In News:

The Mising tribe, Assam’s largest tribal community, celebrated Ali Ai Ligang in Shankarpur, Jorhat, on the first Wednesday of the Fagun month.

About the Mising Tribe

• Region: Indigenous tribe from Northeast India; primarily reside in Upper Assam and parts of Arunachal Pradesh, with some presence in South Tibet (China).
• Population: As per Census 2011, there are 6,80,424 Mising people in Assam.
• Ethnolinguistic Group: Belong to the Tani group, speak Tibeto-Burmese languages.
• Referred as: Called “Lhobhas” (southerners) by Tibetans.
• Unique Feature: Known as the only riparian tribe of Northeast India, with livelihoods closely linked to rivers like the Brahmaputra.
• Habitat: Construct stilt houses known as Chang Ghar to withstand seasonal floods.

Cultural and Religious Practices

• Religion: Practice Donyi-Poloism – worship of the Sun (Donyi) and the Moon (Polo) as supreme deities.
• Traditional Economy:
  • Traditionally practiced Jhum (slash and burn) cultivation.
  • Now settled cultivators skilled in wet paddy cultivation.
  • Engage in fishing, weaving, and vegetable farming.
  • Women are proficient in weaving traditional Mising textiles.

Ali Ai Ligang Festival

• Main Festival of the Mising community.
• Timing: Celebrated in February, on the first Wednesday of Fagun month (as per the Assamese calendar).
• Name Meaning:
  • Ali – edible root
  • Ai – seed
  • Ligang – sowing

Signifies the beginning of the agricultural cycle – first sowing of seeds and roots.

Significance and Rituals

• Purpose: Marks the start of cultivation, invokes blessings from Donyi-Polo to protect crops from pests and natural calamities.
• Community Importance: Strengthens communal ties and preserves agrarian traditions.
• Ritual Practices:
  • Morung Okum (Morung Ghar) – youth dormitory where offerings like Apong (rice beer), dry meat, and fish are made.
  • Gumrag Dance – performed by men and women to signify joy, unity, and prosperity.
  • Feast and Dress – Traditional Mising delicacies are prepared, and people wear colorful ethnic attire.

Modern Celebrations

• Originally village-based, now also celebrated in urban centers like Jorhat.
• Includes stage performances, cultural competitions, and large community gatherings.
• In Jorhat, it has been celebrated for the past 40 years, organized annually by Mising Agom Kebang (Mising apex literary and cultural body).

In News:

• The Executive Body Meeting of the South and West Asian Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives (SWARBICA) was held on 20–21 February 2025 at the India International Centre, New Delhi.
• It was inaugurated by Union Minister for Culture and Tourism, Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, and hosted by the National Archives of India.
• This is the second time India has hosted the SWARBICA meeting, the last being in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in 2017.

Key Highlights

• The event marked the first SWARBICA Executive Meeting in eight years.
• Participating nations included Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
• Pakistan joined the meeting virtually, while Iran could not attend due to visa-related issues.
• The meeting provided a platform for regional cooperation in archival development, emphasizing shared cultural and religious heritage.

Agenda and Focus Areas

• Digital Preservation & Archives Digitization:
  • Arun Singhal, Director General of the National Archives of India (NAI) and Treasurer of SWARBICA, presented NAI’s ongoing efforts in the digitization of archival records.
  • Emphasis was placed on training programs, technical exchange, and conservation practices.
• AI in Digital Archiving:
  • Aseminar titled "Using AI for Digital Preservation in Archives" was organized.
  • Experts from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and SAMHiTA (India International Centre) discussed the potential of artificial intelligence in archival science.

About SWARBICA

• It functions as a regional arm of the International Council on Archives (ICA), fostering collaboration among archival institutions in South and West Asia.
• Established: The idea was proposed in 1973 at an ICA meeting in Brussels and officially launched on 11th December 1976 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
• SWARBICA promotes professional networking, training, resource sharing, and advancement in archival practices among member countries.

Significance for India

• Reflects India’s leadership in regional cultural cooperation.
• Aligns with national goals of digital governance, knowledge preservation, and heritage conservation.
• Strengthens India's cultural diplomacy in South and West Asia.

In News:

Recently, over 150 false killer whales were found stranded on a remote beach near Arthur River on the northwest coast of Tasmania, Australia. The incident is one of several mass strandings reported in the region in recent years.

The event echoes earlier mass strandings:

• In 2022, 230 pilot whales stranded at Macquarie Harbor.
• In 2020, 470 long-finned pilot whales were stranded at the same site—the largest mass stranding in Australian history.

Possible Causes of Whale Strandings

Although the precise cause remains uncertain, potential factors include:

• Disorientation from loud underwater noises (e.g., naval exercises, seismic surveys)
• Illness, old age, injury
• Fleeing predators
• Severe weather events
• Geomagnetic anomalies

About False Killer Whales

• False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) are not true killer whales but belong to the Delphinidae family, which also includes dolphins and pilot whales.
• They are large, social cetaceans, often found in warm, deep oceanic waters.
• These whales are highly vocal and social, forming strong social bonds within pods.
• Like other cetaceans, they rely on echolocation (underwater sound) for communication, hunting, and navigation.

About Killer Whales (Orcas)

• Although not involved in the stranding, killer whales (Orcinus orca) are relevant as close relatives within the same family (Delphinidae).
• Known for their distinct black and white markings, orcas are the largest members of the dolphin family.
• They are globally distributed in both open oceans and coastal waters.
• Killer whales live in stable matrilineal pods and use complex vocalizations.

Conservation Status

• The IUCN Red List classifies false killer whales and killer whales as Data Deficient, indicating that there is insufficient information to assess their risk of extinction.

In News:

The WEST Tokamak reactor in southern France has set a new world record by sustaining a nuclear fusion plasma for 1,337 seconds (22 minutes and 17 seconds), surpassing the previous record of 1,066 seconds held by China’s EAST reactor by 25%. This achievement is a major milestone in the global quest for clean, limitless energy through nuclear fusion.

About Nuclear Fusion

• Nuclear Fusion is the process of combining two light atomic nuclei (typically deuterium and tritium) to form a heavier nucleus, releasing vast amounts of energy.
• The mass defect (loss of mass) in the fusion process converts into energy, as per Einstein’s equation E=mc2E = mc^2E=mc2.
• This reaction occurs in the plasma state—a hot, ionized gas consisting of free electrons and atomic nuclei.

How Tokamak Reactors Work

• A Tokamak is a doughnut-shaped (toroidal) magnetic confinement device that replicates the Sun’s fusion process.
• It uses superconducting magnetic coils to confine and heat the plasma to temperatures exceeding 50 million°C, about three times hotter than the Sun's core.
• Fusion reactors inject external power (WEST used 2 MW) to maintain the plasma and prevent it from touching reactor walls.

WEST Reactor: Key Highlights

• Operated by the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA).
• Aims to simulate long-duration, high-temperature plasma conditions.
• Reached a plasma state sustained for over 22 minutes at 50 million°C.
• Contributes critical insights and validation to the ongoing ITER project, the world’s largest nuclear fusion experiment also based in southern France.

Significance of the Achievement

To make fusion viable for electricity generation, three key conditions must be met:

1. High temperature – to overcome electrostatic repulsion between nuclei.
2. Sustained confinement time – achieved by WEST.
3. Sufficient plasma density – to ensure high collision rates.

Maintaining plasma for extended durations is crucial for transitioning from experimental reactors to commercial fusion energy systems.

Advantages of Nuclear Fusion

• High Energy Output: Produces 4x more energy per kg of fuel than fission, and nearly 4 million times more than fossil fuels.
• Environmentally Clean: Emits no greenhouse gases or long-lived radioactive waste. Only byproducts are inert helium and neutrons.
• Abundant Fuel Supply: Fusion uses deuterium (from seawater) and tritium, eliminating the need for uranium mining.
• Inherent Safety: Fusion reactions are inherently safe as they cannot trigger uncontrolled chain reactions, unlike fission.

Fusion vs. Fission: A Comparison

Aspect                                            Nuclear Fusion                                       Nuclear Fission

Process                                  Combines light nuclei                   Splits heavy nuclei

Fuel                                         Deuterium and Tritium                  Uranium or Plutonium

Energy Output                      Extremely high                                 Moderate

Waste                                     Minimal and short-lived                Long-lived radioactive waste

Emissions                              No greenhouse gases                    Potential radiation hazards

Safety                                     No risk of meltdown                        Risk of runaway reactions/meltdowns

Global Perspective

• Over 200 tokamaks are operational globally.
• The ITER project is set to become the centerpiece of global fusion research.
• Recent breakthroughs like those at WEST provide a technical roadmap for future commercial reactors.

In News:

Nvidia, in collaboration with the Arc Institute and Stanford University, has launched Evo 2 — the world’s largest publicly available AI model for genomic data — aiming to revolutionize genetic research and biomedical innovation.

About Evo 2

• Type: Foundation AI model for genomics.
• Function: Understands and designs genetic code across all domains of life.
• Scale: Trained on ~9 trillion nucleotides from 128,000+ organisms, including bacteria, plants, animals, and humans.
• Platform: Built using 2,000 Nvidia H100 processors on Amazon Cloud, through the NVIDIA DGX Cloud platform.
• Access: Freely available on Nvidia’s BioNeMo research platform.

Key Features

• Accuracy in Mutation Detection:Accurately identified 90% of harmful mutations in BRCA1 — a gene linked to breast cancer.
• Speed and Efficiency:Enables rapid pattern recognition in vast genomic datasets — research that would otherwise take years.
• Collaborative Development:Created by Nvidia in partnership with Arc Institute (nonprofit research body founded in 2021 with $650 million funding) and Stanford University.

Applications

• Healthcare & Medicine:
  • Predicts form and function of proteins.
  • Identifies gene mutations and their impact.
  • Facilitates precision medicine and gene therapy development.
• Agricultural Biotechnology:
  • Aids in designing climate-resilient crops.
• Industrial & Environmental Science:
  • Assists in creating enzymes to break down pollutants.
  • Supports development of new bio-materials.

Significance for India & Global Science

• Accelerates biomolecular research and biotech innovation.
• Contributes to scientific self-reliance and the bioeconomy.
• Enhances capability in combating diseases like cancer and improving food security.

In News:

Meta has launched Project Waterworth, its most ambitious subsea cable initiative to date, aimed at enhancing global digital connectivity. The project involves the deployment of AI-driven subsea cable infrastructure, with India being a key beneficiary.

Key Features:

• Massive Scale:A multi-billion dollar, multi-year global initiative, the project will lay over 50,000 km of undersea cables, connecting five continents, including India, the USA, Brazil, South Africa, and others.
• AI Integration:The project leverages advanced machine learning models to predict and mitigate network disruptions, ensuring greater resilience and reliability of global internet infrastructure.
• Deep Water Deployment:The cable will operate at depths reaching 7,000 meters, using enhanced burial techniques in high-risk areas to prevent damage from ship anchors and other maritime hazards.
• Digital Backbone:Subsea cables like those in Project Waterworth currently carry over 95% of global internet traffic, forming the backbone of international digital communication, video streaming, e-commerce, and cloud-based AI services.

Strategic Relevance for India:

• India’s Digital Push:The project supports India’s growing digital economy by ensuring faster, more reliable internet connectivity and fostering digital inclusion and innovation.
• AI and Infrastructure Synergy:With AI-driven maintenance and deployment, the initiative complements India's vision of becoming a global hub for AI, data centers, and digital services.
• Economic and Strategic Benefits:Enhanced connectivity is expected to boost economic cooperation, cross-border trade, and participation in global digital platforms.

In News:

In February 2025, His Highness Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani, Amir of Qatar, paid a State Visit to India, during which India and Qatar elevated their bilateral relations to a Strategic Partnership.

Major Outcomes of the 2025 Summit

• Strategic Partnership Agreement:Formalized multifaceted cooperation across sectors—trade, investment, energy, security, technology, and people-to-people ties.
• Trade and Economic Engagement:
  • Target set to double bilateral trade to $30 billion by 2030 (from $14 billion in FY 2023–24).
  • Joint Commission on Trade and Commerce established to monitor economic ties.
  • Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) pledged $10 billion in Indian infrastructure, green energy, and startups.
  • Revised Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement signed.
• Energy Cooperation:
  • A landmark 20-year LNG supply deal (2028–2048) between QatarEnergy and Petronet LNG.
  • Collaboration in renewable energy including green hydrogen, solar energy, and AI-based efficiency solutions.
• Investment and Digital Integration:
  • QIA to open an office in India; Qatar National Bank to set up presence in GIFT City.
  • India’s UPI system operationalized in Qatar's POS infrastructure; nationwide rollout planned.
• Technology and Innovation:
  • Cooperation in AI, semiconductors, IoT, robotics and digital governance.
  • Indian startups to participate in Web Summits in Doha (2024–25).

People-to-People and Cultural Ties

• Over 830,000 Indians reside in Qatar, forming the largest expatriate community.
• MoUs signed on youth, sports, education, archives, and cultural cooperation.
• Agreement to celebrate India-Qatar Year of Culture, Friendship and Sports.

Security and Counter-Terrorism

• Strong condemnation of terrorism in all forms, including cross-border terrorism.
• Commitment to enhanced cooperation in intelligence sharing, cybercrime, anti-money laundering, and countering transnational crimes.
• Emphasis on regular meetings of the Joint Committee on Security and Law Enforcement.

Labour and Health Cooperation

• Agreement to hold regular Joint Working Group on Labour and Employment to address expatriate welfare and mobility.
• Collaboration in the health sector, including pharma exports, device registration, and pandemic response mechanisms.

Geopolitical and Multilateral Cooperation

• Exchange of views on Middle East stability, UN reforms, and India-GCC engagement.
• Appreciation for Qatar’s Chairmanship of the India-GCC Strategic Dialogue (Sept 2024).
• Agreement on UN Security Council reform and advancing SDG goals through multilateralism.

Challenges Ahead

• Trade Imbalance: Imports of LNG/LPG ($12B) far exceed exports (<$2B).
• Labour Rights Concerns: Working conditions of Indian laborers in Qatar remain under scrutiny.
• Legal and Judicial Issues: Over 600 Indians in Qatari jails; need for agreement on transfer of sentenced persons.
• Geopolitical Complexities: Qatar’s involvement in West Asian diplomacy presents nuanced challenges.
• Naval Veterans Case: Pending resolution affects diplomatic sentiment.

Way Forward

• Boost Indian exports in pharmaceuticals, IT, engineering goods.
• Expedite India-Qatar Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) to streamline FDI.
• Expand collaboration in green hydrogen, carbon capture, and energy diversification.
• Strengthen ministerial-level engagements, labor welfare frameworks, and regional security dialogue.

In News:

The Union Ministry of Rural Development has launched a pilot project titled NAKSHA(National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations) in 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across 26 States and 3 Union Territories, with the inauguration taking place in Raisen, Madhya Pradesh.

Key Highlights:

Objective of NAKSHA

The NAKSHA initiative aims to:

• Create and update urban land records for accurate, reliable documentation of property ownership.
• Empower citizens by improving ease of access to land records.
• Facilitate urban planning and reduce land-related disputes.
• Promote transparency, efficiency, and sustainable development through an IT-based system.

Key Features

• Technical Partner: The Survey of India will carry out aerial surveys and provide orthorectified imagery via third-party vendors.
• Implementation Partners:
  • Madhya Pradesh State Electronics Development Corporation (MPSEDC) will develop a web-based GIS platform.
  • National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI) will provide data storage facilities.
• Execution at State Level: States and UTs will conduct field surveys and ground truthing, leading to the final publication of urban and semi-urban land records.

In News:

In January–February 2025, Karnataka's property registration portal, Kaveri 2.0, faced major disruptions due to a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, severely affecting property registrations and revenue generation. The portal, launched in 2023, is a key component of the state's e-governance infrastructure.

What is a DDoS Attack?

A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack aims to disrupt a server, service, or network by flooding it with excessive traffic, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users.

How it works:

• Botnet Formation: Hackers compromise multiple devices using malware, turning them into bots.
• Traffic Overload: These bots generate huge volumes of fake traffic directed at the target system.
• Service Disruption: The targeted service slows down or crashes, affecting user access.

Types of DDoS Attacks:

• Bandwidth Saturation – Exhausting the target's internet capacity.
• Protocol Exploitation – Abusing vulnerabilities in network protocols.
• Application Targeting – Crashing specific applications or services.

Kaveri 2.0 Case: AI-Based DDoS Attack

• The Stamps and Registration Department (SRD) of Karnataka confirmed that the portal was targeted using AI tools that generated over 20 lakh fake search queries per day—far beyond its capacity of 2.5 lakh.
• These queries mainly targeted services like Encumbrance Certificate (EC) searches, causing widespread slowdown and outages.
• On February 1, only 556 property registrations occurred, compared to the usual 8,000–9,000 daily, with revenue dipping to ?15.18 crore from an average of over ?62 crore.
• After mitigation, services were restored by February 7, returning to normal levels of 7,225 registrations and ?62.59 crore in revenue.

Impact of DDoS Attacks on Public Services

• Operational Disruption: Essential citizen services are halted, creating public inconvenience.
• Financial Loss: Delayed transactions and reduced revenue, as seen in the Kaveri 2.0 case.
• Reputational Damage: Public trust in digital governance platforms may erode.
• Cybersecurity Risks: DDoS attacks can mask more sophisticated intrusions.

Preventive Measures

• Traffic Filtering: Using AI tools to detect and block abnormal traffic.
• Rate Limiting: Restricting the number of queries per user/IP.
• Bot Detection: Implementing CAPTCHAs and behavior analysis.
• Robust Authentication: Enhancing security for administrative access.
• Incident Response Teams: Dedicated cybersecurity units to respond to threats promptly.

In News:

Gyanesh Kumar has been appointed as the new Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) of India, becoming the first to be selected under the new legislative framework — The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act, 2023. He succeeds Rajiv Kumar. Simultaneously, Dr. Vivek Joshi, former Haryana Chief Secretary, was appointed as an Election Commissioner.

Constitutional Basis

• Article 324 of the Indian Constitution provides for the Election Commission of India (ECI), consisting of the CEC and such other Election Commissioners as the President may determine.
• It vests the superintendence, direction, and control of elections in the ECI for conducting elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and for the offices of the President and Vice President.

Earlier Appointment Process

• Governed by convention and the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991.
• The CEC was appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister, with no formal selection mechanism defined in law.

New Appointment Process (2023 Act)

The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act, 2023 introduced a formal selection process:

• Selection Committee:
  • Prime Minister (Chairperson)
  • A Union Cabinet Minister (nominated by the PM)
  • Leader of Opposition (or largest opposition party leader) in the Lok Sabha
• Search Committee:
  • Headed by the Cabinet Secretary, this body shortlists eligible candidates.
• Eligibility Criteria:
  • Must be a person of integrity
  • Must have experience in election management
  • Must be or have been a Secretary (or equivalent) to the Government of India

Service Conditions (As per 2023 Act)

• Salary & Status: Equivalent to that of a Cabinet Secretary (earlier: Supreme Court judge).
• Tenure: 6 years or till the age of 65, whichever is earlier.
• Reappointment: Not permitted.

Removal Process

• CEC: Can only be removed in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Supreme Court judge (i.e., by Parliament through impeachment).
• Election Commissioners: Can only be removed on the recommendation of the CEC.

Functions & Powers of CEC

• Conducts elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Assemblies, and offices of the President & Vice President.
• Regulates political parties and election funding.
• Enforces the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
• Maintains and updates electoral rolls and supervises the voter registration process.
• Has the authority to disqualify candidates and cancel elections in case of serious irregularities.
• Advises the President and Governors on election-related matters.

Judicial Context & Controversy

• In the Anoop Baranwal vs Union of India case, the Supreme Court ruled that the independence of the ECI must be preserved and directed that a law be enacted to define the appointment process.
• Until such legislation was passed, the Court had prescribed a selection committee comprising:
  • The Prime Minister
  • The Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha
  • The Chief Justice of India (CJI)
• However, the 2023 Act excluded the CJI, replacing the judiciary with another executive appointee, raising concerns about executive dominance.
• Multiple petitions challenging the constitutionality of the Act are pending before the Supreme Court.

In News:

Context:
The Government of India has approved the continuation of the PM-AASHA Scheme till 2025–26, aligning with the 15th Finance Commission cycle, to strengthen farmer income security and achieve self-sufficiency in pulses production.

Overview of PM-AASHA Scheme

• Launched by: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare
• Objective: To ensure remunerative prices to farmers and stabilize market prices of key crops.
• Type: Umbrella scheme combining various price support mechanisms.

Key Components

• Price Support Scheme (PSS)
  • Procurement of pulses, oilseeds, and copra at Minimum Support Prices (MSP) through NAFED and NCCF.
  • Covers 25% of national production, except for 100% procurement of Tur, Urad, and Masur during 2024–25 and extended for the next four years.
  • Procurement is done from pre-registered farmers through State-level agencies.
• Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS)
  • Farmers receive direct payments for the shortfall between the MSP and market price.
  • Covers 40% of oilseed production for a duration of four months.
• Price Stabilization Fund (PSF)
  • Maintains buffer stocks of pulses and onions.
  • Aims to stabilize prices, prevent hoarding, and ensure affordable supply for consumers.
• Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)
  • Provides price support for perishable horticultural crops.
  • Covers 25% of production with direct financial transfers to farmers, not physical procurement.

Recent Developments (2025)

• Procurement Commitment:The Union Government announced 100% procurement of Tur (Arhar), Urad, and Masur under PSS for 2024–25, extended for four years, to reduce import dependence and promote self-sufficiency.
• Tur Procurement Approval:Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan approved procurement of 13.22 Lakh Metric Tonnes (LMT) of Tur for Kharif 2024–25 in 9 states:
  Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Procurement Progress(as of 15 Feb 2025):
  • 0.15 LMT of Tur procured from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Telangana.
  • 12,006 farmers have benefited so far.
  • Procurement in remaining states will commence shortly.
  • Central procurement is conducted by NAFED and NCCF.

In News:

On February 11, 2025, to mark the 10th anniversary of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, UNESCO, with support from Canada’s International Development Centre (IDRC), launched the global campaign titled “Imagine a World with More Women in Science.”

Campaign Highlights

• Objective: Promote gender equality in science and innovation by encouraging the active participation and leadership of women in STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine).
• Social Media Drive: The campaign uses the hashtag #EveryVoiceInScience to amplify diverse voices and encourage global engagement.
• Focus: Emphasizes the real-world impact of gender disparities in science, including missed innovations, biased artificial intelligence, and inequitable scientific opportunities.

Background

• The UN General Assembly (UNGA) declared February 11 as the International Day of Women and Girls in Science in 2015 to foster female participation in scientific research and innovation globally.

Current Status of Women in Science

Global Trends

• Representation: Women comprise only one-third of the global scientific workforce.
• Leadership Gap: Merely 10% of STEM leadership positions are held by women.

India-Specific Data

• STEMM Enrolment: Women account for 43% of enrolment in STEMM disciplines.
• Women Scientists: Only 18.6% of scientists in India are women.
• R&D Projects: About 25% of R&D projects are led by women researchers.

Challenges Faced by Women in Science

Challenge                                            Description

Restrictive Social Norms         Traditional gender roles hinder women’s

                                                       scientific pursuits.

Lack of Role Models                      Few visible female leaders discourage young women from

                                                       aspiring to scientific careers.

Workplace Inequality                 Gender biases, hostile work environments, and lack of inclusive

                                                       policies create barriers.

Educational Gaps                          Gender-biased teaching content and insufficient support systems

                                                       limit girls’ access to science education.

Recommended Measures

Dismantle Gender Stereotypes

• Remove gender biases from teaching and learning materials.
• Include contributions of female scientists in textbooks with visuals.
• Promote equitable representation of women in boards, panels, and decision-making bodies.

Enhance Visibility of Women Role Models

• Highlight discoveries by female scientists.
• Increase media and curriculum exposure to successful women in science.

Open Educational Pathways

• Promote inclusive teaching practices and gender-neutral curricula.
• Encourage CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) initiatives to support girls in science education.

Create Inclusive Work Environments

• Enforce policies for diversity, equity, and inclusion.
• Take strong action against gender-based violence, including sexism and harassment in the workplace.
• Advance women into leadership roles in scientific institutions.

In News:

Russia has announced the development of an mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccine, expected to be available free of cost to patients by early 2025. It is being developed under the Russian Ministry of Health, with pre-clinical trials showing promising results in suppressing tumour growth and metastasis.

What is an mRNA-Based Cancer Vaccine?

• mRNA (Messenger RNA) vaccines deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce antigens—proteins that trigger an immune response.
• In the case of cancer, these vaccines train the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor-specific antigens, thereby attacking cancer cells.
• Unlike conventional vaccines, these are therapeutic, not preventive, and are used in existing cancer patients.

How Does It Work?

• The vaccine prompts the body to produce proteins that mimic tumor markers.
• These markers stimulate the immune system to target and destroy cancer cells.
• The treatment is personalized, with the mRNA sequence tailored to match the unique antigens of a patient’s tumour, enhancing precision and efficacy.
• It can potentially target multiple antigens simultaneously, unlike standard mRNA vaccines such as those for COVID-19.

Advantages Over Conventional Therapies

• Selective Action: Targets only cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissue.
• Fewer Side Effects: Compared to chemotherapy, the side effects are significantly reduced.
• Customizable: Can be adapted to target various cancers through tumor-specific markers.
• Boosts Immunity: Enhances the body’s natural defense mechanisms for long-term protection.

mRNA Technology – Core Concepts

• mRNA is a single-stranded RNA transcribed from DNA.
• It delivers genetic instructions to ribosomes (protein factories) in cells to produce specific proteins.
• In mRNA vaccines, this mechanism is harnessed to make the body generate target antigens, which the immune system learns to combat.

India and mRNA Vaccines

• India has approved two mRNA COVID-19 vaccines developed by Gennova Biopharmaceuticals with DBT-BIRAC support:
  • GEMCOVAC-OM(Omicron-specific)
  • GEMCOVAC-19
• Features include needle-free delivery and thermostability, marking India’s entry into mRNA-based immunotherapy platforms.

Cautions and Limitations

• Not Preventive: These are not preventive like HPV or Hepatitis B vaccines, which protect against cancers linked to viruses.
• Limited Data: Russian vaccine data is not yet publicly available; clinical validation is pending.
• Not Universally Effective: Immunotherapy may not work for all types or stages of cancer.
• Time-Consuming Trials: New treatments must undergo phased trials, often spanning years, before general approval.

In News:

The Similipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha has seen a significant drop in poaching activities following the deployment of TrailGuard AI-enabled surveillance cameras. These advanced systems are helping protect both forest personnel and wildlife by providing real-time alerts and enhancing enforcement actions.

About TrailGuard AI System

• Developed by: Nightjar Technologies, Gurgaon.
• Design:
  • Two-part system: a pen-sized camera unit and a notepad-sized battery/communication unit connected via a 2-metre cable.
  • Camouflaged and compact, reducing chances of being detected or stolen.
• Operation:
  • Operates in low-power mode by default, switches to high-power mode upon sensing movement.
  • Uses on-device AI inference to identify object classes (e.g., humans, animals, vehicles).
  • Sends alerts via cellular network within 30–40 seconds to a central control room.
  • Battery life: 6 months to 1 year.
  • Cost: ?50,000–53,000 per unit.

Impact and Achievements

• Installed: 100–150 AI-enabled cameras in Similipal.
• In 10 months, led to:
  • 96 poachers arrested
  • 86+ country-made guns seized
  • 40+ arrests in December 2024 alone
• Enabled quick house raids and identifications using photographic evidence.
• Enabled one conviction within six months, with more expected.

Integrated Enforcement System

• Real-time alerts displayed on a central control room screen.
• Information shared swiftly via WhatsApp groups and VHF radio.
• Ground teams rely on human intelligence sources (including undercover staff) to identify suspects.
• Raids and arrests are executed only after 100% identity confirmation, ensuring due process.

Advantages of the System

• Enhances forest ranger safety.
• Enables targeted and proactive patrolling.
• Effective in challenging terrains with minimal maintenance.
• Also used to monitor wildlife, including profiling of tuskers.
• Functions as an anti-poaching as well as human-wildlife conflict mitigation tool.

Wider Adoption and Future Plans

• Apart from Similipal, TrailGuard AI has been deployed at:
  • Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh (20 cameras)
  • Dudhwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh (10 cameras)
  • Total: Active in 14+ sites across five states
• Planned expansion to other protected areas in Odisha.

Community Sensitivity and Tribal Engagement

• Similipal is surrounded by tribal communities, where hunting has traditional roots.
• Increased surveillance has caused concerns over restricted forest access for collecting firewood and non-timber forest products.
• The forest department is:
  • Holding awareness meetings in local languages.
  • Exploring safe and non-intrusive access solutions for villagers.
  • Ensuring that enforcement doesn’t indiscriminately impact local livelihoods.

Conservation Significance

• Demonstrates the fusion of technology with conservation.
• Aligns with India’s broader environmental goals under:
  • Project Tiger
  • National Wildlife Action Plan
  • Digital India initiatives in conservation.

In News:

The Indian Navy's platforms—INS Shardul, an amphibious warfare ship, and the P-8I Long Range Maritime Surveillance Aircraft—participated in the International Fleet Review (IFR) 2025 and the 5th edition of the Multilateral Naval Exercise Komodo held in Bali, Indonesia, from 15 to 22 February 2025.

International Fleet Review (IFR) 2025

• IFR 2025 is a prestigious multinational naval event reviewed by the President of Indonesia.
• Participating nations showcased naval assets including warships, helicopters, and maritime aircraft.
• The Indian Navy took part in:
  • International Maritime Security Symposium
  • Tactical floor games
  • City parade
  • Coral and mangrove plantation
  • Beach cleaning activities
  • Baby turtle release, promoting environmental and maritime sustainability.

Exercise Komodo 2025

• Initiated in 2014, Exercise Komodo is a non-combat multilateral naval exercise hosted by the Indonesian Navy.
• The 2025 edition had the theme: "Maritime Partnership for Peace and Stability".
• Objectives:
  • Promote maritime cooperation
  • Enhance interoperability
  • Foster regional security cooperation
• Key Features:
  • Participation from 39 countries
  • Involvement of 34 foreign and 18 Indonesian Navy warships
  • Included:
    • Naval exercises
    • Officer exchange forums
    • Bilateral naval meetings
    • Defense exhibition
    • Cultural parades

Strategic Context and Bilateral Engagements

• The participation builds upon the Indian Navy’s involvement in the La Pérouse exercises in Indonesia (January 2025) involving INS Mumbai and a P-8I aircraft.
• It coincided with the visit of Admiral Muhammad Ali, Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy, to India during the Republic Day 2025, accompanying President Prabowo Subianto as the Chief Guest.

Significance for India

• The participation reaffirms India’s commitment to SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region).
• It strengthens India-Indonesia defense ties and underscores India's proactive role in regional maritime diplomacy and environmental stewardship.

In News:

The Gravehawk is a newly developed mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, introduced by the United Kingdom in collaboration with Denmark, to bolster Ukraine's defenses against Russian aerial threats. This innovative hybrid system exemplifies the modern trend in NATO of repurposing existing missile technology to build flexible, cost-effective, and rapidly deployable air defense platforms.

Overview and Development

• The Gravehawk system is designed to counter short-range aerial threats such as drones, cruise missiles, and low-flying aircraft.
• It combines Western and Soviet-era missile technologies, providing Ukraine with a unique edge in a contested aerial environment.
• The United Kingdom, in partnership with Denmark, is actively delivering these systems to Ukraine, with 15 additional units expected in the coming months.
• The cost per system is approximately USD 1.25 million, with Denmark covering 50% of the expense.

Key Features and Technical Capabilities

• Missiles Used: The system utilizes infrared-guided missiles including the AIM-132 ASRAAM (Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile) and the Soviet-origin R-73 (AA-11 Archer).
• Guidance System: Both missiles employ passive infrared (IR) seekers, allowing them to track heat signatures of targets without emitting radar signals, thereby reducing vulnerability to electronic warfare (EW) detection.
• Speed and Range: Missiles can reach speeds of up to Mach 2.5 and engage targets at distances of approximately 12 miles (about 19 km).
• R-73 Specifics: Originally developed for close-range dogfights, the R-73 is highly maneuverable, capable of tracking targets up to 40 km ahead and 300 meters behind, with off-boresight targeting up to 40 degrees.
• Mobility: Mounted on all-terrain Drops vehicles, the system offers rapid ground mobility and deployment flexibility.
• Containerized Launch Platform: Housed in ISO-standard shipping containers, the system’s roof rolls back to expose two missile rails—repurposed from Soviet-era fighters like the Sukhoi Su-27.
• Crew and Operation: Operated by a five-member crew, the system incorporates electro-optical and infrared targeting cameras, enabling remote operation and safe standoff missile launches.

Strategic Relevance for Ukraine

• Ukraine’s acquisition of the Gravehawk system marks a significant advancement in its air defense capabilities, particularly in the face of persistent Russian air and missile attacks.
• It enhances short-range interception capacity, allows for quick reaction deployment, and reduces dependence on continuous NATO resupplies. Additionally, the system’s use of widely available R-73 missiles ensures operational sustainability.
• The Gravehawk is part of a broader effort to field "hybrid systems", where older missile stocks are integrated into modern platforms.
• Other such initiatives include FrankenSAM programs developed by the U.S. and UK, where systems like ASRAAM have been adapted to ground-based launchers.
• Ukraine has also employed R-73 missiles on drone boats and unmanned surface vessels to target Russian air assets, showcasing the multi-domain applicability of these munitions.

In News:

The Ministry of Ayush has officially opened nominations for the Prime Minister’s Yoga Awards 2025, which will be conferred on the occasion of the International Day of Yoga (IDY) 2025. These prestigious awards aim to honour individuals and organizations that have made exceptional and sustained contributions to the promotion and development of Yoga at both national and international levels.

Background and Objective

Instituted by the Government of India and endorsed by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, the awards recognize Yoga’s vital role in:

• Health promotion
• Disease prevention
• Management of lifestyle-related disorders

The initiative reflects the government’s broader vision to acknowledge and encourage meaningful contributions in advancing Yoga as a holistic system of well-being and preventive healthcare.

Award Categories and Benefits

The awards will be presented in the following four categories:

1. National Individual
2. National Organization
3. International Individual
4. International Organization

Each awardee will receive:

• A Trophy
• A Certificate of Recognition
• A Cash Prize of ?25 lakh

Eligibility Criteria

• Individual applicants must be 40 years or older.
• They should possess a minimum of 20 years of committed work in promoting Yoga.
• Organizations must have a proven track record in the field of Yoga development and outreach.

Applicants or nominees can apply for only one category (either National or International) in a given year. Applications can be submitted directly by individuals/entities or through nominations made by recognized Yoga institutions.

Application and Submission Process

• Nominations and applications are to be submitted through the MyGov platform:
  https://innovateindia.mygov.in/pm-yoga-awards-2025/
• The link is also accessible on the Ministry of Ayush website and those of its autonomous bodies.
• The deadline for submission is March 31, 2025.

Selection Procedure

The award process involves two key stages:

1. A Screening Committee formed by the Ministry of Ayush will evaluate all entries and recommend a maximum of 50 nominations per category.
2. These shortlisted names will be reviewed by a high-level Evaluation Jury comprising eminent personalities from diverse fields, which will serve as the final decision-making body.

Significance of the Initiative

The Prime Minister’s Yoga Awards not only celebrate excellence in Yoga but also further the objectives of initiatives like Fit India Movement, Ayushman Bharat, and the mainstreaming of traditional Indian wellness systems.

The awards are a key element of the Ministry of Ayush’s broader mandate to integrate traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-Rigpa, and Homeopathy into the healthcare ecosystem of India.

In News:

The 6th edition of Exercise Dharma Guardian, a joint annual military exercisealternately hosted in India and Japan since 2018is scheduled from February 25 to March 9, 2025, at Mount Fuji, Japan.

Key Highlights:

Objectives:

• Strengthen Bilateral Defence Relations: Enhances military diplomacy under the India–Japan Special Strategic and Global Partnership.
• Promote Interoperability: Develops joint operational capabilities and tactical synergy in line with UN peacekeeping mandates (Chapter VII).
• Urban and Semi-Desert Warfare: Trains troops in counter-terrorism operations and urban combat scenarios.
• Regional Stability: Supports the Indo-Pacific security architecture and complements Quad defence objectives (India, Japan, US, Australia).

Key Features of Dharma Guardian 2025

• Advanced Tactical Training: Close-quarter battle drills, live-fire exercises, battlefield medical evacuation.
• Joint Counter-Terror Operations: Conducted under UN charter guidelines for multinational cooperation.
• 48-hour Validation Exercise: Simulated real-time combat for assessing operational readiness and coordination.
• ISR and Tactical Mobility Drills: Involves establishing temporary operating bases, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) grids, mobile vehicle checkpoints, and heliborne insertions.
• House Intervention & Search Operations: Practical training for securing urban areas against militant threats.
• Weapons & Equipment Display: Demonstrates India’s growing defence manufacturing under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

Mount Fuji – Host Site

• Geographical Significance: Japan’s highest peak at 3,776.24 meters, located 100 km southwest of Tokyo.
• Cultural Importance: Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2013) and revered as one of Japan’s “Three Holy Mountains.”
• Training Terrain: Its stratovolcanic landscape provides a realistic backdrop for high-altitude and rugged terrain operations.

Related India-Japan Military Exercises

India and Japan conduct a wide spectrum of bilateral and multilateral defense exercises across all services:

Exercise Name                                   Service Branch                            Focus Area         

Dharma Guardian                            Army                                         Land-based counter-terror and urban warfare

JIMEX                                                         Navy                                          Naval interoperability and maritime security

Malabar (Quad)                          Navy (Multilateral)                 Naval drills with US and Australia

Veer Guardian                                    Air Force                                    Air combat tactics and coordination

ShinyuuMaitri                                     Air Force                                    Air mobility and humanitarian operations

In News:

Aero India 2025, the 15th edition of Asia's largest biennial airshow, is scheduled to take place from February 10 to 14, 2025, at the Air Force Station, Yelahanka, in Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Organized by the Defence Exhibition Organisation under the Ministry of Defence, with support from HAL, DRDO, and the Indian Air Force, the event showcases India's growing prowess in aerospace, aviation, and defense technologies.

Key Highlights:

Edition: 15th (First held in 1996; originally Avia India in 1993)

Theme: “The Runway to a Billion Opportunities”

Conclave Theme: “BRIDGE – Building Resilience through International Defence and Global Engagement”

Objectives and Significance

• Promote Indigenous Manufacturing: In alignment with ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’, the show promotes domestic aerospace and defense production.
• Showcase Technological Advancements: Cutting-edge systems including fighter jets, helicopters, UAVs, and AI-integrated defense solutions will be exhibited.
• Encourage Global Partnerships: Facilitates joint ventures, MoUs, and technology transfers between Indian and foreign defense firms.
• Boost Strategic Diplomacy: A platform for global defense ministers, CEOs, and military leaders to foster bilateral and multilateral defense ties.
• Stimulate Investment: Attracts FDI and international contracts in India’s defense sector.

Key Events

• Live Aerial Displays: Aerobatic performances by combat aircraft, helicopters, and elite teams like Surya Kiran.
• Defense Ministers’ Conclave: Deliberations on enhancing international defense cooperation.
• CEO Roundtable: Industry leaders discuss emerging trends and investment prospects.
• Manthan/iDEX Pavilion: Showcasing start-up innovations in defense and aerospace.
• India Pavilion: A dedicated zone for indigenous defense production and capabilities.
• International Seminar (Feb 8–9): Focused on Futuristic Aerospace Technologies and related R&D challenges.

Strategic Role of Aero India

Aero India plays a pivotal role in:

• Supporting Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) procurements.
• Demonstrating India's readiness as a global defense manufacturing hub.
• Enhancing India’s geopolitical standing by fostering defense diplomacy through multilateral engagement.

In News:

• The Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025, published by the international environmental think tank Germanwatch, ranks countries based on their vulnerability to extreme weather events, assessing both human and economic losses due to climate-induced disasters.
• The index, which has been released annually since 2006, covers a 30-year period, evaluating the impact of extreme weather events in terms of economic losses, fatalities, and the number of affected people.

Key Findings:

• Global Impact: From 1993 to 2022, more than 9,400 extreme weather events occurred globally, resulting in 765,000 fatalities and USD 4.2 trillion in economic losses. Heatwaves, droughts, and floods were the leading causes of fatalities and displacement, with heatwaves alone claiming 61,778 lives (83% of fatalities) in 2022. Droughts affected the largest number of people, with 59% of the global population impacted during the past three decades.
• India's Position: India ranks as the 6th most affected country in the world by climate change between 1993 and 2022, suffering significant losses. During this period, the country experienced over 400 extreme weather events, including floods, heatwaves, cyclones, and droughts, causing a loss of USD 180 billion in economic damages and leading to at least 80,000 fatalities (10% of global deaths).

Some notable extreme weather events include:

• • Cyclones: Gujarat (1998), Odisha (1999), Hudhud (2014), and Amphan (2020).
  • Floods: Uttarakhand (2013), Jammu and Kashmir (2014), and Kerala (2018).
  • Heatwaves: Intense temperatures exceeding 50°C in 1998, 2002, 2003, and 2015.

Methodology of the Climate Risk Index

The CRI assesses the impact of extreme weather events across three hazard categories:

1. Hydrological (floods, landslides),
2. Meteorological (storms, cyclones),
3. Climatological (heatwaves, droughts).

The six key indicators used for the ranking are:

• Economic loss
• Fatalities
• Affecting population, assessed in both absolute and relative terms.

Climate Risk and Its Implications for India

India’s vulnerability to climate change is highlighted by frequent and intense extreme weather events. The country faces risks from:

• Floods: Regular heavy monsoons lead to significant displacement and damage to infrastructure and agriculture.
• Cyclones: Rising sea levels and warming oceans increase the frequency and intensity of cyclones.
• Heatwaves: India experiences rising temperatures, with heatwaves becoming more intense, contributing to health crises.
• Droughts: A growing concern, affecting agriculture and water resources.

Additionally, the Asia-Pacific Climate Report 2024 projects that India may face a 24.7% GDP loss by 2070 due to climate change impacts, driven by rising sea levels and decreasing labor productivity.

Global Challenges in Climate Change Mitigation

• Historical Responsibility vs. Future Emissions: Developed nations, despite having contributed more to global emissions historically, are pressuring emerging economies like India to take greater responsibility for climate action. This has led to tensions over burden-sharing and the need for climate finance.
• Global Temperature Breach: In 2024, the world breached the 1.5°C threshold for a full year, highlighting the inadequacy of current mitigation efforts. Projections indicate a global temperature increase of 2.6-3.1°C by 2100 if current trends continue.
• Weak Commitments and Insufficient Finance: Many countries have not updated their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and the USD 300 billion annual funding promised for developing nations is insufficient to meet climate adaptation and mitigation needs.

India's Climate Adaptation Challenges and Suggestions

India faces several climate adaptation challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, insufficient funding, and a lack of robust policy frameworks for disaster risk management. To enhance adaptation efforts, the following measures are suggested:

• Enhanced Climate Finance: Developing countries need greater financial and technical support to manage and adapt to climate-induced losses.
• Strengthening Mitigation Efforts: Nations, including India, must scale up their NDCs to restrict global warming to 1.5°C or lower.
• Accountability of High-Income Countries: Developed nations must expedite mitigation actions and increase financial contributions to support climate-vulnerable countries like India.

In News:

The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) has announced plans to establish 50 Future Skills Centres (FSCs) and 10 NSDC International Academies to enhance skill development and improve workforce readiness in India. This initiative aims to address the country's growing demand for skilled professionals, particularly in emerging technologies and international markets.

About NSDC

• NSDC is a not-for-profit public limited company set up to promote skill development across India.
• It operates under the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
• Established on July 31, 2008, NSDC was founded as a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 (now Section 8 under the 2013 Act).
• The corporation operates with a 49% government stake and 51% private sector participation, ensuring a balanced approach to skill development through public and private sector collaboration.

Key Objectives of NSDC

• Bridging the Skill Gap: NSDC aims to fill the gap between industry requirements and the available workforce by providing industry-relevant training. This enhances workforce employability and supports the growth of the Indian economy.
• Financial Support for Enterprises: NSDC provides funding and concessional loans to enterprises, start-ups, and training organizations to expand their operations and develop a skilled workforce.
• Skilling the Workforce for Emerging Technologies: The corporation focuses on upskilling individuals in emerging technologies to make them market-ready.

Key Functions of NSDC

• Skill Development & Training: NSDC provides vocational training and certification across emerging technologies to align the workforce with current industry needs, ensuring that individuals are equipped with the necessary skills to succeed in the job market.
• Apprenticeship & Job Training: Under the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), NSDC trains around 5 million apprentices by disbursing ?100,250 million for skill-based learning, giving them hands-on experience and industry exposure.
• Digital & Remote Skilling: Through the Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH), NSDC offers over 7,100 courses in 23 languages, catering to 30 crore candidates. These online courses provide accessibility to skill development programs across the country, particularly for individuals in remote and rural areas.
• Job & Career Support: NSDC runs JobX, a platform that connects job seekers with potential employers. This platform offers services such as resume building, career coaching, and placement assistance, having already supported 4 million candidates in securing jobs.

New Initiatives by NSDC

To further strengthen India’s skill ecosystem, NSDC is establishing 50 Future Skills Centres (FSCs) and 10 NSDC International Academies. These initiatives will focus on:

• Future Skills Centres: These centers will offer training in emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, data science, cybersecurity, and robotics, ensuring that India's workforce is prepared for future job markets.
• International Academies: The academies will focus on global skill standards and international certifications, enhancing the employability of Indian workers in global markets.

In News:

A new study has revealed that the coral reefs in the Gulf of Eilat (also known as the Gulf of Aqaba) faced a 3,000-year growth shutdown due to global cooling. However, these reefs later recovered naturally from deeper waters, demonstrating resilience in the face of environmental changes.

About the Gulf of Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba)

• Location: The Gulf of Eilat is a northern extension of the Red Sea, positioned east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian Peninsula. It is strategically significant and is also known as the Gulf of Aqaba.
• Neighbouring Nations: The Gulf shares its coastline with four countries: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.
• Geographical Features:
  • The Gulf includes important cities like Taba (Egypt), Eilat (Israel), and Aqaba (Jordan), all located at the Gulf’s northernmost point.
  • It has a maximum depth of 1,850 meters, making it much deeper than the adjacent Gulf of Suez.
  • The Gulf forms the southern end of the Dead Sea Transform, a significant tectonic fault zone, contributing to its unique geological and environmental features.
• Coral Ecosystem: The Gulf of Eilat is home to the world’s northernmost coral reefs. Despite facing various environmental challenges, these reefs have shown remarkable resilience over the years, highlighting their ability to adapt to changing conditions.

Environmental Challenges and Recovery

• The 3,000-year growth shutdown of the coral reefs in the Gulf of Eilat was primarily driven by global cooling. This climatic phenomenon significantly impacted the growth of the reefs, causing a temporary halt in their development. However, the coral ecosystems in the Gulf have since recovered naturally, drawing from deeper waters to rebuild and thrive once again.
• This recovery underscores the resilience of coral ecosystems despite adverse environmental conditions. It also provides valuable insights into how these ecosystems can recover when given the opportunity, even after significant disruptions caused by global climate changes.

Implications for Coral Reef Conservation

• The study's findings emphasize the importance of understanding the adaptive capacity of coral reefs, which are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change.
• The ability of coral reefs in the Gulf of Eilat to recover after a prolonged period of cooling demonstrates that marine ecosystems can endure long-term environmental stress if they are allowed to regenerate naturally.
• This has significant implications for global coral conservation efforts, which must focus on creating conditions that allow reefs to adapt and recover from environmental stresses, including global warming, ocean acidification, and pollution.
• The Gulf of Eilat’s coral reefs provide an important case study for understanding ecological resilience and the potential for natural recovery in marine ecosystems.

In News:

The National Action for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) scheme, launched by the Government of India, aims to empower sanitation workers, particularly Sewer and Septic Tank Workers (SSWs), also known as SafaiMitras.

Key Highlights:

• It focuses on ensuring their dignity, safety, and economic empowerment, while promoting the mechanization of sanitation processes.
• The scheme is designed to address the challenges faced by these workers, who are often exposed to hazardous conditions.

Objectives of the NAMASTE Scheme

The primary objectives of the NAMASTE scheme include:

• Formalization of sanitation work and enhancing occupational safety.
• Promotion of mechanized cleaning techniques to reduce manual interventions.
• Providing personal protective equipment (PPE) and other safety devices to workers.
• Ensuring economic and social empowerment of sanitation workers.

Implementing Agencies and Timeline

• The NAMASTE Scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
• The scheme is executed by the National SafaiKaramcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC), under MoSJE.
• The scheme is scheduled for implementation from FY 2023-24 to 2025-26, with a target group comprising sewer workers, septic tank workers, and waste pickers (the latter being added in 2024).

Key Initiatives Under NAMASTE

• Distribution of PPE Kits: Under the scheme, PPE kits are provided to sanitation workers to safeguard them from health hazards, especially while working in unsafe environments like sewer lines and septic tanks. These kits include masks, gloves, goggles, face shields, gowns, and shoe covers.
• Ayushman Health Cards: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) health cards are distributed to SSWs under the scheme. These cards enable workers to access cashless healthcare at empaneled hospitals, ensuring that sanitation workers receive timely medical attention without financial burden.
• Capacity Building and Training: The scheme promotes capacity building for SSWs through training programs on safety protocols, mechanized cleaning processes, and the use of modern sanitation technologies. This helps improve the efficiency and safety of their work, while also reducing manual handling.
• Promoting Mechanization: To reduce the hazardous practice of manual scavenging, the scheme focuses on providing mechanized equipment to enhance sanitation operations and create safer working conditions for workers.

In News:

In recent years, India has witnessed a marked increase in colorectal diseases, including colorectal cancer, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), and other related disorders. This surge is closely linked to urbanization, dietary transitions, sedentary lifestyles, and improved diagnostic practices.

What are Colorectal Diseases?

Colorectal diseases affect the colon and rectum and encompass a spectrum of conditions:

• Colorectal Cancer: Originates from polyps in the colon or rectum. If untreated, these polyps can turn malignant. The incidence of colorectal cancer is rising rapidly in Indian urban centers, now ranking among the top cancers in cities.
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A chronic condition involving inflammation of the digestive tract, especially the colon and small intestine. Subtypes include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Once rare in India, IBD is now on the rise due to industrialization, Western diets, and enhanced medical diagnostics.
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A non-inflammatory, functional bowel disorder marked by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea) without visible bowel damage. IBS is highly prevalent in India.
• Diverticular Disease: Characterized by the formation of small pouches (diverticula) in the colon wall. Inflammation or infection of these pouches leads to complications and discomfort.
• Hemorrhoids and Anal Fissures: Swollen veins or tears in the rectal region, leading to pain, bleeding, and itching—often caused by hard stools or chronic constipation.

Why are these diseases increasing?

• Dietary Shifts: Increased intake of processed foods, red meat, and low-fiber diets (lacking fruits and vegetables) have significantly raised the risk of colorectal cancer and other digestive disorders.
• Physical Inactivity: Sedentary behavior, especially in urban populations, heightens susceptibility to these conditions.
• Rising Obesity: Obesity, closely associated with lifestyle disorders, is a contributing factor for colorectal cancer and IBS.
• Ageing Population: Risk increases with age, and India’s growing elderly demographic intensifies disease burden.
• Genetic and Lifestyle Factors: A family history of colorectal conditions, coupled with habits like smoking and alcohol consumption, further elevate risk levels.
• Gut Microbiota Disruption: Imbalance in gut bacteria and possible infections are emerging as factors in the etiology of IBD; ongoing research aims to establish clearer links.

Common Symptoms

• Persistent changes in bowel habits: constipation, diarrhea, or narrow stools.
• Rectal bleeding: presence of bright red or dark blood in the stool.
• Abdominal pain, bloating, or cramps.
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Chronic fatigue and weakness.
• Sensation of incomplete bowel emptying.

Diagnosis

• Physical Examination and clinical history evaluation.
• Stool Tests for blood, infections, or abnormalities.
• Colonoscopy (gold-standard diagnostic tool) to inspect the colon and collect biopsies.
• Sigmoidoscopy for lower colon and rectum.
• Imaging: CT, MRI, or X-rays to detect abnormalities.
• Blood Tests to assess inflammation and exclude other conditions.

Treatment Modalities

• Medication: Anti-inflammatory drugs (for IBD), antibiotics, pain relief, and symptom-specific treatments.
• Lifestyle Interventions: High-fiber diets (for IBS, diverticulitis), regular physical activity, and stress reduction.
• Surgery: Required in advanced cases of colorectal cancer or severe IBD/diverticular disease.
• Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy: Used post-operatively or in advanced malignancies.
• Targeted Biological Therapies: Including monoclonal antibodies for immune modulation in IBD.

In News:

On February 12, 2025, Mount Etna, Europe's tallest and most active volcano, erupted once again, spewing lava flows and dense ash clouds into the atmosphere. The event drew attention not just due to its visual spectacle, but also because of the geological, environmental, and socio-economic implications it carries.

About Mount Etna

• Location: Eastern coast of Sicily, Italy — the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
• Type:Active stratovolcano, known for frequent eruptions.
• Height & Size: Highest peak south of the Alps and tallest active volcano in Europe; rises over 3,300 meters and covers 1,190 sq. km with a basal circumference of 140 km.
• Tectonic Setting: Lies above the convergent boundary of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, making it a hotspot for seismic and volcanic activity.
• Eruption History: Recorded to have erupted over 200 times since 1500 BCE, with persistent volcanic activity.
• UNESCO Recognition: Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013 for its exceptional geological features, cultural relevance, and continuous scientific monitoring.
• Decade Volcano Status: Designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations due to its proximity to densely populated areas, including the city of Catania, and the potential risk it poses, warranting special scientific attention.

In News:

During a recent diplomatic visit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi gifted French President Emmanuel Macron and the First Lady symbolic Indian artifacts — a Dokra artwork and a silver hand-engraved mirror — showcasing India’s rich heritage of tribal and fine metal craftsmanship.

Key Highlights:

Dokra Art: A Living Tradition

• Dokra, also known as Dhokra, is a non-ferrous metal casting craft that employs the lost-wax technique, practiced for over 4,000 years.
• It is predominantly practiced by Ojha metalsmiths and DhokraDamar tribes, across Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Telangana.
• Notable for its seamless brass sculptures, each Dokra artifact is cast using a single-use clay and wax mould, ensuring that no two pieces are identical.
• Dokra items include figurines, utensils, jewelry, and religious motifs, often reflecting tribal life and nature.

Historical Significance:

• The “Dancing Girl” of Mohenjo-Daro (from the Harappan Civilization) is considered one of the earliest examples of Dokra-style metal casting, underlining its archaeological and civilizational importance.

Craftsmanship Features:

• The casting process takes nearly a month per piece, reflecting the labour-intensive and skilled nature of the art.
• Dokra is globally recognized for its sustainability, aesthetic uniqueness, and its ability to merge function with folklore.

In News:

Announced in Union Budget 2025, the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY) aims to boost agricultural productivity, sustainability, and rural income in India’s lagging agricultural regions.

Inspired by the Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP), PMDKY targets 100 districts marked by low productivity, moderate cropping intensity, and limited credit access, benefiting approximately 1.7 crore farmers.

Key Highlights:

Objectives:

• Enhancing Agricultural Productivity:Promote scientific techniques and modern farming to improve crop yield and land use efficiency.
• Crop Diversification & Sustainable Practices:Encourage climate-resilient and eco-friendly farming methods, reducing dependence on water-intensive crops.
• Post-Harvest Infrastructure Development:Establish storage and agro-processing units at panchayat and block levels to reduce post-harvest losses (currently ~35-40%).
• Improving Irrigation Efficiency:Support micro-irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler systems to raise water-use efficiency from the current 38%.
• Expanding Agricultural Credit:Facilitate short- and long-term institutional credit, especially through the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) and agri-fintech models.

Implementation Framework:

• Targeted District Identification:Based on cropping intensity, productivity, and credit penetration, using data from the Ministry of Agriculture, NABARD, and Department of Financial Services.
• Integrated Funding Approach:Leverages existing schemes like RKVY, PMKSY, NFSM, and SMAM through convergence for efficient fund utilization.
• Institutional Mechanism:Multi-tier coordination involving the Centre, States, and District-level authorities for implementation and real-time performance tracking.
• Technology Integration:GIS mapping, AI advisories, blockchain for supply chain transparency, and sensor-based monitoring for precision agriculture.
• Farmer Empowerment:Strengthening Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to support knowledge dissemination, skill development, and market access.

Strategic Significance of PMDKY:

• Bridging Regional Disparities:Targets structurally weak districts to ensure balanced regional growth in agriculture.
• Food and Water Security:Supports climate-resilient farming amid rising rainfall variability (+15–20% by 2050) and increasing water scarcity (55% of agriculture is rainfed).
• Boosting Rural Incomes:Aimed at transforming smallholder agriculture, as ~80% of Indian farmers are marginal with an average income of ?1.2 lakh annually.
• Reducing Post-Harvest Losses:Addresses infrastructural bottlenecks causing 35–40% losses, especially in perishables like fruits and vegetables.

In News:

India and the United States launched the Transforming Relationship Utilizing Strategic Technology (TRUST) initiative during the Indian Prime Minister’s 2025 visit to the US. This landmark partnership aims to strengthen bilateral cooperation across critical and emerging technology sectors, diversify global supply chains, and reduce dependence on China in strategic industries.

Key Objectives and Scope of the TRUST Initiative

The TRUST initiative is a comprehensive framework focused on:

• Critical Minerals and Advanced Materials
  • Establishing resilient supply chains for critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements (REEs)—vital for sectors like defense, semiconductors, clean energy, and electric vehicles (EVs).
  • Launch of the Strategic Mineral Recovery Programme to recover and process critical minerals from industrial waste.
  • Joint R&D and investment under the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) and Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN).
  • India to scale up exploration, processing, and recycling of critical minerals under the National Critical Minerals Mission (2025–31) with a ?16,300 crore outlay.
• Pharmaceutical Sector Collaboration
  • Reducing India’s reliance on China for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) through alternative supply chains and expanded API manufacturing.
  • Encouraging investment in Indian pharma production, including facilities in the US.
  • Pharma formed 21.9% of India’s $20 billion consumer goods exports to the US in 2023.
• High-Tech and Emerging Technologies
  • Joint R&D in semiconductors, AI, quantum computing, space, defense, biotechnology, and energy.
  • U.S.-India AI Roadmap to be finalized by 2025, including data center infrastructure, processor access, and AI applications.
  • Facilitating innovation through academic, industrial, and government collaboration.
• Technology Transfer and Trade Facilitation
  • Easing export controls and restrictions to foster high-tech trade.
  • Enabling smoother cross-border technology flows and investment under mechanisms like the CHIPS Act (ITSI Fund).

Associated Initiatives Enhancing TRUST

• iCET (Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies) – Launched in 2022, focuses on bilateral cooperation in semiconductors, AI, quantum, and wireless tech with defense applications.
• INDUS-X – Defense innovation initiative involving India’s iDEX and the US Defense Innovation Unit (DIU), emphasizing secure chip designs and green energy.
• CHIPS Act Collaboration – ITSI Fund supports India's semiconductor capacity through funding for R&D and infrastructure.

Strategic Significance

• Reducing China Dependence:China dominates ~70% of global REE production. TRUST helps India and the US build alternative, secure supply chains.
• Boosting Atmanirbhar Bharat:TRUST supports India’s goals under the National Critical Minerals Mission to become self-reliant in key strategic sectors.
• Enhancing Tech and Defense Capability:Ensures timely access to rare materials essential for missiles, radars, fighter jets, AI hardware, and quantum computing.
• Strengthening Pharma and Health Security:Addresses global API shortages and reduces vulnerability in critical drug manufacturing.
• Promoting Clean Energy Transition:Secures supply of minerals like lithium and cobalt essential for battery production and renewable energy tech.
• Fostering Innovation and Investment:Encourages private sector collaboration and US investments in India’s tech, mineral, and pharma sectors.

Current Status of India’s Critical Minerals Ecosystem

• Imports: India is a net importer of most critical minerals; import bill (FY24) stood at approx. ?30,000 crore.
• Exports: India remains a net exporter in rare earths.
• Budgetary Allocation (2025–31):
  • ?7,000 crore for exploration.
  • ?1,500 crore for recycling incentives.

ecosystem, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has launched a new digital platform—MITRA (Mutual Fund Investment Tracing and Retrieval Assistant).

Key Features:

• Objective:MITRA aims to help investors trace, identify, and reclaim inactive or unclaimed mutual fund folios, while ensuring KYC (Know Your Customer) compliance under prevailing regulatory norms.
• Developed by:The platform has been developed at an industry level by the two Qualified Registrar and Transfer Agents (QRTAs) —
  • Computer Age Management Services Ltd. (CAMS)
  • KFIN Technologies Ltd.

These firms serve as agents of Asset Management Companies (AMCs).

• Hosted by:The platform is hosted jointly by CAMS and KFIN Technologies to serve as a centralized, searchable database for inactive and unclaimed mutual fund folios across the industry.
• Functions:
  • Enables investors to search for overlooked investments or investments made in their name by others.
  • Facilitates rightful legal claims by heirs or nominees.
  • Encourages KYC compliance, thus reducing the number of non-KYC compliant folios.
  • Aims to minimize the risks of fraudulent redemptions linked to dormant folios.
  • Supports the creation of a transparent financial ecosystem by reducing unclaimed investments.

Definition of Inactive Folio:

• A mutual fund folio is considered inactive when no investor-initiated financial or non-financial transactions have occurred for ten consecutive years, even though the folio holds units.

Institutional Measures:

• Unit Holder Protection Committee (UHPC):SEBI has broadened the role of the UHPC under mutual fund regulations. The committee is now tasked with monitoring inactive folios, unclaimed dividends, and pending redemptions, ensuring proactive steps are taken for investor protection.
• Stakeholder Involvement:SEBI has directed AMCs, RTAs, Registered Investment Advisers (RIAs), the Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI), and mutual fund distributors to actively promote awareness regarding MITRA among investors.

In News:

The Fulani, one of Africa’s largest and most dispersed ethnic communities, trace their ancestry to the ‘Green Sahara’ period (12,000–5,000 years ago), according to recent genetic and anthropological research. This period, when the Sahara was a fertile, habitable landscape, marks the early development of African pastoralism.

The Fulani population is estimated at 40 million, spread across West and Central Africa, from Senegal and Guinea in the west to Lake Chad in the east. They are particularly concentrated in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea, Senegal, and Niger, and inhabit the Sahel-Savannah belt, straddling arid and semi-arid regions.

Nomadic Lifestyle and Social Structure

Traditionally known for their nomadic pastoralism, the Fulani have maintained a unique socio-cultural identity despite centuries of migration and contact with other African populations. Their society is internally diverse, divided into three main groups:

• Makiyaya: Nomadic herders
• FulaninSoro: Town dwellers
• Bararo: Forest dwellers, with strong ties to ancestral rituals and nature-based belief systems

Fulani communities are largely egalitarian, with a deep emphasis on kinship, family structure, and communal responsibility. Polygamy is widely practiced, and marriage ceremonies are elaborate, often involving intricate rituals and festive celebrations.

Women’s Role and Cultural Expression

Fulani women are recognized for their weaving, artisanal craftsmanship, and particularly their hairstyles, which are often elaborately styled and adorned with beads and cowrie shells—symbols of both identity and aesthetic tradition.

Linguistic and Religious Identity

The Fulani speak Fula (also called Fulfulde or Pulaar), a language belonging to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Though largely Muslim, many retain spiritual connections with nature-based traditions, particularly among the Bararo groups.

Genetic Heritage and Historical Significance

A recent multinational study led by Uppsala University and Charles University analyzed biological and anthropological data from 460 Fulani individuals across 18 locations in seven African countries. It confirmed a complex genetic history, shaped by:

• Ancient North African ancestry, particularly linked to populations akin to modern-day Berbers of Morocco
• Historical interactions with West, Central, and East African communities
• A shared ancestral genetic component, likely rooted in early pastoral communities of the Green Sahara era

The research underscores that despite their high mobility and limited archaeological footprint, the Fulani have preserved a distinct genetic and cultural identity for millennia.

In News:

A landmark deep-sea fishing expedition by the Fishery Survey of India (FSI) has led to the discovery of previously underexploited fishing grounds in the Arabian Sea, offering significant promise for India’s marine resource sustainability, food security, and fishermen’s livelihoods.

Key Highlights of the Expedition

• Conducted by: Fishery Survey of India (FSI), under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying
• Supported by: Pradhan Mantri MatsyaSampada Yojana (PMMSY)
• Geographic Scope: Waters between Kollam (Kerala) and Goa, at depths of 300–540 meters
• Location: Approx. 100–120 nautical miles off India’s western coast
• Catch Rate: Average Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) recorded at 150–300 kg/hr
• Timing: No significant difference observed in catches between day and night

Marine Biodiversity of the New Grounds

The discovered ecosystem harbors rich and diverse marine life, including:

• Commercially Important Crustaceans:
  • Humpback nylon shrimp
  • Arabian red shrimp
  • Deep sea mud shrimp
  • Deepwater spiny lobster
  • Deep sea squat lobster
• Cephalopods:
  • Opisthoteuthis species
  • Octopoteuthissicula
• Diverse Deep-Sea Fishes:
  • Froghead eel, Rosy cod, Snake mackerel, Sackfish
  • Royal escolar, Bandfishes, Duckbill flathead
  • Splendid alfonsino, Myctiophids, Shadow driftfish
  • Spinyjawgreeneye, Shortfin neoscopelid, Stargazers
• Elasmobranchs (Cartilaginous Fishes):
  • Sicklefin chimaera, Pygmy ribbontail catshark
  • Bramble shark, Indian swellshark, Travancore skate

Significance for India’s Fisheries Sector

• Reduces Pressure on Coastal Fisheries: Coastal resources are under stress from overfishing, habitat degradation, and climate change. Deep-sea grounds offer a sustainable alternative.
• Supports Blue Economy Goals: Enhances India’s capacity to sustainably exploit its vast Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
• Economic Benefits: Aligns with the government’s goal of doubling fishermen’s income and generating employment in marine-based livelihoods.
• Scientific Value: Contributes to marine biodiversity documentation and ecosystem-based fisheries management.

In News:

India is set to host the 14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (14AFAF) from February 12–14, 2025, at the ICAR Convention Centre, Pusa Campus, New Delhi.

Key Highlights

• This triennial international event—organized by the Asian Fisheries Society (AFS), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Department of Fisheries (DoF), and AFS Indian Branch (AFSIB)—is themed "Greening the Blue Growth in Asia-Pacific".
• It aims to promote sustainable, inclusive, and innovation-driven development in the fisheries and aquaculture sector.
• Previous Indian Host: India is hosting the AFAF for the second time, the first being the 8th AFAF in Kochi (2007).
• Legacy: AFAF, headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, has been a leading platform for fostering global cooperation in fisheries and aquaculture since its inception.

India's Role and Significance

• India ranks second globally in total fish production and aquaculture output, underlining its emerging leadership in the blue economy.
• The forum presents a strategic opportunity to:
  • Showcase India’s technological and policy advancements.
  • Strengthen international collaborations.
  • Promote sustainable, resilient, and globally competitive aquaculture systems.

Forum Structure and Thematic Sessions

The event will feature 20+ technical sessions and keynote presentations by international experts, focusing on priority areas such as:

• Sustainable Fisheries Management:Emphasis on responsible fishing, biodiversity preservation, and efficient resource utilization.
• Climate Change and Fisheries:Addressing climate impacts on aquatic ecosystems and developing adaptive strategies.
• Smart Aquaculture & Technology:Integration of AI, IoT, and blockchain to enhance fish farming efficiency and monitoring.
• Fish Genetics & Biotechnology:Innovations for disease resistance, improved yields, and genetic advancements.
• Post-Harvest and Value Addition:Improving fish quality, market access, and export competitiveness through better processing techniques.

In News:

The recent discovery of the Crocodile Catfish (Bagariussuchus) in the Bahini River near Basistha, Guwahati, Assam, has garnered attention from conservationists and ecologists alike. As one of the largest freshwater catfish species in Asia, its presence in Indian waters raises both scientific interest and ecological concerns.

Taxonomy and Distribution

• Scientific Name: Bagariussuchus
• Family: Sisoridae – the largest family of Asian catfishes, widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia.
• Common Names: Asian Giant River Catfish, Crocodile Goonch Catfish, Giant Devil Catfish
• Geographical Range: Native to countries including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand.

Habitat and Morphological Features

• Natural Habitat: Prefers fast-flowing rivers, deep pools, turbulent rapids, and areas with rocky or gravelly substrates.
• Often found among boulders, submerged roots, and debris, thriving in cool, oxygen-rich waters.
• Physical Description:
  • Long, cylindrical body with a broad head and wide mouth.
  • Typicallydark brown to black, with irregular patches or spots for camouflage.
  • Dorsal fin is elongated, stretching along most of the back.
• Size: Can grow up to 1.5 meters in length and weigh over 50 kilograms, though smaller specimens (~70 cm) are also observed.

Behaviour and Ecology

• Feeding Habits: A carnivorous predator, feeding on smaller fish, crustaceans, and aquatic invertebrates.
• Known for its voracious appetite, capable of consuming prey nearly its own size.
• Most active during evening or nighttime, making it a nocturnal feeder.
• Sexual Dimorphism: Males are generally slimmer and may exhibit slightly brighter coloration than females.

Ecological Concerns

• The discovery of the Crocodile Catfish in a non-native region like the Bahini River raises concerns about its invasive potential.
• It can threaten native aquatic biodiversity by preying on indigenous species and disturbing the ecological balance.
• Overfeeding and rapid proliferation can degrade water quality and disrupt food chains.

Conservation Status

• IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (NT): This status reflects concerns about habitat degradation, overfishing, and ecological displacement, which may impact population stability across its range.

In News:

The International Energy Agency (IEA), in its report “India Gas Market Report: Outlook to 2030”, has highlighted the transformative potential of natural gas in India’s energy transition.

As India aims to raise the share of natural gas in its primary energy mix from ~6% to 15% by 2030, the report outlines a roadmap for achieving this goal through policy reforms, infrastructure expansion, and market liberalization.

Current Status and Future Outlook

• Demand Growth: India's natural gas consumption is projected to increase by 60%, reaching 103 billion cubic meters (bcm) by 2030. The City Gas Distribution (CGD) sector, which supplies gas to households, transport, and industries, will drive this growth.
• Domestic Production: India produced 35 bcm in 2023, with the Krishna-Godavari deepwater fields contributing a quarter. Production is expected to reach just under 38 bcm by 2030, a modest 8% increase.
• Import Dependency: With domestic supply growth lagging behind demand, LNG imports are expected to more than double, from ~30 bcm in 2023 to around 65 bcm by 2030. India is already the fourth-largest LNG importer globally.

Infrastructure Expansion

India’s natural gas infrastructure has undergone rapid growth:

• Since 2019, the number of CNG stations quadrupled and residential gas connections more than doubled.
• The gas transmission pipeline network expanded by 40%, with another 50% expansion expected by 2030.
• CGD infrastructure is poised for a further boom, supporting increased consumption in urban areas.