In News:

Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru have developed a novel vanadium-based nanozyme that effectively controls abnormal blood clotting by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). This innovation holds promise for managing life-threatening conditions like pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and ischemic stroke.

Scientific Background:

• Normal Blood Clotting: Platelets are specialized blood cells that form clots at injury sites through a process called haemostasis, involving activation by physiological chemicals like collagen and thrombin.
• Problem of Abnormal Clotting: In conditions like COVID-19 and PTE, oxidative stress increases, leading to elevated ROS levels. This causes hyperactivation of platelets, resulting in excessive clot formation (thrombosis) — a leading cause of death globally.

Nanozyme Innovation by IISc:

• What is a Nanozyme?

An engineered nanomaterial that mimics the action of natural enzymes, in this case, glutathione peroxidase, which neutralizes ROS.

• Material Used: Vanadium pentoxide (V?O?) nanozymes, particularly those with spherical morphology, were found to be the most efficient.
• Mechanism: The redox-active surface of vanadium nanozymes catalytically reduces ROS, preventing unwanted platelet aggregation.

Testing and Results:

• In vitro testing: Human blood platelets were activated with physiological agonists. Nanozymes were tested for their ability to curb excessive aggregation.
• In vivo testing (mouse model of PTE):
  • Nanozyme injection led to reduced thrombosis.
  • Improved survival rates without observable toxicity.
  • Animals were monitored for 5 days post-treatment for health parameters.

Future Prospects:

• Researchers aim to test the nanozyme's potential against ischemic strokes, which also result from vascular blockages.
• Encouraging results with human platelets indicate the possibility of clinical trials in the near future.

In News:

Ukraine has claimed responsibility for a recent underwater explosion that damaged the Kerch Bridge, a critical transport link connecting mainland Russia to occupied Crimea. The attack underscores the strategic importance of the Kerch Strait in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Kerch Strait: Geographical and Strategic Overview

• Location: The Kerch Strait forms the only maritime passage between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
• Geographical Boundaries:
  • West: Kerch Peninsula (Crimea)
  • East: Taman Peninsula (Russia)
• Width: Narrows to 3–5 km at its tightest point near the Chushka Spit.
• Nearby City: Kerch, located on the Crimean side, lies near the strait’s midsection.
• Strategic Importance:
  • A vital shipping lane for transporting goods and military supplies.
  • Gained heightened geopolitical importance after Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014.
  • Frequently features in Russia–Ukraine maritime tensions.

Kerch Strait Bridge (Crimean Bridge)

• Length: 19 km, making it the longest bridge in Europe.
• Completed: In 2018
• Connectivity: Includes dual road and railway tracks, linking the Russian mainland to Crimea.
• Symbolism: Considered a symbol of Russia’s control over Crimea post-2014 annexation.
• Strategic Use: Facilitates military logistics and civilian transit; crucial for sustaining Russian presence in Crimea.

In News:

Western Europe is experiencing its largest diphtheria outbreak in 70 years, with cases predominantly among vulnerable groups such as migrants and the homeless. The outbreak, which began in 2022, has raised concerns over disease surveillance, migrant healthcare, and immunisation coverage.

Key Facts from the Outbreak

• As per a study in the New England Journal of Medicine, 536 cases and three deaths have been reported across Europe since 2022.
• Most cases were found among young males (average age: 18) who had recently migrated, particularly from Afghanistan and Syria.
• 98% of strains exhibited close genetic similarities, suggesting a common transmission point during migration journeys or in accommodation facilities, not in the countries of origin.
• A genetic match between the 2022 strains and a recent 2025 case in Germany indicates that the bacteria is still circulating silently in the region.

Recommendations from Health Experts

• Enhance vaccination drives, particularly among high-risk and underserved populations.
• Improve awareness among healthcare providers, especially those working with migrants and the homeless.
• Ensure better access to antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxins.
• Strengthen disease surveillance and contact tracing mechanisms.

About Diphtheria

Feature                           Details

Cause                           Corynebacterium diphtheriae (produces a potent toxin)

Mode of Spread          Respiratory droplets, contact with infected sores or ulcers

Affected Areas            Primarily the respiratory tract, but also the skin in some cases

Symptoms                  Sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, weakness; grey membrane in throat

Severe Impact           Can lead to breathing difficulties, heart and kidney damage, and neurological issues if untreated

Treatment                  Diphtheria Antitoxin (DAT), antibiotics, and supportive care

Fatality Rate            Up to 30% in unvaccinated individuals; higher in children

Prevention               Vaccination (DPT/DTP) is the most effective preventive measure

In News:

On the occasion of World Environment Day 2025, the Tamil Nadu government officially declared the Greater Flamingo Sanctuary at Dhanushkodi, Ramanathapuram district, aiming to protect a vital stopover site for migratory birds along the Central Asian Flyway.

Key Highlights

What is it?

A newly notified wildlife sanctuary dedicated to safeguarding migratory wetland birds, especially the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), in their natural resting and breeding habitat.

Location and Area:

• Located in Rameshwaram taluk, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu.
• Covers approximately 524.7 hectares of revenue and forest land.
• Lies within the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, a globally recognized marine ecosystem.

Ecological Significance

• Functions as a critical site along the Central Asian Flyway, one of the key migratory bird routes.
• As per the 2023–24 Wetland Bird Survey, the region hosts 10,700+ wetland birds representing 128 species, including:
  • Flamingos (greater and lesser)
  • Herons, egrets, sandpipers, etc.
• The sanctuary harbours diverse ecosystems, such as:
  • Mangroves (Avicennia, Rhizophora)
  • Mudflats, marshes, sand dunes, and lagoons
  • Nesting grounds for sea turtles and marine biodiversity

Conservation and Socioeconomic Benefits

• Strengthens coastal resilience by preventing erosion through natural mangrove buffers.
• Promotes responsible ecotourism, raising awareness of wetland and avian conservation.
• Supports local livelihoods via employment in conservation and tourism activities.

About the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)

Attribute                                Details

Size                                       90–150 cm tall, long necks and legs

Coloration                            Pink hue from carotenoid-rich diet

Feeding                                 Uses specialized downward-curved bill for filter feeding in shallow waters

Reproduction                        Builds cone-shaped mud nests, lays 1–2 eggs, both parents incubate

Chick Rearing                      Chicks are white and fed through regurgitation

Social Traits                          Highly gregarious, breeds in large colonies and flies in V-formations

Behavioral Note                   Often seen standing on one leg, possibly to conserve body heat

In News:

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has introduced a comprehensive operational framework for the issuance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) debt securities. This includes instruments such as social bonds, sustainability bonds, and sustainability-linked bonds, aiming to boost responsible financing in India.

Understanding ESG Debt Securities

Definition:
ESG debt securities are financial tools designed to raise capital specifically for projects that yield positive environmental, social, or governance (ESG) outcomes. These instruments are a key part of sustainable finance, with categories including:

• Social Bonds: Focused on projects with direct social impact (e.g., affordable housing, education).
• Sustainability Bonds: Target projects with both environmental and social objectives.
• Sustainability-Linked Bonds: Tied to specific ESG performance indicators or targets.

Salient Features:

• Funds raised must be used exclusively for eligible ESG-aligned projects.
• Bonds must be clearly labelled in line with the project's primary focus.
• Compliance with global ESG norms and standards is mandatory.
• Verification or certification by an independent third-party is required.
• The framework applies to both public and private debt offerings.

Highlights of SEBI’s Framework

1. Classification Guidelines: Issuers are required to categorize their bonds—green, social, or sustainability—based on the core objective of the projects being financed. This ensures transparent communication of the bond's intended impact.

2. Disclosure Norms:

• At the Issuance Stage: Offer documents must detail project eligibility, selection methodology, and a tentative allocation between financing new initiatives and refinancing existing ones.
• Post-Issuance: Issuers must provide annual updates on fund deployment and report impact metrics to demonstrate accountability and transparency.

3. Independent Assurance: Issuers must engage accredited third-party entities to validate the alignment of bonds with ESG principles, thereby enhancing investor confidence and market integrity.

4. Monitoring and Evaluation: There is an obligation for ongoing impact assessment. Issuers must ensure the projects funded effectively contribute to reducing environmental degradation or addressing social challenges.

5. Scope and Enforcement: The framework will come into effect from June 5, 2025, and is aligned with international ESG standards to facilitate greater inflow of sustainable and ethical investments.

Significance for India: This move marks a significant step in mainstreaming ESG finance in India. It aims to improve transparency, attract climate-conscious capital, and reinforce India’s commitment to sustainable development.

In News:

On World Environment Day 2025, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) launched the Waste Picker Enumeration App under the NAMASTE Scheme, reaffirming the government’s commitment to environmental justice and the dignity of sanitation workers.

What is the NAMASTE Scheme?

• Full Form: National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem
• Type: Central Sector Scheme (CSS)
• Launched: July 2023
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE)
• Partner Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)
• Implementing Agency: National Safai Karamcharis Finance & Development Corporation (NSKFDC)
• Objective: To formalize and rehabilitate sanitation workers and integrate them into formal systems through skilling, social security, and mechanization of hazardous cleaning work.
• Inclusion of Waste Pickers (From June 2024): The NAMASTE Scheme expanded its scope in June 2024 to include Waste Pickers, recognizing their critical role in the circular economy and solid waste management.

Waste Picker Enumeration App – Key Highlights

• Purpose: Digital platform for profiling 2.5 lakh waste pickers across India.
• Recognition: Provides occupational photo ID cards and formal identity to waste pickers.
• Social Security:
  • Health coverage under Ayushman Bharat–PM-JAY
  • Distribution of PPE kits and seasonal safety gear
• Livelihood & Skilling:
  • Skill development programs
  • Capital subsidies for waste collection vehicles
• Empowerment:
  • Strengthening of Waste Picker Collectives
  • Management of 750 Dry Waste Collection Centres (DWCCs) in urban areas

In News:

The Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) is a transformative 272-km railway project aimed at connecting the Kashmir Valley to the Indian Railways network. With Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurating the Chenab Rail Bridge and flagging off Vande Bharat trains in June 2025, the project nears full operationalization.

Key Details:

Chenab Rail Bridge – World’s Highest Railway Arch Bridge

• Height: 359 metres above riverbed (taller than the Eiffel Tower).
• Length: 1,315 metres; Arch span: 467 metres.
• Status: Highest railway arch bridge in the world.
• Engineering feat in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir.

Strategic All-Weather Connectivity

• Reduces dependency on the Srinagar-Jammu highway, which is prone to closure due to snow and landslides.
• Ensures year-round transportation and supply lines.

Enhanced Military Mobility

• Enables rapid movement of troops and equipment to border regions.
• Crucial for national security due to the region's proximity to international borders.
• Designed to withstand blasts and harsh weather.

Anji Bridge – India’s First Cable-Stayed Rail Bridge

• Length: 473 metres; Height: 331 metres.
• Located on the Katra-Banihal section.
• Supported by 48 cables, suitable for rugged Himalayan terrain.

Vande Bharat Connectivity

• High-speed trains introduced on Katra–Srinagar route.
• Improves passenger comfort and reduces travel time.

Economic Boost via Trade

• Improves market access for Kashmiri products: apples, saffron, handicrafts, and dry fruits.
• Facilitates faster freight movement, integrating the region into national trade networks.

Tourism Promotion

• Easier access to religious and scenic sites.
• Expected to boost tourism post disruptions (e.g., Pahalgam incident).
• Cheaper and faster rail travel enhances domestic footfall.

Engineering Resilience

• Chenab Bridge:
  • Blast-resistant (withstands up to 40 kg TNT).
  • Wind resistant (up to 260 kmph).
  • Seismic-resilient with a 120-year design life.
• Symbol of India’s capability in building infrastructure in high-risk zones.

Time Efficiency

• Travel time between Jammu and Srinagar will reduce from 6 hours (by road) to 3–3.5 hours (by rail).
• Facilitates emergency services, logistics, and routine travel.

National Integration and Inclusion

• 943 bridges, 36 tunnels covering 119 km — overcoming Himalayan terrain challenges.
• Integrates remote districts of Jammu & Kashmir into India's railway grid.
• Promotes inclusive development and better governance outreach.

In News:

Recently, the Government of India launched the ‘Ayush Nivesh Saarthi’ portal—a digital initiative aimed at positioning India as a global hub for traditional medicine investment. The launch took place during the Ayush Stakeholder/Industry Interaction Meet held at Vanijya Bhawan, New Delhi.

• Developed by: Ministry of Ayush in collaboration with Invest India

Objective of the Portal

• To facilitate investment in India’s Ayush sector through a dedicated digital interface.
• To bring together policy frameworks, incentives, investment-ready projects, and real-time facilitation.
• To strengthen India’s position as a global investment destination for traditional systems of medicine.

Portal Features

• Investor-centric platform integrating:
  • Investment promotion schemes
  • Real-time data and policy information
  • Single-window facilitation
• Supports both domestic and foreign investors
• Offers transparency, ease of access, and sectoral insights

Sectoral Significance

• Growth Rate: The Ayush sector recorded an annual growth rate of 17% (2014–2020).
• Medicinal Wealth: India is home to 8,000+ medicinal plant species.
• Global Recognition: Ayush is among the top five health services in India and contributes significantly to the USD 13 billion Medical Value Travel (MVT) sector.

Investment Facilitation

• 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted in the Ayush sector through the automatic route.
• The portal aims to attract FDI and empower entrepreneurs through digital governance and investment transparency.

In News:

India's annual mean temperature rise up from 25.05°C in 2001 to 25.74°C in 2024, Electricity generation from renewable sources increased more than three times in 10 years.

• Released by: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) on June 5, 2025, on the occasion of World Environment Day
• Framework Used: UN's Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)

Key Highlights:

Climate Trends

• Annual Mean Temperature rose from 25.05°C (2001) to 25.74°C (2024).
• 2024 recorded as India’s hottest year since 1901; also, globally the hottest year in 175 years.
• Annual Minimum and Maximum Temperatures (2021–24):
  • Minimum: 19.32°C → 20.24°C
  • Maximum: 30.78°C → 31.25°C

Rainfall Patterns

• Rainfall shows seasonal concentration between June–September, with signs of shifting patterns such as late onset or extended rains into October.
• No clear long-term trend, reflecting erratic monsoonal behaviour.

Energy Generation

Thermal & Renewable Power (2013–14 to 2023–24)

• Thermal: 7.92 lakh GWh → 13.26 lakh GWh
• Renewable: 65,520 GWh → 2.25 lakh GWh, over 3x increase in renewable energy output in a decade.

Biodiversity and Faunal Statistics

Faunal Diversity

• Global Faunal Species: 16,73,627
  • India's Share: 1,04,561 species
• Habitat-specific Species in India:
  • Soil Ecosystem: 22,404
  • Freshwater Ecosystem: 9,436
  • Mangrove System: 5,023
  • Estuarine Ecosystem: 3,383
  • Marine Fauna (India): 20,613 out of global 2,47,605

Fisheries Production

Inland vs. Marine Fish (2013–14 to 2023–24)

• Inland Fish Production: 61 lakh tonnes → 139 lakh tonnes
• Marine Fish Production: 34 lakh tonnes → 45 lakh tonnes

Public Expenditure (2021–22)

• Environment Sustainability Sector: ?2,433 crore (highest among sectors)
• Conservation of Natural Resources: Increasing trend
• Agro-Forestry: Lowest allocation

New Data indicators introduced

• Ramsar sites
• Access to sanitation
• Transport infrastructure
• Electricity access

In News:

Chief Justice of India (CJI) B.R. Gavai lauded the Bar Council of India (BCI) for amending rules to allow foreign legal professionals and law firms to advise on non-litigious matters in India.

Key Features of BCI’s Reform (2024 Update to 2022 Rules):

• Scope of Practice for Foreign Lawyers:
  • Permitted: Advisory roles in foreign law, international law, and arbitration.
  • Prohibited: Appearing in Indian courts/tribunals or advising on Indian law.
• Nature of Work Allowed: Only non-litigious activities.

Rationale Behind the Reform:

• Boosting Arbitration Quality:
  • India ranks 5th globally in arbitration case volume (ICC 2024 Report).
  • Reform aimed at enhancing arbitration standards via foreign expertise.
• Facilitating Legal Reciprocity:
  • Enables Indian lawyers to access international legal markets.
  • Promotes mutual recognition and cooperation with foreign bar associations.
• Supporting Institutional Arbitration:
  • Benefits centres like:
    • Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA)
    • Delhi International Arbitration Centre (DIAC)
    • India International Arbitration Centre (IIAC)
• Filling Talent Gaps:
  • Expertise needed in fields such as:
    • Climate litigation
    • Technology and data law
    • Cross-border commercial arbitration

Challenges and Concerns:

• Market Displacement Fears: Indian lawyers worry about reduced share in arbitration and consultancy services.
• Reciprocity Barriers: Unequal treatment in countries with restrictive legal entry norms.
• Uneven Playing Field: Foreign firms possess larger capital, advanced tech, and international clientele.
• Regulatory Oversight Needed: BCI must ensure strict compliance to maintain sovereignty of Indian legal framework.

Significance of the Reform:

• Positioning India as an Arbitration Hub: Enhances India's global legal profile, especially in infrastructure and trade.
• Strengthening Indo-UK Legal Cooperation: Reform highlighted during Indo-UK Arbitration Conference, deepening bilateral ties.
• Modernizing Legal Sector: Brings global legal best practices and innovation to India.
• Upholding Indian Legal Integrity: Complies with the Advocates Act, 1961 – no foreign practice in Indian law.
• Opportunities for Indian Lawyers Abroad: Reciprocity clause allows dual practice in India and foreign jurisdictions.

In News:

The Ministry of Coal recently launched C CARES Version 2.0, a significant upgrade to the Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization’s (CMPFO) digital platform. The new system aims to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in provident fund (PF) and pension disbursement for coal sector workers.

Key Features of C CARES Version 2.0

• Developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in collaboration with the State Bank of India (SBI).
• Provides a unified digital interface for coal workers, coal companies, and CMPFO.
• Enables real-time claim tracking, automated ledger updates, and direct benefit transfers to workers’ bank accounts.
• Includes a mobile application for CMPF members, offering:
  • PF balance checks
  • Profile viewing
  • Grievance redressal
  • Claim status tracking
  • A chatbot assistant for easy navigation

Benefits to Stakeholders

• For Workers: Faster claim settlement, improved access, and reduced delays in PF/pension disbursement.
• For Coal Companies and CMPFO:
  • A prescriptive dashboard to generate custom reports.
  • Analytics to track settlement trends.
  • Support for data-driven decision-making.

About CMPFO

• Full Form: Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization
• Established: 1948
• Parent Ministry: Ministry of Coal
• Function: Administration of PF and pension schemes for coal sector employees.
• Coverage:
  • Serves around 3.3 lakh PF subscribers
  • Supports over 6.3 lakh pensioners

Significance

Union Minister for Coal and Mines G. Kishan Reddy launched the portal on June 4, 2025, stating that it aligns with the Government's vision of “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance” under the Digital India initiative. The platform strengthens social security delivery for coal workers and brings administrative reform to a critical sector of the economy.

In News:

India has secured the Presidency of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) for the term 2025–2028, marking a historic first for the country since becoming a member in 1998. The victory affirms India’s growing influence in the field of global public administration.

About IIAS

• Established: 1930
• Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium
• Nature: A global federation of 31 Member States, 20 National Sections, and 15 Academic Research Centres, dedicated to collaborative scientific research in public administration.
• Core Objectives:
  • Promote collaboration on public governance solutions.
  • Accredit academic and professional training programs in public management.
  • Disseminate research and best practices in administrative sciences.

Although not formally affiliated with the United Nations, IIAS actively participates in UN mechanisms like the Committee of Experts on Public Administration (CEPA) and the UN Public Administration Network (UNPAN).

India’s Role and Election to Presidency

• India has been a Member State of IIAS since 1998, represented by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).
• For the 2025–2028 term, Prime Minister Narendra Modi nominated V. Srinivas, Secretary, DARPG, as India's candidate in November 2024.
• Election Process:
  • Hearings were held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi in February 2025.
  • Four countries—India, South Africa, Austria, and Bahrain—submitted nominations.
  • The final vote on June 3, 2025, saw India and Austria advance to the final round.
  • Out of 141 votes, India secured 87 votes (61.7%), while Austria received 54 votes (38.3%).

Significance for India

• This marks India’s first Presidency of IIAS.
• The victory enhances India's position in global governance and showcases its administrative capabilities on an international platform.
• It also aligns with India’s focus on reforming and modernizing public administration through digital governance and institutional capacity-building.

In News:

Recently, the Union Ministry of Environment announced that Kichan (Phalodi) and Menar (Udaipur) wetlands in Rajasthan have been recognized as Ramsar Sites, bringing India’s total to 91 Ramsar-designated wetlands—the highest in Asia.

About Menar Wetland:

• A freshwater monsoon wetland complex in Udaipur district, Rajasthan.
• Formed by three primary ponds: Braham Talab, Dhand Talab, and Kheroda Talab; the latter two are connected by flooded agricultural land during the monsoon.
• Habitat for endangered and migratory birds such as:
  • Critically Endangered: White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Long-billed vulture (Gyps indicus)
  • Other species: Himalayan griffon, Egyptian vulture, Dalmatian pelican, Ferruginous pochard, Black-tailed godwit
• Home to over 70 plant species, including mango trees (Mangifera indica) that host colonies of Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus).
• Community-led conservation: Menar village residents prevent poaching and fishing, earning it the title "Bird Village".

About Kichan Wetland:

• Located in Phalodi, Jodhpur, in the northern Thar Desert of Rajasthan.
• Comprises:
  • Ratri Nadi (river)
  • Vijaysagar Talab (pond)
  • Riparian and scrub habitats
• Notable for supporting drought-resistant flora and over 150 bird species.
• Globally known for hosting over 22,000 migratory demoiselle cranes (Anthropoides virgo) each winter.
• A hub for birdwatchers, tourists, scientists, and students.

Ramsar Convention Overview:

• An intergovernmental treaty for the conservation of wetlands, signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran.
• Headquartered in Gland, Switzerland.
• Wetlands listed under the convention are known as Ramsar Sites—of international importance.
• Member countries (Contracting Parties) commit to identifying and protecting these wetlands.

In News:

The World Wealth Report 2025, released by the Capgemini Research Institute, highlights a significant surge in global and Indian high-net-worth individual (HNWI) wealth. The report covers 71 countries, representing over 98% of global Gross National Income (GNI) and 99% of world stock market capitalization.

India’s HNWI Landscape in 2024

• HNWI Wealth Growth: India witnessed an 8.8% increase in HNWI wealth in 2024.
• Total Millionaires: The country had 378,810 HNWIs by the end of 2024, with a cumulative wealth of $1.5 trillion.
• Millionaires Next Door: Among them, 333,340 individuals fell under the "Millionaires Next Door" category (investable assets between $1M–$5M), holding $628.93 billion in wealth.
• Ultra HNWIs: India was home to 4,290 Ultra-HNWIs (assets ≥ $30M), with combined assets worth $534.77 billion.

Global Trends in HNWI Wealth

• Global Growth: HNWI population worldwide rose by 2.6%, driven largely by a 6.2% rise in Ultra-HNWI numbers.
• Investment Trends: Alternative investments (private equity, cryptocurrencies) formed 15% of HNWI portfolios, signaling diversification beyond traditional assets.
• Top Contributors:
  • United States added 562,000 millionaires, recording a 7.6% rise, reaching a total of 7.9 million HNWIs.
  • The U.S. also holds 36% of centi-millionaires (net worth ≥ $100M) and 33% of the world's billionaires.
  • India and Japan saw 5.6% growth, while China recorded a 1.0% decline in HNWI population.

Shifting Dynamics in Wealth Management

• A massive “great wealth transfer” is underway globally.
  • 81% of global next-gen HNWIs and 85% of Indian next-gen HNWIs plan to switch wealth management (WM) firms within 1–2 years of inheritance.
  • Key reasons include:
    • Lack of preferred channel services (51%)
    • Ineffective digital transaction tools (41%)
• Digital Transformation Need: The evolving expectations of next-gen clients are pushing firms toward AI-enabled advisory models and advanced digital infrastructure.

Offshore Wealth Allocation

• By 2030, 98% of Indian next-gen HNWIs plan to increase their offshore assets by over 10%.
  • Motivations include:
    • Superior investment options (55%)
    • Better wealth management services (65%)
    • Improved market connectivity (54%)
    • Tax efficiency and political-economic stability (49%)

In News:

Every year on June 5, people across the globe unite to celebrate World Environment Day, an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

Key Highlights:

• Observed on: June 5 annually
• Initiated by: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
• First celebrated: 1973 (following the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment)
• Objective: Promote global awareness and action for environmental protection

Theme for 2025: "Beat Plastic Pollution"

• Focuses on the escalating crisis of plastic pollution and its adverse impact on ecosystems, wildlife, and human health.
• Highlights the need to transition away from single-use plastics, promote sustainable consumption, and adopt eco-friendly alternatives.

Key Statistics:

• Plastic production: Increased from 2 million tonnes (1950) to 430 million tonnes (2025)
• Marine pollution:19–23 million tonnes of plastic enter aquatic ecosystems annually
• Microplastics detected in oceans, mountains, and the human body

Host Country for 2025: Republic of Korea

• Chosen for its leadership in green innovation and sustainable practices.
• Initiatives include:
  • Advanced waste segregation and recycling systems
  • Bans on single-use plastics in major outlets
  • Promotion of tech-driven eco-solutions

By hosting, South Korea aims to showcase scalable models for combating plastic pollution globally.

Historical Background

• Stockholm Conference 1972 laid the foundation for modern environmental governance.
• UNEP assigns a theme and host country annually to align global action.
• Over 150 countries now participate through:
  • Clean-up drives
  • Tree plantation campaigns
  • Policy forums
  • Environmental education programs

Significance

World Environment Day plays a vital role in:

• Raising awareness on climate change, pollution, deforestation, and sustainability
• Encouraging individual and community-level action
• Facilitating policy dialogue and regulatory reform
• Mobilizing youth leadership in environmental movements

In News:

The Government of India will launch the UMEED Portal to digitize and streamline the registration and management of Waqf properties under the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.

What is the UMEED Portal?

• Full Form: Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency, and Development
• Purpose: A centralized digital platform to register, regulate, and monitor Waqf properties nationwide.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Minority Affairs, in collaboration with State Waqf Boards and judicial authorities.

Objectives:

• Ensure transparent, efficient, and time-bound registration of Waqf assets.
• Digitally empower stakeholders with access to legal rights, obligations, and procedural information.
• Resolve long-pending disputes and enhance accountability in Waqf administration.
• Provide real-time data, including geo-tagged property mapping, to support policymaking.

Key Features:

• Time-Bound Registration:All Waqf properties must be registered within six months of the portal's launch.
• Geo-Tagging and Digital Mapping:Properties must be geo-tagged and include precise dimensions for registration.
• Dispute Resolution Mechanism:Properties not registered by the deadline will be automatically flagged as disputed and referred to Waqf Tribunals for adjudication.
• Legal Support Services:The portal offers awareness tools regarding the amended Act and clarifies legal entitlements.
• Women-Centric Provision:Properties solely in women’s names cannot be declared as Waqf. However, women, children, and the economically weaker sections (EWS) remain eligible beneficiaries.

About Waqf and Recent Legal Reforms:

• What is Waqf?

A Waqf is a permanent charitable endowment under Islamic law, where assets (usually land) are donated for religious or public welfare purposes. Such property is inalienable and cannot be sold, inherited, or transferred.

• Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025:
  • Digital Mandate: Mandatory online registration of all Waqf properties within 6 months.
  • Judicial Oversight:Introduced provision for appealing Waqf Tribunal decisions in the High Court within 90 days.
  • Tribunal Empowerment:Unregistered properties after the deadline will be treated as disputed and decided by Waqf Tribunals.
  • Government Monitoring:Enhanced role of State Waqf Boards in ensuring compliance, registration, and dispute handling.

Significance:

• Aims to reduce litigation, encroachments, and opacity in Waqf land management.
• Bridges the gap between community welfare and digital governance.
• Strengthens institutional mechanisms for protecting religious endowments and improves access to justice.

In News:

The Government of India has launched the ‘Seva Se Seekhen’ (Learn by Doing) campaign to empower youth through hands-on experience at Jan AushadhiKendras (JAKs). Starting from June 1, 2025, this initiative aims to blend experiential learning with public health outreach.

About the Campaign:

• Launched in: 2025
• Nodal Ministries:
  • Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
  • Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
• Framework:Part of the National Youth Development Framework, aligning youth engagement with grassroots service.

Objectives:

• Provide experiential learning opportunities in real-world public service settings.
• Raise awareness about generic medicines and enhance health literacy.
• Equip youth with technical and soft skills in areas such as inventory, logistics, customer service, and communication.
• Foster values such as discipline, empathy, and civic responsibility among the youth.

Key Features:

• Nationwide Implementation:
  • Five youth volunteers per district will be placed across five Jan AushadhiKendras.
  • Covers all states and Union Territories.
• Volunteer Sources:Participants are selected from:
  • MY Bharat
  • National Service Scheme (NSS)
  • Pharmacy colleges
  • Other youth-focused platforms
• Duration:15-day structured engagement, including guided tasks and learning outcomes.

Roles and Responsibilities of Volunteers:

• Support daily functioning and customer services at JAKs.
• Assist in medicine inventory and logistics management.
• Promote generic medicine awareness among the public.
• Participate in community health outreach activities.
• Observe backend processes like supply chains and stock maintenance.

Key Benefits for Youth:

• Practical exposure to pharmacy operations and public health service.
• Skills in record-keeping, inventory handling, and basic operations.
• Development of employability and customer interaction skills.
• Insights into affordable healthcare delivery under schemes like Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya JanaushadhiPariyojana (PMBJP).

In News:

On June 1, 2025, Ukraine executed Operation Spider’s Web, its most extensive drone-based military strike against Russia to date. The attack destroyed an estimated $7 billion worth of Russian aircraft, including approximately 34% of Russia’s strategic bomber fleet. The operation occurred just before the second round of peace talks between the two countries in Istanbul.

Key Highlights:

• Nature of Operation:A high-precision, long-range drone strike aimed at crippling Russia’s strategic air power, especially bombers capable of launching cruise missiles and nuclear warheads.
• Planning and Execution:
  • Orchestrated over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU).
  • 117 explosive-laden drones were deployed simultaneously.
  • Drones were concealed in wooden sheds on civilian trucks, enabling stealth transport across vast distances.
  • Once positioned, they were remotely launched, surprising Russian air defences.
• Airbases Targeted:The operation struck five major Russian airbases:
  • Belaya (Irkutsk)
  • Dyagilevo (Ryazan)
  • Ivanovo Severny
  • Olenya (Murmansk)
  • Ukrainka

• Geographic Reach:Some drone targets were over 4,300 km from the front lines, marking the deepest Ukrainian strike inside Russian territory.

Strategic and Political Context:

• The drone strike came hours after Russia's Iskander-M missile attack on a Ukrainian military training centre in Dnipropetrovsk, which killed 12 soldiers and injured over 60.
• Ukrainian Major General MykhailoDrapatyi resigned, accepting personal responsibility for the missile casualties.
• Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy hailed Operation Spider’s Web as a “brilliant success,” showcasing Ukraine’s evolving tactical capabilities.
• The operation served to strengthen Ukraine’s negotiating position ahead of the June 2 Istanbul peace talks.

Peace Negotiation Backdrop:

• The Istanbul talks followed an earlier round that resulted in the largest prisoner exchange since the start of the war but lacked a concrete ceasefire plan.
• Ukraine is expected to propose:
  • A 30-day ceasefire
  • Mutual prisoner release
  • A high-level summit between Presidents Zelenskyy and Putin
• However, Russia has reportedly rejected all ceasefire proposals and has not submitted a formal response.

Wider Conflict Situation:

• As of late May 2025, Ukraine has lost around 18% of its territory to Russian control.
• Meanwhile, Russian forces continue their advance, recently capturing a village in Ukraine’s northern Sumy region.

In News:

In a significant ornithological development, the Caspian Gull, one of the rarest gull species to be recorded in India, was positively identified five years after being sighted at Kappad Beach, Kozhikode, Kerala. This marks the first confirmed sighting of the species in Kerala, and only the second in southern India.

Discovery and Identification:

• Ornithologist Abdulla Paleri first spotted the bird in February 2020 but took five years to confirm its identity due to its close resemblance to the more commonly seen Steppe Gull.
• The Caspian Gull differs subtly in features such as head and beak shape, posture, wing pattern, and leg morphology.
• Images were shared with international experts and on the eBird platform, where ornithologists Oscar Campbell and Hans Larsson confirmed the identification. The sighting has remained unchallenged since.

About Caspian Gull (Laruscachinnans):

• A monotypic, large, white-headed gull species, considered rare in India.
• Regularly breeds in Central Asia, particularly in steppe and semi-desert habitats with lakes, rivers, and reservoirs.
• Nesting usually occurs on flat, low-lying areas near water bodies, often surrounded by reedbeds.
• The species feeds on fish, insects, molluscs, and other invertebrates.

Migration Pattern:

• It migrates from the Black Sea and Caspian Sea region to southern and eastern Kazakhstan, western China, and parts of South Asia during winter.
• Traditionally winters in the eastern Mediterranean, Persian Gulf, and western India (like Gujarat).
• Increasingly, small populations are dispersing into Europe, including Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.
• The Kozhikode gull is believed to be a straggler—a bird that deviates from its usual migratory route.

Conservation Status:

• IUCN Red List:Least Concern, Despite its rarity in India, the species is not globally threatened.

In News:

Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh launched BharatGen, India’s first indigenously developed, government-funded Multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) at the BharatGen Summit 2025, marking a significant step in India’s AI innovation landscape.

About BharatGen:

• BharatGen is a Multimodal LLM designed to support 22 Indian languages and various content formats—text, speech, and image.
• Developed under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) and implemented by the TIH Foundation for IoT and IoE at IIT Bombay.
• Supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), it is a collaborative effort involving premier academic institutions, researchers, and innovators.

Key Features:

• Multilingual and multimodal capabilities (text, voice, image inputs).
• Open-source platform to encourage accessible innovation.
• Trained on Indian datasets to reflect Indian linguistic and cultural diversity.
• Integrated applications across critical sectors like healthcare, education, governance, and agriculture.
• Aims to deliver region-specific AI solutions rooted in Indian values and societal contexts.

Implementation Mechanism:

• Executed through 25 Technology Innovation Hubs (TIHs) across India.
• Four of these TIHs have been upgraded to Technology Translational Research Parks (TTRPs) for real-world deployment.
• Guided by four pillars: technology development, entrepreneurship, human resource development, and international collaboration.

In News:

Recently, Ukraine conducted a major drone strike on Russia, reportedly destroying over 40 aircraft using First-Person View (FPV) drones—marking one of the deepest strikes into Russian territory since the start of the conflict in 2022. This highlights the growing role of FPV drones in modern asymmetric warfare.

What are FPV Drones?

First-Person View (FPV) drones are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that allow remote pilots to view the drone’s surroundings through a camera mounted on the drone. The live feed can be transmitted to:

• Specialized goggles
• Smartphones
• Other display screens

This immersive view enables highly precise navigation and control.

Key Features and Technologies

• GPS-Independent Navigation: Operates effectively even when GPS signals are jammed or unavailable.
• SmartPilot System: Uses visual-inertial navigation by interpreting camera data to assess the drone's position and orientation.
• LiDAR Integration: Enhances terrain mapping and obstacle detection in complex environments.
• Low Cost: A functional FPV drone can cost as little as $500, making them highly affordable compared to traditional weapon systems.

Operational Use in Combat

• Reconnaissance First: Typically, a long-range reconnaissance drone is used to identify the target area before deploying FPV drones for strikes.
• Deep Strike Capability: Despite having a short range (a few kilometres), FPV drones offer stealth and precision to strike deeply into enemy territory.
• Combat Strategy: Their agility and affordability make FPV drones a key component of attrition warfare, especially for resource-constrained nations.

Advantages in Warfare

• Cost-effectiveness: Offers high-impact capability at a fraction of the cost of conventional weapons.
• Reduced Human Risk: Limits the need for manned missions in hostile territory.
• Stealth: Smaller size and low acoustic footprint make them harder to detect and intercept.
• High Destructiveness: Able to carry payloads such as explosives, effectively targeting tanks, aircraft, and installations.

Challenges and Limitations

• Limited Range: Operates within a few kilometres, requiring deployment close to target zones.
• Reduced Situational Awareness: Pilots rely solely on camera feed, which may not provide full spatial context.
• Need for Visual Observers: In complex environments, an additional observer may be needed to guide the operator safely.

Ukraine’s Use of FPV Drones

Ukraine has effectively integrated FPV drones into its military strategy:

• In November 2023, FPVs were credited as a low-cost, high-impact method of resisting Russian advances.
• NATO sources indicated that over two-thirds of Russian tanks destroyed recently were hit by FPV drones.
• Ukrainian drone manufacturer Vyriy Drone delivered 1,000 indigenous FPVs in March 2025.
• Ukraine is projected to produce over 4 million drones in 2025, reflecting a significant scaling of domestic capabilities.

Geopolitical and Strategic Implications

• Technological Self-Reliance: Domestic production protects nations from geopolitical supply chain disruptions (e.g., China’s chip exports).
• Global Proliferation: Countries like Israel and Iran have also developed drone systems, including HAROP and Shahed drones respectively.

In News:

The Jharkhand government has proposed setting up its first-ever tiger safari in the fringe area of the Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR), located in Latehar district. This initiative aims to promote wildlife education, conservation awareness, and eco-tourism, while also creating employment opportunities.

What is a Tiger Safari?

A tiger safari refers to a tourism model where rescued, conflict-prone, or orphaned tigers are housed in naturalistic enclosures, ensuring sightings for visitors. It differs from traditional wild safaris, where sightings are not guaranteed. The concept was first proposed in the NTCA's 2012 tourism guidelines, refined in 2016, and later aligned with the Supreme Court’s 2024 directive, which mandates that such safaris be located outside core and buffer zones of tiger reserves.

Legal and Regulatory Framework

• Governed by:
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
  • National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Guidelines (2012, 2016)
  • Central Zoo Authority (CZA) for animal welfare, enclosure design, and project compliance
• Supreme Court Ruling (March 2024):
  • Tiger safaris must not be located inside core or buffer zones.
  • Intended to protect natural habitats and uphold conservation goals.

About Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR)

• Established: 1974 under Project Tiger
• Location: Chhotanagpur Plateau, Jharkhand
• Rivers: North Koel, Burha (perennial), Auranga
• Vegetation: Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous forest (Sal-dominated)
• Key Fauna: Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Elephant, Sloth Bear, Leopard, Indian Pangolin, Otter
• Historical Note: Site of the world’s first pugmark-based tiger census (1932)

Project Details

• Location: Barwadih Western Forest Range (fringe of PTR, outside core/buffer zones)
• Size: Approx. 150 hectares
• Animals Housed: Only rescued, conflict-prone, or orphaned tigers from reserves/zoos (not wild or zoo-bred tigers unless approved)
• Objectives:
  • Promote tourism and conservation education
  • Create an experiential learning space for visitors
  • Generate employment (~200 local jobs)

The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) will assess the site and species selection. Post Forest Department clearance, the Detailed Project Report (DPR) will be submitted to NTCA and CZA. Approvals may take 5–6 months, followed by a construction period of ~18 months.

Concerns and Challenges

• Tribal and Community Rights:Activists caution that such projects may marginalize forest-dwelling communities and restrict access to traditional forest-based livelihoods (grazing, NTFP collection).
• Consent of Local Communities:As per the Forest Rights Act, projects on forest land must involve Gram Sabha consultation. Activists argue this has yet to be fully addressed.
• State's Clarification:Officials maintain that the site lies on forest land under state management, with no expected displacement.

Why is the RBI proposing changes to gold loan regulations?

In April 2024, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released draft guidelines on loans against gold to harmonise regulations across banks and NBFCs and to address irregularities. The move follows an extraordinary surge in gold-backed loans during FY24:

• Gold loan portfolios grew over 50% across banks and NBFCs.
• For banks, the portfolio more than doubled (104% growth).

This rapid growth, amid rising gold prices and lax lending standards, raised regulatory concerns.

What are the key proposals in the draft guidelines?

• LTV Norms:
  • The Loan-to-Value (LTV) ratio remains capped at 75%.
  • For bullet repayment loans for consumption, accrued interest must be included in the LTV calculation, effectively lowering the loan amount disbursed.
• Ownership Proof:Borrowers must furnish proof of ownership for the gold pledged.
• Valuation Standards:
  • Gold should be valued based on 22-carat price.
  • Uniform procedures must be followed to assess the purity and weight.
• Loan Renewal & Fresh Sanctions:
  • Renewals or top-ups are permitted only if:
    • The existing loan is standard, and
    • It complies with the LTV limit.
  • Concurrent loans for both consumption and income-generation are disallowed.
  • A fresh loan can only be granted after full repayment (principal + interest) of the previous loan.
• Collateral Return Timeline:If the gold is not returned within 7 working days after repayment, the lender must compensate the borrower at ?5,000/day for each day of delay.

Likely Impact on Borrowers and Lenders

Borrowers:

• May face reduced loan amounts and higher documentation requirements.
• Small and rural borrowers, dependent on gold loans for agriculture and allied sectors, may experience reduced accessibility.

NBFCs and Banks:

• NBFCs that frequently renew or top-up gold loans could lose flexibility.
• Compliance costs will rise due to stringent documentation, valuation, and reporting norms.
• Smaller NBFCs relying on re-pledging of gold may face liquidity issues.
• Interest rates may rise to offset higher operational expenses.

Is a uniform policy suitable?

A one-size-fits-all policy may not be practical. Gold loans are a lifeline for rural households with limited access to formal credit. Experts suggest:

• Differentiated norms for micro gold loans (small-ticket loans) and high-value loans.
• Consideration for the informal nature of ownership in many rural households.

In News:

In an effort to streamline and accelerate investments in India’s agriculture and allied sectors, the Government of India has launched the Krishi Nivesh Portal, developed by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.

The initiative aligns with the government’s broader goal of promoting the ease of doing business in agriculture by integrating schemes from multiple Central ministries and State governments into a single digital platform.

Key Features of the Portal

• One-Stop Solution: The portal acts as a centralized hub providing real-time access to information on agricultural schemes from various government departments and ministries.
• Multi-Stakeholder Access: It is designed to cater to farmers, entrepreneurs, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), industries, and agri-startups.
• Scheme Integration: As of now, the portal integrates 17 flagship schemes spanning seven Union Ministries, including:
  • Agriculture Infrastructure Fund
  • Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund
  • PM KisanSampada Yojana
  • PM-KUSUM
• Technological Features: It offers a user-friendly interface, chatbot support, and interactive dashboards for data-driven insights and monitoring.
• Investment Tracking: Users can track application status, explore investment opportunities based on geographical spread, and gain assistance with loan disbursal.

Institutional Integration

• Currently, 14 Union ministries/departments and 9 state government departments are involved in implementing schemes related to agriculture and allied sectors.
• Ministries already integrated include:
  • Ministry of Agriculture
  • Ministry of Food Processing Industries
  • Ministry of Rural Development
  • Ministry of Jal Shakti
  • Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
  • Ministry of Fertilisers

Efforts are underway to onboard over 300 schemes from various ministries and states, including those related to credit-linked initiatives, PPP models, venture capital projects, and startups.

Significance for Agricultural Sector

• The portal addresses key challenges such as fragmented scheme information, siloed departmental operations, and delays in loan processing.
• It aims to unlock the investment potential of India’s agri-sector, especially for private investors, by offering a consolidated, transparent, and accessible interface.
• According to official estimates:
  • The revised budget allocation for FY 2024–25 for agricultural investment schemes stands at ?1.31 lakh crore.
  • In FY 2021–22, private sector investment in agriculture amounted to ?2.79 lakh crore.

In News:

In a remarkable ornithological event, the Sabine’s Gull — a rare Arctic seabird — has been observed at Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary in Gujarat. This marks the species’ first recorded appearance in India since 2013, when it was last sighted in Kerala, underlining the dynamic migratory patterns affecting India’s wetland ecosystems.

About Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary

• Located nearly 64 km west of Ahmedabad, Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary is one of Gujarat’s most prominent wetland ecosystems. Encompassing an area of 120.82 sq km, it comprises a shallow, seasonal lake interspersed with around 360 islets, creating a rich mosaic of aquatic habitats.
• This natural lake traces its origin to the 15th century, following the construction of a check dam on the Sabarmati River. Initially designed to serve irrigation and drinking water needs of nearby villages, the lake gradually evolved into a crucial habitat for avifauna. Recognition of its ecological significance grew over time, prompting colonial authorities in the early 20th century to take protective measures.
• Eventually, in 1969, the Government of Gujarat declared Nalsarovar a bird sanctuary, and it was further accorded the status of a Ramsar wetland site in 2012, signifying its global importance under the Ramsar Convention.
• Flora: The sanctuary supports a wide variety of aquatic and wetland plant life, with 48 algae species and 72 flowering plant species recorded. Common plant species include Cyperus, Scirpus, Typha ungustata, Eleocharis palustris, Ruppia, Potamogeton, Vallisneria, Naias, and Chara.
• Fauna:Nalsarovar is home to nearly 250 bird species, making it a haven for bird watchers. Regular sightings include both greater and lesser flamingos, pelicans, ducks, geese, coots, rails, cranes, and a variety of wading and aquatic birds like herons, egrets, storks, spoonbills, and sarus cranes.
  • Beyond birds, the sanctuary also supports mammalian fauna. On its southern and southwestern peripheries, species such as the Indian wild ass, mongoose, jungle cat, Indian fox, jackal, wolf, and striped hyena are found.

Sabine’s Gull: Profile

• The Sabine’s Gull (Xemasabini), also known as the fork-tailed gull or xeme, is a small gull species notable for its elegant flight and distinctive wing markings. Adults can be recognized by their pale grey backs, black wingtips, white secondary feathers, and forked white tails.
• This gull breeds in high Arctic and subarctic zones across North America, Russia, Greenland, and Svalbard, and is a rare migrant in South Asia.
• According to the IUCN Red List, it is currently categorized as a species of Least Concern, although sightings in India are extremely uncommon.

In News:

Recently, Goa became the second state in India to achieve full functional literacy under the ULLAS – Nav Bharat SaakshartaKaryakram (New India Literacy Programme), marking a key achievement in India’s goal of attaining full literacy by 2030, as envisioned in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

About ULLAS

• ULLAS stands for Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society.
• It is a centrally sponsored scheme implemented by the Ministry of Education from 2022 to 2027.
• Target Group: Adults aged 15 years and above who missed formal schooling.
• Alignment: The scheme is aligned with NEP 2020, emphasizing inclusive and equitable education.
• Implementation Basis: The programme is built on the spirit of volunteerism and Kartavya Bodh (sense of duty).

Five Components of the ULLAS Scheme:

1. Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
2. Critical Life Skills
3. Basic Education
4. Vocational Skills Development
5. Continuing Education

Digital Outreach

• The ULLAS mobile app facilitates registration of learners and volunteers.
• It also provides access to learning resources through the DIKSHA portal of NCERT.
• So far, over 2.40 crore learners and 41 lakh volunteer teachers have been registered on the app.
• Over 1.77 crore learners have taken the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT).

Goa Achieves Full Literacy

• Declared Fully Literate: On May 30, 2025, during the 39th Goa Statehood Day celebrations at Panaji, Goa was declared fully literate.
• Reported Literacy Rate: As per PLFS 2023–24, Goa had a literacy rate of 93.60%, among the highest in India.
• State Survey Update: A state-led survey confirmed that Goa had crossed the 95% benchmark, qualifying it as fully literate under ULLAS.

Key Factors Behind Goa’s Success

• Adopted a Whole-of-Government approach, involving departments such as:
  • Directorate of Panchayats
  • Municipal Administration
  • Social Welfare
  • Planning & Statistics
  • Women & Child Development
• Engaged SwayampurnaMitras for grassroots awareness and learning support.
• Played an active role in certification and inclusion of learners into the literacy programme.
• Strong collaboration between SCERT, local administration, school heads, volunteers, and field workers ensured last-mile delivery.

Significance for India

• Goa's achievement underscores the effectiveness of decentralized, people-driven literacy campaigns.
• Demonstrates the potential of tech-enabled platforms, volunteerism, and inter-departmental coordination.
• Sets a model for other states in achieving India’s literacy goal by 2030.
• Reinforces the broader national vision of “Jan-Jan Saakshar” and a Viksit Bharat.

In News:

In a recent development, the Telangana government has designated the tiger corridor connecting the Kawal Tiger Reserve (Telangana) with the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra) as the KumramBheem Conservation Reserve, under Section 36(A) of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This move is aimed at preserving critical wildlife corridors in the Central Indian Landscape.

Kawal Tiger Reserve:

• Location: Situated in Telangana, along the Godavari River, forming part of the Deccan Peninsula – Central Highlands.
• Biogeographic Zone: Lies at the southern tip of the Central Indian Tiger Landscape.
• Connectivity: Links with Tadoba-Andhari (Maharashtra), Indravati (Chhattisgarh), and other reserves like Tipeshwar, Chaprala, and Kanhargaon.
• Vegetation Type: Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests.
• Flora: Dominated by teak, bamboo, and species like Anogeissuslatifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Boswellia serrata, etc.
• Fauna: Hosts tiger, leopard, nilgai, chinkara, sambar, blackbuck, wild dog, wolf, and jungle cat.

KumramBheem Conservation Reserve: Newly Notified Area

• Legal Basis: Declared under Section 36(A), Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, which allows states to notify government-owned land adjacent to or connecting protected areas as conservation reserves.
• Total Area: 1,492.88 sq km (149,288.48 hectares)
• District &Mandals Covered: Spread across KumramBheemAsifabad district, covering parts of Kerameri, Wankidi, Asifabad, Sirpur, Koutala, Bejjur, Kagaznagar, Rebbana, Dahegaon, and Tiryanimandals.
• Forest Blocks Included: 78 blocks including Garlapet, Ada, Manikgarh East & West, Danora, Gudem, Bejjur, Kadamba, and Girali.

Ecological Significance

• Tiger Movement: Over the last decade, more than 45 unique tigers (mostly transient) have been documented in this corridor through camera trapping and surveys.
• Breeding Evidence: Since 2015, 17 tiger cubs born from 3 tigresses have been recorded. The 2022 Tiger Census confirmed 4 adult tigers and 3 cubs in the area.
• Leopard Presence: 8 leopards were recorded during the All India Leopard Estimation, 2022.
• Other Carnivores: Includes sloth bear, hyena, wild dog, wolf, honey badger, and jungle cat.
• Herbivore Diversity: Rich prey base such as gaur, sambar, nilgai, chital, muntjac, four-horned antelope, and Indian gazelle.
• Avifauna: Home to 240+ bird species, including rare species like the Malabar Pied Hornbill and Long-billed Vulture, the latter using the reserve as a nesting site.
• Elephant Movement: Occasional elephant presence has also been reported.

Governance

A Conservation Reserve Management Committee has been established. Members include:

• District Forest Officer (DFO) of KumramBheemAsifabad (Convenor)
• Sarpanches of local panchayats (e.g., Karji, Motlaguda, Murliguda)
• Representatives from NGOs like Hyderabad Tiger Conservation Society, WWF-India, and Wildlife Conservation Trust
• Officials from Veterinary, Agriculture, and Forest Divisions

In News:

Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently dedicated Unit-1 (660 MW) of the Ghatampur Thermal Power Project, located in Kanpur Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, marking a major step forward in India’s thermal power capacity and energy security goals.

Project Overview

• Location: Ghatampur, Kanpur Nagar District, Uttar Pradesh
• Implementing Agency: Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Ltd (NUPPL) — a joint venture between
  • NLC India Ltd (51% share)
  • Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd (UPRVUNL) (49% share)
• Total Capacity: 3 units × 660 MW = 1,980 MW
• Project Cost: ?21,780.94 crore

Commissioning Timeline

• Unit-1 (660 MW): Commissioned in December 2024, dedicated in May 2025
• Remaining Units: Expected to be operational by December 2025

Power Distribution Agreement

• Uttar Pradesh: Receives 75.12% (1,487.28 MW) of the total power
• Assam: Allocated 24.88% (492.72 MW), subject to transfer of 20% equity from UPRVUNL to Assam Government

Technological and Environmental Features

• Efficient Supercritical Technology:Utilizes supercritical boilers with 88.81% efficiency, reducing fuel usage and emissions.
• Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD):Ensures no industrial wastewater release, protecting surrounding land and water bodies.
• Air Pollution Control:Equipped with modern pollution mitigation systems:
  • Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) – Controls NOx emissions
  • Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) – Reduces SOx emissions
  • Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) and Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AAQMS) – Ensure real-time pollution tracking
• Water Conservation Measures:
  • 288 km of canal lining saves approx. 195 million litres/day
  • Raw water storage capacity of 46 lakh cubic meters