submissions pointing out that Article 13(2) states that Parliament cannot make a law which infringes fundamental rights.
- The Kesavananda Bharati case: The Kesavananda Bharati case is known for setting a benchmark in the Indian judiciary and had Nariman’s prompt representation in the SC.
- He assisted noted Advocate Nanabhoy Palkhivala in the famous case that led to the path-breaking judgement laying down the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution, clipping Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution.
- The 1973 verdict simultaneously gave the judiciary the authority to review any constitutional amendment on grounds of violation of the basic structure of the Constitution.
- The Bhopal Gas Tragedy case: In 1984, the Bhopal gas tragedy where 42 tons of toxic chemicals leaked from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Limited, resulting in thousands of deaths and environmental damage in the following years.
- The Supreme Court began hearing the case for compensation to the victims in 1988.
- Senior Advocate Nariman appeared, representing Union Carbide, and offered to pay a sum of 426 million dollars as compensation to the victims of the tragedy.
- In 1989, Union Carbide settled with the central government and agreed to pay 470 million dollars as compensation.
- The Cauvery Water Dispute case: Nariman represented Karnataka for over 30 years in the water-sharing dispute with Tamil Nadu.
- In 2016, the Supreme Court ordered the Karnataka government to release 6,000 cusecs (cubic feet per second) of water from September 21 to September 27.
- The Karnataka legislative assembly, however, passed a resolution stating that they did not have water to spare and chose to defy the court’s orders.
- Due to this non-compliance, Nariman refused to argue the case on behalf of the Karnataka government any further.
- On February 16, 2018, the court in its final judgement took note of Nariman’s stance on the issue and necessarily mentioned that Nariman had courageously lived up to the highest tradition of the Bar.
- The court then proceeded to reduce Karnataka’s annual water releases to 177.25 thousand million cubic feet (TMC) from 192 TMC.
- Disproportionate assets case against former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa: AIADMK leader and former- Tamil Nadu CM Jayalalitha had been accused of misappropriating funds during her tenure between 1991 and 1995.
- A Sessions Court in Bangalore in September 2014 found that she had acquired property disproportionate to her known income and imposed a Rs 100 crore fine on her.
- This sentence was upheld by the Karnataka High Court a month later leading to an appeal at the Supreme Court.
- Nariman appeared on behalf of Jayalalitha in October 2014 and convinced the court to grant bail against executing the fine and suspend the sentence passed by the Sessions judge in Bangalore.
- The 1981 Second Judges case: The Supreme Court held that the primacy of the Chief Justice of India’s recommendation in judicial appointment and transfer can be turned down on cogent grounds by the government.
- However, the judicial discussions finally led to the creation of the collegium system of appointment of judges to constitutional courts in 1993, when the top court came out with its judgement in the second judge’s case.
- Nariman had stated that the advice given through consultation with the CJI must be seen as binding to protect the independence of the judiciary, as judges would be in a better position to determine the suitability and competence of candidates.
- In 1993, the nine-judge bench agreed with Nariman’s arguments and established the Supreme Court Collegium.
- The COVID-19 case: Nariman represented the Parsi community in its dispute over the protocol and standard operating procedure for handling of dead bodies of Parsi Zoroastrian COVID-19 victims under which metallic nets were to be installed above ‘Tower of Silence’ so that birds did not feed on the corpses and carry the killer virus elsewhere
Cabinet approves Flood Management and Border Areas Programme (FMBAP) for the period 2021-26
- 22 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, the Union Cabinet approved the continuation of “Flood Management and Border Areas Programme (FMBAP)” with a total outlay of Rs. 4,100 crore for a period of 5 years from 2021-22 to 2025-26.
About the Flood Management and Border Areas Programme (FMBAP):
- The FMBAP Scheme is being implemented throughout the country for effective flood management, erosion control and anti-sea erosion and to help in maintaining peace along the border.
- The scheme benefits towns, villages, industrial establishments, communication links, agricultural fields, infrastructure etc. from floods and erosion in the country.
- The catchment area treatment works will help in the reduction of sediment load into rivers.
- The Scheme aims at the completion of the ongoing projects already approved under FMP.
The Scheme has two components:
- Under the Flood Management Programme (FMP) component of FMBAP with an outlay of Rs. 2940 crore, central assistance will be provided to State Governments for taking up critical works related to flood control, anti-erosion, drainage development and anti-sea erosion, etc.
- The pattern of funding to be followed is 90% (Centre): 10% (State) for Special Category States (8 North-Eastern States and Hilly States of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and UT of Jammu & Kashmir) and 60% (Centre):40% (State) for General/ Non-Special Category States.
- Under the River Management and Border Areas (RMBA) component of FMBAP with an outlay of Rs. 1160 crore, flood control and anti-erosion work on common border rivers with neighbouring countries including hydrological observations and flood forecasting, and investigation & pre-construction activities of joint water resources projects (with neighbouring countries) on common border rivers will be taken up with 100% central assistance.
- The Scheme has the provision of incentivizing the States which implement flood plain zoning, recognized as an effective non-structural measure for flood management.
Importance:
- While the primary duty of flood management lies with the State Governments, the Union Government actively promotes and advocates for the adoption of modern technology and innovative approaches.
- Additionally, projects executed under the RMBA component serve to safeguard critical installations of security agencies and border outposts situated along border rivers from the perils of floods and erosion.
- Furthermore, the scheme includes provisions for incentivizing states that implement flood plain zoning, a recognized and effective non-structural measure for flood management.
Will the ‘Paruveta Festival’ celebrated in Andhra’s Ahobilam get UNESCO recognition?
- 22 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
INTACH is striving to obtain UNESCO recognition for the yearly 'Paruveta' festival, emphasising its cultural significance.
About the Paruveta Festival:
- Paruveta Festival, also known as the 'mock hunting festival', is a celebrated tradition at the Sri Narasimha Swamy temple in Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh.
- It stands out as a symbol of communal harmony, where devotees from various religious backgrounds, including Muslims, come together to offer prayers.
Origin and Significance:
- According to folklore, the festival commemorates Lord Vishnu's incarnation as Narasimha, who married Chenchulakshmi, a tribal girl, symbolising unity across different communities.
- The festival's rituals, typically observed during Vijayadashami or Sankranti, extend for a 'mandala' period of forty days in Ahobilam.
Activities and Customs:
- During the festival, the temple deity is carried to the 32 Chenchu tribal villages surrounding Ahobilam for forty days.
- The journey begins with a symbolic act where tribals shoot arrows at the deity's palanquin, signifying protection and reverence.
- Chenchus participated by undertaking 'Narasimha Deeksha', wearing yellow robes and Tulasi Mala, while observing celibacy.
- The temple staff reside in these villages throughout the festival, showcasing the tradition of a casteless society with no traces of untouchability.
Key Points about Chenchu Tribes:
- Geographic Distribution: Chenchu tribes primarily inhabit the hills of southern India, particularly in Andhra Pradesh.
- Additionally, Chenchu communities can be found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Orissa.
- Language and Communication: Their native language, known as Chenchu, belongs to the Dravidian language family.
- While many Chenchu individuals speak Telugu, their traditional language holds cultural significance.
- Livelihood and Occupation: Historically, Chenchu people pursued a nomadic lifestyle, relying on food gathering.
- However, due to factors such as agricultural expansion, many have transitioned to working as farmers or forest labourers.
- Housing and Settlements: Chenchu dwellings are typically hive-shaped structures constructed from wattle thatch, composed of interwoven poles, twigs, reeds, or branches.
- These houses reflect their traditional architectural style and are adapted to their environment.
- Social Structure: Chenchu society is organised into clans, which are extended family units, as well as local groups and individual families.
- They adhere to exogamous marriage practices, prohibiting unions within the same clan.
- Additionally, Chenchu kinship is patrilineal, tracing descent through male lineage.
Unauthorised online lending apps high on the FSDC scanner
- 22 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Fresh measures to curb unauthorised online lending apps’ operations could be on the anvil, following deliberations on the issue at the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) chaired by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman recently.
About the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC):
- The Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) is a high-level body established by the Government of India in 2010 to address macroeconomic and financial stability issues.
- Although not a statutory body, it operates under the Financial Stability Division of the Department of Economic Affairs within the Ministry of Finance.
Background:
- In response to the global financial crisis of 2008, recommendations were made by the Raghuram Rajan Committee for the creation of a centralised regulatory body to oversee India's financial system.
- The establishment of FSDC reflects India's proactive approach to enhance preparedness for future financial challenges.
Composition:
- Chaired by the Union Finance Minister, the council comprises key stakeholders including the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), finance and economic affairs officials, regulatory body chairpersons, and other relevant authorities.
- The Secretary of the Department of Economic Affairs serves as the council's secretary.
Responsibilities:
- FSDC is entrusted with the task of promoting financial stability, coordinating policy responses to systemic risks, and fostering the development of India's financial sector.
Concerns and Future Directions:
- Concerns have been raised about potential encroachment on the autonomy of sectoral regulators due to FSDC's leadership by the Union Finance Minister.
- To address this, it's crucial to safeguard the independence of regulatory bodies and establish clear guidelines to ensure effective coordination without undermining regulatory authority.
What is Digital Lending?
- Digital lending refers to the process of accessing credit online, facilitated through web platforms or mobile applications.
- This approach leverages technology across various stages of the lending process, including customer acquisition, credit assessment, approval, fund disbursement, recovery, and customer service.
Key Features:
- Utilises technology for end-to-end lending operations, enhancing efficiency and accessibility.
- Offers flexibility in credit options and facilitates swift transactions, appealing to modern borrowers.
- Prominent examples include Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) schemes, which provide short-term financing for purchases, allowing consumers to defer immediate payments.
Drivers of Growth:
- Increased adoption is driven by widespread smartphone usage and the convenience of online transactions.
- Flexibility in credit offerings and simplified application processes contribute to the popularity of digital lending platforms.
- BNPL services, in particular, cater to consumers seeking deferred payment options for purchases and services.
Centre increases Fair and Remunerative Prices of sugarcane
- 22 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs recently approved ?340/quintal as the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane for the sugar season 2024-25 at a sugar recovery rate of 10.25%.
What is the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP)?
- FRP was introduced by the government in 2009 by an amendment to the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966.
- It replaced the Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) on the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) consultation.
- The FRP system assured timely payment to farmers, irrespective of the profit and loss to sugar mills.
- Further, the new system made it mandatory for sugar mills to pay the farmers within 14 days of delivery of sugarcane.
- Additionally, the FRP system introduced grading on the basis of sugar recovery rate from sugarcane wherein a premium was paid to the farmer on higher recovery and a reduction in rates on lower recovery.
- The FRP is based on the Rangarajan Committee report on reorganising the sugarcane industry.
Factors Considered for Announcing FRP:
-
- Cost of production of sugarcane
- Return to the growers from alternative crops and the general trend of prices of agricultural commodities
- Availability of sugar to consumers at a fair price
- The price at which sugar produced from sugarcane is sold by sugar producers
- Recovery of sugar from sugarcane
- The realisation made from the sale of by-products viz. molasses, bagasse and press mud or their imputed value
- Reasonable margins for the growers of sugarcane on account of risk and profits
Effect of the New FRP:
- Sugar production in India was hit hard in the October-December 2023 quarter as production fell by 11.21 million metric tonnes;
- It was 12 million in the same quarter the previous year.
- The increase in FRP is going to increase the cost for producers.
- The increased FRP will benefit over five crore sugarcane farmers in the country, however, the increase in production cost could affect end-consumers as well.
- Factors such as FRP hikes, akin to MSP, make it attractive to farmers but also increase prices in the local market as mills pass on that cost to consumers
Malta becomes the 119th member of the International Solar Alliance
- 21 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Malta became the 119th country to join the International Solar Alliance recently.
About the International Solar Alliance (ISA):
- The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of more than 120 signatory countries that aims to reduce the dependence on non-renewable sources of energy like fossil fuels.
- Currently, 118 countries are signatories to the ISA Framework Agreement.
- The ISA is an action-oriented, member-driven, collaborative platform for increased deployment of solar energy technologies as a means for bringing energy access, ensuring energy security, and driving energy transition in its member countries.
- The platform strives to develop and deploy cost-effective and transformational energy solutions powered by the sun to help member countries develop low-carbon growth trajectories, with a particular focus on delivering impact in countries categorised as Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and the Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
- The ISA was conceived as a joint effort by India and France to mobilise efforts against climate change through the deployment of solar energy solutions.
- It was conceptualised on the sidelines of the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Paris in 2015.
Role of India:
- As a founding member, India holds a pivotal position within the alliance, serving both as a host nation and a major contributor to achieving its objectives.
- The ISA marks a historic milestone as the first international organisation to establish its secretariat in India.
- With a target of generating 100 GW of solar energy by 2022, India's commitment represents a significant portion of the ISA's overall goal.
Recent Developments:
- The ISA was granted Observer Status by the UN General Assembly, fostering closer collaboration between the alliance and the United Nations to advance global energy growth and development.
- The approval of the 'Solar Facility' by the ISA introduces a payment guarantee mechanism aimed at incentivizing investments in solar projects, further driving progress towards sustainable energy initiatives.
India contributes $1 million to fund combating poverty and hunger
- 21 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
Recently, India has contributed 1 million US Dollars to the Poverty and Hunger Alleviation Fund established by India, Brazil, and South Africa, IBSA.
What is the IBSA Fund?
- Established in 2004 and operational since 2006, the IBSA Fund embodies the collaborative efforts of India, Brazil, and South Africa.
- Contributing one million dollars annually each, the IBSA countries unite in a spirit of partnership to champion Southern-led, demand-driven projects in developing nations.
- With a focus on identifying replicable and scalable initiatives, the fund aims to address pressing development challenges in recipient countries.
- Supported projects align with partner countries' national priorities and international development agendas, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- The fund's objectives encompass diverse areas such as promoting food security, combating HIV/AIDS, and expanding access to safe drinking water, among others, to advance sustainable development.
- To date, the IBSA Fund has allocated USD 50.6 million, funding 45 projects across 37 countries in the Global South.
- The United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC) fulfils the roles of Fund Manager and Secretariat for the IBSA Fund.
What is IBSA?
- IBSA stands for the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, a unique platform that unites three major democracies and significant economies from diverse continents, collectively addressing common challenges.
- Formally established as the IBSA Dialogue Forum during a historic meeting of the Foreign Ministers from India, Brazil, and South Africa in Brasilia on June 6, 2003, the forum's inception was marked by the issuance of the Brasilia Declaration.
- To date, five IBSA Leadership Summits have been convened, with the 5th Summit held in Pretoria on October 18, 2011.
- In 2021, India held the chairmanship of IBSA under the theme "Democracy for Demography and Development."
- On March 2, 2023, Brazil assumed the rotating presidency of the India, Brazil, South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA), further advancing the forum's collaborative agenda.
Global leaders converge in Delhi for Raisina Dialogue 2024
- 21 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
The ninth edition of the Raisina Dialogue will be held from today till Friday (February 23) in New Delhi.
What is the Raisina Dialogue?
- The Raisina Dialogue is India’s premier conference on geopolitics and geoeconomics committed to addressing the most challenging issues facing the global community.
- Every year, leaders in politics, business, media, and civil society converge in New Delhi to discuss the state of the world and explore opportunities for cooperation on a wide range of contemporary matters.
- The Dialogue is structured as a multi-stakeholder, cross-sectoral discussion, involving heads of state, cabinet ministers and local government officials, who are joined by thought leaders from the private sector, media and academia.
- The conference is hosted by the Observer Research Foundation in partnership with the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.
- This effort is supported by a number of institutions, organisations and individuals, who are committed to the mission of the conference.
- The theme of the 2024 edition is “Chaturanga: Conflict, Contest, Cooperate, Create”.
- During the three-day conference, the participants will engage with each other over six “thematic pillars”. These include:
- Tech Frontiers: Regulations & Realities
- Peace with the Planet: Invest & Innovate
- War & Peace: Armouries & Asymmetries
- Decolonising Multilateralism: Institutions & Inclusion
- The Post 2030 Agenda: People & Progress; and
- Defending Democracy: Society & Sovereignty.
Gold Hunt by Villagers Reveals Ancient Harappan Settlement in Gujarat
- 20 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
The newly discovered Harappan settlement at Lodrani village in the Kutch region of Gujarat has sparked widespread interest in the fascinating remains of this ancient civilisation, making it an important site for archaeological exploration and research.
Features of Harappan site Morodharo:
- Morodharo is a fortified settlement of the Harappan era, with the fortification measuring 102 m to the west and 58 m north to the south.
- The thickness of the wall is 3.3 m on average.
- Morodhara has a 10x10 m platform on the southwest side and a well on the northeast side.
- Burial cairns have been found at Morodharo.
- A cairn is an intentionally constructed mound of stones, typically created for marking a location or serving as a burial mound.
- Harappan pottery with perforated jar sherds, reserved slipware and terracotta cakes have also been unearthed.
- All these items have a striking resemblance to those found in Dholavira.
About Harappan Civilization:
- The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization was South Asia's first urban civilization, flourishing concurrently with Mesopotamia and Egypt.
- It encompassed the most extensive territory, covering approximately 800,000 square kilometres, compared to its contemporaries.
- Prominent cities during the Harappan period included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in present-day Pakistan, along with Dholavira, Lothal, and Surkotada in Gujarat, India, among others.
- Urban planning in Harappan cities followed a meticulous grid layout, with streets intersecting at right angles, dividing the cities into neat rectangular blocks.
- The streets and alleys were deliberately designed for efficient movement, accommodating carts and pedestrians, often featuring covered drains alongside.
- For defence and security, the cities were enclosed by sturdy walls made of mud bricks, shielding against intruders and natural calamities.
- Each city was structured into an elevated citadel and a lower town, with the former housing monumental structures like granaries and administrative buildings.
- Residential areas comprised multi-story brick houses clustered around courtyards, some equipped with private wells and well-ventilated bathrooms.
- A sophisticated drainage system ensured efficient waste disposal, with individual house drains connected to street-level drainage networks.
- Granaries and storage facilities were strategically positioned to manage surplus agricultural yields, reflecting advanced urban planning and resource management.
India, and ASEAN discuss the review of the trade agreement
- 20 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
India hosted the 3rd meeting of the AITIGA Joint Committee, which focused on reviewing the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement at Vanijya Bhawan in New Delhi from February 16th to 19th, 2024.
About the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA):
- The ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) is a trade deal between the ten member states of ASEAN and India.
- ASEAN and India signed the Agreement at the 7th ASEAN Economic Ministers-India Consultations in Bangkok, Thailand in 2009.
- The Agreement, which came into effect in 2010, is sometimes referred to as the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement.
- The Agreement originated out of the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between India and ASEAN created in 2003.
- The Framework Agreement laid a sound basis for the establishment of an ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (FTA), which includes FTA in goods, services and investment.
- The Agreement has led to steadily increasing trade between ASEAN and India since its signing.
- In 2019-20, trade between India and ASEAN was worth US$86 billion.
About ASEAN:
- The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN is an intergovernmental organization of ten Southeast Asian countries:
- Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
- ASEAN's primary objectives are to promote political and economic cooperation and regional stability among its member states.
- The organization operates on the principles of mutual respect, non-interference in internal affairs, and consensus-building. ASEAN's motto, "One Vision, One Identity, One Community," underscores its commitment to fostering unity and solidarity among Southeast Asian nations.
- Economically, ASEAN has made significant strides towards integration through initiatives like the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), aimed at creating a single market and production base.
- This has facilitated trade, investment, and economic development within the region.
- Additionally, ASEAN serves as a platform for dialogue and cooperation on a wide range of issues, including security, environmental sustainability, cultural exchange, and disaster management.
BSNL floats Rs 65,000 crore tender for phase-III BharatNet project
- 20 Feb 2024
Why is it in the News?
BSNL, the state-owned telecommunications company, has initiated a tender process amounting to approximately Rs 65,000 crore for the implementation of the phase-III BharatNet project.
What is the BharatNet Phase III Project?
- The BharatNet phase-III project adopts a three-level architecture:
- Internet leased line bandwidth
- Middle-mile connectivity, and
- Last-mile connectivity
- It aims to involve village-level entrepreneurs or Udyamis in providing last-mile connectivity to households on a revenue-sharing basis.
- BSNL aims to provide 15 million home fibre connections over five years using the BharatNet Udyami model.
About BharatNet Project:
- The BharatNet Project is one of the largest rural telecom projects in the world.
- It aimed at providing broadband connectivity to all Gram Panchayats across India in a phased manner.
- Its core objective is to ensure equitable access to broadband services for all telecom service providers, fostering the deployment of services like e-health, e-education, and e-governance in rural and remote areas.
- Initiated in 2011 and executed by Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL), a Special Purpose Vehicle established in 2012, the project operates in three phases.
- Phase I launched in 2011, focused on creating the National Optical Fibre Network, leveraging existing infrastructure and laying additional fibre to bridge connectivity gaps up to the Gram Panchayat level.
- Phase II, approved in 2017, builds upon Phase I’s experiences, aligning with the Digital India vision.
- It adopts a flexible approach, integrating various media such as Optical Fibre Cable (OFC), Radio, and satellite to connect Gram Panchayats, utilizing models like State-led, Private Sector, and CPSU Models for implementation.
- Phase III, spanning from 2019 to 2023, aims to establish a robust, future-ready network with district-to-block fibre connectivity, featuring ring topology for redundancy.
- This comprehensive approach ensures the creation of a resilient and inclusive telecom infrastructure, facilitating socio-economic development in rural India.