International Potato Research Center

  • 01 Jul 2025

In News:

  • On June 25, 2025, the Union Cabinet approved the establishment of the CIP-South Asia Regional Center (CSARC) in Agra, Uttar Pradesh.
  • The center will function as a regional wing of the International Potato Center (CIP) headquartered in Lima, Peru.

About CIP

  • Founded: 1971
  • Headquarters: Lima, Peru
  • Focus Crops: Potato, Sweet Potato, and Andean roots & tubers
  • Global Presence: South America, Africa, Asia
  • India Operations: Since 1975, through partnership with ICAR

About CIP-South Asia Regional Center (CSARC)

  • Location: Singna, Agra district, Uttar Pradesh
  • Land Provided: 10 hectares (by UP Government)
  • Total Project Cost: ?171 crore
    • Indian Contribution: ?111.5 crore
    • CIP Contribution: ?60 crore
  • Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare

Objectives of the Center

  • Improve productivity of potato and sweet potato
  • Promote climate-resilient, disease-free varieties
  • Enhance post-harvest management and value addition
  • Boost domestic seed production
  • Support exports and food processing industries
  • Increase farmer income, employment, and nutritional security

Why is this Significant?

  • Potato is the 3rd most consumed crop globally (after rice and wheat)
  • Sweet potato ranks 6th globally (after maize and cassava)
  • India is the 2nd largest producer and consumer of potato
  • Current average yield in India:
    • Potato: ~25 tonnes/ha (Potential: >50 tonnes/ha)
    • Sweet Potato: ~11.5 tonnes/ha (Potential: ~30 tonnes/ha)
  • Establishment of CSARC will:
    • Reduce dependency on seed imports
    • Improve access to global germplasm
    • Help bridge the yield gap

Global and National Context

  • China is the largest potato producer (78.24 million tonnes, 2020)
  • India is second (51.3 million tonnes, 2020)
  • Top Potato-Producing States in India (2020–21):
    • Uttar Pradesh (~15 million tonnes)
    • West Bengal (~15 million tonnes)
    • Bihar (~9 million tonnes)

Related Agricultural Research Institutions in India

  • ICAR-CPRI, Shimla – Potato research
  • ICAR-CTCRI, Thiruvananthapuram – Sweet potato and tuber crops
  • IRRI-SARC, Varanasi – Regional center of International Rice Research Institute

CIP Centers Outside Peru

  • China Center for Asia-Pacific (CCCAP) – Established in 2017 in Beijing, China
  • India's CSARC (Agra) will be the second major CIP center outside Peru

19th National Statistics Day

  • 01 Jul 2025

In News:

MoSPI celebrates 19th Statistics Day honouring Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis and 75 years of National Sample Survey.

Key Highlights:

June 29 is observed as National Statistics Day in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (1893–1972), widely regarded as the Father of Indian Statistics. The 2025 theme is "75 Years of National Sample Survey (NSS)".

The day is dedicated to promoting the role of statistics in nation-building and policy formulation, especially among the youth.

Key Contributions of P.C. Mahalanobis

1. Architect of India’s National Sample Survey (NSS)

  • In 1950, Prof. Mahalanobis pioneered the National Sample Survey, India's first scientific and large-scale household data collection system.
  • NSS is a large-scale, nationwide socio-economic data collection initiative conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
  • Key Objectives of the NSS: Generate high-quality data to inform public policy, planning, and developmental programs.Conduct household surveys on:
  • Consumption expenditure
  • Employment & unemployment
  • Health and education
  • Migration and the informal sector
  • Undertake the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) to evaluate industrial performance.
  • Support the agricultural sector by supervising crop area and yield estimation.
  • Provide price statistics for rural and urban India to monitor inflation and cost-of-living changes.
  • Key Features of the NSS
    • All-India Scientific Coverage: Surveys conducted in both rural and urban areas using stratified multi-stage sampling methods.
  • Organizational Structure – Four Major Divisions

Division                                                                                              Function

Survey Design & Research Division (SDRD)            Survey planning, design, and methodology (HQ: Kolkata)

Field Operations Division (FOD)                                        Data collection via 170+ regional offices (HQ: Delhi/Faridabad)

Data Processing Division (DPD)                                        Data validation, tabulation, processing for surveys like PLFS & ASI

Survey Coordination Division (SCD)                             Coordinates survey activities and publishes Sarvekshana journal

  • Multi-Thematic and Integrated Surveys
  • Consumption patterns
  • Employment trends (via Periodic Labour Force Survey - PLFS)
  • Health and morbidity
  • Education, migration, and social welfare indicators
  • Support for Agriculture and Industry: Strengthens crop statistics and supports the ASI Web Portal for industrial data validation.
  • Digital Integration & Real-Time Processing:Modernization efforts include urban sampling frame maintenance, tablet-based data collection, and real-time monitoring tools.

2. Mahalanobis Distance (1936)

  • A multivariate statistical measure used to identify outliers and data anomalies.
  • It quantifies the distance of a data point from a distribution, factoring in correlations between variables.
  • Widely applied in fields such as public health, market research, and machine learning.

3. Flood Control and Environmental Planning

  • In the 1920s, Mahalanobis used historical data to guide flood mitigation in Bengal and Odisha.
  • His studies disproved incorrect assumptions (e.g., rising river beds) and recommended drainage improvements and dam construction.
  • His early estimates contributed to the Hirakud Hydroelectric Project, inaugurated in 1957.

4. Institution Building: Founder of ISI & Sankhya Journal

  • Founded the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in Kolkata in 1931, a premier research institute for statistics and mathematics.
  • Launched ‘Sankhya’, India’s first statistical journal, fostering academic and applied research.

5. Role in National Planning & Technology Advocacy

  • Chief architect of the Second Five-Year Plan, which introduced the Mahalanobis Model — emphasizing heavy industries and public sector-led growth.
  • Advocated for digital computing in India. However, during the Cold War, the U.S. denied India access to the UNIVAC computer, fearing Mahalanobis’s pro-Soviet leanings.

Biographical Snapshot

Attribute                                            Details

Born                                                      29 June 1893, Kolkata (then Calcutta)

Education                                          Presidency College; King's College, Cambridge

Field                                                       Statistics, Economic Planning, Data Science

Key Institutions                             Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), NSS, Planning Commission

Died                                                        28 June 1972

Sree Narayana Guru

  • 29 Jun 2025

In News:

The Prime Minister recently attended the centenary celebrations of the historic 1925 conversation between Mahatma Gandhi and Sree Narayana Guru, held at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. The event marked the enduring relevance of Guru's message of social equality, spiritual unity, and reform.

Who was Sree Narayana Guru?

  • Born: 20 August 1856, in a backward Ezhava community in Kerala
  • Died: 20 September 1928
  • Role: Spiritual leader, philosopher, poet, yogi, and one of India’s foremost social reformers from Kerala

Historical Context:

  • During the 19th century, Kerala society was deeply caste-ridden, and the Ezhava community was subjected to systemic social exclusion.
  • Guru revolted against caste oppression, advocating for spiritual liberation without ritual orthodoxy.

Core Philosophy:

  • Message of Universal Unity:“OruJathi, OruMatham, OruDaivam, Manushyanu”
    (One Caste, One Religion, One God for Mankind) — a powerful call for social harmony, inclusivity, and humanism.
  • Non-violent transformation:Unlike many radical reform movements, Guru’s approach was inclusive and reformative, rejecting social division without inciting confrontation.

Key Contributions:

  • Religious and Spiritual Reforms:
    • Aruvippuram Movement (1888):
      • Consecrated a Shiva idol at Aruvippuram — a direct challenge to Brahmanical dominance and the exclusion of lower castes from temple worship.
      • Established over 40 temples in Kerala, allowing unrestricted worship by the marginalized.
      • Promoted yoga and meditation, and spent years in hermitage to attain spiritual depth.
  • Social Reforms:
    • Founded the Sivagiri Mutt (1904) near Varkala — a centre for spiritual and social awakening.
    • SNDP Yogam (1903):
        • Full form: Sri Narayana Guru Dharma ParipalanaYogam
        • Aimed at securing education, government access, and political rights for the Ezhavas.
        • Guru was the permanent chairman; Kumaran Asan, his disciple, became general secretary.
    • Vaikom Satyagraha:Played a pivotal role in the anti-untouchability movement, alongside leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Periyar.
    • Promoted free education, ashrams, and vocational training for underprivileged children and communities.
  • Sivagiri Foundation and Pilgrimage:
    • Founded in 1924 to promote values like:Cleanliness, education, devotion, agriculture, handicrafts, and trade
    • SivagiriTheerthadanam (pilgrimage):Initiated by his followers to reinforce values of purity, education, and organization

Literary Contributions:

  • Guru was a Vedantic scholar and philosopher-poet. His notable works include:
    • Advaitha Deepika
    • Atmavilasam
    • DaivaDasakam
    • BrahmavidyaPanchakam

These texts reflected Advaita (non-dualist) philosophy, spiritual self-realization, and social ethics.

Legacy and Recognition:

  • Revered as “Gurudevan”by his followers
  • His birth and death anniversaries are observed as public holidays in Kerala and some other states
  • Celebrated as Sri Narayana Jayanthi

India’s Coffee Exports

  • 28 Jun 2025

In News:

India has emerged as a significant player in the global coffee trade, with its exports witnessing a sharp rise of 125% in the past 11 years, increasing from $800 million in 2014–15 to $1.8 billion in 2023–24, and continuing the momentum with over 25% growth in FY2025–26. This export surge highlights India's expanding footprint in the global premium coffee market, driven by a blend of policy support, sustainable cultivation practices, and global demand for specialty coffee.

Key Drivers of Export Growth

The Coffee Board of India, under the Ministry of Commerce, has played a pivotal role in this transformation through:

  • Digitalisation of export permits, RCMC, and certificates of origin.
  • Export incentives like freight and transit assistance—?3/kg for value-added exports and ?2/kg for green coffee to distant markets (e.g., US, Canada, Japan, Nordic countries).
  • Subsidy support of 40% (up to ?15 lakh) for processing units (roasting, grinding, packaging).
  • Global market intelligence and regular industry engagement to remove bottlenecks.
  • Promotion via GI tags and digital branding campaigns.

These efforts have enhanced India’s readiness to meet stringent import regulations (e.g., EU deforestation norms) while enabling access to new and emerging markets.

Production and Cultivation

India is the 7th largest producer of coffee globally, accounting for about 3.5% of world production and ranks 5th in global coffee exports with a 5% share. The country produces 3.5–4 lakh tonnes of coffee annually, with Karnataka (70%), Kerala, and Tamil Nadu being major contributors.

  • Arabica varieties: Kents, S.795, Cauvery, Selection 9.
  • Robusta: High-yielding selections suited to Indian climate.

Climatic Features:

  • Grown under two-tier shade canopies with over 50 native tree species.
  • Arabica thrives at 1000–1500m, Robusta at 500–1000m altitudes.
  • Requires 1600–2500 mm rainfall and 15°C–25°C temperature.

India is unique as the only country that cultivates 100% shade-grown coffee, which promotes biodiversity, soil and water conservation, and ensures a sustainable income for 2 million people, including small and marginal farmers.

Specialty and GI-Tagged Coffee

India’s coffee is known for its mild acidity, full-bodied flavour, and fine aroma. Intercropping with spices like pepper, cardamom, and vanilla further enhances its appeal. The country also boasts five regional and two specialty coffees with Geographical Indication (GI) tags, strengthening brand value in global markets.

The historic legacy of Indian coffee dates back over 400 years to the planting of coffee beans by Baba Budan in Karnataka, making it one of the oldest coffee traditions in Asia.

Dharti AabaJanbhagidari Abhiyan (DAJA)

  • 28 Jun 2025

In News:

In a landmark initiative for tribal inclusion, the Government of India has launched the Dharti AabaJanbhagidari Abhiyan (DAJA)—India’s largest-ever tribal outreach and empowerment campaign. The programme aims to ensure saturation of welfare schemes and promote tribal pride and participation, covering over 1 lakh tribal villages and PVTG habitations across 31 States and Union Territories.

What is DAJA?

  • Full Name: Dharti AabaJanbhagidari Abhiyan — named in honour of Bhagwan Birsa Munda, a revered tribal freedom fighter.
  • Launched by: Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India.
  • Nature: A people-centric campaign focused on participatory governance and last-mile delivery of services among Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).

Objectives of DAJA

  • Saturate government welfare schemes across all tribal settlements.
  • Empower over 5.5 crore tribal citizens through Janbhagidari (people’s participation).
  • Preserve and promote tribal identity and cultural heritage, invoking the legacy of Birsa Munda.
  • Strengthen last-mile governance through technological and administrative convergence.

Key Features:

Feature                                        Description

Geographic Coverage    -    1 lakh+ tribal villages, including remote PVTG habitations, across 31 States/UTs.

Scheme Integration    -     Converges services such as Aadhaar, Ayushman Bharat, PM Kisan, PM

                                              Ujjwala, Jan Dhan, pension schemes, and Forest Rights Act (FRA) claims.

Five Foundational Pillars        -

  • Janbhagidari (people’s participation)
  • Saturation of welfare benefits
  • Cultural inclusion
  • Convergence of schemes
  • Last-mile delivery

Technology-Driven Monitoring       -     Use of real-time dashboards and data analytics for

                                                                        transparent tracking and reporting.

Cultural Revival                      -                            Celebrates tribal cuisines, folk arts, handicrafts, and oral traditions

                                                                        during outreach camps to reaffirm cultural identity.

Significance:

  • Governance: Represents a shift toward targeted and integrated tribal welfare, reducing administrative fragmentation.
  • Inclusion: PrioritisesPVTGs, often the most marginalised and underserved groups.
  • Empowerment: Embeds a participatory model, aligning with the spirit of democratic decentralisation.
  • Cultural Reaffirmation: Bridges the gap between development and cultural identity, crucial for tribal dignity and preservation.

Total Revolution

  • 28 Jun 2025

In News:

India commemorates the 51st anniversary of Jayaprakash Narayan’s (JP) historic call for “Sampoorna Kranti” or Total Revolution, first proclaimed on June 5, 1974, at Gandhi Maidan, Patna. The movement remains a landmark in India's democratic evolution, reflecting enduring concerns over governance, democracy, and civic empowerment.

What is Total Revolution?

  • Concept: A holistic, non-violent movement rooted in Gandhian ideals, aimed at comprehensive transformation—political, economic, social, cultural, and spiritual.
  • Vision: Building a just and equitable society through decentralised democracy, moral rejuvenation, and participatory governance.
  • Leadership: Spearheaded by Jayaprakash Narayan (JP), advocating a “party-less democracy” blending Gandhian ethics, Sarvodaya ideals, and Marxist critique.

Underlying Causes of the Movement

  • Electoral Legitimacy Crisis:The 1975 Allahabad High Court judgment disqualified Prime Minister Indira Gandhi for electoral malpractices, eroding her authority and galvanising mass opposition.
  • Youth Unrest:Movements like Navnirman Andolan (Gujarat) and Bihar student protests reflected mounting youth dissatisfaction over unemployment and poor governance.
  • Economic Distress:The early 1970s saw inflation exceeding 20%, acute unemployment, and food shortages, leading to widespread discontent.
  • Democratic Backsliding:Use of draconian laws like MISA, increased centralisation, and suppression of dissent led to civil society mobilisation.
  • Charismatic Mobilisation:JP’s appeal for non-violent civic awakening and his ability to unify diverse ideological streams helped launch a broad-based national movement.

Core Components of the Total Revolution

Domain                                  Focus

Political                                Advocated bottom-up governance, decentralisation, and accountability

                                         to counter bureaucratic authoritarianism.

Economic                            Promoted land reforms and people-centric development to address inequality.

Social                                     Called for eradication of casteism, gender bias, and dowry to foster egalitarianism.

Educational                       Suggested reforms emphasisingethics, rural upliftment, and vocational training.

Cultural-Spiritual         Encouraged self-discipline, national unity, and moral regeneration.

Impact of Total Revolution

On Society and Citizenry

  • Youth Mobilisation: Inspired a generation of political leaders—Lalu Prasad Yadav, Nitish Kumar, Sushil Modi—who reshaped regional politics.
  • Civic Engagement: Fostered a deeper culture of public accountability and democratic participation.
  • Non-Violent Resistance: Reinforced the efficacy of peaceful protest, a legacy echoed in later movements like Anna Hazare’s anti-corruption crusade.

On Governance and Policy

  • Collapse of Congress Monopoly: Led to the formation of the Janata Party, marking a historic electoral defeat for the Congress in 1977.
  • Constitutional Safeguards: Triggered the 44th Constitutional Amendment, curbing emergency powers and restoring judicial oversight.
  • Democratic Deepening: Inspired Panchayati Raj reforms through the 73rd and 74th Amendments, enhancing grassroots democracy.

Significance and Contemporary Relevance

  • Democratic Dissent: Reinvigorated the right to protest as a fundamental democratic tool.
  • Leadership Incubation: Nurtured mass-based political leadership, altering India’s political landscape.
  • Institutional Vigilance: Exposed systemic vulnerabilities, prompting long-term institutional reforms.
  • Civic Awakening: Broadened the role of civil society in governance beyond electoral cycles.
  • Modern-Day Lessons: Offers vital insights for addressing centralisation of power, youth alienation, and democratic backsliding in contemporary India.

Ambubachi Mela 2025

  • 27 Jun 2025

In News:

Thousands of devotees have congregated at the Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati, Assam, to participate in the annual Ambubachi Mela—one of the largest and most significant religious gatherings in Northeast India.

About Ambubachi Mela

  • Timing: Celebrated annually during the monsoon season, typically in June.
  • Location: Held at the Kamakhya Temple, situated atop Nilachal Hill in Guwahati, Assam.
  • Religious Significance:
    • Marks the menstrual cycle of Goddess Kamakhya, symbolising the fertility of Mother Earth.
    • During this period, the sanctum sanctorum is closed for three days, after which it is ceremonially reopened for darshan.
  • Cultural Symbolism:
    • Reflects ancient beliefs that associate the Earth with feminine fertility.
    • The word ‘Ambubachi’ translates to ‘water flowing’, indicative of both the monsoon rains and the goddess’s fertility.

Kamakhya Temple: Key Facts

  • Spiritual Importance:
    • Dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya, an incarnation of Shakti.
    • Considered one of the most revered sites of Tantric Shaktism in India.
    • Recognised as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, where the yoni (womb) of Sati is believed to have fallen.
  • Geographical Location:Located on Nilachal Hill, overlooking the southern bank of the Brahmaputra River.

Architectural Features of Kamakhya Temple

  • Architectural Style:
    • Combines traditional Nagara style with Saracenic (Mughal) architectural elements, known as the Nilachala Style of Architecture.
  • Temple Layout:
    • Only temple in Assam with a fully developed ground plan.
    • Comprises five main sections:
      1. Garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum)
      2. Antarala (vestibule)
      3. Jaganmohan (assembly hall)
      4. Bhogmandir (offering hall)
      5. Natmandir (performance hall)
  • Distinctive Structural Elements:
    • Main dome: Modified Saracenic style.
    • Antarala: Features a two-roofed structure.
    • Bhogmandir: Crowned with five domes, echoing the central shrine.
    • Natmandir: Designed with a shell-shaped roof and apsidal end, similar to the namghars (prayer halls) of Assam.

Himalayan Brown Bear

  • 25 Jun 2025

In News:

In a significant development for Himalayan biodiversity, a rare sighting of a Himalayan Brown Bear with its family has been reported for the first time in the Dumka region between Nelang and Bhairon Ghati, within Gangotri National Park, Uttarakhand. The sighting has enthused wildlife experts and is viewed as a positive indicator of range expansion and ecosystem resilience in this fragile high-altitude region.

Significance of the Sighting

  • This marks the first recorded presence of a brown bear in this specific stretch of the park.
  • Previously, sightings were limited to Gomukh (6 bears) and Kedartal (3 bears), both located above 3,000 m.

About the Himalayan Brown Bear

  • Scientific Name: Ursus arctos isabellinus
  • Common Names: Himalayan Red Bear, Isabelline Bear; known as Denmo in Ladakhi.
  • It is believed to be one of the most ancient brown bear lineages and may have inspired the Yeti legend due to its upright gait.

Distribution and Habitat

  • Found in the northwestern and central Himalayas: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and China (Tibet).
  • In India: Exists in fragmented populations in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.
  • Inhabits elevations between 3,000 and 5,500 meters, usually above the timberline in alpine meadows and snow-clad regions.

Ecological Features

  • Size: Males average 1.9 m and 135 kg; females 1.6 m and 70 kg.
  • Fur: Sandy or reddish-brown; thick to endure high-altitude cold.
  • Diet: Omnivorous – consumes roots, berries, nuts, small mammals, fish, and insects.
  • Behavior: Solitary, except during mating or a mother with cubs; hibernates during winter in dens.
  • Lifespan: 20–30 years in the wild.

Conservation Status

  • IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (India): Schedule I
  • CITES: Appendix I

B-2 Spirit Bomber

  • 23 Jun 2025

In News:

In a major escalation of the ongoing US–Iran tensions, the United States deployed the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber to strike Iran’s fortified nuclear infrastructure, including the heavily guarded Fordow enrichment facility, which was described by President Donald Trump as the “crown jewel” of Iran’s nuclear programme. The strikes signal a new phase in the geopolitical standoff, showcasing advanced US airpower and precision capabilities.

What is the B-2 Spirit Bomber?

The B-2 Spirit, developed by Northrop Grumman during the Cold War, is one of the most advanced strategic bombers in the world. Originally built for penetrating heavily defended Soviet airspace, it remains a key asset in the US Air Force due to its stealth capabilities, long range, and precision payload delivery.

Only 21 B-2 bombers were built, each costing an estimated $2.1 billion, making it one of the most expensive aircraft ever developed. Its bat-wing design and radar-absorbent coating significantly reduce its radar cross-section, making it almost invisible to radar and ideal for deep penetration missions in hostile territory. It is operated by a two-person crew and extensively automated to reduce pilot workload.

Why was it used in the Iran strikes?

The B-2 Spirit was chosen for the Iran mission because of its unique combination of stealth, range, and payload capacity. The Fordow facility, built deep within a mountain and protected by sophisticated air defences, required a bomber that could both evade detection and deliver a bunker-busting payload with high precision.

During the mission, the B-2s were reportedly equipped with the GBU-57A/B Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) — a 30,000-pound bomb specifically designed to destroy deeply buried and fortified targets like Fordow. Due to the weapon’s size and weight, a B-2 can carry only one or two MOPs per sortie. Reports indicate that six MOPs were dropped on Fordow, demonstrating the operational effectiveness of the B-2 for such critical missions.

Capabilities and Strategic Role

The B-2 has an unrefueled range of over 6,000 nautical miles (approximately 11,000 km), enabling it to undertake intercontinental missions directly from the United States. Past missions have seen the B-2 operate from Missouri to targets in Afghanistan, Libya, and now Iran, demonstrating its global strike capability.

With a total payload capacity exceeding 40,000 pounds (18,000 kg), the B-2 can carry both conventional and nuclear weapons. It forms a crucial part of the US nuclear triad, capable of delivering up to 16 B83 nuclear bombs. Its ability to carry nuclear and precision-guided munitions gives it unmatched strategic versatility.

Weapon Systems Compatible with the B-2

Beyond the MOP, the B-2 can be armed with a variety of precision and standoff weapons, including:

  • JDAMs (Joint Direct Attack Munitions): GPS-guided bombs used for high-accuracy strikes on fixed targets.
  • JSOW (Joint Standoff Weapons): Glide bombs launched from a distance, allowing engagement of targets outside enemy air defence range.
  • JASSM and JASSM-ER (Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missiles): Long-range cruise missiles, with the extended-range variant capable of striking targets up to 500 miles (805 km) away.

This versatility allows the B-2 to adapt to multiple mission profiles, from conventional warfare to nuclear deterrence.

Strategic and Geopolitical Implications

The deployment of the B-2 in this mission has both tactical and symbolic implications. Tactically, it underscores the US military’s ability to deliver precision strikes on highly protected strategic infrastructure. Strategically, it sends a strong signal to adversaries about the technological edge and operational reach of American military power.

From a geopolitical perspective, the strikes could exacerbate tensions in the already volatile West Asian region, heighten concerns about nuclear proliferation, and potentially provoke retaliatory actions by Iran and its regional allies. It also raises questions about the future of US-Iran relations and the fragility of nuclear diplomacy in the region.

Lenacapavir

  • 23 Jun 2025

In News:

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Wednesday approved Lenacapavir (LEN), the most promising HIV prevention medicine to be made so far.

What is Lenacapavir (LEN)?

  • Type: Antiretroviral drug used as Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention.
  • Mechanism: Prevents HIV infection in HIV-negative individuals at high risk.
  • Efficacy: Clinical trials show it prevents 99.9% of HIV transmissions.
  • Dosage: Injectable form, administered twice a year.

Recent Development

  • Approved by: United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) – June 2025.
  • Brand name: To be marketed as Yeztugo by Gilead Sciences.
  • Described as the most promising HIV prevention drug to date.

Global and Indian Context

Global Need

  • LEN could be a game-changer in ending the global HIV/AIDS epidemic.
  • However, cost remains a barrier—initially priced at over $40,000 per person/year, now reduced to $28,218.

Indian Reality

  • Despite India's 92% contribution to global ART supply, PrEP is yet to be rolled out under India’s National AIDS Control Programme (NACP).
  • The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) has not yet integrated PrEP or LEN into national policy.

India’s Role in Equitable Access

Expert View:

  • India must take the lead in making LEN accessible, affordable, and timely.
  • Equitable distribution is critical to preventing new infections and achieving AIDS elimination targets.
  • Urges Indian regulators and generic companies to fast-track licensing and manufacturing.

Why this matter?

Public Health Impact

  • LEN could stop HIV transmission at scale if made widely available in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
  • Its twice-a-year injectable nature increases adherence, especially in vulnerable populations.

Cost Savings

  • Prevention through PrEP like LEN is more cost-effective than providing lifelong ART after infection.

India’s Strategic Position

  • India already serves as the global hub for HIV treatment through its generic pharmaceutical capacity.
  • India’s leadership is central to global HIV prevention strategies including:
    • Treatment as Prevention (TasP)
    • Test and Treat
    • Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
    • Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

Policy Recommendations

  • Fast-track regulatory approvals for generic LEN in India.
  • Integrate PrEP and injectable LEN into NACO guidelines.
  • Ensure price transparency and accessibility through public-private collaboration.
  • Collaborate with global health bodies (WHO, UNAIDS, Global Fund) to position India as the equitable access leader.

Revised Green India Mission (GIM)

  • 22 Jun 2025

In News:

Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change released the revised roadmap for the National Mission for a Green India (GIM). The updated strategy focuses on restoring degraded ecosystems, enhancing forest cover, and addressing climate impacts, especially in vulnerable landscapes like the Aravallis, Western Ghats, Himalayas, and mangroves.

About Green India Mission (GIM)

  • Launched in: 2014
  • Under: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
  • Core Objectives:
    • Increase forest/tree cover by 5 million hectares.
    • Improve the quality of forest cover on another 5 million hectares.
    • Restore degraded ecosystems and enhance biodiversity.
    • Improve the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities.

Achievements So Far

  • Afforestation Activities: 11.22 million hectares covered (2015–16 to 2020–21) through central and state schemes.
  • Funding: ?624.71 crore released (2019–24) to 18 states; ?575.55 crore utilized.
  • Target Areas: Selected based on ecological vulnerability, sequestration potential, and restoration needs.

Key Features of the Revised Roadmap

  • Landscape-Specific Restoration:
    • Prioritizes Aravalli ranges, Western Ghats, Himalayas, and mangrove ecosystems.
    • Emphasizes regionally adapted best practices for ecosystem restoration.
  • Integration with Aravalli Green Wall Project:
    • Aims to combat desertification and sandstorm risks in northern India.
    • Initial restoration planned across 8 lakh hectares in 29 districts of 4 states.
    • Estimated cost: ?16,053 crore.
    • Aims to develop a 5 km buffer zone covering 6.45 million hectares around the Aravallis.
  • Western Ghats Focus:
    • Tackling deforestation, illegal mining, and degradation.
    • Measures include afforestation, groundwater recharge, and mining site restoration.

Combating Land Degradation and Climate Change

  • Land Degradation (2018–19): Affected 97.85 million hectares (~1/3rd of India’s land), per ISRO data.
  • India’s Climate Targets (2030):
    • Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO? equivalent via forest/tree cover.
    • Restore 26 million hectares of degraded land.
  • Carbon Sequestration Potential (FSI Estimates):
    • Restoration of open forests can sequester 1.89 billion tonnes of CO? over 15 million hectares.
    • With intensified afforestation and aligned schemes, forest cover could reach 24.7 million hectares—achieving a carbon sink of 3.39 billion tonnes CO? equivalent by 2030.

Significance of the Revised Mission

  • Aligns with India’s NDCs under the Paris Agreement.
  • Supports goals under UNCCD and UNFCCC.
  • Helps mitigate climate change impacts by creating natural buffers and carbon sinks.
  • Promotes ecological sustainability, biodiversity conservation, and community livelihood enhancement.

Cyber Suraksha Exercise

  • 17 Jun 2025

In News:

A comprehensive national-level cyber security exercise, Cyber Suraksha, was launched by the Defence Cyber Agency (DCyA) under the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (HQ IDS).

About Cyber Suraksha

  • Type: Multi-phased cybersecurity drill.
  • Organised by: Defence Cyber Agency (DCyA) under the aegis of HQ IDS.
  • Duration: From 17–27 June 2025.
  • Participants: Over 100 experts from national agencies and defence domains.
  • Environment: High-paced, gamified simulation of real-world cyber threats.

Objectives

  • Enhance national cyber resilience.
  • Train personnel in handling advanced cyberattacks.
  • Promote a security-first culture across defence institutions.
  • Integrate technical proficiency with strategic leadership.

Key Features

  • Training capsules: Technical + leadership components.
  • CISOs Conclave: Sessions by cybersecurity leaders, culminating in a table-top simulation.
  • Hands-on exercises: Real-time attack simulations to test response capabilities.
  • Focus on joint operations and decision-making under crisis.

About Defence Cyber Agency (DCyA)

Background

  • Established: Announced in 2018, operational from November 2019.
  • Origin: Recommended by Naresh Chandra Committee (2012).
  • Part of India’s tri-service defence transformation, alongside proposed Aerospace and Special Operations Commands.

Role & Mandate

  • Parent Ministry: Ministry of Defence (MoD).
  • Reports to: Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) through Integrated Defence Staff (IDS).
  • Location: Based in New Delhi.

Functions

  • Conducts cyber defence operations for the armed forces.
  • Coordinates incident response, cyber intelligence, and audits.
  • Develops capabilities in cyber warfare, AI-driven cyber tools, and joint operations.
  • Supports capacity building, certification, and training within the military.

DNA Identification in Mass Fatality Events

  • 17 Jun 2025

In News:

Following the tragic crash of an Air India Boeing 787 Dreamliner from Ahmedabad to London Gatwick (June 2025), authorities have initiated DNA-based identification to match the remains of victims. In mass fatality incidents where bodies are mutilated or decomposed, DNA analysis becomes the gold standard for establishing identity.

What is DNA Identification?

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a unique genetic code present in almost every cell of the human body, with the exception of identical twins. It is widely used in forensic science for accurate identification, particularly in disasters where visual identification is impossible.

Sample Collection and Preservation:

  • DNA begins degrading post-mortem, and the rate of degradation is influenced by:
    • Type of tissue (soft vs hard)
    • Environmental conditions (humidity, temperature)
  • Hard tissues such as bones and teeth are preferred due to better preservation against decomposition.
  • Soft tissues (like skin and muscle) degrade faster and, if used, must be stored in 95% ethanol or frozen at -20°C.
  • In large-scale accidents, sample collection from wreckage can take weeks or even months (e.g., 9/11 took 10 months).

Reference Samples:

To match unidentified remains, reference DNA is taken from biological relatives—preferably parents or children of the victims, who share about 50% of their DNA.

Methods of DNA Analysis:

1. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis:

  • Evaluates short, repeating DNA sequences that vary among individuals.
  • Requires nuclear DNA, hence not suitable if the DNA is highly degraded.
  • Analysis of 15+ hyper-variable STR regions can confirm family relationships with high accuracy.

2. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Analysis:

  • Used when nuclear DNA is not recoverable.
  • mtDNA is inherited exclusively from the mother and is present in multiple copies per cell.
  • Effective for matching with maternal relatives (e.g., mother, maternal uncles/aunts, siblings).

3. Y-Chromosome Analysis:

  • Targets male-specific genetic material.
  • Useful for identifying remains using DNA from paternal male relatives (father, brothers, paternal uncles).
  • Helpful when direct relatives are unavailable but male-line relatives exist.

4. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Analysis:

  • Suitable when DNA is highly degraded.
  • Analyzes variations at single base-pair locations in DNA.
  • Can also match DNA with personal items like a toothbrush or hairbrush.
  • However, less accurate than STR analysis.

Significance for Disaster Management and Forensics:

  • DNA-based victim identification ensures scientific accuracy, aiding in closure for families, and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations.
  • Modern forensic genetics has become an essential tool in mass disaster response protocols worldwide.

Ocean Darkening

  • 16 Jun 2025

In News:

A recent study titled "Darkening of the Global Ocean", led by researchers from the University of Plymouth, has revealed that over 21% of the global ocean has darkened between 2003 and 2022, marking a significant environmental concern. The phenomenon, known as ocean darkening, is increasingly disrupting marine ecosystems and global climate regulation.

What is Ocean Darkening?

Ocean darkening refers to the reduction in the photic zone — the upper layer of the ocean (up to ~200 meters deep) where sunlight penetrates to support photosynthesis. This zone is foundational to:

  • ~90% of marine biodiversity
  • Climate regulation
  • Ocean productivity
  • Global fisheries

The study used satellite data and modeling based on the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient (Kd 490), which measures how rapidly light fades through seawater. It found:

  • 21% of global oceans experienced darkening in two decades.
  • 9% saw photic depth decline by over 50 meters.
  • 2.6% saw a reduction exceeding 100 meters — an area roughly equal to the size of Africa.

Geographic Distribution

  • High darkening: Arctic, Antarctic, Gulf Stream, North Sea, eastern UK coast.
  • Lesser darkening or even brightening: Some parts of the English Channel.
  • The open ocean and climate-sensitive zones have witnessed the most pronounced declines.

Causes of Ocean Darkening

  • Coastal Zones:
    • Runoff of agricultural nutrients, organic matter, and sediments.
    • Leads to algal blooms that block sunlight.
  • Open Ocean:
    • Shifts in plankton dynamics
    • Rising sea surface temperatures
    • Altered ocean circulation patterns

These changes may be linked to climate change, land-use modifications, and increased rainfall-driven erosion.

Impact on Marine Ecosystems

Ocean darkening leads to:

  • Shrinking habitats for light-sensitive species like Calanus copepods (key zooplankton and food web base).
  • Disrupted feeding, migration, and reproduction cycles due to reduced solar and lunar light cues.
  • Increased crowding in shallower waters, intensifying competition and predation.
  • Collapse of marine food chains, even in areas with minimal fishing pressure.

Experts warn that this could represent one of the largest habitat losses in recent history, with implications for:

  • Biodiversity
  • Carbon cycling
  • Oxygen production
  • Ocean buffering against climate change

SEBI’s Verified UPI ID System

  • 16 Jun 2025

In News:

To combat rising cyber frauds and impersonation in the securities market, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has announced a verified Unified Payments Interface (UPI) ID system for all SEBI-registered market intermediaries. This mechanism, developed in coordination with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), will be effective from October 1, 2025, and is part of SEBI’s broader agenda to enhance investor security and transparency.

Key Features:

  • Exclusive UPI IDs: Only SEBI-registered intermediaries will be issued validated UPI IDs featuring a structured format: username.category@validBank. For example, a broker ABC Ltd using XYZ Bank would have the UPI ID: abc.brk@validXYZ.
  • Category-Specific Suffixes:
    • .brk for stock brokers
    • .mf for mutual funds
  • Authentication Visual Cue: Transactions with verified UPI IDs will display a “thumbs-up inside a green triangle” icon for easy identification by investors.

Role of NPCI

NPCI, which owns and operates the UPI platform, will exclusively allocate the “@valid” handles for payment collection by SEBI-registered intermediaries. This move ensures only authorised entities can use these UPI IDs, significantly reducing risks of fund misdirection.

SEBI Check Tool

To supplement the system, SEBI is also launching ‘SEBI Check’, a verification tool allowing investors to:

  • Scan a QR code or enter UPI ID manually to confirm its legitimacy.
  • Verify bank details, including account number and IFSC, of registered entities.

Investor and Intermediary Compliance

  • Mandatory for Intermediaries: All SEBI-registered intermediaries must adopt the new verified UPI handles and educate investors about them.
  • Optional for Investors: While the structured UPI handle is optional, investors must use only the new IDs if opting to pay via UPI.
  • Discontinuation of Old IDs: Existing UPI IDs will be discontinued after October 1, 2025, except for ongoing SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans). New and renewed SIPs must use the verified UPI IDs.

Benefits

  • Prevents Fraud: Eliminates payments to unauthorised or impersonating entities.
  • Enhances Transparency: Clearly distinguishes registered entities from fraudulent ones.
  • Boosts Investor Confidence: Assures secure transactions through verified payment channels.
  • Supports Cybersecurity: Clamps down on fake UPI handles used for digital scams.

SEBI’s verified UPI ID initiative and the upcoming ‘SEBI Check’ tool are significant steps toward ensuring secure, transparent, and trustworthy digital transactions in India’s securities market. It reflects the regulator’s proactive stance in protecting investor interests in an increasingly digitised financial environment.

CROPIC: A New AI-Driven Crop Study Scheme

  • 13 Jun 2025

In News:

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare plans to launch CROPIC, a study to gather crop information using field photographs and AI-based models.

What is CROPIC?

CROPIC stands for Collection of Real Time Observations & Photo of Crops. It is a new initiative by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare aimed at studying crops through photographs and artificial intelligence (AI). The core objective is to monitor crop health and assess mid-season losses using images captured at multiple stages of the crop cycle.

Why is CROPIC significant?

CROPIC plays a pivotal role in modernizing and digitizing crop monitoring under the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), India’s flagship crop insurance scheme.

Significance:

  • Improved Loss Assessment: Traditional methods of crop loss assessment are time-consuming and subjective. CROPIC introduces AI-based analysis for faster and more objective decision-making.
  • Automation of Compensation: It will help automate claim processes, ensuring faster payments to farmers in case of crop failure.
  • Rich Crop Signature Database: Repeated field observations will build a valuable dataset of crop images over time, useful for future agricultural planning and risk management.
  • Farmer Involvement: By crowdsourcing photographs directly from farmers, CROPIC also encourages their direct participation in data collection.

How will CROPIC work on the ground?

  • Data Collection via App:
    • A mobile app developed by the ministry will be used.
    • Farmers and officials will take photos of crops 4–5 times during a crop’s life cycle.
  • AI-Based Analysis:
    • Photos will be processed on a cloud-based AI platform.
    • The model will identify crop type, growth stage, health condition, damage, and loss extent.
  • Visualization and Monitoring:
    • A web-based dashboard will visualize crop status and damage patterns for stakeholders.
  • Use in Insurance Claims:
    • The app will also be used by officials to collect photo evidence for PMFBY claims, helping streamline compensation payouts.

Project Timeline:

  • Pilot Phase:
    • Begins with Kharif 2025 and Rabi 2025-26.
    • Will cover at least 50 districts per season, spanning various agro-climatic zones and major crops.
  • Full Roll-Out: After initial R&D, nationwide implementation is planned from 2026 onwards.

Funding and Support:

  • Funded through the Fund for Innovation and Technology (FIAT) under PMFBY.
  • FIAT has a total allocation of ?825 crore for various tech-driven agricultural initiatives.

Rediscovery of the Eurasian Otter in Kashmir

  • 12 Jun 2025

In News:

After being presumed extinct in the Kashmir Valley for nearly three decades, the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) has been spotted again in the Lidder River in Srigufwara, South Kashmir. This rare sighting rekindles hope for the revival of the Valley’s aquatic biodiversity.

About Eurasian Otter:

  • Common Names: Eurasian otter, European otter, Common otter, Old-World otter
  • Local Name in Kashmir: Vuder
  • Type: Semi-aquatic carnivorous mammal
  • Distribution:
    • Widely spread across Europe, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Asia (from Eastern Russia to China).
    • In India, found in northern, northeastern, and southern regions.
    • In Kashmir, historically abundant in Dal Lake, Dachigam streams, Rambiara stream, and the Lidder River.

Habitat & Features:

  • Habitat:
    • Occupies diverse freshwater and coastal ecosystems—lakes, rivers, marshes, swamp forests, and mountain streams.
    • In the Indian subcontinent, prefers cold hill and mountain waters.
  • Physical Traits & Adaptations:
    • Sleek brown fur (lighter underneath), long streamlined body, short legs, and thick tail.
    • Aquatic adaptations:
      • Webbed feet
      • Ability to close ears and nostrils underwater
      • Dense fur trapping air for insulation
    • Excellent vision, hearing, and olfactory senses.
  • Behavior: Elusive, solitary, and primarily nocturnal.

Conservation Concerns:

  • Primary Threats:
    • Water pollution degrading habitats
    • Hunting for fur, historically significant in Kashmir
  • Conservation Status:
    • IUCN Red List: Near Threatened
    • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (India): Schedule II
    • CITES: Appendix I

Sant Kabirdas

  • 12 Jun 2025

In News:

11th June 2025 marked the 648th birth anniversary of Sant Kabirdas, one of India’s most revered 15th-century Bhakti saints.

Place of Birth: Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Birth Period: Circa 1440 CE, raised in a Muslim weaver family

Philosophy and Teachings

  • Nirguna Bhakti: Kabir rejected idol worship and sectarian divisions, instead preaching devotion to a formless, universal God (Nirguna Brahman).
  • Social Reform: He denounced casteism, rituals, and blind faith, stressing ethical conduct, humility, and self-realization.
  • Inner Divinity: He believed God resides within and taught seekers to seek truth through introspection (Antar-drishti) rather than temple rituals.
  • Language and Style:
    • Composed in Sant Bhasha, a blend of local dialects understood across religions.
    • Created Ulatbansi verses — paradoxical or "upside-down sayings" — challenging conventional wisdom.

Literary Legacy

  • Major Works: Bijak, Sakhi Granth, Kabir Granthavali, Anurag Sagar
  • Scriptural Inclusion:
    • His verses appear prominently in the Adi Granth Sahib compiled by Guru Arjan Dev.
    • Adopted by various traditions:
      • Kabir Bijak (Kabirpanth, UP)
      • Kabir Granthavali (Dadupanth, Rajasthan)

Impact and Influence

  • Kabir Panth: A spiritual sect founded on his teachings, still active in North India.
  • Sikhism: Deeply influenced Guru Nanak; Kabir’s dohas are integrated into Guru Granth Sahib.
  • Cross-Religious Appeal: Respected by both Hindus and Muslims, he is a symbol of India’s syncretic spiritual culture.
  • Other Sects: Influenced Dadu Panthis and Nirguna Bhakti traditions across India.

Contemporary Relevance

  • Religious Harmony: In a climate of polarization, Kabir’s teachings offer a path of unity and spiritual inclusivity.
  • Social Justice: His resistance to caste hierarchy echoes India’s constitutional values of equality and dignity.
  • Sustainable Living: His emphasis on simplicity and contentment aligns with ecological and minimalist principles.
  • Spiritual Humanism: He stressed conduct over ritual, making his message resonate across belief systems in today’s pluralistic society.

Raja Bhabhut Singh Honoured

  • 09 Jun 2025

In News:

In June 2025, the Madhya Pradesh Government held a special Cabinet meeting at Pachmarhi, renaming the Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary after Raja Bhabhut Singh, a lesser-known but formidable tribal freedom fighter of the 1857 revolt.

About Raja Bhabhut Singh

  • Lineage: Belonged to the Jagirdar family of Harrakot Raikheri, descended from Thakur Ajit Singh. His grandfather, Thakur Mohan Singh, had allied with Peshwa Appa Saheb Bhonsle of Nagpur during the 1819–20 resistance against the British.
  • Role in 1857 Revolt:
    • A key Gond tribal leader with control over Jabalpur and the Satpura hills.
    • Employed guerrilla warfare tactics in the Satpura forests, using deep geographical knowledge to harass British forces.
    • Maintained close ties with Tatya Tope, a prominent national leader.
  • Martyrdom:
    • British deployed the Madras Infantry to capture him.
    • He was executed in 1860, and is remembered in Korku tribal folklore.
    • Known as the "Shivaji of Narmadachal" for his resistance strategies.

Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Now Raja Bhabhut Singh Sanctuary)

  • Located in the Satpura mountain range, central Madhya Pradesh, within the Deccan Peninsula biogeographic zone.
  • Highest point: Dhoopgarh (1,352 m).
  • Forms part of the Satpura Tiger Reserve, along with:
    • Satpura National Park
    • Bori Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Key Biodiversity Zone in Central India.

Korku Tribe Overview

  • Region: Mainly in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Melghat (Maharashtra).
  • Occupation: Traditionally agriculturalists; introduced potato and coffee cultivation.
  • Society: Patrilineal communities led by traditional headmen.
  • Culture:
    • Practice ancestral worship through memorial stones called Munda.
    • Rich in oral traditions, which preserve the memory of tribal icons like Raja Bhabhut Singh.

Legionnaires’ Disease

  • 13 Apr 2025

In News:

Health authorities in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, have issued a public alert after a spike in Legionnaires’ disease cases in Sydney. The outbreak is suspected to be linked to contaminated air-conditioning systems in the city.

About Legionnaires’ Disease

Aspect                           Details

Cause                             Legionella bacteria, found in freshwater and man-made water systems

Type                                A severe form of pneumonia

Related Disease      Pontiac fever – a milder, flu-like respiratory illness caused by the same bacteria

Key Features

  • Symptoms:
    • High fever, cough, shortness of breath
    • Muscle pain, headaches, confusion
    • Diarrhoea or nausea in some cases
  • Transmission:
    • Not person-to-person
    • Spread through inhalation of contaminated aerosols (e.g., from cooling towers, air conditioners, hot tubs)
  • Risk Factors:
    • Elderly individuals
    • Smokers
    • People with weakened immune systems or chronic lung conditions

Treatment and Prevention

  • Treatment: Requires antibiotic therapy
  • Vaccine: No vaccine currently available
  • Prevention:
    • Regular maintenance and disinfection of water systems
    • Monitoring air-conditioning and cooling systems

Indian Giant Flying Squirrel

  • 13 Apr 2025

In News:

A rare sighting of the Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (Petauristaphilippensis) has been reported in Ranikhet, a hill station in Uttarakhand, highlighting the ecological richness of the region.

About Indian Giant Flying Squirrel

Feature                                         Description

Scientific Name                      Petauristaphilippensis

Size                                                   Body length: 30–45 cm; Tail length: up to 60 cm

Appearance                               Rufous coat, grey underparts, large eyes, and a gliding membrane from wrist

                                                to ankle

Locomotion                                Glides up to 60 meters between trees using patagium (gliding membrane)

Habitat and Distribution

  • Found in tropical and subtropical forests across central and southern India
  • Inhabits evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous forests, especially near forest edges
  • Recent sighting in Uttarakhand indicates possible range expansion or overlooked presence

Ecological Role

  • Diet: Fruits, nuts, leaves, and bark
  • Acts as a seed disperser, supporting forest regeneration
  • Considered a keystone species due to its ecological significance

Behavioural Traits

  • Nocturnal and arboreal
  • Emits alarm calls upon detecting predators like owls
  • Active at night, gliding from tree to tree in search of food

Conservation Status

Category                                                   Status

IUCN Red List (Global)                     Least Concern

IUCN Status (India)                           Near Threatened (due to habitat loss)

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972       Schedule II

Threats

  • Habitat loss and fragmentation
  • Deforestation and degradation of forest corridors
  • Increasing human encroachment in forested landscapes

Blue Washing of Polluting Industries

  • 12 Apr 2025

In News:

  • The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has recently introduced a new ‘Blue Category’ for industries under its Essential Environmental Services (EES) framework.
  • Notably, Waste-to-Energy (WTE) incineration plants, previously classified as highly polluting ‘Red Category’ industries, have now been controversially reclassified under this new category.

Background: Pollution Index (PI) and Industry Categorisation

  • The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) classifies industries into categories — White, Green, Orange, and Red — based on a Pollution Index (PI) (0–100 scale).
    • White (0–20): Least polluting
    • Green (21–40)
    • Orange (41–59)
    • Red (60–100): Most polluting
  • WTE plants, with a PI of 97.6, were originally in the Red Category.

What is the new Blue Category?

  • Created under Essential Environmental Services (EES) classification.
  • Grants 2 additional years of “Consent to Operate” (essentially, consent to pollute).
  • Aims to support infrastructure like composting units, biogas plants, material recovery facilities, etc

Controversy: WTE Incineration in the Blue Category

  • WTE plants burn unsegregated municipal solid waste (MSW) to generate electricity by producing steam to drive turbines.
  • Unlike claimed benefits, WTE plants emit more CO? per unit of electricity than coal-fired plants, contributing to climate change.
  • CPCB’s inspection reports found that Delhi’s WTE plants exceeded emission norms, releasing carcinogens and other pollutants such as:
    • SOx, NOx, HCL, PM, Dioxins, and Furans
  • In FY 2022–23, Delhi’s WTE plants incinerated ~735,840 tons of plastic, contributing significantly to Delhi’s poor air quality.
  • These plants also generate hazardous ash, requiring secure landfill disposal.

Issues with Reclassification

  • The CPCB’s own guidelines state that:
    • Only projects that do not emit hazardous waste or
    • Projects that promote the circular economy can be blue-listed.
  • However, leading government institute CSIR-NEERI has observed that WTE plants violate the principles of the circular economy and contravene Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.
  • Reclassification undermines environmental safeguards, harms waste pickers’ livelihoods, and imposes financial burdens on Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).

Sunbird

  • 12 Apr 2025

In News:

British startup Pulsar Fusion is developing Sunbird, a nuclear fusion-powered rocket that could significantly reduce travel time to outer planets like Mars and Pluto. An orbital demonstration is planned for 2027.

Key Features of Sunbird

  • Maximum Speed: Up to 805,000 km/h, surpassing the Parker Solar Probe (692,000 km/h), the fastest human-made object to date.
  • Travel Efficiency: Could enable missions to Pluto in just 4 years, and cut travel time to Mars by nearly 50%.
  • Payload Capacity: Capable of delivering up to 2,000 kg to Mars in six months.
  • Functionality: Unlike chemical rockets like SpaceX’s Starship, Sunbird would act as an interplanetary booster, attaching to spacecraft and possibly operating between charging stations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Mars orbit.

About Nuclear Fusion Propulsion

Nuclear Fusion aims to replicate the process that powers stars — the fusion of atomic nuclei to release energy. Unlike nuclear fission, fusion is cleaner, offers higher energy output, and produces minimal radioactive waste.

Types of Nuclear Propulsion Systems

Propulsion Type                                                           Description

Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP)             Uses a nuclear reactor to heat liquid hydrogen which

                                                                            turns to plasma and produces thrust. Provides high exhaust

                                                                            velocity and can increase payload efficiency 2–3 times

                                                                            over chemical rockets. Ground tests began in the 1950s.

Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP)                Converts reactor heat into electricity to power ion thrusters,

                                                                            which gradually reach high speeds. Components include a

                                                                                               compact reactor core, electric generator, heat rejection

                                                                                               system, and electric propulsion system. Unlike solar power,

                                                                           nuclear sources ensure consistent energy beyond Mars.

Challenges in Fusion Rocket Development

  • Fusion systems are currently large and heavy, posing difficulties in miniaturisation for spaceflight.
  • Fusion on Earth is hard to replicate due to atmospheric constraints; space offers a more natural environment for fusion reactions.

Global Efforts and Timeline

Apart from Pulsar Fusion, companies like Helicity Space and General Atomics (backed by NASA and Lockheed Martin) are also advancing fusion-powered space propulsion systems, with testing planned around 2027.

UMEED Portal and Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

  • 04 Jun 2025

In News:

The Government of India will launch the UMEED Portal to digitize and streamline the registration and management of Waqf properties under the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.

What is the UMEED Portal?

  • Full Form: Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency, and Development
  • Purpose: A centralized digital platform to register, regulate, and monitor Waqf properties nationwide.
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Minority Affairs, in collaboration with State Waqf Boards and judicial authorities.

Objectives:

  • Ensure transparent, efficient, and time-bound registration of Waqf assets.
  • Digitally empower stakeholders with access to legal rights, obligations, and procedural information.
  • Resolve long-pending disputes and enhance accountability in Waqf administration.
  • Provide real-time data, including geo-tagged property mapping, to support policymaking.

Key Features:

  • Time-Bound Registration:All Waqf properties must be registered within six months of the portal's launch.
  • Geo-Tagging and Digital Mapping:Properties must be geo-tagged and include precise dimensions for registration.
  • Dispute Resolution Mechanism:Properties not registered by the deadline will be automatically flagged as disputed and referred to Waqf Tribunals for adjudication.
  • Legal Support Services:The portal offers awareness tools regarding the amended Act and clarifies legal entitlements.
  • Women-Centric Provision:Properties solely in women’s names cannot be declared as Waqf. However, women, children, and the economically weaker sections (EWS) remain eligible beneficiaries.

About Waqf and Recent Legal Reforms:

  • What is Waqf?

A Waqf is a permanent charitable endowment under Islamic law, where assets (usually land) are donated for religious or public welfare purposes. Such property is inalienable and cannot be sold, inherited, or transferred.

  • Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025:
    • Digital Mandate: Mandatory online registration of all Waqf properties within 6 months.
    • Judicial Oversight:Introduced provision for appealing Waqf Tribunal decisions in the High Court within 90 days.
    • Tribunal Empowerment:Unregistered properties after the deadline will be treated as disputed and decided by Waqf Tribunals.
    • Government Monitoring:Enhanced role of State Waqf Boards in ensuring compliance, registration, and dispute handling.

Significance:

  • Aims to reduce litigation, encroachments, and opacity in Waqf land management.
  • Bridges the gap between community welfare and digital governance.
  • Strengthens institutional mechanisms for protecting religious endowments and improves access to justice.

First-Person View (FPV) Drones

  • 03 Jun 2025

In News:

Recently, Ukraine conducted a major drone strike on Russia, reportedly destroying over 40 aircraft using First-Person View (FPV) drones—marking one of the deepest strikes into Russian territory since the start of the conflict in 2022. This highlights the growing role of FPV drones in modern asymmetric warfare.

What are FPV Drones?

First-Person View (FPV) drones are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that allow remote pilots to view the drone’s surroundings through a camera mounted on the drone. The live feed can be transmitted to:

  • Specialized goggles
  • Smartphones
  • Other display screens

This immersive view enables highly precise navigation and control.

Key Features and Technologies

  • GPS-Independent Navigation: Operates effectively even when GPS signals are jammed or unavailable.
  • SmartPilot System: Uses visual-inertial navigation by interpreting camera data to assess the drone's position and orientation.
  • LiDAR Integration: Enhances terrain mapping and obstacle detection in complex environments.
  • Low Cost: A functional FPV drone can cost as little as $500, making them highly affordable compared to traditional weapon systems.

Operational Use in Combat

  • Reconnaissance First: Typically, a long-range reconnaissance drone is used to identify the target area before deploying FPV drones for strikes.
  • Deep Strike Capability: Despite having a short range (a few kilometres), FPV drones offer stealth and precision to strike deeply into enemy territory.
  • Combat Strategy: Their agility and affordability make FPV drones a key component of attrition warfare, especially for resource-constrained nations.

Advantages in Warfare

  • Cost-effectiveness: Offers high-impact capability at a fraction of the cost of conventional weapons.
  • Reduced Human Risk: Limits the need for manned missions in hostile territory.
  • Stealth: Smaller size and low acoustic footprint make them harder to detect and intercept.
  • High Destructiveness: Able to carry payloads such as explosives, effectively targeting tanks, aircraft, and installations.

Challenges and Limitations

  • Limited Range: Operates within a few kilometres, requiring deployment close to target zones.
  • Reduced Situational Awareness: Pilots rely solely on camera feed, which may not provide full spatial context.
  • Need for Visual Observers: In complex environments, an additional observer may be needed to guide the operator safely.

Ukraine’s Use of FPV Drones

Ukraine has effectively integrated FPV drones into its military strategy:

  • In November 2023, FPVs were credited as a low-cost, high-impact method of resisting Russian advances.
  • NATO sources indicated that over two-thirds of Russian tanks destroyed recently were hit by FPV drones.
  • Ukrainian drone manufacturer Vyriy Drone delivered 1,000 indigenous FPVs in March 2025.
  • Ukraine is projected to produce over 4 million drones in 2025, reflecting a significant scaling of domestic capabilities.

Geopolitical and Strategic Implications

  • Technological Self-Reliance: Domestic production protects nations from geopolitical supply chain disruptions (e.g., China’s chip exports).
  • Global Proliferation: Countries like Israel and Iran have also developed drone systems, including HAROP and Shahed drones respectively.

Jharkhand’s First Tiger Safari

  • 03 Jun 2025

In News:

The Jharkhand government has proposed setting up its first-ever tiger safari in the fringe area of the Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR), located in Latehar district. This initiative aims to promote wildlife education, conservation awareness, and eco-tourism, while also creating employment opportunities.

What is a Tiger Safari?

A tiger safari refers to a tourism model where rescued, conflict-prone, or orphaned tigers are housed in naturalistic enclosures, ensuring sightings for visitors. It differs from traditional wild safaris, where sightings are not guaranteed. The concept was first proposed in the NTCA's 2012 tourism guidelines, refined in 2016, and later aligned with the Supreme Court’s 2024 directive, which mandates that such safaris be located outside core and buffer zones of tiger reserves.

Legal and Regulatory Framework

  • Governed by:
    • Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
    • National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Guidelines (2012, 2016)
    • Central Zoo Authority (CZA) for animal welfare, enclosure design, and project compliance
  • Supreme Court Ruling (March 2024):
    • Tiger safaris must not be located inside core or buffer zones.
    • Intended to protect natural habitats and uphold conservation goals.

About Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR)

  • Established: 1974 under Project Tiger
  • Location: Chhotanagpur Plateau, Jharkhand
  • Rivers: North Koel, Burha (perennial), Auranga
  • Vegetation: Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous forest (Sal-dominated)
  • Key Fauna: Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Elephant, Sloth Bear, Leopard, Indian Pangolin, Otter
  • Historical Note: Site of the world’s first pugmark-based tiger census (1932)

Project Details

  • Location: Barwadih Western Forest Range (fringe of PTR, outside core/buffer zones)
  • Size: Approx. 150 hectares
  • Animals Housed: Only rescued, conflict-prone, or orphaned tigers from reserves/zoos (not wild or zoo-bred tigers unless approved)
  • Objectives:
    • Promote tourism and conservation education
    • Create an experiential learning space for visitors
    • Generate employment (~200 local jobs)

The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) will assess the site and species selection. Post Forest Department clearance, the Detailed Project Report (DPR) will be submitted to NTCA and CZA. Approvals may take 5–6 months, followed by a construction period of ~18 months.

Concerns and Challenges

  • Tribal and Community Rights:Activists caution that such projects may marginalize forest-dwelling communities and restrict access to traditional forest-based livelihoods (grazing, NTFP collection).
  • Consent of Local Communities:As per the Forest Rights Act, projects on forest land must involve Gram Sabha consultation. Activists argue this has yet to be fully addressed.
  • State's Clarification:Officials maintain that the site lies on forest land under state management, with no expected displacement.

India’s Provisional GDP Estimates for FY 2024–25

  • 01 Jun 2025

In News:

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the Provisional Estimates (PEs) of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Value Added (GVA) for the financial year 2024–25 (FY25), providing a comprehensive picture of the country's economic performance.

Understanding GDP and GVA

  • GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the total expenditure in the economy, including consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports — representing the demand side.
  • GVA (Gross Value Added) evaluates the income generated from the production of goods and services in different sectors — representing the supply side.
  • The two are related by the formula:GDP = GVA + Taxes – Subsidies
  • Both are reported in nominal terms (current prices) and real terms (adjusted for inflation).

Nature of Provisional Estimates

  • The estimates are termed provisional because they include data from all four quarters but are subject to revision:
    • First Advance Estimates (FAE): January
    • Second Advance Estimates (SAE): February
    • Provisional Estimates (PE): May
    • Revised Estimates: Finalized over the next two years (in 2026 and 2027 for FY25)

Key Economic Indicators for FY 2024–25

  • Nominal GDP
    • Estimated at ?330.68 lakh crore, showing a 9.8% growth over FY24.
    • In dollar terms (?85.559/USD), India’s economy reached $3.87 trillion.
    • However, this 9.8% nominal growth marks the third-slowest since 2014.
  • Real GDP
    • Rose by 6.5%, reaching ?187.97 lakh crore.
    • The real GDP growth slowed from 9.2% in FY24, indicating reduced economic momentum.
  • Sectoral GVA Performance
    • Overall GVA grew by 6.4%, down from 8.6% in FY24.
    • Sector-wise real GVA growth:
      • Agriculture & Allied Activities: 4.4% (up from 2.7% last year)
      • Industry (including Manufacturing & Construction): 6.1%
      • Services: 7.5% (notable growth in public admin, trade, and finance)
  • Q4 FY25 Trends
    • Real GDP growth: 7.4%
    • Nominal GDP growth: 10.8%
    • Indicates a strong end-of-year performance.

Structural Insights and Concerns

  • Manufacturing Weakness:Since FY20, manufacturing GVA CAGR (4.04%) lags behind agriculture (4.72%), signaling industrial stagnation.
  • Employment Implications:Manufacturing’s sluggishness contributes to high urban unemployment and labour migration to rural/agricultural sectors.
  • Consumption and Investment Revival:
    • Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) grew by 7.2%.
    • Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) increased by 7.1%, indicating investment momentum.

Significance for Policymaking

  • The GDP data serves as a basis for fiscal planning, monetary policy decisions, and public investment.
  • It highlights India’s position as one of the fastest-growing major economies, while also revealing structural vulnerabilities — particularly in manufacturing.
  • For international comparison, real GDP is crucial as it neutralizes inflationary differences across countries.

Perito Moreno Glacier

  • 01 Jun 2025

In News:

  • The Perito Moreno Glacier, often referred to as the ‘White Giant’, is Argentina’s most iconic glacier, located in the Los Glaciares National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • Situated in the Andes Mountains, near El Calafate in Santa Cruz province, this glacier spans approximately 250 sq km—about the size of Patna, Bihar—and stretches 30 km in length, with ice walls rising 60 meters above water.
  • Formed during the last Ice Age (~18,000 years ago), Perito Moreno has historically remained unusually stable, defying the global trend of rapid glacier retreat. However, this stability changed around 2020, raising alarms among scientists.

Recent Developments and Ice Calving Events

  • Perito Moreno is globally renowned for its ice calving events, where massive blocks of ice break off into the lake with thunderous crashes. These events, though natural due to the glacier’s forward motion, have recently become more intense.
  • On April 21, 2025, a colossal ice chunk the size of a 20-story building plunged 70 meters into the water—an increasingly frequent occurrence in the past 4–6 years.
  • According to local experts and a 2024 government-backed report, the glacier has been retreating steadily since 2015, with an average mass loss of 0.85 meters annually—the fastest in nearly five decades.
  • Between 2020 and 2023, the glacier lost over 700 meters of mass, equivalent to around seven large ice blocks.

Causes: Global Warming & Climate Impact

  • The primary cause behind this dramatic retreat is climate change. Scientists from IANIGLA (Argentine Institute of Glaciology and Environmental Sciences) and CONICET state that the region has experienced an air temperature rise of 0.06°C per decade and reduced precipitation, leading to less snow accumulation and thinning of the glacier.

Global Perspective on Glacier Retreat

Perito Moreno is now part of a larger, alarming global trend.

  • A 2024 study in Nature estimates that glaciers worldwide are losing 273 billion tonnes of ice annually, contributing to a 2 cm rise in global sea levels this century alone.
  • A UNESCO report (March 2025) highlighted that glaciers (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) have shed over 9,000 billion tonnes of ice since 1975—comparable to an ice block the size of Germany with 25 meters thickness.

Environmental Significance

  • Freshwater Source: Perito Moreno is a major reservoir of freshwater in Argentina.
  • Tourism: The glacier attracts global tourists, boosting the local economy.
  • Climate Indicator: Its recent retreat reflects the delayed but accelerating impact of global warming, making it a critical environmental bellwether.

World’s First 3D-Printed Train Station unveiled in Japan

  • 10 Apr 2025

In News:

Japan’s West Japan Railway Company has unveiled the world’s first 3D-printed train station — Hatsushima Station in Arida city. Notably, the station was constructed in less than six hours, highlighting a major advancement in construction technology.

Understanding 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing)

What is 3D Printing?

3D Printing, or Additive Manufacturing, is a process of creating three-dimensional objects by layering material based on a digital design. Unlike traditional (subtractive) manufacturing, which removes material, this method adds material layer by layer, ensuring reduced waste and the ability to produce complex geometries.

How 3D Printing Works:

  • Design Phase: A 3D digital model is created using CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software and saved in formats like .STL or .OBJ.
  • Slicing: The model is sliced into horizontal layers using specialized software.
  • Printing: The printer deposits material layer-by-layer according to the sliced file. Each layer solidifies to form the final shape.
  • Post-Processing: The object is finished through processes such as curing, sanding, or painting.

Major 3D Printing Technologies:

  • Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM): Uses melted thermoplastic filaments to build objects layer-by-layer.
  • Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): Uses lasers to fuse powdered plastics or metals into solid forms.
  • Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS): Employs a laser to fuse metal powders — widely used in aerospace and medical sectors.
  • Material Jetting: Deposits photopolymer droplets, cured with UV light — ideal for high-precision and colorful prototypes.

Limitations of 3D Printing:

  • Material Restrictions: Only specific plastics, metals, and composites are compatible with given printers.
  • Size Constraints: Limited build volume necessitates assembling larger items from smaller parts.
  • Structural Weakness: Objects may have weak joints due to the layered structure, reducing suitability for high-stress uses.
  • IP Challenges: Digital design files can be easily shared, posing risks of counterfeiting and intellectual property theft.

Stromatolites in India

  • 30 May 2025

In News:

600-million-year-old stromatolites in the Himalayas tell the story of an ocean lost and Earth’s first breath.

What are Stromatolites?

Stromatolites are organo-sedimentary structures formed by the entrapment of calcium carbonate precipitates by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in shallow marine environments. These layered, dome-shaped mounds represent some of the earliest evidence of life on Earth, with their formation driven by photosynthetic microbial mats.

  • Composition: Typically found in limestone, shale, and sandstone.
  • Structure: Characterized by laminated layers that may appear flat, dome-shaped, or columnar.
  • Habitat (Ancient & Modern): Mostly marine; some ancient forms inhabited freshwater and intertidal zones. Today, living stromatolites survive in limited saline lagoons and bays.

Latest Discovery: Chambaghat, Himachal Pradesh

A major stromatolite outcrop, dating back 600 million years, was recently found in Chambaghat, Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. These structures lie within the Krol Group of sedimentary rocks — a part of the ancient Tethys Sea that existed before the Indian plate collided with Eurasia.

  • Elevation: Found at 5,000–6,000 ft above sea level, showcasing tectonic uplift.
  • Age Significance: Though not the oldest globally or in India, these are among the younger but well-preserved stromatolites, possibly from the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary (~543–548 million years ago).

Scientific Importance

  • Geological Record: Stromatolites document Earth's atmospheric shift from a greenhouse gas-rich to an oxygen-rich environment — a transformation driven by photosynthetic cyanobacteria.
  • The Great Oxidation Event (GOE): Occurred ~2.4 billion years ago, when oxygen produced by cyanobacteria began accumulating in the atmosphere, enabling the evolution of multicellular life.
  • Tectonic History: Their presence in the Himalayas illustrates the story of the Gondwana supercontinent, India’s northward drift, and the closure of the Tethys Sea.

Global and Indian Context

  • Oldest Stromatolites (Global): ~3.6 billion years old from Western Australia.
  • Oldest in India: ~2.5 billion years old in the Dharwar Supergroup, Karnataka.

Prominent Stromatolite Sites in India:

Region                                                      Geological Feature

Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh                    Columnar stromatolites in Vindhyan limestones

Morni Hills, Haryana                            Preserved stromatolites in dolomite

Mussoorie & Nainital, Uttarakhand    Precambrian marine stromatolites in Krol Belt

Jaisalmer Fossil Park, Rajasthan         Protected Mesozoic marine fossil site

Dharwar Supergroup, Karnataka        Neoarchean stromatolites (~2.6 billion years old)

Bhima Basin, Karnataka                      Precambrian stromatolites in shallow marine limestones

Preservation and Geoheritage

Geologists and experts advocate for declaring Chambaghat as a Geoheritage Park, involving local communities and schools to foster awareness. The goal is to integrate science with tourism, conservation, and education.

  • Challenge: Many stromatolitic sites across India face neglect or risk from mining and construction, despite their scientific and educational potential.
  • Appeal: Proposal for UNESCO Geoheritage status to protect and promote this prehistoric legacy.

India’s First Gene-Edited Sheep

  • 30 May 2025

In News:

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir) has successfully developed India’s first gene-edited sheep, marking a significant breakthrough in the field of animal biotechnology.

Key Highlights:

  • Institution Involved: Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST), Srinagar.
  • Technology Used:
    • CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing — a precision genome editing tool that won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
    • Gene editing was conducted without insertion of foreign DNA, thus the sheep is non-transgenic and differs from traditional GMOs.
  • Gene Targeted: The myostatin gene, which regulates muscle growth, was edited to enhance muscle mass.
  • Result: Muscle mass increased by 30%, a trait absent in Indian sheep breeds but seen in select European breeds like the Texel.
  • Significance:
    • Improved meat yield and quality in sheep.
    • Potential for disease-resistant and higher-reproduction-rate livestock in the future.
    • Supports India’s evolving biotech policy by promoting non-transgenic, gene-edited organisms that are more likely to receive regulatory acceptance.
    • Aligns with goals of sustainability and food security by enhancing productivity per animal.
  • Regulatory & Safety Aspects:
    • Research adhered to international biosafety protocols.
    • Sponsored by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
  • Legacy & Research Background:
    • Developed after 4 years of dedicated research.
    • Led by Prof. Riaz Ahmad Shah, also known for creating India’s first cloned Pashmina goat, Noori, in 2012, and contributing to the world’s first cloned buffalo at NDRI, Karnal.

Implications for the Future:

  • Opens doors for precision breeding in livestock to boost India’s animal husbandry sector.
  • Strengthens India’s position in advanced genomic research and supports the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat in biotechnology.
  • Awaits comprehensive regulatory framework for gene-edited animals, currently under government consideration.

India’s Sharp Decline in Poverty

  • 29 May 2025

In News:

Recent Household Consumption Expenditure Surveys (2022–23 and 2023–24) by the National Statistical Office (NSO), alongside a World Bank Poverty & Equity Brief, highlight a historic decline in poverty in India. This achievement is largely attributed to sustained GDP growth and declining inequality.

Key Findings:

Poverty Reduction Trends (2011–12 to 2023–24)

  • All-India Poverty Ratio: Fell from 29.5% (2011–12) → 9.5% (2022–23) → 4.9% (2023–24).
  • Extreme Poverty (<$2.15/day, PPP): Declined from 16.2%2.3% (2011–12 to 2022–23).
  • Lower-Middle Income Poverty (<$3.65/day): Declined from 61.8%28.1%.

Updated Poverty Lines (Rangarajan Committee Methodology):

Area            2011–12           2022–23         2023–24

Rural           ?972                 ?1,837            ?1,940

Urban         ?1,407               ?2,603            ?2,736

  • For a 5-member urban household, the 2023–24 poverty threshold is ?13,680/month.

Factors Driving Poverty Reduction:

  • High GDP Growth: Rose from 7.6% (2022–23) to 9.2% (2023–24).
  • Moderating Inflation: Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation dropped from 6.7% to 5.4%, enhancing real incomes. However, food inflation rose to 7.5%, affecting poor households disproportionately.
  • Inequality Decline:
    • Gini Coefficient fell from 0.310 (2011–12) → 0.282 (2022–23) → 0.253 (2023–24).
    • Urban areas saw faster decline in consumption inequality.

Nature and Depth of Poverty:

  • Poverty Near the Threshold:
    • Over 50% of the poor lie between 75–100% of the poverty line.
    • Large share of non-poor lie just above the line (115–125%), making them vulnerable.
  • Depth Analysis (Raised Cut-Offs): Even at 125% of the poverty line, poverty fell by 34.2 percentage points (2011–24), showing broad-based gains.

Regional & Structural Challenges:

  • Persisting Regional Disparities: States like Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha still report higher poverty levels.
  • Urban Informality & Data Gaps: Recent surveys underrepresent informal workers and migrants, skewing urban poverty estimates.
  • Vulnerability to Shocks: Health crises, climate events, or inflation could push the near-poor back into poverty.
  • Gaps in Welfare Coverage: Urban poor and migrant populations face limited access to PDS and safety nets.

Policy Imperatives:

  • Targeted Cash Transfers: Scale up schemes like PM-GKAY, DBT for LPG, and tailor transfers to those just above the poverty line.
  • Strengthen Rural Employment: Enhance MGNREGA funding and integrate climate-resilient jobs.
  • Build Urban Safety Nets: Develop a comprehensive urban social protection framework for gig and informal sector workers.
  • Education & Nutrition Investments: Bridge human capital gaps via PM POSHAN, Saksham Anganwadi.
  • Continuous Poverty Monitoring: Institutionalize annual poverty tracking using real-time and multidimensional indicators.

Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)

  • 29 May 2025

In News:

In 2025, the early onset of the southwest monsoon in Kerala (May 24) and Mumbai (May 26—the earliest on record) was significantly influenced by the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), as reported by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).

What is the MJO?

  • The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a large-scale atmospheric phenomenon observed in the tropical belt (30°N to 30°S).
  • It is an eastward-moving disturbance involving winds, clouds, pressure, and rainfall that circles the globe every 30 to 60 days (occasionally up to 90 days).
  • Identified in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian, it differs from ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) in being intra-seasonal and transient.

Phases of MJO:

  • Enhanced Convective Phase:
    • Associated with increased cloudiness, low pressure, and above-normal rainfall.
    • Characterized by rising air and moisture convergence.
  • Suppressed Convective Phase:
    • Brings clearer skies and reduced rainfall due to subsiding dry air.
  • These phases shift eastward and influence weather globally, including India.

 

Formation and Movement:

  • Triggered by surface wind convergence that causes upward motion, cloud formation, and upper-level wind divergence.
  • Travels at 4–8 m/s, completing a global circuit roughly every 30–60 days.

MJO’s Impact on Indian Monsoon:

  • MJO in active phase over the Indian Ocean can:
    • Trigger early monsoon onset, as seen in 2024 and 2025.
    • Enhance cyclogenesis and monsoon depressions.
    • Improve intra-seasonal rainfall variability.
  • May 2025 Event:
    • The MJO was in Phase 4 with amplitude >1, indicating strong activity conducive to rainfall.
    • This condition, along with favorable local and oceanic factors, supported early monsoon advancement in India.

Global Influence of MJO:

  • Cyclone Modulation: Alters frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones.
  • Weather Extremes: Affects jet streams, triggering cold surges, heatwaves, or floods in mid-latitudes (e.g., U.S., Europe, Australia).
  • Interaction with ENSO: While not always directly linked, MJO can amplify or be influenced by El Niño conditions.

Dark Patterns and India’s Regulatory Response

  • 29 May 2025

In News:

The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution has initiated a robust crackdown on Dark Patterns—deceptive design practices used on digital platforms to manipulate consumer behavior. A recent high-level stakeholder meeting in Delhi, chaired by Union Minister Prahlad Joshi, brought together representatives from major e-commerce platforms like Amazon, Flipkart, Zomato, and Ola, along with consumer organizations and law institutions, to address the growing concern.

What are Dark Patterns?

Dark Patterns are user interface designs that intentionally mislead or coerce consumers into making decisions they would not have otherwise made. These manipulative tactics exploit psychological principles and cognitive biases to serve the commercial interests of platforms—often at the cost of consumer autonomy.

Types of Dark Patterns Identified by the Government:

The Department of Consumer Affairs has officially recognized 13 types of dark patterns in its November 2023 guidelines. Prominent among them are:

  • False Urgency: Creating artificial time pressure (e.g., “Only 1 seat left!”).
  • Basket Sneaking: Adding items to the cart without user consent.
  • Confirm Shaming: Using guilt-driven language to influence decisions.
  • Subscription Trap: Making subscription easy but cancellation difficult.
  • Interface Interference: Hiding crucial information or options.
  • Bait and Switch: Advertising one offer and switching to another.
  • Hidden Costs: Revealing extra charges only at checkout.
  • Forced Action: Making users complete unrelated tasks to proceed.
  • Disguised Ads, Trick Questions, Nagging, SAAS Billing Abuse, and Rogue Malware Links are other examples.

These practices have been found across multiple digital sectors including e-commerce, travel, OTT platforms, edtech, online banking, and quick commerce.

Consumer Impact and Rising Complaints:

The National Consumer Helpline has witnessed a significant increase in grievances related to dark patterns. Platforms are accused of eroding consumer trust, causing financial harm, breaching privacy, and distorting fair market practices.

According to LocalCircles, based on a survey conducted across 392 districts with feedback from 2.30 lakh consumers, the worst offenders include edtech, airline, and taxi app services. Notably, companies like Uber and Rapido were recently issued notices by the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) for coercing users into paying tips in advance.

Regulatory Measures in India:

  • Consumer Protection Act, 2019: While it prohibits unfair trade practices, it lacks explicit provisions targeting dark patterns, making enforcement challenging.
  • 2023 Guidelines on Dark Patterns: Released by the Department of Consumer Affairs, these guidelines define deceptive interfaces as violations of consumer rights and misleading advertisements.
  • Self-Audit Mandate: E-commerce companies have been instructed to conduct internal audits and eliminate dark patterns from their platforms.
  • Proposed Joint Working Group: A mechanism is being considered to increase industry awareness and enforce compliance.
  • Voluntary and Legal Enforcement: The government has urged digital firms to integrate the guidelines into internal policies and consumer grievance redressal systems.

Jinchuanloong niedu

  • 28 May 2025

In News:

A newly discovered genus and species of sauropod dinosaur, Jinchuanloong niedu, has been identified from fossil remains found in the Xinhe Formation near Jinchang city in Gansu Province, northwestern China. This discovery adds to the growing diversity of early-diverging sauropods from the Middle Jurassic period, dating back approximately 165 million years.

About Jinchuanloong niedu

  • Jinchuanloong niedu belongs to the group Eusauropoda, which comprises early-diverging, strictly herbivorous, long-necked, quadrupedal dinosaurs.
  • The fossil specimen includes a nearly complete skull with mandible, five cervical vertebrae, and 29 articulated caudal vertebrae.
  • The skull measures approximately 31 cm in length and 12.5 cm in height. Notably, complete skulls are rare in non-neosauropod eusauropods due to their fragile nature.
  • The skull is well-preserved, although slightly deformed due to compression. Most cranial sutures remain distinctly visible, aiding paleontological study.

Paleontological Significance

  • This species is the earliest sauropod identified from Gansu Province, enriching the diversity of known early-diverging sauropods in East Asia.
  • The discovery contributes valuable insights into sauropod evolution in northwest China, particularly during the Middle Jurassic.
  • The presence of Jinchuanloong niedu helps trace lineage continuity in the aftermath of a global warming event during the late Early Jurassic, which led to the extinction of other sauropod groups, leaving only eusauropods.

Eusauropoda and Sauropod Evolution

  • Sauropods, which existed from the Early Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous, were the largest land animals to have ever lived and were found on all continents.
  • Characterized by massive size, long necks and tails, and a herbivorous diet, sauropods include both neosauropods and non-neosauropods.
  • During the Middle and Late Jurassic, non-neosauropod eusauropods like Shunosaurus, Omeisaurus, and Mamenchisaurus-like taxa became dominant.

Kumbakonam Vetrilai (Betel Leaf)

  • 28 May 2025

In News:

Kumbakonam Vetrilai, a traditional betel (paan) leaf variety cultivated in Tamil Nadu, was recently granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Government of India. This recognition was published in the Government Gazette in November 2024 and officially announced in April 2025, taking Tamil Nadu’s total GI products to 62.

Geographical and Agricultural Context

Kumbakonam Vetrilai is predominantly grown in the Cauvery river basin in Thanjavur district, covering areas like Kumbakonam, Ayyampettai, Swamimalai, Rajagiri, Thiruvaiyaru, and Papanasam. The region's fertile soil gives the leaves a distinct taste and aroma.

The oblong, heart-shaped leaves, ranging from dark to light green, are known for their pungent flavour and are a staple in South Asian households, used primarily in preparing paan—a post-meal chew with cultural and ceremonial value.

Cultivation and Harvest

The cultivation cycle begins with planting during March–May and August–October. Banana suckers are commonly used to provide shade for the vines. The first leaves, called kolundhu vetrilai, appear 20–25 days after planting.

  • Maaruvethalai (1st year harvest): Yields larger leaves with a shelf life of 6–7 days and fetches premium market prices.
  • Kelavethalai and Kattavethalai (2nd and 3rd year harvests): Smaller leaves with reduced yield.

The cultivation is labour- and capital-intensive, with most farmers operating on less than one acre. Adverse weather, soil issues, and labour shortages frequently impact profitability.

Cultural and Medicinal Value

Apart from its ritual and culinary use, betel leaf is valued for medicinal properties. Rich in antioxidants and chavicol (an anti-inflammatory compound), it aids digestion and is believed to help manage oxidative stress and diabetes-related conditions.

Economic and Export Potential

The leaves are sold at Rs. 80–180 per 100 leaves and are also exported. However, only about 10 out of 100 days are considered profitable due to market and climatic fluctuations.

GI Tag Benefits and Challenges

The GI tag:

  • Confirms the authenticity and regional uniqueness of Kumbakonam Vetrilai.
  • Helps curb misuse of the name and ensures only genuine, high-quality products are marketed.
  • Boosts export potential and preserves agro-cultural heritage.

Despite this recognition, many farmers and sellers remain unaware of the GI tag. As per Sanjai Gandhi, the IP attorney behind the GI application, there's a pressing need for awareness, capacity-building, and marketing support to help stakeholders leverage the tag effectively.

Efforts are underway through outreach programs and school and college awareness initiatives. This GI tag is also notable as Thanjavur’s first agricultural GI recognition, adding to the region’s rich cultural profile.

Semi-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cell Technology

  • 28 May 2025

In News:

Researchers at IIT Bombay have developed an advanced semi-transparent perovskite solar cell (PSC) layered over a traditional silicon solar cell. This results in a 4-terminal (4T) tandem solar cell that significantly boosts power conversion efficiency (PCE) to ~30%, compared to the current average of ~20% in conventional solar panels.

Key Features and Technology

  • Structure: Tandem architecture using a bottom silicon sub-cell and a top layer of indigenously developed halide perovskite semiconductor.
  • Material Efficiency: Halide perovskite is one of the most efficient light-absorbing materials and can be locally produced using available chemical resources.
  • Cost & Efficiency Gains:
    • Potential to reduce solar power cost to ?1/kWh, down from ?2.5–4/kWh.
    • Offers 25–30% more efficiency compared to standard solar panels.
  • Stability Improvements: Previously, PSCs degraded quickly. The new configuration extends lifespan up to 10 years, enhancing durability under heat and low-light conditions.

Strategic Significance for India

  • Indigenous Manufacturing: Reduces dependence on imported raw materials, especially those dominated by China.
  • Commercialization Plan:
    • Maharashtra government and MAHAGENCO exploring large-scale implementation.
    • ART-PV India Pvt. Ltd., a start-up from IIT Bombay's SINE, aims to deliver a commercial wafer-size solution by December 2027 using indigenous equipment.
  • Applications:
    • Rooftop solar installations
    • Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)
    • Vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPV)

Clean Energy Linkage: IIT Bombay is also working with the Maharashtra government to develop green hydrogen solutions. The PSC’s high open-circuit voltage makes it suitable for solar-to-hydrogen (STH) applications, offering performance comparable to costly compound semiconductors but at lower cost and with locally accessible materials.

Landmine and Cluster Munition Treaties

  • 07 Apr 2025

In News:

In a major shift that challenges global disarmament efforts, NATO members Poland, Finland, and the three Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—have announced their withdrawal from the 1997 Ottawa Convention banning anti-personnel landmines. These countries cite growing security threats from Russia amidst the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war as the primary reason for exiting the treaty.

Ottawa Convention (1997)

  • Objective: To prohibit the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines, and to mandate the destruction of existing stockpiles within four years.
  • Adoption and Enforcement: Finalized in Oslo on 18 September 1997, it came into force on 1 March 1999.
  • Scope: The treaty bans anti-personnel mines but not anti-vehicle mines.
  • Membership: 164 states are party to the convention. However, major powers like the US, Russia, China, and India have not signed or ratified it.
  • Humanitarian Impact:
    • Over 80% of landmine victims are civilians (ICRC).
    • Ukraine has been declared the most mined country in the world (UN, October 2024), with 1,286 civilian victims reported as of August 2024.
  • Victim Assistance: The Convention includes obligations to assist mine victims, many of whom suffer permanent disabilities.

Motivations Behind Withdrawals

  • The withdrawing countries argue that their security environment has fundamentally changed, especially with the threat of Russian aggression.
  • They fear that any ceasefire in Ukraine might allow Russia to regroup and pose a direct threat to bordering nations.
  • By exiting the convention, these states aim to achieve military parity with Russia, which is not a party to the treaty.
  • Poland has already indicated interest in resuming landmine production.

Impact on Global Demining and Humanitarian Efforts

  • The move risks reversing decades of global advocacy and humanitarian work.
  • Compounding the problem, global demining efforts are under stress due to sharp US funding cuts. The US had been the largest donor, contributing over $300 million annually, or 40% of global demining funds (Landmine Monitor 2024).
  • Though the US has resumed some humanitarian demining programs (March 2024), specific details remain limited.

Convention on Cluster Munitions (2008)

  • Purpose: Bans the use, production, transfer, and stockpiling of cluster munitions.
  • Mechanism: These weapons disperse bomblets over large areas, posing serious risks to civilians long after deployment.
  • Membership: 112 state parties and 12 signatories.
  • Recent Withdrawal: Lithuania has signaled its withdrawal from this treaty.
  • Non-Signatories: India, the US, Russia, China, Ukraine, and Israel have not joined the convention due to strategic and military considerations.
  • Recent Usage: In 2023, the US supplied cluster munitions to Ukraine as part of its defense against Russian invasion.

6th BIMSTEC Summit

  • 07 Apr 2025

In News:

The 6th BIMSTEC Summit was recently held in Bangkok, Thailand, under the theme BIMSTEC: Prosperous, Resilient, and Open.”The Indian Prime Minister participated in the Summit, emphasizing regional connectivity, economic integration, and collective resilience.

About BIMSTEC

  • Full Form: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
  • Members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand
  • Founded: 1997 (Bangkok Declaration)
  • Initial Name: BIST-EC (later BIMST-EC, and finally BIMSTEC in 2004)
  • Population & Economy: Covers 1.7 billion people (~22% of world population) with a combined GDP of USD 5.2 trillion (2023)

Key Outcomes:

  • Summit Declarations and Documents
    • Bangkok Vision 2030: Adopted as a roadmap for regional economic integration, technological collaboration, and resilience against global challenges.
    • 21-point Action Plan: Proposed by India to revitalize BIMSTEC as a dynamic platform for regional cooperation, especially in light of SAARC’s dormancy.
  • Institutional and Governance Reforms
    • Enforcement of the BIMSTEC Charter.
    • Institutionalization of the Home Ministers' Mechanism, with India offering to host the first meeting.
    • Strengthening mechanisms to counter terrorism, cybercrime, and human trafficking.

India’s Key Announcements and Initiatives

A. Centres of Excellence

India announced the establishment of BIMSTEC Centres of Excellence in:

  • Disaster Management
  • Sustainable Maritime Transport
  • Traditional Medicine
  • Agricultural Research and Training

B. Connectivity and Digital Infrastructure

  • Operationalization of the BIMSTEC Energy Centre in Bengaluru.
  • Proposal to link India’s UPI with BIMSTEC payment systems.
  • Launch of a pilot study on Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for governance and service delivery.

C. Trade and Economic Integration

  • Proposal to create a BIMSTEC Chamber of Commerce.
  • Plan for an Annual Business Summit.
  • Suggestion for a feasibility study on trade in local currencies.

D. Maritime and Space Cooperation

  • Proposal for a Sustainable Maritime Transport Centre in India.
  • Support for electric grid interconnection across member states.
  • Space cooperation: development of nano-satellites, remote sensing data sharing, and training via a dedicated ground station.

Human Development and Cultural Engagement

  • BIMSTEC for Organized Development of Human Resource Infrastructure (BODHI):
    • Training for 300 youth annually.
    • Scholarships (e.g., Nalanda University, Forestry Research Institute).
    • Diplomatic training programs.

Health Sector

  • Cancer Care Capacity Building Program for BIMSTEC countries.

Youth and Cultural Initiatives

  • BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival
  • Young Leaders’ SummitandHackathon
  • Young Professional Visitors Program
  • BIMSTEC Athletics Meet (2025)
  • BIMSTEC Games (2027)– to mark the 30th anniversary

India–Thailand Strategic Partnership (Announced on Sidelines)

Maritime and Regional Cooperation

  • Strengthening ties via Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) and ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific (AOIP).
  • Boosting connectivity via the India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway.

Defence and Security

  • Expansion of defence dialogues and joint military exercises (e.g., Exercise Maitree).
  • Cooperation in cybersecurity, counter-terrorism, and intelligence sharing.

Economic and Trade Engagement

  • Enhancing supply chain resilience, boosting bilateral trade, and exploring FTA upgradation.

Science and Innovation

  • Joint ventures in renewable energy, space technology, and biotech innovation.
  • Cooperation on digital public infrastructure.

Cultural Relations

  • Promotion of Buddhist heritage, education exchanges, and tourism.
  • Engagement with the Indian diaspora in Thailand.

Artificial Rain to combat Delhi’s Air Pollution

  • 06 Apr 2025

In News:

With the national capital grappling with chronic air pollution every winter, the Delhi Government is exploring artificial rain (cloud seeding) as a potential mitigation strategy. In a recent high-level meeting chaired by Environment Minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa, experts and representatives from key institutions brainstormed the feasibility and logistics of implementing cloud seeding in Delhi's airspace.

What is Artificial Rain (Cloud Seeding)?

  • Cloud seeding is a form of weather modification aimed at inducing rainfall.
  • It involves spraying chemical agents such as silver iodide or salt particles into clouds to stimulate condensation and precipitation.
  • Requires favourable meteorological conditions, especially adequate moisture and cloud density.
  • Usually conducted using aircraft or ground-based dispersal systems.

Significance for Delhi:

  • Rainfall helps settle airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), thereby reducing pollution levels.
  • Delhi’s air quality worsens in winter due to a combination of low wind speeds, crop residue burning, vehicular and industrial emissions, and construction dust.
  • Artificial rain could serve as an emergency intervention to improve air quality during severe pollution episodes.

Key Highlights of the Meeting:

  • Convened by Delhi Environment Department with participation from:
    • CPCB, DPCC
    • Ministry of Defence, MoEFCC
    • IIT-Kanpur, India Meteorological Department (IMD)
    • Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), AAI
  • IIT-Kanpur scientists shared results from previous successful cloud seeding trials in Kanpur (2023), demonstrating its potential under ideal conditions.
  • Past trials in 2018 also showed partial success, with rainfall occurring in 5 out of 6 attempts during pre-monsoon months.

Challenges Identified:

  • Weather-dependence: Effectiveness relies heavily on cloud presence and moisture levels, which are limited in Delhi during winters.
  • Airspace clearance and coordination among multiple agencies (civil aviation, defence).
  • High costs and uncertain outcomes make it a supplementary, not primary, solution.

Complementary Measures Underway:

  • Delhi’s 14-point action plan to curb dust pollution includes:
    • Anti-smog guns, covering construction sites, cleaning of construction vehicles, andregulated debris disposal.
  • Exploring static ionisation systems as an alternative to cloud seeding for artificial precipitation.

Heard and McDonald Islands

  • 05 Apr 2025

In News:

Donald Trump has imposed a 10% tariff on imports from the Heard and McDonald Islands.

Geographical Context

  • Heard Island and McDonald Islands (HIMI) are remote, sub-Antarctic volcanic islands in the southern Indian Ocean, situated:
    • ~4,100 km southwest of Perth (Australia),
    • ~1,600 km north of the Antarctic coast.
  • They are one of Australia’s seven external territories, administered directly by the Australian government.

Physical and Ecological Significance

  • Volcanically active: Home to Big Ben (2,745 m, Mawson Peak), Australia’s highest mountain outside the mainland and Tasmania.
  • McDonald Island has expanded due to recent eruptions in the 1990s and 2000s.
  • Only volcanically active sub-Antarctic islands, making them valuable for studying:
    • Earth’s crustal processes,
    • Glacial dynamics,
    • Oceanic and atmospheric changes.
  • Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1997) and classified under IUCN Category Ia (Strict Nature Reserve).

Biodiversity

  • Inhabited by marine birds and mammals like:Penguins, elephant seals, and seabirds.
  • Notable for being free from invasive species, aiding biodiversity and evolutionary research.
  • Largely uninhabited by humans; no known permanent population.

US Tariff Controversy

  • The US President (Donald Trump) imposed a 10% tariff on imports from HIMI—despite the islands having no known exports or trade with the US.
  • The islands have no recent human presence and are mainly home to wildlife.
  • Other Australian external territories targeted by similar tariffs include:
    • Norfolk Island – 29% tariff despite limited economic activity.
    • Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island – 10% tariff.
  • The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), including Diego Garcia, also faced a 10% tariff. Diego Garcia hosts a US-UK military base, with no civilian population.

Mitathal and Tighrana: Newly Protected Harappan Sites in Haryana

  • 05 Apr 2025

In News:

The Haryana Government has declared Mitathal and Tighrana, two historically significant Harappan civilisation sites in Bhiwani district, as protected archaeological sites under the Haryana Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1964.

Location and Legal Status

  • Both sites are located in Mitathal and Tighrana villages of Bhiwani district, Haryana.
  • The notification was issued on March 13, 2025, designating a 10-acre area at Mitathal for protection.
  • The Heritage and Tourism Department will ensure preservation through site fencing and deployment of guards.

Mitathal Site: Key Highlights

  • Period: Dates to the Copper-Bronze Age, roughly 3rd to 2nd millennium BCE.
  • Archaeological Finds:
    • Well-baked red pottery with black painted motifs like pipal leaves and fish scales.
    • Beads, copper tools, bangles, terracotta, and bone artefacts.
  • Historical Timeline:
    • First identified in 1913 through Samudragupta coins.
    • Systematic excavations began in 1965–68 and continued post-2016 by the Central University of Haryana.
  • Cultural Features:
    • Reflects urban planning and craftsmanship typical of the Harappan Civilization.

Tighrana Site: Cultural Significance

  • Chronology: Rich in pre-Harappan, Harappan, and post-Harappan layers.
  • Inhabitants: Associated with Sothian culture – early Chalcolithic farming communities (~2400 BCE).
  • Settlement Traits:
    • Mud-brick houses, some possibly fortified.
    • Use of bichrome wheel-made pottery (black and white designs).
  • Artefacts:Green carnelian bangles, beads, and tools suggest a thriving bead and jewellery industry.

Archaeological and Cultural Importance

  • Continuity of Settlement: Offers insight into continuous human occupation from Pre-Siswal to Post-Harappan periods.
  • Socio-economic Insights:Demonstrates early agricultural practices, urban planning, and craft traditions in the Indo-Gangetic divide.

Background: Harappan Civilization

  • Also known as the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC); flourished around 2500 BCE.
  • One of the world’s oldest urban civilizations, alongside Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China.
  • Classified as Bronze Age due to artefacts made from copper-based alloys.
  • Key excavations:
    • Harappa (1921–22) by Daya Ram Sahni.
    • Mohenjo-daro (1922) by R.D. Banerji, under supervision of Sir John Marshall (ASI).

Protection of Interests in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025

  • 04 Apr 2025

In News:

The Protection of Interests in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025, recently passed by the Rajya Sabha, aims to implement two key international agreements in India’s legal framework:

  • Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment (2001)
  • Protocol to the Convention on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment

Objective:

To provide legal clarity and security to stakeholders in the aviation leasing industry by integrating global standards into Indian law.

Background:

  • India became a signatory in 2008 after Cabinet ratification in 2007.
  • The Cape Town Convention addresses complex issues of cross-border leasing and financing of high-value mobile assets like aircraft, helicopters, and engines.
  • With over 86.4% of India's 840 commercial aircraft under leasing arrangements, there was an urgent need for a dedicated legal framework.

Key Provisions:

  • Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is designated as the registry authority.
    • Responsible for registration and deregistration of aircraft.
  • Creditors must notify the DGCA prior to initiating recovery actions in case of defaults.
  • In case of default by airlines:
    • Creditors can reclaim aircraft or related equipment within two months, or as per a mutually agreed period.
  • Lessors and airlines are required to regularly inform the DGCA about dues and lease activities.
  • The central government is empowered to make rules for the implementation of the convention and protocol.

Expected Benefits:

  • Enhances legal protection for creditors and lessors.
  • Reduces leasing costs by an estimated 8–10%, potentially lowering airfares for consumers.
  • Encourages the growth of a domestic aircraft leasing industry, reducing dependence on foreign jurisdictions like Ireland, Singapore, and Dubai.

Civil Aviation Minister’s Remarks:

  • The Bill addresses a long-standing legislative vacuum.
  • It will bolster investor confidence and attract leasing businesses to India.
  • Airfare regulation remains complex and is influenced by multiple factors including fuel prices, leasing charges, and maintenance costs.

India’s Agricultural Trade Dilemma

  • 04 Apr 2025

In News:

India faces growing global pressure to liberalise its agricultural markets amidst trade negotiations, FTAs, and WTO commitments. At the same time, ensuring food security and protecting rural livelihoods remains a domestic priority.

Benefits of Global Trade Integration

  • Export Revenue Growth: Enhanced access to global markets has increased agri-exports.E.g., India’s agricultural exports to the US were worth $8.4 billion.
  • Technology & Investment Inflow: FTAs can attract agri-tech innovations and cold-chain infrastructure.E.g., partnerships with developed nations enable modernisation of storage and logistics.
  • Market Efficiency: Global competition improves price discovery and benefits quality producers.
  • Geopolitical Leverage: Trade agreements strengthen India’s role in forums like the WTO and BRICS.
  • Input Security via Diversified Imports: Import of essentials like palm oil and fertilisers protects supply chains. E.g., Indonesia’s 2022 palm oil export ban highlighted India’s vulnerability.

Importance of Domestic Food Security

  • Rural Livelihoods: Agriculture employs ~42% of the workforce, primarily small and marginal farmers.Over 100 million dairy farmers depend on protective tariffs.
  • Nutrition and Price Stability: Domestic self-sufficiency guards against global price shocks.
  • Reduced Import Dependence: A strong domestic base cushions India during crises.E.g., Ukraine war caused a spike in fertiliser prices, exposing dependency.
  • Political and Strategic Stability: Ensures rural harmony and policy autonomy.

Challenges of Trade Liberalisation

  • Subsidy Imbalances: Developed nations offer massive farm subsidies.E.g., US farm aid of $10 billion distorts global price competitiveness.
  • FTA Pressures: Demands from countries like New Zealand to lower dairy tariffs threaten Indian farmers.
  • WTO Constraints: India’s MSP system faces scrutiny under global trade rules.
  • Illegal Imports: Despite bans, cheap imports like Chinese garlic infiltrate markets, undermining domestic prices.
  • Retaliatory Tariffs: India’s high tariffs invite reciprocal duties.E.g., the US “reciprocal tariff” policy under Trump era.

Macroeconomic Risks

  • Rural Unemployment: Liberalisation could displace small-scale farmers.
  • Trade Deficit Worsening: Import liberalisation without export flexibility can widen the deficit.
  • Revenue Loss: Tariff cuts may reduce fiscal space for welfare schemes.
  • Exposure to Global Shocks:E.g., Ukraine war disrupted fertiliser supply; Indonesia’s ban hiked edible oil prices by 27% in India.

Way Forward

India must adopt a calibrated, strategic approach:

  • Selective Liberalisation: Lower tariffs only in non-sensitive sectors while safeguarding essential crops.
  • Investment-Oriented FTAs: Prioritise infrastructure, tech transfer, and rural development over tariff cuts.
  • Domestic Strengthening: Boost agri-logistics, seed innovation, and food processing capabilities.
  • Trade Vigilance: Strengthen customs and surveillance to prevent substandard or banned imports.
  • WTO Reforms: Advocate for fair subsidy norms and transparent trade rules.

Naini Lake

  • 04 Apr 2025

In News:

Naini Lake record-low water levels in 2025.

Geographical and Environmental Significance

  • Location: Heart of Nainital, Uttarakhand.
  • Type: Natural, kidney-shaped freshwater lake.
  • Surroundings: Enclosed by seven hills.
  • Deepest Point: 89 feet.
  • Gauge Level: 12 feet (normal level).
  • Water Level (2025): 4.7 feet – lowest in 5 years, nearing “zero level”.
  • Zero Level Meaning: Water level below normal gauge, not fully dry.

Ecological & Civic Importance

  • Water Source: Supplies 10 million litres/day of drinking water.
  • 2024 Dependence: Met 76% of Nainital’s water demand.
  • Aquifer Recharge:Sukhatal Lake is a major recharge zone.

Factors Behind Depletion

1. Climate Variability

  • Rising Temperatures: +1.5°C rise in Uttarakhand (1970–2022).
  • Rainfall Data:
    • 2022: 2400 mm (good year).
    • 2024: Dropped to 2000 mm.
  • Winter Rainfall (Jan–Mar 2025): 107 mm.
  • Snowfall Days:
    • 2022: Four.
    • 2025: None.

2. Anthropogenic Pressures

  • Urbanisation& Encroachment:
    • Concrete construction low rainwater infiltration.
    • Encroachments on wetlands and recharge zones.
  • Pollution Issues:
    • Untreated wastewater discharge.
    • Improper solid waste disposal.
    • Overflowing sewage into stormwater drains.
  • Tourism & Homestays:
    • High tourist influx.
    • Rise in homestays; ~1 in 3 houses converted.

Institutional & Governance Challenges

  • Overlapping Jurisdictions:
    • Inadequate coordination among agencies.
  • Aging Infrastructure:
    • Old water distribution system, unable to meet demand.
  • Reports Highlighting Issues:
    • USCST 2017:Naini Lake most manipulated among Kumaon lakes.
    • 2024 Research (CEDAR): Faulty water governance exacerbating stress.

Legal and Civic Interventions

  • SC Intervention (1993): Ban on commercial complex projects.
  • Uttarakhand HC (2022): Stay on Sukhatal beautification project.
  • Petitions Filed: Alleging degradation due to construction on recharge areas.

Way Forward

  • Ecosystem-Based Approach: Recognize catchment area, slope vulnerability, and recharge zones.
  • Rejuvenation Focus:Prioritisenatural hydrological restoration over tourism promotion.
  • Sustainable Urban Planning: Regulation of construction, homestays, and infrastructure development.

Tribhuvandas Patel

  • 03 Apr 2025

In News:

The Lok Sabha recently approved a bill to establish the Tribhuvan Sahkari University in Anand, Gujarat, named in honour of TribhuvandasKishibhai Patel, a seminal figure in India’s cooperative movement and a founding architect behind Amul.

Who was Tribhuvandas Patel?

  • Born in 1903 in a farming family in Gujarat, Tribhuvandas Patel was an Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, and social reformer.
  • A dedicated follower of Mahatma Gandhi, he actively participated in the civil disobedience movement, anti-untouchability campaigns, and rural development initiatives.
  • He was first arrested during the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 at Nasik and later in Visapur, where he resolved to commit his life to public service.
  • Between 1948 and 1983, he served as the President of Harijan Sevak Sangh, an organisation founded by Gandhi to uplift marginalized communities.

Role in India's Cooperative Movement

  • In 1946, with encouragement from Morarji Desai and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Tribhuvandas spearheaded the formation of the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. (KDCMPUL) to counter exploitative practices by private dairies such as Polson Dairy.
  • His strategy began with organizing village-level milk cooperatives, where membership was inclusive, cutting across caste, class, and religion.
  • Recognizing the need for professional management, he brought in Dr. VergheseKurien, who later led India’s White Revolution.

Institution Building and Legacy

Tribhuvandas Patel played a pivotal role in laying the foundations of several key institutions that transformed India’s dairy sector:

  • Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF)
  • National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
  • Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA)

His lifelong efforts significantly empowered rural milk producers and contributed to India’s emergence as a dairy powerhouse.

Recognitions and Awards

  • Ramon Magsaysay Award (1963) for Community Leadership
  • Padma Bhushan (1964) from the Government of India for his services to society

Weather Balloons and Global Forecasting Concerns

  • 24 May 2025

Background:

Weather balloons, crucial for upper atmospheric observations, are facing reduced deployment in the United States due to recent budget cuts. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has significantly scaled back balloon launches since March 2025 following a 25% budget reduction. This has raised global concerns among meteorologists over the potential decline in forecast accuracy.

What are Weather Balloons?

  • Inventor: Léon Teisserenc de Bort (France), first launched them in 1896; discovered the tropopause and stratosphere.
  • Composition: Latex balloons filled with helium or hydrogen.
  • Altitude: Can ascend up to 1,15,000 feet (35 km) in approximately 2 hours.
  • Instrument Carried: Radiosonde – a small device suspended ~66 feet below the balloon that transmits real-time atmospheric data (temperature, pressure, humidity, wind) via radio signals.
  • Technology: Modern radiosondes are lightweight, GPS-enabled, and energy-efficient.

Historical Context:

  • Initial upper-air measurements in the 18th century used kites with meteorographs.
  • Weather balloons replaced kites due to higher altitude capability and improved data reliability.
  • The introduction of radiosondes in the 1930s revolutionized weather forecasting by enabling real-time data transmission.

Importance of Upper Air Observations

  • Upper atmosphere (>5,000 feet) plays a vital role in generating surface-level weather conditions like rain, storms, and drought.
  • Weather balloons help bridge the data gap between surface stations and satellites by offering vertical atmospheric profiles.
  • Twice-daily launches at 0000 UTC and 1200 UTC (~5:30 AM and 5:30 PM IST) are globally coordinated at over 900 stations, including 56 in India.

India’s Scenario

  • The India Meteorological Department (IMD) conducts routine balloon launches for weather forecasting.
  • The National Balloon Facility (NBF) in Hyderabad, jointly managed by ISRO and TIFR, supports high-altitude atmospheric research.

Impact of Reduced Launches

  • NOAA’s scaling down has sparked fears of reduced forecast accuracy globally.
  • A similar move by Russia in 2015 led to a measurable decline in forecast quality across Europe, highlighting the critical role radiosondes play.
  • NOAA plans to replace some balloon data with AI-powered alternatives developed by private firms to reduce costs.

Why Weather Balloons Still Matter in the Satellite Era

  • Satellites provide large-scale imagery but lack the granularity of vertical atmospheric data.
  • Weather balloons offer crucial insights into lower- and mid-atmospheric layers where storms and climate dynamics form.
  • Radiosonde data is essential for calibrating satellite measurements, ensuring reliability in climate modeling and forecasting systems.

Mizoram Becomes India’s First Fully Literate State

  • 22 May 2025

In News:

Mizoram has officially become India’s first fully literate state, attaining a literacy rate of 98.2% according to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023–24. This achievement surpasses the 95% threshold defined by the Ministry of Education to classify a region as fully literate.

Definition of Literacy

  • As per the Office of the Registrar General of India, a literate person is someone aged 7 years or above who can read and write with understanding in any language.
  • Under NEP 2020 and in alignment with SDG 4.6, the definition has expanded to include the ability to read, write, and compute with comprehension, and includes digital and financial literacy and critical life skills.

India’s Literacy Landscape (2023–24)

  • National Literacy Rate: 80.9% (age 7+)
  • Mizoram: 98.2% (Highest; now declared fully literate)
  • Ladakh: First UT to achieve full functional literacy under ULLAS
  • Lowest Literacy Rates: Andhra Pradesh (72.6%), Bihar (74.3%)

ULLAS – Nav Bharat SaakshartaKaryakram

The achievement is attributed to the ULLAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society)programme, a centrally sponsored scheme running from 2022 to 2027, aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Key Features:

  • Target Group: Adults aged 15 years and above who missed formal education.
  • Implementation: Based on volunteerism and the principle of Kartavya Bodh (sense of duty).
  • Components:
    • Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
    • Critical Life Skills (including digital, legal, financial literacy)
    • Basic Education
    • Vocational Skills Development
    • Continuing Education
  • Assessment: Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT) is conducted periodically for certification.
  • Digital Tools: Resources provided through the DIKSHA platform and the ULLAS mobile/web portal in regional languages.

What is Functional Literacy?

Functional literacy refers to an individual's ability to apply reading, writing, and numeracy in daily tasks, enabling personal development and community participation.

Other Key Educational Initiatives

  • PM SHRI Schools
  • Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
  • PRAGYATA (Digital Education)
  • Mid-Day Meal Scheme
  • BetiBachaoBetiPadhao
  • National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)

Asiatic Lion Census 2025

  • 22 May 2025

In News:

According to the 16th Asiatic Lion Census (2025) conducted by the Gujarat Forest Department, the Asiatic lion (Panthera leopersica) population has grown from 674 in 2020 to 891 in 2025, marking a 32.2% increase in five years.

Key Highlights:

  • Core Areas (Protected Forests & Sanctuaries): 384 lions
  • Non-Forest Areas: 507 lions (up from 340 in 2020)
  • 44.22% of the total population now lives outside traditional protected zones.
  • Gir National Park, along with Gir Wildlife Sanctuary and Pania Wildlife Sanctuary, holds 394 lions—the core population.
  • Amreli district leads with 257 lions, while Mitiyala Wildlife Sanctuary has seen its count double to 32.
  • Barda Wildlife Sanctuary near Porbandar recorded 17 lions, marking a population return since 1879.
  • New satellite populations identified near Jetpur and Babra-Jasdan.
  • Adult Females: 330 recorded—a 27% increase since 2020, indicating strong reproductive potential.

Census Methodology

The 2025 census employed direct beat verification, a statistically rigorous method:

  • The landscape was divided into zones and sub-zones.
  • Personnel included officials, enumerators, supervisors, and volunteers.
  • Unlike the tiger census (which spans 2 years), the lion census was completed in just 3 days.

Project Lion (Launched in 2020)

Aimed at ensuring the long-term conservation of Asiatic lions, Project Lion focuses on:

  • Habitat restoration
  • Strengthening the prey base
  • Human-wildlife conflict mitigation
  • Monitoring via advanced technology, including:
    • Radio-collars
    • Camera traps
    • Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking
    • GIS-based real-time surveillance
    • AI-driven tools likeSIMBA, e-GujForest, andAlert Generation System
    • Automated sensor grids (magnetic, motion, infrared)

Habitat and Legal Status

  • Natural Habitat: Grasslands, open woodlands, savannas, and scrublands.
  • Main Range: Gir Forests in Gujarat; Barda Wildlife Sanctuary emerging as a second habitat.
  • Legal Protection:
    • Schedule I and IV of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
    • Appendix I of CITES
    • IUCN Status: Vulnerable

Distinctive Traits

  • Smaller in size compared to African lions.
  • Males have a moderate mane allowing visible ears.
  • A distinct belly fold—rare in African lions.
  • No fixed breeding season.

Global Conservation Context

India is a founding member of the International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA), launched in 2023 to enhance global cooperation on big cat conservation, including lions.

Additionally, the IUCN’s Green Status of Species (2025) introduced a recovery-based conservation framework. Lions are currently classified as "Largely Depleted", highlighting the need for sustained and collaborative conservation actions.

Supreme Court Strikes Down Retrospective Environmental Clearances

  • 20 May 2025

In News:

In a significant verdict for environmental governance, the Supreme Court of India, in the case Vanashakti v. Union of India (May 2025), struck down the 2017 notification and 2021 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). These instruments allowed retrospective (ex-post facto) environmental clearances—i.e., granting environmental approval to industries after they had begun operations without prior clearance.

What are Retrospective Environmental Clearances?

  • Definition: Ex-post facto clearances permit projects to start operations without prior Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) approval and seek clearance later.
  • Contradiction: These violate the EIA Notification, 2006, issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, which mandates prior approval before beginning any project impacting the environment.

Details of the 2017 Notification & 2021 SOP

  • 2017 Notification:
    • Provided a one-time 6-month window for industries that violated clearance norms to regularize operations.
    • Central-level appraisal for all cases, regardless of project size or category.
    • Violators remained subject to action by State Pollution Control Boards.
    • Intended to bring violators under regulatory oversight and ensure remediation costs.
  • 2021 SOP:
    • Issued to standardize processing of violation cases following an NGT directive.
    • Did not use the term “ex-post facto”, but allowed project appraisals after operations began—effectively regularising violations.
  • Appraisal Committee: A committee led by NEERI’s former director S.R. Wate appraised such cases over 47 meetings between 2017–2021.

Supreme Court’s Rationale

  • Violation of Fundamental Rights:
    • Held the 2017 Notification and 2021 SOP unconstitutional as they violate:
      • Article 21 – Right to a clean and pollution-free environment.
      • Article 14 – Equality before law; violators were unjustly protected.
  • Against Environmental Jurisprudence:
    • Reaffirmed past rulings:
      • Common Cause v. Union of India (2017)
      • Alembic Pharmaceuticals v. Rohit Prajapati (2020)
    • These had declared ex-post facto clearances illegal and anathema to environmental law.
  • On “One-Time” Justification:
    • Rejected the Centre’s argument that the 2017 measure was a one-time exception.
    • Even a one-time relaxation, the Court said, undermines environmental protections and encourages illegal practices.
  • Criticized Centre's Intent:
    • Noted that the SOP was a disguised attempt to bring back ex-post facto clearances.
    • Warned against such “clever drafting” to bypass the law.

Implications of the Verdict

  • Reinforces EIA Norms: Upholds the mandatory prior environmental clearance process under EIA 2006.
  • Strengthens Environmental Rule of Law: Emphasizes precautionary principle and polluter pays principle.
  • Curtails Regulatory Evasion: Sends a clear message that industries cannot bypass environmental safeguards.
  • Protects Public Health: Highlights link between environmental damage and issues like pollution in Delhi.
  • Judicial Oversight: Asserts constitutional checks on executive actions that dilute environmental protections.

Extended Fund Facility (EFF)

  • 16 May 2025

In News:

Recently, the IMF Executive Board approved a $1 billion disbursement to Pakistan under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF). This brings total disbursements under the current EFF arrangement to $2.1 billion out of a total planned support of $7 billion.

What is the Extended Fund Facility (EFF)?

  • Governed by: International Monetary Fund (IMF), part of the Bretton Woods Institutions.
  • Purpose: To support countries facing medium-term balance of payments problems caused by structural economic weaknesses.
  • Nature of Support:Loan (not a grant or aid), with extended repayment periods.
  • Tenure: Typically spans over three or more years, with phased disbursements.
  • Objective: Enables countries to implement structural reforms such as:
    • Broadening the tax base
    • Strengthening financial institutions
    • Reducing fiscal deficits
    • Managing inflation

Eligibility for EFF:

To qualify, countries must:

  • Exhibit persistent balance of payments stress
  • Have deep-rooted economic weaknesses (e.g., poor governance, low investment, weak tax systems)
  • Show a willingness to undertake IMF-monitored reforms

Pakistan’s Economic Situation:

  • Stagnant GDP: Estimated at $338 billion in 2023, lower than in 2017.
  • High Inflation: Averaging over 20% between 2020–2024.
  • Frequent Borrowing: Pakistan has received 28 IMF loans in 35 years, and also borrows from:
    • China
    • UAE and Saudi Arabia
    • ADB, IDB, Paris Club, Nordic Development Fund

Key Challenges:

  • Economic mismanagement
  • Low savings and investment
  • Infrastructure gaps
  • Low female workforce participation
  • High population growth

Why Did IMF Approve the 2025 Tranche?

The IMF approved the tranche based on positive macroeconomic developments:

  • Reduced inflation: Down to 0.3% in April 2025
  • Improved forex reserves
  • Fiscal reforms: Implementation of the FY2025 budget and Agricultural Income Tax
  • Credible reform measures: IMF noted Pakistan’s “significant progress” in restoring economic stability.

SCALP Missile

  • 11 May 2025

In News:

During Operation Sindoor, the Indian Air Force reportedly employed SCALP missiles launched from Rafale fighter jets to target high-value terror infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK).

What is the SCALP Missile?

  • The SCALP (Système de CroisièreAutonome à Longue Portée) is a long-range, air-launched cruise missile designed for deep-strike missions.
  • It is also known by its British designation, Storm Shadow.
  • Developed jointly by France and the United Kingdom, it is built for precision attacks on strategic, fixed, and fortified targets.
  • Global Operators: The missile is in operational use by the air forces of:India, France, United Kingdom, Egypt, Italy, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and UAE.
  • Indian Integration: The Indian Air Force has integrated the SCALP missile with its Rafale fleet, enhancing India's capacity to conduct long-range precision strikes with minimal collateral damage.

Key Features:

Feature                                              Description

Range                                                 Approximately 500 km

Warhead                                         450 kg high-explosive, designed to penetrate hardened structures

Weight                                              Around 1,300 kg

Dimensions                                   Length: ~5 metres; Wingspan: ~3 metres

Speed                                                Subsonic (around Mach 0.8)

Guidance Systems                  Combined GPS/INS navigation, terrain-following radar, and

                                                                infrared homing for terminal precision

Stealth Capability                   Optimized for low-altitude flight to evade radar detection

Accuracy                                        Uses image-based terminal guidance to match

                                                  preloaded target images

All-weather Capability       Can operate under diverse weather conditions

Kosmos 482

  • 11 May 2025

In News:

A 500-kg fragment of the Soviet-era Kosmos 482 spacecraft, launched in 1972 as part of the Venera programme, is expected to make an uncontrolled re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere around May 10, 2025, after over 53 years in orbit.

What was the Kosmos 482 Mission?

  • Launched: March 31, 1972, by the Soviet Union.
  • Objective: To land a probe on Venus and collect atmospheric and surface data.
  • Programme: Part of the Venera series (1961–1984), which launched 28 probes to Venus.
    • 13 entered the Venusian atmosphere.
    • 10 successfully landed on the surface.
  • Twin Mission:Venera 8, launched on March 27, 1972, successfully landed on Venus and transmitted data for 50 minutes.

Mission Failure and Orbit Status

  • The mission failed due to a timer malfunction in the rocket's upper stage, which shut down prematurely, leaving the spacecraft stranded in low Earth orbit instead of heading to Venus.
  • The main spacecraft eventually burned up in the atmosphere, but a lander module (approx. 500 kg) remained in orbit.

Expected Re-entry (May 2025)

  • The lander module is currently being dragged down by atmospheric friction.
  • No precise location or time of impact is known due to the uncontrolled nature of its descent.
  • Expected re-entry corridor lies between 52° North and 52° South latitude, covering:
    • Africa, Australia
    • Most of the Americas
    • Much of southern and mid-latitude Europe and Asia

Is it a risk to Earth?

  • The lander is made of titanium, with a melting point of ~1,700°C, higher than typical atmospheric re-entry temperatures (~1,600°C).
  • This increases the likelihood of survival through re-entry.
  • Possible outcomes as per space debris experts:
    • “A splash” (ocean impact) — least dangerous
    • “A thud” — impact on uninhabited land
    • “An ouch” — impact on populated area (least desired scenario)
  • If intact, the object could impact Earth at a speed of ~242 km/h, similar to a high-speed train.

HAROP Drone

  • 11 May 2025

In News:

On May 8, 2025, as part of Operation Sindoor, India reportedly used Israeli-made HAROP loitering munitions to destroy a Pakistani air defence system in Lahore, in response to Pakistan’s attempted attacks on Indian military installations.

What is HAROP?

  • HAROP is an advanced loitering munition, also known as a suicide drone or kamikaze drone.
  • Developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), it combines features of a UAV and a missile.
  • It is designed to loiter over an area, search for high-value targets, and crash into the target with an explosive payload.

Key Characteristics and Capabilities

Feature                                           Description

Function                                       Combines surveillance and attack roles; can loiter, identify, and

                                                strike autonomously or manually

Targets                                          Designed to hit air defence systems, radars, command posts,

                                                             tanks, and moving military assets

Sensor                                            Equipped with an Electro-Optical (EO) sensor for real-time

                                                 target tracking and acquisition

Endurance                                  Up to 9 hours of loitering capability for deep-target missions

Launch Platforms                  Can be launched from truck-mounted canisters,

                                                             naval vessels, or ground stations

Navigation Resistance       GNSS (GPS)-jam resistant, effective in communication-

                                                 denied environments

Strike Profile                                Executes attacks from various angles using

                                                              steep or shallow dive maneuvers

Evolution and Operational Use

  • HAROP is an evolution of the earlier HARPY system, which was radio-frequency (RF) guided.
  • Unlike the HARPY, HAROP uses EO sensors for improved visual target identification.
  • HAROPs are "fire-and-forget" weapons, meaning they do not require active control after launch.
  • The system has been described by IAI as the “King of the Battlefield”, with a claimed mission success rate of 98%.
  • Proven effective in multiple combat scenarios, including suppression of enemy air defences (SEAD).

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

  • 11 May 2025

In News:

India has warned it will retaliate if the United Kingdom implements its proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) from January 1, 2027, calling it a violation of the Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principle of international climate agreements.

What is Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)?

  • It is a carbon tax on imports based on their carbon intensity of production.
  • Aim: Prevent carbon leakage by aligning the cost of carbon between domestic and foreign producers.
  • Sectors likely to be initially targeted include steel, cement, aluminium, and energy-intensive products.
  • The UK is expected to implement its version of CBAM in 2027, following a similar approach by the European Union.

India’s Concerns

  • Violation of CBDR Principle
    • CBAM undermines the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement, which recognize that developing countries require flexibility and support for decarbonization.
    • India’s per capita emissions are low, but its carbon intensity is higher due to developmental needs.
  • Unfair Trade Practice
    • CBAM could nullify tariff concessions negotiated under the India–UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
    • Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal have labelled CBAM “unfair” and discriminatory.
  • Double Taxation and Export Losses
    • Indian exporters may face double taxation—domestic environmental levies and UK’s border tax.
    • India proposed a ‘rebalancing mechanism’ and MSME carve-out, both of which the UK declined.
    • Export-heavy sectors like textiles, leather, ceramics, engineering goods, and steel may be hit hard due to sustainability compliance burdens.
  • MSME Vulnerability
    • Labour-intensive MSMEs lack the capacity to meet expensive ESG norms and carbon tracking requirements.
    • India's request for exemption or compensation for MSMEs was not accepted.

India’s Response Strategy

  • India reserves the right to retaliate if CBAM is imposed.
  • Potential responses include:
    • Domestic carbon taxation to offset UK’s CBAM and use revenue for green transition.
    • Invoking a rebalancing clause under the FTA’s “general exceptions” (similar to GATT), allowing trade countermeasures for environmental or public interest.

Strategic Implications for India

  • Non-tariff barriers like CBAM can undermine market access gained through FTAs.
  • India must stay alert to evolving trade conditions involving environment, labour, IPR, and gender standards, which often require policy adjustments.
  • Calls for India to strengthen its carbon tracking, ESG frameworks, and climate-compliant production systems to remain globally competitive.

Saola Genome Mapping

  • 11 May 2025

In News:

An international team of scientists has successfully mapped the genome of the saola (Pseudoryxnghetinhensis), the world’s rarest large land mammal, providing critical insights for conservation through genetic rescue and captive breeding.

About Saola

  • Common Name: Asian Unicorn
  • Scientific Name: Pseudoryxnghetinhensis
  • First Described: 1993 (based on a skull found in Vietnam in 1992)
  • Classification: Bovine species, closely related to cattle but resembling an antelope
  • Habitat: Endemic to the Annamite Mountains along the Laos–Vietnam border; prefers humid evergreen forests
  • IUCN Status: Critically Endangered
  • Estimated Population (2015): 50–300 individuals
  • Physical Traits:
    • Height: ~33 inches at shoulder
    • Both sexes possess straight, parallel horns (~20 inches)
    • Distinct white facial markings and muzzle scent glands

Major Threats

  • Habitat loss, primarily due to agricultural expansion and forest degradation
  • Poaching and indiscriminate snaring, including by-catch in traps set for other animals
  • Lack of successful captive care: Over 20 captured saolas died in the 1990s due to inadequate professional care

Genome Mapping and Key Findings

  • Sample Base: Genomes of 26 individuals sequenced using remains sourced from hunter households
  • Population Divergence: Two genetically distinct populations emerged 5,000–20,000 years ago, likely due to:
    • Forest fragmentation during/after the Last Glacial Maximum
    • Expansion of human activities such as agriculture, burning, and hunting around 4,000 years ago
  • Genetic Complementarity: Each population retains different genetic variants, offering potential for enhanced genetic diversity if combined
  • Scientific Importance:
    • Confirms historical population isolation and genetic loss
    • Provides a genetic foundation for targeted conservation efforts

Conservation Implications

  • Captive Breeding Program: Plans underway in Vietnam to establish a well-equipped breeding center
  • Goal: Capture at least a dozen individuals from both genetic lineages to create a genetically resilient population
  • Long-term Vision: Reintroduction into protected forest areas with strict anti-poaching measures

Mission Sankalp

  • 10 May 2025

In News:

Mission Sankalp is a large-scale counter-insurgency operation launched jointly by security forces of Chhattisgarh Police, Telangana Police, CRPF, and the elite CoBRA unit. The operation targets the dense forested Karregutta hills along the Chhattisgarh–Telangana border, focusing on dismantling Maoist strongholds and disrupting their operational capabilities.

Key Objectives and Area of Operation

  • Primary Aim: Neutralize senior Maoist leaders, especially targeting Battalion 1 of the People’s Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA), the armed wing of the CPI-Maoist.
  • Geographical Focus: Forested, hilly terrain covering parts of Bijapur district (Chhattisgarh) and Mulugu district (Telangana).
  • Goals: Destroy Maoist hideouts, bunkers, arms caches, and logistics networks to cripple the insurgency infrastructure.

Forces Involved and Operational Scale

  • Personnel: Over 28,000 personnel including District Reserve Guard (DRG), Bastar Fighters, Special Task Force (STF), CRPF, CoBRA, and support from the Indian Air Force.
  • Tactics: Precision strikes guided by aerial surveillance and intelligence inputs in challenging forest terrain.
  • Scope: The operation spans approximately 800 square kilometres across the inter-state border area.

Achievements and Impact

  • Casualties and Encounters: Since its launch on April 21, around 35 encounters have taken place. At least 26 Maoists, including several senior cadres and three women cadres with bounties of ?8 lakh each, have been killed. Approximately 168 Maoists have been eliminated across Chhattisgarh in 2025, with 151 in the Bastar region.
  • Seizures: Security forces have recovered over 2 tonnes of explosives, 400+ improvised explosive devices (IEDs), around 40 firearms, and more than 6 tonnes of ration, medicines, and daily essentials. Hundreds of Maoist hideouts and bunkers have been destroyed.
  • Casualties Among Security Forces: Six personnel, including a CoBRA officer, were injured in IED blasts but are now stable.
  • Strategic Outcome: The operation has dealt a severe blow to the Maoist command structure, disrupted logistics, and restored state authority in previously inaccessible tribal areas.

Strategic Importance

  • Inter-State Cooperation: Mission Sankalp marks one of the largest coordinated anti-Naxal operations in recent years, reflecting enhanced synergy between central and state security forces.
  • National Security: It aligns with the Centre’s zero-tolerance policy towards Left Wing Extremism, aiming to weaken the Maoists’ influence and support the restoration of governance and development in affected tribal regions.
  • Long-Term Goals: By neutralizing the insurgency's core military units, the operation seeks to create conditions for improved infrastructure, welfare delivery, and civilian confidence in law enforcement.

Persian Gulf vs Arabian Gulf

  • 10 May 2025

In News:

The United States, under then-President Donald Trump, proposed a shift in terminology by referring to the Persian Gulf as the “Arabian Gulf” during a state visit to Saudi Arabia, aligning with the preferences of some Arab Gulf countries.

Historical and Geopolitical Background

  • The name “Persian Gulf” has been historically documented since the 16th century, appearing in treaties, maps, and international references.
  • Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Bahrain use the term “Arabian Gulf” in national documents and cartography.
  • The proposal by Trump faced criticism from Iran, which regards the renaming as a politically motivated act aimed at undermining its historical and cultural identity.

Iran’s Response

  • Iran’s leadership, including Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi, has condemned any attempt to alter the name, calling it a hostile and invalid act with no legal or geographical legitimacy.
  • In 2012, Iran had threatened to sue Google for omitting the name "Persian Gulf" from its maps.

International Standards

  • The International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO), responsible for standardizing maritime names, continues to officially recognise the name “Persian Gulf.”
  • While countries can adopt different terms domestically, they cannot enforce global changes unilaterally.

Geographical Features of the Persian Gulf

  • Type: Marginal sea of the Indian Ocean, located in Western Asia.
  • Size: ~251,000 km²
  • Depth: Average ~50 m; Maximum ~90 m
  • Coastline: ~5,117 km; Iran has the longest stretch (~1,536 km)
  • Borders:
    • North: Iran
    • Southwest: Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar
    • Northwest: Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain
  • Islands:
    • Qeshm Island (Iran): Largest in the Gulf (~1,491 km²)
    • Bahrain: Sovereign island nation with over 50 islands and a key US naval base

Strategic and Economic Significance

  • The Strait of Hormuz, linking the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea, is a critical chokepoint for global energy, with ~30% of global oil exports passing through.
  • The region is a theatre of military presence, with navies of the US, Iran, and Gulf countries asserting control and influence.
  • Strategic islands like Qeshm and Bahrain hold economic and military importance.

Operation Sindoor

  • 10 May 2025

In News:

On May 7, 2025, the Indian Armed Forces launched Operation Sindoor, a coordinated precision strike on terrorist camps located in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). The operation was a response to the killing of civilians in Pahalgam by Pakistan-backed terrorists.

Key Facts:

  • 21 terror camps across 9 locations were targeted.
  • Advanced niche-technology weapons were employed to ensure minimal collateral damage.
  • The operation highlights India's evolving capability in long-range, precision-guided weaponry.

Major Precision-Guided Weapons in India’s Arsenal

1. HAMMER (Highly Agile and Manoeuvrable Munition Extended Range)

  • Origin: France (by Safran)
  • Platform: Integrated with Rafale fighter jets
  • Range: Up to 70 km
  • Features:
    • All-weather precision
    • Autonomous guidance
    • Jamming-resistant
    • Operable at low altitude over rough terrains
  • Role in Operation: Likely used for air-to-ground strikes on tactical targets.

2. SCALP (Storm Shadow in UK)

  • Type: Air-launched stealth cruise missile
  • Origin: Europe (by MBDA)
  • Range: Up to 450 km
  • Navigation: Uses INS, GPS, and terrain referencing
  • Capabilities:
    • Bunker-penetration
    • Low radar signature
    • All-weather and night operable
  • Relevance: Designed for deep precision strikes, ideal for hardened terrorist infrastructure.

3. METEOR

  • Type: Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM)
  • Origin: MBDA (Europe)
  • Propulsion: Solid-fuel ramjet for sustained high-speed interception
  • Special Feature: Large No-Escape Zone, effective in electronic warfare conditions
  • Use Case: Enhances air superiority and can neutralize enemy aircraft before visual contact.

4. BRAHMOS Supersonic Cruise Missile

  • Developed by: DRDO (India) and NPOM (Russia) under BrahMos Aerospace
  • Speed: Mach 2.8–3.0
  • Range: Initially 290 km, now extended to 450–500 km after India’s MTCR entry
  • Warhead: 200–300 kg
  • Platforms: Compatible with land, sea, and air platforms
  • Features:
    • Fire-and-Forget
    • Precision strike at low terminal altitude (~10 m)
  • Strategic Role: Provides rapid, stealthy, and accurate strikes across the services.

5. Loitering Munitions ("Kamikaze Drones")

  • Function: Combines surveillance and strike capabilities
  • Features:
    • Can loiter over target zones
    • Autonomous or semi-autonomous targeting
    • High precision against time-sensitive or mobile targets
  • Adoption: Increasing induction across the Army, Navy, and Air Force

ECINET: India’s Unified Digital Platform for Elections

  • 07 May 2025

In News:

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is set to launch ECINET, a single, unified digital platform aimed at consolidating and simplifying election-related services for voters, officials, political parties, and civil society organizations.

About ECINET:

ECINET will merge over 40 existing mobile and web applications—including the Voter Helpline, cVIGIL, Suvidha 2.0, ESMS, Saksham, KYC App, Voter Turnout app, Know Your Candidate app, and election results app—into one integrated system. This platform will also serve election officials such as Electoral Registration Officers and Booth Level Officers by providing a comprehensive interface.

Objectives:

  • Simplify access to electoral services through a single window and one login (single sign-on).
  • Eliminate the redundancy of multiple applications and multiple logins.
  • Provide real-time access to verified and authenticated election data for all stakeholders.
  • Strengthen electoral infrastructure by fostering digital innovation and integration.
  • Enhance cybersecurity through robust testing and protocols.

Key Features:

  • Unified Platform: Consolidates all election-related apps into one.
  • Single Sign-On: One login credential for all services reduces confusion.
  • Cross-Device Compatibility: Accessible on smartphones and desktops alike.
  • Modern User Interface: Intuitive and user-friendly design.
  • Data Integrity: Only authorized ECI officials can enter data, with statutory forms prevailing in case of discrepancies.
  • Robust Cybersecurity: Rigorous trials to ensure safety and performance.
  • Nationwide Coverage: Designed to serve nearly 100 crore voters and the entire electoral administration.

Timeline:
The ECINET platform is in advanced stages of development and testing and is expected to be launched before the Bihar Assembly elections later this year.

India’s First Inter-State Cheetah Conservation Corridor

  • 04 May 2025

In News:

Rajasthan has joined hands with Madhya Pradesh to develop India’s first inter-state cheetah conservation corridor, a landmark initiative under the Cheetah Reintroduction Project. The corridor will facilitate the safe movement of cheetahs across a 17,000 sq. km protected landscape, enhancing conservation and habitat connectivity.

Key Features of the Cheetah Conservation Corridor

Aspect                          Details

Total Area                  17,000 sq. km (MP: 10,500 sq. km; Rajasthan: 6,500 sq. km)

States Involved      Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan

Supported by           National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), Wildlife Institute of India (WII)

MoU Status                 In progress between Chief Ministers of MP and Rajasthan

Geographical Scope and Key Sites

  • PalpurKuno National Park (MP):Core site for cheetah reintroduction; located in Sheopur district.
  • Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary (MP):Being developed as a second habitat for cheetahs; located in Mandsaur district along the Chambal River.
  • Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve (Rajasthan):Proposed extension site; comprises parts of Darrah, Jawahar Sagar, and Chambal sanctuaries in Kota division.
  • Rajasthan Districts Involved:Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Chittorgarh
  • Proposed Future Expansion:Forest regions of Jhansi and Lalitpur in Uttar Pradesh

Objectives and Benefits

  • Inter-State Wildlife Connectivity:India’s first corridor linking cheetah habitats across state borders.
  • Seamless Migration:Enables cheetahs to roam freely between reserves, mimicking natural ecological patterns.
  • Ecological Restoration:Aims to revive and conserve India’s arid grassland ecosystems, which are essential habitats for cheetahs.
  • Federal Conservation Model:Demonstrates cooperative federalism in wildlife management and biodiversity conservation.
  • Global Recognition:Touted as a unique conservation model in Asia, aligning with Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) targets.

India’s Green Hydrogen Push

  • 04 May 2025

In News:

India has signed agreements to supply 4.12 lakh tonnes of green hydrogen derivatives to Japan and Singapore, signaling its emergence as a global leader in green hydrogen. Simultaneously, the Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme of India (GHCI) was launched to ensure transparent and credible verification of green hydrogen production.

Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme of India (GHCI)

  • Launched by: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
  • Nodal Agency: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
  • Support: National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023; outlay ?19,744 crore)
  • Certification by: Accredited Carbon Verification (ACV) Agencies
  • Operational Basis: Evaluated annually, aligned with the financial year
  • Objective:
    • Certify hydrogen produced exclusively using renewable energy (e.g., solar, wind, biomass) as "green."
    • Promote transparency, traceability, and market credibility.
    • Align with India’s target of 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of green hydrogen production by 2030.
    • Enable integration with India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme from 2026.
  • Key Features:
    • Scope: Applies at the project level up to hydrogen purification (excludes transport/storage).
    • Eligibility: Applies to hydrogen produced via electrolysis and biomass conversion; additional methods subject to BEE approval.
    • Compliance: Mandatory for domestic producers; exempt for export-only units.
    • Verification: Annual third-party audits with data logging via the Green Hydrogen Portal.
    • GHG Measurement: Emissions calculated in kg CO? equivalent per kg of H?.
    • Guarantee of Origin (GO): Validates green hydrogen claims, crucial for global markets.

Significance and Impact

  • Credibility Boost: Certified hydrogen gains international recognition and competitive advantage.
  • Export Readiness: Facilitates global trade through verified green hydrogen standards.
  • Investment Attraction: Defined certification process encourages private and foreign investment.
  • Carbon Market Linkage: Future integration with India's carbon trading market allows certificates to become tradable assets.
  • Fossil Fuel Reduction: Supports India’s long-term goal of energy transition and emission reduction.

International Agreements

  • India to supply 4.12 lakh tonnes of green hydrogen derivatives to Japan and Singapore, enhancing strategic energy ties and export potential.
  • Discussions ongoing with state governments to facilitate Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) for renewable energy sourcing.
  • Coordination underway with Ministry of Power and Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) to address regulatory barriers.

USCIRF’s 2025 Report

  • 30 Mar 2025

In News:

In its 2025 Annual Report, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) recommended designating India as a "Country of Particular Concern" (CPC), citing alleged systemic violations of religious freedom.

Key USCIRF Recommendations:

  • Label India as a CPC under the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA), 1998.
  • Impose targeted sanctions on Indian institutions, including the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), and individuals such as Vikash Yadav.
  • Review bilateral defence agreements, including drone deals.
  • Prioritise religious freedom in diplomatic dialogues with India.
  • Reintroduce the Transnational Repression Reporting Act, 2024 to monitor global religious freedom violations.

About USCIRF:

  • Established by: U.S. Congress (1998) under IRFA.
  • Nature: Independent, bipartisan federal agency.
  • Not affiliated with: U.S. State Department (but works in coordination).
  • Structure: 9 Commissioners appointed by the U.S. President and Congressional leaders.
  • Mandate: Monitor global religious freedom (FoRB), advise U.S. leadership, recommend sanctions, and publish annual reports.

Core Functions:

  • Track global trends in freedom of religion or belief.
  • Recommend policy actions including CPC designation.
  • Advocate for religious prisoners of conscience.
  • Maintain a FoRB Victims List and issue thematic reports.

India’s Official Response:

The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) firmly rejected USCIRF’s report, calling it “biased and politically motivated.”

  • MEA Spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal criticized the report for misrepresenting isolated incidents and ignoring India’s multicultural and pluralistic society.
  • Highlighted India’s 1.4 billion diverse population, representing all major religions.
  • Emphasized that USCIRF’s assessments reflect a deliberate narrative rather than genuine concern for religious rights.
  • Asserted that such reports would not affect India’s image as a democratic and tolerant nation.
  • Called for USCIRF itself to be recognized as an “entity of concern.”

Vertically-Launched Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)

  • 30 Mar 2025

In News:

India successfully conducted a flight test of the VL-SRSAM from a defence testing range off the Odisha coast.

Overview:

  • Type: Indigenous short-range surface-to-air missile (SRSAM)
  • Developed by: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
  • Purpose: Designed for quick reaction air defence, capable of intercepting a variety of aerial threats including low-altitude sea-skimming targets.
  • Users:Originally developed for the Indian Navy, with applications now extending to the Indian Air Force for safeguarding air bases.

Performance Parameters:

  • Initial range: 40 km (Navy version)
  • Extended range: Up to 80 km
  • Maximum altitude: 16 km
  • Top speed: Mach 4.5

Technical Specifications:

  • Length: 3.93 meters
  • Diameter: 178 mm
  • Wingspan: 508 mm
  • Weight: ~170 kg
  • Propulsion: Solid fuel
  • Guidance System:
    • Mid-course: Inertial navigation based on fibre-optic gyroscope
    • Terminal phase: Active radar homing
  • Launcher Configuration: Twin quad-pack canisters integrated with weapon control systems (WCS) for multiple missile launches.

Significance:

  • Enhances India's self-reliant air defence capability.
  • Supports indigenous development under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
  • Strengthens India's maritime and aerial defensive posture through versatile deployment.

Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)

  • 28 Mar 2025

In News:

The Government of India discontinued the Medium-Term and Long-Term Government Deposits (MLTGD) under the Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS) with effect from March 26, 2025. Earlier, the Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) scheme was also discontinued.

What is the Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)?

  • Launched: 15th September 2015 (improved version of earlier Gold Deposit Scheme and Gold Metal Loan Scheme).
  • Objective:
    • Mobilize idle gold held by households and institutions.
    • Bring privately held gold into the formal economy.
    • Reduce the country's dependence on gold imports.
    • Help lower the Current Account Deficit (CAD).
  • Eligibility: Individuals, institutions, and government entities could deposit their idle gold in banks.
  • Redemption:
    • Gold is not returned in the same form (e.g., jewellery).
    • Maturity proceeds are redeemed in the form of cash, gold bars, or coins (depending on the type of deposit).

Types of Deposits under GMS (Before Discontinuation of MLTGD):

  • Short-Term Bank Deposit (STBD):
    • Tenure: 1–3 years
    • Interest Rate: Variable; decided by banks
    • Redemption: Gold or cash
    • Use: Lending by banks for domestic needs
  • Medium-Term Government Deposit (MTGD):
    • Tenure: 5–7 years
    • Interest Rate: 2.25%; decided by Govt. in consultation with RBI
    • Redemption: Cash only
    • Use: Government and RBI reserves
  • Long-Term Government Deposit (LTGD):
    • Tenure: 12–15 years
    • Interest Rate: 2.5%; decided by Govt. in consultation with RBI
    • Redemption: Cash only
    • Use: Monetary policy operations and reserves

Note: As of 2025, only the Short-Term Bank Deposit remains operational.

Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme – Overview:

  • Launched: 2015
  • Objective:
    • Reduce demand for physical gold.
    • Promote investment in financial gold instruments.
    • Channel household savings into productive financial assets.
  • Key Features:
    • Issued in denominations of 5g, 10g, 50g, and 100g.
    • Tenure: 8 years (with exit option after 5 years).
    • Interest Rate: 2.5% per annum (paid semi-annually).
    • Capital gains tax exemption on maturity.
    • Backed by the Government of India.
  • Status: Discontinued as of 2025, alongside MLTGD and LTGD under GMS.

Other Gold-Related Initiative:

  • Indian Gold Coin Scheme (2015):
    • First-ever national gold coin with the Ashoka Chakra emblem.
    • Launched alongside GMS and SGB to promote domestically branded gold and reduce reliance on imported gold bars/coins.

Parker Solar Probe

  • 28 Mar 2025

In News:

Recently, the NASA’s Parker Solar Probe made another close approach to the Sun, reaching within 6 million km of its surface. It continues to break records as the closest any human-made object has come to the Sun, aiming to improve our understanding of solar activity and space weather.

Key Highlights:

  • Background:Launched on August 12, 2018, by NASA from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the Parker Solar Probe is designed for in-situ study of the Sun's outer atmosphere (corona), solar wind, and magnetic field. It was named after physicist Eugene Parker, who first theorized the existence of the solar wind in the late 1950s.
  • Mission Objectives:
    • Investigate the structure and dynamics of the solar corona
    • Understand the origin and evolution of solar wind
    • Study energetic particles responsible for solar storms
    • Examine the mechanisms that heat the corona to over a million degrees Celsius while the Sun’s surface remains relatively cooler at ~6,000°C
  • Orbital Details & Speed:The Parker Probe moves in a highly elliptical orbit using Venus' gravity for repeated assists to get closer to the Sun. It is the fastest human-made object, reaching speeds of up to 692,000 km/hr. Its closest planned approach is 6.16 million km (3.83 million miles) from the Sun—about seven times closer than any previous spacecraft.
  • Heat Protection Technology:To withstand extreme solar radiation, the probe uses an 8-foot-wide, 4.5-inch-thick carbon-carbon composite heat shield capable of resisting temperatures up to 1,377°C. The shield’s sun-facing side is coated with white ceramic paint to reflect sunlight, and its design ensures that just behind the shield, temperatures drop to a manageable 29°C, protecting the onboard instruments.
  • Scientific Instruments Onboard:
    • FIELDS – Measures electric and magnetic fields in the corona.
    • ISoIS (Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun) – Studies high-energy solar particles.
    • SWEAP (Solar Wind Electrons, Alphas, and Protons) – Captures data on solar wind particles.
    • WISPR (Wide-Field Imager) – Takes images of the solar corona and heliosphere.
    • Faraday Cup – An external device made of molybdenum alloy (melting point: 2,349°C), measures ion and electron densities in solar wind.
  • Key Discoveries:
    • First ‘Touch’ of the Sun (April 2021): The probe crossed the Sun’s Alfvén surface — the boundary where solar wind escapes the Sun’s influence — thus officially entering the solar corona.
    • Magnetic Switchbacks: Detected sudden reversals in the Sun’s magnetic field direction, providing clues about how solar wind accelerates.
    • Dust-Free Zones: Found regions near the Sun unexpectedly devoid of dust, challenging earlier theories about uniform dust distribution in the solar system.
    • Corona Heating Mystery: Parker’s data, especially on Alfvén waves and magnetic switchbacks, may help solve why the corona is vastly hotter than the Sun’s surface
  • Challenges Overcome:Contrary to expectations, the Sun’s gravity, not heat, posed a significant challenge. High speeds needed careful navigation to avoid crashing into the Sun. The mission used Earth and Venus flybys to gradually spiral inward for closer approaches rather than the initial, longer route via Jupiter.
  • Mission Timeline:The Parker Solar Probe is scheduled to make 24 close passes of the Sun, continuing into the 2030s. Each pass provides new insights into solar activity and its potential impacts on Earth.
  • Comparison with India’s Aditya-L1 Mission:While the Parker Solar Probe performs in-situ analysis by flying into the corona, ISRO’s Aditya-L1, launched in 2023, is stationed at the Lagrange Point 1 (L1), 1.5 million km from Earth. Aditya-L1 remotely observes solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and magnetic storms using seven payloads, including a coronagraph.

Permafrost Degradation in the Kashmir Himalayas

  • 26 Mar 2025

In News:

Permafrost, the ground that remains frozen for at least two years, has long been a critical feature in high-altitude regions like the Kashmir Himalayas. Recent studies have highlighted that melting permafrost is emerging as a significant environmental threat, with the potential to disrupt both ecological systems and infrastructure in the region.

Key Findings of Recent Studies

  • Extent of Permafrost: Permafrost covers 64.8% of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) and Ladakh, with 26.7% being continuous, 23.8% discontinuous, and 14.3% sporadic.
  • Regional Distribution: Ladakh has the highest concentration of permafrost (87%), while areas like the Shigar Valley and Siwaliks have no permafrost.
  • Impact on Infrastructure: Permafrost degradation threatens key infrastructure, including roads, settlements, and hydropower projects. Approximately 193 km of roads, 2,415 households, and eight hydropower projects are at risk due to thawing permafrost.
  • Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): Permafrost thaw increases the likelihood of GLOFs, as seen in recent events like the 2021 Chamoli disaster and the 2023 South Lhonak GLOF. These floods, triggered by the instability of glacial lakes formed by melting ice, can cause significant destruction.

Environmental Impacts of Permafrost Thawing

  • Carbon Release: As permafrost melts, it releases stored organic carbon, including methane, a potent greenhouse gas that exacerbates climate change.
  • Hydrological Changes: Thawing permafrost can alter river flow and groundwater availability, impacting water resources for local communities and ecosystems.
  • Geological Instability: The breakdown of permafrost leads to landslides and slope instability, posing risks to both natural landscapes and human settlements.

Factors Contributing to Permafrost Degradation

  1. Global Warming: Rising surface temperatures are the primary driver of permafrost thaw.
  2. Human Activities: Construction activities, including road-building, dam construction, and real estate development, disturb the stability of permafrost. Additionally, deforestation and land-use changes increase the exposure of permafrost to solar radiation, accelerating its degradation.
  3. Natural Events: Earthquakes and natural processes, like rock-ice avalanches, also contribute to the destabilization of permafrost.

Risks to Local Communities and Infrastructure

  • Vulnerable Regions: Thousands of households and critical infrastructure in permafrost-rich areas, such as Ladakh, are at risk due to permafrost thawing. Military and strategic infrastructure, including roads vital for connectivity, may face serious disruptions, compromising national security.
  • Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): The melting of glaciers can lead to the formation of proglacial lakes, increasing the risk of GLOFs. In J&K, 332 such lakes have been identified, with 65 showing significant flood risks. GLOFs are a major threat to downstream communities and infrastructure.

Way Forward: Mitigating Risks

  • Integrated Planning: Future infrastructure development, especially roads and hydropower projects, should incorporate data on permafrost zones. Risk-sensitive land-use planning and construction methods must be adopted to minimize environmental damage.
  • Enhanced Monitoring: Remote sensing technologies, including satellite-based monitoring and ground-based LiDAR systems, should be employed to track permafrost degradation and associated environmental changes more effectively.
  • Comprehensive Environmental Assessments: Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) must be strengthened to include the risks of permafrost thawing, particularly in relation to GLOFs, landslides, and groundwater depletion. This is crucial for ensuring that development projects in these regions do not exacerbate the environmental risks posed by permafrost degradation.

Revival of Vikramshila University

  • 26 Mar 2025

In News:

Following the revival of Nalanda University, another historic centre of learning—Vikramshila University in Bihar—is now set for rejuvenation. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) began developing the site in December 2023 to boost heritage tourism. Simultaneously, the Bihar government has earmarked 202.14 acres of land in Antichak village, Bhagalpur district, for setting up a Central University at the ancient site.

The revival project was approved by the Central Government in 2015 with a sanctioned budget of ?500 crore. However, work was delayed due to issues in land acquisition. With recent approval of ?87.99 crore for land procurement and the identification of suitable land, the project has regained momentum. The site is located about 3 km from the ancient ruins of the original university.

Historical Background:

  • Vikramshila University was founded in the late 8th or early 9th century AD by King Dharmapala of the Pala Dynasty as a response to declining academic standards at Nalanda.
  • Situated along the banks of the Ganges in eastern India, Vikramshila emerged as a major hub of Tantric Buddhism (Vajrayana) and occult studies, distinguishing itself from the broader curriculum of Nalanda.
  • During its peak, Vikramshila housed over 1,000 students and 100 teachers, many of whom came from other parts of India and abroad.
  • The university became renowned for its scholarship in theology, logic, metaphysics, grammar, philosophy, and especially tantric studies, which were popular in both Buddhism and Hinduism during that era. Among its most prominent scholars was AtisaDipankara, who played a key role in the spread of Buddhism to Tibet.
  • The university featured a central cruciform brick stupa surrounded by 208 monk cells, arranged symmetrically on all four sides. A major architectural marvel of the site is its library, which had an innovative cooling system where water from a nearby reservoir was used to preserve manuscripts. This reflects the advanced engineering and scholarly focus of the institution.
  • Although Nalanda and Vikramshila were separate entities, they often collaborated and shared scholars under the patronage of King Dharmapala. At one point, Vikramshila even held administrative authority over Nalanda.

Decline:

Vikramshila flourished for nearly four centuries before being destroyed around 1203 AD during the invasions of Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, the same event that marked the end of Nalanda University. The decline was also contributed to by the waning influence of Buddhism in India and the rise of Hinduism.

Recent Initiatives:

The ASI has divided the Vikramshila ruins into grids for careful excavation and preservation. A museum at the site displays several important antiquities, including sculptures of Buddhist and Hindu deities like Avalokiteshvara, Loknath, Surya, Vishnu, Ganesh, and more. Restoration work is also underway on NH-80, which connects Vikramshila to Bhagalpur city, about 50 km away.

Inner Line Permit (ILP)

  • 24 Mar 2025

In News:

The Inner Line Permit (ILP) system plays a significant role in regulating entry into certain states of India's Northeast. Originally derived from the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation (BEFR) of 1873, the ILP aims to protect indigenous communities and preserve their cultural identity by regulating the movement of non-residents into restricted areas. This system requires Indian citizens who are not permanent residents of these states to obtain an ILP to enter and stay in these areas for a limited period.

Currently, four statesArunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Manipur—require an ILP for entry. In recent years, the ILP system has become a topic of contention in Meghalaya, where local opposition to developmental projects, particularly railway expansion, has intensified.

What is the Inner Line Permit (ILP)?

The ILP is an official travel document issued by the respective state governments and regulates the entry of Indian citizens into restricted tribal areas. The system's primary aim is to safeguard indigenous communities from exploitation and prevent land alienation.

  • Legal Basis: The Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation (BEFR), 1873, introduced by the British, created an "Inner Line" to restrict the movement of outsiders. The Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958 and Foreigners (Restricted Areas) Order, 1963 further delineated areas where foreigners and Indian citizens from other states require special permits to enter.
  • Difference Between ILP and PAP: The Inner Line Permit (ILP) applies to Indian citizens in certain northeastern states, while the Protected Area Permit (PAP) is for foreigners wishing to enter restricted areas, including parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, and Rajasthan.

Current Status of Rail Connectivity in Meghalaya

Meghalaya has limited rail connectivity, with Mendipathar in North Garo Hills being the only operational railway station since 2014. Passenger services run daily between Mendipathar and Guwahati, and the station recently received its first freight shipment. However, several proposed railway projects in the state face significant opposition from local groups, particularly in the Khasi and Jaintia Hills.

The Northeast Frontier Railways (NFR) had planned three key projects in Meghalaya:

  1. Tetelia-Byrnihat Railway Line (21.5 km connecting Assam to Meghalaya)
  2. Byrnihat-Shillong Railway Line (108.76 km)
  3. Chandranathpur-Jowai Railway Line (connecting Assam to Jowai)

These projects are now at risk of being shelved due to local resistance, particularly from Khasi pressure groups such as the Khasi Students' Union (KSU).

Opposition to Railway Projects in Meghalaya

The opposition to these railway projects stems from fears of an influx of “outsiders” into the state, potentially threatening the cultural identity and livelihood of indigenous communities. The Khasi Students' Union (KSU) has been opposed to the extension of railway lines into the Khasi Hills since the 1980s, arguing that such projects would facilitate large-scale migration and overwhelm local populations. The group's concerns have now expanded to include other regions, such as the Jaintia Hills, where protests have emerged against the proposed Chandranathpur-Jowai line.

The KSU has long advocated for the introduction of the ILP system in Meghalaya to prevent non-residents from settling in the state. They argue that the ILP would serve as a safeguard against uncontrolled migration, offering a mechanism to regulate entry, especially at railway stations, where people can be monitored and restricted from staying beyond their designated period.

The KSUemphasized that while the group does not oppose railway development in principle, it seeks safeguards like the ILP to ensure that the state's indigenous communities do not become minorities.

Economic Considerations and Government Response

While the local opposition is strong, there is also significant support for railway connectivity, particularly from economic perspectives. Chief Minister Conrad Sangma has argued that improved rail connectivity would reduce logistical costs and facilitate the movement of goods, benefiting both the state's economy and its local entrepreneurs. Toki Blah, a political commentator, noted that railway expansion could lower the cost of goods, particularly in a state where much of the population depends on small-scale agriculture and service-based industries.

Additionally, representatives from the Garo Hills, another major tribal region in Meghalaya, have advocated for expanding existing rail links from Mendipathar to Baghamara in the South Garo Hills, citing the need for better transportation infrastructure.

World Happiness Report 2025

  • 23 Mar 2025

In News:

The World Happiness Report (WHR) 2025 was released on 20th March (World Happiness Day) by the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, in collaboration with Gallup and the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (UNSDSN).

India’s Performance:

  • India’s Rank (2025):118th out of 147 countries (Improved from 126th in 2024).
    • Sub-Indicator Performance:
      • Donations: 57th
      • Volunteering: 10th
      • Helping a Stranger: 74th
      • Wallet Return Probability:
        • 115th (by neighbor)
        • 86th (by stranger)
        • 93rd (by police)
  • Happiness Score: Increased from 4.054 (2021–23) to 4.389 (2022–24).
  • Rank among Neighbors:
    • Nepal: 92nd
    • Pakistan: 109th
    • Myanmar: 126th
    • Sri Lanka: 133rd
    • Bangladesh: 134th

Top 10 Happiest Countries (2025):

  1. Finland (8th consecutive year)
  2. Denmark
  3. Iceland
  4. Sweden
  5. Israel
  6. Costa Rica (new entrant)
  7. Netherlands
  8. Norway
  9. Luxembourg
  10. Mexico(new entrant)

Least Happy Countries (Bottom 5):

  • 147th: Afghanistan (4th consecutive year as lowest)
  • 146th: Sierra Leone
  • 145th: Lebanon
  • 144th: Malawi
  • 143rd: Zimbabwe

About the Report:

  • Purpose: Measures global well-being through life evaluations and promotes policy focus on happiness, mental health, and quality of life over mere economic growth.
  • Methodology:
    • Based on Gallup World Poll (2022–2024 data).
    • Uses Cantril Ladder Scale (0–10) for life evaluation.
    • Six Key Indicators:
      1. GDP per capita
      2. Healthy life expectancy
      3. Social support
      4. Freedom to make life choices
      5. Generosity
      6. Perception of corruption

Global Trends in Happiness (2025):

  • Nordic Dominance: Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden occupy top ranks.
  • Decline in Western Countries:
    • USA: 24th (down from 11th in 2012)
    • UK: 23rd (lowest since 2017)
    • Rising loneliness and social isolation major causes.
  • Israel (5th): Maintained high rank despite ongoing conflict.
  • Social Support Decline: 19% of young adults globally report having no one to rely on.

Special Focus: India vs Pakistan – The Paradox

Despite India’s:

  • Higher GDP per capita ($2,480.8 vs Pakistan’s $1,365.3),
  • Better health indicators (life expectancy: 58.1 vs 56.9),
  • Better corruption perception rank (India: 96th, Pakistan: 135th),

India still ranks lower in happiness.

Reason: Low scores in perceived freedom and individual life satisfaction.

World Happiness Day:

  • Observed on: 20th March
  • Initiated by: Bhutan, which pioneered the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH).
  • Adopted by UNGA: July 2012
  • Theme 2025:"Caring and Sharing"

AFSPA in the Northeast

  • 22 Mar 2025

In News:

The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is reviewing the scope of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) in the Northeast, especially in light of ongoing ethnic violence in Manipur and security reviews in Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam.

What is AFSPA?

  • AFSPA (1958) empowers the armed forces to maintain public order in ‘disturbed areas’.
  • It authorizes armed forces to:
    • Use force or open fire after due warning.
    • Arrest without a warrant.
    • Conduct searches without a warrant.
    • Enjoy legal immunity from prosecution without prior sanction of the Central Government.

Declaration of Disturbed Area

  • A region is declared ‘disturbed’ through a notification in the Official Gazette.
  • The declaration can be made by:
    • Governor of a State, or
    • Central Government.
  • Duration: Notifications are valid for 6 months, reviewed periodically for extension or withdrawal.

AFSPA in Manipur: Recent Developments

  • AFSPA was withdrawn from all valley police stations between April 2022–April 2023 due to improved law and order.
  • However, after ethnic violence erupted on May 3, 2023, the Act was reimposed in 6 police stations across 5 districts (mostly in valley areas) as of November 14, 2024.
  • At a review meeting on March 20, 2025, the Indian Army proposed re-imposition of AFSPA in 12 more police station limits in Manipur Valley for operational efficiency.
  • President’s Rule has been in force in Manipur since February 13, 2025.
  • The final decision on AFSPA expansion in Manipur will be taken by the MHA.

Status in Other Northeastern States

  • The MHA held a multi-agency review on March 19, 2025, regarding AFSPA coverage in Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur.
  • Current Authority to Notify Disturbed Areas:
    • MHA: Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.
    • State Governments: Manipur and Assam.
  • Possible De-Notification: One district in Assam may be removed from AFSPA coverage based on the latest review.

Legal and Administrative Background

  • AFSPA came into force in Manipur in 1981.
  • Manipur attained Statehood in 1972, earlier being a Union Territory.
  • The Imphal Municipality area has remained outside AFSPA since 2004.
  • The most recent “disturbed area” notification for hill districts in Manipur was issued on September 26, 2024.

States Under AFSPA (as of February 2025)

  • Manipur
  • Nagaland
  • Arunachal Pradesh
  • Assam
  • Jammu and Kashmir

PEPSU Muzhara Movement

  • 22 Mar 2025

In News:

The PEPSU Muzhara Movement, commemorated annually on March 19, was a significant agrarian uprising by landless tenant farmers (muzharas) in Punjab demanding ownership rights over the land they cultivated. It stands as a historic resistance against feudal and colonial exploitation.

Background & Region

  • Initiation: Started in the 1930s in the Patiala princely state.
  • Expanded Across: 784 villages in present-day Patiala, Barnala, Mansa, Sangrur, Bathinda, Mohali, Fatehgarh Sahib, Faridkot (Punjab), and Jind (now in Haryana).
  • After independence, the region was reorganized into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), where the movement intensified.

Who Were the Muzharas?

  • Muzharas were landless tenant farmers who cultivated land owned by biswedars (feudal landlords).
  • They were forced to give one-third of their produce to landlords, who further paid a share to princely rulers, who in turn paid the British.
  • Even after Independence (1947), landlords continued this exploitative practice, leading to widespread unrest.

Causes of the Movement

  • Feudal oppression and loss of ancestral land.
  • Colonial revenue structure perpetuated peasant poverty.
  • Post-independence continuation of feudal demands.
  • Denial of land ownership despite generations of cultivation.

Key Leaders

  • Jagir Singh Joga – Organised and united tenant farmers.
  • Buta Singh – Advocate for land redistribution.
  • Teja Singh Sutantar – Linked the struggle with broader peasant movements.
  • Sewa Singh Thikriwala – Anti-feudal ideologue and early inspiration.
  • Bhai Jodh Singh – Strengthened the movement through grassroots mobilisation.

Phases and Nature of the Movement

  • Peaceful Protests: Initial petitions and mobilisations.
  • Armed Resistance: Tenant farmers took up arms for self-defense as repression increased.
  • Mass Mobilisation: Conferences, rallies, and united action across villages.

Significance of March 19

  • In March 1949, landlords attempted to reclaim cultivated lands in Kishangarh (Mansa district).
  • The muzharas resisted by harvesting crops themselves, leading to a violent standoff.
  • On March 17, a police officer was killed, resulting in the arrest of 35 muzharas—all acquitted by 1950.
  • On March 19, 1949, the army surrounded the village, and four muzharas were killed.
  • Since 1953, March 19 has been observed as “Muzhara Shaheedi Diwas”, honouring martyrs of the movement.

Outcome

  • Land Reforms (1952): The movement culminated in reforms granting ownership rights to tenant farmers.
  • Became a symbol of peasant resistance against exploitation and injustice.

Tren de Aragua

  • 20 Mar 2025

In News:

In March 2025, the United States deported 261 Venezuelans, including alleged members of the violent Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua (TdA). The deportation invoked the Alien Enemies Act of 1798, used for the first time since World War II.

What is the Tren de Aragua (TdA)?

  • Origin: Formed in 2014 inside Tocorón Prison in Aragua state, Venezuela.
  • Evolution: Began as a prison gang under the “pran” system—where incarcerated crime bosses operated external criminal networks.
  • Operations: Expanded amid Venezuela's economic crisis (post-2017) to Colombia, Peru, Chile, and later the United States, exploiting Venezuelan migrants.
  • Criminal Activities: Drug trafficking, human trafficking, extortion, murder, and kidnapping.
  • International Links: Chile accused the Venezuelan regime of facilitating the murder of a former opposition officer in 2023 via TdA operatives.

Presence in the United States

  • Size: Estimated 5,000 global members; only a few hundred suspected in the U.S.
  • Incidents: Linked to violent crimes in New York, Florida, Texas, Pennsylvania, California, and a high-profile case in Aurora, Denver.
  • Designation: Labeled a "Transnational Criminal Organization" in 2023 by the Biden administration. Assets in the U.S. frozen and a $12 million reward announced for its leaders.

Alien Enemies Act (1798):

  • Purpose: Allows the U.S. President to detain, deport, or restrict foreign nationals from hostile nations during war or invasion.
  • Historic Use:
    • War of 1812: Used against British citizens.
    • WWI & WWII: Used for surveillance, restrictions, and internment of citizens from enemy nations (Japanese, Germans, Italians).
    • Post-War: Used in 1948 to deport a Nazi operative; upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Controversial Invocation in 2025

  • First use since WWII to target non-state criminal actors (TdA).
  • The White House termed TdA a "terrorist gang" and a "direct threat to national security".
  • Claimed that illegal immigration and cartel activity constituted a modern “invasion”, thereby justifying use of the Act.
  • Legal Backing: The Act remains constitutional and in force unless revoked.
  • Criticism: Civil rights advocates argue its use may violate due process; calls for repeal by some lawmakers due to historical misuse.

Identification of Gang Members

  • Criteria (ICE Directive, 2017): Gang tattoos, prior convictions, confessions, or identification by reliable sources.
  • Due Process Concerns: Migrants can be deported even if gang membership is unproven before a judge.

National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP)

  • 20 Mar 2025

In News:

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of India is formulating the National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP) to address the growing threat of zoonotic diseases through integrated wildlife health management. Over 60% of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate from animals, underscoring the importance of a "One Health" approach—integrating human, animal, and environmental health.

Key Objectives of NWHP

  • Establish a comprehensive wildlife disease surveillance system.
  • Strengthen diagnostic infrastructure and research capacity.
  • Facilitate cross-sectoral collaboration among environment, agriculture, and animal husbandry ministries.
  • Integrate existing animal and human health data systems with wildlife health information.

Institutional Framework & Implementation

  • National Referral Centre for Wildlife (NRC-W):
    • Inaugurated in Junagadh, Gujarat (March 2024).
    • India’s first wildlife disease diagnostic and research centre.
    • Will serve as a referral hub for investigating wildlife mortality and outbreak events.
  • Wildlife Health Information System (WHIS):
    • Proposed digital system for real-time disease data collection, reporting, and analysis.
    • Will integrate with National Animal Disease Reporting System (NADRS) and National Animal Disease Referral Expert System (NADRES).
  • Satellite Diagnostic Labs:To be established near important forest zones for timely wildlife disease detection and diagnosis.
  • Community Engagement:Involves measures like cattle vaccination near national parks to reduce disease transmission risks.

Key Agencies Involved

  • Central Zoo Authority (CZA): Nodal agency under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; responsible for policy coordination and implementation.
  • Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser and IIT-Bombay: Supporting technical and policy formulation.
  • Ernst & Young: Consultancy support.
  • Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC): Policy oversight.

Alignment with Existing Conservation Frameworks

  • National Wildlife Action Plan (2017–31):
    • Provides for 103 actions and 250 projects.
    • Includes protocols for disease surveillance in protected areas and tiger reserves.
  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Provides legal basis for wildlife health regulation and zoonotic disease control.

Chhareda Panchayat Water Conservation Model

  • 19 Mar 2025

In News:

Rajasthan’s Chhareda Panchayat in Dausa district has emerged as a leading example of effective water conservation, driven by a community-driven initiative that has significantly transformed agricultural practices and farmer livelihoods. The project, led by Vipra Goyal, an alumnus of IIT-Kharagpur, has revolutionized water usage in the region through the construction of 250 farm ponds.

Key Aspects:

  • Objective:The model aims to address water scarcity and groundwater depletion through rainwater harvesting and the construction of farm ponds, reducing dependence on overexploited groundwater sources.

How Farm Ponds are Contributing to Water Conservation in Rajasthan

  • Rainwater Harvesting:Farm ponds serve as storage systems for rainwater, minimizing reliance on deep, contaminated groundwater sources. This helps prevent the further depletion of underground water reserves.
  • Year-Round Water Availability:The ponds provide consistent water supply for both kharif and rabi crops, ensuring that farmers can grow crops throughout the year without facing water shortages.
  • Groundwater Conservation:By reducing the need to extract groundwater, this initiative has helped conserve approximately 30 crore litres of water annually, easing the pressure on local aquifers.
  • Boosting Agricultural Productivity and Income:With reliable water sources, farmers have shifted from subsistence farming to growing cash crops, which has resulted in a collective increase of about ?5 crore in household incomes.
  • Reduced Water Pollution:The initiative avoids the use of groundwater contaminated with harmful substances like arsenic and fluoride, which are prevalent in many areas of Rajasthan.
  • Sustainability and Climate Resilience:The farm ponds offer a climate-resilient solution, ensuring that agriculture in water-scarce regions is sustainable even in the face of erratic rainfall patterns.
  • Cost-Free Construction:The construction of the ponds has been facilitated through CSR funds and government schemes, making the project cost-free for farmers.

International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)

  • 19 Mar 2025

In News:

The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), a treaty-based intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the conservation of seven major big cat species, has officially signed an agreement with the Government of India, establishing India as the permanent host of its headquarters and secretariat.

Background and Launch

  • Launched: April 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Project Tiger.
  • Objective: To facilitate global cooperation for the conservation of seven big cats:Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Puma, andJaguar.
  • The IBCA is implemented through the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).

International Status and Membership

  • The IBCA became a treaty-based intergovernmental alliance after five countries ratified the framework agreement:India, Liberia, Eswatini, Somalia, andNicaragua.
  • India formally joined the IBCA in September 2023.
  • The alliance is open to all UN Member States, including:
    • Range countries (where big cats are native), and
    • Non-range countries that wish to support conservation efforts globally.

Headquarters and Agreement

  • On March 28, 2024, the Union Cabinet approved the establishment of the IBCA headquarters in India.
  • An agreement was signed in May 2024 between the IBCA and the Indian government, outlining:
    • Privileges and immunities for IBCA personnel,
    • Visa facilitation, and
    • Operational and legal provisions for the headquarters.

Funding and Support

  • India has committed a total of ?150 crore (2023–2028) for:
    • Creating a corpus fund,
    • Building infrastructure, and
    • Meeting recurring expenditures over five years.

Operation ATALANTA

  • 18 Mar 2025

In News:

The European Union Naval Force (EUNAVFOR) Operation ATALANTA has proposed a significant joint anti-piracy naval exercise with the Indian Navy, scheduled for the end of May 2025. This initiative reflects the growing strategic cooperation between India and the European Union in maritime security, particularly in the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.

Key Highlights

Proposed Exercise:

  • The exercise, if approved, will involve two European warships and the Indian Navy practicing advanced counter-piracy operations, tactical manoeuvres, and inter-naval communications.
  • This drill goes beyond the routine Passage Exercises (PASSEX) and aims to enhance interoperability, coordination, and mutual confidence between the two navies.

Strategic Objectives:

  • Strengthen maritime security in the Indian Ocean, ensuring it remains a free, open, sustainable, and inclusive area.
  • Address resurgent piracy threats, especially off the Horn of Africa, amid ongoing instability in the Red Sea due to Houthi rebel activity.
  • Build operational synergy to respond swiftly to piracy incidents-EUNAVFOR claims the capability to tackle pirate cases within 48–72 hours.

Recent Developments:

  • Piracy incidents near the Horn of Africa have declined recently, but the threat persists, necessitating continued vigilance and cooperation.
  • In 2024, joint anti-piracy efforts led to the apprehension of 70 suspected pirates, with the Indian Navy responsible for 44 captures.
  • The Indian Navy is recognized as a major actor in the region, with both sides regularly coordinating through maritime information fusion centers.

Operation ATALANTA: Overview

Aspect                                           Details

Launch Year                               2008

Initial Focus                                Preventing piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast

Expanded Mandate         - Protecting World Food Programme (WFP) vessels
                                            - Enforcing UN arms embargo on Somalia
                                            - Monitoring drug and arms trafficking
                                            - Combating Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing
                                            - Disrupting illicit charcoal trade

Area of Operations              Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea

Recent Activities               - Joint drills with Indian Navy
                                            - Successful coordination in anti-piracy operations, e.g., MV Ruen hijacking

India–EU Maritime Engagement: Significance

  • Geopolitical Context:
    • The Indian Ocean is a critical global trade route, and its security is vital for international commerce.
    • The resurgence of piracy and instability in the Red Sea has heightened the need for robust maritime partnerships.
  • Strategic Partnerships:
    • The EU and India share a vision of maintaining maritime order and security.
    • The vastness of the Indian Ocean requires significant assets and robust logistics, making cooperation essential.
  • Professional Interactions:Encounters with other navies, including China, are described as professional, underscoring the importance of multilateral engagement.

Hyperloop Project

  • 18 Mar 2025

In News:

India is moving closer to realizing ultra-high-speed transportation with the development of indigenous Hyperloop technology. The Ministry of Railways, has announced that Integral Coach Factory (ICF), Chennai will develop the electronics component for the country’s Hyperloop initiative. This decision follows promising test results at IIT Madras, which hosts the longest Hyperloop testing facility in Asia.

What is Hyperloop?

Hyperloop is a next-generation, ultra-fast transportation system that combines magnetic levitation (maglev) and near-vacuum tubes to enable passenger pods to travel at speeds up to 1,220 km/h. It was first proposed by Elon Musk in 2013 through the Hyperloop Alpha white paper and has since evolved into a global open-source research initiative.

Working Mechanism:

  • Low-pressure tubes drastically reduce air resistance.
  • Magnetic levitation allows pods to float without touching surfaces, minimizing friction.
  • Electromagnetic propulsion moves pods forward efficiently.

Key Features:

  • Highly energy-efficient and sustainable, with low emissions.
  • Can surpass air travel speeds on shorter routes.
  • Reduces road congestion, travel time, and noise pollution.

India’s Hyperloop Developments:

  • Institutions Involved:
    • IIT Madras – Developed the 410-meter test facility.
    • Avishkar Hyperloop Team – Leading design and innovation.
    • ICF Chennai – To develop electronics and technical components.
  • Government Support:
    • The Railway Ministry has provided financial and technical support.
    • The testing system uses fully indigenous technology.

Challenges Ahead:

Despite its promise, Hyperloop faces significant hurdles:

  • High infrastructure costs.
  • Technical challenges in maintaining vacuum conditions.
  • Safety concerns due to the high speed and pressure system.

India’s Space Docking Capability

  • 17 Mar 2025

In News:

Recently, ISRO successfully demonstrated autonomous space docking and undocking with its Space Docking Experiment (SpaDEx), making India the fourth country—after the USA, Russia, and China—to achieve this advanced space capability.

Two satellites, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), were launched into a 470 km orbit. From a starting separation of 20 km, they were autonomously maneuvered, docked using an indigenous androgynous docking mechanism, and later undocked after two months of in-orbit operation.

What is Space Docking and Why It Matters?

Docking is the process where two spacecraft in orbit are brought together and joined. Undocking is the controlled separation of these joined vehicles. These procedures are vital for:

  • Assembling large structures (e.g., space stations) in orbit, bypassing launch weight limits.
  • Orbital servicing of satellites (repairs, refueling).
  • Interplanetary missions requiring in-space assembly and resupply.
  • Crewed missions to space stations and planetary bodies (e.g., Moon, Mars).

Historical Context

  • 1966 (USA): First manual docking by NASA’s Gemini VIII (Neil Armstrong with Agena).
  • 1967 (USSR): First autonomous docking using Kosmos 186 & 188.
  • 2011–12 (China): First unmanned and then crewed docking.
  • 2025 (India): Successful autonomous docking and undocking via SpaDEx.

Strategic and Technological Significance for India

Future Missions:

  • BharatiyaAntariksh Station (BAS) by 2035 and Human Moon Mission by 2040 will rely heavily on in-orbit docking and assembly.
  • Chandrayaan-4, aiming to return lunar samples, will use docking systems for orbital rendezvous and return modules.

Global Space Economy

  • Positions ISRO as a leader in modular satellite design, orbital assembly, and international collaborations.
  • Enables NewSpace India Ltd. (NSIL) to attract commercial contracts for space stations, satellite servicing, and deep-space ventures.

Domestic Technological Advancements

  • Promotes indigenous innovation in docking systems, AI-driven autonomous navigation, robotics, and in-space power sharing.
  • Supports R&D in microgravity, space manufacturing, and even space agriculture (e.g., orbital seed germination experiments).

Strategic and Diplomatic Impact

  • Enhances India’s soft power and strengthens ties with space agencies like NASA and ESA.
  • Contributes to space security by enabling orbital refueling and satellite servicing during emergencies.
  • Offers collaborative platforms for BRICS and developing countries through BAS.

Capacity Building

  • Encourages STEM education and youth engagement via initiatives like YUVIKA.
  • Expands India’s aerospace industrial base, creating skilled jobs and fostering innovation.

Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs

  • 17 Mar 2025

In News:

The Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs of Narayanpet district, Telangana have been included in India’s UNESCO Tentative World Heritage Sites list in 2025, highlighting their archaeological, cultural, and astronomical significance. Telangana now has two tentative UNESCO heritage sites, the first being the Ramappa Temple (inscribed in 2021).

What are Menhirs and Megaliths?

  • Menhirs are large, upright standing stones, often tapered at the top, used by prehistoric communities.
  • They served ritual, memorial, or astronomical purposes and are found globally, with prominent examples in Europe such as Stonehenge (UK) and Carnac (France).
  • Megaliths refer broadly to prehistoric stone structures, used for burials (like dolmens, cairns, cists) or as commemorative monuments (like menhirs).
  • In India, megalithic culture thrived during the Iron Age (c. 1500 BCE–500 BCE), especially in the Deccan Plateau (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana).

Significance of the MudumalMenhirs

  • Age: Estimated to date back 3,500–4,000 years (1000 BCE–300 BCE).
  • Site extent: Spread across 80 acres near the Krishna River, the site comprises:
    • Around 80 large menhirs (10–14 feet tall).
    • Nearly 3,000 alignment stones set in rows, believed to represent funerary rites and astronomical alignments.
  • Astronomical importance: The alignments correspond with solar events such as solstices and equinoxes.
    • A unique cup-marked stone represents the Ursa Major (Saptarshi) constellation—South Asia’s earliest known star depiction.
    • Suggests advanced prehistoric knowledge of celestial navigation and calendar calculation.

Cultural and Living Traditions

  • The site continues to hold spiritual value among locals.
    • Menhirs are revered as "NilurallaThimmappa" (Thimmappa of the Standing Stones).
    • One stone is worshipped as Goddess Yellamma, blending ancient heritage with living cultural practices.

Path Toward UNESCO World Heritage Status

  • The MudumalMenhirs are among six sites added to India’s Tentative List in 2025, alongside:
    • Kanger Valley National Park (Chhattisgarh)
    • Ashokan Edict Sites (Multiple States)
    • Chausath Yogini Temples (MP & Odisha)
    • Gupta Temples (Multiple States)
    • Palace-Fortresses of the Bundelas (MP & UP)
  • India now has 62 sites on the Tentative List, a prerequisite for UNESCO nomination.

Maritime Security Belt 2025

  • 16 Mar 2025

In News:

Amid rising tensions over Iran’s expanding nuclear program and threats from Yemen's Houthi rebels, China, Iran, and Russia conducted the Maritime Security Belt 2025 naval exercise in the Gulf of Oman, strategically located near the Strait of Hormuz. This region is of global significance as it serves as a major maritime route, through which a fifth of the world’s crude oil is transported daily.

Key Highlights of the Exercise

  • Location: Gulf of Oman, near the Strait of Hormuz, connecting the Persian Gulf to the open seas. This waterway is crucial for global energy supplies and trade.
  • Participating Navies:
    • Iran: State-run media highlighted the drills as a show of strength, particularly after Israeli strikes targeted Iran’s defense and missile programs.
    • Russia: Participated with corvettes Rezky and Aldar Tsydenzhapov as well as the tanker Pechenega. Russia continues to rely on Iran for drone supplies, particularly in the ongoing war in Ukraine.
    • China: Sent guided-missile destroyer Baotou and supply ship Gaoyouhu. China maintains deep ties with Iran, especially in the oil sector, despite facing Western sanctions.
  • Operational Objectives:
    • The exercise aimed to enhance coordination and operational synergy between the three nations, with a focus on maritime security, countering threats to shipping lanes, and addressing global security challenges.
    • It featured live-fire drills, night operations, and complex naval maneuvers, ensuring the readiness of all three navies to respond to maritime threats.
  • Regional Significance: The Gulf of Oman serves as the only maritime access for Iran to the open seas, making it critical for global trade. The Strait of Hormuz is particularly significant as it handles a significant portion of the world’s oil trade.

Strategic Context and Implications

  • Nuclear Tensions: Iran's nuclear program, which has drawn concerns from both Israel and the U.S., remains a central issue in the region. The exercises coincide with the growing concerns over Iran’s stockpiling of uranium enriched to near weapons-grade levels, despite Tehran's assertions that its nuclear ambitions are peaceful.
  • Impact of Drills: These joint naval exercises highlight the growing influence of China and Russia in the Middle East, both of which have strategic ties with Iran. While these countries do not patrol the wider Middle East region, their naval presence in the Gulf signals their deepening involvement in the region’s security dynamics, particularly in opposition to the U.S.-led presence.
  • Yemen's Role: The Houthi rebels in Yemen have previously targeted international shipping in the Red Sea and Bab el-Mandeb Strait, and have threatened to resume attacks unless humanitarian aid is allowed into Gaza. The instability in the region further complicates security, as seen in the potential for maritime disruptions.

Geopolitical Dimensions

  • China’s Interests: China, as a major consumer of Iranian crude oil, continues to engage with Iran despite facing Western sanctions. These drills serve as a symbol of China’s increasing military presence and its growing role in the Middle East, particularly in energy security.
  • Russia’s Involvement: Russia's reliance on Iran for bomb-carrying drones in the Ukraine conflict further deepens the military relationship between the two nations. The maritime drills highlight Russia’s interest in securing its position in the Middle East amidst growing tensions with the West.
  • U.S. Interests: The U.S., which monitors the region through its 5th Fleet based in Bahrain, remains cautious of the growing military cooperation between China, Russia, and Iran. The drills, especially the interference with GPS systems, have raised concerns about regional stability and the ability to ensure free navigation through critical maritime chokepoints.

Bongosagar 2025 Naval Exercise

  • 16 Mar 2025

In News:

India and Bangladesh conducted the Bongosagar 2025 naval exercise in the Bay of Bengal, aimed at enhancing maritime cooperation, operational interoperability, and regional security. This joint exercise aligns with India's maritime foreign policy doctrine — SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region).

Key Highlights

  • Participants:
    • Indian Navy: INS Ranvir, a Rajput-class guided missile destroyer, commissioned in 1986.
    • Bangladesh Navy: BNS Abu Ubaidah.
  • Objectives:
    • Strengthen tactical planning, information sharing, and coordinated response capabilities.
    • Enhance interoperability for seamless maritime operations.
    • Reinforce regional trust and cooperation under the SAGAR framework.
  • Exercise Components:
    • Surface firing drills
    • Tactical manoeuvres
    • Underway replenishment
    • VBSS (Visit, Board, Search and Seizure) operations
    • Cross-deck boarding exercises
    • Communication drills
    • Professional knowledge quizzes and steam past ceremonies

Strategic Significance

  • Supports India’s SAGAR initiative (2015), promoting security and growth in the Indian Ocean region.
  • Aligns with the broader MAHASAGAR (2025) vision — Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions — targeting deeper engagement with the Global South.
  • Enhances the ability of both navies to counter maritime threats, uphold freedom of navigation, and ensure regional maritime stability.

India-Bangladesh Defence Cooperation

  • Army-level: Exercise Sampriti
  • Navy-level: Exercises Bongosagar and Coordinated Patrol (CORPAT)

India’s First CAR T-Cell Therapy

  • 16 Mar 2025

In News:

India has achieved a significant milestone in cancer treatment with the successful clinical trials of its first CAR T-cell therapy, marking a crucial step in indigenous biomedical innovation. The findings were recently published in The Lancet, making it the first CAR T-cell clinical trial from India to appear in an international journal.

What is CAR T-Cell Therapy?

  • CAR T-cell therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy) is a form of immunotherapy where a patient’s own T-cells are genetically modified to identify and destroy cancer cells.
  • Primarily used for blood cancers, especially those unresponsive to first-line treatments, such as:
    • Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
    • Large B-cell Lymphoma

Indian Breakthrough

  • Developed by ImmunoAct, a start-up incubated at IIT Bombay.
  • 73% response rate recorded in Phase I and II clinical trials.
  • Approved by India’s drug regulator in 2023, bypassing Phase III trials under conditional approval due to the urgent need and novelty.
  • Therapy is now available in major hospitals like Apollo, Fortis, Max, and Amrita.

Key Findings (Lancet Report)

  • Median progression-free survival:
    • 6 months for ALL patients
    • 4 months for lymphoma patients
  • Therapy costs approx. ?25 lakh, about 1/20th of global CAR T-cell therapy prices (?8–10 crore abroad).

Side Effects

  • Severe immune reaction (Haemophagocyticlymphohistiocytosis) in 12% patients, leading to at least one death.
  • Other adverse effects:
    • Neutropenia (96%) – Low white blood cells
    • Thrombocytopenia (65%) – Low platelet count
    • Anemia (61%) – Low red blood cell count
    • Febrile neutropenia (47%) – Infection risk due to low immunity

Significance

  • Makes advanced cancer care more accessible and affordable within India.
  • Positions India among a select group of countries with indigenous CAR T-cell therapy capabilities.
  • Marks progress towards self-reliance in high-end medical technologies.

Supersolid Light

  • 14 Mar 2025

In News:

In a groundbreaking achievement, Italian scientists have successfully created the world’s first ‘supersolid’ made from light, marking a new milestone in quantum physics. This discovery demonstrates that light, traditionally understood as pure energy, can be manipulated into a rare state of matter that combines the order of a solid with the frictionless flow of a superfluid.

What Is a Supersolid?

A supersolid is an exotic quantum phase of matter exhibiting dual characteristics:

  • Solid-like structure: Maintains a periodic, lattice-like spatial arrangement.
  • Liquid-like behavior: Flows without internal resistance (zero viscosity), like a superfluid.

Previously, supersolidity was observed in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs)—ultracold atomic systems cooled near absolute zero (–273.15°C), where quantum effects dominate.

How was Supersolid Light created?

Researchers used semiconductor nanostructures (gallium arsenide with micro-ridges) to create polaritons—hybrid quasiparticles formed by coupling photons (light) with excitons (matter).

  • When cooled and stimulated with a laser, these polaritons condensed into a coherent quantum fluid arranged in a regular pattern, exhibiting both superfluid and solid-like properties.

Key Features of Supersolid Light:

  • Quantum Coherence: Particles move in a synchronized, wave-like manner due to shared quantum states.
  • Frictionless Flow: Can move through obstacles without energy loss.
  • Crystalline Order: Particles maintain a rigid spatial configuration.
  • Symmetry Breaking: Demonstrates both spatial order and dynamic fluidity.

Significance and Applications:

  • Quantum Computing: Enhances qubit stability and coherence, essential for error-free quantum operations.
  • Photonics and Optical Devices: Enables development of light-based circuits with high efficiency.
  • Energy Technologies: Potential applications in superconductors and frictionless systems.
  • Fundamental Research: Offers insights into non-equilibrium quantum systems and phase transitions.

Why it matters for Science & Technology?

This marks the first time light has been shown to form a supersolid, expanding the boundaries of material science. It provides a new experimental platform for studying quantum behavior in light-matter systems, bridging the gap between theoretical physics and practical innovation.

PM-ABHIM

  • 14 Mar 2025

In News:

The Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) is a major Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2021 to strengthen public health systems across India, with a focus on pandemic preparedness and infrastructure development at all levels of healthcare.

In March 2025, the Delhi government agreed to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to implement PM-ABHIM, marking a policy shift after earlier resistance. Under the agreement:

  • 553 existing Mohalla Clinics will be upgraded to Urban Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (U-AAMs).
  • 413 new U-AAMs will be established.
  • A total of 1,139 Urban AAMs will cater to Delhi’s primary healthcare needs.

Key Features of PM-ABHIM (2021–26):

  • Total outlay: ?64,180 crore.
  • Goal: Strengthen health infrastructure for effective response to future pandemics and disasters, and improve public health systems at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
  • Scope: Combines Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) components.

Major Components:

  • 17,788 Sub-Centres asAyushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs)in rural areas.
  • 11,024 Urban AAMs, focusing onslum areas.
  • 3,382 Block Public Health Units (BPHUs).
  • 730 Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs)—one per district.
  • 602 Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs)in districts with populations above 5 lakh.

Governance & Implementation:

  • Health being a State subject, implementation is carried out by State/UT governments.
  • The MoHFW provides technical and financial assistance.
  • Awareness and IEC (Information, Education, Communication) activities are integrated with other National Health Mission programs.

Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict

  • 14 Mar 2025

In News:

In a landmark development, Armenia and Azerbaijan have finalized a peace agreement in 2024, aiming to end decades of hostilities over the Nagorno-Karabakh region—a flashpoint in the South Caucasus with deep-rooted ethnic and geopolitical tensions.

About Nagorno-Karabakh:

  • A landlocked, mountainous region in the South Caucasus, referred to as Artsakh by Armenians.
  • Located within internationally recognized Azerbaijani territory, but historically inhabited by ethnic Armenians.
  • Features diverse geography: steppe lowlands, dense forests, and alpine meadows.

Historical Background:

  • Soviet Era (1920s): USSR established Nagorno-Karabakh as an autonomous region within Muslim-majority Azerbaijan, despite its Armenian Christian majority.
  • Post-USSR Collapse (1991): Karabakh declared independence; First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994) broke out.
    • Result: Armenian forces took control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding Azerbaijani districts.
  • 2017: A referendum in Karabakh changed the government to a fully presidential system and renamed the region from Nagorno-Karabakh Republic to Republic of Artsakh.
  • Second War (2020): Azerbaijan regained significant territory; thousands of soldiers were killed on both sides.
  • 2023 Azerbaijani Offensive: In a swift one-day operation, Azerbaijan reasserted full control over the region.
    • The Republic of Artsakh (unrecognized government) was officially dissolved in 2024.
    • Over 1 lakh ethnic Armenians fled to Armenia.

India’s Position:

  • India maintains a neutral stance, supports a peaceful diplomatic resolution under the aegis of the OSCE Minsk Group.
  • Both Armenia and Azerbaijan are part of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), critical for India’s strategic connectivity and trade with Central Asia and Russia.

U.S. Strategic Bitcoin Reserve

  • 13 Mar 2025

In News:

In March 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order establishing a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, positioning the United States as a frontrunner in digital asset storage and long-term crypto strategy.

What is the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve?

  • A government-backed stockpile of Bitcoin and select other cryptocurrencies, managed by the U.S. Department of Treasury and Department of Commerce.
  • Intended to serve as a digital financial reserve, akin to the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve or gold reserves (e.g., Fort Knox).
  • Aims to enhance U.S. leadership in digital currency markets, provide a hedge against inflation, and integrate digital assets into national reserve strategy.

Key Features:

Aspect                                                       Details

Establishment                                   By executive order of President Trump, March 2025

Management                                     U.S. Treasury & Commerce Departments

Funding Source                                 Bitcoin and other digital assets seized in criminal and civil forfeiture

                                                                       proceedings

Assets Held                                          Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), XRP, Solana (SOL), Cardano (ADA)

Ownership                                            As of 2025, U.S. government reportedly holds 200,000 BTC ($18.1 billion)

Policy                                                       No short-term sales; assets to be held long-term

Cost to Taxpayers                          Budget-neutral – funded through seized assets only

Audit Directive                                 Full accounting of federal digital asset holdings mandated

Strategic Rationale:

  • Limited Supply Advantage: Bitcoin’s capped supply of 21 million gives it value retention properties similar to gold.
  • Inflation Hedge: Cryptocurrencies offer resistance to fiat currency inflation.
  • Diversification: Adds a new asset class to U.S. strategic reserves.
  • Legitimacy Boost: Government backing may encourage broader adoption of digital currencies.

Concerns & Criticisms:

  • Volatility: High market risk; value of crypto assets can fluctuate rapidly.
  • Speculation Risk: Critics argue buying crypto at peak prices (BTC ~$109,000) may backfire.
  • Ideological Contradiction: Centralized crypto reserve contradicts the decentralized ethos of cryptocurrencies.
  • Market Manipulation Potential: Large-scale government holdings could distort free market dynamics.
  • Public Benefit Questioned: Critics argue early investors may benefit more than the general public.

Global Context:

  • El Salvador: First nation to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender and build a crypto reserve.
  • Gold Reserves Trend: Countries like India, China, Turkey, Poland have increased gold holdings—crypto reserves may reflect a similar diversification strategy.

Woolly Mice

  • 12 Mar 2025

In News:

Scientists at Colossal Biosciences, a US-based biotechnology company, have genetically engineered mice with mammoth-like traits, dubbed “woolly mice”, as part of a broader project aiming to revive the extinct woolly mammoth.

What are Woolly Mice?

Woolly mice are genetically modified laboratory mice that express specific traits observed in woolly mammoths, such as thick, wavy fur and cold adaptation features. These traits were introduced to validate the feasibility of editing multiple genes for the potential de-extinction of the woolly mammoth.

How Were Woolly Mice Created?

  • Methodology:
    • Scientists compared ancient DNA of woolly mammoths with modern Asian elephants (their closest living relatives) to identify unique cold-adaptation genetic variants.
    • Selected 10 mammoth-associated gene variants related to hair length, thickness, color, and fat metabolism were mapped to their equivalents in lab mice.
    • Using CRISPR gene-editing technology, seven key genes were edited across eight changes in mouse embryos.
  • Key Gene Edits:
    • FGF5: Regulated hair cycle, producing hair three times longer than normal.
    • MC1R: Altered coat color to golden, similar to mammoths.
    • FABP2: Modified lipid metabolism for potential cold resistance.
    • Additional genes affected hair texture, follicle structure, and whisker curling.

Significance of the Experiment

  • Proof of Concept: Demonstrates that mammoth-like traits can be recreated in living organisms through targeted gene editing.
  • Model for Cold Adaptation Studies: Offers insights into thermoregulation and climate resilience, useful for biodiversity research.
  • Potential for Conservation: Highlights the emerging role of gene editing in preventing extinctions and enhancing species’ adaptability.

Scientific and Ethical Concerns

  • Some experts argue that the research lacks conclusive evidence that the mice are truly cold-adapted.
  • Critics note that while physical traits were achieved, this does not equate to reviving a mammoth, but rather mimicking select features in a different organism.
  • There are broader debates on whether such de-extinction efforts are beneficial or divert resources from conserving existing endangered species.

ParvatmalaPariyojana

  • 12 Mar 2025

In News:

The ParvatmalaPariyojana, launched in the Union Budget 2022–23, is a Central Government initiative aimed at developing ropeway infrastructure across the country, especially in hilly, forested, and difficult terrains. It aims to provide safe, sustainable, and efficient transport alternatives to reduce congestion, improve tourism, and enhance last-mile connectivity.

Key Features of the Programme

  • Implementing Agency:National Highways Logistics Management Limited (NHLML), a 100% SPV of NHAI, under the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH).
  • Funding Model:
    • Projects are implemented under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, specifically Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT) mode.
    • The Government of India contributes ~60% of the total cost.
  • Target:Development of over 250 ropeway projects covering 1,200+ km, with an estimated investment of ?1.25 lakh crore.
  • Budget Allocation:?300 crore was allocated in FY 2024–25, with ?200 crore utilized by December 2024.

Recent Cabinet Approvals in Uttarakhand (March 2025)

Two major ropeway projects under the scheme received Union Cabinet approval:

  • Govindghat to Hemkund Sahib Ji Ropeway
    • Length: 12.4 km
    • Technology:
      • Monocable Detachable Gondola (MDG): Govindghat to Ghangaria (10.55 km)
      • Tri-cable Detachable Gondola (3S): Ghangaria to Hemkund Sahib (1.85 km)
    • Capacity: 1,100 passengers/hour/direction (PPHPD); up to 11,000 passengers/day
    • Elevation: Hemkund Sahib is located at 15,000 ft in Chamoli district
    • Pilgrim Footfall: Approx. 1.5–2 lakh annually
  • Sonprayag to Kedarnath Ropeway
    • Length: 12.9 km
    • Technology: Tri-cable Detachable Gondola (3S)
    • Capacity: 1,800 PPHPD; up to 18,000 passengers/day
    • Elevation: Kedarnath is at 3,583 m (11,968 ft) in Rudraprayag district
    • Pilgrim Footfall: Around 20 lakh annually
  • Total Project Cost: Over ?6,811 crore

Advantages of Ropeways

  • Lower land acquisition requirements
  • Suitable for eco-sensitive and congested areas
  • More cost-effective than roads in difficult terrains despite higher construction cost per km
  • Boosts religious and adventure tourism, generating local employment and economic development

Other Ropeway Projects (2024–25 Update)

  • Under Construction:Varanasi Ropeway (Uttar Pradesh): 3.85 km
  • Awarded Projects:Bijli Mahadev (HP), Dhosi Hill (Haryana), Mahakaleshwar Temple (MP) – Total 4.93 km

PashuAushadhi Initiative

  • 12 Mar 2025

In News:

The Government of India has launched the PashuAushadhi initiative to establish dedicated stores across the country offering affordable, high-quality generic veterinary medicines. This move aims to reduce the out-of-pocket expenditure of farmers and enhance animal health and productivity, especially in the livestock and dairy sectors.

Key Features:

  • Modelled on PMBJK: Inspired by the success of the Pradhan Mantri BharatiyaJanaushadhiKendras (PMBJK) that provide generic human medicines, the PashuAushadhiKendras will serve the same purpose for animals.
  • Affordable Veterinary Drugs: These Kendras will provide non-branded (generic) veterinary medicines at significantly lower prices.
  • Ethnoveterinary Medicines: Alongside allopathic drugs, they will also stock traditional remedies based on indigenous knowledge, compiled by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). These include formulations for fever, diarrhoea, indigestion, mastitis, and more.

Implementation Framework

  • The initiative is part of the revised Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP), approved by the Union Cabinet.
  • Run by Co-operative Societies & PM-KisanSamriddhiKendras (PMKSKs).
  • An initial budget of ?75 crore has been allocated under the LHDCP for veterinary medicine access and sales incentives.

Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP)

  • With an outlay of ?3,880 crore for 2024–25 and 2025–26, the LHDCP focuses on:
    • Prophylactic vaccination against major animal diseases (e.g., FMD, Brucellosis, CSF, PPR, Lumpy Skin Disease).
    • Disease surveillance and veterinary infrastructure strengthening.
    • Capacity building of veterinary services across India.

Need and Significance

  • As per the 20th Livestock Census (2019), India has 535.78 million livestock, including over 302 million bovines.
  • Livestock productivity is often hampered by preventable diseases.
  • Farmers bear significant expenses on veterinary care, highlighting the need for cost-effective treatment options.

AI Kosha

  • 12 Mar 2025

In News

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has launched AI Kosha, a secure platform to catalyze Artificial Intelligence (AI) innovation by providing centralized access to high-quality datasets, models, and development tools. This initiative is part of the broader IndiaAI Mission, which has an outlay of ?10,371 crore and aims to democratize AI access and boost research and governance applications.

Key Features and Infrastructure

  • Datasets & Models: AI Kosha hosts 316 datasets and over 80 AI models, covering areas such as Indian language translation, health, census, meteorology, pollution, and satellite imagery.
  • AI Sandbox Environment: Offers integrated development tools, tutorials, and an IDE for training AI models.
  • Security Protocols: Implements encryption, secure API-based access, real-time threat filtering, and tiered permissions for users (researchers, startups, government bodies).
  • AI-readiness Scoring: Aids users in selecting relevant and usable datasets.

Compute Capacity Boost

Under the Compute Capacity pillar of the IndiaAI Mission, the government has commissioned 14,000 GPUs (up from 10,000 announced earlier in 2025) to support shared access for startups and academic institutions. This infrastructure is vital for training large AI models, particularly foundational models tailored for Indian needs.

Policy and Data Governance Background

  • AI Kosha complements earlier government efforts like data.gov.in, which already hosts 12,000+ public datasets.
  • A 2018 committee, led by Infosys co-founder Kris Gopalakrishnan, proposed access to non-personal data from private firms to promote innovation—a proposal that faced resistance from industry stakeholders.
  • The platform promotes ethically sourced and consent-based datasets, aligning with responsible AI practices.

Challenges

  • Limited Dataset Diversity: Current datasets are mostly government or research-based, limiting private-sector applicability.
  • Access Barriers: Strong security protocols, while crucial, may hinder ease of access for some innovators.
  • Early Stage Evolution: Wider participation from industry is essential to expand dataset variety and utility.

Ayushman Arogya Mandirs

  • 11 Mar 2025

In News:

The Government of India has operationalisedAyushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) across the country, marking a transformative step towards holistic, accessible, and preventive health care. As of January 31, 2025, a total of 1,76,141 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs have been established nationwide.

Recent Development in Delhi:

Recently three Primary Health Centres (PHCs) in Najafgarh, Palam, and Ujwa were converted into Ayushman Arogya Mandirs. These are among the first AAMs in Delhi, focused on:

  • Preventive and promotive healthcare, beyond clinical and immunisation services.
  • Free access to 172 medicines and 63 diagnostic tests.
  • Dissemination of health awareness via health talks and educational displays (e.g., ear health, lifestyle diseases).
  • Community outreach through ASHA and ANM workers under IEC and BCC programmes.

These centres operate under the Rural Health Training Centre, Najafgarh, affiliated with the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The Najafgarh PHC, one of Delhi’s oldest (established in 1937), is undergoing certification under National Quality Assurance Standards (NQAS) and Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS).

Key Features of Ayushman Arogya Mandirs:

  • Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC): Includes preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative services.
  • Staff trained in yoga, lifestyle counselling, diabetes and blood pressure screening.
  • Universal, free healthcare services located closer to communities.

Institutional Framework:

Ayushman Arogya Mandir is a rebranded initiative under the broader Ayushman Bharat scheme, launched as per the National Health Policy 2017 to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC).

It consists of two major components:

  • Ayushman Arogya Mandirs – Delivering comprehensive primary healthcare services.
  • Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) – Providing health insurance coverage of ?5 lakh per family/year for secondary and tertiary hospitalization to over 12 crore poor and vulnerable families (covering approximately 55 crore individuals).

Bollgard-3

  • 10 Mar 2025

In News:

Punjab's cotton sector is facing a severe crisis due to increasing pest infestations and declining yields. In response, there is a rising demand for advanced genetically modified (GM) cotton varieties, particularly Bollgard-3, ahead of the 2025 sowing season.

Key Facts:

Decline in Cotton Cultivation in Punjab:

  • Cotton acreage in Punjab has drastically declined from ~8 lakh hectares (1990s) to just 1 lakh hectares (2024).
  • The ginning industry has also shrunk — only 22 ginning units remain functional, down from 422 in 2004.
  • The main causes are whitefly (2015–16) and pink bollworm (2018–19) infestations.

About Bollgard Series of Bt Cotton:

Version                      Introduced in India             Features

Bollgard-1                2002                                     Contains Cry1Ac gene — limited pest resistance

Bollgard-2               2006                                     Added Cry2Ab gene — wider pest control, still ineffective against

                                                                               whiteflies and pink bollworms

Bollgard-3               Not approved in India       Contains Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A — effective against

                                                                                 lepidopteran pests like pink bollworm

  • Bollgard-3, developed by Monsanto, offers enhanced pest resistance, but remains unapproved in India despite global usage.
  • Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) is a soil-dwelling bacterium used in GM crops for pest resistance by producing insecticidal proteins.

Alternative in Pipeline – BG-2RRF:

  • Bollgard-2 Roundup Ready Flex (BG-2RRF) is aherbicide-tolerant GM cotton variety pending final regulatory approval in India.
  • Enables better weed control and potentially reduces pest hosts, boosting yield.  
  • Field trials for BG-2RRF were conducted in 2012–13, but commercial approval remains pending.
  • Experts argue that regulatory hurdles are delaying the adoption of next-generation GM seed technologies, affecting India's cotton competitiveness.

Current Agronomic Recommendations:

  • In absence of new GM varieties, experts suggest:
    • High-density planting
    • Drip fertigation
    • Proper seeding and mulching
  • However, pest management remains a critical issue under current practices.

Comparative Global Context:

  • Countries like Brazil are using Bollgard-5, achieving yields of 2400 kg/ha, compared to 450 kg/ha in India.
  • India's profit margin from cotton is just 15%, whereas Brazil enjoys 85% margins due to advanced biotech adoption.

Dragon Copilot

  • 10 Mar 2025

In News:

Microsoft has launched Dragon Copilot, a voice-activated AI assistant designed specifically for the healthcare sector. It aims to reduce administrative burdens on clinicians by automating documentation and providing quick access to medical information.

Key Features and Functionalities:

  • Platform Integration: Part of Microsoft Cloud for Healthcare, Dragon Copilot integrates with Electronic Health Records (EHR) and is accessible via desktop, browser, or mobile app.
  • Technology Base: Built on Nuance’s Dragon Medical One (DMO) and DAX (Dragon Ambient eXperience) platforms, which have supported transcription of billions of patient records and over 3 million ambient patient interactions.
  • Voice & AI Capabilities:
    • Uses natural language dictation and ambient listening technologies.
    • Enhanced with generative AI and healthcare-specific safeguards.
    • Allows drafting of memos, referral letters, clinical summaries, and after-visit notes in personalized formats.
    • Facilitates real-time voice-to-text transcription and AI-generated notes via user prompts or templates.
    • Supports automated search for verified medical information.

Benefits:

  • Reduces clinician paperwork and burnout, enhancing focus on patient care.
  • Survey Data (Microsoft Findings):
    • Saves ~5 minutes per patient interaction.
    • 70% clinicians reported reduced fatigue.
    • 62% were less likely to leave their organizations.
    • 93% patients reported improved experiences.

Concerns and Risks of Healthcare AI:

  • AI Hallucinations: Tools like OpenAI’s Whisper have produced fictitious content, including inappropriate or incorrect medical information.
  • Regulatory Caution:
    • The US FDA warns of risks from generative AI in healthcare, including false diagnoses or biased outputs.
    • Emphasizes the need for transparent and accountable development practices.
  • Microsoft’s Response:
    • Claims to have integrated “clinical, chat, and compliance safeguards” into Dragon Copilot.
    • Built in alignment with Microsoft’s Responsible AI principles, although technical specifics remain undisclosed.

Broader AI Healthcare Landscape:

  • Companies like Google Cloud, Abridge, and Suki are developing similar AI-based healthcare assistants.
  • Growing interest in generative AI for reducing clinician workload and improving patient outcomes is driving innovation and investment across the sector.

U.S. Reciprocal Tariffs

  • 09 Mar 2025

In News:

On April 2, 2025, the United States is set to implement reciprocal tariffs as announced by President Donald Trump during his address to a joint session of the U.S. Congress. The move targets major trade partners including India, China, the European Union, Canada, and Mexico.

What Are Reciprocal Tariffs?

  • Definition: A reciprocal tariff is a trade measure in which a country imposes import duties equal to the tariffs its exports face in other nations.
  • Objective: To establish a level playing field, correct trade imbalances, and respond to unfair tariff structures by trading partners.
  • Application:
    • If a foreign nation imposes high tariffs on U.S. goods, the U.S. will match that rate on goods imported from that country.
    • Applies to goods, services, and even non-tariff barriers limiting U.S. market access.

Why Now? Trump’s Trade Strategy

  • President Trump cited India’s high tariffs on automobile imports (reportedly over 100%) as an example of unfair trade.
  • The U.S. also flagged China, EU, Brazil, and Mexico for imposing higher duties on U.S. exports.
  • Trump emphasized that the U.S. has been “taken advantage of for too long” and that reciprocal tariffs are necessary to protect American jobs and industry.

WTO Implications

  • May violate WTO's Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) rule, which mandates equal treatment of trade partners.
  • The U.S. could invoke Article XX (general exceptions) or Article XXI (national security exception) of the WTO Agreement to justify its policy.

Potential Impacts of Reciprocal Tariffs

Positive Impacts                                                                                                           Negative Impacts

Boosts U.S. manufacturing by reducing import dependency     May trigger retaliatory tariffs,

                                                                                                                     escalating trade wars

Encourages tariff reductions by partner nations                            Leads to higher import prices and

                                                                                                                                                    consumer inflation

Aims to reduce the trade deficit                                                                         Causes economic uncertainty

                                                                                                                      and hurts investor confidence

Promotes domestic job creation                                                                        May lead to WTO disputes and

                                                                                                                       strain diplomatic relations

PUNCH Mission

  • 09 Mar 2025

In News:

NASA is set to launch the PUNCH (Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere) mission on March 6, 2025, from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. It will be the third major solar mission launched globally in the past 18 months.

About the PUNCH Mission:

Aspect                                Details

Agency                               NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Launch Date                    March 6, 2025

Mission Objective       Study the Sun’s corona (outer atmosphere) and how solar wind evolves as it moves

                                        into the heliosphere

Unique Features         - First dedicated mission to image the transition from the corona to the heliosphere
                                       - Will use four identical suitcase-sized satellites for continuous imaging of the inner corona

Importance                     - Improves understanding of space weather
                                       - Helps predict solar storms, safeguarding satellites, astronauts, and

                                                     communication networks

What is the Solar Cycle?

  • The solar cycle is an ~11-year periodic change in the Sun’s magnetic field, where the north and south poles flip positions.
  • This cycle governs the level of solar activity, including sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
  • Solar Maximum: Period of peak activity with increased sunspots and solar eruptions.
  • Solar Minimum: Period of least activity.

The current solar cycle began gaining momentum around May 2022, and solar activity remained above normal through 2024. The solar maximum is anticipated around 2025, offering an ideal window for solar observation.

Why the Surge in Solar Missions?

  • Solar maximum periods offer the best conditions to observe high-energy events like flares and CMEs.
  • Scientists aim to maximize data collection before the next solar minimum (next solar max expected ~2035–36).
  • Monitoring solar activity is crucial because solar storms can disrupt satellite communications, navigation systems, and power grids on Earth.

Recent Major Solar Missions (2023–25):

Mission             Agency              Launch Date                     Purpose

Aditya-L1         ISRO (India)     Sept 2, 2023             India’s first solar observatory; studies solar flares, solar winds, and magnetic fields

Proba-3            ESA (Europe)   Dec 4, 2024              Dual-satellite mission to study solar corona and space weather

PUNCH               NASA (USA)      Mar 6, 2025              First mission to study continuous evolution from solar corona to heliosphere

IRCTC and IRFC Granted ‘Navratna’ Status

  • 07 Mar 2025

In News:

The Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) and Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) have been granted Navratna status by the Government of India, becoming the 25th and 26thNavratna CPSEs (Central Public Sector Enterprises) in India. This recognition enhances their operational autonomy and positions them for further growth and expansion.

What is Navratna Status?

Navratna status is a prestigious classification granted by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) under the Ministry of Finance to select CPSEs that demonstrate exceptional financial and operational performance. The status provides these enterprises with enhanced autonomy, empowering them to make decisions independently and engage in significant investments without needing government approval.

Eligibility Criteria for Navratna Status:

  • Must be a Miniratna-I CPSE with a positive net worth.
  • Must secure an Excellent or Very Good MoU rating for three of the last five years.
  • Must score 60+ points on key financial indicators, such as net profit, net worth, and manpower cost.
  • The board must have at least four independent directors.

Benefits of Navratna Status:

  • Investment Autonomy: Ability to invest up to ?1,000 crore or 15% of net worth without government approval.
  • Global Expansion: Freedom to form joint ventures, subsidiaries, and alliances globally.
  • Increased Market Credibility: Attracts strategic partnerships and enhances business growth.

About IRCTC and IRFC

  • Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC):
    • Establishment: 1999
    • Ministry: Ministry of Railways, Government of India
    • Key Functions:
      • E-Ticketing: Manages online train reservations through portals and mobile apps.
      • Catering Services: Operates onboard catering and manages railway food plazas.
      • Tourism Services: Offers rail-based tourism packages, including luxury trains like Maharajas’ Express.
      • Rail Neer: Supplies packaged drinking water for railway passengers.
  • Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC):
    • Establishment: 12 December 1986
    • Ministry: Ministry of Railways, Government of India
    • Key Functions:
      • Funding Indian Railways: Provides low-cost capital for railway expansion and modernization.
      • Market Borrowings: Raises funds through bonds, external borrowings, and public offerings.
      • Rolling Stock Leasing: Finances the procurement of locomotives, coaches, and wagons.
      • Infrastructure Development: Supports the modernization and electrification of railway networks.

Performance of IRCTC and IRFC for FY 2023-24:

  • IRCTC:
    • Annual Turnover: ?4,270.18 crore
    • Profit After Tax (PAT): ?1,111.26 crore
    • Net Worth: ?3,229.97 crore
  • IRFC:
    • Annual Turnover: ?26,644 crore
    • Profit After Tax (PAT): ?6,412 crore
    • Net Worth: ?49,178 crore

Implications of Navratna Status for IRCTC and IRFC

The grant of Navratna status is a significant milestone for both IRCTC and IRFC, offering them several advantages:

  • Operational Autonomy: Both entities can now make larger investments independently, enhancing their capabilities to drive further growth and development.
  • Business Expansion: The status will facilitate the ability to enter into joint ventures, partnerships, and alliances, both within India and internationally.
  • Enhanced Market Credibility: This recognition will likely attract more investors and strategic partners, boosting the financial health and market standing of IRCTC and IRFC.

Harpoon Missile

  • 07 Mar 2025

In News:

The U.S. Air Force is exploring a new approach to naval warfare by integrating the Harpoon anti-ship missile onto its F-16 fighter aircraft. This development signifies a shift in operational capabilities and enhances the U.S. Air Force’s ability to conduct anti-surface warfare.

Overview of the Harpoon Missile:

The Harpoon missile is a subsonic anti-ship cruise missile developed by Boeing for the U.S. Navy, first introduced in 1977. It is designed to strike surface targets, such as ships and land-based structures, and is currently in service with over 30 countries, including India.

Key features:

  • Length: 4.5 meters
  • Weight: 526 kilograms
  • Range: 90 to 240 kilometers
  • Speed: Mach 0.85 (approximately 647 mph or 1,041 km/h)
  • Guidance System: GPS-assisted inertial navigation and active radar seeker, enabling both anti-ship and land-strike capabilities
  • Warhead: 221-kilogram blast warhead
  • Launch Platforms: The Harpoon can be launched from various platforms including ships, submarines, aircraft, and shore batteries
  • All-Weather Operations: Designed to perform under various environmental conditions, Harpoon can execute both over-the-horizon and sea-skimming maneuvers for high survivability.

U.S. Air Force Integration with F-16 Aircraft:

The integration of the Harpoon missile onto F-16 aircraft represents a strategic shift for the U.S. Air Force, as traditionally, the missile has been used exclusively by naval platforms. The 53rd Test and Evaluation Group demonstrated a new gateway system that allows for rapid integration of the Harpoon with the F-16, significantly enhancing its anti-surface capabilities.

This integration system enables communication between the missile and aircraft without requiring extensive modifications, potentially shortening the deployment timeline for advanced weaponry. The F-16 fighter aircraft, traditionally designed for air-to-air combat, would now also have the capability to engage surface targets, improving the Air Force’s combat readiness and operational versatility.

Implications for Naval Warfare:

The potential for deploying the Harpoon missile from F-16s would mark a shift in the U.S. Air Force’s role in naval warfare. Traditionally, the Air Force has not employed anti-ship missiles, relying instead on the Navy for such capabilities. The integration of Harpoon onto F-16s would diversify the operational roles of the aircraft, adding flexibility to U.S. military strategies and improving overall effectiveness in anti-surface warfare.

This move would also enable the Air Force to act more autonomously in surface combat scenarios, without relying solely on naval assets. The introduction of this capability could prove critical in multi-domain operations, where air, land, and sea forces must be seamlessly integrated to respond to evolving threats.

Future Developments:

The success of integrating the Harpoon missile onto the F-16 could pave the way for future projects involving the integration of other advanced weapon systems across various military platforms. The flexibility to adapt quickly and innovate beyond bureaucratic constraints is crucial in maintaining a strategic advantage and responding effectively to emerging threats.

The U.S. military’s ongoing commitment to technological advancements and interoperability across its branches signals its readiness to maintain supremacy in naval and aerial warfare. The integration of Harpoon onto F-16s is an example of this evolving capability, with potential implications for future military operations worldwide.

Payodhi Milk Bank at AIIMS

  • 07 Mar 2025

In News:

Payodhi, a human milk bank and lactation management centre at AIIMS, New Delhi, has emerged as a critical facility for premature and critically ill newborns in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Launched in September 2024, it provides pasteurised donor breast milk to newborns who require it due to medical conditions or where the mother cannot breastfeed.

Objectives:

  • Provide Safe and Processed Human Milk: Ensures critically ill or premature infants receive the essential nutrients they need for survival, brain development, and immune system strengthening.
  • Support Lactating Mothers: Provides counselling, milk donation, and storage facilities to lactating mothers, helping them contribute to milk banks if they have excess milk or cannot breastfeed.
  • Free-of-Cost Service: The milk bank offers these services free of charge, ensuring equitable access to life-saving nutrition for vulnerable newborns.
  • Global Standards: Payodhi follows guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Government of India on infant nutrition.

Significance:

  • Lifesaving Nutrition: The use of donor milk reduces mortality risks in preterm babies, helping to prevent conditions like sepsis, necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), and retinopathy—common complications faced by premature infants.
  • Prevents Milk Wastage: By utilising excess milk from donor mothers, Payodhi prevents the wastage of breast milk, which could otherwise be discarded.
  • Support for Medical Conditions: The milk bank is crucial for infants whose mothers cannot produce sufficient milk due to medical reasons, such as pulmonary hypertension or those undergoing surgery.

Medical and Health Benefits of Donor Milk:

  • Sepsis Reduction: Donor breast milk reduces the risk of sepsis by 19%, compared to formula feeding.
  • Reduction in NEC: It significantly lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) by 79%, a severe infection with a high mortality rate in premature infants.
  • Improved Health Outcomes: Early initiation of breast milk within an hour of birth can reduce neonatal deaths by 22%. It also reduces feeding intolerance, vomiting, and shortens NICU stays.

Expansion and Reach:

Payodhi is one of around 90 milk banks in India, contributing to the nationwide effort to reduce neonatal deaths. AIIMS is working to expand its donor pool by reaching out to mothers whose babies have undergone surgery or those whose infants are in long-term NICU care. The milk bank also plans to reach out to working mothers, encouraging them to express and donate excess milk, benefiting both the infants and their own health.

Why Donating Milk is Beneficial:

Donating milk not only helps save newborns but also benefits the donor mothers by stimulating lactation and preventing milk suppression. The act of expressing milk helps maintain milk production, which is essential for the health of both the baby and the mother.

World Wildlife Day 2025

  • 05 Mar 2025

In News:

World Wildlife Day is observed on March 3 every year, and in 2025, it will be observed under the theme of “Wildlife Conservation Finance: Investing in People and Planet.”

Key Details:

  • Declared by: United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)
  • First Observed: 2014
  • Occasion: Commemorates the signing of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) in 1973.
  • Theme 2025:“Wildlife Conservation Finance: Investing in People and Planet”

Purpose and Significance

World Wildlife Day is an annual UN-recognized global event aimed at:

  • Raising awareness about wild fauna and flora.
  • Highlighting threats such as climate change, poaching, habitat destruction, and illegal wildlife trade.
  • Encouraging global cooperation for wildlife protection.
  • Promoting innovative financing models to bridge the estimated $824 billion global biodiversity funding gap.

2025 Theme Focus: Conservation Finance

The 2025 theme calls for sustainable financial strategies, emphasizing:

  • Wildlife Conservation Bonds
  • Debt-for-Nature Swaps
  • Green Bonds and Carbon Credits
  • Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES)
  • Public-Private Partnerships

These mechanisms aim to support conservation while fostering economic opportunities for local communities.

Timeline of Key Events

  • 1973: CITES adopted.
  • 2013: UNGA designates March 3 as World Wildlife Day.
  • 2014: First official celebration.
  • 2021: Theme – Forests and Livelihoods.
  • 2025: Theme – Finance for Conservation.

Wildlife Status in India

  • Protected Areas: 1,014 total (as of 2024), including:
    • 106 National Parks
    • 573 Wildlife Sanctuaries
    • 115 Conservation Reserves
    • 220 Community Reserves
      (Covers ~5.32% of India’s total area)
  • Tiger Population (2022): 3,682 – ~75% of global wild tigers
  • Asiatic Lion Population (2020): ~674 (only in Gujarat's Gir Forest)
  • India's Biodiversity Share:
    • 7.6% of global mammal species
    • 14.7% of amphibians
    • 6% of birds and reptiles
    • 6% of flowering plants

Major Causes of Wildlife Decline

  • Habitat loss & fragmentation
  • Illegal wildlife trade and poaching
  • Climate change and pollution
  • Invasive species
  • Industrialization & urban expansion

Conservation Measures in India

  • Project Tiger (1973): Boosted tiger numbers significantly.
  • Project Elephant (1992): Focuses on elephant corridors and human-wildlife conflict mitigation.
  • Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Key legal framework to safeguard endangered species.
  • Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs): Buffer areas around protected habitats.
  • Community Initiatives: Ecotourism, local participation in conservation.

Dramatic Performances Act, 1876

  • 05 Mar 2025

In News:

Prime Minister Narendra Modi, at the NXT Conclave, highlighted the Dramatic Performances Act, 1876, as an example of outdated colonial legislation that continued in India long after independence. Though declared unconstitutional in 1956, the Act was formally repealed in 2017 as part of the government's initiative to eliminate obsolete laws and improve ease of doing business.

About the Dramatic Performances Act, 1876

Purpose and Background:

  • Enacted by the British colonial government to suppress nationalist sentiments expressed through theatre and performance arts.
  • Followed the 1875–76 visit of Prince of Wales (Albert Edward) to India, a period that saw increased resistance against colonial rule.
  • Part of a broader strategy alongside other repressive laws such as the Vernacular Press Act (1878) and the Sedition Law (1870).

Key Provisions:

  • Wide Banning Powers: Authorities could prohibit any play, pantomime, or public performance deemed seditious, defamatory, scandalous, or obscene.
  • Search and Seizure: Magistrates had the authority to raid venues, seize performance materials, and cancel licenses.
  • Punishment: Violations could lead to up to 3 months' imprisonment, fines, or both.
  • Covered theatre groups, performers, and venues hosting dramatic works.

Post-Independence Status:

Continued Operation:

  • Article 372 of the Indian Constitution allowed pre-existing colonial laws to remain valid until repealed or declared unconstitutional.
  • The Act was adopted in some states like Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu.

Judicial Rejection:

  • In 1956, the Allahabad High Court, in State vs. Baboo Lal &Ors., ruled the Act unconstitutional, citing violation of Article 19(1)(a) (Freedom of Speech and Expression).
  • The Court found the Act’s procedural provisions ultra vires and beyond the permissible limits under Article 19(2).

Notable Case:

  • In 1953, the Indian People’s Theatre Association (IPTA) attempted to stage ‘Idgah’, based on Munshi Premchand's story.
  • The performance was abruptly banned mid-show by the local magistrate. The theatre group defied the order, leading to the court case that triggered the judicial review.

Final Repeal:

  • Although unused since 1956, the law remained on the statute books until its formal repeal through the Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017.
  • This repeal was part of a larger reform initiative launched by the Modi government in 2014, which has repealed over 2,000 obsolete laws to streamline the legal system and boost administrative efficiency.

MISHTI Scheme

  • 03 Mar 2025

In News:

Gujarat has emerged as the national leader in mangrove afforestation, covering 19,020 hectares in just two years under the Centre’s ‘MISHTI’ scheme.

Key Highlights:

  • The Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) scheme was launched in 2023 under the Union Budget for 2023-24.
  • The scheme aims to restore degraded mangrove ecosystems and increase India’s mangrove cover, enhancing coastal resilience while fostering sustainable livelihoods for coastal communities.
  • Implemented from 2023 to 2028, the scheme is funded through various channels, including the CAMPA Fund (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority), MGNREGS (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme), and other governmental and private funding sources.
  • The initiative also supports India’s participation in the global Mangrove Alliance for Climate (MAC) launched at COP27.

Key Objectives of MISHTI

  • Ecological Restoration: To restore degraded mangrove ecosystems and expand mangrove cover across coastal areas.
  • Coastal Resilience: To strengthen coastal resilience against climate change, such as coastal erosion and rising sea levels.
  • Livelihood Generation: To promote ecotourism, sustainable livelihoods, and fishing opportunities for coastal communities.
  • Climate Change Mitigation: The scheme plays a crucial role in protecting shorelines from storms, supporting India's commitments under the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Gujarat’s Role in MISHTI Scheme

  • Gujarat has emerged as the national leader in mangrove afforestation under the MISHTI scheme, planting over 19,000 hectares of mangroves in just two years.
  • The state is spearheading the mangrove expansion efforts, with its coastline covering diverse ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrasses.
  • Gujarat has surpassed the Central Government’s target of planting 540 sq. km of mangroves in five years, completing plantation across 190 sq. km in the initial two years of the scheme.

Mangrove Distribution in Gujarat

  • Gujarat's mangrove cover is distributed strategically across different coastal regions:
    • Kutch: 799 sq. km, including the Gulf of Kutch, home to the Marine National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary.
    • Other Coastal Districts: Jamnagar, Rajkot (Morbi), Porbandar, DevbhoomiDwarka (236 sq. km).
    • Central and Southern Belt: Includes Bhavnagar, Ahmedabad, Anand, Bharuch, Surat, Navsari, and Valsad, covering 134 sq. km, with important areas like the Gulf of Khambhat and Dumas-Ubhrat.
    • Saurashtra Region: Amreli, Junagadh, and Gir-Somnath maintain 6 sq. km of mangrove cover.

Significance of Mangroves

  • Erosion Prevention: Mangroves act as a natural barrier, protecting coastal regions from erosion caused by waves and storms.
  • Biodiversity Support: They provide vital breeding grounds for fish and other marine species, supporting coastal livelihoods.
  • Climate Resilience: Mangroves help mitigate the effects of climate change by shielding vulnerable coastal communities from cyclones, reducing salinity, and preserving agricultural lands.

Global and National Mangrove Status

  • Global Mangrove Distribution: Mangroves are found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, providing critical ecosystem services.
  • India’s Mangrove Cover: According to the India State of Forest Report 2023, India has a total mangrove cover of 4,991.68 km², which accounts for 15% of the country’s total geographical area. The MISHTI scheme plays a pivotal role in further expanding this cover.

Amir Khusrau

  • 03 Mar 2025

In News:

In his address to the 25th edition of Jahan-e-Khusrau at New Delhi’s Sunder Nursery, Prime Minister Narendra Modi described the annual music festival that commemorates the Sufi poet-musician Amir Khusrau as imbued with the “fragrance of the soil of Hindustan”.

Introduction

  • Amir Khusrau, a 13th-century poet, musician, and scholar, is a prominent figure in India’s cultural history.
  • Known as Tuti-yi-Hind (the Parrot of India), Khusrau’s contributions spanned literature, music, and the Sufi spiritual tradition.
  • Revered for his role in shaping India’s syncretic culture, blending Persian, Turkic, and Indian elements.

Early Life and Background

  • Born in 1253 in Patiyali, Uttar Pradesh, to a Turkic father and Indian Muslim mother.
  • His family migrated to India due to Mongol invasions of Transoxiana.
  • Grew up under the patronage of the Delhi Sultanate, serving five rulers: MuizuddinQaiqabad, JalaluddinKhalji, AlauddinKhalji, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah, and GhiyasuddinTughlaq.

Literary Contributions

  • Wrote in Persian and Hindavi, blending Turkic, Persian, and Indian traditions.
  • Contributed significantly to the development of Hindavi, the precursor to modern Hindi and Urdu.
  • Works include Divans (poetry collections), Mathnawis (narrative poems), and treatises.
  • Advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity, promoting syncretic culture (Ganga-JamuniTehzeeb).
  • Known for writing riddles, proverbs, and playful verses, which made literature accessible to the common people.
  • Praised Hindu philosophical thought in his works, such as MasnaviNuhSiphir.

Musical Contributions

  • Credited with creating several ragas, developing khayal (a classical Hindustani music form), and tarana (rhythmic vocal composition).
  • Played a significant role in popularizing qawwali, a devotional Sufi music genre, by blending Persian, Arabic, and Indian musical traditions.
  • Believed to have invented the sitar and tabla, though evidence is debated.
  • Famous qawwalis include ChhaapTilak, Zehal-e-Maskeen, and Sakal Ban PhoolRahiSarson.

Role in the Delhi Sultanate

  • Served as a court poet for at least five Delhi Sultans over five decades, a testament to his literary excellence.
  • His compositions were vital in enhancing the Sultan’s political and cultural legitimacy.
  • Sultan JalaluddinKhalji bestowed upon him the title Amir in recognition of his contributions to poetry.

Spiritual and Sufi Influence

  • A devoted disciple of the Chishti Sufi saint NizamuddinAuliya, whose teachings on love and devotion to God deeply influenced Khusrau’s poetry and music.
  • Balanced his role as a court poet with devotion to the Sufi order, bridging the worlds of royal courts and spiritual practices.
  • His deep spiritual connection to NizamuddinAuliya is immortalized by their shared burial site in Delhi.

Sufism in India

  • Sufism is the mystical and spiritual dimension of Islam, emphasizing love, devotion, and inner purification.
  • Sufism emerged as a reaction to the rigidity of institutionalized religion and developed alongside India’s Bhakti movement.
  • Key Sufi Orders in India:
    • Chishti Order: The most influential in India, founded by KhwajaMoinuddin Chishti, focusing on love, devotion, and harmony.
    • Suhrawardi Order: Focused on combining religious knowledge with mysticism.
    • Naqshbandi Order: Opposed innovations like musical recitals and pilgrimages.
    • Rishi Order: Based in Kashmir, drawing from the Shaivite bhakti tradition.

Impact of Sufism in India

  • Sufism promoted religious tolerance, social reform, and a deep connection to spirituality.
  • It attracted marginalized communities and weakened caste hierarchies.
  • Sufi shrines and dargahs became pilgrimage sites for spiritual blessings.
  • Influenced Indian music (especially qawwali) and literature, with poets like Bulleh Shah and Sultan Bahu.
  • Promoted Sulh-e-Kul (peace with all), a concept that influenced Akbar’s religious tolerance policies.

Khusrau’s Lasting Legacy

  • Amir Khusrau’s influence extends across literature, music, and spirituality in India.
  • His poetry and music are celebrated today in both sacred and secular contexts.
  • His works laid the foundation for the development of Urdu and Hindi literature.
  • Khusrau’s teachings on Hindu-Muslim unity and cultural synthesis remain relevant in contemporary India.

Zagros Mountains and Iraq’s Tectonic Subsidence

  • 27 Feb 2025

In News:

Recent geological studies have found that the hilly region around the Zagros Mountains in northern Iraq is slowly sinking into the Earth, a process attributed to ancient tectonic dynamics. This discovery has implications for earthquake prediction and geothermal energy potential.

Zagros Mountains

  • Location: Stretches ~1,500 km from eastern Turkey and northern Iraq across the Iranian Plateau to the Strait of Hormuz.
  • Highest Peak: Mount Dena (4,409 m / 14,465 ft).
  • Geological Composition: Primarily limestone and shale from the Mesozoic Era and Paleogene Period.
  • Climate: Semi-arid temperate – cold winters and dry, arid summers.
  • Vegetation: Dominated by oak and pistachio trees with steppe vegetation.

Geological Process Behind Iraq’s Sinking

  • The Zagros region is influenced by the tectonic collision between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates.
  • A sinking oceanic slab, part of the ancient Neotethys Ocean floor (over 66 million years old), is pulling the region down.
  • This slab is subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate, a process occurring over tens of millions of years, making it imperceptible in human timescales.

Research Insights

  • The studyused rock records, sediment analysis, and deep-earth imaging to understand the tectonic architecture of the region.
  • The findings explain why the depressions around the Zagros Mountains are deeper than the current topography would suggest.

Significance of the Study

  • Helps develop precise geological models critical for:
    • Earthquake prediction – by understanding fault depths and configurations.
    • Geothermal energy exploration – estimating areas with high geothermal gradients.
  • Especially relevant in a region prone to seismic activity (e.g., 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquakes).

Three-Language Formula and NEP 2020

  • 27 Feb 2025

In News:

The Three-Language Formula (TLF) under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has sparked controversy, particularly with Tamil Nadu opposing its implementation. The Union government’s withholding of ?573 crore under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) for non-compliance has intensified the Centre-State standoff.

What is the Three-Language Formula?

  • NEP 2020 mandates students learn three languages, of which at least two must be Indian languages.
  • States, schools, and students have flexibility to choose the languages, with no imposition from the Centre.
  • The medium of instruction should be the home language, mother tongue, or regional language at least until Grade 5, preferably till Grade 8 and beyond.
  • Foreign languages like French, German, and Japanese can be offered at the secondary level.

Historical Background:

  • Kothari Commission (1964–66) proposed the Three-Language Formula to promote national unity and linguistic diversity.
  • Formally adopted in the NPE 1968 under PM Indira Gandhi, reaffirmed in 1986 (Rajiv Gandhi), and revised in 1992 (Narasimha Rao).
  • Article 351 of the Constitution mandates the Union to promote the spread of Hindi.
  • Tamil Nadu has historically rejected Hindi imposition, favoring a two-language policy (Tamil and English) since CM C.N. Annadurai’s tenure.

Benefits of the Three-Language Formula (UNESCO-backed):

  • Improved Learning:
    • Multilingual students show better cognitive development and academic performance.
    • Education in the mother tongue improves comprehension and parental engagement.
  • Social Inclusion:
    • Helps include marginalized communities and preserve indigenous languages.
    • Promotes unity in diversity and national integration.
  • Economic & Environmental Gains:
    • Preserves traditional ecological knowledge.
    • Example: Switzerland attributes 10% of its GDP to its multilingual heritage.

Challenges and Criticisms:

  • Politicization: Language policies can fuel regionalism and identity politics.
  • Educational Burden: Students, especially from monolingual or low-literacy households, may struggle with an extra language.
  • Infrastructure Gaps: There’s a shortage of trained language teachers.
  • Diverse States: Linguistically complex states like Nagaland may face logistical issues.
  • Technological Alternatives: Tools like AI translators reduce the need for multilingual proficiency.

Way Forward:

  • Focus on quality of education before adding languages.
  • Promote cooperative federalism—respecting state autonomy while aligning with NEP goals.
  • UNESCO-aligned implementation:
    • Use sociolinguistic data for planning.
    • Develop learning materials in regional languages.
    • Train bilingual teachers.
    • Encourage community participation in language education.

Ancient Tea Horse Road

  • 27 Feb 2025

In News:

The Tea Horse Road, also known as the Southern Silk Road, was an ancient trade network connecting China, Tibet, and India. It played a pivotal role in economic, cultural, and strategic exchanges between these regions for over a millennium. Though less popular than the Silk Road, it was vital for the tea-horse trade and strategic logistics.

Geography and Route

  • Length: Over 2,000 km
  • Route Type: Not a single path, but a network of caravan routes
  • Regions Covered:
    • Originated in Southwest China (Yunnan & Sichuan)
    • Passed through Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan
    • Extended into India via Himalayan passes, reaching Kalimpong and Kolkata
  • Key Nodes:
    • Dali & Lijiang (Yunnan): Tea production centers
    • Lhasa (Tibet): Central convergence point for trade
    • Kalimpong& Kolkata (India): Export destinations to Europe and Asia
  • Elevation: Reached up to 10,000 feet in the Himalayas
  • Terrain: Extremely challenging — cold, steep, and remote

Historical Evolution

  • Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE): Early mentions by Buddhist monk Yijing; trade included sugar, textiles, rice noodles, gold, saffron, and medicinal herbs
  • Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE): Institutionalized the tea-for-horse exchange; established official markets for regulated trade
  • Mongol Period (13th century): Heightened need for horses for military use against nomadic tribes
  • Qing Dynasty's Fall (1912): Political instability weakened trade, but the road was used for global tea exports
  • World War II: Gained renewed importance as a logistical route after Japanese blockade of China’s coastline

Tea and Horses – The Core Trade

  • Tea: Essential in Tibetan climate; popularized due to practicality and possibly a royal dowry tradition
    • Tibetan staple: Yak butter tea
    • Pressed tea bricks used as currency in medieval Tibet
  • Horses: Sourced from Tibet and Yunnan, vital for China’s cavalry
    • Tibetan horses were prized for battles against Mongolian tribes

Decline and Modern Legacy

  • Post-1949 (PRC Formation):
    • Land reforms and modern infrastructure reduced reliance on traditional portering
    • Mechanized transport replaced mule and porter-based systems
  • Modern Times:
    • Revival through tourism and heritage promotion
    • Lijiang declared UNESCO World Heritage Site (1997) for its trade history and cultural legacy

Significance for India-China Relations

  • Demonstrates centuries-old economic and cultural exchanges
  • Reflects shared heritage through trade, Buddhism, and ethnic interactions
  • Ambassador Xu Feihong recently invoked the Tea Horse Road to highlight historical Indo-China links, reinforcing its symbolic role in bilateral diplomacy

Quality of Public Expenditure (QPE) Index

  • 25 Feb 2025

In News:

The Quality of Public Expenditure (QPE) Index, developed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), measures how efficiently public funds are allocated and utilized by the Central and State governments. Unlike traditional fiscal measures that focus on total expenditure, the QPE Index assesses the composition and developmental impact of government spending, emphasizing long-term economic growth and social development.

Key Components of the QPE Index

 Indicator                                                                                      What it Measures                                        Significance 

Capital Outlay to GDP Ratio    -   Share of GDP spent on physical infrastructure   -   Higher ratio = better quality of expenditure

Revenue Expenditure to Capital Outlay Ratio  Relative spending on salaries, pensions vs. asset creation  - Lower ratio = better efficiency

Development Expenditure to GDP Ratio    Spending on education, healthcare, R&D, infrastructure   -  Higher ratio = enhanced productivity

Development Expenditure as % of Total Expenditure  - Proportion of total expenditure directed to development sectors    Higher share = improved allocation

Interest Payments to Total Expenditure Ratio   -     Financial burden from past borrowings    -    Lower ratio = better fiscal health

Evolution of Public Expenditure (1991–2025)

  • 1991–1997(Early liberalization):
    • Slight improvement at Centre; states faced fiscal pressure.
    • Public investment declined due to focus on fiscal deficit reduction.
  • 1997–2003:Decline in QPE due to Fifth Pay Commission, rising interest burden, dominance of revenue expenditure.
  • 2003–2008(FRBM Era):
    • Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003 improved fiscal discipline.
    • States gained from higher tax devolution; capital spending rose.
    • Growth momentum sustained until the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC).
  • 2008–2013(GFC response):
    • Stimulus spending initially boosted development but later widened fiscal deficits.
    • Spending quality eroded over time.
  • 2013–2019(GST & 14th Finance Commission):
    • 14th Finance Commission (2015) increased states' tax share to 42%, improving state-level development spending.
    • GST rollout (2017) benefited states more than Centre initially, stressing Centre’s finances.
  • 2019–2025(COVID-19 & Recovery):
    • Pandemic-induced fiscal stimulus reduced QPE temporarily.
    • Post-pandemic recovery led by record capital expenditure boosted infrastructure, improving QPE.
    • By FY 2024–25, India's QPE reached its highest level since 1991 reforms.

Recent Trends in Public Expenditure (as per Economic Survey 2024–25 & Budget 2025–26)

  • Capital expenditure (Capex) rose 8.2% YoY.
  • Revenue expenditure (primarily by states) increased 12% YoY.
  • FY 2025–26 Budget allocated ?11.21 lakh crore for Capex (3.1% of GDP).
  • Capex to GDP ratio increased from 1.5% in 2000 to 2.5% in 2023.
  • Revenue expenditure to Capex ratio improved from 8:1 in 2000 to 5:1 in 2023.
  • Development expenditure rose from 6% to 8% of GDP between 2000–2023.
  • Interest payments declined from 25% to 20% of total expenditure in the same period.

Why Quality of Public Expenditure Matters

  • Governments use citizens’ money (via taxes or borrowing). Efficient use ensures better socio-economic outcomes.
  • High QPE means greater focus on productive investment over populist spending (freebies, subsidies).
  • Better QPE leads to:
    • Higher GDP growth (average 6.5% annually since 2000).
    • Improved infrastructure and service delivery.
    • Enhanced social indicators like literacy (77.7% in 2023) and life expectancy (70 years).

Challenges Affecting Public Expenditure Quality

  • Persistent revenue deficits (3.3% of GDP in 2023) limit fiscal space for Capex.
  • Rising populism: Loan waivers, cash handouts, free electricity.
  • Welfare scheme inefficiencies: Leakages in MGNREGA, PDS.
  • Debt servicing: High interest payments constrain spending.
  • Inter-state disparities: Unequal fiscal capacity hampers balanced development.

Way Forward

  • Boost Capex to over 3% of GDP to enhance infrastructure-led growth.
  • Rationalize subsidies via Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT).
  • Strengthen fiscal federalism through equitable devolution and performance-based grants.
  • Leverage technology for transparent and outcome-based expenditure tracking.
  • Reform FRBM Act:
    • Focus on debt-to-GDP targets.
    • Introduce flexibility in deficit norms during crises.

Dr. Purnima Devi Barman

  • 24 Feb 2025

In News:

Indian wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman has been named among TIME Magazine’s Women of the Year 2025, recognizing her as one of 13 global leaders working toward a more equitable and sustainable world. She is the only Indian woman on the list.

Key Contributions:

  • Known for her pioneering conservation work with the greater adjutant stork (locally called Hargila), once critically endangered and culturally stigmatized in Assam.
  • Founded the Hargila Army, a women-led grassroots movement focused on protecting the stork’s habitat and changing negative local perceptions.
  • Her model uniquely blends wildlife conservation with women’s empowerment, engaging thousands of rural women in ecological and livelihood activities.

Impact:

  • Due to her efforts, the greater adjutant stork’s population in Assam has significantly recovered, leading to its status being upgraded from “endangered” to “near threatened” by IUCN.
  • The Hargila Army, with over 10,000 members, participates in bird rescue, awareness campaigns, tree planting, and embroidery-based income generation.
  • Her approach has become a global model for community-based conservation.

Background:

  • Hails from the Kamrup region of Assam.
  • Holds a Master’s degree in Zoology from Gauhati University.
  • Inspired by her early life near the Brahmaputra and her grandmother’s teachings on biodiversity.

Awards & Recognition:

  • Nari Shakti Puraskar (2017) – India’s highest civilian award for women.
  • UN Champions of the Earth Award (2022) – For entrepreneurial vision in conservation.
  • Whitley Gold Award (2017, 2024) – Often called the "Green Oscar".

Other Roles:

  • Director of Women in Nature Network (YNN) – India chapter.
  • Member of IUCN’s Stork, Ibis, and Spoonbill Specialist Group.

About TIME Magazine:

  • Founded in 1923, USA.
  • Known for its global recognitions like Person of the Year and Women of the Year.
  • Now operates as a multimedia platform covering politics, science, and culture.

Remission and the Supreme Court’s 2025 Ruling

  • 24 Feb 2025

In News:

Recently, the Supreme Court directed states with remission policies to consider the premature release of prisoners even if they don’t apply for remission beforehand.

What is Remission?

  • Remission refers to the reduction of a convict's sentence by the government before the term is completed. It does not nullify the conviction, but shortens imprisonment.
  • It is governed by:
    • Section 473 of BNSS, 2023 (earlier Section 432 of CrPC, 1973) – empowers state governments to grant remission.
    • Articles 72 and 161 of the Constitution – empower the President and Governors respectively to remit sentences.
    • Section 475 of BNSS (earlier Section 433A CrPC) – restricts remission for life convicts found guilty of offences punishable by death until 14 years of imprisonment are completed.

Background: SC’s Suo Motu Intervention

  • The Supreme Court in 2025, in the suomotu case In Re: Policy Strategy for Grant of Bail, altered the interpretation of remission rules to address prison overcrowding.
  • The Court held that states must consider remission for eligible convicts even without a formal application, if a remission policy exists.

Shift in Judicial Interpretation

  • Earlier rulings (Sangeet v. Haryana and Mohinder Singh v. Punjab, 2013) required a convict's application for remission.
  • The 2025 judgment acknowledges that many state prison manuals already mandate prison authorities to initiate remission review.
  • It recognized that failing to consider remission proactively could lead to arbitrary discrimination, violating Article 14 (Right to Equality).

Key Guidelines Issued by the Supreme Court

  • Suo motu Remission:States must automatically assess eligibility under remission policies—no application needed.
  • Mandatory Remission Policy:States without existing remission policies must formulate a comprehensive one within two months.
  • Conditions for Remission Must Be:
    • Reasonable, non-oppressive, and clearly defined.
    • Based on factors like motive, criminal background, and public safety.
    • Aimed at rehabilitation and prevention of recurrence.
  • Safeguards Against Arbitrary Cancellation:
    • Minor breaches shouldn’t lead to automatic cancellation.
    • Notice and hearing must be given before cancellation.
  • Transparency:
    • Legal aid bodies must monitor remission cases.
    • States to maintain real-time digital data on remission.

Significance and Implications

  • The ruling helps streamline remission processes and could contribute to decongesting Indian prisons, which are heavily overcrowded.
  • It ensures uniformity and fairness in the exercise of executive powers related to sentencing.
  • Reinforces constitutional values of equality and procedural fairness for prisoners.

Note:

  • RemissionPardon: Remission reduces sentence, doesn’t erase conviction.
  • Articles 72 & 161: Concern constitutional remission powers (President & Governor).
  • BNSS Sections 473 & 475: Replace CrPC Sections 432 & 433A, relevant for state remission powers.
  • Suo motu action by SC: Taken to address systemic prison overcrowding.
  • Article 14 invoked: To ensure equitable treatment of eligible prisoners.

Meta’s Project Waterworth

  • 22 Feb 2025

In News:

Meta has launched Project Waterworth, its most ambitious subsea cable initiative to date, aimed at enhancing global digital connectivity. The project involves the deployment of AI-driven subsea cable infrastructure, with India being a key beneficiary.

Key Features:

  • Massive Scale:A multi-billion dollar, multi-year global initiative, the project will lay over 50,000 km of undersea cables, connecting five continents, including India, the USA, Brazil, South Africa, and others.
  • AI Integration:The project leverages advanced machine learning models to predict and mitigate network disruptions, ensuring greater resilience and reliability of global internet infrastructure.
  • Deep Water Deployment:The cable will operate at depths reaching 7,000 meters, using enhanced burial techniques in high-risk areas to prevent damage from ship anchors and other maritime hazards.
  • Digital Backbone:Subsea cables like those in Project Waterworth currently carry over 95% of global internet traffic, forming the backbone of international digital communication, video streaming, e-commerce, and cloud-based AI services.

Strategic Relevance for India:

  • India’s Digital Push:The project supports India’s growing digital economy by ensuring faster, more reliable internet connectivity and fostering digital inclusion and innovation.
  • AI and Infrastructure Synergy:With AI-driven maintenance and deployment, the initiative complements India's vision of becoming a global hub for AI, data centers, and digital services.
  • Economic and Strategic Benefits:Enhanced connectivity is expected to boost economic cooperation, cross-border trade, and participation in global digital platforms.

Kaveri 2.0 Cyberattack

  • 22 Feb 2025

In News:

In January–February 2025, Karnataka's property registration portal, Kaveri 2.0, faced major disruptions due to a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, severely affecting property registrations and revenue generation. The portal, launched in 2023, is a key component of the state's e-governance infrastructure.

What is a DDoS Attack?

A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack aims to disrupt a server, service, or network by flooding it with excessive traffic, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users.

How it works:

  • Botnet Formation: Hackers compromise multiple devices using malware, turning them into bots.
  • Traffic Overload: These bots generate huge volumes of fake traffic directed at the target system.
  • Service Disruption: The targeted service slows down or crashes, affecting user access.

Types of DDoS Attacks:

  • Bandwidth Saturation – Exhausting the target's internet capacity.
  • Protocol Exploitation – Abusing vulnerabilities in network protocols.
  • Application Targeting – Crashing specific applications or services.

Kaveri 2.0 Case: AI-Based DDoS Attack

  • The Stamps and Registration Department (SRD) of Karnataka confirmed that the portal was targeted using AI tools that generated over 20 lakh fake search queries per day—far beyond its capacity of 2.5 lakh.
  • These queries mainly targeted services like Encumbrance Certificate (EC) searches, causing widespread slowdown and outages.
  • On February 1, only 556 property registrations occurred, compared to the usual 8,000–9,000 daily, with revenue dipping to ?15.18 crore from an average of over ?62 crore.
  • After mitigation, services were restored by February 7, returning to normal levels of 7,225 registrations and ?62.59 crore in revenue.

Impact of DDoS Attacks on Public Services

  • Operational Disruption: Essential citizen services are halted, creating public inconvenience.
  • Financial Loss: Delayed transactions and reduced revenue, as seen in the Kaveri 2.0 case.
  • Reputational Damage: Public trust in digital governance platforms may erode.
  • Cybersecurity Risks: DDoS attacks can mask more sophisticated intrusions.

Preventive Measures

  • Traffic Filtering: Using AI tools to detect and block abnormal traffic.
  • Rate Limiting: Restricting the number of queries per user/IP.
  • Bot Detection: Implementing CAPTCHAs and behavior analysis.
  • Robust Authentication: Enhancing security for administrative access.
  • Incident Response Teams: Dedicated cybersecurity units to respond to threats promptly.

Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY)

  • 18 Feb 2025

In News:

Announced in Union Budget 2025, the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY) aims to boost agricultural productivity, sustainability, and rural income in India’s lagging agricultural regions.

Inspired by the Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP), PMDKY targets 100 districts marked by low productivity, moderate cropping intensity, and limited credit access, benefiting approximately 1.7 crore farmers.

Key Highlights:

Objectives:

  • Enhancing Agricultural Productivity:Promote scientific techniques and modern farming to improve crop yield and land use efficiency.
  • Crop Diversification & Sustainable Practices:Encourage climate-resilient and eco-friendly farming methods, reducing dependence on water-intensive crops.
  • Post-Harvest Infrastructure Development:Establish storage and agro-processing units at panchayat and block levels to reduce post-harvest losses (currently ~35-40%).
  • Improving Irrigation Efficiency:Support micro-irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler systems to raise water-use efficiency from the current 38%.
  • Expanding Agricultural Credit:Facilitate short- and long-term institutional credit, especially through the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) and agri-fintech models.

Implementation Framework:

  • Targeted District Identification:Based on cropping intensity, productivity, and credit penetration, using data from the Ministry of Agriculture, NABARD, and Department of Financial Services.
  • Integrated Funding Approach:Leverages existing schemes like RKVY, PMKSY, NFSM, and SMAM through convergence for efficient fund utilization.
  • Institutional Mechanism:Multi-tier coordination involving the Centre, States, and District-level authorities for implementation and real-time performance tracking.
  • Technology Integration:GIS mapping, AI advisories, blockchain for supply chain transparency, and sensor-based monitoring for precision agriculture.
  • Farmer Empowerment:Strengthening Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to support knowledge dissemination, skill development, and market access.

Strategic Significance of PMDKY:

  • Bridging Regional Disparities:Targets structurally weak districts to ensure balanced regional growth in agriculture.
  • Food and Water Security:Supports climate-resilient farming amid rising rainfall variability (+15–20% by 2050) and increasing water scarcity (55% of agriculture is rainfed).
  • Boosting Rural Incomes:Aimed at transforming smallholder agriculture, as ~80% of Indian farmers are marginal with an average income of ?1.2 lakh annually.
  • Reducing Post-Harvest Losses:Addresses infrastructural bottlenecks causing 35–40% losses, especially in perishables like fruits and vegetables.

Rising Heatwaves in India

  • 16 Feb 2025

In News:

India is increasingly facing more frequent, intense, and prolonged heatwaves, posing a significant threat to public health, economic productivity, agricultural stability, andenvironmental sustainability. This trend underscores the broader implications of climate change, particularly for developing economies with large vulnerable populations.

Understanding Heatwaves

A heatwave is defined as a prolonged period of abnormally high temperatures, often accompanied by high humidity. As per the India Meteorological Department (IMD):

  • A heatwave is declared when the maximum temperature reaches at least 40°C in plains and 30°C in hilly regions.
  • The severity is determined by how much the temperature exceeds the normal.

Impacts of Heatwaves

  • Public Health:
    • Prolonged heat exposure increases the risk of heatstroke, dehydration, and worsens cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses.
    • Vulnerable groups include the elderly, outdoor workers, and those without access to cooling.
  • Livelihoods and Employment:
    • According to the World Bank, India could lose 34 million jobs by 2030 due to heat-stress-related productivity declines.
    • The informal sector and outdoor labourers are especially at risk.
  • Agriculture and Food Security:
    • Heat stress leads to reduced crop yields, livestock deaths, and increased irrigation demand.
    • It threatens the food supply chain and rural incomes.
  • Water Scarcity:
    • 54% of India’s land is under high to extremely high water stress, as per the World Resources Institute (WRI).
    • Heatwaves exacerbate droughts and deplete groundwater sources.
  • Environmental Degradation:
    • Higher temperatures increase the risk of wildfires, especially in forested and arid zones.
    • Ecosystem services and biodiversity are under stress.
  • Infrastructure and Energy:
    • Rising temperatures lead to increased energy demand for cooling, straining power grids.
    • Urban infrastructure suffers due to heat-induced wear and tear.

President’s Rule Imposed in Manipur

  • 16 Feb 2025

In News:

On 13th February 2025, President DroupadiMurmu imposed President’s Rule in Manipur under Article 356 of the Constitution, following a report submitted by the State Governor Ajay Kumar Bhalla. The move comes in the wake of a prolonged period of ethnic violence, governance vacuum, and the resignation of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh on 9th February 2025.

Constitutional Provisions:

  • Article 356 empowers the President to assume control of a state’s administration if it is determined that the state cannot be governed as per constitutional provisions.
  • The Governor’s report or other evidence of breakdown is a prerequisite.
  • Under this, the elected state government is dismissed, and the Governor becomes the executive head on behalf of the President.
  • The State Legislative Assembly is either dissolved or placed under suspended animation. In Manipur’s case, it is under suspended animation, with its term valid until 2027.
  • The proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within two months, and if extended, it can last up to six months at a time, with a maximum duration of three years.

Crisis Background and Ethnic Conflict

Manipur has witnessed an intense ethnic conflict between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities since May 3, 2023. The violence has led to:

  • Over 250 people killed, and
  • More than 60,000 displaced.

Security concerns and political instability escalated after the Chief Minister’s resignation, with the BJP leadership unable to find a consensus candidate for replacement. The deteriorating law-and-order situation, coupled with governance paralysis, prompted the imposition of President’s Rule.

Security and Migration Concerns

Former CM N. Biren Singh raised alarm over:

  • Rising illegal immigration through the 398-km porous border with Myanmar, worsened by the Free Movement Regime (FMR).
  • A demographic shift threatening the State’s land, identity, and resources.
  • Post-violence governance failure, as state machinery struggled to respond effectively.

He emphasized the need to intensify detection and deportation of illegal immigrants, a concern linked to the root causes of ethnic tension.

Historical Context

  • This is not the first time Manipur has come under central rule. The last imposition of President’s Rule in Manipur lasted 277 days, from June 2, 2001 to March 6, 2002.

Einstein Ring Discovered by ESA’s Euclid Telescope

  • 15 Feb 2025

In News:

  • The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Euclid space telescope has recently discovered a rare Einstein ring around the galaxy NGC 6505, located nearly 590 million light-years from Earth.
  • This ring was formed by the light of a distant unnamed galaxy situated 4.42 billion light-years away, distorted and amplified due to gravitational lensing by NGC 6505.

What is an Einstein Ring?

  • It is a circular ring of light that appears around a massive celestial object such as a galaxy, dark matter concentration, or cluster of galaxies.
  • Caused due to strong gravitational lensing, it occurs when a massive foreground object (gravitational lens) bends and amplifies the light from a background object, resulting in a circular or arc-like appearance.
  • The phenomenon only results in a full ring when the observer, lensing object, and background galaxy are almost perfectly aligned.

Theoretical Basis

  • Named after Albert Einstein, who in his General Theory of Relativity predicted that massive objects warp space-time, thereby bending the path of light.
  • The phenomenon of gravitational lensing, and by extension Einstein rings, was first theoretically anticipated by Einstein and empirically confirmed much later.

Scientific Importance

  • Extremely rare phenomena: Occur in less than 1% of galaxies.
  • Serve as natural cosmic magnifying lenses that allow scientists to study:
    • Dark Matter: Helps trace the invisible distribution of dark matter through gravitational effects.
    • Dark Energy: Supports understanding of dark energy’s role in accelerating the universe’s expansion.
    • Distant Galaxies: Reveals otherwise invisible galaxies by amplifying their light.
    • Universe Expansion: Provides data on how space between galaxies stretches over cosmic time.

Gravitational Lensing: Explained

  • Gravitational lensing occurs when a massive body (galaxy, cluster, black hole) creates a gravitational field that bends and magnifies light from objects behind it.
  • This leads to multiple outcomes — arcs, double images, or full rings (Einstein rings).
  • The lensing object in the recent case is NGC 6505, a galaxy first observed in the 19th century.

Observation and Imaging

  • Einstein rings are not visible to the naked eye and require powerful space telescopes like Euclid for detection.
  • Euclid captured images showing a bright central galaxy (NGC 6505) with a distinctive, cloudy ring formed by the bent light from the background galaxy.

About the Euclid Space Telescope

  • Launched in 2023 by ESA using a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
  • Operates from Lagrangian Point 2 (L2), located 1.5 million km from Earth.
  • Designed for a six-year mission to study the dark universe.
  • Key Objectives:
    • Create the largest 3D map of the cosmos.
    • Observe billions of galaxies across 10 billion light-years.
    • Understand the distribution of dark matter and the influence of dark energy in the early universe.
    • Study light emitted from galaxies up to 10 billion years ago to trace cosmic evolution.

India introduces HS Code for GI-Tagged Rice Exports

  • 13 Feb 2025

In News:

India has amended the Customs Tariff Act, 1975, becoming the first country in the world to introduce a Harmonised System (HS) code for Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged rice varieties. This was announced in the Union Budget 2025–26.

Key Features of the Amendment

  • HS Code Introduced For:
    • 1006-30-11 – GI-tagged parboiled rice
    • 1006-30-91 – GI-tagged white rice
  • Objective:
    • To enable uninterrupted exports of GI rice even during general export restrictions or bans.
    • GI rice exports will not require special government notification during such bans.

About Harmonised System (HS) Code

  • Full Form: Harmonised System Code
  • Developed by: World Customs Organization (WCO)
  • Structure: 6-digit global standard; India uses an 8-digit extension for more specific classification.
  • Purpose: Classification of traded goods for customs, tariffs, and trade statistics.
  • HS Code Hierarchy:
    • First 2 digits: Chapter (e.g., “10” for cereals)
    • Next 2 digits: Heading (e.g., “06” for rice)
    • Last 2 digits: Subheading (e.g., “30” for semi-milled or wholly milled rice)

Impact on GI Rice Exports

  • Facilitates global market access for Indian specialty rice varieties.
  • Differentiates GI-tagged rice from conventional rice in trade documents.
  • Prevents mislabeling and misuse of India’s GI rice identity.
  • Allows exports of GI rice even under export bans, without fresh government clearance.

GI-Tagged Rice Varieties in India

  • 20 GI-recognized rice varieties, including:Navara, Palakkadan Matta, Pokkali, Wayanad Jeerakasala, etc.
  • 20 pending GI applications, including:Seeraga Samba, Jammu & Kashmir Red Rice, Wada Kolam Paddy, etc.

About the World Customs Organization (WCO)

  • Established in 1952 as the Customs Co-operation Council; renamed WCO in 1994.
  • Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium.
  • Membership: 183 customs administrations, including India, covering 98% of global trade.
  • Key Functions:
    • Maintains and updates the HS Code every 5 years.
    • Drives customs modernization through instruments like the Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC).
    • Coordinates anti-smuggling, anti-counterfeiting, and trade enforcement efforts.
    • Collaborates with global institutions like the WTO and UN to enhance trade efficiency.

Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

  • 11 Feb 2025

In News:

Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, has witnessed a record-breaking influx of migratory birds in 2025, according to the latest annual bird census conducted on February 1, 2025.

The sanctuary, a designated Ramsar Site (since 2002) and a Wetland of National Importance (1994), recorded a total of 1,53,719 birds across 97 species, indicating a sharp rise in avifaunal population and reaffirming its ecological significance.

Key Highlights from the 2025 Census

  • Migratory birds recorded: 1,44,371 individuals from 55 species.
  • Total bird count: 1,53,719 birds from 97 species.
  • Increase from 2024: 83,555 more birds.
  • Bar-headed Goose population: 90,959 (up from 37,501 in 2024) — highest ever recorded since the census began in 2004.

Other dominant waterfowl included:

  • Eurasian Coots – 10,785
  • Common Pochards – 9,692
  • Common Teals – 8,497
  • Northern Pintails – 8,053

Lesser-spotted species included the Greater and Lesser White-fronted Goose, Red Crested Pochard, and Northern Lapwing.

Reasons Behind the Surge

  • Experts attribute the significant increase in bird numbers to a decline in the water level of Pong Dam Lake, which exposed additional lakebed areas, creating new feeding grounds. This has made the sanctuary increasingly attractive to birds migrating from Tibet, Central Asia, Russia, Siberia, and the Trans-Himalayan region.

Survey and Conservation Collaboration

  • The census was conducted by over 100 participants, including officials from the Himachal Pradesh Forest Department, experts from the Bombay Natural History Society, Wildlife Institute of India, and local birdwatchers. The sanctuary was divided into 25 zones for comprehensive coverage.
  • To further conservation efforts, a new Interpretation Centre was inaugurated on January 18, 2025, aimed at promoting awareness about the wetland's role in sustaining biodiversity and supporting migratory birds.

Ecological and Geographical Profile

Pong Dam Lake (Maharana Pratap Sagar)

  • Type: Manmade reservoir formed by construction of Pong Dam on the Beas River.
  • Location: Wetland zone of the Shivalik hills, Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh.
  • Area: Approx. 307 sq. km — among the largest man-made wetlands in northern India.
  • Importance: Key stopover on the Trans-Himalayan flyway for migratory birds.

Flora

  • Vegetation types: Submerged aquatic vegetation, grasslands, forests.
  • Dominant species:Eucalyptus, Acacia, Shisham.

Fauna

  • Avifauna: Over 220 bird species recorded; 54 waterfowl species.
  • Notable birds: Bar-headed Geese, Pintails, Pochards, Coots, Grebes, Cormorants, Herons, Storks, Grey Partridge, Peafowl.
  • Mammals: Sambar, Barking Deer, Nilgai, Wild Boar, Clawless Otter, Leopard.

Dunki Routes

  • 09 Feb 2025

In News:

Recently, a US military aircraft carrying 104 deported Indian nationals landed at Amritsar Airport. These deportees had entered the United States through the illegal “Dunki” route, paying between ?30 lakh and ?1 crore to agents and human traffickers.

Since 2009, over 15,000 Indians have been deported from the US for illegal entry, with India now figuring among the top non-Latin American countries in deportation rankings.

What is the ‘Dunki Route’?

  • The “Dunki” or “Donkey” route refers to an unauthorised, arduous journey that migrants undertake through multiple countries to reach destinations like the United States, bypassing legal immigration processes.
  • Routes often begin in countries with visa-on-arrival access or easy tourist visa policies for Indians:
    • Latin America: Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Brazil, Venezuela
    • Europe/Central Asia: Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kazakhstan
    • Southeast Asia: Malaysia (via Bangkok)
  • Migrants often transit through Mexico, Guatemala, or Costa Rica before crossing into the US through illegal land borders.

How the Network Operates:

  • Human trafficking syndicates use fake or manipulated visas (e.g., Schengen visas) to move migrants across Europe, Central Asia, and Latin America.
  • Indian passport holders are sent to countries with lenient visa regimes, followed by overland or sea routes to US borders.
  • Delhi Police (IGI unit) revealed that many migrants travel to Turkey or Kazakhstan and then cross to Russia or Latin America before attempting US entry.

Reasons Behind Illegal Migration:

  • Economic Opportunities: Low wages in India drive migration to higher-paying economies.
  • Limited Legal Avenues: Long, uncertain visa approval processes discourage legal pathways.
  • Cultural Pressures: In communities like the Patels of Gujarat, migration to the US is tied to social prestige, often compelling families to sell land or take loans.
  • Success Stories: Stories of successful illegal migrants inspire others to follow suit.
  • Thriving Smuggling Rackets: Demand for migration has led to lucrative smuggling networks.

Consequences and Risks:

  • Human Cost: Migrants risk robbery, assault, rape, and death, with bodies often unrecovered.
  • Economic Loss: Families face financial ruin due to heavy agent fees.
  • Legal Repercussions: Deportation, detention, and blacklisting from future visas.
  • Geopolitical Sensitivity: Damages bilateral ties with countries like the US and strains consular systems.

Government Response and Policy Measures:

Proposed Legislation:

  • India is considering the Overseas Mobility (Facilitation and Welfare) Bill, 2024 to:
    • Promote safe, orderly, and regular migration
    • Replace the outdated Emigration Act, 1983
    • Establish comprehensive mechanisms for migrant protection and regulation

Awareness Campaigns:

  • Indian embassies and consulates regularly issue:
    • Advisories on fraudulent agents
    • Guidance on safe migration
    • Lists of registered recruiting agencies

Migration Trends and Global Standing:

  • World Migration Report 2024 (IOM):
    • India received $111 billion in remittances in 2022highest globally
    • India is the largest country of origin for international migrants, with large diasporas in the UAE, US, and Saudi Arabia

H-1B Visa: The Legal Face of Indian Migration to the US

  • H-1B Program: Allows US employers to hire foreign workers in high-skill occupations requiring at least a bachelor’s degree.
  • Duration: Maximum of six years, renewable under certain conditions, or convertible into a Green Card.
  • Indian Dominance:
    • Indians have accounted for over 70% of all H-1B visa approvals since 2015
    • Chinese applicants make up the second-largest group (~12–13%)

Political Challenges:

  • Immigration, including H-1B, is a polarising issue in US politics.
  • Rising anti-immigration sentiment, especially under administrations like Trump 2.0, affects policy and visa quotas.

Hotspot States and Migration Routes in India:

  • Major source states of illegal migrants: Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana
  • These regions are hubs for agents who facilitate illegal migration using Dunki routes and exploit aspirational youth.

 

Makhana Board

  • 06 Feb 2025

In News:

In the Union Budget 2025–26, Finance Minister announced the establishment of a Makhana Board in Bihar with a dedicated budget of ?100 crore to boost the production, processing, and export of Makhana (Fox Nuts).

About Makhana (Fox Nuts):

  • Botanical Name: Euryale ferox
  • Family: Nymphaeaceae (Water lily family)
  • Description:
    • Makhana is the dried edible seed of the prickly water lily.
    • Grown in freshwater bodies across South and East Asia.
    • The plant is known for its violet and white flowers and large, round, prickly leaves.
    • Due to its black outer covering, Makhana is nicknamed the "Black Diamond."

Nutritional and Medicinal Value:

  • Low in fat, rich in carbohydrates, and a good source of protein and minerals.
  • Widely used in:
    • Traditional medicine
    • Health and wellness products
    • Culinary preparations such as popped Makhana (‘Lava’)

Major Producing Regions:

  • India:
    • Bihar produces 90% of India’s total Makhana, especially in the Mithilanchal region.
      • Key districts: Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Supaul, Araria, Kishanganj, Sitamarhi.
      • The first four districts contribute 80% of Bihar’s Makhana output.
  • Other Indian states: Assam, Manipur, West Bengal, Tripura, Odisha.
  • Other countries: Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Korea.
  • GI Tag: Mithila Makhana received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2022.

Climatic Conditions for Cultivation:

  • Type: Aquatic crop; grows in stagnant water bodies (ponds, lakes, wetlands).
  • Ideal Conditions:
    • Water Depth: 4–6 feet
    • Temperature: 20°C – 35°C
    • Relative Humidity: 50% – 90%
    • Annual Rainfall: 100 – 250 cm

About the Makhana Board:

  • Allocated Budget: ?100 crore
  • Objectives:
    • Train farmers in advanced cultivation techniques.
    • Support processing and value addition in the Makhana supply chain.
    • Facilitate financial aid and access to government schemes.
    • Develop export infrastructure and promote branding and marketing.

Makhana under ODOP Scheme:

  • Recognized as a One District One Product (ODOP) commodity for Bihar.
  • Under ODOP, the Union Government provides subsidies to processors for:
    • Infrastructure development
    • Branding and marketing

About ODOP Scheme:

  • Launched by: Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI)
  • Objective: Promote district-level economic specialization and turn each district into an export hub.
  • Origin: First launched in Uttar Pradesh (2018); adopted as a national initiative under the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision.
  • Implementation:
    • In coordination with the ‘Districts as Export Hubs’ (DEH) initiative.
    • Managed by DGFT, Department of Commerce, and DPIIT.
  • Significance:
    • Encourages rural entrepreneurship, local employment, and global trade linkages.
    • Strengthens district economies by scaling up traditional and unique products.

Extra-Long Staple (ELS) Cotton

  • 06 Feb 2025

In News:

In the Union Budget 2025–26, the Union Finance Minister announced a five-year Cotton Mission to boost productivity, sustainability, and promotion of Extra-Long Staple (ELS) cotton in India, aiming to reduce import dependency and strengthen the high-end textile sector.

What is Extra-Long Staple (ELS) Cotton?

  • Definition: ELS cotton refers to cotton varieties with fibre lengths of 30 mm or more, renowned for their superior softness, strength, durability, and premium quality.
  • Botanical Origin: Derived primarily from the species Gossypium barbadense, commonly known as Egyptian or Pima cotton.

Distinguishing Cotton Types by Fibre Length

Type                      Fibre Length        Species                          Quality                 Uses                Yield per Acre   

Short Staple             < 25 mm             Gossypium hirsutum      Coarser         Low-cost textiles        High

Medium Staple       25–28.6 mm         Gossypium hirsutum     Moderate       Everyday fabrics       10–12 quintals

Extra-Long          30 mm & above   Gossypium barbadense  Superior     Luxury textiles        7–8 quintals

Staple (ELS)

Special Characteristics of ELS Cotton

  • Softer & Smoother: Ideal for premium, luxury clothing.
  • Stronger & More Durable: Resistant to wear and tear.
  • Resistant to Pilling: Maintains smoothness over time.
  • Luxurious Finish: Produces fine yarns with a natural sheen.
  • Minimal Finishing Required: Retains natural texture and quality.

Global and Indian Production Landscape

  • Origin: Native to South America.
  • Globally Grown In:
    • Egypt, China, Australia, Peru – leading producers.
  • In India:
    • Cultivated in Atpadi Taluka (Sangli, Maharashtra), around Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), and in parts of Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh.
    • Grown mostly in rain-fed areas with warm climates and fertile soil, aiding fibre quality.

Challenges in ELS Cotton Cultivation in India

  • Low Yield: ELS cotton yields 7–8 quintals/acre, significantly lower than medium staple varieties (10–12 quintals/acre).
  • Market Linkage Deficit: Farmers struggle to fetch premium prices for ELS cotton due to weak market access and lack of dedicated procurement infrastructure.
  • Technological Gaps: Limited access to improved seed varieties, agronomic practices, and technologies like HtBT (Herbicide-tolerant Bt) cotton.
  • Import Dependency: India imports 20–25 lakh bales annually, accounting for ~90% of its ELS cotton requirements, to meet demand from the premium textile industry.

Significance of the Five-Year Cotton Mission

  • Aimed at:
    • Enhancing productivity and sustainability of ELS cotton.
    • Reducing import dependence through indigenous development.
    • Strengthening high-value textile exports by ensuring reliable ELS supply.
  • Supports:
    • Farmer income enhancement through value-added cultivation.
    • Research and development in ELS cotton seed technology.
    • Improved extension services, supply chain development, and market support mechanisms.

Guneri Inland Mangrove

  • 03 Feb 2025

In News:

In 2024, the Gujarat government declared the Inland Mangrove of Guneri, located in Kutch district, as the first Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) of the state under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. The declaration followed a recommendation by the Gujarat Biodiversity Board.

Key Features of Guneri Inland Mangroves:

  • Location: Guneri village, Lakhtar tehsil, Kutch district, Gujarat.
  • Area: 32.78 hectares.
  • Distance from Sea: ~45 km from the Arabian Sea; ~4 km from Kori Creek.
  • Nature: Inland (non-coastal) mangrove ecosystem — one of only eight such sites globally and the last remaining in India.
  • Terrain: Flat land resembling a forest; no tidal influence or sludge typically seen in coastal mangroves.
  • Water Source: Sustained by groundwater retained in limestone deposits; no direct contact with seawater.

Ecological and Geological Significance:

  • Possibly originated from:
    • Miocene marine transgression, or
    • Along the ancient Saraswati River, believed to have flowed in the Great Rann of Kutch around 3000–4000 BCE.
  • Limestone formations in western Kutch provide continuous subsurface water flow, enabling survival of this unique mangrove system.

Biodiversity:

  • Habitat to:
    • 20 migratory bird species
    • 25 resident migratory avifaunal species
  • Acts as a vital ecosystem for local and seasonal wildlife.

Mangroves in India – 2024 Snapshot:

  • As per the “Red List of Mangrove Ecosystems” (May 22, 2024):
    • India has 3% of South Asia’s mangrove cover.
    • Total mangrove area: 4,975 sq km (0.15% of India's land area).
    • Increase: 54 sq km (1.10%) since last assessment.
    • State-wise share:
      • West Bengal: 42.45% (notably South 24 Parganas & Sundarbans)
      • Gujarat: 23.66% (with highest increase: 37 sq km)
      • Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 12.39%

Legal Framework:

  • Declared under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, which empowers state governments to notify BHS after consulting local self-government bodies.
  • A local Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC), including representatives from self-governance institutions, will oversee protection and conservation.
  • This provides a formal structure for site management, previously absent.

Conservation Measures:

  • Training programs for local and tribal communities along with forest officials.
  • A management plan will be implemented to preserve the unique flora and fauna.

National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID)

  • 03 Feb 2025

In News:

In the Union Budget 2025, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) will set up a partial credit enhancement facility to promote corporate bond issuance in the infrastructure sector.

Need for Credit Enhancement:

  • Pension and insurance funds in India, as per regulatory norms, can invest only in AA-rated or higher securities.
  • Most infrastructure firms issue bonds rated below this threshold (often "A" rated).
  • Partial credit enhancement will elevate such bonds to AA ratings, enabling large-scale participation from long-term institutional investors.

Significance:

  • Currently, pension and insurance funds prefer government bonds. However, with the government's ongoing fiscal consolidation, sovereign bond issuance is expected to decline.
  • This measure provides alternative, long-term investment avenues for these funds.
  • Enhances liquidity in the corporate bond market, especially for infrastructure players.
  • Helps in reducing infrastructure companies' dependence on banks for funding.

About NaBFID:

  • Established: 2021 under The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development Act, 2021.
  • Type: Development Finance Institution (DFI).
  • Regulator: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as an All-India Financial Institution (AIFI).
  • Purpose: Bridge gaps in long-term, non-recourse infrastructure financing and promote bond and derivatives markets in India.

Development Finance Institutions (DFIs):

  • Government-owned or public sector-backed institutions that finance large-scale, long-gestation projects.
  • Provide medium (1–5 years) and long-term (>5 years) financing.
  • Raise funds via sovereign borrowings, insurance companies, pension funds, and sovereign wealth funds.
  • Offer both financial support (loans, guarantees) and technical support (project viability, consultancy).
  • Do not accept public deposits.

Benefits of Partial Credit Enhancement:

  • Democratizes access to the corporate bond market for sub-AA-rated firms.
  • Attracts long-term capital into infrastructure through safer, credit-enhanced instruments.
  • Promotes diversification and deepening of India's debt markets.
  • Makes infrastructure financing more cost-efficient and sustainable over the long term.

Challenges Ahead:

  • Regulatory streamlining is essential.
  • Guarantee fees need optimization to ensure cost competitiveness against traditional bank lending.

Kurdistan Region

  • 01 Feb 2025

In News:

India recently dispatched a humanitarian shipment of medical supplies to the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, reflecting its commitment to global cooperation and humanitarian diplomacy.

About the Kurdistan Region

  • Geographical Spread: The Kurdistan Region is a culturally and geographically distinct area predominantly inhabited by ethnic Kurds, spread across:
    • Northern Iraq (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, Halabja)
    • Eastern Turkey
    • Western Iran
    • Northern Syria and parts of Armenia
  • Capital: Erbil (Iraq)
  • Terrain: Dominated by the Zagros and Taurus mountain systems
  • Major Rivers: Tigris River and Greater Zab River, crucial for agriculture and settlement

Ethnic and Political Context

  • Kurds: An ethnic group of 25–30 million people, mostly Sunni Muslims, with no official nation-state. They seek autonomy or independence through the Kurdish nationalist movement.
  • Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG): An autonomous administration in northern Iraq, managing the Kurd-majority areas with limited sovereignty under Iraq’s federal system.
  • Geopolitical Significance:
    • Rich in oil and natural gas, especially in Iraqi Kurdistan
    • Strategically located, controlling key border regions and trade routes
    • Kurdish militia (Peshmerga) played a critical role in the fight against ISIS

Ongoing Political Disputes

  • Kurdish Independence Movement:
    • The 2017 independence referendum in Iraqi Kurdistan was rejected by Baghdad, followed by economic and military backlash.
    • Kurds face resistance from Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Syria, which fear territorial fragmentation.
    • Turkey regularly conducts military operations against Kurdish groups, labeling them as threats to national security.

India-Kurdistan Relations

  • Diplomatic Presence: India established a Consulate in Erbil in August 2016 to deepen ties with the Kurdistan Region and Iraq.
  • Economic and Workforce Engagement:
    • Indian companies have participated in trade fairs in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah.
    • A growing number of Indian workers are employed in sectors like:
      • Steel mills
      • Oil companies
      • Construction projects
    • Indian workers are valued for their skills and reliability in these industries.

Financialisation

  • 01 Feb 2025

In News:

The Economic Survey 2024–25 cautions against the risks of excessive financialisation in India, emphasizing that while finance is a crucial enabler of economic growth, unchecked expansion of the financial sector can pose systemic risks, increase inequality, and divert resources from the real economy.

What is Financialisation?

Financialisation refers to the growing dominance of financial markets, institutions, and motives in shaping economic policies, business decisions, and resource allocation. It involves:

  • A shift from productive (real sector) activities like manufacturing to financial activities, including trading, speculation, and asset management.
  • Increasing reliance on asset price growth (e.g., stocks, real estate) to stimulate the economy.
  • Deep influence of financial motives in corporate governance, economic policies, and household behavior.

Key Drivers of Financialisation in India

  • Increased household savings funneled into stock markets.
  • Growing retail investor participation in equities and mutual funds.
  • Policy and regulation increasingly influenced by financial market considerations.
  • Rising public and private sector debt to leverage economic growth.

Risks Highlighted by the Economic Survey

  • Real Sector Crowding Out: Over-expansion of the financial sector may compete with the real economy for scarce resources like skilled labour and capital, potentially depriving productive sectors.
  • Unsustainable Booms: Rapid financial growth often favours high-collateral, low-productivity investments (e.g., construction) over innovation and manufacturing, creating unsustainable financial booms.
  • Complex Financial Products: Proliferation of opaque and complex financial instruments can increase consumer risk exposure and the probability of a financial crisis, as seen during the 2008 global financial meltdown.
  • Increased Inequality: Financialisation tends to transfer income from the real sector to the financial sector, worsening income inequality and contributing to wage stagnation.
  • Debt Dependency: Over-reliance on financial leverage (debt) increases macro-financial vulnerabilities, especially if credit growth outpaces productive investment.

Global Lessons and Historical Context

  • 2008 Global Financial Crisis: Reckless lending and financial engineering, including mortgage-backed securities, led to a global economic collapse. India was impacted indirectly, prompting RBI intervention to stabilise the economy.
  • Examples from Ireland & Thailand: Rapid growth of private credit in these countries led to reduced productivity and economic distortions, serving as cautionary tales.

Balanced View on Finance

The Survey recognizes that a well-regulated financial system plays a vital role in:

  • Channeling capital to innovative and high-risk ventures.
  • Reducing transaction costs and improving price discovery.
  • Alleviating poverty and inequality by enabling shock absorption for households and firms.
  • Smoothing consumption across economic cycles.

However, the Survey emphasizes that there is a tipping point beyond which financial development becomes counterproductive.

Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs)

  • 01 Feb 2025

In News:

The Economic Survey 2024–25 underscores the adverse impact of Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs) on public health, particularly among children and youth, and calls for urgent regulatory intervention.

Key Recommendations

  • Stringent Front-of-the-Pack Labelling (FOPL): The Survey advocates for clear, enforceable FOPL rules to inform consumers, curb misleading nutrition claims, and restrict aggressive marketing, especially those targeted at children and adolescents.
  • Stronger Role for FSSAI: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is advised to:
    • Define UPFs clearly in regulation.
    • Establish labelling standards.
    • Monitor compliance of branded products.
  • ‘Health Tax’ Proposal: The Survey proposes higher taxes on UPFs, especially brands engaging in excessive advertising, to act as a deterrent and promote healthier food choices.
  • Awareness and Education: It recommends targeted awareness campaigns in schools and colleges, integrated with broader health and lifestyle campaigns, to reduce the rising consumption of UPFs.

Why this matter

  • Rising Consumption: According to a 2023 WHO report, India’s UPF consumption grew from $900 million (2006) to over $37.9 billion (2019).
  • Long-term National Impact: India's ?2,50,000 crore UPF industry is built on hyper-palatability and is a threat to India’s demographic dividend, productivity, and future economic growth.

Health Risks of UPFs

  • Directly linked to:
    • Obesity
    • Cardiovascular diseases
    • Colorectal cancer
    • Respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders
    • Mental health issues, especially among youth
  • Poor dietary intake due to UPFs contributes to micronutrient deficiencies, while synthetic additives may have long-term biological impacts.

What are Ultra-Processed Foods?

UPFs are industrial formulations that undergo extensive processing and typically include:

  • Artificial flavours, colours, preservatives, emulsifiers, sweeteners, and other cosmetic additives.
  • High sugar, salt, and fat content for taste enhancement.
  • Low in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and fibre.
  • Designed for convenience and high palatability, often leading to overconsumption.

Examples of Ultra-Processed Foods

(As per Indian Council of Medical Research - ICMR):

  • Commercial bakery items: bread, cakes, biscuits, breakfast cereals
  • Snack foods: chips, fries
  • Condiments: sauces, jams, mayonnaise
  • Dairy & protein products: processed cheese, butter, protein powders, soy chunks, tofu
  • Frozen and ready-to-eat foods with additives
  • Beverages: energy drinks, health drinks, sweetened fruit juices
  • Refined flours of cereals, millets, legumes
  • Culinary ingredients containing cosmetic additives like artificial colours or emulsifiers

Contract Farming in India

  • 31 Jan 2025

In News:

Contract farming has emerged as a significant model in India's agricultural landscape, especially with its success in processed potato cultivation and the recent rise in French fry exports. As the country transitions from being an importer to a major exporter in sectors like frozen French fries, the contract farming model underpins the structural transformation of Indian agriculture.

Understanding Contract Farming

Contract farming is an agricultural production system where farmers and buyers (agribusinesses, processors, exporters, or retailers) enter into a pre-harvest agreement. This contract outlines key parameters including price, quality, quantity, delivery schedules, and in many cases, input provision and technical assistance.

Types of Contract Farming Arrangements

  • Direct Input Provision by the Company: Firms supply seeds, fertilizers, and support services, deducting costs from the final payment to farmers.
  • Partnership with Local Input Dealers: A hybrid model balancing company control with third-party services, chosen based on crop complexity, local support availability, and firm capabilities.

Advantages of Contract Farming

  • Stable and Enhanced Income: Contracts assure farmers of a fixed price and market access, shielding them from volatile markets. RBI data shows farmers typically receive only 31%–43% of consumer prices; contract farming can significantly improve this share.
  • Access to Inputs and Technology: Companies provide high-quality seeds, fertilizers, training, and modern farming practices, leading to improved yields and quality.
  • Post-Harvest Efficiency: Streamlined procurement reduces wastage of perishables and post-harvest losses, ensuring efficient supply chain management.
  • Credit and Financial Support: Assured incomes help farmers access institutional credit, reducing dependency on informal lenders.
  • Food Safety and Export Standards: Training on pesticide use and residue limits ensures compliance with international standards like Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), boosting export potential.
  • Consumer Benefits: Direct procurement reduces intermediaries, enabling competitive pricing and higher quality products.
  • Technology Transfer: Farmers benefit from the introduction of new, high-efficiency production techniques.

Concerns and Challenges

  • Power Imbalance: Small and marginal farmers often lack bargaining power. This dependency may lead to exploitative contracts or one-sided terms, especially where firms demand investments in crop-specific infrastructure.
  • Market Risk and Default: Price volatility can lead to side-selling by farmers or contract breaches by firms when market prices crash.
  • Delayed Payments and Inputs: Contractual delays in payment or input delivery can severely affect crop cycles and farmer finances.
  • Exclusion of Marginal Farmers: For economies of scale, firms often prefer large landholders, sidelining smallholders.
  • Environmental Impact: Monocropping, overuse of water and agrochemicals, and soil degradation threaten long-term sustainability.
  • Food Security Trade-offs: A shift to high-value crops under contracts may reduce acreage for food crops, impacting local food security.
  • Loss of Autonomy: Farmers may lose control over farming decisions, with firms determining most aspects of cultivation, leading to indirect control over land use.

Case Study: Contract Farming in Potato Sector

India is the second-largest potato producer globally, with Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Bihar as leading states. The Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla developed several high-yielding Kufri varieties to support commercial cultivation.

The success of processed potato farming is best illustrated by India’s emergence as an exporter of frozen French fries, driven by contract-based procurement from farmers. However, issues such as the PepsiCo vs. Indian farmers legal dispute over unauthorized cultivation of the FL 2027 variety underline ongoing concerns around intellectual property rights and farmers’ autonomy.

Policy and Legal Framework

  • Model APMC Act, 2003: Introduced contract registration, dispute resolution, and exempted market fees while protecting land ownership.
  • Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Contract Farming Act, 2018: Proposed institutional frameworks, insurance provisions, and promotion of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs).
  • e-NAM Integration: Supports transparent pricing and contract enforcement.
  • National Agriculture Policy: Endorses contract farming as a tool for enhancing productivity and rural incomes.

Resumption of Kailash Mansarovar Yatra

  • 29 Jan 2025

In News:

After a four-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, India and China have agreed to resume the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra in June 2025, along with other confidence-building measures.

This decision aligns with the 75th anniversary of India-China diplomatic relations, symbolizing an attempt to stabilize and recalibrate bilateral ties through people-centric initiatives.

Key Highlights:

Key announcements include:

  • Resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra
  • Restoration of direct air services
  • Visa issuance for journalists and think tanks
  • Hydrological data sharing and cooperation on trans-border rivers
  • Enhanced people-to-people exchanges and academic/media dialogues

About the Yatra

  • The Yatra involves a pilgrimage to Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang).
  • Organised by India’s Ministry of External Affairs between June–September, via two routes:
    • Lipulekh Pass (Uttarakhand)
    • Nathu La Pass (Sikkim)
  • Supported by the state governments of Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Delhi, and coordinated with the Indo-Tibetan Border Police.
  • Open only to Indian citizens with valid passports; no financial subsidy is provided by the Government of India.

Geographical and Religious Significance:

  • Mount Kailash, located in the Kailash Range (Transhimalaya), is the source of four major rivers: Sutlej, Brahmaputra, Indus, and Karnali.
  • Revered across religions:
    • Hindus consider it the abode of Lord Shiva; Mansarovar is one of the 51 Shaktipeeths.
    • Buddhists and Tibetans regard it as the ‘Stairway to Heaven’.
    • Jains believe Rishabhanatha attained enlightenment here—referred to as Ashtapada.

Diplomatic Interpretations and Differences

  • India’s Position: Emphasized a step-by-step, cautious approach focusing on rebuilding trust and resolving contentious issues, particularly the border situation. India sought policy predictability and transparency in trade, and reaffirmed the importance of mutual respect and interests.
  • China’s Position: Took a more optimistic and strategic stance, stressing the need to avoid "mutual suspicion" and to advance cooperation based on long-term national interests. It emphasized early action, including the swift resumption of the Yatra and flights.

Ongoing Concerns in Bilateral Relations

  • Unresolved Border Disputes:
    • Tensions persist along the Line of Actual Control (LAC)—notably in Galwan (2020) and Tawang (2022).
    • India and China have made limited progress in resolving issues in Depsang and Demchok.
  • Trade Imbalance:
    • Bilateral trade in 2023–24 stood at USD 118.4 billion, with India facing a trade deficit of USD 85 billion.
    • India raised concerns on market access and non-tariff barriers.
  • China-Pakistan Axis:
    • The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) runs through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, violating India’s territorial sovereignty.
    • China’s support for Pakistan in multilateral forums remains a thorn in bilateral ties.
  • China’s Regional Assertiveness:
    • Expanding influence in South Asia and the Indian Ocean through the String of Pearls, strategic presence in Maldives, Sri Lanka, and strong claims in the South China Sea, contribute to regional unease.

Significance of the Current Diplomatic Thaw

  • The resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra reflects a symbolic softening in ties, emphasizing religious diplomacy and people-to-people connection.
  • Restoration of direct flights and journalistic presence can aid in reducing mistrust.
  • Hydrological cooperation, particularly over the Brahmaputra River, is essential for India’s water security, especially with China constructing mega-dams upstream.

Way Forward

  • Rebuild Trust Through Engagement: Maintain diplomatic dialogues via platforms like BRICS, SCO, and G20, while holding to core national interests.
  • Resolve Border Disputes: Pursue early finalization of the LAC through confidence-building agreements and military disengagement.
  • Diversify Economic Strategy: Reduce dependency on Chinese imports by strengthening domestic manufacturing and regional trade alternatives.
  • Enhance Cultural Diplomacy: Use platforms like the Kailash Yatra to foster mutual understanding rooted in shared civilizational values.
  • Promote Transparency and Reciprocity: Especially in media, trade, and information sharing, to ensure balanced bilateral engagement.

Libia Lobo Sardesai

  • 28 Jan 2025

In News:

In 2024, at the age of 100, Libia Lobo Sardesai was awarded the Padma Shri for her pivotal role in Goa’s liberation struggle from Portuguese colonial rule.

About Libia Lobo Sardesai

  • Born: 25 May 1924, in Portuguese-ruled Goa; raised in Mumbai.
  • Profession: Freedom fighter, broadcaster, and Goa’s first Director of Tourism post-liberation.
  • Legacy: Symbol of courage and resistance, known as the “voice of Goa’s liberation.”

Role in Goa’s Liberation Movement

  • Involvement: Joined the Goan nationalist movement during her college years.
  • Underground Radio:
    • From 1955 to 1961, Libia, along with her husband Vaman Sardesai and Nicolau Menezes, ran an underground radio station – initially called ‘Q’, later named:
      • Goenche Sodvonecho Awaz (Voice of Freedom of Goa) – Konkani
      • Voz de Liberdade – Portuguese
    • Operated from Amboli (Maharashtra) and Castle Rock (Karnataka) in the Western Ghats.
    • Purpose: Counter Portuguese censorship and propaganda; broadcast news, updates, and morale-boosting messages to Goans.
  • Final Broadcast:
    • On 19 December 1961, Libia flew over Panaji in an IAF plane, announcing Goa’s liberation with the message:

“Rejoice brothers and sisters, Rejoice! Today, after 451 years of alien rule, Goa is free and united with the Motherland.”

Goa Liberation Movement: Background

  • Colonial Rule: Goa was under Portuguese rule for over 451 years (from 1510 to 1961).
  • Key Phases:
    • 1954: India imposed an economic blockade after Portuguese crackdown on satyagrahis.
    • August 1955: Mass satyagraha met with violent repression by Portuguese forces.
    • Censorship: Portuguese regime enforced total censorship; only official Portuguese narratives were allowed.
    • 1961 – Operation Vijay:
      • Initiated on 17 December 1961 by the Indian Army under Lt. Gen. J.N. Chaudhuri.
      • Portuguese forces surrendered by 19 December 1961, marking Goa’s official liberation.

Notable Leaders of the Movement

  • Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia: Sparked initial resistance against Portuguese rule.
  • Libia Lobo Sardesai: Voice of the resistance via underground broadcasting.
  • Lt. Gen. J.N. Chaudhuri: Led military operations during Operation Vijay.

Significance

  • Libia Lobo Sardesai represents the unsung contributions of civil resistance and communication warfare in India’s decolonization.
  • Her work sustained nationalist morale, informed citizens under censorship, and shaped the narrative of a liberated Goa.

Aero India 2025

  • 28 Jan 2025

In News:

Aero India 2025, the 15th edition of India’s premier aerospace and defence exhibition, is scheduled from February 10–14, 2025, at the Yelahanka Air Force Station, Bengaluru.

Organised by the Ministry of Defence and the Defence Exhibition Organisation (DEO), the event continues to be a vital forum for promoting India's indigenous defence capabilities and fostering international collaboration.

Evolution of Aero India: From Showcase to Strategic Asset

  • Inception (1996): Launched as a modest exhibition to attract foreign investments and highlight India’s aerospace potential.
  • Growth Phase (2005–2015): Marked by the entry of global giants like Boeing, Airbus, Lockheed Martin, and Dassault Aviation. Indigenous platforms like LCA Tejas began gaining prominence.
  • Current Phase (2015–Present): Aligned with ‘Make in India’ and ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’, Aero India has become a symbol of India's defence self-reliance and a magnet for global partnerships.

Aero India 2025 Highlights

1. International Participation and Strategic Displays

  • Participation from 15+ countries and major OEMs.
  • Russia’s Su-57 and USA’s F-35—two of the world’s most advanced 5th-generation fighters—will be showcased together, reflecting India’s growing strategic importance.
  • Other prominent platforms: KC-135 Stratotanker, Embraer C-390, and Light Combat Helicopter Prachand.

2. Indigenous Innovation

  • Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA): India’s 5th-generation stealth fighter, developed by HAL and ADA, will be unveiled.
  • Indigenous platforms like LCA Mk2, LUH, HTT-40, ALH, and Naval Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter will also be featured.

3. Start-Up Integration via 'Manthan'

  • Through the iDEX initiative, Aero India is promoting start-ups working in AI, unmanned systems, cybersecurity, and electronic warfare.
  • Start-ups will showcase innovations including jetpack suits, robotics, and defence software tools.

4. Business & Public Engagement

  • Business Days: February 10–12, 2025
  • Public Days: February 13–14, 2025
  • Over 7 lakh visitors expected; the event offers aerial displays, seminars, tech expos, and networking forums.

5. Defence Diplomacy and Deals

  • Aero India 2023 had seen over ?80,000 crore worth of MoUs. A similar or higher scale of defence agreements is expected in 2025.
  • High-level participation from defence ministers, air chiefs, and CEOs of OEMs, signalling deepening international defence cooperation.

Strategic Significance for India

  • Geopolitical Leverage: Participation of both US and Russian defence firms signals India’s strategic autonomy and balanced defence diplomacy.
  • Self-Reliance Boost: The event enhances domestic manufacturing by integrating MSMEs, promoting co-development and co-production with foreign partners.
  • Global Recognition: Positions India as an emerging aerospace hub in the Indo-Pacific.
  • Technological Edge: Demonstrates advancements in stealth technology, avionics, and unmanned systems.

Theme of Aero India 2025: “The Runway to a Billion Opportunities” — highlighting India’s expanding defence manufacturing capabilities and its aim to integrate with the global supply chain.

Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand

  • 28 Jan 2025

In News:

On January 27, 2025, Uttarakhand became the first Indian state to formally implement the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) after Independence. The legislation was passed by the State Assembly on February 7, 2024, and received Presidential assent on March 12, 2024.

Historical Background:

  • A five-member expert committee chaired by Justice (Retd.) Ranjana Prakash Desai was constituted to draft the UCC report.
  • The committee submitted its report on October 18, 2023.
  • Though initially scheduled for implementation by November 9, 2024 (Uttarakhand's Foundation Day), the rollout was delayed due to administrative preparedness and staff training.

Scope and Applicability:

  • Applicable to all residents of Uttarakhand, including those in live-in relationships outside the state.
  • Scheduled Tribes (as per Article 342) and migrated natives have been exempted to safeguard cultural rights.

Key Provisions of the UCC:

1. Marriage, Divorce & Live-in Relationships

  • Legal marriage age: 21 years (men), 18 years (women).
  • Mandatory registration of marriages, divorces, and live-in relationships.
  • Prohibited practices: Triple talaq, halala, iddat, polygamy, and child marriage.
  • Live-in Relationships:
    • Mandatory registration for couples aged 21 and above.
    • Parental consent required if under 21.
    • Termination of live-in relationships requires mutual consent.
    • Mandatory reporting of pregnancy within 30 days of childbirth.
    • Landlords cannot deny housing to registered live-in couples.

2. Inheritance & Property Rights

  • Equal inheritance rights for sons and daughters.
  • Children born to live-in couples recognized as legitimate, eligible for inheritance.

3. Wills and Succession

  • Wills can be:
    • Submitted online.
    • Uploaded as handwritten/typed documents.
    • Recorded as a 3-minute video.

Digital Infrastructure – UCC Portal (ucc.uk.gov.in):

  • Aadhaar-based verification for authenticity.
  • AI-based multilingual translation in 22 Indian languages.
  • Tatkal service for expedited registrations with a nominal fee.
  • Integrated with 13+ departments, including police, civic bodies, and courts.
  • Disaster recovery systems and cloud-based architecture ensure secure data management.
  • Access to:
    • Online registration of marriages, divorces, live-in relationships.
    • Upload and registration of wills.
    • Grievance redressal and appeal mechanisms.

Administrative Framework:

  • Village Panchayat Development Officers appointed as sub-registrars in rural areas.
  • Common Service Centres (CSCs) enabled to facilitate registration, especially in remote and mountainous areas.
  • Registration applications processed within 15 days, or 3 days in emergencies.
  • Appeals must be filed within 30 days of rejection, resolved within 60 days.

Penalties:

  • Initial warnings for non-compliance.
  • Fines imposed for repeated violations.

Significance:

  • The UCC aims to promote gender equality, legal uniformity, and women's empowerment.
  • Represents a constitutional vision under Article 44, reinforcing the idea of a common civil law for all citizens.
  • Seen as a potential model for other states in India.

Paraquat Poisoning

  • 27 Jan 2025

In News:

  • In a landmark ruling, a Thiruvananthapuram court sentenced a 24-year-old woman to death for the murder of her boyfriend by poisoning him with paraquat, a highly toxic herbicide.
  • The incident, which occurred in 2022, has brought the spotlight back on paraquat's widespread availability, extreme toxicity, and the lack of regulatory enforcement in India.

What is Paraquat?

  • Paraquat, chemically known as paraquat dichloride or methyl viologen, is one of the most widely used herbicides globally.
  • It is primarily used for:
    • Weed control
    • Crop desiccation, especially in crops like cotton before harvest
  • Despite its toxicity, India and the United States continue to permit its usage, unlike over 70 countries, including China, Brazil, and the European Union, which have banned it.

WHO Classification

  • The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies paraquat as a Category 2 chemical, meaning it is moderately hazardous and irritating to the skin and eyes.
  • It has a narrow margin between a safe and lethal dose, making accidental or intentional poisoning common and often fatal.

Routes and Effects of Exposure

  • Ingestion is the most common method of poisoning.
  • It may also occur through inhalation or skin contact, especially if the exposure is prolonged or the skin is broken.

Symptoms Vary by Dosage and Exposure Time:

Exposure Level                        Symptoms and Organ Damage

Small Quantity                       Gradual damage to lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart over days/weeks

Large Quantity                       Immediate symptoms such as:

  • Acute kidney failure
  • Liver and heart failure
  • Seizures
  • Respiratory failure
  • Severe abdominal pain
  • Bloody diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Mouth and throat swelling |

Treatment and Challenges

  • No known antidote exists for paraquat poisoning.
  • Treatment options include:
    • Immunosuppressive therapy
    • Charcoal hemoperfusion (a blood-purification technique)
  • However, these treatments offer limited efficacy, especially in cases of large-dose ingestion.

Regulatory and Public Health Implications in India

  • Despite paraquat’s well-documented toxicity, it remains:
    • Legally available in India
    • Easily accessible in rural markets
  • The lack of regulation increases the risks of:
    • Occupational exposure
    • Accidental poisoning
    • Use in crimes or suicides

Whip System in Indian Parliament

  • 27 Jan 2025

In News:

Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar recently criticized the party whip system, arguing that it curtails the freedom of expression of Members of Parliament (MPs) and enforces servility by mandating strict adherence to the party line. His remarks have sparked a renewed debate on the balance between party discipline and individual autonomy in a parliamentary democracy.

What is a Party Whip?

A whip in parliamentary parlance is both a directive and a designated official of a political party. The directive instructs legislators on voting behavior on specific issues such as bills, motions, or resolutions. The designated whip ensures attendance, adherence, and discipline within the party ranks.

  • The term “whip” originated from England’s hunting tradition, where a “whipper-in” kept hounds within the pack.
  • The political usage dates back to Edmund Burke in the British Parliament.
  • In India, the whip system has been in place since the start of parliamentary governance.

Constitutional and Legal Framework

  • The whip system is not mentioned in the Constitution, Rules of Procedure, or any statute, but functions through parliamentary conventions.
  • The Anti-Defection Law (52nd Amendment, 1985) enforces the whip by allowing disqualification of MPs/MLAs for defying it, thus preserving political stability and party integrity.

Quorum Requirement: As per Article 100 of the Constitution, quorum in Parliament is one-tenth of the total membership:

  • Lok Sabha: 55 members
  • Rajya Sabha: 25 members

Types of Whips

  • One-Line Whip: Informational—members may abstain.
  • Two-Line Whip: Requires presence but does not dictate voting.
  • Three-Line Whip: Strictest—mandates attendance and voting as directed.
    • Violation can lead to disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law, unless two-thirds of the party members dissent together.

Functions and Significance

  • Ensures Attendance: Maintains quorum during critical votes.
  • Secures Support: Helps pass or oppose legislation.
  • Maintains Discipline: Prevents cross-voting or defection.
  • Internal Monitoring: Identifies discontent among MPs and informs party leadership.
  • Party Cohesion: Acts as a channel between MPs and party high command.
  • Democratic Functioning: Ensures government stability, especially during division voting, where numbers decide the fate of motions like the No-Confidence Motion.

For ruling coalitions, a united stance during such votes is crucial to showcase majority strength.

Chief Whip and Institutional Structure

  • The Chief Whip is the most critical functionary in enforcing the whip.
  • In the Lok Sabha, the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs usually acts as the government’s chief whip.
  • In the Rajya Sabha, it is the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs.
  • Whips also coordinate which MPs speak, when, and on what issues.

The All-India Whips Conference, held since 1952, allows whips from all parties to discuss coordination strategies and share parliamentary practices.

Criticism and Contemporary Debate

  • Critics, including the Vice President, argue that whips limit deliberative democracy, reduce MPs to mere rubber stamps, and suppress individual judgment.
  • However, supporters claim that whips are essential to prevent chaos, ensure smooth functioning, and uphold mandated party ideologies, especially in a system where governments often hinge on narrow majorities.

Former Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajan defended the whip, stating that MPs elected on a party ticket must uphold the party’s collective ideology and decisions, even if personal disagreement exists.

ISRO’s NVS-02 Satellite Launch

  • 25 Jan 2025

In News:

ISRO successfully launched the NVS-02 satellite aboard GSLV-F15, placing it into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). This marks ISRO’s 100th mission, reinforcing India’s space and navigation capabilities under the NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) program.

What is NavIC?

  • NavIC is India’s indigenous regional satellite navigation system, developed for both civilian and strategic use.
  • Offers accurate positioning over India and up to 1,500 km beyond its borders.
  • Comparable to GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), and BeiDou (China).

About NVS-02 Satellite:

Feature                 Description

Series                   Second satellite in the next-gen NVS series (after NVS-01 in 2023)

Mission Role       Replaces aging IRNSS-1E satellite

Mass                    2,250 kg

Power Capacity   ~3 kW

Orbit                    Final orbital slot at 111.75°E in geosynchronous orbit (~36,000 km)

Life Span             12 years

Developed by      URSC (U R Rao Satellite Centre), Bengaluru

Technological Advancements:

  • Equipped with navigation payloads across L1, L5, and S-bands for enhanced accuracy and broader coverage.
  • Features the Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (RAFS) – an indigenously developed atomic clock for precision timekeeping.
  • Includes C-band ranging payload, similar to NVS-01.

Significance of NVS-02:

  • Enhances NavIC’s positioning accuracy for civilian, commercial, and strategic applications:
    • Disaster management
    • Fleet tracking
    • Precision agriculture
    • Emergency response
    • Mobile navigation
  • L1 signal inclusion makes NavIC-compatible with international GNSS systems, improving global device integration.
  • Demonstrates India’s technological self-reliance, particularly in atomic clock development.

ISRO’s Launch Vehicles

Vehicle         First Flight         Notable Use

SLV              1980                     Launched Rohini satellite

ASLV           1987                     Five-stage solid rocket, retired in 1990s

PSLV           1994                     Reliable, used for Mars Orbiter, LEO missions

GSLV          2001                      Used for heavier payloads, INSAT/GSAT

GSLV         2014                       Heavy-lift, Chandrayaan-2/3, Gaganyaan crew module

Mk III (LVM3)

SSLV          2022                      Affordable launches for nano/micro satellites

PKC-ERCP: Rajasthan’s River-Linking Project

  • 25 Jan 2025

In News:

The Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal-Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (PKC-ERCP), part of the National Interlinking of Rivers (ILR) programme, aims to address water scarcity in 23 districts of Rajasthan, potentially benefiting 3.45 crore people. However, it has raised serious concerns over its ecological impact, particularly on the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve.

About the PKC-ERCP Project:

Aspect                     Details

Objective                To channel surplus water from the Chambal basin for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh

Estimated Cost       ?72,000 crore (90% funded by the Central Government)

Water Allocation      4,100 MCM to Rajasthan and 3,000 MCM to Madhya Pradesh

Rivers Involved          Chambal, Parbati, Kalisindh, Banas, and tributaries

Major Structure        39 m high, 1.6 km long dam across the Banas River, a Chambal tributary, near Doongri village, ~30 km from Sawai Madhopur

Submergence and Environmental Concerns:

  • Total Submergence: ~408.86 sq km in Rajasthan.
  • Reservoir Impact: 227 sq km to be submerged under the proposed dam across Banas River.
  • Impact on Tiger Reserve:
    • 37.03 sq km of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve (total area: 1,133 sq km) to be submerged.
    • This includes parts of Ranthambore National Park (392 sq km) and Keladevi Wildlife Sanctuary (674 sq km).
    • May fragment the reserve, disrupting wildlife corridors and tiger movement.
  • Ranthambore’s Significance:
    • Home to ~57 tigers, it is one of India’s most prominent conservation areas.
    • Situated at the Aravalli-Vindhya junction, with rich biodiversity, including leopards, hyenas, sloth bears, and iconic flora like Dhok trees.
    • Encompasses the UNESCO-listed Ranthambore Fort and the Great Boundary Fault.

Arguments For the Project:

  • Addresses chronic water scarcity in eastern Rajasthan.
  • Promotes agricultural productivity, drinking water security, and industrial development.
  • Aims to optimize water use by diverting surplus flows.

Arguments Against the Project:

  • Biodiversity loss due to habitat submergence and reserve fragmentation.
  • Risks to tiger conservation efforts.
  • Potential violation of environmental safeguards under the Wildlife Protection Act and Forest Conservation norms.

Long-term ecological costs may outweigh short-term developmental gains.

SEBI’s Sachetisation of Mutual Funds

  • 25 Jan 2025

In News:

In January 2025, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) proposed the “sachetisation” of mutual fund investments to promote financial inclusion, especially among low-income and first-time investors.

What is Sachetisation?

  • Originating from the FMCG sector (e.g., shampoo sachets), sachetisation refers to offering financial products in small, affordable units, enhancing accessibility and affordability.
  • In capital markets, it implies micro-level investment options, particularly through low-ticket SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans).

Objectives:

  • Promote financial inclusion and empower economically underserved sections.
  • Expand mutual fund penetration to semi-urban and rural areas.
  • Encourage long-term savings and wealth creation among new investors.
  • Reduce dependency on large institutional or foreign investors by broadening the domestic retail base.

Key Features of SEBI’s Sachet SIP Proposal:

Feature                                            Details

Minimum SIP Amount                  ?250 per month

Eligibility                                        Only for new mutual fund investors

Investment Limit                           Up to 3 sachet SIPs across different AMCs

Excluded Schemes                         Debt funds, sectoral/thematic, small-cap, mid-cap equity funds (due to higher risk)

Commitment Period                     Encouraged to commit for 5 years (60 SIPs), but premature withdrawal allowed

Payment Modes                            Only via auto-pay mechanisms such as UPI Autopay and NACH

Cost Incentives                             AMCs to receive subsidies from SEBI’s Investor Education and Awareness Fund

Distributor Incentive                   ?500 per investor after completion of 24 monthly SIPs

Significance:

  • Democratizes investment access by lowering the entry barrier for mutual funds.
  • Encourages behavioral shift towards long-term financial planning and discipline.
  • Stabilizes domestic markets by broadening and diversifying the retail investor base.

Supports SEBI’s vision of making capital markets inclusive, tech-enabled, and accessible.

Sanjay Battlefield Surveillance System

  • 25 Jan 2025

In News:

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh recently flagged off Sanjay, an indigenously developed Battlefield Surveillance System (BSS), to be inducted into the Indian Army in phased manner from March to October 2025, designated as the ‘Year of Reforms’ by the Ministry of Defence.

Overview:

  • Nature: Automated surveillance system
  • Purpose: To integrate real-time data from ground and aerial sensors, enabling swift, informed decision-making in conventional and sub-conventional warfare scenarios.

Key Features:

  • Common Surveillance Picture (CSP): Fuses verified sensor data to generate a real-time surveillance image of the battlefield.
  • Real-time Integration & Analytics: Processes inputs using advanced analytics to eliminate duplication and enhance situational awareness.
  • Secure Networks: Operates over the Indian Army’s Data Network and Satellite Communication Network, ensuring reliable and secure data flow.
  • Centralized Web Application: Provides integrated inputs to Command Headquarters and Army HQ through a unified platform, supporting the Indian Army's Decision Support System.
  • Indigenous Development: Jointly developed by the Indian Army and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) under the Buy (Indian) category, promoting Aatmanirbharta in defense.

Operational Significance:

  • Enhances battlefield transparency, situational awareness, and surveillance capabilities along vast and sensitive land borders.
  • Functions as a force multiplier in Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance (ISR) operations.
  • Enables network-centric warfare, marking a shift towards data-driven military operations.

Deployment:

  • To be inducted into all Brigades, Divisions, and Corps of the Army in three phases (March–October 2025).

 

Ad Hoc High Court Judges

  • 24 Jan 2025

In News:

To address the mounting pendency of criminal cases in several High Courts, the Supreme Court of India has suggested invoking Article 224A of the Constitution, which allows the appointment of retired High Court judges on an ad hoc basis.

Constitutional Provision: Article 224A

  • Title: Appointment of Retired Judges at Sittings of High Courts.
  • Key Provision: The Chief Justice of a High Court, with the consent of the President, may invite retired judges of the same or other High Courts to act as judges temporarily.
  • Status: These judges enjoy the powers, jurisdiction, and privileges of regular High Court judges, but are not deemed permanent judges.

Why the Provision is Being Invoked Now:

  • Backlog of Cases: Over 40% vacancy rate in High Courts; huge pendency, especially of criminal cases.
  • Delays in Regular Appointments: Slow process of regular judicial appointments prompted the Supreme Court to consider alternative mechanisms.
  • Underuse of Article 224A: Only three recorded instances of ad hoc appointments since Independence:
    • Justice Suraj Bhan – MP High Court (1972)
    • Justice P. Venugopal – Madras High Court (1982–83)
    • Justice O.P. Srivastava – Allahabad High Court (2007, Ayodhya case)

Judicial Interpretation – Lok Prahari v. Union of India (2021):

  • The Supreme Court laid down guidelines for invoking Article 224A.
  • The process must be routed through the SC collegium (CJI + 2 senior-most judges).
  • Trigger Point for Appointment:
    • High Court vacancies exceed 20% of sanctioned strength (excluding pending proposals).
    • More than 10% of pending cases are over 5 years old.

Procedure for Appointment:

  • Consent: Retired judge must agree to serve again.
  • Initiation: Chief Justice of the High Court forwards the name.
  • State and Centre: Proposal routed through State CM → Union Law Ministry.
  • SC Collegium: Must review and approve the name.
  • Executive Clearance: Law Ministry → PM → President for final approval.

Term & Allowances:

  • Duration: Typically 2–3 years, renewable if required.
  • Number of Judges: Suggested 2–5 ad hoc judges per High Court.
  • Remuneration: Entitled to allowances as per Presidential order.
  • Status: Have full judicial powers during tenure.

Concerns & Safeguards:

  • Fear of using ad hoc appointments as a substitute for regular appointments.
  • Therefore, SC mandates that regular appointment process must be underway before invoking Article 224A.
  • Periodic review and panel creation of eligible retired judges recommended.

Mission SCOT

  • 23 Jan 2025

In News:

The Prime Minister of India praised Indian space startup Digantara for the successful launch of Mission SCOT (Space Camera for Object Tracking) — the world’s first commercial SSA satellite, launched via SpaceX’s Transporter-12 rideshare mission.

What is Mission SCOT?

Feature                            Description

Developer                       Digantara (Indian space startup), supported by Aditya Birla Ventures & SIDBI

Launched on                  SpaceX Transporter-12 mission (rideshare platform)

Type                                First commercial Space Situational Awareness (SSA) satellite

Orbit                             Sun-Synchronous Orbit – ideal for consistent Earth observation

Function                       Tracks Resident Space Objects (RSOs) as small as 5 cm in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

What is Space Situational Awareness (SSA)?

  • SSA involves the detection, tracking, cataloging, and prediction of natural and man-made objects in Earth's orbit (like satellites, debris, etc.).
  • Ensures safe and sustainable operations by minimizing collision risks.
  • Critical due to increasing congestion in LEO, especially with rising numbers of small satellites and mega-constellations.

Key Features of Mission SCOT

Feature                                       Advantage

High Revisit Rate                          More frequent observations of objects in orbit

Precision Tracking                        Can track debris ≥ 5 cm in size

All-Weather Monitoring               Overcomes limitations of ground-based systems like cloud cover, FoV

Space-based System                      Unhindered by geography, providing continuous global surveillance

Supports SSA Infrastructure       Aids in collision avoidance, space traffic management, and defence preparedness

???????? India’s SSA Ecosystem

Initiative                                                                     Role

ISRO’s IS4OM                                                          Provides Indian Space Situational Assessment Report (ISSAR); enables safe & sustainable space operations

NETRA Project                                                 Network for Space Objects Tracking & Analysis – aims to build a dedicated SST (Space Surveillance & Tracking) network using radars & optical telescopes

Multi-Object Tracking Radar                                Operated at Sriharikota – limited range, being augmented

Collision Avoidance Manoeuvres (CAMs)           Regularly performed by ISRO to protect its satellites from debris threats

Global Context: Transporter-12 Rideshare

  • A SpaceX program providing low-cost access to space by allowing multiple customers to launch small payloads on a single rocket.
  • Enhances global commercial space activity, democratizes space access.

Significance for India

Strategic:

  • Strengthens national space defence by enabling indigenous tracking of space threats.
  • Reduces reliance on foreign SSA data (e.g., NORAD/US Space Command).

Technological:

  • Demonstrates India’s capability in space-based surveillance tech.
  • Positions India as a global contributor in the emerging SSA domain.

Economic:

  • Boosts private sector space innovation aligned with India’s NewSpace Policy.
  • Attracts venture capital and international collaboration.

Mount McKinley

  • 22 Jan 2025

In News:

In a controversial move, President Donald Trump (2025) signed an executive order to rename Denali (North America’s highest peak) back to Mount McKinley, and also proposed renaming the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America, citing the need to "honor American greatness."

About Denali / Mount McKinley:

Feature                              Description

Location                           Alaska Range, South-Central Alaska, USA

Height                              20,310 feet (6,190 meters) – Highest in North America

Geology                            Giant granite block uplifted by tectonic activity ~60 million years ago

Glaciers                            Feeds major glaciers: Kahiltna, Muldrow, Peters, Ruth, Traleika

Tectonics                          Lies along the Denali Fault, a major right-lateral strike-slip fault

National Park                  Forms the core of Denali National Park and Preserve

Historical Background of the Name:

  • Original Name: Denali, meaning “The High One” in the Athabascan language of the Koyukon people.
  • 1897: Renamed Mount McKinley by a gold prospector in honor of President William McKinley (1897–1901).
  • 1917: Official federal recognition with the creation of Mount McKinley National Park.
  • 1980: Park renamed Denali National Park and Preserve; mountain's name remained McKinley federally.
  • 2015: Obama administration officially renamed the peak Denali through the U.S. Department of the Interior.
  • 2025: Trump issued executive order to revert the name to Mount McKinley, stating McKinley “deserves” the honor.

Rationale Behind Trump’s Renaming Order:

  • Claims it honors McKinley’s legacy: economic growth, leadership in Spanish-American War, and tariff reforms.
  • Declares Obama’s 2015 decision an “affront” to American heritage.
  • Connects the move to his broader theme of “Restoring Names that Honor American Greatness.”

Opposition & Cultural Sensitivity:

  • Alaska’s bipartisan leadership, including Senators Lisa Murkowski (R) and Scott Kawasaki (D), oppose the move.
  • Indigenous groups maintain that Denali is the rightful and culturally authentic name.
  • Critics argue it undermines native heritage and local identity.

Renaming the Gulf of Mexico to “Gulf of America”:

  • Also part of Trump’s 2025 executive order.
  • Geographic Facts:
    • Borders the US, Mexico, and Cuba.
    • Crucial to the US energy sector:
      • 14% of US crude oil
      • 5% of US natural gas
      • 48% of refining capacity
  • International Validity: The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) allows local name usage but retains “Gulf of Mexico” in global records.
  • Not binding on Mexico or Cuba.

International & Historical Parallels in Naming Disputes:

  • Persian Gulf vs. Arabian Gulf (Iran vs. Arab states)
  • Sea of Japan vs. East Sea (Japan vs. South Korea)
  • South China Sea: Multiple nations claim different names and areas.

About the Denali Fault:

  • Major strike-slip fault running through Alaska.
  • Responsible for extensive tectonic movement and uplift of Denali.
  • Evidence of horizontal displacement (~483 km) over millions of years.
  • Marked the final suturing of tectonic plates in North American geological history.

Chinar Trees

  • 22 Jan 2025

In News:

The J&K Forest Department, in collaboration with the J&K Forest Research Institute (JKFRI), has launched a pioneering conservation initiative to digitally preserve the iconic Chinar trees (Platanus orientalis)—a vital part of Kashmir’s ecological and cultural heritage.

Significance of Chinar Trees:

  • Locally known as Boonyi or Boueen, Chinar trees are deeply embedded in Kashmir’s cultural identity.
  • These deciduous trees can grow up to 30 meters tall with a girth of 10–15 meters, and can live for over 600 years.
  • They are known for their seasonal leaf color transformation—from green in summer to red, amber, and yellow in autumn.
  • Notable specimens include Asia’s largest Chinar in Ganderbal and the oldest known Chinar (647 years) in Chattergam, Budgam.

Challenges to Chinar Survival:

  • Urban expansion and habitat encroachment.
  • Climate change, altering precipitation and temperature patterns.
  • Illegal felling and timber exploitation.
  • Increased susceptibility to pests and diseases.

Tree Aadhaar & Geo-Tagging Initiative:

  • Over 28,500 Chinar trees have been geo-tagged and assigned unique Tree Aadhaar numbers from 2021 to 2023.
  • Each tree is fitted with a QR-coded digital plate, enabling real-time access to:
    • Tree location, height, girth, canopy dimensions
    • Health status, ecological threats, and pest presence
  • These plates are spring-mounted metal tags to prevent damage to the trees.

Conservation Goals & Future Plans:

  • Digital Protection: Enables proactive monitoring and protection through a centralized database.
  • Chinar Atlas: A comprehensive mapping of all Chinar trees in the region.
  • Public Access Website: A dedicated digital portal is planned for broader access to Chinar data.
  • Risk Assessment: Use of USG-based, non-invasive surveys to identify trees at risk without human interference.
  • Emphasis on covering remote and restricted areas in future phases to ensure inclusivity in conservation.

ILO Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers – 2022

  • 21 Jan 2025

In New:

By addressing labour market shortages in host nations and contributing remittances to home countries, International Migrants (IM) continue to make contributions to world economic growth, the fourth edition of ‘Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers’, released by the International Labour Organization (ILO), stated.

Key Findings:

Global Representation:

  • International Migrants (IMs) = 4.7% of global labour force - 167.7 million total:
    • Employed: 155.6 million
    • Unemployed (but seeking work): 12.1 million
  • Increase of 30+ million migrant workers since 2013
  • Growth rate dropped below 1% annually (2019–2022) due to COVID-19

Gender Composition:

  • Male IMs: 61.3% (102.7 million)
  • Female IMs: 38.7% (64.9 million)
  • Lower female participation attributed to:
    • Lower female migration rates globally
    • Gender-based barriers in labour markets
    • Over-representation in informal and unpaid sectors

Age Distribution:

  • Prime working age (25–54 yrs): 74.9%
  • Youth (15–24 yrs): 9.3%
  • Older adults (55–64 yrs): 12.5%
  • Seniors (65+ yrs): 3.4%

Sector-wise Employment:

Sector             Share of IMs                Notes

Services           68.4%                           Highest; women dominate (80.7%)

Industry          24.3%                            On par with non-migrants

Agriculture    7.4%                               Far lower than non-migrants (24.3%)    

Care economy in high-income countries is a major pull for female migrants.

Host Country Distribution: 

Region/Income Group                     % of IMs            Notes

High-income countries           68.4% (114 million)       Majorly Europe & North America

Upper-middle-income            17.4% (29.2 million)

Arab States                              13.3%                              Declined since 2013

Europe (23.3%) and North America (22.6%) are top destinations. Arab states saw a 3% decline over the decade.

Definition: International Migrants (IMs)

As per the UN: Persons residing in a country different from their place of usual residence for at least one year, regardless of reason or legal status. Includes refugees, asylum seekers, etc.

Role & Contributions of IMs:

  • Economic Drivers: Fill labour shortages (healthcare, construction, care work).
  • Remittances: Boost home country economies.
  • Demographic Support: Help address aging populations in developed nations.

Cultural Exchange: Promote diversity and global connectivity.

ILO World Employment and Social Outlook 2025

  • 20 Jan 2025

In News:

The global economy is slowing down, making it harder for labour markets to recover fully since the outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic, according to the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) report, World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2025, released in Geneva

Global Employment Trends

  • Unemployment Rate (2024): Remained steady at 5%.
  • Youth Unemployment: High at 12.6%, particularly severe in upper-middle-income countries (16%).
  • Global Jobs Gap:
    • 402 million people want work but are jobless (2024):
      • 186 million unemployed
      • 137 million temporarily unavailable
      • 79 million discouraged workers
  • NEET Population (2024):
    • 259.1 million globally:
      • 173.3 million young women (28.2%)
      • 85.8 million young men (13.1%)

Economic Growth and Labour Recovery

  • Global Growth (2024): 3.2% (↓ from 3.3% in 2023 and 3.6% in 2022)
  • Forecast (2025): Similar growth expected, with gradual deceleration ahead.
  • Recovery Remains Uneven:
    • High-income countries see rise in labour force participation.
    • Low-income countries (LICs) face challenges creating decent jobs, with informal work returning to pre-pandemic levels.
  • India’s GDP Growth:
    • 6.9% in 2024, forecast at 6.4% in 2025
    • Driven by monetary easing, domestic demand, and public investment
  • Southern Asia: Growth pegged at 6.2% in 2024, 5.8% in 2025, mainly due to India.
  • Labour Participation:
    • Significant increase in female labour force participation, especially in India.

Key Labour Market Challenges

  • Geopolitical Tensions
  • Climate Change Costs
  • Unresolved Debt Issues
    • ~70 countries at risk of debt distress
    • Many LICs spend more on debt servicing than on education/health
  • Stagnant Real Wages
    • Post-pandemic wage recovery mostly in advanced economies
  • Vulnerable Jobs in Developing Regions
    • Sub-Saharan Africa: 62.6% households live on <USD 3.65/day
    • Employment is mainly informal, lacking security

Green and Digital Transitions

  • Green Jobs Growth:
    • Employment in renewables rose from 13.7 million (2022) to 16.2 million (2023)
    • 46% of green energy jobs are in China
  • Digital Economy:
    • Offers promise, but infrastructure and skills gap limit benefits in many countries.

ILO Recommendations for Social Justice & SDG 2030 Goals

  • Boost Productivity & Job Creation: Invest in skills training, education, and infrastructure
  • Expand Social Protection: Better access to social security and safe work conditions
  • Leverage Private Capital: LICs should channel remittances and diaspora funds into development
  • Structural Transformation: Focus on modern services and manufacturing for quality jobs
  • Youth Skill Development: Promote education for emerging sectors like green tech and digital economy
  • Global Collaboration: Foster inclusive fiscal and monetary policies for equitable recovery

About ILO

  • Established: 1919 | UN Agency
  • Members: 187 countries
  • Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
  • Unique Tripartite Structure: Brings together governments, employers, and workers to set labour standards and promote decent work for all.

Ratnagiri Buddhist Site

  • 19 Jan 2025

In News:

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has resumed excavations at the ancient Buddhist site of Ratnagiri in Odisha’s Jajpur district, unveiling monumental discoveries that underline its rich religious, cultural, and maritime legacy. This renewed effort comes more than 60 years after the site was first excavated between 1958 and 1961.

About Ratnagiri

  • Meaning: Ratnagiri translates to “Hill of Jewels.”
  • Location: Situated on a hill between the Brahmani and Birupa rivers, northeast of Bhubaneswar.
  • Part of the Diamond Triangle: Along with Lalitgiri and Udaygiri, Ratnagiri forms Odisha’s famed “Diamond Triangle” of Buddhist heritage sites.
  • Historical Period: Flourished between the 5th and 13th centuries CE, peaking under the Bhauma-Kara dynasty (8th–10th century CE).
  • Buddhist School: An important centre for Mahayana and especially Vajrayana (Tantrayana) Buddhism.
  • It possibly rivalled Nalanda in prominence as a Buddhist learning centre.
  • The monastery complex at Ratnagiri is the only one in India with a curvilinear roof, once housing about 500 monks.

Recent Discoveries by ASI

  • Three colossal Buddha heads, each measuring 3–4 feet.
  • A massive palm sculpture, 5 feet in size.
  • Hundreds of votive stupas, sculptures of Buddhist deities.
  • A monolithic elephant statue, 5 feet long and 3.5 feet tall.
  • Pottery, inscribed stones, beads, stone pillars, and a brick wall believed to be part of a larger structure.
  • Rich ceramic assemblages, which may shed light on the region’s cultural and technological evolution.

These artefacts are estimated to date back to the 8th and 9th centuries CE and are believed to enhance understanding of Buddhism’s evolution in Odisha and its linkages with other cultures.

Buddhism in Odisha & Southeast Asian Links

  • Buddhism gained a strong foothold in Odisha after Emperor Ashoka’s conquest of Kalinga (modern-day Odisha) in 261 BCE, a turning point that led him to embrace Buddhism.
  • Though Buddha never visited Odisha, the region became instrumental in spreading Buddhism to Southeast Asia, especially during the Bhauma-Kara period.
  • The state maintained robust maritime trade and cultural links with regions like Java, Bali, Sumatra, Borneo, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.
  • Baliyatra Festival: A vibrant annual event held in Cuttack, commemorating Odisha’s ancient seafaring ties with Bali and other Southeast Asian regions.
  • According to some studies, Chinese monk Hiuen Tsang may have visited Ratnagiri during his travels in India (638–639 CE).

Significance of the Renewed Excavations

  • The ASI aims to uncover partially visible structures, complete the site’s mapping, and contextualize the findings within the broader Buddhist history of India and Southeast Asia.
  • Researchers hope to discover signs of foreign architectural or cultural influences, further confirming ancient Odisha’s global Buddhist and trade connections.
  • The discoveries reaffirm Ratnagiri’s importance as a cornerstone of Buddhist learning and art, potentially on par with other renowned ancient centres like Nalanda and Vikramashila.

Interest Equalisation Scheme (IES)

  • 19 Jan 2025

In News:

  • Launched in April 2015, the Interest Equalisation Scheme (IES) offers subsidised interest rates on pre- and post-shipment export credit to Indian exporters, particularly MSMEs.
  • The Commerce Ministry has sought a Rs 3,000 crore extension of the scheme beyond December 2024, with emphasis on supporting MSME exporters amidst global economic challenges.

Objectives of IES:

  • Reduce Cost of Credit: Offers 3% to 5% interest subvention to make export credit affordable.
  • Boost Export Competitiveness: Enables Indian exporters, especially MSMEs, to match international pricing.
  • Encourage Export Diversification: Supports MSMEs in exploring new markets and products.
  • Enhance Financial Inclusion: Promotes access to formal credit systems for small exporters.

Key Features:

  • Interest Subsidy:
    • 3% for MSME manufacturer exporters.
    • 2% for merchant and manufacturer exporters of 410 specified tariff lines.
  • Coverage: Initially limited to select products, later extended to all MSME exporters.
  • Implementation:
    • Managed by the RBI, in coordination with DGFT and authorized banks.
    • Subsidy reimbursed to banks offering export credit at reduced rates.
    • Banks exceeding Repo Rate + 4% are excluded.

Need for Extension:

  • The scheme expired in December 2024, but exporters are demanding continuation due to:
    • Rising global inflation and logistics disruptions (e.g., Red Sea crisis).
    • Increase in credit duration demands from foreign buyers (120–150 days).
    • Decline in export credit availability despite higher demand.
    • FIEO reports a drop in outstanding export credit from ?2.27 lakh crore (2023) to ?2.17 lakh crore (2024).
    • MSMEs operate on thin margins, and the subvention can make or break deals.

Significance for MSMEs:

  • MSMEs contribute ~45% to India’s total exports and often struggle with high borrowing costs and limited financial access.
  • Affordable credit via IES allows MSMEs to:
    • Remain price competitive.
    • Take larger and longer-term orders.
    • Invest in product innovation and value addition.
    • Improve market diversification and resilience.

Challenges in Accessing Credit:

  • Stringent eligibility norms and collateral requirements.
  • Complex administrative procedures for availing benefits.
  • Limited awareness among small enterprises about the scheme.
  • Slow disbursal and inconsistent application by banks.

Policy Implications and the Way Forward:

  • A revamped, MSME-focused IES can ensure inclusive growth and boost India’s export-led development.
  • Calls for:
    • Simplification of procedural norms.
    • Higher interest subvention limits or removal of caps (e.g., ?50 lakh per IEC holder).
    • Longer validity (multi-year horizon) for predictability and planning.
  • Aligns with the broader goals of Atmanirbhar Bharat, Make in India, and achieving $1 trillion in exports by 2030.

Kuka Rebellion and Namdhari Sect

  • 18 Jan 2025

In News:

On January 17, Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann paid tribute at the Namdhari Shaheed Smarak in Malerkotla to commemorate Kuka Martyrs’ Day. The event marks the execution of 66 Namdhari Sikhs by the British in January 1872.

Kuka Rebellion: An Overview

The Kuka Rebellion was an anti-British movement led by the Namdhari sect in Punjab. It combined religious reform with resistance to colonial rule, reaching its peak in January 1872.

Key Events:

  • January 13, 1872: Kukas, led by Hira Singh and Lehna Singh, protested against cow slaughter in Malerkotla.
  • January 15, 1872: Clashes occurred between Kukas and government officials. A contingent attacked Malaudh Fort but was repulsed.
  • January 17-18, 1872: 66 Kukas were executed by being blown up with cannons under orders of British official John Lambert Cowan.

Reasons Behind the Movement:

  • Religious Reform: Opposed meat consumption, alcohol, and social vices.
  • Colonial Oppression: Protested against British rule and native collaborators.
  • Cow Protection: Strongly opposed cow slaughter, leading to confrontations with British authorities.

Impact and Aftermath:

  • Suppression: The British crushed the movement with extreme brutality.
  • Exile of Leaders: Satguru Ram Singh and other key leaders were exiled to Rangoon, Burma.
  • Legacy of Martyrdom: The sacrifice of young Namdharis like 12-year-old Bishan Singh and Waryam Singh inspired future resistance movements in India.

Who are the Namdharis?

The Namdharis, also called Kukas, are a Sikh sect founded by Satguru Ram Singh in 1857 in Ludhiana. Their distinctive practices include:

  • High-pitched recitation of Gurbani (hence the name ‘Kuka’ meaning ‘crying’ or ‘screaming’ in Punjabi).
  • Wearing white attire as a sign of mourning for their exiled leader.
  • Early adoption of Swadeshi principles, boycotting British goods and services.

Current Status of Namdhari Sect:

  • The Namdharis, numbering around 2 lakh in Punjab today, have faced internal divisions since the death of Satguru Jagjit Singh in 2012.
  • Two major factions exist:
    • One led by Thakur Dilip Singh, headquartered in Sirsa, Haryana.
    • Another led by Sangrur Uday Singh, headquartered at Bhaini Sahib, Ludhiana.
  • A core belief remains that Satguru Ram Singh is still alive and will return one day.

Significance:

The Kuka Rebellion, though localized, was an important precursor to later national movements against British rule. It showcased the early spirit of resistance, long before organized freedom movements gained momentum in the 20th century.

Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan

  • 17 Jan 2025

In News:

The Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan initiative, launched by Defence Minister coinciding with the 77th Army Day celebrations, is a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Tourism.

Key Highlights:

  • This initiative is designed to promote battlefield and border tourism by providing citizens with access to historically significant battlefields and military sites.

Objectives

  • Promote Battlefield and Border Tourism: Encourage citizens and tourists to explore India's military history.
  • Enhance Awareness: Educate visitors about India’s historic battles and military valor.
  • Socio-Economic Development: Boost infrastructure, connectivity, and local economies in border regions.

Features of Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan

  • Virtual Tours and Interactive Content: The platform offers historical narratives, virtual tours, and interactive multimedia to provide a detailed account of each battlefield.
  • Travel Planning Assistance: Visitors can access information regarding permits, travel routes, and accommodations.
  • Integration with the Incredible India Campaign: The initiative is part of the government’s broader tourism strategy, ensuring widespread promotion.
  • Collaborative Infrastructure Development: The Indian Army is working with local civil authorities to facilitate safe tourism without compromising operational preparedness.

Key Locations Covered

  • Galwan Valley (Ladakh): Site of the 2020 India-China clash.
  • Doklam: A tri-junction between India, Bhutan, and China.
  • Line of Control (LoC) and Line of Actual Control (LAC) Sites:
    • Nathu La Pass (Sikkim): Significant in the 1967 Indo-China clashes.
    • Longewala (Rajasthan): Site of a key battle during the 1971 Indo-Pak war.
    • Other Sites: Locations of the 1962 war with China and various Indo-Pak conflicts.

Significance

  • Historical and Patriotic Engagement: Provides citizens firsthand insights into the challenges faced by soldiers in remote, strategic locations.
  • Tourism Development in Border Areas: Previously restricted areas now open for visitors, leading to economic benefits for local communities.
  • National Security Awareness: Encourages greater appreciation of India's defense forces and their contributions.

Implementation

The first phase of the Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan project includes key battlefields and border sites across seven major regions. Future phases will expand coverage to additional historical military locations.

QS World Future Skills Index 2025

  • 17 Jan 2025

In News:

The QS World Future Skills Index 2025, released by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), evaluates countries' readiness to meet the evolving demands of the global job market. It assesses nations based on skill development, education, and economic transformation, highlighting their preparedness for emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and sustainability.

India’s Performance in the Index:

  • Overall Ranking: India is ranked 25th globally, categorizing it as a “Future Skills Contender.”
  • Future of Work Category: India ranked 2nd, only behind the United States, reflecting its preparedness for AI, digital, and green jobs.
  • Economic Transformation: India scored 58.3, the lowest among the top 30 countries, reflecting challenges in innovation and sustainability.
  • Skills Fit: India received a score of 59.1, the weakest among the top 30 nations, indicating a gap between workforce skills and industry requirements.
  • Academic Readiness: India’s education system is struggling to keep pace with employer demands, necessitating curriculum reforms and stronger academia-industry collaboration.

Key Findings from the Report:

Strengths:

  • Digital Readiness: India has demonstrated strong capabilities in integrating digital talent into the workforce.
  • Youth Advantage: A large, young population provides a demographic dividend for sustained economic growth.
  • Startup Ecosystem: India’s startup culture and government initiatives support technological advancement and innovation.

Weaknesses:

  • Higher Education-Industry Gap: Mismatch between education and employer requirements, particularly in AI, green skills, and entrepreneurship.
  • Limited R&D Investment: India’s research and development spending is 0.6% of GDP, far below the global average of 2.7%.
  • Low Innovation in Sustainability: India scored 15.6 out of 100, ranking poorly in future-oriented innovation for sustainability.

Challenges and Concerns:

  • Skilled Workforce Shortage: The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) estimates a 29 million skilled workforce gap in critical sectors such as healthcare, semiconductor manufacturing, and AI.
  • Low Employability Rates: Only 25% of management professionals, 20% of engineers, and 10% of graduates meet global employability standards.
  • Higher Education Accessibility: Many students face difficulties in accessing quality tertiary education, particularly in skill-intensive fields.

Opportunities for Growth:

  • Leverage Demographic Dividend: India can capitalize on its young workforce to dominate skill-based industries while other nations struggle with aging populations.
  • Policy Support:
    • National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Focuses on modular education and reskilling initiatives.
    • ULLAS Program: Aims to expand lifelong learning and skill development.
  • Technological Integration: Advancements in AI and digital learning can help modernize academic curricula and improve job readiness.

Recommendations for Improvement:

  • Enhancing Academia-Industry Collaboration: Universities should prioritize problem-solving, entrepreneurship, and creativity to align education with employer needs.
  • Increasing R&D Investment: Raising spending on research and development to promote innovation and sustainability.
  • Expanding Access to Education: Bridging regional disparities in tertiary education through flexible and modular learning.
  • Strengthening Policy Implementation: Ensuring effective execution of skilling programs to reduce the workforce-employability gap.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

  • 16 Jan 2025

In News:

January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, and the focus on this month underscores the critical importance of preventing cervical cancer, a disease responsible for significant mortality among women in India. At the heart of this prevention is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which is recognized as the most effective measure to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Despite its potential, the HPV vaccine remains out of reach for many due to its high cost and the need for greater awareness.

HPV and its Impact in India

HPV is responsible for 99.7% of cervical cancers worldwide, making it one of the primary causes of cancer in women. In India, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women, accounting for about 6-29% of all cancers in women. As of GLOBOCAN 2020, India alone has 20% of the global burden of cervical cancer, with over 123,000 cases and a 9.1% mortality rate.

Additionally, HPV can lead to several other cancers, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and throat cancers, making its vaccination vital for overall cancer prevention.

The HPV Vaccine: A Game-Changer

The HPV vaccine is the most effective tool to prevent infections caused by the virus and reduce the incidence of associated cancers. The vaccine works by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that neutralize the virus before it can cause damage. There are different types of vaccines authorized in India, including:

  • Gardasil (protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18)
  • Cervarix (a bivalent vaccine targeting HPV 16 and 18)
  • Cervavac (India's first HPV vaccine, developed by the Serum Institute of India)

The vaccine is recommended for both males and females between 9 and 26 years, with a special focus on children aged 12 to 13 years, as the vaccine is most effective when administered before exposure to the virus. It’s also suitable for people who are immunocompromised or HIV-infected.

Challenges to HPV Vaccination in India

Despite the obvious benefits, the uptake of the HPV vaccine in India faces several barriers:

  • High Costs: The price of the vaccine remains prohibitively high. For example:
    • Gardasil 9 costs ?10,850 per dose.
    • Gardasil 4 is priced between ?2,000 to ?4,000 per dose.
    • Cervavac, the Indian-made vaccine, costs around ?2,000 per dose, which is more affordable but still out of reach for many.
  • Awareness and Cultural Perceptions: There is a lack of awareness about HPV and its link to cervical cancer. Cultural factors, particularly around reproductive health, can also create reluctance to vaccinate, especially in rural or conservative areas.
  • Limited Access: Currently, the vaccine is available through private practitioners and is not part of the National Immunisation Programme (NIP), limiting access to the broader population.

The Way Forward: National Immunisation and Awareness Campaigns

The National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) has recommended that the HPV vaccine be included in India’s National Immunisation Programme (NIP). This would enable broader access and affordability, especially for girls aged 9–14 years and ensure that a routine vaccination schedule is implemented at the age of 9 years. Some states like Punjab and Sikkim have already taken steps to introduce the vaccine in their state-level immunization programs.

Additionally, a nationwide HPV vaccination campaign could raise awareness about the vaccine and its benefits, helping to overcome the challenges of cost, safety concerns, and cultural perceptions. Regular cervical cancer screenings (such as Pap smears and HPV tests) should also be encouraged to identify precancerous changes early.

Cabinet Approves Establishment of ‘Third Launch Pad’ at ISRO's Sriharikota Facility

  • 16 Jan 2025

In News:

The Union Cabinet, has approved the establishment of a Third Launch Pad (TLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), located at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. This project marks a significant step in enhancing India’s space capabilities and will support the Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV) for ISRO’s evolving space exploration programs.

Key Features of the Third Launch Pad

The TLP will be built with an adaptable design, capable of supporting NGLV and LVM3 vehicles with semi-cryogenic propulsion. The launch pad will also serve as a standby for the Second Launch Pad (SLP) at Sriharikota. This addition will help ISRO meet its growing launch capacity needs, particularly for future human spaceflight missions and space exploration projects. It will facilitate higher launch frequencies, thus boosting the Indian space ecosystem.

Implementation Strategy and Timeline

The Third Launch Pad is planned to be developed within 48 months (4 years), with the total cost pegged at ?3984.86 Crore. The development will involve maximized industry participation and will utilize existing infrastructure at the launch complex. The project will also leverage ISRO’s experience gained from establishing the earlier launch pads.

The Importance of the Third Launch Pad

The TLP is designed to support the Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV), a key part of ISRO’s vision for space exploration. The facility will not only accommodate heavier vehicles but will also ensure standby capacity for the Second Launch Pad (SLP). Its strategic location at Sriharikota ensures several advantages:

  • Proximity to the Equator: This offers a substantial increase in payload capacity due to the additional push provided by the Earth's rotation.
  • Safety and Accessibility: The site is free from major international maritime or airline routes, ensuring a safe flight path.
  • Geographical Advantage: The launch pad is situated on the eastern coast, enabling launches in an easterly direction, maximizing the benefits of Earth’s rotational speed.

Future Plans for Indian Space Exploration

The establishment of the Third Launch Pad is crucial for the expanded vision of India’s space program, particularly in line with the Amrit Kaal period. ISRO aims to achieve ambitious milestones, such as the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2035 and an Indian Crewed Lunar Landing by 2040. The NGLV will play a pivotal role in these plans, with features like:

  • A three-stage vehicle and reusable first stage.
  • Semi-cryogenic propulsion, using refined kerosene and liquid oxygen, which will increase payload capacity by three times at 1.5 times the cost of current vehicles.

The Role of Sriharikota in India’s Space Program

Sriharikota, the hub of ISRO’s launch operations, has been integral to India’s space exploration. Currently, the Indian Space Transportation Systems rely on two operational launch pads:

  • First Launch Pad (FLP): Established over 30 years ago for PSLV and SSLV missions, FLP continues to support Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) launches.
  • Second Launch Pad (SLP): Built primarily for GSLV and LVM3 vehicles, SLP also serves as a standby for PSLV. Over its 20 years of operation, SLP has supported several national missions, including Chandrayaan-3, and is preparing for the Gaganyaan missions.

US AI Hardware Export Restrictions and Impact on India

  • 16 Jan 2025

In News:

Days before demitting office, the Joe Biden administration has released an expansive regulatory framework on the export of artificial intelligence (AI) hardware such as graphics processing units (GPUs), which could have far-reaching consequences for India’s AI ambitions.

Three-Tier Framework for AI Hardware Export Restrictions

  • Tier 1: Closest US Allies
    • Countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, South Korea, UK, etc.
    • No restrictions on computing power deployment.
    • Minimal security requirements.
    • Impact: Free access to AI technology for these nations.
  • Tier 2: Majority of Countries (Including India)
    • Countries: India, Brazil, South Africa, etc.
    • Restrictions: Limited to importing approximately 50,000 advanced AI chips (around $1 billion) through 2027.
    • Potential to Double Cap: If countries sign agreements to uphold strict security standards.
    • Impact on India:
      • Short-Term: Likely to fulfill current demand for 10,000 GPUs for the IndiaAI Mission.
      • Long-Term: Challenges in scaling AI infrastructure, with possible delays in large AI data centers and difficulty acquiring large-scale GPUs.
  • Tier 3: Countries of Concern (Restricted Nations)
    • Countries: Russia, China, North Korea, Iran, etc.
    • No Access to US AI Technology: Nearly total prohibition of AI tech exports.

Special Provisions for India and China

  • General Validated End User (GVEU) status for India and China:
    • India: Authorisation for civilian and military use, excluding nuclear applications.
    • China: Only civilian use permitted under similar conditions.

Why the US Imposed These Restrictions?

  • National Security: Prevent adversaries (China, Iran, Russia) from acquiring advanced AI technologies.
  • US Technological Leadership: To protect US AI leadership and prevent loss of competitive edge.
  • Trusted Ecosystem: Build secure and trusted AI environments for allied nations.

Impact on India

  • Short-Term:
    • IndiaAI Mission: Current procurement of 10,000 GPUs unlikely to be affected.
    • Subsidized GPUs: Available for startups, academia, and researchers.
  • Long-Term Concerns:
    • Licensing Uncertainties: Possible delays in large-scale AI deployments and AI data centers.
    • Impact on Large Firms: Companies like Reliance and Yotta may face challenges scaling up AI compute infrastructure.
    • National AI Mission Challenges: Difficulty in acquiring enough GPUs for large-scale AI projects beyond 2027.
    • Strategic Leverage: US could use AI export restrictions to negotiate trade deals or tariff adjustments.

Nvidia’s Criticism of the AI Diffusion Rules

  • Overreach and Bureaucratic: Nvidia criticized the 200+ page regulatory framework as excessive, secretive, and bureaucratic.
  • Harming US Competitiveness: Claims that the rules would hinder US innovation and global leadership, weakening the competitiveness of the US semiconductor and software industries.
  • Contrast with Trump’s Approach: Praises the earlier Trump administration for fostering AI growth through industry competition without compromising national security.

Enforcement of the Rules

  • Regulatory Control: Managed by the US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) under the Department of Commerce.
  • Technology Access: Ensures AI chips and models do not reach adversaries or nations posing security risks.

Potential Impact on India’s AI Strategy

  • AI Hardware Infrastructure: Challenges in large-scale AI hardware deployment.
  • Competitive Disadvantage: Potential delays or downsizing of AI data centers could affect India’s competitiveness in AI technology.
  • Strategic Partnerships: India may need to secure General National Validated End User authorizations to ensure uninterrupted access to advanced chips.
  • AI Market Growth: India’s AI market projected to grow to $17 billion by 2027, with an annual growth rate of 25%-35%.

Commissioning of Three Indian Naval Combatants

  • 15 Jan 2025

In News:

In a major boost to India’s maritime defense capabilities, three frontline warships—INS Nilgiri, INS Surat, and INS Vaghsheer—were commissioned into the Indian Navy at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai. This marks a significant step in India's self-reliance in defense manufacturing and strengthens its presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

INS Nilgiri: Project 17A Stealth Frigate

INS Nilgiri is the lead ship of the Project 17A class, an advanced version of the Shivalik-class frigates, designed for multi-mission capabilities in blue-water operations.

Key Features:

  • Advanced stealth technology reducing radar and infrared signatures.
  • Equipped with supersonic surface-to-surface missiles, Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (MRSAM), upgraded 76 mm guns, and rapid-fire close-in weapon systems.
  • Versatile roles in anti-surface, anti-air, and anti-submarine warfare.
  • Constructed using integrated modular design for faster assembly.
  • Other ships in this class—Himgiri, Taragiri, Udaygiri, Dunagiri, and Vindhyagiri—are under construction at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE).

INS Surat: Project 15B Stealth Destroyer

INS Surat is the fourth and final guided missile destroyer under Project 15B, following INS Visakhapatnam, INS Mormugao, and INS Imphal. It represents an upgraded version of the Kolkata-class destroyers.

Key Features:

  • AI-Enabled Operations: First Indian warship integrated with artificial intelligence solutions for enhanced combat efficiency.
  • High-Speed Capability: Can exceed speeds of 30 knots (56 km/h).
  • Advanced Armament: Equipped with modern surface-to-air and anti-ship missiles, torpedoes, and sophisticated network-centric warfare sensors.
  • Strategic Role: Acts as a high-speed, maneuverable warship with increased strike capability and endurance.

Project 15B was initiated in 2011, with ships named after major Indian cities to symbolize national unity. These destroyers serve as critical assets in naval operations, ensuring dominance in maritime warfare.

INS Vaghsheer: Project 75 Scorpene-Class Submarine

INS Vaghsheer is the sixth and final Kalvari-class submarine built under Project 75, designed for stealth and versatile naval operations.

Key Features:

  • Scorpene-Class Design: Developed in collaboration with the French Naval Group.
  • Diesel-Electric Propulsion: Silent and highly maneuverable, making it one of the world’s most advanced attack submarines.
  • Mission Capabilities: Specializes in anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, and special operations.
  • Weapons Systems: Armed with wire-guided torpedoes, anti-ship missiles, and state-of-the-art sonar systems.

The Kalvari-class submarines continue India's legacy of submarine warfare, named after decommissioned Soviet-origin Foxtrot-class submarines post-Independence.

World’s First Cryo-Born Baby Corals

  • 13 Jan 2025

In News:

World’s First Cryo-Born Baby Corals Successfully Settled on the Great Barrier Reef.

Introduction to Cryo-Born Corals

  • Cryo-born corals are created using cryopreservation techniques, which involve freezing coral cells and tissues at very low temperatures.
  • The process preserves coral cells by preventing the formation of ice crystals that would otherwise damage them.
  • Cryopreservation involves adding cryoprotectants to remove water from cells, enabling their survival during freezing and thawing.

Significance of the Breakthrough

  • Climate Change Resilience: The initiative aims to create heat-tolerant corals, which are crucial in combating the impact of rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.
  • Selective Breeding Advantage: Cryopreservation allows for controlled breeding and bypasses the limitations of natural coral spawning, which occurs only once a year. This enables multiple reproduction cycles without disturbing wild populations.

The Process of Cryo-Born Coral Production

  • Sperm Collection: During coral spawning events, sperm from various coral species is collected and frozen at -196°C using liquid nitrogen, halting metabolic processes.
  • Coral Egg Fertilization: Cryopreserved sperm is used to fertilize fresh coral eggs, which are grown in a specialized research facility called the National Sea Simulator.
  • Coral Cradles: After growth, the cryo-born corals are carefully transported and settled into specially designed "coral cradles" placed in the Great Barrier Reef, where their growth is monitored during their critical first year.

Importance of Cryo-Born Corals in Reef Restoration

  • The primary aim is to introduce millions of heat-tolerant corals annually to restore reefs affected by climate change.
  • The Taronga CryoDiversity Bank houses the world’s largest frozen coral sperm collection from 32 coral species, collected annually since 2011, providing a resource for future restoration efforts.

Coral Reefs: An Overview

  • Corals are marine invertebrates from the class Anthozoa, phylum Cnidaria.
  • Reefs are built by colonies of coral polyps that secrete limestone skeletons and rely on symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) for nutrition.
  • Coral reefs are typically found in shallow, sunlit waters with a temperature range of 16-32°C and depths less than 50 meters.

Global and Indian Coral Conservation Efforts

  • India:
    • The National Committee on Wetlands, Mangroves, and Coral Reefs (1986) advises on conservation measures.
    • The Environment (Protection) Act (1986) prohibits the use of coral and sand in construction.
    • Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) uses Biorock technology for coral restoration.
  • Global Efforts:
    • CITES lists coral species in Appendix II, regulating coral trade.
    • The World Heritage Convention designates coral reefs as protected sites.

Global Impact and Future Directions

  • The innovative work by Australian scientists opens the door for large-scale restoration efforts by allowing more controlled breeding and genetic diversity, making corals more resilient to climate change.
  • This breakthrough could revolutionize coral restoration, scaling up efforts to introduce millions of resilient corals to reefs worldwide, building long-term resilience against climate change.

Pink Fire Retardant

  • 13 Jan 2025

In News:

As wildfires continue to rage across Southern California, authorities are deploying pink fire retardant from aircraft to help combat the blazes. Despite its widespread use, concerns over its effectiveness and environmental risks have surfaced in recent years.

What is Pink Fire Retardant?

  • Fire retardant is a chemical mixture designed to slow down or extinguish wildfires. The most commonly used product in the U.S. is Phos-Chek, a brand of retardant.
  • Phos-Chek primarily contains ammonium phosphate-based slurry (salts like ammonium polyphosphate), which helps the retardant stay longer and resist evaporation, unlike water.

Purpose and Visibility

  • Fire retardants are sprayed ahead of fires to coat vegetation, reducing oxygen and preventing flames from spreading.
  • Color is added to the fire retardant, often bright pink, to improve visibility. This ensures firefighters can track its spread and create effective fire lines, helping protect lives and property.

Manufacturer

  • Perimeter Solutions manufactures Phos-Chek, which is used for aerial fire suppression efforts.

Effectiveness of Pink Fire Retardant

Limited Effectiveness

  • The use of fire retardants like Phos-Chek is not always effective across different wildfire conditions.
    • Aerial retardants depend on environmental conditions like terrain, slope, and weather for optimal effectiveness.
    • Researchers, including Forest Service scientists, suggest that retardant effectiveness is more limited under changing climate conditions.
    • Climate change is narrowing the window of opportunity for using aerial retardants, reducing their impact.

Uncertainty in Impact

  • The effectiveness of fire retardants is hard to quantify. Multiple firefighting methods are used simultaneously, making it difficult to attribute wildfire suppression success solely to the retardant.

Environmental Concerns of Pink Fire Retardant

Toxicity and Pollution

  • Phos-Chek contains toxic metals such as chromium and cadmium, both of which are harmful to humans and the environment.
    • Chromium and cadmium are linked to serious health issues, including cancer and liver/kidney diseases.
    • Aquatic life is particularly vulnerable to these toxins, as the chemicals can enter waterways, causing extensive damage to ecosystems.

Impact on Rivers and Streams

  • The use of pink fire retardant has raised concerns regarding the contamination of rivers and streams.
    • A study by the University of Southern California (USC) in 2024 estimated that 850,000 pounds of toxic chemicals have been released into the environment since 2009 due to fire retardant use.

Growing Use and Pollution

  • From 2009 to 2021, over 440 million gallons of retardant were applied across U.S. lands.
    • During this period, an estimated 400 tons of heavy metals were introduced into the environment, further exacerbating the pollution levels.

Financial and Practical Concerns

High Cost and Inefficiency

  • The cost of deploying fire retardant is significant. Aerial firefighting operations require substantial resources, including planes, helicopters, and large quantities of retardant.
  • Environmental experts argue that using fire retardant from planes is ineffective and expensive, especially in light of the growing environmental concerns.

Dr. V. Narayanan Takes Over as ISRO Chairman

  • 10 Jan 2025

In News:

Dr. V. Narayanan has been appointed as the new Chairman of ISRO and Secretary of the Department of Space (DoS), effective from January 14, 2025, succeeding Dr. S. Somanath.

Background and Career of Dr. V. Narayanan:

Dr. Narayanan, currently the Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) in Thiruvananthapuram, has been a key figure in ISRO since joining in 1984. With a focus on cryogenic propulsion, he has played an instrumental role in developing critical technologies for ISRO's launch vehicles. Notably, his work has contributed to India becoming the sixth country globally capable of building and operationalizing cryogenic engines.

Dr. Narayanan’s career highlights include:

  • Cryogenic Technology: Leading the development of cryogenic engines for LVM3 (India's heaviest launch vehicle) and PSLV, which are central to missions like Chandrayaan and Gaganyaan.
  • Chandrayaan-2 & Chandrayaan-3: As part of ISRO’s missions to the moon, his contributions were pivotal in rectifying the propulsion system issues post-Chandrayaan-2's hard landing, leading to the successful soft landing of Chandrayaan-3 in August 2023.
  • Gaganyaan Mission: Overseeing the development of the propulsion systems for crew and service modules, critical for India’s ambitious human spaceflight program.

Dr. S. Somanath's Legacy:

Dr. S. Somanath, who served as ISRO Chairman and DoS Secretary spearheaded multiple landmark missions, including:

  • Chandrayaan-3, Aditya-L1, and INSAT missions.
  • The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), Re-usable Launch Vehicle (RLV-LEX), and Gaganyaan abort missions.
  • National Space Policy 2023 and fostering partnerships between ISRO and private ventures.

Dr. Somanath’s tenure significantly elevated India’s space capabilities, with Chandrayaan-3 marking a historic milestone in India’s lunar exploration.

Dr. Narayanan’s Role in Upcoming ISRO Missions:

As ISRO Chairman, Dr. Narayanan will oversee several ambitious space missions, including:

  • NVS-02: The launch of India's navigation satellite as part of the IRNSS constellation.
  • Unmanned Gaganyaan Mission: Leading the uncrewed G-1 flight, a precursor to India's first human spaceflight.
  • Indo-US NISAR Satellite: A significant collaborative launch with NASA for earth observation.

Additionally, high-profile projects such as Chandrayaan-4, India’s own space station, and future missions to Mars and Venus are in the pipeline, although not all may occur during his tenure.

Vision for ISRO Under Dr. Narayanan:

Dr. Narayanan aims to expand India’s presence in space, targeting increased global market share, particularly in the space economy, which currently holds 2% of the global space sector. His leadership will focus on:

  • Increasing Satellite Capacity: Expanding India’s satellite fleet, which currently stands at 53, to meet growing demands for communication, navigation, and earth observation.
  • Private Sector Involvement: Leveraging space sector reforms and collaborating with private players to drive innovation and meet burgeoning satellite needs.
  • Global Collaboration: Strengthening ties with other space agencies, as ISRO continues to build respect on the global stage.

Upcoming Space Missions and ISRO's Agenda for 2025:

Under Dr. Narayanan's leadership, ISRO has a packed agenda for 2025:

  • GSLV Mk-II/IRNSS-1K Mission
  • Gaganyaan G-1 Mission (uncrewed flight)
  • Chandrayaan-4, Bharatiya Antariksha Station, and Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM) preparations.

Dr. Narayanan’s vision aligns with India's broader goals of becoming a dominant player in the global space economy, aspiring to increase its space market share from 2% to 10%.

Indonesia Becomes 10th Member of BRICS

  • 10 Jan 2025

In News:

In January 2025, Indonesia officially joined the BRICS group as its 10th member, signaling the expansion of this influential coalition of emerging economies. The addition of Indonesia, a Southeast Asian powerhouse, strengthens BRICS' global position and highlights the group's evolving dynamics.

BRICS Overview:

BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) is an informal intergovernmental group that fosters cooperation among major emerging economies. Initially coined as BRIC by economist Jim O'Neill in 2001, the group became BRICS in 2010 with the inclusion of South Africa. The bloc has grown steadily, with Indonesia now joining as its 10th member.

Recent Expansion:

  • In 2023, invitations were extended to Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Argentina.
  • By 2024, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and UAE had joined as permanent members.
  • Indonesia's membership was finalized in 2025, following its presidential elections and government formation.

Key Objectives of BRICS:

  • Economic Growth: Promote trade, investment, and infrastructure development.
  • Global Governance Reform: Advocate for equitable representation in global institutions like the UN and IMF.
  • Cultural Exchange: Strengthen people-to-people connections and cultural ties.
  • South-South Cooperation: Foster collaboration among developing nations.

BRICS Structure and Mechanisms:

  • New Development Bank (NDB): Established in 2014, the NDB finances sustainable development projects in BRICS countries.
  • Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): A $100 billion safety net for financial crises.
  • BRICS Academic Forum: Encourages academic collaboration across member states.

Global Influence and Economic Impact:

  • Global Share: BRICS+ represents over 45% of the world’s population and 35% of global GDP (PPP-based).
  • Strategic Position: The group acts as a counterbalance to the G7, challenging Western-dominated global financial systems.
  • Financial Independence: BRICS aims to reduce dependence on the US dollar by facilitating local currency transactions and exploring a common currency.
  • Technology Collaboration: Member countries, such as India and China, collaborate on digital payments and renewable energy technologies.

Indonesia’s Entry into BRICS:

Indonesia, the world’s fourth-most populous nation, strengthens BRICS’ representation in Southeast Asia. The country brings a robust economy and extensive trade networks, boosting the group's negotiating power. Indonesia’s membership was approved during the 2023 BRICS Summit and finalized in January 2025.

  • Strategic Importance for Indonesia: The membership aligns with Indonesia's goals to enhance global cooperation, particularly with the Global South. It also reflects Indonesia's growing influence in international trade and geopolitics.

BRICS Challenges:

  • Diverse Interests: Differences in economic priorities, such as India's ties with the US and Russia-China’s geopolitical rivalry, complicate consensus-building.
  • Geopolitical Tensions: Disputes like the China-India border issue and Russia’s sanctions limit BRICS' ability to present a unified stance.
  • Economic Sanctions and Internal Challenges: Countries like Russia face Western sanctions, while domestic issues in Brazil and South Africa divert attention from regional collaboration.

Significance of BRICS’ Expansion:

The expansion of BRICS marks a pivotal shift in global power dynamics, with a focus on South-South cooperation and equitable global governance. Indonesia’s membership further solidifies the group’s influence in Southeast Asia and adds to its efforts to challenge the dominance of Western-led financial institutions.

  • Local Currency Use: The group promotes the use of local currencies for trade to reduce reliance on the US dollar.
  • Global South Advocacy: BRICS champions the cause of developing nations, ensuring that emerging economies have a voice in global governance.

Recent and Upcoming BRICS Summits:

  • 16th BRICS Summit (2024): Held in Kazan, Russia, with a focus on strengthening local currencies and promoting non-dollar transactions.
  • 17th BRICS Summit (2025): Scheduled for July 2025 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under the theme "Global South," with an emphasis on payment gateways to facilitate intra-BRICS trade.

Bharatpol

  • 11 Jan 2025

In News:

Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurated the ‘Bharatpol’ portal, which aims to streamline international cooperation for law investigating agencies.

Key Highlights:

Bharatpol is a newly launched portal developed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in India to facilitate faster and more efficient international cooperation between Indian law enforcement agencies and Interpol. It was inaugurated by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, to streamline the process of sharing criminal intelligence and coordinating efforts in transnational crimes like cybercrime, human trafficking, drug trafficking, financial fraud, and organized crime.

The portal aims to address the current challenges in international collaboration, which previously relied on slower communication methods such as letters, emails, and faxes, often leading to delays in investigations.

Key Features and Functions of Bharatpol:

  • Unified Platform: Bharatpol integrates CBI as the National Central Bureau (NCB-New Delhi) with all Indian law enforcement agencies, from state police forces to higher authorities. This allows better coordination and quicker access to international resources.
  • Simplified Request Mechanism: The portal provides a standardized method for frontline police officers to request international assistance from Interpol member countries, using templates for efficiency.
  • Rapid Information Dissemination: Bharatpol enables the CBI to quickly share criminal intelligence and other pertinent information with law enforcement agencies across India, helping to tackle international criminal activities in real-time.
  • Increase in Utilization of Interpol Notices: The portal makes it easier for Indian law enforcement agencies to issue and manage Red Corner Notices and other Interpol notices, which are essential tools in tracking criminals globally.
  • Capacity Building and Training: Bharatpol includes resources for training law enforcement personnel, improving their ability to conduct investigations abroad and seek foreign assistance via Interpol.

How Bharatpol Works:

  • Key Modules of Bharatpol:
    • Connect: Facilitates the integration of Indian agencies with the Interpol NCB-New Delhi, creating a seamless communication channel.
    • INTERPOL Notices: Supports the rapid issuance and processing of Interpol Notices like Red Corner Notices to locate criminals globally.
    • References: Enables Indian agencies to seek and offer international assistance for investigations.
    • Broadcast: Ensures quick availability of assistance requests from Interpol member countries, facilitating faster responses.
    • Resources: Manages document exchanges and training materials to support the capacity-building efforts of law enforcement agencies.

Potential Benefits of Bharatpol:

  • Enhanced Coordination: Bharatpol facilitates better collaboration between central, state, and Union Territory agencies, allowing for a more structured and efficient approach to international crime investigations.
  • Faster Investigation: Real-time sharing of information and the use of Interpol notices will help in tracking criminals and criminal activities both in India and abroad.
  • Simplified Extradition Process: By streamlining international communication, Bharatpol will assist in expediting the extradition of criminals to India for prosecution.
  • Support for Transnational Crime Prevention: It will help address growing threats such as cybercrime, human trafficking, and organized crime by improving the ability of Indian law enforcement to collaborate globally.

 

Emergency Declared in Trinidad and Tobago

  • 11 Jan 2025

In News:

  • Trinidad and Tobago declared a state of emergency, in response to a surge in gang violence, which raised the annual death toll to the highest since 2013.

Trinidad and Tobago:

  • Location: An island nation in the southern Caribbean, near Venezuela and Guyana.
  • Capital: Port of Spain.
  • Population: Approximately 1.5 million.
  • Ethnic Composition: African (36.3%), Indian (35.4%), Mixed (22.8%), and others.
  • Religions: Christianity (64%), Hinduism (18%), Islam (5%), and others.
  • Independence: Gained from the UK on August 31, 1962, and became a republic in 1976.
  • Member of: Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations.
  • Major Rivers: Ortoire and Caroni.
  • Geography:
    • Total Land Area: 5,128 sq. km (Trinidad: 4,768 sq. km, Tobago: 300 sq. km).
    • Climate: Tropical, with dry and rainy seasons.
    • Highest Point: Mount Aripo.
    • Natural Resource: Pitch Lake, the world’s largest asphalt reservoir.
    • Mountain Range: Northern Range, part of the Andes extension.

Economic and Cultural Significance

  • Exports: Major exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, ammonia, and petrochemicals.
  • Culture: Known for Carnival, Calypso music, Soca, and the Steelpan (the only musical instrument invented in the 20th century).
  • Infrastructure:
    • Ports: Port of Spain, Point Lisas, Scarborough.
    • Airports: Piarco International Airport (Trinidad) and A.N.R. Robinson International Airport (Tobago).

Engagement with India

  • Trinidad and Tobago became the first Caribbean country to adopt India’s UPI platform.
  • Both countries granted each other Most Favored Nation (MFN) status in 1997.
  • Bilateral trade reached USD 368.96 million in FY 2023-24.
  • The Indian diaspora constitutes about 42% of the population.

Past Emergency Declarations:

  • 2014: State of emergency declared in response to gang violence.
  • 2021: Emergency declared for Covid-19 restrictions.
  • 2011: Limited state of emergency for drug-related crimes.

Z-Morh Tunnel

  • 11 Jan 2025

In News:

Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Z-Morh Tunnel at Sonamarg, which has now been renamed the Sonamarg Tunnel.

Key Takeaways:

  • A 6.4-km bi-directional tunnel with an approach road of 5.6 km, Z-Morh connects the Sonamarg health resort with Kangan town in the Ganderbal district of central Kashmir.
  • The tunnel has acquired its name for the Z-shaped road stretch that was previously at the place where the tunnel is being constructed.
  • The Z-Morh project was initiated by the Border Roads Organisation in 2012. Although the BRO awarded the construction contract to Tunnelway Ltd, the project was subsequently taken over by National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL).

Significance

Strategic Importance

  • Connectivity: Provides all-weather connectivity from Srinagar to Ladakh, ensuring year-round access.
  • Military Significance:
    • Critical for rapid deployment of Indian Armed Forces to Ladakh’s border areas, particularly in the context of tensions with Pakistan and China.
    • Reduces dependence on air transport, lowering costs and increasing the longevity of the Indian Air Force’s aircraft.
  • Adjacent Projects:
    • Zojila Tunnel: An even more crucial project connecting Sonamarg to Drass in Ladakh, with an expected completion by December 2026 (extended to 2030). This will bypass the avalanche-prone Zojila Pass.
    • Srinagar-Leh Highway: The Z-Morh Tunnel supports the key Srinagar-Leh route, which is important for defence logistics and trade.

Economic Significance

  • Tourism:
    • Sonamarg, known as the "Meadow of Gold," will benefit from year-round accessibility, boosting tourism.
    • Local businesses that rely on seasonal tourist traffic will have consistent revenue flow.
  • Trade and Agriculture:
    • Reduced travel time and improved road safety will benefit farmers and traders, especially for those transporting goods between Kashmir and Ladakh.
    • Facilitates increased investment and economic growth in the region.

Broader Infrastructure Projects in Jammu & Kashmir

Several key infrastructure projects are contributing to regional development:

  • Zojila Tunnel
    • Cost: ?6,800 crore
    • Length: 13 km tunnel, bypassing Zojila Pass.
    • Completion: Expected by 2030.
    • Strategic Importance: Provides all-weather connectivity to Ladakh.
  • Srinagar Semi-Ring Road
    • Cost: ?2,919 crore
    • Objective: Relieve traffic congestion in five districts, including Srinagar.
    • Delay: New completion date is June 2025.
  • Hydroelectric Power Projects:
    • Ratle HE Project: 850 MW, on Chenab River, Kishtwar district.
    • Kwar HE Project: 540 MW, in Kishtwar.
    • Pakal Dul HE Project: 1,000 MW, on the Marusudar River, Kishtwar.
    • Kiru HE Project: 624 MW, on Chenab River, Kishtwar.
    • Strategic Relevance: These projects will enhance energy security and contribute to the region’s power grid.

ISRO's Cowpea Seed Germination Experiment in Space

  • 07 Jan 2025

In News:

ISRO successfully germinated cowpea seeds (Vigna unguiculata) in microgravity conditions during the PSLV-C60 POEM-4 mission. This experiment, conducted using the Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Studies (CROPS), marks a significant advancement in space-based agricultural research.

Details of the Experiment:

  • Mission Overview:
    • The experiment took place aboard the PSLV-C60 POEM-4 mission, which included 24 sophisticated payloads.
    • The CROPS payload, developed by the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), is an automated system designed to study seed germination and plant survival in microgravity environments.
  • Methodology:
    • Eight cowpea seeds were placed in a controlled, closed-box system, equipped with temperature regulation and advanced monitoring tools.
    • The system tracked plant development using high-definition cameras, sensors for oxygen, carbon dioxide, humidity, temperature, and soil moisture levels.
  • Significance:
    • The cowpea seeds successfully germinated within four days, with leaf development expected soon.
    • This breakthrough in space agriculture is vital for the development of sustainable farming techniques in space, especially for long-term space missions and human settlements on other celestial bodies.

Broader Implications:

  • Space Agriculture:
    • The successful germination of cowpea seeds sets the foundation for growing crops in space, essential for self-sufficient habitats in space.
    • This experiment is a significant step towards sustainable space agriculture, reducing the need for Earth-based resources in extraterrestrial environments.
  • Future Missions:
    • The experiment's success is pivotal for future missions aimed at Moon or Mars exploration, where space-grown crops will be necessary to support human life.
    • ISRO’s achievement reinforces its growing expertise in space research and highlights the potential for international collaboration in space exploration and agricultural science.

About Cowpea Seeds:

  • Cowpea (also known as lobia in Hindi) is a robust, nutrient-rich legume, ideal for agricultural research due to its adaptability and resilience in varied environments.
  • The successful experiment with cowpea seeds holds promise for future extraterrestrial agriculture, ensuring food security for astronauts on long-duration missions.

Chhattisgarh’s Link between Forest Ecosystem and Green GDP

  • 06 Jan 2025

In News:

In a first, the Chhattisgarh state has introduced an innovative plan that connects the ecosystem services of its forests with the Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP).

Key Highlights:

Chhattisgarh's Green GDP Initiative:

  • First State in India to link forest ecosystem services with Green GDP.
  • Forests cover 44% of Chhattisgarh's land area, playing a vital role in climate change mitigation.
  • Key forest products (tendu leaves, lac, honey, medicinal plants) contribute significantly to the rural economy.

Green GDP:

  • Definition: An adjustment of traditional GDP that accounts for environmental costs like resource depletion and ecosystem degradation.
  • Formula:
    • Green GDP = Net Domestic Product (NDP)(Cost of Resource Depletion + Ecosystem Degradation)
    • NDP = GDP − Depreciation of Produced Assets.

Importance of Green GDP:

  • Traditional GDP overlooks the environmental cost, treating activities like deforestation as economic gains.
  • Green GDP adjusts for sustainability, ensuring long-term economic growth aligns with environmental preservation.

Global Context & Initiatives:

  • SEEA (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting): Developed by the UN to track economic-environment relationships.
  • WAVES: World Bank initiative integrating natural capital into national economic accounts.
  • Bhutan’s GNH: Emphasizes ecological sustainability in development.

Benefits of Green GDP for Chhattisgarh:

  • Promotes sustainable development by integrating economic and environmental goals.
  • Climate Change Mitigation: Forests help absorb CO2, playing a key role in carbon sequestration.
  • Biodiversity Conservation: Supports sustainable use of resources, preserving ecosystems.
  • Cultural Integration: Acknowledges forests' cultural and spiritual importance to local tribal communities (e.g., sacred groves).

Key Features of the Initiative:

  • Valuing Ecosystem Services: Includes clean air (CO? absorption), water conservation, and biodiversity.
  • Eco-tourism Promotion: Developing jungle safaris and national parks, boosting local employment.
  • Scientific Assessments: Employing experts to quantify forest contributions to the economy.

Challenges of Green GDP Framework:

  • Valuation Complexity: Difficult to assign monetary value to non-market environmental benefits like biodiversity.
  • Data Gaps: Lack of comprehensive data on environmental degradation and resource usage.
  • Implementation: Requires significant changes in accounting systems and policymaking.
  • Forest Definition: Plantations like oil palm may be counted as forests, misleading environmental assessments.
  • Political Resistance: States may manipulate data to secure funding, prioritizing plantations over natural forests.
  • Local Integration: Difficulties in involving local bodies like Panchayats due to literacy and awareness gaps.

Future of Green GDP:

  • Sustainable Resource Use: Encourages responsible consumption and production, aligning with SDG 12.
  • Climate Action: Contributes to the reduction of fossil fuel reliance and promotes renewable energy, aligning with SDG 13.
  • Green Investments: Stimulates green technologies and industries, fostering sustainable economic growth (SDG 8).

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

  • 06 Jan 2025

In News:

Five years after the COVID pandemic, China is experiencing a surge in HMPV cases, particularly in children under 14 years of age

Key Highlights:

  • What is HMPV?
    • A respiratory virus from the Pneumoviridae family, discovered in 2001.
    • Causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections, similar to the common cold or flu.
  • Origin and Discovery:
    • Identified in the Netherlands in 2001 through genomic sequencing of respiratory samples.
  • Risk Groups:
    • Children under 5 years, especially infants.
    • Elderly individuals (65+).
    • Immunocompromised persons and those with chronic respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma).
  • Symptoms:
    • Common: Cough, runny nose, fever, sore throat.
    • Severe: Wheezing, shortness of breath, potentially leading to bronchitis or pneumonia.
  • Incubation Period: 3-6 days.
  • Transmission:
    • Spread via droplets from coughing or sneezing.
    • Close contact (e.g., handshakes, hugs).
    • Contaminated surfaces, touching face after contact.
  • Treatment:
    • No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine available.
    • Symptom management: hydration, rest, OTC medications for fever and congestion.
    • Severe cases may require hospitalization (oxygen therapy, IV fluids).
  • Diagnosis:
    • NAATs (Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests): Detect viral genetic material.
    • Antigen-based immunoassays: For severe cases or outbreaks.
  • Complications:
    • Can lead to bronchiolitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, or COPD flare-ups.
    • Risk of ear infections (otitis media) in some cases.
  • Prevention:
    • Hygiene: Regular handwashing, covering coughs/sneezes, maintaining personal hygiene.
    • Physical Distancing: Avoid close contact, wear masks in crowded settings.
    • Caution for Vulnerable Groups: Extra care for individuals with chronic respiratory conditions.

Global Situation:

  • China: Experiencing a rise in HMPV cases, particularly among children under 14 years.
  • India: No reported cases yet, but monitoring the situation closely.

Key Facts:

  • HMPV is a winter virus commonly seen in colder months (winter and early spring).
  • Estimated 10%-12% of respiratory illnesses in children are caused by HMPV.
  • The virus is part of the Pneumoviridae family, alongside respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles, and mumps.

No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV; antibiotics are ineffective.

Rabbit Fever

  • 05 Jan 2025

In News:

Tularemia, commonly known as "rabbit fever," is a rare but highly infectious bacterial disease caused by Francisella tularensis. Though uncommon, it can lead to severe health complications if left untreated. Over recent years, cases of tularemia have been on the rise in the United States, drawing attention to the broader environmental and epidemiological factors influencing the disease’s spread.

Rising Incidence of Tularemia

Between 2011 and 2022, the United States saw a 56% increase in the annual average incidence of tularemia infections compared to the previous decade, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vulnerable populations include children aged 5 to 9, older men, and individuals of American Indian or Alaska Native descent. The increasing number of reported cases highlights the growing concern over this disease, despite its rarity.

Transmission Pathways

Tularemia is primarily transmitted through:

  • Direct Contact with Infected Animals: Common carriers include rabbits, hares, and rodents, particularly those infected with Francisella tularensis. This presents a risk for individuals working closely with wildlife, such as hunters.
  • Insect Bites: Ticks, especially in regions with high tick populations, and deer flies can spread the disease.
  • Contaminated Food or Water: Consuming undercooked meat from infected animals or untreated water can lead to infection.
  • Inhalation of Contaminated Dust or Droplets: This is a potential risk in agricultural or laboratory settings and can result in pulmonary tularemia.

Contributing Factors to the Rise in Cases

Several factors contribute to the increasing prevalence of tularemia:

  • Climate Change: Rising temperatures are increasing tick activity and extending breeding seasons, allowing the bacteria to spread more easily.
  • Habitat Encroachment: Deforestation and increased human interaction with wildlife are amplifying exposure to infected animals.
  • Improved Diagnostic Tools: Advances in surveillance and testing methods have made it easier to detect tularemia, leading to more reported cases.

Early Symptoms and Diagnosis

Tularemia symptoms can vary depending on the route of infection. Symptoms typically appear 3 to 5 days post-exposure and may include:

  • Sudden high fever (up to 104°F or 40°C)
  • Chills, fatigue, and body aches
  • Swollen lymph nodes, especially near the site of infection (e.g., under the arms or in the groin)

There are four primary forms of tularemia:

  • Ulceroglandular: Characterized by skin ulcers and swollen lymph nodes.
  • Glandular: Swollen lymph nodes without ulcers.
  • Pneumonic: Lung infection, often resulting from inhalation.
  • Typhoidal: A more systemic form, with symptoms like fever and abdominal pain.

Differentiating tularemia from other conditions such as flu, pneumonia, or lymphadenitis is key for diagnosis. A skin ulcer or swollen lymph nodes in individuals with recent exposure to wildlife or ticks is a critical diagnostic clue.

Treatment and Prognosis

Tularemia is treatable with antibiotics. First-line treatment includes streptomycin or gentamicin, while doxycycline or ciprofloxacin may be used for milder cases. Treatment typically lasts 10 to 21 days, and when initiated promptly, the disease has a high recovery rate and minimal complications. However, untreated cases can lead to chronic infections, lung abscesses, pneumonia, or severe sepsis, with mortality rates of 1-2% under treatment. Untreated severe cases can result in mortality rates between 30% and 60%.

Tularemia in India: A Potential Concern?

Tularemia is extremely rare in India, mainly due to the country's differing ecological conditions and limited interaction with the primary reservoirs of Francisella tularensis. However, awareness remains crucial, especially for individuals traveling to endemic regions or working in wildlife settings. Despite its rarity in India, the rising global incidence and changing environmental factors warrant continued vigilance.

Air India In-Flight Wi-Fi Connectivity

  • 04 Jan 2025

In News:

  • Tata Group’s Air India launched free Wi-Fi connectivity on select domestic and international flights.
  • First Indian airline to offer Internet connectivity on domestic flights.
  • The service is free for a limited introductory period on select domestic flights.
  • Gradual expansion of Wi-Fi availability to more aircraft in the fleet.

Key Highlights:

Aircraft with Wi-Fi:

  • Available on Airbus A350, Boeing 787-9, and select Airbus A321neo aircraft.
  • Aircraft equipped with special hardware for Internet connectivity.
  • Some aircraft, previously operated by Vistara, now part of Air India after the merger in November.

Technology Partner:

  • Vistara’s in-flight Wi-Fi was facilitated by Tata Group’s Nelco, in collaboration with Panasonic Avionics.
  • This service is now extended to select Air India domestic flights.

How to Access Wi-Fi:

  • Passengers enable Wi-Fi on their devices and connect to the "Air India Wi-Fi" network.
  • Redirected to an Air India portal where they enter details (PNR and last name) for access.

Connectivity Technologies:

  • Air-to-Ground (ATG) Technology:
    • Uses ground-based cellular towers to provide internet.
    • Antenna on the aircraft’s belly picks up signals from nearby towers.
    • Limited by tower availability, works best over land with dense coverage.
  • Satellite-Based Connectivity:
    • Uses satellites to provide internet by transmitting signals from ground stations to the aircraft.
    • Provides wider coverage, particularly effective over oceans and sparsely populated areas.

In-Flight Wi-Fi Operation:

  • Multiple in-cabin antennas collect signals from passengers’ devices.
  • Signals are sent to an onboard server.
  • For satellite-based systems, signals are transmitted via an antenna to satellites and then relayed to ground stations.
  • For ATG systems, signals are sent directly to ground towers.
  • In-flight Wi-Fi is slower compared to ground-based internet, though newer technologies are improving speed.

 

Cost Considerations:

  • Airlines incur high initial costs for equipping aircraft with Wi-Fi technology (antennas and hardware).
  • Air India is investing in a $400 million retrofit program for its fleet, which could include installing internet connectivity.
  • Some airlines install Wi-Fi on new planes, while others retro-fit older models.

Revenue Model:

  • Airlines often charge for Wi-Fi after offering a small volume of free internet.
  • Some airlines provide free Wi-Fi for loyalty program members or premium passengers (business/first class).
  • Air India is offering free Wi-Fi for now, but plans to introduce charges at a later date.

Future Outlook:

  • In-flight internet is expected to become a significant source of ancillary revenue.
  • Complimentary Wi-Fi for economy class passengers is unlikely in the near-to-medium term due to high costs involved in installation and operation.

Global Context:

  • In-flight connectivity is becoming standard on major full-service carriers (FSCs) worldwide.
  • Air India's move aligns with global trends, as it aims to be among the world’s leading airlines.

 

Quad 20th Anniversary

  • 03 Jan 2025

In News:

Quad Foreign Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to a free, open, and peaceful Indo-Pacific. Marked the 20th anniversary of Quad cooperation, originally formed to respond to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Key Highlights:

  • What is the Quad?
    • A strategic forum of the US, Japan, India, and Australia aimed at regional security and economic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • Founded on shared principles of democracy, human rights, rule of law, and countering China's influence.
  • Origins:
    • Quad traces its origins to the 2004 Tsunami relief efforts.
    • Formed formally in 2007, but Australia withdrew in 2008 due to regional tensions. It rejoined in 2017 following strengthened US-Australia ties.
  • Commitment to Regional Security:
    • Focus on countering China’s assertive behavior in the Indo-Pacific.
    • Ensuring maritime security, countering illegal fishing, promoting infrastructure, and advancing economic cooperation.
  • Key Initiatives:
    • IPMDA: Real-time monitoring of maritime activities.
    • MAITRI: Capacity-building for maritime security.
    • Quad Fellowship: Funds graduate-level STEM education in member countries.
    • Open RAN: Promoting secure 5G infrastructure.
    • Cancer Moonshot: Focus on cervical cancer prevention.
  • Military and Naval Cooperation:
    • Malabar Exercises: Joint naval drills between India, Japan, the US, and Australia.
  • ASEAN and Regional Cooperation:
    • Emphasis on ASEAN's central role in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • Support for the Pacific Islands Forum and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).
  • Future Developments:
    • India to host the next Quad Summit in 2025.
    • Continued focus on sustainable regional development, scientific collaboration, and disaster relief efforts.
  • Significance of the Quad for India:
  • Strategic Importance:
    • Provides a platform to counter China's assertive policies, especially in the South China Sea and the "String of Pearls" strategy.
    • Aligns with India’s Act East Policy, enhancing ties with East and Southeast Asia.
  • Maritime Security: Ensures freedom of navigation and counters illegal activities like piracy and illegal fishing in India’s maritime domain.
  • Economic Opportunities:
    • Strengthens cooperation on infrastructure projects and trade initiatives, such as the Blue Dot Network.
    • Post-COVID, Quad may aid India in attracting manufacturing units shifting from China.
  • Scientific and People-to-People Collaboration: Supports STEM education and enhances soft power diplomacy through academic and cultural exchanges.

Rapid Chess Championship

  • 02 Jan 2025

In News:

In a monumental achievement, Koneru Humpy from Vijayawada, India, claimed the 2024 FIDE Women’s World Rapid Chess Championship in New York. This victory marks her second World Rapid Chess title, five years after her first win in 2019 in Georgia, making her the first Indian and only the second player after China’s Ju Wenjun to win the title multiple times.

Key Highlights of Humpy’s Victory:

  • Final Score: Humpy finished with an impressive 8.5 points from 11 rounds, securing the top spot by defeating Irene Sukandar of Indonesia in the final round.
  • Strong Finish: Humpy surged ahead of the other joint leaders to clinch the title, with D. Harika, another Indian chess star, securing 5th place with 8 points.

World Rapid Chess Championship

  • The World Rapid Chess Championship is a chess tournament that determines the world's top rapid chess player. The tournament is held annually by FIDE, the International Chess Federation.
  • How it works
    • The tournament uses a Swiss system, where players are paired with opponents of similar scores in each round.
    • Players are not eliminated after losses.
    • The player with the highest score at the end of the tournament wins.
  • Time controls
    • Players are given a set amount of time per move, plus an increment for each move.
    • In the World Rapid Championship, players have 15 minutes per move, plus a 10-second increment for each move.

A Historic Year for Indian Chess:

  • 2024 has been a remarkable year for Indian chess, with D. Gukesh becoming the youngest-ever World Chess Champion after his victory over Ding Liren (China) at the World Chess Championship in Singapore.
  • India also made history by winning both the open and women’s sections at the 2024 Chess Olympiad in Budapest.

H-1B Visa

  • 02 Jan 2025

In News:

In the weeks leading up to his return as US President, Donald Trump’s supporters are embroiled in a public dispute over skilled immigration and H-1B visas.

What is the H-1B Visa Program?

  • Purpose and Overview:
    • The H-1B visa is a non-immigrant visa allowing U.S. companies to employ foreign workers in specialized occupations like STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) and IT, which require at least a bachelor’s degree.
    • Introduced in 1990 to help U.S. employers fill positions when there’s a shortage of qualified domestic workers.
    • It allows workers to stay in the U.S. for a maximum of six years, with the option to apply for permanent residence (Green Card) or leave for 12 months before reapplying.
  • Annual Cap and Exemptions:
    • 65,000 new visas are issued annually, with an additional 20,000 for those with a master’s degree or higher from a U.S. university.
    • Certain petitions, such as for continuing employment or positions in higher education or nonprofit research, are exempt from the cap.
  • Dominance of Indian Beneficiaries:
    • Indians are the largest beneficiaries, accounting for over 70% of H-1B visa approvals annually since 2015, with China coming second at around 12-13%.

The Current Controversy

  • Trigger for Debate:
    • The controversy was sparked by Sriram Krishnan, a Chennai-born tech entrepreneur appointed as Donald Trump’s top AI adviser. His post on X (formerly Twitter) in November 2024, advocating for unlocking skilled immigration, led to backlash within Trump’s anti-immigration base.
  • The Political Divide:
    • Trump’s supporters, particularly from the MAGA (Make America Great Again) faction, voiced opposition to the H-1B visa program, arguing it undermines American workers and wages.
    • This prompted pushback from pro-H-1B advocates like Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy, who argue that the program is crucial for addressing the U.S.'s STEM talent shortages.
  • Economic and Political Context:
    • Immigration is a polarizing issue in the U.S., with a focus on low-skilled labor migration and its alleged effects on wages and job opportunities for American workers.
    • Trump’s stance against low-skilled immigration echoes similar critiques about H-1B workers being employed at lower salaries in tech companies, which some claim depresses wages and reduces job opportunities for U.S. workers.

Criticisms of the H-1B Program

  • Abuse of the System:
    • Critics argue that companies exploit the H-1B program by hiring foreign workers, especially from India, at lower wages than American employees, particularly in tech industries.
    • Elon Musk suggests that the program is “broken” and needs reform, proposing raising the minimum salary for H-1B workers to make it more expensive to hire overseas talent.
  • Salary Disparities:
    • Data from USCIS (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services) shows that 70% of H-1B petitions for Indian professionals in 2023 were for salaries below $100,000, while the median salary for U.S. IT professionals was $104,420.
  • Impact on American Jobs:
    • Critics argue that companies prefer to hire foreign workers at lower wages to save costs, despite the availability of qualified U.S. talent, thus taking away opportunities for American workers.

Support for the H-1B Program

  • Filling the STEM Gap:
    • Proponents, including Musk and Ramaswamy, argue that the H-1B visa is essential for filling the STEM skills gap in the U.S., given the global dominance of India and China in STEM fields.
      • India and China lead the world in STEM graduates, with 2.55 million and 3.57 million, respectively, compared to the U.S. with 820,000.
  • Economic Benefits:
    • The H-1B program helps U.S. companies access top global talent, boosting innovation and economic growth, especially in high-tech industries.
    • Tech companies argue that without access to skilled foreign workers, they would struggle to fill critical positions in the technology sector.

Tamil Nadu's First Glass Bridge in Kanyakumari

  • 02 Jan 2025

In News:

  • The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu inaugurated India’s first glass bridge over the sea in Kanyakumari, connecting the Thiruvalluvar Statue and the Vivekananda Rock Memorial.
  • The bridge provides a safe and scenic walking route between these two iconic landmarks, eliminating the need for ferry trips.

Key Highlights:

  • Dimensions and Design
    • The bridge is 77 meters long and 10 meters wide, offering uninterrupted views of the sea from a unique vantage point.
    • Designed to withstand marine conditions like corrosion and strong winds, ensuring durability and safety for visitors.
  • Tourism Investment
    • The bridge was built at a cost of ?37 crore, marking a significant investment in tourism infrastructure for Kanyakumari.
    • This project aligns with the state’s vision to boost tourism and modernize amenities in the region.
  • Significance as a Tourist Attraction
    • The bridge is set to become a landmark tourist attraction, enhancing the visitor experience by providing a direct, scenic route between the two monuments.
    • It is expected to play a pivotal role in boosting tourist footfall and the local economy.

About Thiruvalluvar Statue

  • Location and Design
    • The Thiruvalluvar Statue stands on a rock near the Vivekananda Rock Memorial in Kanyakumari.
    • It is a symbol of wisdom, officially named the Statue of Wisdom by the Tamil Nadu government.
  • Physical Specifications
    • The statue stands at a total height of 133 feet (41 meters), with the statue itself measuring 95 feet (29 meters) and the pedestal adding 38 feet (12 meters).
    • Weight: The statue weighs approximately 7000 tonnes and is designed in a hollow structure.

About Vivekananda Rock Memorial

  • Location and Significance
    • Situated on a rock in the Laccadive Sea, around 500 meters from the mainland in Kanyakumari.
    • The memorial commemorates Swami Vivekananda, who represented India’s spiritual legacy at the 1893 Parliament of World’s Religions in Chicago.
  • Historical and Religious Importance
    • The rock is believed to be the site where Swami Vivekananda attained enlightenment.
    • It is also associated with goddess Kanyakumari, who is said to have prayed to Lord Shiva on this rock, with an imprint of her feet preserved there.
  • Architectural Features
    • The memorial incorporates diverse architectural styles, including the Sripada Mandapam and the Vivekananda Mandapam.
    • A life-sized bronze statue of Swami Vivekananda is located at the memorial.
    • The rock is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, and Arabian Sea, where these three water bodies converge.

Smart Cities Mission (SCM)

  • 31 Dec 2024

In News:

The introduction of smart classrooms as part of the Smart Cities Mission (SCM) has had a significant impact on education, leading to a 22% increase in enrolment across 19 cities, according to a report from the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (IIM-B). The study covers the period from 2015-16 to 2023-24 and highlights several key benefits of this initiative, which aims to improve the overall learning environment in government schools.

Key Findings:

  • Increased Enrolment: The introduction of smart classrooms has been linked to a 22% increase in student enrolment across 19 cities, suggesting that the initiative has made education more appealing and accessible.
  • Smart Classroom Development: By 2023-24, 71 cities had developed 9,433 smart classrooms in 2,398 government schools. The states with the most smart classrooms are:
    • Karnataka (80 classrooms)
    • Rajasthan (53 classrooms)
    • Tamil Nadu (23 classrooms)
    • Delhi (12 classrooms)
    • West Bengal has a very limited number, with just two classrooms.
  • Improved Learning Experience: Teachers have expressed positive feedback, agreeing that the smart classrooms have improved learning experiences and attendance among students. Additionally, the smart classroom setup has contributed to increased comfort for teachers and higher preference for these modern facilities.
  • Teacher Training: Special training provided to teachers has enhanced their comfort with using the smart classroom tools, with senior secondary teachers showing the highest comfort levels.
  • Digital Libraries: The study also found that 41 cities have developed Digital Libraries with 7,809 seating capacity, offering essential resources for students. Cities like Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and Tumakuru (Karnataka) have seen positive outcomes from these libraries, particularly in supporting students preparing for competitive exams.

Smart Cities Mission (SCM)

  • Launched in June 2015, the Smart Cities Mission aims to promote cities that offer core infrastructure, a decent quality of life, a sustainable environment, and the application of smart solutions. As of November 2024, 91% of the projects under the mission have been completed.

SAAR Platform and Research

  • In 2022, the Smart Cities Mission introduced the SAAR (Smart Cities and Academia towards Action and Research) platform to bridge the gap between academia and the government. Under this platform, 50 impact assessment studies have been initiated by 29 premier institutions, including six Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), eight Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), and 12 specialized research institutes.

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

  • 31 Dec 2024

In News:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently been renamed MASLD (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease), reflecting a shift in understanding of the disease's root causes and its broader implications.

Why the Name Change?

  • The primary reason for renaming NAFLD to MASLD is to highlight the metabolic dysfunction as the primary cause of the disease.
  • Previously, the term NAFLD focused on the absence of alcohol consumption, which inadvertently shifted attention away from the true contributors, like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and abnormal cholesterol levels.
  • The term MASLD eliminates the stigma associated with "non-alcoholic," which may have misled people into thinking alcohol consumption was the only factor, even though metabolic issues are the central cause.
  • The term MASLD shifts the focus towards metabolic dysfunction, making it easier for healthcare professionals to understand, diagnose, and treat the condition more effectively.

The Connection to Metabolic Dysfunction

  • MASLD is strongly associated with metabolic issues such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and high blood sugar. These metabolic problems are key contributors to liver fat accumulation.
  • People with abdominal obesity are 2-3 times more likely to develop fatty liver disease. MASLD affects about 25% of the global population, and the rates increase significantly (up to 50-70%) in individuals with type 2 diabetes or obesity.
  • By focusing on metabolic dysfunction, MASLD encourages addressing the root causes rather than just the symptoms, offering a more effective approach to treatment and prevention.

How is MASLD Diagnosed?

Advancements in non-invasive diagnostic methods have improved the ability to diagnose MASLD more easily and accurately, including:

  • FibroScan: A non-invasive, painless test to measure liver fat and stiffness, replacing the need for liver biopsy.
  • MRI and Ultrasound Techniques: Reliable methods for assessing liver fat and scarring.
  • Blood Tests: Common tests like ALT, AST, and GGT assess liver function. Researchers are also exploring new markers like CK-18 fragments and the ELF score (Enhanced Liver Fibrosis) to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Implications for Patient Care

The renaming of NAFLD to MASLD has important implications for patient care:

  • Targeted Treatments: By focusing on the metabolic roots, treatments such as weight loss, blood sugar management, and cholesterol control can be prioritized. These interventions help reduce the risk of long-term complications such as heart disease, liver failure, and cirrhosis.
  • Earlier Diagnosis: MASLD encourages earlier recognition of the condition, which can lead to better management and improved long-term outcomes.

Prevention

Preventing MASLD involves avoiding foods that exacerbate liver fat buildup. Dr. Punit Singla, director at Marengo Asia Hospitals, emphasizes limiting or avoiding:

  • Fast food, junk food, and processed foods
  • Foods high in sugar, including red and processed meats

A healthier lifestyle with a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins can significantly help prevent or manage MASLD.

Pegasus Spyware

  • 31 Dec 2024

In News:

For the first time, a court in the US has held Israel’s NSO Group liable for its intrusive spyware Pegasus, which could set up a measure of accountability for the company that it has, for long, allegedly downplayed.

Overview:

  • Pegasus is a spyware developed by the Israeli company NSO Group.
  • It has been used for surveillance, allegedly targeting journalists, activists, politicians, and government officials across the world, including India.

Recent Legal Developments:

  • US Court Ruling (2024):
    • A US court held NSO Group liable for using Pegasus to surveil 1,400 WhatsApp users, including 300 from India.
    • NSO Group violated the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and the California Computer Data Access and Fraud Act (CDAFA).
    • The ruling may revive debates on the accountability of spyware use and its implications on privacy.

Use of Pegasus in India:

  • Targeted Individuals (2021):
    • 300 Indian numbers allegedly targeted, including journalists, politicians, Union Ministers, and civil society members.
    • High-profile targets included opposition leaders, constitutional authorities, and activists.
  • Government Denial:
    • The Indian government denied involvement, stating allegations lacked substance.
    • In Parliament, IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw rejected claims, asserting India’s surveillance laws prevent unauthorized surveillance.
  • NSO Group Response:
    • NSO Group denied the allegations, calling them “false and misleading” and citing doubts about the sources.

Investigations and Legal Actions:

  • Supreme Court Inquiry:
    • The Supreme Court appointed a committee of technical experts in 2021 to investigate claims.
    • August 2022 Report: Found no conclusive evidence of spyware use on examined devices but noted lack of cooperation from the government.
  • State-Level Investigations:
    • West Bengal: Set up a Commission of Inquiry into Pegasus surveillance, later halted by the Supreme Court.
    • Andhra Pradesh: The issue became political, with allegations that the previous government used Pegasus to monitor opposition figures.

Pegasus Spyware Features:

  • Capability: Can hack iOS and Android devices to collect data, record conversations, capture photos, and access app data.
  • Exploitation Method: Uses zero-day vulnerabilities to exploit iOS and Android devices covertly.
  • Invisibility: Operates without user knowledge, often only detected through signs like browser closings after phishing links are clicked.

Controversial Use of Pegasus:

  • Global Use: Though intended for fighting terrorism and crime, Pegasus has been misused for spying on journalists, politicians, human rights activists, and opposition leaders.
  • India Specifics:
    • Pegasus Project: Targeted Indian citizens, including activists, journalists, and politicians.
    • Amnesty International: Confirmed use of Pegasus to target Indian phones.

India's Legal Framework for Surveillance:

  • Telecommunications Act (2023): Empowers the government to control telecom services during emergencies, but requires authorization for lawful interceptions.
  • IT Act (2000): Allows the government to monitor, intercept, or decrypt information through computer resources under certain conditions.
  • Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act (2023): Aims to protect personal data, including provisions on surveillance, data breaches, and rights of individuals over their data.

Privacy and Surveillance Concerns:

  • Impact on Fundamental Rights:
    • Surveillance infringes on the right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution.
    • Freedom of speech and expression (Article 19) may be curtailed, with surveillance being used to suppress dissent.
  • Lack of Transparency:
    • Surveillance often occurs without judicial or parliamentary oversight, leading to potential executive overreach.
  • Inability to Seek Legal Remedies:
    • Citizens targeted by surveillance cannot challenge it due to lack of awareness, undermining constitutional rights.
  • Executive Overreach and Suppression of Free Expression:
    • Pegasus revelations have raised concerns about surveillance targeting constitutional functionaries, suppressing free speech, and stifling open discourse.

PM CARES Fund Contributions and Utilization (2022-23)

  • 30 Dec 2024

In News:

The Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund) received Rs 912 crore in contributions during the financial year 2022-23 as donations continued to pour in even after the Covid pandemic.

Key Highlights:

Contributions Received:

  • Total contributions in 2022-23: Rs 912 crore.
    • Voluntary contributions: Rs 909.64 crore.
    • Foreign contributions: Rs 2.57 crore.

Interest Income:

  • Total interest income for 2022-23: Rs 170.38 crore.
    • From regular accounts: Rs 154 crore.
    • From foreign contributions account: Rs 16.07 crore.

Refunds and Additional Inflows:

  • Rs 225 crore in refunds, including:
    • Rs 202 crore refund from procurement of 50,000 ventilators for government hospitals.

Disbursements:

  • Total disbursed in 2022-23: Rs 439 crore:
    • Rs 346 crore for PM CARES for Children.
    • Rs 91.87 crore for procurement of 99,986 oxygen concentrators.
    • Rs 1.51 crore for refunds.
    • Rs 24,000 for legal charges, and Rs 278 for bank and SMS charges.

Cumulative Contributions (2019-23):

  • Rs 13,605 crore received from 2019-20 to 2022-23.
    • Voluntary contributions: Rs 13,067 crore.
    • Foreign contributions: Rs 538 crore.
  • Interest income over these years: Rs 565 crore.

About PM CARES Fund:

Formation and Purpose:

  • Established: March 27, 2020, as a Public Charitable Trust under the Registration Act, 1908.
  • Purpose: To address emergencies like COVID-19, natural disasters, and man-made calamities. It also supports healthcare infrastructure and essential facilities.

Governance and Structure:

  • Chairperson: The Prime Minister (ex-officio).
  • Trustees: Defence, Home, and Finance Ministers (ex-officio).
  • Additional Trustees: Appointed by the PM, serving on a non-profit basis (e.g., Justice K T Thomas (retd.) and Kariya Munda).

Tax Exemptions:

  • Donations are eligible for 100% tax exemption under Section 80G of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
  • Donations qualify as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) expenditure under the Companies Act, 2013.
  • The fund is exempt under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), allowing it to receive foreign donations.

PM- Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) Scheme

  • 29 Dec 2024

In News:

  • The Delhi High Court has ordered the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Delhi Government.
  • This MoU will facilitate the implementation of the PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) in Delhi.

About PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM):

  • Scheme Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) with some Central Sector Components (CS).
  • Total Outlay: Rs. 64,180 Crores for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26.
  • Objective:
    • To strengthen healthcare infrastructure across India, focusing on:
    • Building capacities in health systems at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
    • Preparing health systems to effectively respond to current and future pandemics/disasters.
  • Key Focus Areas:
  • Filling critical gaps in health infrastructure, surveillance, and health research in both urban and rural areas.
  • Improving healthcare delivery across the entire continuum of care.
  • Central Sector Components (CS) under the Scheme:
  • 12 Central Institutions: To act as training and mentoring sites with 150-bedded Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs).
  • Strengthening NCDC: Boosting the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and establishing 5 new regional NCDCs.
  • Health Surveillance: Creation of 20 metropolitan health surveillance units and expansion of Integrated Health Information Portal across all States/UTs.
  • Public Health Units: Operationalization of 17 new Public Health Units and strengthening 33 existing units at Points of Entry (Airports, Seaports, Land Crossings).
  • Emergency Health Infrastructure: Establishment of 15 Health Emergency Operation Centres and 2 mobile hospitals.
  • Research and Virology Institutes: Setting up a national institution for One Health, 4 new National Institutes for Virology, and 9 Biosafety Level III laboratories.
  • Support for States/UTs under CSS Component:
  • Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs):
    • 17,788 rural HWCs: To be built in areas with populations of 5000 (plain) or 3000 (difficult terrain like hills, tribals, desert).
    • 11,024 urban HWCs: Focus on slum and vulnerable areas with a population of 15,000-20,000.
  • Block Public Health Units (BPHUs): Establishment of 3,382 BPHUs at the block level to strengthen healthcare accessibility.
  • Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs): Setting up 730 IPHLs across districts for better health monitoring.
  • Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs): Establishment of 602 CCBs in districts with populations exceeding 5 lakh and referral linkages in other districts.
  • Overall Goal: PM-ABHIM aims to significantly enhance healthcare infrastructure in India, making healthcare more accessible and effective, especially in rural and underdeveloped areas.

Parker Solar Probe’s Closest-Ever Approach to the Sun

  • 28 Dec 2024

In News:

NASA scientists announced that the Parker Solar Probe survived the closest-ever approach to the Sun. The craft was operating normally after it passed just 6.1 million km from the solar surface.

About the Parker Solar Probe:

  • Launched: August 12, 2018, as part of NASA’s Living With a Star program.
  • Named After: Eugene Newman Parker, a solar astrophysicist, marking the first NASA mission named after a living researcher.
  • Mission Objectives:
    • To study the Sun’s corona and the solar wind, investigating why the corona is hotter than the Sun’s surface.
    • To explore the origins of solar winds and high-energy particles that impact space weather.
    • To understand the structure and dynamics of plasma and magnetic fields around the Sun.
    • To examine the mechanisms behind the acceleration and transportation of energetic particles.

Technological Feats:

  • Heat Shield: Equipped with a 4.5-inch carbon-composite shield that withstands temperatures up to 1,377°C (2,500°F) while keeping the instruments cool at about 29.4°C (85°F).
  • Speed: Travels at a speed of 692,000 km/h (430,000 mph), making it the fastest human-made object.
  • Venus Flybys: Uses gravitational assists from Venus to gradually reduce its orbit and get closer to the Sun.

Historic Milestone:

  • Closest Approach: On December 24, 2024, Parker Solar Probe reached a historic distance of 6.1 million km from the Sun's surface, the closest any human-made object has ever been.
    • Comparison: If the Earth and Sun were 1 meter apart, Parker Solar Probe would be just 4 cm from the Sun.
    • Temperature: At its closest, it endured temperatures up to 1,377°C.

Significance of the Mission:

  • Scientific Contributions:
    • Solar Wind: Helps scientists understand the origins of solar winds, which affect space weather and Earth’s technological systems.
    • Corona Heating: Investigates why the Sun's corona is much hotter than its surface (a long-standing astrophysical mystery).
    • Space Weather: Provides critical data for predicting space weather events that can impact satellites, communication systems, and power grids on Earth.
  • Practical Implications:
    • Improves understanding of space weather, potentially aiding in the protection of Earth’s infrastructure from solar storms.
  • Technological and Engineering Marvel:
    • Demonstrates advanced spacecraft technology that can withstand extreme conditions close to the Sun.

Recent Developments:

  • Data Collection: As the probe passed through the Sun’s outer atmosphere (the corona), it collected valuable data expected to answer fundamental questions about solar behavior.
  • Communication: Despite the extreme proximity to the Sun, the probe sent back a signal on December 26, confirming its status.

Key Dates:

  • Launch: August 12, 2018.
  • Closest Approach: December 24, 2024.
  • Data Expected: Detailed telemetry data on January 1, 2025.

The ‘No-Detention’ Policy and Its Evolution

  • 24 Dec 2024

In News:

The ‘no-detention’ policy was a significant part of India’s education reforms under the Right to Education (RTE) Act of 2009. This policy aimed to prevent the detention or expulsion of students until the completion of elementary education (Classes 1-8), with a focus on reducing dropout rates and ensuring every child receives at least basic education. However, the policy has been contentious, with arguments both for and against its implementation.

What was the ‘No-Detention’ Policy and Why Was It Introduced?

The RTE Act (2009) made education free and compulsory for children aged 6 to 14, under Article 21A of the Constitution. Section 16 of the Act specifically prohibited the detention or expulsion of students in elementary education (Classes 1-8). The rationale was to prevent the demotivation and fear of failure that might cause children to drop out of school, especially those from marginalized backgrounds. By promoting automatic progression through grades, the policy aimed to ensure that no child was left behind due to academic struggles.

Key to this system was Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE), which assessed students on a holistic basis, beyond just formal exams, encouraging learning through regular feedback and assessments.

Amendments to the RTE Act (2017 and 2019)

In 2017, a Bill was introduced to amend the RTE Act, following concerns about the effectiveness of the ‘no-detention’ policy. The amended policy allowed for regular exams in Classes 5 and 8. If students failed, they would be given a re-examination within two months. If they still did not meet promotion criteria, detention could be enforced. This amendment empowered the Centre and states to decide whether to detain students in these grades.

The amendment came after criticism of the original policy for promoting students without sufficient learning progress. States like Madhya Pradesh and Punjab argued that no-detention was leading to poor academic performance, and called for a return to the traditional system of promoting students based on examination results.

Arguments for and Against the No-Detention Policy

Arguments for No-Detention:

  • Reduced Dropout Rates: The policy helped ensure students, especially from disadvantaged backgrounds, continued in school without the fear of failure, leading to a drop in dropout rates.
  • Holistic Development: It encouraged a child-centric learning approach where students were assessed on their overall development rather than just exam performance.
  • Social Inclusivity: By promoting students regardless of performance, it was hoped that education would be more inclusive, preventing marginalization of students from lower socio-economic backgrounds.

Arguments Against No-Detention:

  • Decline in Learning Outcomes: The policy led to a lack of motivation for students to perform academically. Without the accountability of exams, many students became less serious about their studies.
  • Low Teacher Accountability: With automatic promotion, teachers had less incentive to ensure quality learning, leading to an overall dip in teaching standards.
  • Impact on Educational Standards: Data indicated a decline in learning levels in government schools, as students were passed through the system without mastering the required skills.

In 2015, the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) conducted a study suggesting that more flexibility was needed in the policy, allowing schools to retain students who were significantly behind. However, there were differing views within the committee. Some members argued that detention had no proven benefits, and that the real issue was the poor quality of the education system itself.

In 2016, the TSR Subramanian Committee on the New Education Policy suggested continuing the no-detention policy until Class 5, citing evidence of reduced dropout rates and increased enrollment. However, other states pushed for scrapping it due to concerns over declining educational standards.

The Shift Toward Scrapping the No-Detention Policy

By 2019, the RTE Act was amended to give states the discretion to hold back students in Classes 5 and 8, if they failed to meet the promotion criteria. This change came after state feedback that the no-detention policy was having adverse effects on learning outcomes and teacher accountability.

In 2024, the Ministry of Education took further steps to formalize this shift by introducing new rules under the RTE Act Amendment. Students failing to meet the promotion criteria in Classes 5 and 8 will be given additional instruction and an opportunity for a re-examination. If they still fail, they can be detained, with specialized guidance provided to help them catch up.

Which States Continue or Scrapped the No-Detention Policy?

The decision to maintain or scrap the policy varies across states and union territories:

  • States Retaining No-Detention Policy: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, among others, continue to implement the no-detention policy, citing its role in minimizing dropouts and promoting inclusivity.
  • States That Have Scrapped the Policy: Delhi, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, and Gujarat have already discarded the policy, opting for examinations and re-examinations in Classes 5 and 8 to ensure better academic accountability.

Why the Controversy?

The debate over the no-detention policy hinges on balancing academic accountability with social inclusivity. Supporters argue that it ensures children from marginalized communities receive their full elementary education, while opponents point to the decline in learning standards, especially in government schools, as a major issue.

In summary, while the no-detention policy was introduced with the noble aim of reducing school dropouts and ensuring every child completed at least elementary education, its effectiveness has been questioned due to concerns over declining learning outcomes. The recent changes represent a shift towards better accountability and quality in education, while still ensuring that children receive additional support before being detained.

IPBES Nexus Report

  • 22 Dec 2024

In News:

The IPBES Nexus Report, formally titled The Assessment Report on the Interlinkages Among Biodiversity, Water, Food, and Health, was released to address the interconnected global challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, food insecurity, water scarcity, and health risks. The report stresses that these challenges are deeply intertwined and cannot be solved separately; doing so would lead to ineffective or even counterproductive results.

Key Highlights of the Nexus Report

  • Interconnections Between Global Challenges: The report emphasizes the strong interlinkages between the five major global challenges:
    • Biodiversity Loss
    • Water Scarcity
    • Food Insecurity
    • Health Risks
    • Climate Change

It argues that efforts to address these challenges independently are ineffective and often exacerbate the problems. For example, scaling up food production to combat hunger can put more pressure on land, water, and biodiversity.

  • Economic Cost of Biodiversity Loss:
    • Global GDP Dependency: Over half of the global GDP (approximately $58 trillion annually) depends on nature. Biodiversity degradation significantly undermines productivity and economic output.
    • Unaccounted Costs: The neglect of biodiversity in economic activities contributes to a loss of $10-25 trillion annually.
    • Delayed Action: Delaying action on biodiversity conservation could double the costs within the next decade, potentially incurring $500 billion per year in additional costs.
  • Synergistic Approach: The report identifies over 70 response options that promote synergistic outcomes across the five challenges. These include:
    • Restoring Carbon-Rich Ecosystems: Such as forests, soils, and mangroves to address climate change and biodiversity loss.
    • Managing Biodiversity to Prevent Disease Transmission: Effective biodiversity management reduces risks of diseases passing from animals to humans (zoonotic diseases).
    • Sustainable Diets: Promoting diets that are both healthy and environmentally sustainable.
    • Nature-Based Solutions: Implementing solutions that rely on natural processes to mitigate challenges like water scarcity and climate change.
  • Inequality and Vulnerability: The report highlights how inequality exacerbates the challenges. Vulnerable populations, especially those living in areas where biodiversity has sharply declined, face increased health risks, malnutrition, and economic instability. 41% of people live in regions where biodiversity loss has been particularly severe, and 9% face high health burdens due to these declines.
  • Principles for Transformative Change: The report outlines principles for achieving transformative change:
    • Equity and Justice: Ensuring fair distribution of resources and opportunities for all.
    • Pluralism and Inclusion: Embracing diverse perspectives and voices in policy-making.
    • Respectful Human-Nature Relationships: Recognizing and nurturing reciprocal relationships between humans and nature.
    • Adaptive Learning and Action: Continuously evolving policies and strategies based on feedback and new evidence.
  • Urgency for Immediate Action: The report stresses that immediate action is critical. If the world continues to neglect biodiversity, it will face not only environmental collapse but also a missed opportunity for economic growth. Immediate implementation of nature-positive strategies could unlock $10 trillion in business opportunities and create 400 million jobs by 2030.

The IPBES Transformative Change Assessment Report

  • This report builds upon the 2019 IPBES Global Assessment Report and advocates for transformative change to halt biodiversity loss and achieve global development goals. It defines transformative change as a system-wide shift in:
    • Views: Changing how we think about nature and its value.
    • Structures: Reforming systems of governance and organization.
    • Practices: Changing behaviors and practices that harm nature.

Key Challenges to Transformative Change:

  • Disconnection from Nature: Human societies' disconnection from nature, often rooted in historical domination, is a major cause of biodiversity loss.
  • Economic Inequality: The concentration of power and wealth exacerbates environmental degradation.
  • Unsustainable Consumption: Unsustainable patterns of consumption and production are significant drivers of environmental harm.

Synergistic Strategies for Transformation:

  • Conserve and Regenerate: Restore ecosystems that have both ecological and cultural value.
  • Mainstream Biodiversity: Integrate biodiversity considerations into sectors like agriculture, forestry, and infrastructure development.
  • Transform Economic Systems: Adopt policies such as true cost accounting and sustainability-based tax principles to internalize the environmental costs of economic activities.
  • Inclusive Governance: Promote governance systems that involve all stakeholders, especially local communities, in decision-making.

Specialised Investment Fund (SIF)

  • 20 Dec 2024

In News:

SEBI has introduced a new asset class called Specialised Investment Fund (SIF), designed to bridge the gap between Mutual Funds (MFs) and Portfolio Management Services (PMS). This new asset class is targeted at informed investors who are willing to take on higher risks.

SIFs offer a blend of the flexibility seen in PMS and the regulatory framework governing MFs, making them suitable for investors seeking more customized and riskier investment strategies.

Key Features of SIF:

  • Minimum Investment: The minimum investment threshold for SIFs is Rs. 10 lakh. However, accredited investors (who meet specific eligibility criteria) can invest with lower amounts.
  • Expense Structure: SIFs will follow the same expense structure as mutual funds. For equity schemes up to Rs 500 crore in size, the maximum allowable fee is 2.25% of assets under management (AUM), with the cap decreasing as the fund size grows. This ensures transparency and keeps management fees in line with existing mutual fund norms.
  • Investment Strategies: SIFs can offer a mix of open-ended, close-ended, and interval investment strategies. Specific details on permissible strategies will be released by SEBI in the future.
  • Investment Restrictions:
    • For debt instruments, a single issuer's exposure is capped at 20% of the total AUM. However, this can be raised to 25% with approval from the Asset Management Company (AMC)’s trustees and board of directors. Government securities are exempt from this limit.
    • For equities, the exposure is capped at 10% of the total AUM, in line with the norms for mutual funds.
    • Ownership in Companies: The maximum permissible ownership in any company is raised to 15%, including the MF exposure.
  • REITs and InvITs: SIFs can invest a maximum of 20% of their AUM in Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs). However, the exposure to a single issuer in these areas is limited to 10%.
  • Branding and Marketing: SEBI mandates AMCs to distinguish SIFs clearly from MFs through distinct branding, advertising, and website presence. This helps in creating a clear differentiation between the two products for investors.
  • Risk Management and Compliance: AMCs managing SIFs are required to have robust risk management systems, internal control systems, and expertise to handle the investments effectively. Trustees are responsible for ensuring that the AMC complies with all risk management, investor protection, and disclosure norms.

Regulatory Context:

  • The regulations on SIFs are similar to those governing mutual funds, including taxation and other compliance requirements.
  • SEBI also introduced the Mutual Fund Lite regulations to encourage the growth of passively managed funds, such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and index funds. These regulations are designed to reduce compliance burdens and lower the barriers to entry for new players in the mutual fund industry.

Significance of SIFs:

  • Targeted Audience: SIFs cater to investors who are knowledgeable and willing to take on riskier investments, thereby filling a gap between traditional MFs (which are more conservative) and PMS (which offer highly customized solutions).
  • Higher Flexibility: While SIFs maintain some regulations of MFs, they offer more flexibility in investment choices, allowing AMCs to explore more dynamic strategies.
  • Investor Protection: By maintaining the same expense structure as mutual funds and ensuring compliance with regulatory frameworks, SEBI aims to protect investor interests while allowing for higher returns that come with riskier investments.

Reimposition of Protected Area Permit (PAP) in Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland

  • 20 Dec 2024

In News:

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India has recently reinstated the Protected Area Regime (PAR) for the states of Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland, which are strategically located along the international border with Myanmar. This move comes amid growing security concerns, particularly the influx of migrants from Myanmar, which has been cited as a significant factor in the ongoing conflicts in the region.

What is Protected Area Permit (PAP)?

A Protected Area Permit (PAP) is a special permission required for foreign nationals to visit certain areas of India deemed sensitive due to their proximity to international borders or other security-related concerns. The regulations governing the PAP are laid down under the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958, which restricts the entry of foreigners to designated regions within India.

Purpose of PAP:

The PAP regime serves multiple critical objectives:

  • National Security: It ensures the monitoring and regulation of foreign nationals in sensitive border areas.
  • Preservation of Local Communities: The regime safeguards indigenous populations and their unique cultural heritage.
  • Environmental Conservation: The permit helps minimize ecological disturbances in fragile regions, ensuring sustainable tourism and development.

Key Features of PAP Regime:

  • Eligibility: All foreign nationals, excluding Bhutanese citizens, must obtain a PAP to enter these designated areas. The permit can be granted for specific regions, routes, and time periods.
  • Validity: The PAP is typically valid for 10 days with the possibility of extension.
  • Restricted Areas: Certain foreign nationals, particularly those from Afghanistan, China, and Pakistan, require prior approval from the MHA to enter these regions.
  • Tourism and Other Permits: While foreign nationals can visit these regions for tourism purposes under the PAP, non-touristic visits require special permission from the MHA.
  • Registration: Foreigners must register with the Foreigners Registration Officer (FRO) within 24 hours of arrival in the protected area.

Historical Context and Reimposition:

The PAP regime was lifted for Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland in 2011, as part of efforts to boost tourism in the region. However, due to rising security concerns related to illegal immigration and ethnic tensions, the MHA reimposed the PAP in 2025. The government’s move aligns with its broader national security strategy to better control foreign movements in sensitive border regions, particularly those with Myanmar, where the Free Movement Regime (FMR) had previously allowed easier cross-border travel.

Background on Security Concerns:

The influx of individuals from Myanmar, particularly members of the Chin community, which shares ethnic ties with the Kuki-Zomi communities in India, has been a source of tension. The Manipur government has repeatedly emphasized that uncontrolled migration has contributed to the unrest in the state. Additionally, the decision to end the FMR between India and Myanmar has further intensified the debate over border security and migration.

Impact on Tourism and Local Communities:

While the reimposition of the PAP is seen as a measure to strengthen security, it has raised concerns in states like Mizoram and Nagaland, which have been actively promoting tourism. For example, Nagaland’s Hornbill Festival recently attracted over 200,000 visitors, including foreign nationals. The reintroduced restrictions may dampen tourism in these states, which were previously exempt from the PAP to encourage foreign visits.

Key Legal Provisions Under the PAP Regime:

  • Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958: This order mandates the requirement of a PAP for foreigners visiting areas close to international borders.
  • Foreigners (Restricted Areas) Order, 1963: This order covers areas that require a Restricted Area Permit (RAP) for foreign nationals, such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

States Affected by the PAP Regime:

The PAP regime affects regions close to India’s international borders, including the entire states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and parts of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand.

Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC)

  • 19 Dec 2024

In News:

In mid-2024, India surpassed China as the largest importer of Russian oil. This milestone has been accompanied by the operationalization of a new maritime route, the Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC), which connects Chennai in India to Vladivostok in Russia. The new sea route is significantly reducing both shipping times and costs, facilitating smoother commodity trade between the two countries, particularly crude oil shipments.

The Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC)

The EMC, covering a distance of about 5,600 nautical miles, has reduced the shipping time between India and Russia’s Far East by up to 16 days. The Chennai-Vladivostok route now takes just 24 days, compared to over 40 days using the traditional St. Petersburg-Mumbai route. This reduction in transit time makes it a highly efficient route for transporting goods such as crude oil, coal, LNG, fertilizers, and other commodities. Additionally, this new corridor supports India’s maritime sector and aligns with the country’s broader vision for maritime growth and regional strategic engagement.

Key Features of the EMC:

  • Efficiency and Cost Savings: The route cuts shipping time and distance, reducing costs associated with longer transit periods. For example, a ship traveling between Vladivostok and Chennai now takes only about 12 days at cruising speed, compared to the traditional route's 40+ days.
  • Strategic Importance: Vladivostok is Russia’s largest Pacific port, and the corridor strengthens India's strategic presence in the region. This maritime route bypasses traditional chokepoints like the Suez Canal, offering faster, more direct access to key markets.
  • Diversification of Trade: Besides crude oil, the EMC facilitates the transportation of coal, LNG, fertilizers, and metals, diversifying India's trade portfolio with Russia. It also helps maintain supply chains for essential goods.
  • Boosting India’s Maritime Sector: The corridor supports India’s Maritime Vision 2030, which aims to enhance the efficiency and reach of India's maritime trade, a sector responsible for over 70% of the country’s trade value.

Economic and Strategic Impact:

  • The new Eastern Maritime Corridor is particularly significant for India’s energy needs. As the world’s third-largest consumer of crude oil, India imports over 85% of its crude oil demand. The growing imports of Russian crude, especially the Urals grade, are crucial for securing India’s energy future. Additionally, Russia’s competitive pricing on crude, coupled with the savings on shipping costs through the EMC, makes Russian oil even more attractive.
  • Beyond the economic benefits, the EMC also supports India’s broader strategic goals, including strengthening ties with Russia, a key partner in defense, nuclear cooperation, and regional geopolitics. The closer maritime links also help counterbalance China's growing dominance in the Pacific region, aligning with India's Act Far East Policy and enhancing trade and diplomatic engagement with East Asia and Russia.

Other Key Maritime Corridors Relevant to India:

  • International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): A 7,200 km multimodal route linking the Indian Ocean with Russia, offering alternative trade routes to Europe and Central Asia.
  • India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): A recent project announced at the G20 Summit, which connects India, the Middle East, and Europe via rail, road, and maritime links, fostering greater regional integration.
  • Northern Sea Route (NSR): A 5,600 km Arctic route offering shorter transit times between the Barents and Kara Seas and the Bering Strait, gaining importance due to growing imports of Russian energy resources.

In conclusion, the Eastern Maritime Corridor is reshaping India-Russia trade dynamics, boosting economic ties and strategic cooperation between the two nations. By facilitating faster and cheaper transportation, the EMC is not only beneficial for trade in crude oil but also for a range of other commodities, positioning India as a key player in the evolving global trade network.

Wroughton’s Free-Tailed Bat

  • 19 Dec 2024

In News:

Wroughton’s free-tailed bat, a highly rare species of molossus bat, has been spotted at the Delhi Development Authority (DDA)’s Yamuna Biodiversity Park, marking a unique sighting.

Key Highlights:

  • Species Overview: Wroughton’s free-tailed bat (Otomops wroughtoni) is a rare species of molossus bat, notable for its powerful flight and ecological importance in controlling insect populations and assisting in pollination.
  • Conservation Status:
  • IUCN: Listed as "Data Deficient".
  • Protection: Listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
  • Geographical Distribution:
    • Primarily found in the Western Ghats, with a single known breeding colony.
    • Small colonies in Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, and a solitary individual sighted in Cambodia.
  • Physical Characteristics:
  • Large in size, with huge ears extending beyond the muzzle.
  • Bicoloured velvet fur.
  • Noted for powerful flying capabilities, enabling long-distance foraging.
  • Ecological Role:
  • Regulates insect populations.
  • Known for assisting in pollination.
  • Habitat:
  • Roosts in caves, or dark, damp, and slightly warm places, typically in moderate-sized colonies.
  • Significance of the Delhi Sighting:
  • The sighting at Yamuna Biodiversity Park is significant for Delhi, marking a rare occurrence in the region.
  • Delhi's bat species: The city is home to about 14 bat species, with four species, including the Indian false vampire and Egyptian free-tailed bat, considered locally extinct.
  • Conservation Efforts:
  • Two decades of ecological restoration have created specialized niches in the area, aiding species rewilding and ecological balance.
  • The Aravalli Biodiversity Park in Gurugram now serves as the only known roosting site for the Blyth’s horseshoe bat in Delhi NCR.
  • Additional Notes:
  • Wroughton’s free-tailed bat was considered critically endangered until 2000 due to its limited known population. However, the discovery of populations in other regions has led to a reclassification to "Data Deficient".
  • Despite being discovered over a century ago, much about the bat's feeding ecology remains unknown.

Zakir Hussain

  • 16 Dec 2024

In News:

Ustad Zakir Hussain, the legendary tabla virtuoso, passed away at the age of 73 due to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF).

Key Highlights:

  • Career Highlights:
    • Born on March 9, 1951, to Ustad Alla Rakha, a renowned tabla maestro.
    • Began tabla training at age 7, with early guidance from his father.
    • Co-founded Shakti in 1973 with John McLaughlin, blending Indian classical music with Western influences, pioneering world music.
    • Worked with global artists, including George Harrison, John McLaughlin, and Mickey Hart.
    • Awarded four Grammy Awards, including three at the 66th Grammy Awards (2024), and honored with the Padma Vibhushan in 2023.
    • A visiting professor at Stanford and Princeton universities.
  • Musical Style:
    • Transformed the tabla from a background instrument into a dynamic, expressive solo performance.
    • Known for his complex rhythms and spontaneous performances, making tabla accessible and glamorous.
    • Emphasized the concept of "hazri" (attendance) in the court of music, seeing his music as an offering to a higher power.
  • Cultural Influence:
    • His music was a bridge between traditional Indian classical and contemporary global sounds, impacting audiences worldwide.
    • Played a pivotal role in the cultural exchange of Indian classical music, gaining fans and respect across the globe.
    • Participated in projects such as the Taj Mahal tea commercials and "Desh Raag", symbolizing unity and diversity in India.

What is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?

  • IPF is a chronic lung disease causing scarring of the lung tissue, leading to difficulty in breathing.
  • Cause: The exact cause is unknown, hence termed "idiopathic" (unexplained).
  • Risk Factors: Most common in older adults (over 50), men, and those with a history of smoking or viral infections.

About the Tabla:

  • Structure: Composed of two drums—Tabla (right) and Bayan (left)—used primarily in Hindustani classical music.
  • Material: Tabla has a wooden body, while Bayan can be made of clay or metal, both covered with animal skin and syahi paste.
  • Role: Primarily accompanies vocal and instrumental performances, and is essential in various classical dance forms in northern India.
  • Historical Note: Believed to have been invented by Amir Khusrau.

Prominent Tabla Players:

  • Ustad Alla Rakha (father of Zakir Hussain).
  • Zakir Hussain (himself).
  • Shafat Ahmed and Samta Prasad.

Santa Ana Winds

  • 15 Dec 2024

In News:

The ongoing Franklin Fire in Malibu, California, has burned over 4,000 acres and affected around 22,000 people. Although the exact cause of the fire is still under investigation, experts point to two key factors contributing to the intensity of the blaze: Santa Ana winds and climate change.

Santa Ana Winds

  • Santa Ana winds are powerful, dry winds that typically occur in Southern California from October to January.
  • They are caused when high-pressure systems over the Great Basin (the area between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada) push air toward low-pressure areas over California’s coast.
  • As the air moves downhill through mountain passes, it compresses and heats up, which significantly lowers the humidity—sometimes to levels below 10%—creating dry conditions. This extremely low moisture content dehydrates vegetation, making it highly susceptible to combustion.
  • These winds have been a natural feature of California's weather, contributing to wildfires for years. However, when combined with other factors like climate change, their impact has become more severe.

The Role of Climate Change

While Santa Ana winds have long played a role in California's wildfires, climate change has exacerbated the situation in recent years. The state's wildfire season has lengthened due to rising global temperatures, which have led to:

  • Warmer springs and summers.
  • Earlier snowmelt in spring, which leaves vegetation drier for longer periods.
  • Longer and more intense dry seasons, which cause increased moisture stress on vegetation.

As a result, forests and brushlands are now more vulnerable to fires. Climate change has also contributed to more extreme weather events, including heatwaves, which further dry out vegetation and create favorable conditions for wildfires.

Intensification of Wildfire Seasons

Recent studies have shown that California's wildfire season has grown longer over the past two decades. For example, a 2021 study in Nature Scientific Reports found that the state's annual burn season has shifted, with the peak fire season now occurring earlier in the year, from August to July. Additionally, research published in PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) in 2023 indicated that the largest wildfires in California history have occurred in the past 20 years, with five of the top 10 largest fires taking place in 2020 alone.

Looking Ahead

The situation is expected to worsen as climate change continues. If global temperatures rise by more than 3°C by the end of the century, as predicted by the United Nations, California’s wildfire risk will likely intensify. The combination of Santa Ana winds and increasingly dry conditions will continue to make areas like Malibu, and much of California, more prone to destructive wildfires.

In conclusion, while Santa Ana winds remain a natural contributor to California's wildfires, the influence of climate change has significantly lengthened the wildfire season, making wildfires more frequent, intense, and harder to control. The continued rise in global temperatures only accelerates these trends, posing a growing challenge for fire management and public safety in California.

NASA Captures Active Volcano Erupting on Jupiter's Moon Io

  • 14 Dec 2024

In News:

NASA has revealed new details about Io, Jupiter’s third-largest moon and the most volcanic world in our solar system.

Overview:

  • NASA’s Juno mission has revealed new insights about Io, Jupiter's third-largest moon, known as the most volcanic world in the solar system.
  • Io has over 400 active volcanoes, which send plumes and lava flows into space, creating its unique, fiery surface.

Recent Discoveries and Observations:

  • Fiery Heart of Io:
    • NASA's Juno mission has helped solve a 44-year-old mystery regarding Io’s volcanic activity, revealing that its volcanoes are likely powered by separate magma chambers rather than a single large magma ocean.
    • This discovery was made during Juno’s close flybys in late 2023 and early 2024, using Doppler measurements and precise gravity data to understand the moon’s interior.
  • Volcanic Activity:
    • Io's volcanoes constantly erupt, spewing lava and plumes that shape its surface. The volcanic activity was first observed by NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1979.
    • Tidal Flexing: Io experiences constant squeezing due to its elliptical orbit around Jupiter, which generates immense internal heat and causes frequent eruptions.
  • Scientific Insights:
    • The research suggests that tidal forces from Jupiter do not create a global magma ocean inside Io, as previously thought, but instead lead to localized magma chambers that fuel its volcanoes.
    • Tidal flexing is the primary cause of the immense internal energy on Io, which melts portions of the moon's interior and drives volcanic activity.
  • Broader Implications:
    • Understanding Other Moons and Exoplanets: Juno's findings have broader implications for understanding the interiors of other moons like Enceladus and Europa, and even exoplanets and super-Earths.
  • Future Missions:
    • Juno will continue its mission, with the next close approach to Jupiter scheduled for December 27, 2024, bringing it 2,175 miles above Jupiter's cloud tops. Since entering Jupiter’s orbit in 2016, Juno has traveled over 645 million miles.

Switzerland Suspends MFN Clause in Tax Treaty with India

  • 14 Dec 2024

In News:

Switzerland scraps MFN status to India, dividend income to face higher tax

Key Highlights:

  • Reason for Suspension:
    • The suspension follows a 2023 Supreme Court ruling in India, which clarified that the MFN clause in tax treaties is not automatically triggered when a country joins the OECD if the tax treaty with that country was signed before its OECD membership.
    • The Court ruled that the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) cannot be enforced unless it is notified under the Income-Tax Act, 1961.
  • Details of the Suspension:
    • Starting January 1, 2025, Switzerland will suspend the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) clause in its DTAA with India.
    • The MFN clause was part of the India-Switzerland DTAA signed in 1994.

Impact of the Suspension:

  • Higher Tax Liabilities for Indian Companies: Withholding tax on dividends from Switzerland will increase from 5% to 10% for Indian companies.
  • Effects on Swiss Investments in India: Swiss companies will continue to face a 10% withholding tax on dividends from India, as per the India-Switzerland DTAA.
  • Potential Re-evaluation of MFN Clauses by Other Countries: Other countries may reconsider how the MFN clause is applied in their tax treaties with India, following this development.
  • No Change for Other Benefits: Other DTAA benefits and investments related to the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) will remain unaffected.

Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Clause Overview:

  • Definition: The MFN principle ensures that favorable trading terms given by one WTO member country to another are extended to all other WTO members, promoting non-discrimination.
  • Purpose: To ensure equal treatment among trading nations by preventing discrimination, and to promote fair trade and equitable market access.
  • Key Features:
    • Equal treatment in tariffs, quotas, and trade barriers.
    • Members must extend the best terms to all other WTO members.
  • Origin: The MFN principle was established after World War II as a cornerstone of the multilateral trading system under the WTO.
  • Exceptions:
    • Bilateral or regional trade agreements.
    • Special access granted to developing countries.
    • Non-WTO members (e.g., Iran, North Korea) are not bound by MFN rules.
  • Removal of MFN:
    • There is no formal procedure under the WTO to suspend MFN status.
    • Countries are not obligated to notify the WTO when suspending or removing MFN treatment.

Recent Development:

  • From January 1, 2025, Indian companies will face higher withholding tax (10%) on income sourced from Switzerland, as a result of the MFN clause suspension.

Empowering ASHA Workers

  • 14 Dec 2024

In News:

ASHAs (Accredited Social Health Activists) are critical to India's healthcare system, particularly in rural and underserved areas. Since the program's launch in 2005, ASHAs have been integral in improving maternal health, increasing immunization rates, and promoting family planning and sanitation awareness. The network of ASHAs has grown to nearly 1 million members, making it one of the largest community health worker programs in the world.

Role of ASHAs: ASHAs work as community health activists, beyond basic healthcare delivery, by:

  • Promoting health awareness.
  • Mobilizing local participation in health programs.
  • Increasing the utilization of existing health services.

They play a central role in improving maternal and child health, and their efforts have led to increased institutional deliveries and improved immunization rates in rural India.

Challenges Faced by ASHAs: Despite their essential role, ASHAs face several challenges:

  • Inadequate compensation and delayed payments, which undermine motivation.
  • Heavy workloads with insufficient support and resources.
  • Social and economic marginalization, often leading to a lack of recognition and respect.
  • Punitive systems that emphasize compliance and record-keeping, hindering autonomy.

This environment limits ASHAs' capacity to act as independent change agents, reducing their effectiveness in driving long-term health improvements.

Psychological Empowerment of ASHAs: To address these challenges, it's essential to empower ASHAs not just financially, but psychologically. Research in motivation theory, particularly Self-Determination Theory (SDT), provides a framework to achieve this. SDT emphasizes the importance of three key psychological needs:

  1. Autonomy: The need for ownership over one's work.
  2. Competence: The need to feel capable and effective in performing tasks.
  3. Relatedness: The need for social connection and recognition.

By fostering these three needs, ASHAs can become more intrinsically motivated and empowered to take ownership of their roles.

Strategies for Empowerment:

  • Autonomy: Giving ASHAs more control over their work and decision-making can improve their engagement and efficacy. This can be achieved by reducing rigid monitoring and compliance systems.
  • Competence: Providing continuous, quality training and resources will help ASHAs build the skills and confidence needed to perform their roles effectively. Digital tools and modern training programs can be used to enhance their capabilities.
  • Relatedness: ASHAs should receive direct feedback from the communities they serve, fostering a sense of connection and accomplishment. Encouraging networks among ASHAs will also help combat isolation and provide peer support.

Government Efforts and Initiatives: The Indian government has recognized the need to support ASHAs through several initiatives:

  • Increased remuneration and performance-based incentives.
  • Insurance coverage under schemes like Ayushman Bharat.
  • Training programs for skill development under the National Health Mission (NHM).
  • Village Health Mapping and digital engagement platforms to enhance outreach and feedback mechanisms.

Moving Forward:

To further empower ASHAs, several key steps should be taken:

  • Formalizing employment status: Transitioning ASHAs from volunteers to formal workers with benefits can ensure more stability and recognition.
  • Improving compensation: Ensuring timely and adequate payments along with performance bonuses will incentivize ASHAs and increase job satisfaction.
  • Enhancing infrastructure: Ensuring ASHAs have access to the necessary tools, medical supplies, and transportation to perform their tasks effectively.
  • Digital integration: Expanding digital tools for data collection and communication can streamline their work and improve coordination with healthcare systems.

Smuggling in India Report 2023-24

  • 12 Dec 2024

In News:

The annual ‘Smuggling in India - Report 2023-24’ report, which highlights DRI’s performance and experience over the last financial year as well as trends in the field of anti-smuggling and commercial fraud, will be released during the celebration.

Major Narcotics Hubs and Routes:

  • Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (The Death Crescent):
    • Primary source of heroin trafficked into India.
    • Routes via Africa, the Gulf, and India-Pakistan border.
  • Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand (The Death Triangle):
    • Significant source of synthetic drugs and heroin.
    • Drugs often enter India through porous northeastern borders (e.g., Assam, Mizoram).
    • Vulnerable regions: Moreh, Churachandpur, Zokhawthar.
  • Maritime Routes:
    • India’s vast coastline provides opportunities for drug trafficking, often through concealed shipping containers and fishing vessels.
  • Air Routes:
    • Increased trafficking due to international air traffic.
    • Smuggled drugs often concealed in luggage, courier packages, or ingested by mules.

Major Narcotics Trends and Seizures (FY24):

  • Cocaine:
    • Significant increase in trafficking, particularly from South America and Africa.
    • 47 seizures, up from 21 in the previous year.
    • Seized quantity: 107 kg.
  • Methamphetamine:
    • Spiked in northeastern states like Assam and Mizoram.
    • Seized quantity in FY24: 136 kg; increased in the first half of FY25 with 123 kg.
  • Hydroponic Marijuana:
    • Increasing smuggling from the US, Thailand, and other countries.
  • Black Cocaine:
    • New form of cocaine coated with substances like charcoal or iron oxide to evade detection.
  • Contraband Cigarettes:
    • Smuggling through sea routes, especially from Southeast Asia and the Middle East.
    • Seizures increased by 19% in FY25, reaching 3.95 crore sticks.
  • Illicit Gold:
    • Significant destination for gold smuggling from West Asia (UAE, Saudi Arabia).
    • Seized quantity fell slightly (1,319 kg in FY24), with land and air routes being primary methods.
  • Wildlife Smuggling:
    • Seizures included 53.5 kg of elephant tusks, leopard skins, live pangolins, and more.

Challenges and Issues:

  • Porous Borders:
    • Smuggling across eastern borders with Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Nepal remains a significant challenge.
    • Difficult terrain in these regions aids traffickers.
  • Air and Sea Routes:
    • Growing use of air and maritime routes due to faster movement of goods.
  • Technology and Detection:
    • Emergence of “black cocaine” challenges traditional detection methods.

Anti-Smuggling and Drug Control Efforts:

  • International Cooperation:
    • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) lead global efforts.
    • Paris Pact Initiative targets Afghan opiate trafficking.
  • Indian Initiatives:
    • Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985) provides legal framework.
    • Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) and Anti-Narcotics Task Force (ANTF) work together for enforcement.
    • National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction and Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan focus on awareness and rehabilitation.

ABOUT DRI

  • The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) is the premier intelligence and enforcement agency on anti-smuggling matters under the aegis of Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs (CBIC), Government of India.
  • It came into existence on 4th December 1957.
  • With its Headquarters at New Delhi, 12 Zonal Units, 35 Regional Units and 15 Sub-Regional Units, DRI has been carrying out its mandate of preventing and detecting cases of smuggling of narcotic drugs & psychotropic substances, gold, diamonds, precious metals, wildlife products, cigarettes, arms, ammunitions & explosives, counterfeit currency notes, foreign currency, SCOMET Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment and Technologies) items, hazardous & environmentally sensitive materials, antiques etc. and taking punitive action against the organised crime groups engaged therein.
  • DRI is also engaged in unearthing commercial frauds and instances of customs duty evasion.

Human Rights Day 2024

  • 11 Dec 2024

In News:

Human Rights Day 2024 celebrated every year on 10th December is dedicated to promote protection of fundamental rights and freedom of all individuals.

Key Highlights:

  • Purpose: Promote and protect human rights and freedoms worldwide.
  • Theme (2024): “Our Rights, Our Future, Right Now” – highlights the importance of immediate action to protect and uphold human rights globally.

Historical Significance:

  • Commemorates: The adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the UN General Assembly in 1948.
  • UN Resolution: Established by UN Resolution 423 (V) in 1950.
  • First Observance: December 10, 1950.
  • Father of Human Rights Day: Eleanor Roosevelt, for her pivotal role in drafting the UDHR.

Key Highlights:

  • The UDHR:
    • Adopted in 1948, it defines fundamental human rights for all individuals.
    • Comprises 30 articles, addressing rights such as freedom, equality, and access to education, healthcare, and fair employment.
  • Role of the UN: UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC): A body under the UN responsible for monitoring and promoting human rights worldwide, comprising 47 member states.
  • Human Rights Day Focus in 2024:
    • Emphasizes human rights education, particularly among the youth.
    • Addresses emerging challenges like cybercrimes, AI impacts, and climate change.
    • Reaffirms the importance of safeguarding human dignity globally.

Human Rights Declared by UDHR:

  1. Right to freedom and equality
  2. Right to life, liberty, and security
  3. Freedom from slavery and torture
  4. Right to recognition before the law
  5. Equal protection under the law
  6. Right to a fair trial
  7. Right to privacy and protection from attacks
  8. Right to work and fair employment
  9. Right to rest and leisure
  10. Right to education
  11. Right to an adequate standard of living
  12. Right to participate in government and cultural activities

INS Tushil Commissioned into the Indian Navy in Russia

  • 10 Dec 2024

In News:

Recently, the Indian Navy officially commissioned INS Tushil, a multi-role stealth guided missile frigate, at Kaliningrad, Russia. This marks a significant milestone in India-Russia defense cooperation and strengthens India’s maritime capabilities.

About INS Tushil:

  • Class & Design: INS Tushil is the seventh ship in the Krivak III class (Project 1135.6) of frigates. It is part of an upgraded series, following the Talwar-class and Teg-class frigates, and was built at the Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad, Russia.
  • Development & Contract: The construction was initiated under a 2016 contract between the Indian Government, JSC Rosoboronexport (a Russian defense company), and the Indian Navy. The ship incorporates 26% indigenous technology, highlighting growing cooperation between Indian and Russian industries.
  • Key Features:
    • Stealth Design: With advanced radar-absorbing features, it is less detectable by enemy radar.
    • Weaponry: Equipped with BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, Shtil Surface-to-Air Missiles, anti-submarine torpedoes, electronic warfare systems, and more.
    • Versatility: Designed for blue-water operations, the ship can engage in air, surface, underwater, and electromagnetic warfare.
    • Helicopter Deck: Supports operations of upgraded Kamov 28 and Kamov 31 helicopters.
    • Speed: Capable of exceeding 30 knots.

Significance:

  • Enhanced Naval Capabilities: The commissioning of INS Tushil boosts India’s defense strength in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), a vital area for global maritime trade and security.
  • Maritime Security: INS Tushil is designed to support India’s vision of maintaining stability in the IOR and to act as a deterrent against piracy and other maritime threats.
  • Defense Cooperation: This commissioning exemplifies the growing defense ties between India and Russia, underscored by joint development, technology transfer, and shared expertise. The ship reflects a major step in India's self-reliance in defense, in line with the “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” initiative.
  • Strategic Role in Global Defense: The ship is a key asset in the Indian Navy's efforts to secure maritime trade routes, enhance regional security, and provide humanitarian assistance in times of need.

Key Events & Facts:

  • Construction Timeline: The keel of INS Tushil was laid in 2013, and it launched in 2021. After completing extensive sea and weapon trials in 2024, it was formally commissioned into the Navy.
  • Collaborative Effort: The ship is a product of collaborative efforts between Indian and Russian industries, marking a significant achievement in joint defense manufacturing.

Turner Prize

  • 09 Dec 2024

In News:

Jasleen Kaur, a 38-year-old Indian-origin Scottish artist, has won the prestigious Turner Prize 2024 for her exhibition "Alter Altar". This win highlights Kaur’s unique ability to weave together personal, political, and spiritual elements into a cohesive artistic expression. The exhibition explores themes such as plurality, migration, and cultural identity, drawing from Kaur’s own family history and experiences.

Exhibition Overview:

"Alter Altar," which was first showcased in Glasgow, features an array of everyday objects and cultural symbols, including:

  • A vintage red Ford Escort covered in a large crocheted doily, symbolizing her father’s migrant aspirations.
  • Worship bells, Irn-Bru orange resin, an Axminster carpet, and family photographs.
  • Soundtracks, including music from Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Bob Marley, which reflect Kaur’s multicultural upbringing.

The exhibition blends these elements to examine migration, identity, and belonging. The jury, chaired by Alex Farquharson, Director of Tate Britain, praised Kaur’s ability to combine different voices through unexpected and playful material combinations, creating a visual and aural experience that evokes both solidarity and joy.

Personal and Political Reflection:

Kaur’s work reflects on the Sikh concept of Miri Piri, which represents the balance between the political and the spiritual. This duality is central to her exploration of cultural practices and the effects of violence, colonialism, and empire on these traditions. In her acceptance speech, Kaur also addressed political issues, calling for a ceasefire in Gaza and an end to institutional complicity in Israel's actions.

About the Turner Prize:

The Turner Prize, established in 1984, is one of the most prestigious awards in contemporary British art. It aims to recognize recent developments in British art. Kaur’s win is particularly significant as it marks the 40th anniversary of the award. Previous winners include renowned Indian-origin artists such as Anish Kapoor (1991).

Black holes in Webb data allay threat to cosmology’s standard model

  • 09 Dec 2024

In News:

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched almost three years ago, has provided unprecedented insights into the early universe. Astronomers were surprised to find large, fully-developed galaxies when the universe was only 400-650 million years old, a timeframe previously thought to be too early for such structures.

The Challenge to the Standard Model:

  • Cosmological Expectations: According to the standard model of cosmology, the first stars formed around 100-200 million years after the Big Bang, and galaxies began to form within the first billion years.
  • Unexpected Findings: JWST observations seemed to show that galaxies were already large and well-formed much earlier than expected, raising questions about the timeline of galaxy formation.

New Study's Contribution:

  • The Study: A study published in the Astrophysical Journal in August 2024, examined JWST data from the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey. They focused on galaxies from 650 to 1,500 million years after the Big Bang.
  • Key Findings: One explanation for the unexpected size and number of early galaxies is that these galaxies formed stars much more efficiently than those in the modern universe. This could account for the larger-than-expected galaxies.

The Role of Black Holes:

  • Impact of Black Holes: The study also explored the presence of black holes at the centers of early galaxies. These black holes, which emit significant light, were previously unaccounted for in the star mass estimations of galaxies. When the researchers removed the light from black holes (referred to as "little red dots"), they found that the galaxies were not as massive as initially thought.
  • Correction to Previous Estimates: This adjustment in calculations helped align the data with the standard model of cosmology, sparing it from a major revision.

Implications for the Standard Model:

  • Star Formation Efficiency: The study suggests that extreme conditions in the early universe, including abundant gas and less disruptive stellar events, could explain the higher efficiency of star formation.
  • Cosmology's Stability: Despite earlier challenges to the standard model, the new findings support its predictions, showing that more efficient star formation and the role of black holes could explain the rapid growth of galaxies in the early universe.

Future Research Directions:

  • Expanding Data Sets: The team plans to incorporate more data from JWST to study even earlier galaxies, which could help refine our understanding of galaxy formation in the early universe.
  • Further Observations: As the team continues to explore galaxies from even earlier periods (around 400 million years after the Big Bang), they aim to strengthen their findings and provide further evidence to either support or challenge the current cosmological models.

Moths' Reproductive Choices Based on Plant Acoustic Emissions

  • 09 Dec 2024

In News:

A new study, "Female Moths Incorporate Plant Acoustic Emissions into Their Oviposition Decision-Making Process," published last month, explores how female moths use sounds emitted by plants to choose where to lay their eggs.

Key Highlights:

Significance of Plant Emitted Sounds:

  • Background: Last year, it was discovered that plants emit ultrasonic clicks or pops when stressed (e.g., dehydration). These sounds, although inaudible to humans, can be detected by animals, including insects.
  • Moths’ Sensitivity: Moths, particularly the Egyptian cotton leafworm, are shown to be sensitive to these plant sounds, which they use as cues for laying eggs on plants.

Methodology:

  • Experimental Setup: Researchers placed a hydrated tomato plant in an experimental arena with another hydrated plant that emitted distress sounds. They observed the behavior of female Egyptian cotton leafworms to understand how these sounds influenced their oviposition choices.
  • Initial Finding: Moths typically choose healthy, thriving plants to lay eggs, as they provide better food sources for the larvae.

Study Findings:

  • Moths’ Response to Sounds: The moths preferred to lay eggs on the “silent” plant rather than the one emitting distress sounds. This indicates that moths can not only detect the presence of a plant but also interpret acoustic signals to inform their egg-laying decisions.
  • Implications: This behavior suggests that moths use a complex set of sensory inputs, including plant-emitted sounds, to select the most suitable plant for offspring development.

Broader Ecological Context:

  • Moths as Insects: Moths belong to the order Lepidoptera and are found in diverse environments globally, except polar regions. With around 160,000 species, they are highly adapted and often nocturnal, though some species are diurnal.
  • Impact on Agriculture: Certain moth species, especially during their caterpillar stage, are major agricultural pests (e.g., corn borers, bollworms), making understanding their behavior crucial for pest management strategies.
  • Climate Change Considerations: Moths, like other species, are impacted by climate change, which can alter the timing and growth of plants they depend on, potentially influencing their reproductive strategies.

Conclusion:

  • Innovative Findings: The study reveals a previously unknown aspect of moth behavior, showing that they incorporate plant acoustic emissions into their oviposition decisions.
  • Future Implications: This discovery opens avenues for further studies on how environmental signals, like sound, affect the behavior of insects, and how these behaviors could be impacted by changing environmental conditions.

RBI's Stance on De-dollarisation and Risk Diversification

  • 09 Dec 2024

In News:

  • Governor Shaktikanta Das clarified that India is not pursuing "de-dollarisation," but rather aiming to diversify risk in trade. Measures like local currency trade agreements and Vostro accounts are intended to reduce reliance on the US dollar without eliminating it entirely.
  • Objective: The goal is to de-risk India's trade, not to fully replace the dollar, especially amidst rising geopolitical tensions.

Key Highlights:

Vostro Accounts and Local Currency Trade:

  • Vostro Accounts: These accounts, held by foreign banks in Indian rupees, facilitate transactions in local currencies, helping mitigate the risks of dollar dependency.
  • International Currency Trade: By promoting trade in local currencies, the RBI seeks to reduce exposure to fluctuations in the dollar's value. However, these efforts have faced challenges due to India’s limited international presence in goods and services trade.

Gold Purchases by Central Banks:

  • Surge in Gold Purchases: Global central banks, including the RBI, have significantly increased gold holdings. India added 27 tonnes in October 2024 alone, the largest increase among central banks.
  • Motivations for Gold: The surge in gold buying reflects growing concerns about geopolitical risks, including the Ukraine war, and the potential for secondary sanctions. Gold is seen as a safe haven asset that diversifies reserves away from the US dollar.

Decline in Dollar Dominance:

  • Global Shift: The share of the US dollar in global reserves has been gradually declining, partly due to the rise of the Chinese yuan. Central banks are increasingly turning to gold and alternative currencies as part of a diversification strategy.
  • Impact on Emerging Markets: Countries like India are particularly motivated to reduce reliance on the dollar due to geopolitical tensions and economic vulnerabilities linked to the dollar’s dominance.

India’s Domestic Currency Trade Initiatives:

  • Trade with Russia and UAE: India is actively exploring trade in domestic currencies with countries like Russia and the UAE to reduce dependence on the dollar. However, these efforts have faced slow uptake due to India’s trade deficit with most countries except the US.
  • Challenges in Adoption: Despite efforts to internationalize the rupee, high transaction costs and lack of sufficient demand for rupee-based trade are significant barriers.

BRICS and Shared Currency Discussions:

  • Geopolitical Complexity: BRICS nations, due to their geographical and economic diversity, have discussed the possibility of a shared currency, but no consensus has been reached.
  • Reluctance Toward Yuan: India has resisted using the Chinese yuan for transactions, particularly for Russian oil imports, despite the yuan’s growing acceptance. This reflects India’s desire to maintain economic sovereignty and avoid over-reliance on a single currency.

Regional Implications of Dollar Volatility:

  • Neighbourhood Impact: Countries like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan have experienced significant financial distress due to declining dollar reserves and surging oil prices, exacerbated by the Ukraine war.
  • India’s Resilience: India’s strong dollar reserves have helped it maintain economic stability, but the country remains cautious of dollar volatility, particularly as oil prices rise.

Conclusion:

  • Strategic Balance: India’s approach reflects a strategic balance of mitigating risks while ensuring global trade stability. The RBI’s emphasis on gold accumulation and pushing for rupee-based trade demonstrates a desire to reduce exposure to the dollar, but challenges like trade deficits and high transaction costs still hinder the full realization of these goals.
  • Economic Sovereignty: Through these measures, India seeks to safeguard its economic sovereignty and financial stability in an increasingly unpredictable global economy.

Oilfields Amendment Bill, 2024

  • 09 Dec 2024

In News:

To encourage domestic production of petroleum and other mineral oils, along with private investment in these sectors to reduce import dependence, the Rajya Sabha passed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024.

Key Details:

  • Objective:
    • Encourage domestic petroleum production.
    • Reduce import dependence by promoting private investment in the oil sector.
  • Key Amendments:
    • Delinking petroleum from mining:
      • The Bill separates petroleum and mineral oil production from mining activities.
      • The Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948, is amended to focus on mineral oils, distinct from the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
    • Expanded Definition of Mineral Oils:
      • Includes hydrocarbons in various forms (natural gas, crude oil, petroleum, coal bed methane, and shale gas/oil).
      • Excludes coal, lignite, and helium from the definition (falling under the Mines and Minerals Act).
    • Petroleum Lease:
      • Replaces the term "mining lease" with "petroleum lease."
      • Covers activities such as exploration, development, production, and transportation of mineral oils.
    • Private Investment:
      • Provisions to attract private investment by clarifying rules for petroleum leases.
      • Current mining leases remain valid without altering terms to the lessee's disadvantage.
    • Decriminalization and Penalties:
      • Replaces criminal punishment with financial penalties.
      • Fines can go up to Rs. 25 Lakh, with additional penalties for ongoing violations.
    • Rule-making Power of Central Government:
      • Expands the Centre's authority over petroleum lease regulations, conservation, royalties, mergers, facility sharing, environmental protection, and dispute resolution.
  • Significance of the Bill:
    • Energy Access and Security: Ensures energy security by boosting domestic production.
    • Attracting Investment: Creates a conducive environment for private sector investment.
    • Environmental Safeguards: Provisions to control carbon emissions and promote renewable energy in oilfields.
  • Opposition Criticism:
    • State Rights on Mining: Concerns raised by opposition parties, particularly the DMK, about the reduction of state control over resource taxation (taxing mineral rights).
    • Impact on Federal Balance: States traditionally manage mining rights under the Constitution’s State List (Entry 50). The Bill may shift control to the Union List (Entry 53), creating constitutional concerns.
    • Environmental Concerns:
      • Opposition figures like P.P. Suneer (CPI) argue for prioritizing public companies like ONGC, fearing privatization may worsen environmental governance.
  • Adjudication of Disputes:
    • Appeals against penalty decisions will be handled by the Appellate Tribunal, as per the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006.
  • Broader Significance:
    • Energy Independence: Reduces reliance on fuel imports, fostering energy security and economic stability.
    • Regulation: Strengthens the enforcement mechanism for petroleum operations while encouraging private participation.

Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB):

  • Formation: Established under the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006.
  • Functions: Regulates refining, transportation, distribution, storage, marketing, and sale of petroleum products and natural gas.
  • Role in the Bill: Ensures competitive markets for gas and handles appeals regarding regulatory decisions.

China Plus OneStrategy

  • 07 Dec 2024

In News:

India had ‘limited success’ in capturing ‘China Plus One’ opportunity.

Limited Success in ‘China Plus One’ Strategy:

  • India has had limited success in attracting multinational companies looking to diversify their supply chains under the ‘China Plus One’ strategy, aimed at reducing dependence on China.
  • Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and Malaysia have been more successful in benefiting from this shift due to factors like lower labor costs, simplified tax laws, and proactive Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).

Geopolitical Context - US-China Trade Conflict:

  • The fresh US-China trade conflict involves tit-for-tat restrictions, with the US imposing export controls on Chinese high-tech goods and China retaliating by banning key materials.
  • India's Position: As a "connecting economy" not directly aligned with the US or China, India stands to benefit from trade diversions arising from this conflict.

Opportunities for India Amid Trade Diversion:

  • NITI Aayog CEO BVR Subrahmanyam highlighted opportunities arising from trade diversion, particularly due to US trade policies under President-elect Donald Trump, which could potentially create an economic boom for India.
  • India has opportunities to capture a larger share of the global trade, especially in sectors where it currently holds a small market share (less than 1% of world trade in many areas).

Trade Policy Challenges:

  • Steel Import Duty Proposal: NITI Aayog Vice Chairperson cautioned against imposing high duties on steel imports, arguing that it could reduce India’s competitiveness and lead to negative consequences for domestic industries reliant on steel.
  • The global steel market has been affected by oversupply from China, with India’s iron and steel exports experiencing a sharp decline in Q1 FY25 due to weak domestic demand.

Impact of US Tariffs:

  • A general 10% tariff on all imports by the US would not have a major negative impact on India.
  • However, a 60% tariff on China could open significant opportunities for India, especially in sectors where it competes directly with China. There might be short-term shocks but long-term benefits.

Ongoing Trade Fragmentation:

  • The report noted that trade fragmentation is driven by strict export controls on Chinese goods, implemented by the US to curb China’s growth, particularly in high-tech sectors.

Sectoral Competitiveness:

  • While China remains India's key competitor across most export sectors, countries like Brazil, Indonesia, and South Africa generally lag behind India.
  • Malaysia and Thailand outperform India in select sectors such as electrical machinery.

Challenges in the EU Market - Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM):

  • Iron and steel industry facehigh exposure under the CBAM for EU exports, with tariffs potentially rising by 20-35% due to carbon emissions-related regulations.
  • Indian firms could experience higher compliance costs due to the requirement for detailed emissions reporting, impacting competitiveness in the European market.

RBI Cuts CRR, Keeps Repo Rate Unchanged

  • 07 Dec 2024

In News:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently made significant monetary policy decisions that could have a broad impact on the economy.

Key Highlights:

Cut in Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)

  • CRR Reduction: The RBI has reduced the CRR by 50 basis points (bps), from 4.5% to 4%.
  • Impact on Banks: This move will free up ?1.16 lakh crore in liquidity, which banks can use to lend, boosting the credit flow in the economy.
  • Objective: The CRR cut is aimed at easing the liquidity stress in the financial system, which has been tightening due to RBI's foreign exchange interventions.
  • Bank Benefits: Banks will benefit as they don’t earn interest on the CRR, and the extra liquidity may help them reduce deposit rates. Additionally, it may encourage banks to pass on benefits to borrowers, particularly in terms of lending rates.

Repo Rate Kept Unchanged at 6.5%

  • Decision: The MPC decided to keep the key policy rate, the Repo rate, unchanged at 6.5%, continuing its stance for the 11th consecutive meeting.
  • Reasons for Keeping Repo Rate Steady:
    • Persistent inflation, particularly food prices, is a key concern. Despite strong growth in sectors like rural consumption, inflation remains high and continues to affect disposable income.
    • RBI Governor emphasized that durable price stability is essential for strong, sustained economic growth.

Impact on Borrowers

  • Borrowing Costs: With the Repo rate unchanged, external benchmark lending rates (EBLR) linked to the Repo rate will not rise, providing relief to borrowers by keeping Equated Monthly Installments (EMIs) stable.
  • Deposit Rates: However, the CRR cut may lead to a marginal reduction in deposit rates due to increased liquidity in the system.

Economic Growth Forecast Adjusted

  • Reduced GDP Growth Estimate: The RBI has downgraded the GDP growth forecast for FY25 to 6.6%, down from the earlier estimate of 7.2%. This revision comes after the economy showed signs of slowdown in the second quarter of FY25.
  • Growth Outlook: Despite the downgrade, the RBI remains cautiously optimistic about recovery driven by festive demand and rural consumption. Governor Das indicated that the slowdown had likely bottomed out and the economy is set to recover in the coming quarters.

Inflation Forecast Raised

  • Inflation Outlook: The inflation estimate for FY25 has been revised upward to 4.8%, compared to the earlier forecast of 4.5%. This is largely due to rising food prices, which surged to a 14-month high of 6.21% in October.
  • Inflationary Pressures: The MPC noted that inflation has remained above the RBI’s target of 4%, primarily driven by food inflation. As inflation impacts consumption, the RBI aims to balance growth support with inflation management.

Monetary Policy Stance

  • Neutral Stance Retained: The RBI has maintained a ‘neutral’ stance, meaning it is neither tightening nor easing monetary policy drastically, focusing instead on bringing inflation closer to its target of 4%.
  • Inflation Control: While the RBI is aware of the economic slowdown, it continues to prioritize inflation control to ensure price stability and support sustainable growth.

Global and Domestic Economic Context

  • Global Factors: The RBI has also been cautious about global developments, including capital outflows and the impact of U.S. monetary policy on the Indian economy. A rate cut could have further weakened the rupee by narrowing the interest rate differential with the U.S.
  • Domestic Concerns: Domestically, the economy faces challenges such as weak manufacturing growth and high inflation. The GDP growth in Q2 FY25 dropped to 5.4%, a seven-quarter low, highlighting concerns over demand and inflationary pressures.

Donald Trump's Threat on BRICS and US Dollar

  • 05 Dec 2024

In News:

  • US President-elect Donald Trump threatens BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) with 100% import tariffs if they create a new currency or support an alternative to the US dollar as the global reserve currency.
  • Trump emphasizes that attempts to undermine the US dollar’s dominance will face economic retaliation, asserting the US economy won’t tolerate such moves.

Background

  • Weaponization of the Dollar: The US has increasingly used its financial influence to impose sanctions (e.g., Russia, Iran) and cut off countries from systems like SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication).
  • Concerns: Countries are concerned about their vulnerability to US monetary policies, which can have global impacts (e.g., rising US interest rates causing economic instability in other countries).

Efforts to Reduce Dependence on the US Dollar

  • BRICS Countries’ Initiatives:
    • Russian President Putin criticizes the weaponization of the dollar.
    • Brazil's President Lula advocates for a new BRICS currency to increase payment options and reduce vulnerabilities.
  • India's Steps:
    • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) allows invoicing and payments in Indian rupees for international trade (since 2022), particularly with Russia.
    • Prime Minister Modi supports increasing financial integration and cross-border trade in local currencies within BRICS.
    • External Affairs Minister Jaishankar emphasizes the importance of mutual trade settlements in national currencies.
  • China-Russia Trade: Over 90% of trade between Russia and China is settled in rubles and yuan due to their more balanced trade relations.

Internationalization of the Indian Rupee

  • RBI's Role:
    • In July 2022, RBI allowed export/import settlements in rupees, starting with Russia in December 2022.
    • More than 19 countries, including the UK and UAE, have agreed to settle trade in rupees.
  • Challenges:
    • The Indian rupee currently accounts for only 1.6% of global forex turnover.
    • India’s trade imbalance with Russia limits the effective use of rupee reserves.
    • Indian banks are cautious due to the risk of US sanctions.

Global Trends in Currency Diversification

  • Multipolarity in Finance: Emerging economies like China, India, and Brazil are advocating for a more decentralized financial system, moving away from US dominance.
  • Declining Dollar Share: The US dollar’s share of global reserves is gradually decreasing, with non-traditional currencies like the Chinese yuan gaining ground.

Risks of Moving Away from the US Dollar

  • Chinese Dominance: Concerns about increasing Chinese economic influence, especially within BRICS, as China pushes for more use of the yuan in trade.
  • Liquidity and Volatility Issues: Alternatives to the dollar may face challenges like lower liquidity and increased exchange rate volatility.
  • Implementation Challenges: Countries, especially those with trade imbalances, find it difficult to adopt local currencies for international trade.

Potential Impact of 100% US Tariff on BRICS Imports

  • Global Trade Dynamics: A blanket tariff would likely encourage deeper intra-BRICS trade and accelerate the move towards de-dollarization.
  • Impact on the US: Higher import costs for American consumers and potential trade diversification to third countries could hurt the US economy without revitalizing domestic manufacturing.
  • Retaliation: BRICS countries might retaliate with tariffs on US goods, escalating trade tensions.

India’s Strategic Approach

  • Diplomatic Engagement: India should clarify to the US that diversifying trade mechanisms is not anti-American but seeks financial stability and multipolarity.
  • Leadership Role in BRICS: India should support financial reforms within BRICS that align with its interests while maintaining strong ties with the US.
  • Promotion of Digital Currency: India should accelerate its Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) and strengthen international platforms like UPI to enhance its global financial presence.

Overview of Global Plastic Treaty Negotiations

  • 05 Dec 2024

In News:

The recent negotiations for a global treaty aimed at curbing plastic pollution, held in Busan, South Korea, concluded without reaching a legally binding agreement. This marked the fifth round of discussions since the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) initiated the process in March 2022, with the goal of finalizing a treaty by the end of 2024. The failure to adopt a treaty was primarily due to disagreements over production cap goals and the elimination of specific plastic chemicals and products.

Key Points of Dispute

  • Production Cap Goals: A coalition of over 100 countries, including many from Africa, Latin America, and the European Union, pushed for clear production cap goals in the treaty. They argued that such measures are essential for effective regulation of plastic pollution.
  • Opposition from Oil-Producing Nations: Conversely, a group of “like-minded countries” such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Russia, and Iran opposed these provisions. They contended that regulating production cuts exceeded the original mandate set by UNEA and could lead to trade restrictions disguised as environmental measures. India and China aligned with this coalition, emphasizing their concerns regarding economic impacts.

Draft Treaty Highlights

Despite the failure to finalize an agreement, discussions produced a draft text that included both consensus points and contentious issues:

  • Consensus Points:
  • Proposals for banning open dumping and burning of plastics.
  • Definitions for various plastic types were suggested but lacked clarity on contentious terms like microplastics.
  • Contentious Issues:
    • The draft did not adequately address definitions for microplastics or recycling standards.
    • References to single-use plastics were included but faced pushback from certain nations.

India’s Position

India articulated its stance focusing on several key areas:

  • Development Rights: Emphasized the need for recognizing varying responsibilities among countries in managing plastic pollution while considering their developmental rights.
  • Technical and Financial Support: Advocated for provisions ensuring technical assistance and financial support for developing nations to manage plastic waste effectively.
  • Opposition to Production Caps: India opposed any articles that would impose caps on polymer production, arguing that such measures were not directly linked to reducing plastic pollution.

Future Steps

The negotiations will continue with plans to reconvene in 2025. In the meantime, global plastic production is projected to rise significantly, potentially tripling by 2050 if no urgent action is taken. The ongoing dialogue will need to address both environmental concerns and developmental needs to create a balanced approach toward managing plastic pollution globally.

Global Context and Initiatives

The need for a global treaty is underscored by alarming statistics:

  • Over 462 million tons of plastic are produced annually, with a significant portion contributing to pollution.
  • Microplastics have infiltrated ecosystems worldwide, affecting biodiversity and human health.

Countries like Rwanda and Austria have implemented successful measures to reduce plastic waste, serving as models for global efforts. Initiatives such as the UNDP Plastic Waste Management Program in India aim to enhance waste management practices while addressing environmental impacts.

Notre-Dame Cathedral

  • 03 Dec 2024

In News:

The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, a landmark symbol of French Gothic architecture, is set to reopen on after undergoing extensive renovations following a devastating fire in April 2019.

Historical and Architectural Significance:

  • Location: Situated on Île de la Cité in the Seine River, Paris.
  • Construction: Began in 1163 under Bishop Maurice de Sully and completed in 1260, showcasing a blend of early Gothic to Rayonnant Gothic styles.
  • Key Features: The cathedral is renowned for its rib vaults, flying buttresses, stained-glass windows, and sculpted gargoyles.
  • Cultural Importance: It has been a stage for significant historical events, including Napoleon Bonaparte's coronation in 1804. It also houses the Holy Crown of Thorns and relics from the crucifixion of Jesus.
  • Literary Legacy: Featured in Victor Hugo's "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame" (1831), which drew attention to its architectural and historical significance.

Modern History and Renovation:

  • The cathedral endured historical events such as the French Revolution, World War II, and attacks during the Protestant Reformation.
  • In April 2019, a fire severely damaged the roof and spire, sparking an international outpouring of support for its restoration.
  • Renovation efforts began soon after, involving more than 1,000 craftspeople, with President Emmanuel Macron calling it “the project of the century.”

Construction and Modifications Over Centuries:

  • The Notre-Dame was a model for early Gothic architecture and has undergone multiple renovations, including the addition of flying buttresses and other structural changes during the 13th and 14th centuries.
  • Modifications continued through the Renaissance and Classical periods, reflecting changing artistic styles and the political moods of the time.

Significance in French History:

  • Witness to History: The cathedral has been central to 800 years of French history, serving as a backdrop for both brilliant and tumultuous events.
  • Religious and Political Symbolism: It was the heart of Paris' religious and political life, acting as a symbol of the intertwined relationship between the church and the monarchy.

Madhya Pradesh’s 8th Tiger Reserve: Ratapani

  • 03 Dec 2024

In News:

Recently, the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh was officially declared a Tiger Reserve, making it the 8th such reserve in the state. This declaration follows approval from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change through the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).

Key Details:

  • Core Area: 763.8 sq. km
  • Buffer Area: 507.6 sq. km
  • Total Area: 1,271.4 sq. km
  • Ratapani Tiger Reserve is located in the Raisen and Sehore districts, within the Vindhya hills, and is home to approximately 90 tigers.
  • It also forms a crucial part of Madhya Pradesh’s tiger habitat and serves as a migration corridor from the Satpura ranges.

Economic and Ecotourism Benefits:

  • The designation will boost ecotourism, generating employment and improving livelihoods for local communities.
  • Eco-development programs will support residents, providing new opportunities and addressing the balance between conservation and human interests.

Wildlife Conservation and Management:

  • The reserve will focus on habitat management, wildlife protection, and community engagement.
  • The core area has been recognized as a critical tiger habitat under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
  • Efforts will include strengthening anti-poaching measures, improving surveillance, and enhancing prey base restoration.

Significance for Madhya Pradesh:

  • This move places Madhya Pradesh as the "Tiger State of India", with significant conservation focus on the Ratapani and Madhav National Park (also in the process of becoming a tiger reserve).
  • Madhya Pradesh now hosts 8 tiger reserves, contributing significantly to the country's overall tiger conservation efforts.

MahaKumbh Mela 2025

  • 03 Dec 2024

In News:

  • On December 1, 2024, the Uttar Pradesh government declared the MahaKumbh Mela area as a temporary district for four months.
  • The new district will be known as the MahaKumbh Mela District, to streamline management for the 2025 MahaKumbh.
  • Over 5,000 hectares of land will be part of this district, including 66 revenue villages from four tehsils: Sadar, Sorav, Phulpur, and Karchana.

Key Administrative Changes:

  • Mela Adhikari (Kumbh Mela Officer) will act as the District Magistrate (DM) and will hold powers of Executive Magistrate, District Magistrate, and Additional District Magistrate.
  • The Mela Adhikari will have authority under the Indian Civil Defense Code, 2023, and the Uttar Pradesh Revenue Code, 2006.
  • The Mela Adhikari can appoint an Additional Collector for the district.

MahaKumbh Mela Overview:

  • The Kumbh Mela is recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
  • It is the largest peaceful congregation of pilgrims, with participants bathing in sacred rivers at locations including Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik.
  • The PrayagrajKumbh takes place at the Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati rivers.
  • The event spans over a month and includes religious, cultural, and social activities, along with massive infrastructural setup including tented townships, civic facilities, and security measures.

Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal

  • 01 Dec 2024

In News:

The controversy surrounding the Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, has intensified following claims that the mosque, built during the Mughal Emperor Babur's reign (1526–1530), was constructed over a Hindu temple, the Hari Har Mandir. This claim has led to legal battles and violent clashes, making it part of a broader series of disputes involving mosques built during the Mughal era, such as the Gyanvapi mosque in Varanasi and the Eidgah Masjid in Mathura.

Background and Legal Context:

The dispute began when a petition was filed in Sambhal's district court on November 19, 2024, claiming the Jama Masjid was built on the site of an ancient temple. The petitioners, led by Hari Shanker Jain, demanded a survey to ascertain the religious character of the site. This petition follows a pattern seen in similar cases in Varanasi, Mathura, and Dhar, where Hindu groups have raised similar claims about mosque sites. The court ordered a photographic and videographic survey of the mosque, which, initially carried out peacefully, later sparked violence on November 24 when the survey was accompanied by chanting crowds. This led to protests, stone pelting, and allegations of police firing, resulting in several deaths.

The Jama Masjid is a protected monument under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904, and is listed as a Monument of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). This gives the case legal and cultural sensitivity, as it involves both national heritage and religious sentiments.

Historical and Architectural Context:

The Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal was constructed by Mir Hindu Beg, a general under Babur, in the early 16th century. It is one of three mosques commissioned by Babur, alongside those in Panipat and Ayodhya. The mosque is noted for its architectural style, which includes a large square mihrab hall, a dome, and arches, constructed using stone masonry and plaster. Some historians argue that the mosque might be a Tughlaq-era structure modified during Babur's reign. Locally, Hindu tradition holds that the mosque incorporates elements of a Vishnu temple, believed to be the site of Kalki, the tenth avatar of Vishnu.

The Places of Worship Act, 1991:

The dispute has reignited debates about the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, which mandates that the religious character of any place of worship as it existed on August 15, 1947, should be maintained, with the exception of the ongoing Babri Masjid dispute. The Act aims to prevent any further contests regarding religious sites, and Section 3 of the Act explicitly prohibits converting a place of worship into a site of a different religious denomination.

The petition filed in Sambhal seeks to alter the religious character of the mosque, directly contravening the Places of Worship Act. The petitioners have cited remarks by Supreme Court Justice D.Y. Chandrachud in 2022, suggesting that a survey to ascertain the religious character of a place might not violate the Act. This has led to petitions challenging the Act in the Supreme Court, including cases from Varanasi, Mathura, Dhar, and now Sambhal.

The Legal and Social Implications:

The ongoing dispute over the Shahi Jama Masjid highlights the tension between historical narratives, legal frameworks, and communal harmony. The Supreme Court has intervened in the matter, temporarily halting further proceedings in the trial court, urging that the mosque's management committee approach the Allahabad High Court. The Court emphasized the importance of maintaining peace and harmony and cautioned against any actions that could escalate tensions.

The case underscores the challenges of balancing India's rich historical heritage with its diverse religious communities. As the legal process unfolds, the outcome of the Sambhal dispute could set significant precedents for how similar cases are handled in the future.

Conclusion:

The Sambhal mosque dispute, much like the Gyanvapi and Ayodhya cases, brings to the forefront the complex intersections of history, religion, and law. It also raises critical questions about the application of the Places of Worship Act and its implications for preserving India's pluralistic society. The outcome of this case, alongside the pending petitions in other states, will be crucial in shaping the future of religious site disputes in India.

SASCI Scheme for Tourism Development

  • 01 Dec 2024

In News:

Centre clears scheme for development of 40 tourist destinations across 23 States at a cost of ?3,295 crore.

Key Details:

  • Focus Areas: The scheme encourages the development of lesser-known destinations such as Bateshwar (Uttar Pradesh), Ponda (Goa), Gandikota (Andhra Pradesh), and Porbandar (Gujarat) to reduce overcrowding at popular sites.
  • Implementation Timeline: Projects must be completed within two years, with funding released in stages until March 2026.
  • Key Features:
    • Long-term interest-free loans for 50 years.
    • States responsible for project execution and maintenance, often through public-private partnerships (PPP).
    • The Ministry of Tourism will monitor progress, and 66% of the funds have already been released.
    • Emphasis on sustainability and boosting local economies by creating jobs through tourism.
    • States must provide land at no cost and ensure proper infrastructure like safety, connectivity, and utilities.

Selection Criteria for Projects:

  • Consultation Process: Detailed regional consultations led to the selection of 40 projects from 87 proposals received by the Ministry of Tourism. West Bengal was the only state not submitting proposals.
  • Evaluation Criteria: Projects were evaluated based on:
    • Connectivity, tourism potential, and ecosystem.
    • Financial viability and sustainability.
    • Impact on local economy and job creation.
  • Funding Pattern:
    • A maximum of ?100 crore for each project, with higher funding considered for exceptional projects.
    • Total funding capped at ?250 crore per state, allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.

Importance of the Scheme:

  • Economic Growth & Employment: Projects are designed to stimulate local economies, create employment, and promote sustainable tourism.
  • Global Branding: The scheme aims to brand and market tourist destinations on a global scale.
  • Tourism Infrastructure Growth: It aims to improve the entire tourism value chain, including transportation, accommodation, activities, and services.

Tourism Sector Overview:

  • Current Status:
    • India ranks 39th among 119 countries in the Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI) 2024.
    • Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) increased by 47.9% in 2023, with 9.52 million tourists.
    • Tourism contributed 5% to India’s GDP in 2022-23 and created 76.17 million direct and indirect jobs.
    • India earned ?2.3 lakh crore in foreign exchange in 2023 through tourism.
    • Projected revenue from tourism to exceed $59 billion by 2028.
  • Initiatives for Promotion:
    • Swadesh Darshan Scheme: To develop theme-based circuits.
    • Dekho Apna Desh Initiative (2020): Promotes domestic tourism.
    • PRASHAD & HRIDAY Schemes: Focus on pilgrimage and heritage city development.

MGNREGA Job Card Deletions Issue:

  • Context: A significant surge in deletions of job cards under MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) raised concerns over transparency and workers’ rights.
  • Reasons for Deletion:
    • Permanent migration, duplicate cards, forged documents, and refusal to work.
    • Aadhaar-based payment system (ABPS) implementation led to deletions for non-linked cards.
  • Implications:
    • Violation of workers’ legal right to employment, especially when deletions were made without due process.
    • The "Not willing to work" designation undermines livelihood opportunities, especially in high unemployment rural areas.
  • Recommendations for Reform:
    • Strengthening verification processes and ensuring deletions follow due procedure.
    • Empowering Gram Sabhas to review and approve deletions.
    • Regular audits and better grievance redressal mechanisms.

Other Government Initiatives in Tourism:

  • National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive (PRASHAD): For holistic and sustainable development of pilgrimage tourism.
  • Incredible India & E-Visa Initiatives: To attract more foreign tourists.
  • Regional Connectivity Scheme (UDAN): Enhances air connectivity to remote tourist destinations.
  • National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY): Preserves and rejuvenates heritage sites.

Flexible UG Degree Completion Norms

  • 30 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The University Grants Commission (UGC) has approved new guidelines for undergraduate (UG) degree completion, offering flexibility in the duration of academic programs.

Key Details:

  • Two Options for Degree Completion:
    • Accelerated Degree Programme:Students with exceptional academic performance or those completing additional credits can graduate earlier than the standard duration.
    • Extended Degree Programme:Students facing personal, financial, or academic challenges can extend the time for degree completion without facing penalties.
  • Objective:
    • Enhance flexibility and a student-centric approach to higher education.
    • Address challenges like balancing education with personal or professional commitments.
  • Institutional Autonomy:Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) can implement these options based on available infrastructure and academic resources.
  • Recognition of Flexibility:Degrees completed earlier or later will be treated on par with those completed within the standard duration.
  • Alignment with Global Trends:This initiative aligns with global educational trends towards flexible learning paths.
  • Support for Interdisciplinary Studies:The new regulations are expected to benefit students pursuing interdisciplinary studies or professional courses.
  • NEP 2020 Alignment:The move is in line with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which promotes learner-centric education and skill development.
  • Impact:The decision is likely to provide more options for students, making higher education more accessible and tailored to individual needs.

Supreme Court Ruling on EVMs

  • 28 Nov 2024

In News:

The Supreme Court dismissed the PIL, remarking that EVMs are only questioned after electoral losses, not when elections are won. It emphasized that no evidence of tampering was found.

What Are EVMs and VVPATs?:

  • EVMs: Electronic Voting Machines are used for conducting elections to the Parliament, state legislatures, and local bodies. They consist of two units: theControl Unit (operated by the polling officer) and the Ballot Unit (where voters cast their votes).
  • VVPAT: The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail enables voters to verify that their vote is recorded as cast. A slip is printed showing the candidate’s name, symbol, and serial number, visible for 7 seconds before being cut and stored in a sealed box.

Safeguards to Ensure EVM Integrity:

  • Technical Safeguards:
    • Microcontroller Security: EVMs use one-time programmable (OTP) microcontrollers, which cannot be altered after manufacturing.
    • Standalone Operation: EVMs do not have wired or wireless connectivity, eliminating risks of remote tampering.
    • Post-2013 Features: Advanced EVMs (M3) include tamper detection and mutual authentication protocols.
  • Administrative Protocols:
    • Randomized EVM Allocation: EVMs are randomly allocated to polling stations to avoid predetermined assignments.
    • Mock Polls: Multiple mock polls are conducted to test the functionality of EVMs.
    • Counting Procedures: EVMs are brought to counting tables under CCTV surveillance, and VVPAT slips are randomly cross-verified.
    • Secure Storage: EVMs are stored under strict protocols, including double-lock systems, CCTV surveillance, and GPS-tracked transport.

Advantages of EVMs Over Ballot Papers:

  • Elimination of Invalid Votes: EVMs ensure no invalid votes, a common problem with torn or mis-marked ballot papers.
  • Prevention of Booth Capturing: EVMs restrict vote casting to 4 votes per minute, preventing fraudulent vote insertion.
  • Accurate and Fast Counting: EVMs enable quick, error-free vote counting, reducing delays and human errors.
  • Transparency: Voters can verify their votes through the VVPAT, and the vote count is displayed transparently without revealing candidate-wise results prematurely.

Evolution of EVMs in India:

  • 1977: Concept of EVMs conceived.
  • 1990: The Dinesh Goswami Committee recommended the use of EVMs.
  • 2004: EVMs used nationwide in Lok Sabha elections.
  • 2013: VVPAT was introduced to improve transparency.
  • 2019: First nationwide use of EVMs backed by VVPAT.

National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF)

  • 27 Nov 2024

In News:

The Union Cabinet approved the launching of the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) as a standalone Centrally Sponsored Scheme under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare.

Key Highlights

Objective & Focus:

  • Launch of NMNF by the Union Cabinet to promote chemical-free farming in India.
  • Aim to improve soil health, reduce input costs, and produce nutritious food.
  • Support the shift to natural farming (NF), emphasizing local knowledge and agro-ecological principles.

Financial Allocation:

  • Total Outlay: ?2481 crore (Government of India share ?1584 crore, State share ?897 crore) until FY 2025-26.

Key Features of NMNF:

  • Coverage: Targeting 15,000 clusters in Gram Panchayats, covering 7.5 lakh hectares and impacting 1 crore farmers.
  • Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs): 10,000 BRCs to supply ready-to-use natural farming inputs.
  • Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and Agricultural Universities (AUs): Establishment of 2,000 model demonstration farms for hands-on training in natural farming techniques.
  • Farmer Training: 18.75 lakh farmers to be trained in NF practices such as preparation of organic inputs like Jeevamrit and Beejamrit.
  • Krishi Sakhis/CRPs: Deployment of 30,000 workers for farmer mobilization and awareness.

Implementation Strategy:

  • Farmer Certification System: Providing easy, simple certification for marketing natural farming produce with dedicated branding.
  • Monitoring: Real-time, geo-tagged monitoring of implementation through an online portal.
  • Convergence with other government schemes and organizations for market linkages and support.

Natural Farming Practices:

  • Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF): Promote sustainable farming by using local livestock and diverse crop systems.
  • Benefits: Reduce dependence on external inputs like chemical fertilizers and pesticides, rejuvenate soil quality, and increase resilience to climate risks (e.g., drought, floods).
  • Encourage biodiversity, and improve soil carbon content and water-use efficiency.

Targeted Areas and Farmer Support:

  • Focus on areas where NF practices are already being followed or where farmer producer organizations (FPOs) or self-help groups (SHGs) are active.
  • Training through model demonstration farms will focus on practical, location-specific NF techniques tailored to regional agro-ecologies.

Impact on Agriculture and Environment:

  • Environmental Impact: Encourages sustainable farming by reducing chemical exposure, improving soil health, and promoting climate resilience.
  • Farmer Well-being: By reducing input costs and promoting nutritious food, it aims to improve farmer incomes and family health.
  • Contributing to the long-term health of the environment, ensuring a healthy Mother Earth for future generations.

Challenges and Concerns:

  • Soil Nutrient Compromise: Concerns that some crops, like rice, might require chemical fertilizers (e.g., NPK) for optimal growth, which may not be sufficiently replaced by organic manure alone.
  • The shift to natural farming requires significant awareness and training to ensure sustainable and productive yields.

Institutional Framework:

  • Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare is the implementing body.
  • Collaboration with KVKs, AUs, and farmer organizations ensures grassroots level support and knowledge dissemination.

Extension of Ban on ULFA

  • 27 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) extended the ban on United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) for five years under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), 1967.
  • The notification specifically includes all factions, wings, and front organizations associated with ULFA.

Reason for Extension:

  • ULFA continues to pursue secessionist objectives (separation of Assam from India).
  • The group is involved in criminal activities such as extortion, intimidation, and violent actions.
  • ULFA has maintained links with other insurgent groups and continues to engage in illegal activities like the possession of arms and ammunition.

Peace Process:

  • Pro-talks faction of ULFA, led by Arabinda Rajkhowa, signed a peace agreement with the central and Assam governments in December 2023.
  • This faction has agreed to renounce violence, disband the organization, and join the democratic process.
  • However, the hardline faction of ULFA, led by Paresh Baruah, remains active and continues its militant activities.

ULFA’s Formation and Objectives:

  • ULFA was founded in 1979 with the goal of achieving the "restoration of Assam's sovereignty" through armed struggle.
  • It has been a key player in the Assamese separatist movement for several decades.

Legal Framework:

  • The UAPA (1967) empowers the government to declare an organization as unlawful or label individuals as terrorists if they engage in activities threatening India’s sovereignty, integrity, or promote terrorism and secession.
  • The latest extension of the ban was made under Section 3(1) of UAPA.

Significance for Internal Security:

  • This development is important for understanding insurgency and separatism in the Northeast and the government’s approach to national security and counterinsurgency.
  • The ULFA issue highlights challenges in addressing regional insurgencies and the role of the UAPA in maintaining national integrity.

Proba-3 mission

  • 26 Nov 2024

In News:

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will launch the European Space Agency’s Proba-3 mission on its PSLV rocket to study the solar corona, the outermost and hottest part of the Sun’s atmosphere, from Sriharikota on December 4.

Key Highlights:

  • Mission Objective:The mission will study the Sun’s outermost and hottest atmosphere, the solar corona. The mission will also demonstrate the first-ever precision formation flying with two satellites working in tandem.
  • Satellite Formation:Proba-3 consists of two satellites that will fly together, maintaining a fixed formation to study the Sun's corona.

What is Proba-3?

  • Proba-3 is a solar mission developed by ESA, with an estimated cost of 200 million euros. The mission involves launching two satellites that will separate after launch, but fly in precise formation. The satellites will create a solar coronagraph, which blocks the Sun’s bright light to observe the solar corona, the Sun’s outermost atmosphere.
  • Orbit: Proba-3 will orbit in a highly elliptical path (600 x 60,530 km) with an orbital period of 19.7 hours.
  • Mission Duration: The expected mission life is two years.

What will Proba-3 Study?

The Sun's corona is extremely hot (up to 2 million degrees Fahrenheit), making it difficult to observe with conventional instruments. However, studying the corona is essential because it generates space weather phenomena such as solar storms and solar winds, which can impact satellite communications, navigation systems, and power grids on Earth.

Proba-3 will use three main instruments for its mission:

  • ASPIICS (Association of Spacecraft for Polarimetric and Imaging Investigation of the Corona of the Sun):This coronagraph will observe the Sun’s outer and inner corona, similar to how the corona is visible during a solar eclipse. It features a 1.4-meter occulting disk to block the Sun’s light and facilitate close-up observations.
  • DARA (Digital Absolute Radiometer):This instrument will measure the Sun’s total energy output (total solar irradiance).
  • 3DEES (3D Energetic Electron Spectrometer):It will study electron fluxes as they pass through Earth's radiation belts, providing valuable data on space weather.

Why is Proba-3 Unique?

  • Proba-3 is designed to mimic a natural solar eclipse, allowing continuous study of the Sun’s corona. Typically, solar scientists observe the corona for only about 10 minutes during an eclipse, occurring around 1.5 times a year. Proba-3 will provide up to six hours of data per day, equivalent to 50 eclipse events annually.
  • The two satellites will maintain a precise formation, with one acting as an occulting spacecraft to cast a shadow, while the other (the coronagraph) stays in the shadow and observes the Sun’s corona. They will be positioned 150 meters apart, maintaining their formation autonomously.
  • This artificial eclipse will enable scientists to study the corona and its less-understood features more effectively.

Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-professionals Scheme (MATES)

  • 15 Nov 2024

In News:

Australia has come up with a new scheme that allows talented young people from India to work in the country for some time.

What is the MATES Scheme?

  • Full Name: Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-professionals Scheme (MATES).
  • Objective: To provide Indian university graduates and early-career professionals with an opportunity to live and work in Australia for up to two years.
  • Establishment: The scheme is part of the Migration and Mobility Partnership Arrangement (MMPA) between Australia and India, signed on May 23, 2023.
  • Launch Date: MATES will open for applicants in December 2024.

Eligibility Criteria

  • Age: Applicants must be 30 years or younger at the time of application.
  • Educational Qualifications: Must have graduated within the last two years from an eligible institution with a Bachelor’s degree or higher in one of the following fields:
    • Renewable Energy
    • Mining
    • Engineering
    • Information Communications Technology (ICT)
    • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
    • Financial Technology (FinTech)
    • Agricultural Technology (AgriTech)
  • English Proficiency: A minimum score of 6 overall in IELTS (or equivalent), with at least 5 in each module.
  • Institutional Criteria: Graduates must be from the top 100 Indian universities as per the NIRF Ranking 2024 (e.g., Panjab University, Chandigarh University, Thapar Institute of Engineering, Lovely Professional University).
  • Previous Participation: Applicants must not have previously participated in the MATES scheme.

Key Features of the MATES Scheme

  • No Employer Sponsorship Required: Applicants are not required to have sponsorship from an Australian employer.
  • Visa Duration: The visa allows a stay of up to 2 years in Australia, with multiple entries permitted.
  • Dependents: Visa holders can bring dependents (spouse and children). Dependents will have work rights in Australia but will not count towards the annual cap.
  • Visa Application Process:
    • The visa will be granted through a ballot system (random selection).
    • Application Fee: AUD 25.
    • Shortlisted candidates will proceed to further formalities.

Program Features

  • Targeted Sectors: MATES focuses on key sectors such as renewable energy, mining, engineering, ICT, AI, FinTech, and AgriTech, aligning with Australia’s demand for skilled professionals in these areas.
  • Pilot Program: Initially, the scheme will offer 3,000 places per year for primary applicants.
  • Work Flexibility: While the visa does not require applicants to work in their nominated field, it is designed to help young professionals expand their skills and network in Australia’s key industries.

Additional Benefits

  • Career Development: Participants will gain international work experience, expanding their professional network and skills.
  • Cultural Exchange: The scheme also promotes cultural exchange between India and Australia, fostering stronger bilateral relations.
  • Pathway for Future Opportunities: Participants may apply for further temporary or permanent residence in Australia, provided they meet the eligibility requirements.

Impact and Significance

  • Bilateral Cooperation: The MMPA, under which MATES is established, enhances migration and mobility between India and Australia while addressing concerns related to illegal migration.
  • Youth Empowerment: The scheme offers young professionals a platform to develop their careers internationally, particularly in sectors of global relevance like AI, FinTech, and renewable energy.
  • Skill Development: MATES aims to bridge skill gaps in Australia by attracting Indian professionals to key sectors where expertise is in high demand.
  • Global Talent Mobility: This scheme supports the global mobility of young talent and strengthens the India-Australia economic and educational partnership.

Operation Kawach

  • 15 Nov 2024

In News:

The Delhi Police recently initiated Operation Kawach, arresting and detaining around 1,000 people in an attempt to crack down on various gangs and their operations in the wake of the recent incidents of shootings reported in the city.

Overview of Operation Kawach

  • Objective: A crackdown on gang-related violence, drug trafficking, and other illegal activities like possession of firearms, banned drugs, and liquor.
  • Agencies Involved:Delhi Police (Local Police, Special Cell, and Crime Branch)
  • Duration: Initiated on November 12, 2024 (5 PM) and continued until November 13, 2024 (5 PM).

Key Details of the Operation

  • Arrests and Detentions:
    • Around 1,000 people detained.
    • 486 people apprehended in Outer North Delhi (20% juveniles).
    • Arrests made in Dwarka, Southwest, and North Delhi.
  • Key Gangs Targeted:
    • Associated with notorious gangs led by Lawrence Bishnoi, Neeraj Bawana, Kaushal Chaudhary, TilluTajpuria, Kala Jatheri, Manjeet Mahal, and Nandu gangs.
  • Charges: Involvement in activities like:
    • Possession of illegal firearms.
    • Trafficking of liquor and banned drugs (NDPS Act).
    • Theft and other criminal activities.

Significance of Operation Kawach

  • Public Safety: Aimed at dismantling organized crime networks to enhance safety and reduce violence in Delhi.
  • Impact on Gangs: Directly targets high-profile criminals, including those involved in gang wars and drug trafficking.
  • Strategic Law Enforcement: Strengthens law enforcement capabilities, working in coordination across multiple police units.

Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs)

  • 15 Nov 2024

In News:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) retained the State Bank of India, HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs).

Overview of D-SIBs

  • Definition: D-SIBs are banks that are 'Too Big to Fail' (TBTF) and their failure could significantly disrupt essential banking services, affecting the economy.
  • RBI Classification: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has designated SBI, HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank as D-SIBs.
  • Bucketing System: These banks are classified into different buckets based on their systemic importance.

Importance of D-SIBs

  • Systemic Importance: Banks are considered systemically important due to their:
    • Size
    • Cross-jurisdictional activities
    • Complexity
    • Interconnectedness with the economy
  • Impact of Failure: Failure of a D-SIB could cause significant disruption in the banking system and economy, impacting services like payments, loans, etc.

Why D-SIBs are Created

  • Risk of Disruption: The failure of a large bank can disrupt essential services and lead to a broader economic crisis.
  • TBTF Perception: These banks are often perceived as Too Big to Fail, leading to an expectation of government support during crises. This creates moral hazard, encouraging riskier behavior.

Assessment and Selection of D-SIBs

  • Two-Step Process:
    • Step 1: Selection of banks based on their size, complexity, and interconnectedness. Only banks with systemic importance are assessed (e.g., banks with assets > 2% of GDP).
    • Step 2: Calculation of systemic importance score based on a range of indicators. Banks above a certain threshold are classified as D-SIBs.
  • Indicators: Size (measured by Basel III Leverage Ratio Exposure Measure), interconnectedness, substitutability, and complexity are key factors.

Bucket Allocation and Capital Requirements

  • D-SIBs are assigned to five buckets based on their systemic importance score:
    • Bucket 1: Lowest capital surcharge (e.g., ICICI Bank).
    • Bucket 5: Highest capital surcharge.
  • Additional Capital Requirements:
    • SBI: Additional 0.80% CET1 (Common Equity Tier 1) on Risk-Weighted Assets (RWAs).
    • HDFC Bank: Additional 0.40% CET1.
    • ICICI Bank: Additional 0.20% CET1.
    • The higher the bucket, the higher the capital surcharge.

Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs)

  • Global List: Identified by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) based on data from the previous year.
  • 2023 G-SIB List includes banks like JP Morgan Chase, Bank of America, HSBC, etc.
  • Capital Requirement for G-SIBs in India: Foreign G-SIBs with branch presence in India must meet additional CET1 requirements, proportional to their operations in India.

Key Terms

  • Risk-Weighted Assets (RWAs): These are used to calculate the minimum capital a bank must hold. It accounts for the risk level of a bank’s assets.
  • Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1): The highest quality of capital a bank can hold, primarily made up of common stock, to absorb losses in times of distress.

RBI's New Framework for Reclassification of FPI to FDI

  • 13 Nov 2024

In News:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) directed foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) to obtain necessary approvals from the government and concurrence from the investee companies when their equity holdings go beyond the prescribed limits and they reclassify the holdings as foreign direct investment (FDI).

  • Approval Requirement:
    • FPIs (Foreign Portfolio Investors) must obtain necessary government approvals when reclassifying their foreign portfolio investments (FPIs) into Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
    • Approvals are mandatory, including those related to investments from countries sharing a land border with India.
  • Investment Limits:
    • According to FEMA (NDI) Rules, 2019, an FPI’s investment in an Indian company should not exceed 10% of the total paid-up equity capital (on a fully diluted basis).
    • If the FPI exceeds this limit, it has 5 trading days from the settlement of trades to either divest or reclassify the excess holdings as FDI.
  • Restrictions on Reclassification:
    • Reclassification to FDI is not allowed in sectors where FDI is prohibited.
    • FPIs must ensure compliance with FDI norms, such as entry routes, sectoral caps, investment limits, pricing guidelines, and other related conditions.
  • Concurrence from Investee Companies:
    • The FPI must obtain the concurrence of the investee company for reclassifying the investment into FDI.
    • This ensures that the company adheres to conditions related to prohibited sectors, sectoral caps, and government approvals.
  • Reclassification Procedure:
    • The FPI must clearly state its intent to reclassify the investment to FDI and provide the necessary approvals and concurrence to its custodian.
    • The custodian is responsible for freezing the FPI's purchase transactions in the investee company’s equity instruments until the reclassification is complete.
  • Regulatory Adherence:
    • The reclassification must follow the relevant provisions for FDI, including compliance with the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) and FDI guidelines.

Spraying Diamond Dust to cool the Earth

  • 06 Nov 2024

In News:

  • A new study in Geophysical Research Letters suggests that diamond dust could be more effective than any other material in reflecting solar radiation.
  • Objective: The goal is to reduce global temperatures by 1.6°C by spraying approximately 5 million tonnes of diamonds annually into the atmosphere.

Background of Geoengineering Solutions:

  • Geoengineering refers to large-scale interventions aimed at altering Earth's natural climate system to counteract global warming.
  • One proposed solution involves spraying diamond dust in the Earth's upper atmosphere to cool the planet.
  • This approach is part of Solar Radiation Management (SRM), which seeks to reflect sunlight away from Earth, thereby reducing global temperatures.
  • Previous Materials Considered: Sulphur, calcium, aluminium, silicon, and other compounds have been studied to perform a similar function.

Context of Geoengineering and Climate Crisis:

  • Inadequate Progress: Current efforts to mitigate global warming, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, have been insufficient. Global temperatures have continued to rise, and targets like the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C are increasingly out of reach.
  • Rising Global Temperatures:
    • 2023: Global temperatures were approximately 1.45°C higher than pre-industrial levels.
    • Projected Challenge: To meet the Paris goal, global emissions must be reduced by at least 43% by 2030. However, current actions will likely result in only a 2% reduction by 2030.

Geoengineering Technologies:

  • Geoengineering Methods:
    1. Solar Radiation Management (SRM): Reflects sunlight to cool Earth.
    2. Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR): Involves capturing and storing CO?.
  • SRM Techniques:
    • SRM draws inspiration from natural events like volcanic eruptions, where large amounts of sulphur dioxide form particles that reflect sunlight.
    • Mount Pinatubo (1991): One of the largest eruptions, which temporarily reduced global temperatures by 0.5°C due to the sulphur dioxide released.

Diamond Dust vs Other Materials:

  • Study Comparison: Diamonds were found to be the most effective material compared to other compounds (sulphur, calcium, etc.) for reflecting solar radiation.
  • Quantity Needed: To achieve a cooling of 1.6°C, 5 million tonnes of diamonds would need to be dispersed into the upper atmosphere each year.

Broader Geoengineering Context:

  • Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS):
    • CCS is already in practice, where CO? emissions from industries are captured and stored underground to reduce atmospheric carbon.
    • However, CCS faces high costs and scalability issues, and safe storage sites for CO? are limited.
  • Direct Air Capture (DAC): A more advanced method where CO? is directly removed from ambient air, but it faces even greater challenges in terms of infrastructure and cost.

Bob Khathing

  • 05 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated the Major Ralengnao 'Bob' Khathing Museum of Valour in Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, on October 31, 2023, coinciding with National Unity Day (Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's birth anniversary).
  • Significance: The museum honours Bob Khathing's contributions to India's security and the integration of Tawang into India.

Role in the Integration of Tawang:

  • Tawang Expedition (1951): In January 1951, Major Bob Khathing, an officer of the Indian Frontier Administrative Service, led the expedition to peacefully integrate Tawang into India.
  • Strategic Importance: At the time, there were concerns over Chinese intentions to enter Tibet and realign boundaries. Khathing's mission was crucial to prevent Chinese advances into the area.
  • Expedition Details: Khathing set off with Assam Rifles troops from Charduar, Assam, and after overcoming extreme terrain and weather, he reached Tawang. On February 14, 1951, he hoisted the Indian flag, marking Tawang's official integration into India.
  • Administrative Setup: Khathing established an administrative framework, including appointing Gaon Buras (village elders) to manage local governance.

Military Service and Recognition:

  • World War II Service: Bob Khathing joined the Indian Army in 1939 and earned recognition for his role in the Second World War. He was awarded the Member of the British Empire (MBE) and the Military Cross (MC) for his bravery and leadership.
  • Guerrilla Warfare: Khathing was part of the Victor Force, a British-led guerrilla unit tasked with countering the Japanese in Burma and India during WWII. Later, he became the adviser to SANCOL, a force set up to track Japanese forces in the region.
  • Military Cross Citation: Khathing was praised for his tireless efforts in organizing local Naga support, gathering intelligence, and participating in successful ambushes, which played a critical role in defeating the Japanese.

Post-War Career and Civil Service:

  • Ministerial Role in Manipur: After WWII, Khathing was demobilized and joined the interim government of Manipur, where he served as a minister in charge of the hill areas.
  • Integration of Manipur: Following Manipur's merger with India in 1949, Khathing joined the Assam Rifles and served for two years before moving into civil administration.
  • Key Positions: He served as Deputy Commissioner of Mokokchung (Nagaland), Development Commissioner in Sikkim, and Chief Secretary of Nagaland.
  • Ambassadorship: In 1975, Khathing became India's ambassador to Burma, possibly the first person of tribal origin to hold such a position in independent India.

The Importance of His Contributions:

  • Integration of Border Areas: Khathing’s role in integrating Tawang and securing India's northeastern frontier was pivotal in preventing further territorial disputes, especially with China.
  • Institutional Development: He helped establish military and security institutions, including the Sashastra Seema Bal, Nagaland Armed Police, and the Naga Regiment, which played important roles in maintaining peace and security in the region.
  • Heroic Leadership: Khathing's leadership, both as a soldier and civil servant, continues to be celebrated, symbolized by the Major Bob Khathing Museum of Valour.

Kodo Millet

  • 03 Nov 2024

In News:

Kodo millet is a staple food for many tribal and economically weaker sections in India. It is one of the 'hardiest crops, drought tolerant with high yield potential and excellent storage properties,' according to researchers

Background on Kodo Millet:

  • Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), also known as Kodra or Varagu, is a hardy, drought-tolerant crop widely grown in India, especially in Madhya Pradesh.
  • It is a staple food for many tribal and economically weaker sections of India and is used to make various dishes like idli, dosa, and rotis.
  • Kodo millet is valued for its high yield, nutritional benefits (rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants), and storage properties.

Incident in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve:

  • 10 elephants from a herd of 13 died over three days in Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve.
  • The cause of death was suspected to be mycotoxins associated with kodo millet, particularly Cyclopiazonic Acid (CPA), which is toxic to animals.

Historical Cases of Kodo Poisoning:

  • The first human cases of kodo poisoning were reported in 1922 in the Indian Medical Gazette.
  • Animals, including elephants, have also been affected by kodo millet consumption, with documented deaths as early as 1983.
  • Cyclopiazonic Acid (CPA), a mycotoxin, was identified as the cause of kodo poisoning in the 1980s.

Why Does Kodo Millet Become Poisonous?

  • Kodo millet is grown in dry and semi-arid regions and is vulnerable to fungal infections, particularly Ergot fungus, which produces CPA.
  • When the crop encounters rainfall during maturing and harvesting, fungal infection can lead to "poisoned kodo," known locally as 'Matawna Kodoo' or 'Matona Kodo'.
  • The mycotoxins in the infected millet are stable and resistant to standard food processing techniques.

Impact of Mycotoxins on Animals:

  • Symptoms of poisoning: Vomiting, giddiness, unconsciousness, rapid pulse, cold extremities, limb tremors.
  • Nervous and cardiovascular systems are primarily affected, causing liver dysfunction, heart damage, and gastrointestinal issues.
  • In severe cases, consumption of infected kodo millet can cause death due to cardiovascular collapse and organ failure.
  • Similar symptoms of depression and loss of mobility were observed in animal studies, including in mice.

Solution to Kodo Toxicity:

  • Biocontrol agents (organisms that fight harmful pathogens) can help reduce fungal growth and mycotoxin production in kodo millet.
  • Good agricultural practices: Sorting, proper storage in airtight containers, and avoiding moisture exposure during threshing can minimize contamination.
  • Post-harvest management: Removing infected grains is crucial to preventing the spread of the disease.

Detection of Mycotoxins in Kodo Millet:

  • Challenges: Mycotoxins are often undetectable by sight, and traditional methods like chromatography are time-consuming.
  • Rapid detection tools: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors offer faster, on-site methods for detecting mycotoxins in kodo millet.

PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024

  • 02 Nov 2024

In News:

The National Achievement Survey (NAS), a nationwide survey meant to assess students’ learning progress, will be held on December 4 this year under a new name – PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024. This year’s assessment involves a few changes from the last round in 2021.

Overview of PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024:

  • New Name: The National Achievement Survey (NAS) is now rebranded as the PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024.
  • Date: The survey will be held on December 4, 2024.
  • Purpose: To assess students’ learning achievements across India.
  • Organizing Bodies: Spearheaded by NCERT and CBSE.

What Does the Survey Assess?

  • Assessment Focus: Evaluates students’ learning outcomes in various subjects.
  • Survey Methodology: Uses multiple-choice questions to assess a sample of students.
  • Target Groups: Students from government, government-aided, and private schools across every district in India.

History of NAS and PARAKH:

  • NAS History: Conducted every three years since 2001 to capture learning progress.
  • Involvement of Classes:
    • 2001-2014: Included Classes 3, 5, and 8.
    • 2014-15: Class 10 was introduced.
    • 2017 and 2021: Covered Classes 3, 5, 8, and 10.
  • Report Cards: Provides national, state, and district-level performance data.

Changes in 2024 Survey (PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan):

  • Targeted Classes:
    • Class 3 (End of foundational stage)
    • Class 6 (End of preparatory stage)
    • Class 9 (End of middle stage)
  • Exclusion of Class 10: Unlike previous years, Class 10 students are not part of this year's assessment.
  • Subjects Assessed:
    • Class 3 & 6: Language, Mathematics, and The World Around Us (Concepts of Science, Social Science, and Environmental Education).
    • Class 9: Language, Mathematics, Science, and Social Science.

Alignment with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020:

  • NEP Structure: Aligns with the NEP 2020 framework, categorizing educational stages:
    • Class 1-2: Foundational stage
    • Class 3-5: Preparatory stage
    • Class 6-8: Middle stage
    • Class 9-12: Secondary stage
  • The shift to Class 6 and 9 for this year’s survey matches the NEP's stage-wise educational framework.

Key Differences in 2024 Assessment:

  • Survey Scale: In 2024, 75,565 schools and 22.9 lakh students from 782 districts will participate.
  • 2021 Assessment Data:
    • The 2021 survey revealed a drop in learning outcomes post-COVID-19.
    • Class 3 students showed a performance below the national average in all states.
    • Class 5: Only Punjab and Rajasthan had scores above the national average.

PARAKH's Role:

  • PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development) was established in 2023 as the National Assessment Centre to oversee such achievement surveys.
  • Mandate: One of PARAKH’s primary roles is to organize national surveys like the PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan.

Significance of the Survey:

  • Data Utilization: The survey helps in shaping educational policies based on real-time data on student learning levels.
  • Competency-Based Assessment: This year’s survey is focused on competency-based assessments, aligning with the goals of NEP 2020.
  • Policy and Planning: The data helps in designing interventions to address regional or subject-wise disparities in education quality.

Discovery of the First "Black Hole Triple" System

  • 02 Nov 2024

In News:

Scientists have discovered a "black hole triple" system, which is a rare configuration in space involving one black hole and two stars.

Overview of the Discovery:

  • Location: The system is located 8,000 light years away from Earth, in the constellation Cygnus.
  • Key Features:
    • A black hole at the center, currently consuming a star that is spiraling very close to it.
    • A second, more distant star that orbits the black hole every 70,000 years, and another star that orbits it every 6.5 days.

What is a Black Hole Triple System?

  • Black Hole and Two Stars: Unlike typical binary systems (comprising a black hole and one other object), this system contains a black hole surrounded by two stars, one nearby and one far away.
  • V404 Cygni: The central black hole in the system is the V404 Cygni, one of the oldest known black holes, roughly 9 times the mass of the Sun.

Significance of the Discovery:

  • Questions on Black Hole Formation: The discovery raises new questions about how black holes are formed. Traditionally, black holes are thought to form after the explosion of a massive star (supernova), but this system does not follow that model.
  • New Formation Theory: Researchers suggest the black hole may have formed via a "direct collapse" process, where a star collapses into a black hole without undergoing a supernova explosion. This is referred to as a "failed supernova".
    • In a failed supernova, the star's collapse happens too quickly for the explosive outer layers to be ejected, leading to the formation of a black hole without the typical violent explosion.

Implications for Other Binary Systems:

  • The black hole’s gradual consumption of one of its stars may imply that some binary black hole systems could have originally been triple systems, with one star eventually being consumed by the black hole.

Research and Collaboration:

  • Study: The discovery was made by researchers at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
  • Published in: The findings were published in Nature in October 2024.

Additional Context:

  • Distance: The system is about 8,000 light years away, which is vast but still observable with advanced telescopes.
  • Mystery of the "Failed Supernova": The concept of a failed supernova offers new insights into the life cycle of massive stars and their transformation into black holes.

PM rolls out Ayushman Bharat for Citizens aged 70 and above

  • 01 Nov 2024

In News:

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has expanded the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to citizens aged 70 years and above, regardless of their income or economic status. This move is aimed at addressing the healthcare challenges faced by India's elderly population, which has been growing rapidly.

Key Highlights of the Ayushman Bharat Expansion:

  • Health Coverage for Elderly:
    • Ayushman Vaya Vandana Card: This new health card offers Rs 5 lakh annually for individuals aged 70 and above. The coverage is shared within the family, so if there are multiple elderly beneficiaries in one household, the total cover will be split.
    • Scope: This initiative is designed to provide a safety net for elderly people, many of whom had previously been unable to access treatment due to high costs.
  • Significance of the Scheme:
    • India’s elderly population is rapidly growing, with the number of people over 60 expected to reach 319 million by 2050, up from 103 million in 2011.
    • The expansion of PM-JAY to include those aged 70+ is a critical step in making universal health coverage more inclusive as India’s population ages.
  • Eligibility and Registration:
    • Individuals aged 70 years and above must register on the PM-JAY portal or through the Ayushman app. Those who already have an Ayushman Bharat card must complete an eKYC process to receive the new card and coverage.
    • Exclusions: The scheme is not available in Delhi and West Bengal, as these states have not adopted the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
  • Financial Details:
    • The initial outlay for this expansion will be Rs 3,437 crore, covering the remainder of the current financial year and the next year.
    • Cover for Overlapping Health Schemes: Elderly individuals who are already covered under other government schemes (e.g., CGHS, Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme) will have the option to either continue with their current coverage or choose Ayushman Bharat. Those with ESIC or private insurance can access both Ayushman Bharat and their existing cover.
  • Coverage Scope:
    • The expansion is expected to benefit approximately 6 crore individuals across 4.5 crore families.
    • Existing Coverage: Around 1.78 crore elderly people are already covered under the scheme. Additional coverage will be provided to those not currently included in the scheme.
  • Interoperability with Other Schemes:
    • Those under the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS), or other similar schemes will need to choose between their current insurance and the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
    • However, individuals enrolled in Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) can have both their existing cover and the Ayushman Bharat coverage.
  • Rollout and Reach:
    • The scheme will be implemented across 33 states and Union Territories, except Delhi, Odisha, and West Bengal.
    • Over 29,600 hospitals, including more than 12,600 private facilities, are empanelled to provide treatment under PM-JAY.

Other Key Announcements:

  • U-WIN Portal: A pan-India digital platform for routine vaccinations, aimed at enhancing the efficiency of vaccination programs.
  • Critical Care Facilities: The Prime Minister also launched critical care infrastructure, including new facilities in AIIMS Bhubaneswar, Kalyani, and super-specialty units in Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)

  • 01 Nov 2024

In News:

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a cutting-edge remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to measure distances and create detailed 3D maps of Earth's surface. This technology has recently played a crucial role in discovering a lost Mayan city hidden under the dense Mexican jungle.

What is LiDAR?

  • Definition: LiDAR is a remote sensing technology that uses pulsed laser light to measure distances and generate precise 3D models of Earth’s surface.
  • Components: The system includes a laser, a scanner, and a GPS receiver. It is usually mounted on an aircraft to map large areas of terrain.
  • Data Accuracy: LiDAR can create high-resolution 3D models with vertical accuracy up to 10 cm, making it highly precise for mapping ground elevation.

How LiDAR Works

  • Laser Emission: LiDAR sends out rapid laser pulses toward the ground.
  • Reflection: These pulses hit the Earth’s surface, reflecting off features like vegetation, buildings, and terrain.
  • Measurement: The time it takes for the laser light to travel to the ground and back is measured, allowing the system to calculate the distance between the sensor and the surface.
  • Point Cloud Data: The reflected light data is collected as a "point cloud", representing all the surfaces it hits, including trees, buildings, and other features.
  • Refinement: This point cloud can be processed into a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), stripping away vegetation and structures to reveal the “bare earth,” which highlights features like roads, buildings, and hidden settlements.

Why LiDAR is Useful for Archaeologists

  • Large-Scale Surveying: Traditional archaeological methods often involve labor-intensive fieldwork, such as walking over every square meter and manually cutting through thick vegetation. LiDAR, however, allows researchers to quickly survey vast areas of land, even through dense jungle, from the comfort of a lab.
  • Visibility Under Vegetation: LiDAR’s ability to penetrate dense foliage and reveal features beneath the surface is a game changer. Even thick tree canopies that obscure the ground are no match for the laser pulses, which can pass through gaps to illuminate hidden structures.

The Discovery of the Lost Mayan City

  • The City of Valeriana: Using publicly available LiDAR data from a forest monitoring project in 2013, archaeologist Luke Auld-Thomas discovered a lost Mayan city in Mexico’s Campeche region. The city, named Valeriana, had been hidden for centuries by the thick jungle.
  • City Features: The city has all the hallmarks of a Classic Maya political capital, including:
    • Multiple enclosed plazas
    • Broad causeways
    • Temple pyramids
    • A ball court
    • A reservoir formed by damming a seasonal watercourse
  • Historical Significance: Valeriana is believed to date back before 150 CE and may have been a key political and cultural center in the Maya civilization.

Applications of LiDAR Beyond Archaeology

  • Geography and Mapping: LiDAR is widely used to generate precise, three-dimensional data about the Earth’s surface, helping geographers and planners.
  • Environmental Monitoring: It is also used in forest monitoring, flood risk assessment, and environmental conservation.
  • Urban Planning and Engineering: Engineers use LiDAR for creating highly accurate topographical maps and planning infrastructure projects.

Ayurveda Day 2024

  • 30 Oct 2024

In News:

Celebrated on 29th October 2024, marking the 9th Ayurveda Day, with the theme “Ayurveda Innovations for Global Health”.

  • Global Participation: Over 150 countries participating, reflecting Ayurveda's growing global influence.
  • Venue: Major events held at the All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), New Delhi.

Key Highlights:

Significance of Ayurveda and its Global Outreach

  • Ancient System: Ayurveda is one of the oldest healthcare systems, focusing on holistic well-being, rooted in Vedic traditions, and dating back over 5,000 years.
  • Global Recognition: Recognized in 24 countries and Ayurveda products exported to over 100 countries.
  • International Cooperation: Collaborative efforts through forums like BRICS, SCO, BIMSTEC, and WHO to integrate Ayurveda into global health policies.

Role of Dhanvantri in Ayurveda Day

  • Dhanvantari Jayanti: Ayurveda Day coincides with Dhanteras, marking the birth anniversary of Lord Dhanvantri, considered the divine physician.
  • Cultural & Religious Significance: Worshiped for promoting health and longevity, Dhanvantri symbolizes the healing powers of Ayurveda.

Innovations and Relevance of Ayurveda

  • Research and Innovation: The theme emphasizes scientific advancements in Ayurveda to address global health challenges such as non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mental health, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and geriatric care.
  • Startup Ecosystem: Focus on fostering innovation through Ayurveda startups, particularly in the North Eastern states and across India.

Ayurveda’s Role in Addressing Global Health Issues

  • Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Ayurveda offers preventive and holistic treatment for diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular conditions.
  • Mental Health: Ayurveda promotes balance in the mind, body, and spirit, with methods addressing stress, anxiety, and depression.
  • Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Emphasizing traditional medicinal plants and natural remedies to combat resistance to antibiotics.
  • Geriatric Health: Ayurveda's role in managing aging and enhancing quality of life through rejuvenation therapies.

Focus Areas for Ayurveda Innovation

  • Women’s Health: Developing Ayurvedic solutions tailored for women's health issues, including reproductive health and hormonal balance.
  • Workplace Wellness: Integrating Ayurveda in workplace settings to improve mental and physical health.
  • School Wellness Programs: Promoting Ayurvedic practices in schools to boost immunity and overall health of children.
  • Food Innovation: Modernizing Ayurvedic dietary concepts, focusing on nutritional balance and preventive health.

Government Initiatives and Digital Transformation

  • Ayush Digital Platforms: Initiatives like Ayush Grid, Ayurgyan Scheme, Ayush Research Portal, and Namaste Portal are enhancing accessibility to Ayurvedic knowledge.
  • WHO Integration: Ayurveda's inclusion in the WHO ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module facilitates global standardization and recognition.
  • I Support Ayurveda Campaign: A public awareness campaign aiming to garner over 250 million votes in support of Ayurveda.

Ayurvedic Education and Research

  • Research Centers: Government-supported centers like the Research Centre for Innovation in Ayurveda Biology and WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre advancing Ayurveda's global integration.
  • Academic Contributions: Institutes like National Institute of Ayurveda, Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, and North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy are leading innovation and education in Ayurveda.

Ayurveda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  • SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being): Ayurveda contributes significantly to public health, with a focus on preventive care and holistic health.
  • Universal Health Coverage (UHC): Ayurveda supports affordable, accessible healthcare solutions, complementing the global health agenda.

'Act4Dyslexia' Campaign

  • 29 Oct 2024

In News:

  • On October 27, 2024, prominent landmarks such as Rashtrapati Bhawan, Parliament House, India Gate, and the North and South Blocks in Delhi were illuminated in red to raise awareness for Dyslexia and other learning disabilities.
  • Similar illuminations took place in major cities like Patna, Ranchi, Jaipur, Kohima, Shimla, and Mumbai, highlighting the importance of dyslexia awareness.

Key Highlights:

  • Collaboration for Awareness:
    • The campaign is organized in collaboration with UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP) and the ChangeInkk Foundation.
    • Its goal is to remove stigma and foster understanding of dyslexia and other learning disabilities, which affect 20% of India’s population—around 35 million students.
  • Flagging off the ‘Walk4Dyslexia’:
    • The ‘Walk4Dyslexia’ event, aimed at promoting collective action for dyslexia awareness, was flagged off by Shri Rajesh Aggarwal, Secretary of the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD), along with Mr. Shombi Sharp, UN Resident Coordinator in India.
    • The walk was organized by ChangeInkk Foundation, UNESCO MGIEP, Orkids Foundation, and Soch Foundation.
  • Growth of the Campaign:
    • The Act4Dyslexia campaign saw a significant expansion in 2024, with over 1,600 walks held across the country, from state capitals to villages, engaging over 4 lakh participants.
    • The campaign mobilized 2 billion steps in support of dyslexia awareness, with 150+ organizations joining forces.
  • Focus on Equal Rights and Opportunities:
    • Dyslexia and other specific learning disabilities (SLDs) were officially recognized under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. This law mandates equal educational and employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities.
    • The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 further emphasizes inclusive education, calling for early identification, teacher capacity building, and necessary support and accommodations.
  • Understanding Dyslexia:
    • Dyslexia is often misunderstood as a sign of being a "slow learner", but people with dyslexia often excel in areas like logical reasoning, problem-solving, and innovation.
    • Notably, 40% of self-made millionaires have dyslexia, and historical figures like Albert Einstein were also dyslexic.
  • Global Impact:
    • The campaign aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aiming to unlock the untapped potential of individuals with learning disabilities, thereby contributing to societal development at a global level.

New Disability Certificate Rules (RPwD Rules, 2024)

  • 29 Oct 2024

In News:

  • The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Rules, 2024, were amended by the Union Government in the wake of the Puja Khedkar controversy, where an IAS probationer was dismissed for alleged forgery in her disability and caste certificates.
  • National Platform for the Rights of the Disabled (NPRD) has called for a rollback of the new rules, citing that they make the process of obtaining disability certificates more stringent and cumbersome.

Key Changes Under the New RPwD Rules, 2024

  • Authority for Issuing Disability Certificates:
    • Only a designated medical authority or a notified competent medical authority at the district level can issue disability certificates.
    • NPRD had proposed that experts from non-profits also be authorized to carry out checks, but this suggestion was not accepted.
  • Colour-Coded UDID Cards:
    • The new rules introduce colour-coded UDID cards to represent levels of disability:
      • White (general disability)
      • Yellow (moderate disability)
      • Blue (severe disability with 80% or higher).
  • Mandatory Online Applications:
    • Applicants are now required to apply for disability certificates online, which could be problematic for individuals who lack access to the internet, smartphones, or are digitally illiterate.
    • The NPRD has urged the government to retain the option for in-person applications.
  • Extended Time for Certificate Issuance:
    • The new rules extend the time for issuing disability certificates from one month to three months.
  • Reapplication Requirement:
    • If there is no action taken on an application for two years, the applicant will have to reapply, which the NPRD considers unacceptable, as it punishes disabled individuals for system failures.

NPRD's Concerns

  • Regressive and Burdensome:NPRD believes the amendments are regressive, adding more hurdles for genuine persons with disabilities to access certificates, which are crucial for identification and entitlement to services.
  • Lack of Accountability:The NPRD argues that the rules do not address the systemic issues highlighted by the Puja Khedkar case, such as the lack of accountability at various levels in the certification process.
  • Online Application Issues:Many people from the disabled community may struggle with technical jargon used in online applications and may not have the resources to complete the process digitally.
  • Delay in Issuance:Extending the time for issuing certificates to three months could create delays for those in urgent need of certification for services or entitlements.

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

  • 29 Oct 2024

In News:

  • The Union Government has decided to introduce four new components under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), aimed at promoting modern farming techniques:Hydroponics, Aquaponics, Vertical Farming&Precision Agriculture

Key Features of MIDH:

  • MIDH is a Central Sponsored Scheme (CSS) aimed at the integrated development of various horticulture crops, including:
    • Fruits, vegetables, root and tuber crops, mushrooms, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, cocoa, and bamboo.
  • The scheme focuses on pre-production, production, post-harvest management, processing, and marketing activities.

Revision of Operational Guidelines and Cost Norms:

  • The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare is revising the MIDH operational guidelines and cost norms, which were last updated in April 2014.
  • The revised guidelines are expected to be released within one month.
  • Cost norms are likely to increase by 20% compared to the existing rates, addressing concerns from various states about outdated guidelines.

Reason for Revision:

  • Several states, including Odisha, have raised concerns over the old rates under MIDH. For example, Odisha’s Agriculture Minister highlighted that the state was still using 10-year-old rates.
  • The Union Cabinet had already approved the rationalization of all CSS operating under the Ministry into two umbrella schemes:
    • Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM-RKVY)
    • Krishonnati Yojana (KY)

Growth in India's Horticulture Sector:

  • India’s horticulture production has significantly increased in recent years:
    • Total production reached 334.60 million metric tonnes in 2020-21, up from 240.53 million metric tonnes in 2010-11.
  • India is now the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally, surpassing food grain production.
  • MIDH Annual Budget:The annual allocation for MIDH in the current financial year (2024-25) is ?2,000 crore.

Greenhouse Gas Levels Hit Record High in 2023: World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

  • 29 Oct 2024

In News:

According to the WMO, the last time the earth had a similar CO2 concentration was 3-5 million years ago, when temperatures were 2-3°C higher and sea levels were 10-20 metres higher than they are now

Key Highlights:

  • Record High Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Levels:
    • In 2023, annual mean carbon dioxide (CO2) levels rose by 2.3 parts per million (ppm), reaching a new record of 420 ppm.
    • This marks the 12th consecutive year with an increase of over 2 ppm in CO2 levels.
  • Historical Context:
    • CO2 levels not seen in 3-5 million years, when temperatures were 2-3°C higher, and sea levels were 10-20 meters higher than they are today.
  • Key GHGs at Record Highs:
    • The globally averaged surface concentrations of CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide all reached new highs in 2023.
  • Contributors to the Increase in CO2:
    • Natural Variability: Natural factors such as large vegetation fires and reduced carbon absorption by forests contributed to higher CO2 levels.
    • Human Activity: High fossil fuel emissions from human and industrial activities also played a major role.
    • El Niño Phenomenon: The El Niño event led to higher temperatures and drier conditions, exacerbating the rise in GHG levels through increased wildfires and reduced carbon absorption by land sinks.
  • Climate Feedback Loop Concerns:
    • The WMO warned of a vicious cycle:
      • Climate change could cause ecosystems to become larger sources of GHGs.
      • Wildfires could release more carbon, and warmer oceans may absorb less CO2, leading to more CO2 remaining in the atmosphere, accelerating global warming.
  • Radiative Forcing:
    • Radiative forcing (the warming effect on climate) from long-lived GHGs has increased by 51.5% from 1990 to 2023, with CO2 contributing 81% of this increase.
  • Methane Concerns:
    • Methane saw its largest three-year increase between 2020 and 2022.
    • This increase was linked to warmer temperatures and wetter land conditions during the 2020-2022 La Niña conditions, which caused an uptick in methane emissions from natural wetlands.
  • Long-Term Impact of CO2:
    • Given CO2's long atmospheric lifetime, even with rapid emissions reductions, the warming effect will persist for several decades.

C-295 Aircraft

  • 29 Oct 2024

In News:

  • Recently, PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the Final Assembly Line (FAL) plant in Vadodara, Gujarat, for the manufacturing of the C-295 aircraft.
  • The plant is a joint venture between Tata Advanced Systems Ltd (TASL) and Airbus.
  • This is the first private sector final assembly line for military aircraft in India.

Key Details:

  • Manufacturing Timeline
    • Contract: In September 2021, India signed a ?21,935 crore deal with Airbus Defence and Space to procure 56 C-295 aircraft to replace the IAF’s ageing Avro-748 fleet.
    • Production Plan:
      • The first 16 aircraft will be delivered from Airbus’s plant in Seville, Spain, between September 2023 and August 2025.
      • The remaining 40 aircraft will be produced in India by TASL, with the first “Made-in-India” C-295 rolling out in September 2026.
      • The entire fleet (56 aircraft) is expected to be delivered by August 2031.
  • Key Features and Specifications
    • Type: Tactical transport aircraft with a capacity of 5 to 10 tonnes.
    • Maximum Speed: 480 km/h.
    • Cabin Dimensions: 12.7 meters (41 feet 8 inches), the longest unobstructed cabin in its class.
    • Passenger Capacity: Can accommodate up to 71 seats.
    • Cargo Handling: Rear ramp door for quick loading/unloading and para-dropping.
    • Short Take-off and Landing (STOL): Capable of operating from airstrips as short as 2,200 feet.
  • Significance for the Indian Air Force (IAF)
    • The C-295 will enhance the medium-lift tactical capability of the IAF.
    • It will replace the ageing Soviet-origin AN-32 aircraft, which are nearing the end of their operational life.
    • The C-295 will bridge the capability gap in troop and cargo transport over short and medium distances.
  • Indigenous Content
    • Indigenous Electronic Warfare Suite: All 56 aircraft will be equipped with an indigenous electronic warfare suite, developed by Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).
    • Made-in-India Components: 96% of the work that Airbus does in Spain will be done at the Vadodara plant, making it one of the highest-ever indigenous contributions for an aircraft in India.
  • Global Operations of the C-295
    • The C-295 is operational in various challenging terrains worldwide, including:
      • Brazilian jungles, Colombian mountains (South America)
      • Deserts of Algeria and Jordan (Middle East)
      • Cold climates of Poland and Finland (Europe)
      • Military operations in Chad, Iraq, and Afghanistan.
  • Roles and Capabilities
    • Tactical Transport: Can transport troops and supplies from main airfields to forward operating airfields.
    • Short Take-off and Landing (STOL): Capable of operating from short, unprepared airstrips.
    • Low-level Operations: Can conduct low-speed, low-level missions at 110 knots.
    • Other Missions: Suitable for casualty evacuation, special missions, disaster relief, and maritime patrol.

Hong Kong Discovers Dinosaur Fossils

  • 28 Oct 2024

In News:

Hong Kong discovers dinosaur fossils for the first time

Key Details:

    • Significance: This marks the first-ever discovery of dinosaur fossils in Hong Kong.
  • Time Period:The fossils date back to the Cretaceous Period, approximately 145 million to 66 million years ago.
  • Fossil Details:The fossils belong to a large dinosaur, but further studies are required to determine the exact species.Initial analysis suggests the dinosaur may have been buried by sand and gravel after death, later being washed to the surface by a flood before being buried again.
  • Site and Protection:Port Island, part of a geopark, is closed to the public to facilitate ongoing fossil investigations and excavation work.
  • Geological and Archaeological Importance:The discovery underscores the significance of Hong Kong's geoparks and its role in preserving and showcasing natural history.This finding contributes to global understanding of prehistoric life, especially in the Cretaceous period.

21st Livestock Census

  • 27 Oct 2024

In News:

The Livestock Census is a crucial tool for understanding the current status of India’s livestock sector and its contribution to the economy and society.

What is the Livestock Census?

  • The Livestock Census is a nationwide survey conducted every five years to assess the number, species, breed, age, sex, and ownership status of domesticated animals and poultry, including stray animals.
  • Purpose: It helps in collecting comprehensive data about the livestock population and their role in the economy and society.
  • First Census: The first livestock census was conducted in 1919, and this is the 21st edition.
  • Next Census: The 21st Livestock Census will be conducted between October 2024 and February 2025 by approximately 87,000 enumerators across 30 crore households in India.

Animals Covered in the Census

  • The census will account for 16 species of animals, including:
    • Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun, Yak, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Camel, Horse, Ponies, Mule, Donkey
    • Dog, Rabbit, Elephant
    • Poultry: Fowl, Chicken, Duck, Turkey, Geese, Quail, Ostrich, and Emu
  • The census will also collect data on 219 indigenous breeds of these species recognized by the ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR).

Objectives of the Livestock Census

  • Economic Contribution: The livestock sector contributes approximately:
    • 30% of the Gross Value Added (GVA) of the agricultural sector
    • 4.7% of India's overall GVA
    • It plays a crucial role in rural employment, particularly in poultry and animal husbandry.
  • Policy Formulation and Planning:
    • The data from the census is critical for formulating and implementing policies related to livestock, ensuring sustainable growth in the sector.
    • It helps in monitoring and estimating GVA from livestock.
  • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
    • Provides vital data for tracking the progress towards Goal 2 of SDGs (Zero Hunger) and Target 2.5, which focuses on maintaining genetic diversity in livestock, particularly addressing local breeds at risk of extinction (Indicator 2.5.2).
  • Sectoral Monitoring:
    • The census helps in monitoring the performance and health of India’s livestock sector, which is vital for ensuring food security, rural livelihoods, and economic growth.

Key Features of the 21st Livestock Census

  • Digitization:
    • Like the 2019 Census, this year’s census will be fully digitized, with data collected via a mobile application.
    • Digital Monitoring: A dashboard will monitor progress at various levels, and the latitude and longitude of the data collection locations will be recorded.
    • A software-based livestock census report will be generated to streamline analysis.
  • New Data Points:
    • For the first time, data on pastoral animals and pastoralists will be collected, focusing on their socio-economic status and livestock holdings.
    • Granular Data: The census will gather information on:
      • Proportions of households that rely on livestock for major income.
      • Gender-based data on stray cattle.
  • Extended Scope:
    • In addition to animal population statistics, the census will also focus on the socio-economic contributions of the livestock sector, gender inclusion, and employment.

Significance of the Livestock Census

  • A Comprehensive Livestock Profile:
    • Provides a holistic view of livestock population and the interlinkages between animal husbandry, agriculture, and rural economies.
    • Assists in the management and preservation of indigenous animal breeds.
  • Informed Decision-Making:
    • Helps policymakers, researchers, and development organizations in formulating strategies for sectoral growth, genetic diversity preservation, and livelihood enhancement for rural communities.
  • Monitoring Livestock Health:
    • The census helps in tracking the health and sustainability of India’s livestock population, which is essential for ensuring food security and preventing animal diseases.

Findings of the 2019 Livestock Census

  • Total Livestock Population: 535.78 million
    • Cattle: 192.9 million
    • Goats: 148.88 million
    • Buffaloes: 109.85 million
    • Sheep: 74.26 million
    • Pigs: 9.06 million
    • Other species contributed a small fraction to the total livestock population (0.23%).

Nobel Peace Prize 2024

  • 24 Oct 2024

In News:

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, an organisation of survivors of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings. In doing so, the Nobel Committee has highlighted the power of their testimonies and the need for disarmament.

Key Points about Nihon Hidankyo and the Hibakusha Movement

  • Nihon Hidankyo:
    • Established on August 10, 1956, as the nation-wide organization for survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings.
    • Focuses on the welfare of Hibakusha (A-bomb survivors), promoting nuclear disarmament, and advocating for compensation for victims.
    • Works to share the stories and experiences of Hibakusha, both within Japan and globally.
  • Hibakusha (Bomb-affected People):
    • Survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
    • Played a pivotal role in the global nuclear disarmament movement.
    • Their testimonies have helped create the "nuclear taboo," ensuring nuclear weapons have not been used since 1945.

Role of Hibakusha in Nuclear Disarmament

  • Global Impact:
    • The bombings ignited a global movement for nuclear disarmament.
    • Hibakusha's advocacy has highlighted the human cost of nuclear weapons, shaping international policy and promoting the nuclear taboo.
  • Nihon Hidankyo’s Advocacy:
    • The organization has been instrumental in documenting the effects of nuclear weapons and advocating for their abolition.
    • Testimonies from Hibakusha have been key in raising awareness about the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear warfare.

Nobel Committee's Recognition and Current Nuclear Challenges

  • Recognition of Hibakusha's Work:
    • The Nobel Committee awarded the Peace Prize to Nihon Hidankyo for its role in promoting nuclear disarmament and for contributing to the nuclear taboo.
    • The nuclear taboo is under increasing pressure as new countries seek nuclear weapons and existing powers modernize their arsenals.
  • Current Nuclear Landscape:
    • The US and Russia continue to maintain large nuclear stockpiles, with the US planning to spend over $1 trillion on upgrading its nuclear capabilities by the 2040s.
    • New Threats: Geopolitical tensions, including regional conflicts, raise concerns about the resurgence of nuclear arms races.

Previous Nobel Peace Prizes for Disarmament

  • Past Laureates:
    • 1974: Former Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Sato awarded for Japan's commitment to non-nuclear weapons policy.
    • 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) awarded for its efforts to draw attention to the humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons and push for a nuclear ban treaty.
  • Link with Alfred Nobel’s Vision:
    • Alfred Nobel, the founder of the Peace Prize, made his fortune with the invention of dynamite and sought to use his wealth to promote peace, especially through disarmament.

E. coli Outbreak Linked to McDonald's Burgers

  • 24 Oct 2024

In News:

  • An E. coli outbreak has been linked to McDonald's burgers in the United States. The infection has affected at least 10 states.

E. coli in India:

  • Prevalence: E. coli infections are common in India, especially during the summer and rainy seasons, when there is an increase in gastrointestinal infections.
  • Transmission: E. coli spreads mainly through contaminated food and water.
  • National statistics: Over 500 outbreaks of diarrhoeal diseases were reported in India in 2023. E. coli is one of the most common pathogens causing gastrointestinal infections in India.
  • ICMR data: According to the latest report from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), E. coli was found in 23.19% of patient samples from tertiary care hospitals across India.
  • FSSAI's Role: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is establishing a network of 34 microbiology labs to test food for pathogens like E. coli, salmonella, and listeria.

Symptoms of E. coli Infection:

  • Common symptoms include:
    • High fever (over 102°F)
    • Persistent diarrhoea, sometimes bloody
    • Vomiting
    • Dehydration due to fluid loss
  • Severe cases may lead to acute kidney injury.

Treatment of E. coli Infections:

  • E. coli is treated with antibiotics, but medical consultation is necessary before taking any medication.
  • Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern, as E. coli's susceptibility to antibiotics, including carbapenem, has declined from 81.4% in 2017 to 62.7% in 2023.

When to Seek Medical Attention:

  • Consult a doctor if:
    • Diarrhoea lasts more than a couple of days.
    • Frequent visits to the toilet (every half hour to an hour).
    • Bloody diarrhoea.
    • Vomiting frequently or inability to retain fluids.

Food Safety Measures:

  • The FSSAI is working to improve food safety by implementing better testing protocols for microbial contamination in food products across India.

India's Mission Mausam and the Cloud Chamber

  • 23 Oct 2024

In News:

Mission Mausamaims to not just improve weather forecasting in the country but also ‘manage’ certain weather events, and on demand, enhance or suppress rainfall, hail, fog and, later, lightning strikes.

  • Focus Areas:
    • Enhancing or suppressing rainfall, hail, fog, and later, lightning strikes on demand.
    • Strengthening cloud physics research to better understand and modify weather conditions.
  • Establishment of Cloud Chamber:
    • Location: The cloud chamber is being built at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune.
    • Purpose: To study cloud physics in detail and develop methods for weather modification.
    • Key Feature: It will be a convective cloud chamber, capable of simulating conditions specific to Indian monsoon clouds.

What is a Cloud Chamber?

  • A scientific apparatus that mimics the conditions required for cloud formation.
  • Function: Water vapour, aerosols, and other particles are injected into the chamber, and under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, clouds can be formed.
  • Global Context: While many countries have cloud chambers, India is building one with convection properties, which are essential for studying monsoon clouds. Only a few such chambers exist globally.

Why India Needs a Convective Cloud Chamber?

  • Cloud Physics: The chamber will allow scientists to study various phenomena such as:
    • Cloud behaviour under normal and extreme conditions.
    • Formation of rain droplets and ice particles.
    • Influence of moisture from cyclones or low-pressure systems.
    • Interactions between different cloud layers.
  • Objective: To gain insights into cloud formation specific to the Indian monsoon and develop strategies for weather modification.

Applications for Weather Modification:

  • The cloud chamber will help scientists simulate and understand how to influence weather events like rain and fog, particularly in monsoon systems.
  • It will allow testing of new ideas and theories under controlled conditions, adjusting temperature, humidity, and convection parameters to suit Indian weather conditions.

India’s Experience with Cloud Seeding:

  • Cloud Seeding: A technique tested in India to enhance rainfall by introducing particles (seeds) into clouds.
  • CAIPEEX Program: India conducted the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) over a decade to study cloud seeding's effectiveness.
    • Findings: Cloud seeding increased rainfall by up to 46% in some regions, showing its potential under specific conditions.
    • Limitations: Cloud seeding is not a one-size-fits-all solution and is effective only under certain conditions.

Significance for India’s Weather Forecasting:

  • Improved Weather Modification: The cloud chamber and insights from it could lead to better management of weather events, especially in regions affected by monsoon rains, cyclones, and droughts.
  • Tailored Strategies: India will be able to implement targeted weather interventions, especially in agricultural regions, to reduce the negative impacts of extreme weather.

???????Global and Regional Relevance:

  • Cloud Chamber: The Pune facility will be one of the few globally with the specific focus on convective properties needed to study Indian monsoon systems.
  • Role in Climate Science: India’s investment in cloud physics research positions it at the forefront of developing technologies to manage climate variability and extreme weather events.

Z-Morh Tunnel Project in Kashmir

  • 22 Oct 2024

In News:

Seven people were killed in Jammu and Kashmir when suspected militants targeted the workers of infrastructure company APCO Infratech, which is constructing the Z-Morh tunnel on the Srinagar-Sonamarg highway. This is the first militant attack on a key infrastructure project in Jammu and Kashmir. In the past, militants have not targeted such infrastructure projects in the region.

What is the Z-Morh Tunnel?

  • Length: 6.4 kilometers
  • Connection: Links Sonamarg (a popular tourist destination) with Kangan town in central Kashmir’s Ganderbal district.
  • Construction Site: Located near Gagangir village, ahead of Sonamarg.
  • Naming: The tunnel gets its name from the Z-shaped road near the construction site.

Importance of the Z-Morh Tunnel

  • All-Weather Connectivity: The tunnel is crucial for year-round access to Sonamarg, particularly in the winter when the road is often blocked by snow avalanches.
  • Location: Situated at 8,500 feet above sea level, the tunnel provides a safe, all-weather route for tourists and locals, especially during winter months when access to Sonamarg is typically limited.

Strategic Importance

  • Part of Zojila Tunnel Project:
    • The Z-Morh tunnel is integral to the larger Zojila tunnel project, which aims to provide all-weather connectivity from Srinagar to Ladakh.
    • The Zojila Tunnel, under construction at an altitude of around 12,000 feet, will connect Sonamarg (Kashmir) to Drass (Ladakh) and is expected to be completed by December 2026.
  • Military and Strategic Significance:
    • The Z-Morh tunnel is crucial for rapid military mobilization between Srinagar, Kargil, Leh, and Drass regions.
    • It ensures quick access for military personnel to the Ladakh border, particularly in areas of heightened security like Siachen Glacier and the Turtuk sub-sector (on the Pakistan border).
    • The tunnel will reduce dependence on air transport for troop and supply movements to forward areas, leading to cost savings and extended aircraft lifespan.

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)

  • 22 Oct 2024

In News:

The tiny nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has played an outsized role in scientific discovery, contributing to four Nobel Prizes over the years.

Key Discoveries from C. elegans Research

  • C. elegans and Cellular Processes:
    • The worm has helped scientists understand programmed cell death (apoptosis), a vital process in development and disease. This work contributed to the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, addressing how cells are instructed to kill themselves and how this process goes awry in conditions like AIDS, strokes, and degenerative diseases.
  • Gene Silencing and RNA Interference:
    • In 2006, a Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi), a process first explored using C. elegans. This discovery led to the development of a new class of RNA-based drugs.
  • Cellular Imaging Techniques:
    • In 2008, C. elegans contributed to breakthroughs in cellular imaging, as its use helped invent cellular “lanterns” that allowed scientists to visualize the inner workings of cells, earning a Chemistry Nobel.
  • Gary Ruvkun’s 2024 Nobel:
    • Gary Ruvkun’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2024 was the fourth in a series of Nobel recognitions stemming from C. elegans research, reinforcing its role in fundamental biological discoveries.

Key Facts About Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans):

  • Size: 1 millimeter long.
  • Life Cycle: Completes in 3-5 days.
  • Cell Count: 959 cells.
  • Genome: First multicellular organism to have its full genome sequenced in 1998.
  • Sexual Reproduction: Hermaphroditic (self-fertilizing) and male.
  • Scientific Role: Used to study genetics, developmental biology, neuroscience, and cell biology.
  • Nobel Prize Contributions: Four Nobel Prizes, including those in Physiology, Medicine, and Chemistry, for advancements in cell death, gene silencing, and imaging.

Justice Sanjiv Khanna Appointed as Next Chief Justice of India

  • 18 Oct 2024

In News:

Justice Sanjiv Khanna Appointed as Next Chief Justice of India, Will Assume Office on November 11

  • Appointment:
    • Justice Sanjiv Khanna has been appointed as the 51st Chief Justice of India by President Droupadi Murmu.
    • He is set to take office on November 11, 2024, succeeding Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, who is retiring on November 10, 2024.
  • Tenure:
    • Justice Khanna's tenure will be relatively short, lasting only six months, as he is scheduled to retire on March 13, 2025.

Career and Background

  • Education and Early Career:
    • Justice Khanna is a graduate of Delhi University’s Campus Law Centre.
    • He enrolled as an advocate in 1983 and primarily practiced before the Delhi High Court.
    • Prior to his elevation to the Delhi High Court in 2005, he served as the Senior Standing Counsel for the Income Tax Department and the standing counsel for civil matters for the Delhi government.
  • Judicial Career:
    • Supreme Court Appointment: Justice Khanna was appointed to the Supreme Court in January 2019, despite not having served as Chief Justice of a High Court. He was elevated over other senior judges from the Delhi High Court, such as Justices Rajendra Menon and Pradeep Nandrajog, whose names were initially recommended but not forwarded to the government.
  • Key Contributions:
    • Justice Khanna has been part of several significant rulings, including:
      • February 2024: Part of the five-judge bench that struck down the Electoral Bond Scheme as unconstitutional.
      • 2023: Contributed to upholding the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution.
      • 2023: Authored a ruling granting the Supreme Court the power to directly grant divorce under Article 142 on the grounds of "irretrievable breakdown of marriage."
  • Administrative Role:
    • Justice Khanna currently serves as the Executive Chairman of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA).

Process of Appointment of Chief Justice of India (CJI)

  • Seniority Principle: The CJI is typically the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court.
  • Memorandum of Procedure (MoP): The Law Ministry requests a recommendation from the outgoing CJI for his successor.
  • Presidential Appointment: After receiving the recommendation, the President of India formally appoints the new CJI.
  • Tenure and Retirement: The CJI serves until the age of 65. Upon retirement, the senior-most judge becomes the next CJI.
  • Merit and Integrity Considerations: In addition to seniority, merit and integrity play crucial roles in the selection process for the CJI.

Ladakh's Aurorae

  • 14 Oct 2024

In News:

In October 2024, Ladakh witnessed spectacular auroras, typically seen in higher latitudes, indicating increased solar activity. This phenomenon was reported following intense solar storms, with red and green lights observed in the night sky. The auroras were captured by all-sky cameras operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) in Hanle and Merak.

What Are Auroras?

Auroras are vibrant displays of light caused by interactions between charged particles from the Sun and Earth's magnetosphere. When solar winds—streams of charged particles—collide with atoms in the upper atmosphere, they create visible light, similar to how neon lights function.

Causes of Recent Auroras

The recent auroras in Ladakh were linked to several strong solar storms, particularly coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which are significant bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona. The storms, emanating from active solar regions, traveled towards Earth at remarkable speeds, disrupting the normal space weather and allowing auroras to be visible at lower latitudes, including Mexico and Germany.

Implications of Solar Activity

Astrophysicists at the Center of Excellence in Space Sciences India (CESSI) noted that these auroras validate ongoing efforts in space weather monitoring. The increased solar activity is part of the solar cycle, which peaks approximately every 11 years. Current predictions indicate that Solar Cycle 25 may reach its peak in 2024.

Monitoring Space Weather

Organizations like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) closely monitor space weather to provide timely warnings about solar events that could disrupt satellite communications and other services. The CESSI team successfully predicted the occurrence of solar storms, enhancing confidence in their ability to forecast space weather and its potential impacts.

Potential Hazards

While auroras are visually striking, intense solar storms can have detrimental effects, including:

  • Satellite Disruption: Increased drag and radiation can damage satellites in low Earth orbit, affecting navigation, communications, and military operations.
  • Communication Blackouts: Severe storms can interfere with radio and satellite communications, impacting daily life and services.

Global Hunger Index 2024

  • 14 Oct 2024

In News:

The 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI) emphasizes food as a fundamental human right, alongside air and water.

Key Highlights:

  • Current Crisis: Despite adequate food production globally, around 350 million people face extreme hunger, with 49 million on the brink of famine.
  • Statistics: Over 820 million people are chronically undernourished, and malnutrition claims the lives of five million children under five each year.

Top 10 Countries Most Affected by Hunger (2024)

  1. Somalia: GHI Score 44.1 (GHI 2000: 63.3)
  2. Yemen: GHI Score 41.2 (GHI 2000: 41.6)
  3. Chad: GHI Score 36.4 (GHI 2000: 50.5)
  4. Madagascar: GHI Score 36.3 (GHI 2000: 42.3)
  5. Democratic Republic of the Congo: GHI Score 34.9 (GHI 2000: 47.2)
  6. Haiti: GHI Score 34.3 (GHI 2000: 39.8)
  7. Niger: GHI Score 34.1 (GHI 2000: 53.1)
  8. Liberia: GHI Score 31.9 (GHI 2000: 48.0)
  9. Central African Republic: GHI Score 31.5 (GHI 2000: 48.0)
  10. Korea (DPR): GHI Score 31.4 (GHI 2000: 43.7)

India's Position

  • Ranking: India ranks 105th in the GHI 2024, categorized as having a "serious" hunger situation.
  • GHI Score: India’s score stands at 27.3, showing some improvement from a score of 38.4 in 2000 (previously classified as "alarming").

Key Concerns in India

  • Undernourishment: 13.7% of the population is undernourished.
  • Child Stunting: 35.5% of children under five are stunted.
  • Child Wasting: 18.7% of children under five experience wasting.
  • Child Mortality: 2.9% of children do not survive to age five.

 

Global Hunger Index (GHI):

A tool measuring hunger across countries based on four indicators:

    • Undernourishment
    • Child Wasting
    • Child Stunting
    • Child Mortality
  • Data Sources: The GHI is based on data from credible organizations like the FAO, WHO, and UNICEF, as well as government surveys.

Hunger Indicators Explained

  • Undernourishment: Reflects the overall food access situation.
  • Child Wasting: Indicates acute malnutrition; a critical health issue.
  • Child Stunting: Reflects chronic malnutrition; significant public health concern.
  • Child Mortality: Represents the most severe consequence of hunger.

The 2024 GHI report reveals that while progress has been made in addressing hunger globally, significant challenges remain, particularly in countries like India and the most affected nations. Addressing these issues is crucial for achieving the goal of zero hunger by 2030.

Nobel Prize in Literature 2024

  • 11 Oct 2024

In News:

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2024 was awarded to South Korean author Han Kang “for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life.”

Key Details:

About South Korean author Han Kang

  • Literary Style: Known for her physical empathy and metaphorical style; addresses extreme life stories.
  • Career Beginnings:
    • Started in 1993 with poetry in Literature and Society.
    • Prose debut in 1995 with Love of Yeosu.
  • Major Work:
    • The Vegetarian (2007; English translation 2015).
    • Explores violent consequences of protagonist Yeong-hye's refusal to conform to societal norms regarding food.
  • Background:
    • Born in 1970 in Gwangju, South Korea; later moved to Seoul.
    • Comes from a literary family; father is a noted novelist.
    • Engaged in art and music, influencing her writing.
  • Significance: First South Korean writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Previous Nobel Laureate

  • 2023 Awardee: Jon Olav Fosse, Norwegian author.
  • Contribution: Recognized for "innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable."

Overview of the Nobel Prize

  • Definition: Prestigious awards in six fields for those who have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.
  • Fields: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.
  • Peace Prize: Awarded for advancing international fellowship and promoting peace.
  • Establishment: Founded by Alfred Nobel in his will dated 27 November 1895.
  • Nobel's Background:
    • Born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden.
    • Noted for inventing dynamite; had interests in peace, poetry, and drama.
    • Died in 1896; allocated his fortune for the prizes.
  • First Award: Presented on 10 December 1901.

Prize Money

  • Current award amount: $1.1 million per prize.

Note:

Rabindranath Tagore:

  • Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for his profound literary contributions.
  • Notable works include Manasi, Gitanjali, and Chitra.

UK-Mauritius Treaty on Chagos Archipelago

  • 08 Oct 2024

In News:

The United Kingdom said it would cede sovereignty of the strategically important Chagos Islands to Mauritius, calling it a “historic political agreement”. The UK has long controlled Chagos and the Diego Garcia military base located there, jointly operating it with the United States.

Background of the Chagos Archipelago

Historical Context

  • The Chagos archipelago consists of 58 islands located about 500 km south of the Maldives.
  • Initially uninhabited, the islands were populated in the late 18th century through the importation of slave labor.
  • The islands were ceded to Britain from France in 1814, and in 1965, the UK established the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), which includes Chagos.

Controversy Over Sovereignty

  • Mauritius, a former British colony, claims that the detachment of Chagos from its territory during its independence in 1968 was illegal.
  • The UK compensated Mauritius with a grant but retained control, establishing a military base on Diego Garcia.

Strategic Importance of Diego Garcia

Military Significance

  • Diego Garcia has been a crucial U.S. military base since its operational status began in 1986.
  • It played a key role in U.S. military operations during conflicts in the Gulf, Iraq, and Afghanistan.
  • The base enables rapid response to crises and supports regional security, especially in light of U.S. interests in monitoring key trade routes like the Malacca Strait.

Geopolitical Implications

  • The presence of the U.S. military in the Indian Ocean is vital for countering security threats, particularly regarding China's growing influence.

Recent Developments: The UK-Mauritius Agreement

Key Features of the Treaty

  • On October 3, 2023, the UK agreed to cede sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, marking a significant political shift.
  • The treaty allows Mauritius to resettle Chagossians (excluding Diego Garcia) and establishes a trust fund for their benefit.
  • Despite this, the UK retains control over Diego Garcia for an initial period of 99 years.

Implications of the Agreement

  • The resolution of the sovereignty issue may strengthen Western commitments to a stable and free Indo-Pacific region.
  • If unresolved, tensions could push Mauritius toward seeking alliances with alternative powers like China.

India’s Position and Interests

Support for Mauritius

  • India has historically supported Mauritius in its claims over Chagos, reflecting its stance against colonial legacies.
  • In 2019, India voted in favor of Mauritius at the UN General Assembly regarding the Chagos dispute.

Strategic Partnerships

  • With increasing Chinese assertiveness in the Indian Ocean, India has been strengthening its ties with Mauritius.
  • Recent initiatives include the inauguration of an India-built airstrip and jetty in Agaléga, enhancing connectivity and support for Mauritius.

Conclusion

The UK-Mauritius treaty over the Chagos Archipelago marks a significant turning point in colonial legacies and geopolitical alliances in the Indian Ocean. For India, supporting Mauritius aligns with its broader strategic interests and enhances its influence in a region marked by competing global powers. As the dynamics evolve, India's role in fostering regional stability and partnerships will be crucial.

Marburg Virus

  • 08 Oct 2024

In News:

  • Definition:
    • Marburg virus is one of the deadliest pathogens known to infect humans, causing severe hemorrhagic fever.
  • Current Situation in Rwanda:
    • Rwanda reported its first Marburg case late last month.
    • At least 46 individuals have been infected, with 12 reported deaths.
    • Approximately 80% of infections are among medical workers.
    • The outbreak poses a significant threat to Rwanda’s fragile healthcare system, which has only 1,500 doctors for over 13 million people.

Characteristics of Marburg Virus

  • Deadliness:
    • Marburg virus disease (MVD) has case fatality rates ranging from 24% to 88%, depending on the strain and case management.
    • The first outbreak occurred in Marburg, Germany, in 1967, with subsequent outbreaks primarily in Africa.
  • Family:
    • Marburg belongs to the filovirus family, which includes Ebola.
    • Both viruses are clinically similar and can cause high-fatality outbreaks.

Transmission

  • Initial Infection:
    • Human infections initially occurred through prolonged exposure to mines or caves inhabited by Rousettus bats (notably the Egyptian fruit bat).
  • Human-to-Human Transmission:
    • MVD spreads directly through contact with blood and bodily fluids of infected individuals.
    • Indirect transmission can occur via contaminated surfaces and materials (bedding, clothing).
  • Risk for Medical Workers:
    • Medical workers treating MVD cases are frequently infected, especially when infection control measures are inadequate.

Symptoms of Marburg Virus Disease (MVD)

  • Incubation Period: Symptoms can appear 2 to 21 days after infection.
  • Initial Symptoms: High fever, Severe headache, Muscle ache, Watery diarrhea, Abdominal pain and cramping, Vomiting
  • Hemorrhagic Symptoms:
    • Many patients develop bleeding from various sites, including the digestive system (fresh blood in feces and vomit), nose, gums, and vagina.
    • Fatalities often occur due to severe blood loss and shock, typically 8 to 9 days after symptom onset.

Prevention and Treatment

  • Current Status:
    • No approved vaccines or specific treatments exist for MVD.
  • Supportive Care:
    • Rehydration (oral or intravenous fluids) and symptom management improve survival rates.
  • Experimental Treatments:
    • Rwanda is seeking experimental vaccines and treatments to address the outbreak.
    • The US-based Sabin Vaccine Institute provided 700 doses of an experimental Marburg vaccine for healthcare professionals on the frontlines.

Co-district Initiative

  • 05 Oct 2024

In News:

Assam has launched an innovative administrative initiative by inaugurating 21 'co-districts' as part of its Phase 1 rollout, which began on Friday and will extend into Saturday, ultimately introducing a total of 39 co-districts. This new structure replaces the previous system of 24 civil sub-divisions, aiming to bring governance closer to the citizens.

About the Co-District Initiative

  • Structure: Co-districts serve as smaller administrative units within the larger district framework, each headed by an Assistant District Commissioner.
  • Objective: This unique initiative, the first of its kind in India, seeks to enhance accessibility to governance and address administrative challenges faced by district administrations.
  • Scope: The government plans to establish co-district offices in all 126 assembly constituencies in Assam.

Functions and Powers

The co-districts will handle a variety of important functions, including:

  • Land Revenue Matters: Managing land-related issues and revenue collection.
  • Development and Welfare Work: Overseeing development projects and welfare programs.
  • Excise and Disaster Management: Addressing excise-related matters and coordinating disaster response efforts.
  • Administrative Control: Co-districts will have authority over all departmental activities within their jurisdiction.
  • Magisterial Powers: Commissioners will be empowered to issue permissions for events and manage other administrative tasks.
  • Routine Administrative Tasks: Responsibilities include issuing ration cards, caste certificates, and land sale permissions.

India-U.S. MoU on Critical Minerals Supply Chains

  • 05 Oct 2024

In News:

  • The sixth Commercial Dialogue took place in Washington on October 4, 2024, led by Indian Union Minister of Commerce Piyush Goyal and U.S. Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo.
  • MoU Signing: A day prior, the leaders signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) aimed at expanding and diversifying critical minerals supply chains to enhance resilience.
  • Focus Areas:
    • Identification of equipment, services, policies, and best practices for the development of U.S. and Indian critical minerals, covering:
      • Exploration
      • Extraction
      • Processing and refining
      • Recycling and recovery
  • Context: This agreement follows China's export restrictions on gallium and germanium, critical for the semiconductor industry, and its ban on technology related to rare earth magnets and critical materials extraction.
  • Strategic Goals:
    • Promote open supply chains, technology development, and investment flows for green energy.
    • Explore collaboration with other mineral-rich countries, particularly in Africa and South America.
  • Progress on Semiconductor Supply Chains:
    • Continued efforts to establish resilient semiconductor supply chains since the previous MoU.
    • Completion of a "readiness assessment" by the U.S. Semiconductor Industry Association and India Electronics Semiconductor Association.
    • Commitment to foster investments, joint ventures, and technology partnerships.
  • Innovation Handshake: Success of roundtables in San Francisco and New Delhi aimed at enhancing innovation ecosystems and startup collaboration.
  • Strategic Clean Energy Partnership: Discussions from the EIN Roundtable in March 2024 informed the U.S.-India Strategic Clean Energy Partnership meeting.
  • IPEF Supply Chain Agreement: Significant progress noted in the IPEF ministerial meeting, focusing on semiconductors, chemicals, and critical minerals, particularly batteries and healthcare products.
  • Future Collaborations:
    • Focus on expanding U.S. Department of Commerce presence in India with approximately 70 Foreign Commercial Service staff.
    • Plans for a U.S. trade mission to India in March 2025 aimed at supporting U.S. SMEs owned by underserved communities.
  • Domestic Solar Manufacturing Protection: India reinstated the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) order to protect local solar PV module production against cheaper imports from China.
  • Economic Context:
    • The Economic Survey 2023-24 highlights China's expanding manufacturing trade surplus and its restrictive actions affecting India's access to solar equipment.
    • India’s Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes have invested over $4.5 billion to bolster clean energy manufacturing but require additional policies to safeguard these investments.

Status of Elephant in India 2022-23

  • 05 Oct 2024

In News:

  • Shelved Census Report: The Environment Ministry has delayed the release of the elephant census report, “Status of Elephant in India 2022-23,” due to a lag in the Northeast census, with publication on hold until at least June 2025.
  • Population Decline: Preliminary data from the report indicates significant drops in elephant populations across several regions:
    • Southern West Bengal: 84% decline
    • Jharkhand: 64% decline
    • Odisha: 54% decline
    • Kerala: 51% decline
  • Developmental Threats: The report cites “mushrooming developmental projects,” including unregulated mining and infrastructure development, as major threats to elephant populations.
  • Methodological Concerns: The Environment Ministry noted that refined counting methods could explain some discrepancies, suggesting new data may not be directly comparable to previous censuses conducted every five years since the 1990s.
  • Old Counting Methods:
    • Pre-2002: Elephants were counted using the “total direct count” method, which involved simple head counts but lacked scientific rigor for larger populations.
    • 2002: Introduction of the “indirect dung count” method, where dung samples were used to estimate density based on decay rates.
    • Sample Block Counts: Modified methods involved surveying limited areas (5 sq km) to improve detection accuracy.
  • Elephants vs. Tigers: In 2021, a harmonized approach for estimating elephant and tiger populations was proposed, utilizing a similar block and co-variate methodology for both species.
  • Genetic Mark-Recapture: The 2022-23 elephant census employed a genetic mark-recapture model using dung samples to identify individual elephants.
  • Impact of Delay: Experts argue that withholding the available data hinders conservation efforts and governance. Delays could exacerbate the plight of elephant populations, particularly in regions facing specific threats, such as mining in Odisha.

Key Findings of the Unreleased Report:

  • Overall Decline: The overall elephant population has decreased by 20% since 2017, with some areas reporting reductions of up to 41%.
  • Regional Impact:
    • Southern West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha have seen losses of nearly 1,700 elephants.
    • The Western Ghats region indicates an 18% decline.
  • Northeast Region: The census for this area relies on extrapolated data from 2017, with approximately one-third of India's elephants located there.
  • Contributing Factors: Habitat fragmentation, poaching, and human-elephant conflicts due to developmental activities are major threats.
  • Conservation Recommendations: Strategies to strengthen elephant corridors, restore habitats, and enhance community involvement in conservation are vital.
  • Challenges in the Northeast: Urban development, mining, and agriculture significantly threaten elephant movement and survival, underscoring the need for targeted conservation strategies.
  • Conservation Status of Elephants in India:
    • Leading States: Karnataka, Assam, and Kerala have the highest elephant populations.
    • Conservation Status: Elephants are classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and are protected under multiple international conventions.
  • Threats to Elephants:
    • Habitat Loss: Rapid human population growth is diminishing elephant habitats.
    • Fragmentation: Habitat disruption from construction and development projects is prevalent.
    • Unlawful Killing: Human-elephant conflict often leads to retaliatory killings.
    • Poaching: Targeting of male elephants for tusks continues to threaten genetic diversity.
  • Conservation Measures:
    • Financial support under various government schemes for habitat conservation and human-elephant conflict resolution.
    • Establishment of 33 Elephant Reserves across 14 states.
    • Collaborative efforts with railways and power departments to mitigate risks.
    • Regular elephant census every five years by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) for monitoring populations.

Modified PKC-ERCP project

  • 03 Oct 2024

In News:

Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan governments signed an agreement for the implementation of the Rs 72,000 crore Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal river linking project.

Modified PKC-ERCP Project Overview

  • Signatories: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti signed a MoU for implementation.
  • Project Type: Inter-state river linking initiative.
  • Integration: Combines the long-standing Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) project with the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) under India's National Perspective Plan for interlinking rivers.

Objectives and Benefits

  • Water Supply: Aims to provide drinking and industrial water to 13 districts in eastern Rajasthan and the Malwa and Chambal regions of Madhya Pradesh.
  • Irrigation: Expected to irrigate approximately 5.6 lakh hectares across both states.
  • Groundwater Management: Focus on improving groundwater levels and enhancing socio-economic conditions in rural Rajasthan.

Project Components

  • Detailed Project Report (DPR): Currently under preparation, will outline water sharing, cost distribution, and implementation strategies.
  • Historical Context:
    • PKC Project: Proposed in 1980 as part of a national plan, initially focused on diverting water from Kalisindh and Newaj rivers to Chambal.
    • ERCP: Proposed by Rajasthan in 2019 to optimize water resources by redistributing surplus monsoon water from various sub-basins to deficit areas.

Geographic Focus

  • Beneficiary Districts in Rajasthan: Includes Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur, Karauli, and others.
  • River Systems Involved:
    • Chambal River: Originates in Madhya Pradesh, flows through Rajasthan, and joins the Yamuna.
    • Kalisindh and Parbati Rivers: Serve as sources for water diversion.

Implementation Challenges

  • Dependable Yield Issues: The original project proposal was based on a 50% dependable yield, contrary to the 75% norm, which was unacceptable to Madhya Pradesh. This led to discussions and revisions.
  • Task Force Recommendations: Integrated discussions led to the proposal of the Modified PKC-ERCP, addressing both states' concerns.

Significance of the Project

  • National Perspective Plan (NPP): Part of a larger initiative to manage water resources effectively across India, aiming to address water scarcity and improve irrigation.
  • Support for Industrial Development: Enhances water availability for the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, fostering economic growth.

PM E-DRIVE Scheme

  • 03 Oct 2024

In News:

The Union Cabinet approved the PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme to promote electric mobility in the country.

Objective:

  • Accelerate electric vehicle (EV) adoption
  • Establish essential charging infrastructure
  • Promote cleaner and sustainable transportation

Key Highlights

  • Significant Occasion: Launched on the eve of Mahatma Gandhi's 155th Birth Anniversary, aligning with the vision of ‘Swachh Bharat’ and ‘Swachh Vahan’.
  • Financial Commitment: Union Cabinet approved a financial outlay of ?10,900 crore for the scheme over two years (approved on September 11, 2024).

Key Features of the PM E-DRIVE Scheme

  1. Subsidies/Demand Incentives:
    • Total of ?3,679 crore allocated for:
      • 24.79 lakh electric two-wheelers (e-2Ws)
      • 3.16 lakh electric three-wheelers (e-3Ws)
      • 14,028 electric buses (e-buses)
  2. E-Voucher Introduction:
    • Aadhaar-authenticated e-vouchers for EV customers
    • Simplifies access to incentives, with real-time generation for dealers.
  3. E-Ambulances:
    • ?500 crore allocated for deployment
    • Standards to be developed with relevant ministries.
  4. E-Buses:
    • ?4,391 crore for 14,028 e-buses in nine major cities
    • Focus on replacing scrapped state transport unit buses.
  5. E-Trucks:
    • ?500 crore for incentivizing electric trucks
    • Scrapping certificates required for incentives.
  6. Public Charging Stations:
    • ?2,000 crore to install:
      • 22,100 fast chargers for electric four-wheelers (e-4Ws)
      • 1,800 for e-buses
      • 48,400 for e-2Ws/3Ws
  7. Test Agency Modernization:
    • ?780 crore for upgrading Ministry of Heavy Industries test agencies to accommodate new EV technologies.

India’s Oil Imports from Saudi Arabia and Russia

  • 03 Oct 2024

Context

  • India’s crude oil imports are influenced by refinery maintenance cycles, which affect demand.
  • August saw a dip in oil demand due to pre-maintenance preparations, but September recorded a recovery.

September Oil Import Trends

  • Saudi Arabia:
    • Imports rose 39.8% month-on-month to 0.73 million barrels per day (bpd), the highest since March.
    • Saudi market share increased to 15.5% in September from 11.7% in August.
    • Riyadh is reducing prices to regain lost market share, as earlier imports had plummeted to a multi-year low (0.42 million bpd in June).
  • Russia:
    • Remains India’s largest oil supplier with imports increasing by 6.4% from August to 1.88 million bpd.
    • Russian crude constituted 40.2% of India’s total crude imports of 4.68 million bpd in September.
  • Iraq:
    • Supplied 0.87 million bpd, accounting for 18.7% of total imports.
  • UAE:
    • Oil imports increased by 18.6% month-on-month to 0.49 million bpd, the highest since June 2022.

Market Dynamics

  • Price Sensitivity: Indian refiners are highly price-sensitive, which could lead to increased competition among suppliers.
  • Potential for Increased Russian Imports: With Indian refiners expected to secure larger long-term contracts for Russian oil, further increases in imports from Russia are anticipated.

Strategic Implications

  • Saudi Arabia is concerned about losing market share to Russia, especially as India’s refiners are currently favoring discounted Russian crude.
  • Increased competition may benefit Indian refiners through better pricing from various suppliers.

Economic Context

  • India, as the world's third-largest oil consumer with over 85% import dependency, is significantly affected by global oil price fluctuations.
  • Although discounts on Russian crude have decreased, the overall savings from purchasing large volumes remain significant for Indian refiners.

The evolving landscape of India’s oil imports highlights the competitive dynamics among major suppliers, particularly Saudi Arabia and Russia, and underscores India’s strategic importance as a key market in the global oil sector.

La Nina and North India’s pollution

  • 01 Oct 2024

In News:

Recent research by scientists at the National Institute of Advanced Science (NIAS) has underlined the links between climate change, La Niña and air quality. 

Key Points on Air Quality Outlook for Delhi and North India

  • Delayed La Niña & Monsoon Retreat:
    • Erosion of optimism for improved air quality this winter in Delhi.
    • Significant pollution challenges anticipated in early winter months.
    • Possible relief in December and January, contingent on La Niña strengthening.
  • Impact of Stubble Burning:
    • If stubble burning occurs at half the intensity of previous years, November air quality may deteriorate.
  • Research Insights:
    • Study by National Institute of Advanced Science (NIAS) links climate change, La Niña, and air quality.
    • Notable air quality improvement in winter 2022-23 was linked to La Niña conditions.
    • Late onset of La Niña contributes to air quality uncertainty.
  • Changing Pollution Dynamics:
    • Shift from local emission-centric views to broader climatological factors is necessary.
    • Air quality in Delhi worsens during winter due to high humidity, calm winds, and poor pollutant dispersion.
  • La Niña Delays:
    • Delayed La Niña onset means weak winds and stagnant conditions, worsening pollution.
    • Expected development between September and November 2024.
  • Effects of Stubble Burning:
    • North-north-westerly winds could carry pollution from stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana into Delhi.
  • Potential Outcomes of Late La Niña Onset:
    • If La Niña develops in December or January, may improve air quality slightly.
    • However, a longer, severe winter could exacerbate pollution issues due to lower inversion layers.
  • NIAS-SAFAR Model Predictions:
    • Early La Niña could have worsened air quality in the peninsular region.
    • Early onset might have improved northern air quality.
  • Link to Climate Change:
    • Evidence suggests extreme air pollution correlates with climate change.
    • Emphasizes the need for rigorous mitigation efforts and broader airshed management.
  • Call for Rethinking Air Quality Strategies:
    • Focus on integrating larger climatic factors into air quality policies.
    • Prioritize health-centric measures through collaborative efforts with scientific bodies.

What is La Niña?

  • La Niña (or ‘The Little Girl’ in Spanish) is a phase of what climatologists refer to as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a phenomenon that is a key driver of global natural climate variability.
  • ENSO is characterised by changes in sea temperatures along the tropical Pacific Ocean due to atmospheric fluctuations overhead. These changes alter and interfere with the global atmospheric circulation, and influence weather worldwide.
  • Occurring in irregular cycles of anywhere between two to seven years, ENSO has three phases — warm (El Niño or ‘The Little Boy’ in Spanish), cool (La Niña), and neutral.
  • During the neutral phase, the eastern Pacific (off the northwestern coast of South America) is cooler than the western Pacific (around Philippines and Indonesia). This is because prevailing trade winds — caused by Earth’s rotation, between 30 degrees north and south of the equator — move east to west, sweeping warmer surface water along with them. The relatively cool waters from below rise to the surface to replace the displaced water.
  • These wind systems weaken in the El Niño phase, leading to lesser displacement of warmer waters off the American coasts. Consequently, the eastern Pacific becomes warmer than usual. The opposite happens in the La Niña phase i.e. trade winds become stronger than usual and push larger quantities of water to the western Pacific.

Unified Pension Scheme

  • 01 Sep 2024

In News:

The new Unified Pension Scheme (UPS), set to launch on April 1, 2025, aims to provide improved old age income security. Around 23 lakh Central government employees will benefit from this new scheme, and those currently under the National Pension System (NPS) will have the option to switch to UPS. States can also adopt the UPS for their employees, but they will need to secure funding from their own resources.

Key Components of UPS

The UPS introduces several enhancements to pension benefits:

  1. Pension Benefits: Employees will receive half of their average basic pay over the final 12 months of service as a monthly pension after completing a minimum of 25 years of service. For those with less than 25 years, the pension will be proportionately reduced, with a minimum pension of ?10,000 for those with at least 10 years of service.
  2. Family Pension: A family pension equivalent to 60% of the employee's pension will be provided to dependents upon the employee's death.
  3. Inflation Adjustment: Pension incomes will be adjusted in line with the consumer price trends for industrial workers, similar to the dearness relief provided to current government employees.
  4. Superannuation Payout: In addition to gratuity, a lumpsum superannuation payout will be given, amounting to 1/10th of the employee’s monthly emoluments for every six months of service.

Differences from the Current System

The new UPS combines features from the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) and NPS:

  • Old Pension Scheme (OPS): Employees who joined before January 1, 2004, are covered under OPS, which guarantees a pension of 50% of the last drawn salary, adjusted for dearness allowance. It also offers a family pension of 60% of the last drawn pension, with provisions for commutation and additional increases for pensioners over 80 years of age.
  • National Pension System (NPS): Introduced in 2004, NPS replaced OPS for new employees, shifting from a defined benefits system to a defined contribution scheme. Employees and the employer contribute a percentage of the salary to market-linked securities, with no guaranteed pension amount, only a corpus that must be used to buy an annuity upon retirement.

The UPS aims to blend the certainty of OPS with the funded approach of NPS. While employees' contributions will be capped at 10% of their salary, the government will contribute 18.5%, with potential adjustments over time. The government will cover any shortfall between investment returns and pension promises.

Reasons for the Change

The transition to UPS addresses concerns raised by government employees and political pressure regarding the NPS. Employees have criticized NPS for its lack of guaranteed pension benefits compared to OPS. The issue has become politically significant, with opposition parties promising to revert to OPS in various states.

In March 2023, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a review of NPS led by former Finance Secretary T.V. Somanathan. Though the review’s findings are yet to be made public, the introduction of UPS reflects a compromise balancing employee expectations with fiscal prudence.

Reactions and Future Impact

Central government employees generally welcome the UPS, recognizing it as a step toward addressing the shortcomings of NPS. However, there are concerns about the contributory nature of UPS and the absence of a commutation option like in OPS. Economists are analyzing the scheme's financial implications, with an expected additional cost of ?7,050 crore this year for the government. Future pension payouts may increase but are anticipated to be manageable with higher revenue growth.

The UPS marks a significant shift in pension policy, aiming to provide greater financial security for government employees while managing fiscal responsibilities.

WORLD TOURISM DAY 2024

  • 27 Sep 2024

In News:

The Ministry of Tourism celebrated World Tourism Day on September 27, 2024, under the theme “Tourism and Peace.” The focus was on how tourism fosters global peace by encouraging cross-cultural interactions and understanding.

Key Details:

  • World Tourism Day, established in 1980 by the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), celebrates the global impact of tourism and raises awareness about its economic, social, and cultural significance.
    • This day celebrates the diverse experiences that tourism offers and commits to making travel more inclusive, sustainable, and beneficial for all; here’s all you need to know about the day.
  • The date, September 27, was chosen to commemorate the adoption of UNWTO statutes in 1975
  • The theme for World Tourism Day 2024 is “Tourism and Peace,” which will highlight the association between tourism and world peace, with the United Nations emphasising the significance of comprehending diverse cultures and encouraging sustainable tourism.

World Tourism Day: Significance and Celebrations

  • World Tourism Day is a global event that celebrates the role of tourism in bridging cultural gaps, enhancing mutual understanding, and driving economic development.
  • It focuses on responsible tourism practices, celebrating diverse cultural heritage, and addressing environmental sustainability and fair distribution of benefits.
  • Events include seminars, workshops, and conferences on the theme of the year, cultural festivals, exhibitions, and public performances.
  • Educational campaigns and community outreach activities raise awareness about responsible travel, supporting local economies, and protecting natural environments.

Note:

  • The World Economic Forum, in its recently released Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI), shares the top countries gaining popularity in the travel and tourism industry.
  • Notably, in Southeast Asia, India ranks 39th as the TTDI’s top lower-middle-income economy. India’s strong Natural (6th), Cultural (9th) and Non-Leisure (9th) resources drive its travel industry, with the country’s being only one of three to score in the top 10 for all the resources pillars.
  • The TTDI measures the set of factors and policies that enable the sustainable and resilient development of the T&T sector, which in turn contributes to the development of a country. Among the 119 countries, here are the top 10 countries for travel and tourism in 2024 attracting travellers from all over the globe.

10 YEARS OF MAKE IN INDIA

  • 26 Sep 2024

In News:

The “Make in India” initiative has completed 10 years. It was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on September 25, 2014.

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

  • The ‘Make in India’ campaign aims to facilitate investment, foster innovation, enhance skill development, protect intellectual property & build best in class manufacturing infrastructure.
  • “Make in India” was designed to transform India into a global hub for design and manufacturing.
  • Seen as an important ‘Vocal for Local’ initiative, its objective is twofold. Firstly, to boost India’s manufacturing capabilities and secondly to showcase its industrial potential on a global stage.
  • The “Make in India 2.0” phase encompassing 27 sectors – both manufacturing and service. 

4 pillars of “Make in India” initiative: 

  • New Processes: To enhance the business environment, promote entrepreneurship and startups – ‘ease of doing business’ became a crucial factor.
  • New Infrastructure: Development of industrial corridors, smart cities, integrating state-of-the-art technology and high-speed communication to create world-class infrastructure, improving intellectual property rights (IPR) infrastructure etc. 
  • New Sectors: Opening of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors like Defence Production, Insurance, Medical Devices, Construction, and Railway infrastructure. 
  • New Mindset: In order to support industrial growth and innovation – the government embraced a role as a facilitator rather than a regulator. The Government partners with industry in the economic development of the country. 

Key Initiatives to enable Make in India initiative

Production linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: The primary goals of the PLI Schemes are to attract substantial investments, incorporate advanced technology, and ensure operational efficiency. These schemes cover 14 key sectors aimed at fostering investment in cutting-edge technology and promoting global competitiveness.

PM GatiShakti: It is a strategic initiative aimed at achieving Aatmanirbhar Bharat and a US $5 trillion economy by 2025 through the creation of multimodal and last-mile connectivity infrastructure. PM GatiShakti is a transformative approach for economic growth and sustainable development. The approach is driven by 7 engines, namely:

  1. Railways
  2. Roads
  3. Ports
  4. Waterways
  5. Airports
  6. Mass Transport
  7. Logistics Infrastructure

Semiconductor Ecosystem Development: It encompasses four key schemes:

  1. Modified Scheme for Setting Up Semiconductor Fabs in India
  2. Modified Scheme for Setting Up Display Fabs in India
  3. Modified Scheme for Setting Up Compound Semiconductors, Silicon Photonics, Sensors Fabs, and Discrete Semiconductors, along with Semiconductor Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging (ATMP) / OSAT Facilities in India
  4. Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme

It aims to foster the development of a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in the country. 

The Semicon India Programme aims to provide a significant impetus to semiconductor and display manufacturing by facilitating capital support and promoting technological collaborations. 

National Logistics Policy: Introduced to complement the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan. It focusses on enhancing the soft infrastructure of India’s logistics sector. 

The Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan (CLAP) was rolled out. The key areas which it addresses are logistics systems, standardization, human resource development, state engagement, and logistics parks.

The National Industrial Corridor Development Programme: Aims to create “Smart Cities” and advanced industrial hubs.

Startup India: Several programs aimed at supporting entrepreneurs, building a robust startup ecosystem, and transforming India into a country of job creators instead of job seekers were rolled out.

Implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST): As India’s tax reforms, it is seen as crucial in the context of the Make in India initiative.

Unified Payments Interface: For India’s digital economy growth, it is seen as one of the key initiatives to enable ease of doing business. 

Ease of Doing Business: The efforts aim to simplify regulations, reduce bureaucratic hurdles, and create a more business-friendly environment, significantly boosting investor confidence and supporting the objectives of the Make in India initiative.

INDIA’s FIRST MISSION TO VENUS

  • 25 Sep 2024

In News:

India is set to launch its first mission to Venus in March 2028, following the recent approval from the Union Cabinet. This mission, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), marks India’s second interplanetary endeavor after the successful Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013.

Importance of Studying Venus

  • Earth's Twin: Venus is often referred to as Earth’s twin due to its similar mass, density, and size. Understanding Venus can provide insights into Earth’s own evolution.
  • Extreme Conditions: The planet has a surface temperature around 462°C and an atmospheric pressure similar to that found deep under Earth’s oceans. Its atmosphere consists primarily of 96.5% carbon dioxide and features clouds of sulfuric acid.
  • Historical Water Presence: Venus may have had water in the past, leading scientists to explore how it transitioned to its current hostile environment, likely due to a runaway greenhouse effect.

Mission Overview

  • Launch Timeline: The mission will utilize a strategic launch window when Earth and Venus are closest, occurring every 19 months. It was initially planned for 2023 but is now set for 2028.
  • Payload: The mission will carry around 100 kg of scientific instruments, including 17 Indian and 7 international experiments.
  • Journey to Venus: After exiting Earth's orbit, the spacecraft will take about 140 days to reach Venus.

Aero-Braking Technique

  • First-time Use: This mission will employ aero-braking, a technique to adjust the spacecraft’s orbit by skimming through Venus's atmosphere, creating drag that reduces altitude.
  • Target Orbit: The satellite will initially be in a highly elliptical orbit of 500 km x 60,000 km and will be gradually lowered to an orbit of either 300 x 300 km or 200 x 600 km over about six months.

Scientific Payloads

  • Synthetic Aperture Radar: For imaging the surface of Venus.
  • Thermal Camera: To study temperature variations.
  • Interplanetary Dust Analysis: Investigating dust particle flow.
  • High-Energy Particle Studies: Examining particles entering the atmosphere and their ionization effects.
  • Atmospheric Composition Study: Assessing the structure, variability, and thermal state of Venus’s atmosphere.

Which countries are trying to study Venus?

  • There have been several missions to Venus in the past by the United States, the erstwhile USSR, Japan, and a collaborative mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) with Japan.
  • The US has planned at least two more missions to Venus in the future — DaVinci in 2029 and Veritas in 2031 — and the ESA has planned the EnVision mission for 2030.

INDO-PACIFIC ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK (IPEF)

  • 23 Sep 2024

In News:

India signed agreements within the US-led 14-member IPEF focused on a clean and fair economy.

  • Objectives:
    • Facilitate development, access, and deployment of clean energy and climate-friendly technologies.
    • Strengthen anti-corruption measures and promote tax transparency among member countries.
  • Clean Economy Agreement:
    • Aims to accelerate energy security and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
    • Focuses on innovative methods to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and promote technical cooperation.
  • Fair Economy Agreement:
    • Seeks to create a transparent and predictable business environment to enhance trade and investment.
    • Emphasizes information sharing, asset recovery facilitation, and strengthening cross-border investigations.
  • Funding Mechanisms:
    • IPEF offers platforms for technical assistance and concessional funding.
    • IPEF Catalytic Capital Fund: Initial grant of $33 million aimed to catalyze $3.3 billion in private investments.
    • PGI Investment Accelerator: Received $300 million from the US International Development Finance Corporation.
  • Concerns Raised:
    • Experts highlighted concerns over the secrecy of IPEF negotiations with limited public input.
    • Expressed hope that India has not agreed to a non-derogation clause that could limit domestic regulatory flexibility for national projects.
  • Potential Risks:
    • Most standards discussed in IPEF are aligned with those in the US and OECD countries.
    • India risks compliance pressures in future trade deals if it adopts these standards without adequate preparation.
  • Strategic Importance of IPEF:
    • Involves 14 member countries, focusing on economic cooperation through four key pillars: trade, supply chain resilience, clean economy, and fair economy.
    • Represents 40% of the global economy and 28% of world trade, highlighting India's commitment to regional partnerships alongside the US, Japan, Australia, and other Indo-Pacific nations.

COP 29 AT BAKU

  • 23 Sep 2024

In News:

Azerbaijan is making a significant move in the global climate finance landscape by proposing the Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF) at the upcoming COP29 conference. This fund aims to gather voluntary contributions from fossil-fuel-producing nations and companies, with Azerbaijan itself making the initial investment. The fund’s goal is to support climate action in developing countries, which often struggle to finance their environmental initiatives.

Key Aspects of the CFAF:

  • Voluntary Contributions: The fund seeks donations from fossil fuel entities, allowing them to contribute based on a fixed amount or production volumes.
  • Bipartite Allocation: Proposed funds will be split equally—half for climate projects in developing nations and half for supporting those countries in executing their national climate action plans.
  • Operational Threshold: The CFAF will only commence operations once it secures a minimum of $1 billion and commitments from at least ten countries to participate.

Context of COP29:

COP29, hosted in Baku from November 11 to 22, centers on finalizing a climate finance agreement, particularly the obligations of developed nations post-2025. This follows the ongoing struggle to meet the $100 billion annual financing target established in the Paris Agreement.

Additional Proposals:

Azerbaijan has also introduced several other initiatives as part of its agenda, including:

  • Expanding Global Energy Storage: Aiming to increase capacity sixfold by 2030.
  • Green Hydrogen Market: Fostering a global marketplace for green hydrogen.
  • Minimizing Emissions from Digital Growth: Ensuring that the environmental impact of increasing digitalization and data centers is mitigated.

Challenges Ahead:

Despite the ambitious plans, there are significant hurdles to overcome, including establishing a robust framework for the CFAF, garnering international support, and ensuring compliance from contributors. As the conference approaches, ongoing negotiations will be crucial to achieving substantial agreements on climate finance that can lead to meaningful progress in combating climate change.

AMUR FALCONS

  • 22 Sep 2024

In News:

An order issued by the District Magistrate directed the owners of air guns to deposit their hunting weapons at the offices of respective village authorities.

Amur Falcons: An Overview

Scientific Classification:

  • Common Name: Amur Falcon
  • Scientific Name: Falco amurensis
  • Family: Falconidae

Physical Characteristics:

  • Size: Small raptors, approximately 28-30 cm in length.
  • Distinctive Features: Dark plumage with white wing linings; reddish-orange eyes and feet.

Migration Patterns:

  • Breeding Grounds: Southeastern Russia and northern China.
  • Migratory Route: They leave their breeding areas in autumn, traveling south to round the Himalayas, stopping in Nagaland, and then heading towards the Western Ghats before crossing the Indian Ocean to reach South Africa.
  • Distance: These falcons undertake an incredible journey of around 22,000 kilometers annually, making them one of the most remarkable long-distance migrants among raptors.

Diet:

  • Primarily insectivorous, they also consume small vertebrates when available.

Conservation Status:

  • IUCN Status: Least Concern
  • Legal Protection:
    • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule IV
    • Convention on Migratory Species (CMS): Appendix II

Recent Conservation Efforts:

  • Ban in Manipur: The Tamenglong district administration has imposed a ban on hunting, catching, killing, and selling Amur falcons in preparation for their migratory arrival.
  • Tagging Program: In 2016, radio transmitters were used to monitor their migration routes.
  • Awareness Initiatives: An annual ‘Amur Falcon Festival’ in Tamenglong district promotes awareness and celebrates these migratory birds.

Threats:

  • Amur falcons face various threats including habitat loss, hunting, and illegal trapping.

Cultural Significance:

  • Locally known as ‘Kahuaipuina’ in Manipur and ‘Molulem’ in Nagaland, these birds hold ecological and cultural significance, particularly in regions that serve as critical stopover points during migration.

Summary

The Amur falcon is a small but remarkable migratory raptor known for its long-distance travels from its breeding grounds in Asia to Africa. Conservation efforts in India, particularly in the Tamenglong district of Manipur, aim to protect these birds from hunting and habitat loss, ensuring their continued survival and highlighting their importance in the ecosystem.

QUAD GROUPING

  • 22 Sep 2024

In News:

Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in the United States, where he will participate in the fourth Quad Leaders Summit in Wilmington, Delaware.

What is the Quad Grouping?

The Quad, or Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is an informal strategic alliance comprising India, the United States, Japan, and Australia. Originally formed in response to the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, the Quad aims to foster collaboration in various areas, but its primary focus has become countering the influence of China in the Indo-Pacific region.

Historical Background

  • 2004: The Quad began as a response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, facilitating disaster relief.
  • 2007: Japanese PM Shinzo Abe formalized the alliance.
  • 2017: Amid rising Chinese assertiveness, the Quad was revitalized, expanding its objectives beyond maritime security.

Structure and Characteristics

  • The Quad is not a formal organization; it lacks a secretariat or permanent decision-making body like the EU or UN.
  • It focuses on strengthening bilateral and multilateral ties among member nations.
  • Unlike NATO, the Quad does not include collective defense provisions but conducts joint military exercises to demonstrate unity.

Key Developments

  • In 2020, the Malabar naval exercises expanded to include Australia, marking the first joint military exercises of the Quad since its resurgence.
  • The first in-person summit took place in Washington, D.C. in 2021.

Objectives of the Quad

The Quad has outlined several primary objectives:

  1. Maritime Security: Ensuring safe and open sea routes in the Indo-Pacific.
  2. Climate Change: Addressing environmental challenges collaboratively.
  3. Investment Ecosystem: Creating opportunities for economic investment in the region.
  4. Technological Innovation: Promoting advancements and cooperation in technology.
  5. Public Health: Collaborating on initiatives like vaccine diplomacy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Expansion and Future Directions

The Quad members have discussed expanding the partnership to include countries like South Korea, New Zealand, and Vietnam. In a joint statement, they reaffirmed their commitment to a free, open, resilient, and inclusive Indo-Pacific governed by international law.

Challenges and Opposition

China views the Quad as an effort to encircle and contain its influence. Beijing has criticized the grouping, labeling it as a strategy that incites discord among Asian nations.

100 Years of the Discovery of the Indus Civilization

  • 22 Sep 2024

Introduction

The centenary of the announcement of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) by Sir John Marshall on September 20, 1924, marks a significant milestone in archaeological history. This civilization, known for its advanced urban planning, encompasses over 2,000 sites across India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

Historical Context

Discovery of the Indus Civilization

  • John Marshall's Role: As the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Marshall played a pivotal role in the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
  • Initial Findings: The civilization was revealed through meticulous work over two decades, beginning with Marshall's initial interest in the antiquities of India.

The Process of Discovery

The Concept of 'The Slow Hunch'

  • Definition: Inspired by Steven Johnson's idea of 'the slow hunch,' this concept highlights how insights develop over time, similar to Joseph Priestley's early experiments with oxygen.
  • Application to Marshall: Marshall's initial curiosity about the antiquity of India was nurtured through years of observations and explorations, culminating in the excavation of Harappa in 1921.

Key Individuals Involved

  • Daya Ram Sahni: Conducted the first excavations at Harappa, uncovering evidence of an ancient culture.
  • Rakhaldas Banerji: Excavated Mohenjodaro in 1922, leading to significant discoveries that indicated a widespread civilization.

Institutional Challenges

Limitations within ASI

  • Lack of Collaboration: The ASI lacked a platform for archaeologists to share insights, impeding a collaborative approach to discoveries.
  • Marshall's Focus: His dedication to ongoing projects, particularly at Taxila, resulted in delays in recognizing the significance of findings at Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Announcing the Discovery

Marshall's Publication

  • Impactful Presentation: In September 1924, Marshall's article vividly described the architectural and cultural features of the Indus Civilization, captivating readers.
  • Scholarly Reception: The discovery sparked immediate scholarly interest, leading to further inquiries into the civilization's connections with ancient Mesopotamia.

Characteristics of the Harappan Civilization

Overview

  • Timeframe: Flourished around 2500 BCE, classified as a Bronze-age civilization.
  • Major Sites: Notable locations include Harappa, Mohenjodaro, and Lothal.

Key Features

  • Urban Planning: Cities featured grid layouts, advanced drainage systems, and distinct public and private spaces.
  • Agriculture and Economy: The economy thrived on agriculture, trade, and crafts, with evidence of cotton production and extensive trade networks.

Religious Practices

  • Deities and Symbols: Terracotta figurines and seals indicate worship of fertility deities and animal figures, suggesting a rich spiritual life.

Reasons for Decline

Theories of Collapse

  • Environmental Changes: Shifts in rainfall and tectonic activity may have disrupted agriculture and led to resource scarcity.
  • Invasion Theories: While some suggest Indo-European invasions, evidence of cultural continuity challenges this narrative.

Recent Initiatives

Preservation and Promotion

  • National Maritime Heritage Complex: Development at Lothal aims to highlight maritime history and attract tourism.
  • UNESCO Recognition: Dholavira was added to the World Heritage list in 2021, showcasing the importance of IVC sites.

EUROPA CLIPPER MISSION

  • 21 Sep 2024

In news:

NASA is preparing to launch the Europa Clipper mission, which aims to investigate Jupiter's icy moon, Europa.

Key Details:

  • Objective: This mission will place a spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter to conduct a thorough study of Europa, focusing on its potential habitability.
  • Significance: Europa Clipper will be NASA's first mission specifically designed to explore an ocean world beyond Earth. Europa is believed to have a subsurface ocean beneath its icy surface, which raises the possibility of supporting life.
  • Spacecraft Specifications:
    • The spacecraft measures 100 feet (30.5 meters) from end to end and 58 feet (17.6 meters) across, making it the largest NASA spacecraft ever built for a planetary mission.
  • Mission Plan:
    • Europa Clipper will orbit Jupiter and conduct 49 close flybys of Europa to gather critical data regarding its environment and potential habitability.
  • Instrumentation:
    • Equipped with nine scientific instruments and a gravity experiment that leverages its telecommunications system, the spacecraft will maximize data collection by operating all instruments simultaneously during each flyby. This approach will allow scientists to compile comprehensive data layers, creating an in-depth understanding of Europa.
  • Power Source:
    • The spacecraft is outfitted with large solar arrays to harness sunlight for its energy needs while operating in the challenging environment of the Jupiter system.

Solar Array

A solar array is a collection of solar panels interconnected to generate electrical power. When combined with other components like an inverter and battery, it forms a complete solar energy system.

INDIA JOINS THE INTERNATIONAL BIG CAT ALLIANCE (IBCA)

  • 21 Sep 2024

In News:

India formally joined the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on April 9, 2023, during the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger.

  • Objective: The IBCA aims to conserve the world's seven big cat species: tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar, and puma, focusing on their protection and natural habitats.
  • Founding Members: India joins Nicaragua, Eswatini, and Somalia as founding members of the IBCA, which will collaborate with 24 countries and nine organizations.
  • Headquarters: The IBCA will be headquartered in India, facilitating efforts to protect big cats and their ecosystems.

Purpose and Goals of IBCA

  • Conservation Focus: The alliance addresses common challenges in the protection of the seven big cats, promoting sustainable resource use and tackling climate change.
  • Collaboration and Support: The IBCA will provide a platform for member nations to share knowledge, expertise, and support recovery efforts in potential habitats.
  • Mobilization of Resources: The alliance aims to mobilize financial and technical resources for effective conservation strategies based on global experiences.

Background and Evolution

  • Inception: PM Modi proposed an international initiative against poaching and illegal wildlife trade in 2019, advocating for collaboration among tiger range countries.
  • Extension of Project Tiger: The IBCA serves as an extension of India's long-standing commitment to wildlife protection, initially exemplified by the launch of Project Tiger in 1973.

Big Cat Species Overview

  1. Tiger (Endangered)
    • Population: Approx. 3,167 in India, accounting for over 75% of the global population.
    • Threats: Habitat loss, poaching, and climate change impacting their territory.
  2. Lion (Vulnerable)
    • Population: Estimated 700 in India.
    • Threats: Habitat reduction and targeted poaching.
  3. Leopard (Near Threatened)
    • Population: Around 13,000 in India, with approximately 250,000 globally.
    • Threats: Habitat loss and human-wildlife conflict.
  4. Snow Leopard (Vulnerable)
    • Population: 400-700 in India, with global estimates of 4,000-6,500.
    • Threats: Poaching, habitat loss, and human disturbances.
  5. Cheetah (Vulnerable)
    • Population: Declined to less than 7,000 globally; declared extinct in India in 1952.
    • Threats: Habitat loss, climate change, and illegal trafficking.
  6. Jaguar (Near Threatened)
    • Population: Approximately 173,000 globally, primarily in South America.
    • Threats: Deforestation, illegal hunting, and habitat fragmentation.
  7. Puma (Near Threatened)
    • Population: Estimated 50,000, experiencing a decline.
    • Threats: Habitat loss and human-wildlife conflict.

Future Initiatives

  • Translocation Efforts: Following successful cheetah translocations from Namibia and South Africa, India plans to explore similar initiatives for other big cats.
  • Global Cooperation: The IBCA will strengthen conservation efforts by working with a broader network of range countries to combat poaching and promote habitat preservation.

EARTH TO EXPERIENCE A TEMPORARY 'MINI-MOON' IN SEPTEMBER

  • 20 Sep 2024

In News:

In late September, Earth will temporarily capture a small asteroid known as 2024 PT5. This phenomenon, where an asteroid becomes a "mini-moon," will last for about two months before the asteroid escapes back into space. While Earth has gained mini-moons before, such occurrences are quite rare; most asteroids either miss the planet entirely or burn up upon entering the atmosphere.

What Is a 'Mini-Moon'?

Mini-moons are small asteroids that get temporarily captured by Earth's gravity, orbiting the planet for a limited time. These asteroids are typically small and difficult to detect—only four mini-moons have been identified in Earth's history, and none remain in orbit today. Some objects previously thought to be mini-moons were later determined to be space debris, including rocket stages and satellites.

Details About 2024 PT5

Discovered on August 7 through the NASA-funded Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), 2024 PT5 measures approximately 33 feet in length, making it invisible to the naked eye and standard amateur telescopes. However, it is detectable by professional astronomical equipment.

According to Carlos de la Fuente Marcos, a professor at the Complutense University of Madrid, 2024 PT5 originates from the Arjuna asteroid belt, which consists of space rocks that share similar orbits with Earth. There is also speculation that it could be a fragment resulting from an impact on the moon, as noted by Paul Chodas from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

However, some experts argue that 2024 PT5 may not fully qualify as a mini-moon. For an asteroid to be classified as such, it must complete at least one full orbit around Earth. Instead, 2024 PT5 will follow a horseshoe-shaped path, leading Lance Benner, a principal investigator at JPL, to express skepticism about its classification as a mini-moon.

Significance of the Event

Studying 2024 PT5 will provide valuable insights into asteroids that pass near Earth and their potential for future collisions. Additionally, many asteroids are believed to contain precious minerals and water, which could be harvested for future space missions and resource utilization. Observing this mini-moon will enhance our understanding of these celestial bodies and their behavior in Earth's vicinity.

WHITE REVOLUTION 2.0

  • 20 Sep 2024
  • Overview:
    • India is the world's largest milk producer, with production reaching 230.58 million tonnes in 2022-23.
    • White Revolution 2.0 focuses on cooperative societies, similar to the foundation laid by Operation Flood in the 1970s.
  • Objectives of White Revolution 2.0:
    • Increase daily milk procurement from 660 lakh kg (2023-24) to 1,007 lakh kg by 2028-29.
    • Enhance the market access for dairy farmers, especially in uncovered areas.
    • Generate employment and empower women through increased dairy cooperative involvement.
  • Current Landscape:
    • The Ministry of Cooperation has prioritized expanding the cooperative network since its formation in 2021.
    • Dairy cooperatives operate in 70% of India’s districts with approximately 1.7 lakh dairy cooperative societies (DCSs).
    • These DCSs serve around 2 lakh villages (30% of total villages) and account for 10% of milk production and 16% of marketable surplus.
  • Regional Coverage:
    • States like Gujarat, Kerala, and Sikkim have over 70% village coverage by dairy cooperatives.
    • In contrast, states such as Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Madhya Pradesh have only 10-20% coverage.
    • Less than 10% coverage is observed in West Bengal, Assam, and several smaller northeastern states.
  • Expansion Plans:
    • NDDB plans to establish 56,000 new multipurpose dairy cooperative societies over the next five years and strengthen 46,000 existing DCSs.
    • A pilot project initiated in February 2023 aims to set up dairy cooperatives in uncovered gram panchayats in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka.
  • Funding Sources:
    • The National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) 2.0 will primarily fund White Revolution 2.0.
    • Financial assistance will support village-level milk procurement, chilling facilities, and training initiatives.
  • Current Production Insights:
    • India’s milk production has grown significantly from 17 million tonnes in 1951-52 to 230.58 million tonnes.
    • Average yield per animal is 8.55 kg/day for exotic/crossbred and 3.44 kg/day for indigenous animals.
  • Per Capita Milk Availability:
    • National average: 459 grams/day, higher than the global average of 323 grams/day.
    • Significant regional variation: from 329 grams in Maharashtra to 1,283 grams in Punjab.
  • Top Milk Producing States:
    • Uttar Pradesh (15.72%), Rajasthan (14.44%), Madhya Pradesh (8.73%), Gujarat (7.49%), Andhra Pradesh (6.70%) contribute to 53.08% of total production.
    • Indigenous buffaloes contribute 31.94%, while crossbred cattle contribute 29.81%.
  • Market Dynamics:
    • About 63% of total milk production is marketed; two-thirds of this is in the unorganised sector.
    • Cooperatives hold a significant share in the organised sector, providing livelihoods to over 8.5 crore individuals, primarily women.
  • Economic Impact:
    • The dairy sector represents 40% (?11.16 lakh crore) of the agricultural value output in 2022-23, surpassing cereals.

All-India Reservoir Status

  • 17 Sep 2024

In News:

The southwest monsoon has provided significant rainfall across India, with total precipitation at 836.7 mm as of September 12, marking an 8% surplus for this time of year. The Central Water Commission (CWC) reports that reservoir levels are notably higher compared to last year and the 10-year average.

All-India Reservoir Status

  • Total Capacity: 180.852 billion cubic metres (BCM) across 155 reservoirs.
  • Current Storage: 153.757 BCM, which is 85% of total capacity.
  • Last Year Comparison: 119.451 BCM (66%) and 10-year average of 130.594 BCM.

Regional Reservoir Highlights:

  • North: 11 reservoirs at 68% capacity (13.468 BCM). Storage is lower than last year (81%) and decadal average (82%). Himachal Pradesh and Punjab saw significant rainfall deficits.
  • East: 25 reservoirs at 76% capacity (15.797 BCM), improved from last year's 58%. Despite deficits in Nagaland and Bihar, overall rainfall has supported reservoir levels.
  • West: 50 reservoirs at 90% capacity (33.526 BCM), a marked increase from 75% last year. Heavy rainfall, particularly in Gujarat, has led to flooding but boosted water reserves.
  • Central: 26 reservoirs at 89% capacity (42.808 BCM), better than last year's 76%. This region has enjoyed normal or above-average rainfall.
  • South: 43 reservoirs at 88% capacity (48.158 BCM), significantly higher than 49% last year. Regions traditionally receiving less monsoon rain have also seen improvements.

Comparison to 2023

  • Improved Storage: Notable increases in states like Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and several others.
  • Stable: No change in Goa and Telangana.
  • Declines: Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttarakhand show worse conditions compared to last year.

River Basin Status

Major river basins exhibit normal or above storage levels, including:

  • Barak (98.72%)
  • Krishna (94.53%)
  • Cauvery (93.54%)
  • Narmada (92.19%)
  • Godavari (91.85%)
  • Others range from 83% to 66%.

Overall, the 2024 monsoon has led to improved water storage conditions across much of India, benefiting numerous states while highlighting specific areas of concern.

Precision Farming

  • 17 Sep 2024

In News:

The Centre is contemplating to earmark Rs 6,000 crore to promote precision farming, a modern approach that uses smart technology such as Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, drones and data analytics to boost production through maximal use of resources while minimising environmental impact.

Key Details:

  • Union Ministry of Agriculture is planning a Smart Precision Horticulture Programme under the existing Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) scheme.
  • It will cover 15,000 acres of land in five years from 2024-25 to 2028-29 and is expected to benefit about 60,000 farmers.
  • At present, the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF), launched during Covid-19, has provisions for financing infrastructure projects for smart and precision agriculture.
  • Under AIF, individual farmers as well as farmers’ communities such as Farmer Producer Organization, Primary Agricultural Credit Societies and SHGs are eligible for loans with interest subvention of 3% for using technological solutions in farm practices. These practices include farm/ harvest automation; purchase of drones, putting up specialised sensors on field; use of blockchain and AI in agriculture; remote sensing and Internet of Things (IoT).

Positive impact

  • Smart and precision agriculture maximises use of resources like water, fertilisers and pesticides to increase production quality and quantity, all while insulating farmers from vagaries of climate change and other uncertainties, besides ensuring sustainable farming.

Apart from offering financial support, the Centre is also considering collaborating with the Netherlands and Israel, where tech-based modern farming solutions are being used, through Centres of Excellences (CoEs). The number of CoEs is likely to be 100 in the next five years. Under Indo-Israel Agriculture Project, 32 CoEs have already been set up across 14 states.

The Centre has also set up 22 Precision Farming Development Centres (PFDCs) across the country to test new technologies and modify them according to local needs.

According to the Ministry, these 22 PFDCs are located across State/Central Agricultural Universities, ICAR Institutes and IITs in TN, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Haryana, Telangana, West Bengal, Ladakh, UP, Punjab, Gujarat, Uttrakhand, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Manipur and Assam. Besides, funds are released to states/UTs for projects involving use of AI and machine learning, under schemes like the National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture.

What is Precision Agriculture?

  • Precision Agriculture is a farm management concept that revolves around the process of observing, measuring, and responding to various inter-and intra-field variability inputs for modern agriculture.
  • Popular definitions of Precision Agriculture (PA) or Site-Specific Crop Management (SSCM) describe the term as a technology-enabled approach to farming management that observes, measures, and analyzes the needs of individual fields and crops.
  • The goal of precision agriculture is to increase efficiency and productivity, reduce input costs, and improve environmental sustainability.
  • Key Advantages:
    • A refined set of cultivation practices and choice of crops based on the suitability of land
    • Elimination of volatility and risk
    • Waste management
    • Reduced production costs
    • Minimum environmental impact
    • Optimized use of fertilizers
    • Water management with optimized irrigation practices
    • Improved soil health

Pink Bollworm Attack

  • 16 Sep 2024

In News:

Haryana has seen an overall fall in acreage under cotton cultivation to 4.76 lakh hectares (lh) this kharif season from 6.65 lh in 2023. This has been accompanied by an increase in the area under rice from 15.20 lh to an all-time-high of 16.44 lh in the state.

Key Details:

  • The reduction in the cotton area — also reported in neighbouring Rajasthan (from 7.91 lh to 5.13 lh) and Punjab (2.14 lh to 1 lh) — has been attributed mainly to PBW infestation.
  • In May-June this year, at the time of sowing, the price of kapas (raw unginned cotton) averaged Rs 6,700-6,800 per quintal in Haryana mandis. This was against the average Rs 11,100-11,200 per quintal two years ago.

Pink Bollworm (PBW) Infestation:

  • Impact: The pink bollworm has devastated cotton yields by attacking the bolls, which affects the weight and quality of the cotton. This pest has been particularly damaging since its appearance in 2017-18 and has caused significant losses in Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab.
  • Spread: PBW spreads through the air and infected crop residues, which harbor larvae and spread to future crops. This infestation has led to a dramatic decrease in cotton acreage.

The spread of pink bollworm

  • The pink bollworm first appeared in north India during the 2017-18 season in a few districts in Haryana and Punjab, primarily cultivating Bt cotton, and spread to Rajasthan by 2021.
  • PBW primarily spreads through the air. Residue of infected crops, often left by farmers on the field to be used as fuel, can also harbour PBW larvae which can then infect future crops. Infected cotton seeds are another reason behind the pest’s spread.

Economic Impacts:

  • Price Decline: The price of kapas (raw cotton) has dropped from Rs 11,100-11,200 per quintal to Rs 6,700-6,800, significantly impacting farmers’ profitability.
  • Farmer Losses: Farmers like Shyam Sundar have reported substantial losses due to low yields and poor quality, leading them to switch to more profitable and reliable crops like paddy and guar.

Transition to Paddy

Water Requirements:

  • Challenges: Paddy requires much more water compared to cotton. Farmers need to flood their fields, which is challenging in regions where groundwater is saline or limited.
  • Current Practices: Despite the increased water requirements, some farmers have transitioned to paddy due to its potentially better economic returns, especially when paddy prices are relatively high.

Monsoon and Irrigation:

  • Weather Dependence: The monsoon this year has been favorable, allowing some farmers to successfully grow paddy. However, reliance on monsoon and supplementary irrigation from tubewells is not sustainable in the long term.

Government and Expert Perspectives

Government Incentives:

  • Subsidies: The Haryana government is offering incentives for farmers switching to alternative crops and using water-saving techniques like direct seeding of paddy.
  • Support: While there is support available, the effectiveness and reach of these measures are mixed, and some farmers have faced issues with insurance claims and financial aid.

Expert Opinions:

  • Temporary Solution: Experts caution that while switching to paddy may be a temporary solution, it is not sustainable long-term due to water scarcity and environmental concerns.
  • Environmental Impact: Paddy cultivation contributes to higher carbon and methane emissions, which adds to the environmental challenges in the region.

Economic and Industry Implications

Cotton Industry Concerns:

  • Reduced Production: Lower cotton production affects the entire supply chain, from textile manufacturers to cottonseed oil and meal producers.
  • Potential Recovery: There is hope that reduced PBW infestation this year may lead to a recovery in cotton yields, but the extent of this recovery remains uncertain.

Operation Sadbhav

  • 15 Sep 2024

In News:

India has launched Operation Sadbhav to deliver crucial humanitarian aid to Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam, all of which have been devastated by Typhoon Yagi. This powerful storm, the most severe in Asia this year, has led to extensive flooding and widespread destruction across the affected countries.

Relief Efforts:

In response to the crisis, India has mobilized a significant amount of aid. The Indian naval ship INS Satpura has transported 10 tonnes of relief supplies, including dry rations, clothing, and medicines, to Myanmar. Concurrently, the Indian Air Force has dispatched a military transport aircraft with 35 tonnes of aid to Vietnam and an additional 10 tonnes to Laos. The aid includes essential items such as generators, water purification systems, hygiene kits, mosquito nets, blankets, and sleeping bags, which are crucial for addressing immediate needs during this emergency.

India's Proactive Approach:

Operation Sadbhav highlights India's proactive approach to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, emphasizing its role as a leading responder in the region. This initiative reflects India's commitment to providing support to its neighboring countries in times of crisis and aligns with its broader 'Act East Policy,' which aims to strengthen relations with ASEAN member states through practical assistance and cooperation.

Strategic Importance:

The operation also underscores India's strategic goals of enhancing regional stability and reinforcing its position as a reliable partner in disaster management. By providing timely aid, India demonstrates its dedication to supporting regional stability and contributing to international humanitarian efforts.

Global Recognition and Cooperation:

India's response to Typhoon Yagi has received international acknowledgment for its effectiveness and promptness. The coordination of these relief efforts highlights the importance of global solidarity in addressing humanitarian crises and building resilience in disaster-affected regions.

Conclusion:

Operation Sadbhav is a clear demonstration of India's commitment to timely and substantial humanitarian assistance. It not only showcases India's proactive diplomacy but also strengthens its ties with ASEAN nations through meaningful cooperation in times of adversity. The ongoing relief efforts are a testament to India's role as a responsible global stakeholder in disaster response and recovery.

 

India’s $15 Billion Push for Chipmaking

  • 07 Sep 2024

In News:

India is significantly ramping up its efforts to establish a semiconductor manufacturing industry, with plans to invest $15 billion in the second phase of its chipmaking incentive policy. This move aims to bolster the country's position in the global semiconductor supply chain, where it currently has minimal presence.

Key Points:

  1. Government Funding and Projects:
    • Increased Investment: The Indian government is boosting its funding for chipmaking incentives to $15 billion, up from the $10 billion committed in the first phase.
    • Approved Projects: Four major semiconductor projects have been approved, totaling over Rs 1.48 lakh crore ($18 billion). This includes:
      • Tata and PSMC Fabrication Plant: India’s first commercial semiconductor fabrication plant, with an investment of more than Rs 91,000 crore ($11 billion), developed in partnership with Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC).
      • Assembly and Testing Plants (ATMP/OSAT): Three plants:
        • Micron Technology is building the first plant, approved in June 2023.
        • Tata is constructing an assembly plant in Assam.
        • C G Power and Industrial Solutions, in partnership with Japan’s Renesas Electronics, is developing the third plant.

 

  1. Government Subsidies:
    • Capex Subsidies: The central government will provide nearly Rs 59,000 crore ($7 billion) in capital expenditure subsidies for these projects.
    • State Support: State governments are offering incentives such as discounted land and electricity rates.
  2. Strategic Importance:
    • Economic and Strategic Impact: Semiconductor chips are critical to a wide range of industries, including defense, automotive, and consumer electronics. Developing domestic chipmaking capabilities is seen as essential for economic growth and strategic independence.
    • Global Competition: India is entering a highly competitive field dominated by Taiwan and the US. The US has a $50 billion chip incentive scheme, while the EU has a similar program. India’s efforts are part of a broader strategy to reduce dependence on global chip supply chains and capitalize on geopolitical shifts.
  3. Challenges and Realities:
    • Technology Barriers: The Tata-PSMC plant will not produce cutting-edge chips, as the technology for advanced nodes is currently beyond their reach. Manufacturing chips with smaller node sizes involves significant technological expertise and innovation, areas where leading companies like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) excel.
    • High Entry Barriers: The chipmaking industry has high entry barriers, and India’s new plants will face challenges in achieving technological and competitive parity with established global leaders.

India's push into semiconductor manufacturing represents a major step in its economic development and strategic planning, aiming to position itself as a significant player in the global tech landscape while addressing critical supply chain vulnerabilities.

 

India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)

  • 07 Sep 2024

In News:

IMEC is an important initiative that can add to India's maritime security and faster movement of goods between Europe and Asia, said Union Minister of Commerce & Industry at the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) India-Mediterranean Business Conclave 2024 in New Delhi.

Key Details:

  • Corridors:
    • East Corridor: Connects India to the Gulf.
    • Northern Corridor: Links the Gulf to Europe.
  • Components:
    • Railroad: Provides a reliable and cost-effective cross-border ship-to-rail transit network.
    • Ship-to-Rail Networks: Integrates road, sea, and rail transport routes.
    • Road Transport: Complements the overall transport infrastructure.
  • Expected Benefits:
    • Increased Efficiency: Enhances transit efficiency and reduces costs.
    • Economic Unity: Promotes economic integration and job creation.
    • Environmental Impact: Lowers greenhouse gas emissions.
    • Transformative Integration: Connects Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.
  • Additional Features:
    • Infrastructure: Includes laying cables for electricity and digital connectivity, and pipes for clean hydrogen export.
  • Implementation:
    • MoU Commitments: Participants will collaboratively address technical design, financing, legal, and regulatory aspects.
    • Action Plan: A meeting is planned within 60 days to develop an action plan with specific timetables.

 

Geoeconomic Perspective

  1. Economic Integration and Interdependence:
    • Prosperity Through Integration: IMEC aims to foster trade and investment among India, the Middle East, and Europe, potentially leading to mutual prosperity and regional stability.
    • Building Bridges: Aligns with the liberal international order by promoting economic interdependence to reduce tensions and create shared interests.
    • Support from Major Powers: Backed by the US, Europe, and India, signaling a strong commitment to economic ties and regional stability.
  2. Economic Potential:
    • Infrastructure and Trade Routes: Enhances infrastructure and trade routes, boosting economic activity, trade volumes, and investment opportunities.
    • Regional Development: Promotes job creation and development in economically disadvantaged areas along the corridor.

Geopolitical Perspective

  1. Strategic Rivalry with China:
    • Countering the BRI: IMEC is seen as a strategic counterbalance to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), offering an alternative aligned with US, European, and Indian interests.
    • Regional Influence: Aims to limit China’s influence in the Middle East and South Asia by establishing a competing corridor.
  2. Geopolitical Alliances:
    • Aligning Interests: Involves strategic partnerships among the US, Europe, and India, reflecting concerns about China’s global strategy and shifting power dynamics.
    • Rivalry and Competition: The IMEC could be viewed as a global positioning move, responding to China’s growing influence and securing strategic interests.

Reasons for Joining the IMEC

  1. Economic Enhancement:
    • Boosts Indo-Gulf Relations: Enhances trade and economic ties with the Arab Gulf, addressing infrastructure gaps.
    • Regional Connectivity: Links India with key partners like Israel and Jordan, boosting economic opportunities.
  2. Strategic Trade Routes:
    • Alternative Routes: Complements existing routes like Chabahar Port and INSTC, connecting India to southern Eurasia.
    • Bypassing Choke Points: Offers a shorter route to Eastern Mediterranean and Western Europe, avoiding strategic choke points.
  3. Energy and Trade Opportunities:
    • Access to Resources: Provides potential access to Eastern Mediterranean gas fields.
    • Trade Bloc Connectivity: Links India with the EU and GCC, opening up growth opportunities.
  4. Geopolitical Aspirations:
    • Global Power Ambitions: Supports India’s goal to enhance global influence and integrate with eastern and western neighbors.
    • Economic Growth: Leverages economic integration to support development and influence.
  5. Infrastructure Development:
    • Economic Integration: Facilitates infrastructure creation for increased trade volumes and regional stability.

What is Helium & why is it used in rockets?

  • 14 Sep 2024

The Crucial Role of Helium in Space Missions and the Challenges It Presents

Two NASA astronauts aboard Boeing’s Starliner will extend their stay on the International Space Station (ISS) due to issues with the spacecraft’s propulsion system, which includes problematic helium leaks. Meanwhile, SpaceX’s Polaris Dawn mission, which successfully launched on Tuesday, experienced delays due to similar helium-related issues with ground equipment.

The Importance of Helium in Spacecraft

Helium plays a critical role in space missions for several reasons. As an inert gas, it does not react with other substances or combust, which is crucial for maintaining the safety and stability of rocket systems. With an atomic number of 2, helium is the second lightest element after hydrogen. Its lightweight nature is essential for reducing the overall mass of rockets, which in turn minimizes fuel consumption and the need for more powerful (and costly) engines.

A key property of helium is its extremely low boiling point of –268.9 degrees Celsius. This allows it to remain in a gaseous state even in the super-cold environments where many rocket fuels are stored.

How Helium Is Utilized in Spacecraft

In spacecraft, helium is primarily used for:

  1. Pressurizing Fuel Tanks: Helium ensures that fuel flows smoothly to the rocket’s engines. As fuel and oxidizer are consumed during launch, helium fills the empty space in the tanks, maintaining consistent pressure.
  2. Cooling Systems: Helium is also used in cooling systems to manage the temperature of various components, preventing overheating and ensuring the proper functioning of the spacecraft.

Due to its non-reactive nature, helium can safely interact with the residual contents of the tanks without causing adverse reactions.

The Challenge of Helium Leaks

Despite its advantages, helium is prone to leakage. Its small atomic size and low molecular weight allow helium atoms to escape through even minor gaps or seals in storage tanks and fuel systems. This characteristic poses a significant challenge for space missions.

On Earth, helium leaks are easier to detect due to the gas’s rarity in the atmosphere. This makes helium a valuable tool for identifying potential faults in rocket or spacecraft fuel systems. The frequency of these leaks across various space missions, including those by ISRO and ESA, underscores a broader industry need for improved valve designs and more precise tightening mechanisms.

OpenAI’s powerful new AI model o1

  • 14 Sep 2024

OpenAI Unveils New AI Model: Key Features and Implications

OpenAI has introduced its latest AI model, a significant advancement that aims to elevate the capabilities of artificial intelligence. This new model, part of the enigmatic ‘Project Strawberry,’ is designed to think more like a human when solving complex problems, offering a glimpse into the future of AI reasoning.

Introduction of OpenAI o1

The new OpenAI o1 model marks the beginning of a series of "reasoning" models intended to address intricate tasks in fields such as science, coding, and mathematics. This model, released as part of a preview in both ChatGPT and the API, represents a major leap forward in AI technology. OpenAI has announced that this is just the start, with regular updates and enhancements expected. Additionally, evaluations for the next model update, currently under development, are included in this release.

How It Works

The o1 model is designed to approach queries with a level of careful consideration similar to human problem-solving processes. It learns to tackle problems from various angles, verify its outputs, and improve through feedback. According to OpenAI, this model performs at a level comparable to PhD students in disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and biology. It is particularly adept in mathematics and coding, solving 83% of problems in a challenging math contest— a notable improvement from previous versions that only managed 13%. In coding, it has outperformed 89% of participants.

Sub-Models and Their Features

Alongside the main o1 model, OpenAI has also launched the o1-Mini. This version is a more cost-effective alternative, being 80% cheaper than the o1-preview. The o1-Mini is designed to offer fast and efficient reasoning, particularly beneficial for developers focused on coding tasks. 

Implications for Jobs and Research

The advanced problem-solving capabilities of the o1 model are expected to impact various job sectors, particularly those involving routine coding, data analysis, and mathematical modeling. While this could reduce the need for human intervention in some tasks, it may also create new roles in AI safety and maintenance. For researchers, the model offers a powerful tool for accelerating breakthroughs in fields like physics, chemistry, biology, and healthcare. Its ability to generate formulas and analyze large datasets positions it as a valuable asset for advancing scientific research.

Access and Usage

The OpenAI o1 model is now accessible to ChatGPT Plus and Team users. The o1-preview and o1-mini can be selected using the model picker, with weekly message limits set at 30 for o1-preview and 50 for o1-mini. This rollout marks a new era in AI capabilities, showcasing OpenAI’s commitment to pushing the boundaries of artificial intelligence.

Key Points to Note 

1. Not Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Despite its advanced capabilities, o1-preview is not a step towards AGI, which aims for AI systems to perform cognitive tasks as well as or better than humans. The o1 models, while more adept at reasoning, still fall short of human-level intelligence. 

2. Impact on Competition: While o1 gives OpenAI a temporary edge, it is expected to prompt competitors like Google, Meta, and others to accelerate their development of similar advanced models. These companies have the expertise to quickly develop models that could rival or surpass o1's capabilities. 

3. Unknowns About Model Operations: Details on how o1 operates remain limited. It combines various AI techniques, including "chain of thought" reasoning and reinforcement learning, but specifics about its training data and internal mechanisms are not fully disclosed. 

4. Cost Considerations: Using o1-preview comes at a higher cost compared to previous models. OpenAI charges $15 per million input tokens and $60 per million output tokens for corporate customers, compared to $5 and $15, respectively, for GPT-4o. The model’s complex reasoning requires more tokens, potentially making it more expensive to use. 

5. Chain of Thought Transparency: OpenAI has chosen not to reveal the chain of thought process used by o1, citing safety and competitive reasons. This decision may cause issues for enterprise customers who lack visibility into their usage and billing accuracy. 

6.  New Scaling Laws: OpenAI's o1 models reveal new "scaling laws" suggesting that longer inference times can improve accuracy. This could increase the computing power and costs required to run these models effectively. 

7. Potential Risks: o1 models could enable powerful AI agents, but they also present risks. Instances of “reward hacking” and unintended actions suggest that companies must carefully manage these agents to avoid ethical, legal, or financial issues. 

8. Safety Assessments: OpenAI reports that o1 is generally safer than previous models, though it still poses a "medium risk" of assisting in biological attacks. This rating has raised concerns among AI safety and national security experts. 

9. Concerns About Persuasion and Deceptive Alignment: AI safety experts are wary of o1’s persuasive capabilities and the potential for “deceptive alignment,” where a model might deceive users to achieve hidden goals. These concerns highlight the ongoing challenges in ensuring AI safety and transparency. 

Overall, while the o1 models represent a significant leap forward in AI reasoning and problem-solving, they also introduce new complexities and risks that will need to be managed as they become more integrated into various applications.

PM E-Drive replaces FAME India Phase II

  • 12 Sep 2024

In News:

The Union Cabinet recently approved a new scheme called PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) for the promotion of electric vehicles (EV) in India, replacing an earlier flagship scheme.

Key Highlights:

  • The Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI) will implement the new scheme with a total outlay of Rs 10,900 crore over a period of two years.
  • The PM E-DRIVE will replace Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India Phase II (FAME India Phase II).
  • The new scheme offers subsidies/demand incentives worth Rs 3,679 crore to incentivise adoption of electric two-wheelers, electric three-wheelers, e-ambulances, e-trucks and other emerging EVs.
  • The scheme will support 24.79 lakh electric two-wheelers, 3.16 lakh e-three wheelers, and 14,028 e-buses.
  • For e-ambulances, a total of Rs 500 crore has been allocated. In addition, Rs 4,391 crore has been provided for the procurement of 14,028 e-buses by state transport units and public transport agencies.
  • To implement this, demand aggregation will be done by Convenience Energy Services Limited (CESL) in nine cities with a population of more than 40 lakh — Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Bengaluru, Pune, and Hyderabad. Intercity and interstate e-buses will also be supported in consultation with states.
  • For availing benefits under the scheme, the ministry will introduce e-vouchers for EV buyers. At the time of purchase, the scheme portal will generate an Aadhaar authenticated e-voucher, which needs to be signed by the buyer and submitted to the dealer.
  • Subsequently, the e-voucher will also be signed by the dealer and uploaded on the PM E-DRIVE portal. The signed e-voucher will be sent to the buyer and dealer via SMS, and will be essential for the OEM (original equipment manufacturer) to claim reimbursement of demand incentives under the scheme.
  • The primary objective of the PM E-DRIVE scheme is to expedite the adoption of EVs by providing upfront incentives for their purchase, as well as by facilitating the establishment of essential charging infrastructure for EVs.

FAME India Phase II

Launched on April 1, 2019, with a budget of ?10,000 crores for three years. It is an extension of FAME India I, which began on April 1, 2015, with a ?895 crore budget.

Objectives:

  • Promote the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles.
  • Provide upfront incentives for purchasing electric vehicles.
  • Develop necessary charging infrastructure.
  • Address environmental pollution and fuel security.

Focus Areas:

  • Public transportation and shared transport.
  • Incentives for electric buses through State/City Transport Corporations.
  • For 3W and 4W vehicles, incentives are for public transport and commercial vehicles.
  • For e-2Ws, focus is on private vehicles.

Targets:

  • 10 lakh e-2Ws
  • 5 lakh e-3Ws
  • 55,000 e-4Ws
  • 7,000 electric buses

Incentives:

  • Applied to vehicles with advanced batteries, such as Lithium-ion and other new technologies.

Charging Infrastructure:

  • 2,700 charging stations in metros, million-plus cities, smart cities, and hilly areas.
  • Charging stations on major highways at 25 km intervals, on both sides of the road.

40% Amazon rainforest unprotected: why is this significant for climate change?

  • 12 Sep 2024

In News

  • Scientists agree that preserving the Amazon rainforest is critical to combating global warming, but new data published recently, indicate huge swathes of the jungles that are vital to the world’s climate remain unprotected.
  • Nearly 40% of the areas of the Amazon rainforest most critical to curbing climate change have not been granted special government protection, as either nature or indigenous reserves, according to an analysis by nonprofit Amazon Conservation.
  • The areas lie in the far southwest of the Amazon in Peru and the far northeast in Brazil, French Guiana, and Suriname, the data show.
  • Those parts of the Amazon have the biggest, densest trees and the most continuous canopy cover. That means these areas hold the most carbon, which would be released into the atmosphere as climate-warming greenhouse gas if the jungle is destroyed by fire or logging.

What satellite data show

  • Amazon Conservation analysed new data from the satellite imaging company Planet that used lasers to get a three-dimensional picture of the forest and combined it with machine-learning models.
  • Only aboveground vegetation was considered, and not underground carbon in roots and soils.
  • Amazon Conservation’s Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project (MAAP)’s analysis shows that 61% of the peak carbon areas in the Amazon are protected as indigenous reserves or other protected lands, but the rest generally has no official designation.
  • In Brazil, Suriname and French Guiana, only 51% of peak carbon areas are labeled for preservation. Peru protects a higher proportion of its critical areas, but some of the areas that have been left unprotected have been earmarked for logging.

Why the Amazon matters

  • MAAP published an analysis last month showing that the Amazon contained 71.5 billion tonnes of carbon, roughly double the global carbon dioxide emissions for 2022. That analysis showed that the Amazon just barely absorbed more carbon than it released in the decade leading up to 2022, a positive signal for the world’s climate.
  • But that remains an area of intense debate, with other studies showing the Amazon has flipped to become an emissions source.
  • As the effects of anthropogenic climate change become more stark with each passing day, the Amazon becomes one of the most valuable assets for the planet’s health. Scientists say that if the Amazon becomes an emission source instead of a carbon sink — which absorbs carbon from the atmosphere — the impact on the planet may be cataclysmic.

Controversy over Mumbai's salt pans: why do these lands matter?

  • 12 Sep 2024

In News:

Earlier this month, the Centre approved the transfer of 256 acres of salt pan land in Mumbai to the Dharavi Redevelopment Project Pvt Ltd (DRPPL), a joint venture between Adani Realty Group and the Maharashtra government, for building rental housing for slum dwellers.

What are salt pan lands?

  • They comprise parcels of low-lying lands where seawater flows in at certain times, and leaves behind salt and other minerals. Along with Mumbai’s mangroves (also at risk due to development), this ecosystem is instrumental in protecting the city from flooding.
  • According to the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification of 2011, the ecologically sensitive salt pans fall under CRZ-1B category, where no economic activity is allowed with the exception of salt extraction and natural gas exploration.
  • In all, 5,378 acres of land in Mumbai have been designated as salt pan lands, approximately nine times the size of the Dharavi slum. About 31% of this land is located in residential and commercial belts, and roughly 480 acres are encroached upon, a 2014 study by the state government found. The same study found that about 1,672 acres of Mumbai’s more than 5,000 acres of salt pan lands are “developable”.
  • Nationally, some 60,000 acres have been demarcated as salt pan lands, spread across Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Gujarat, and Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh (20,716 acres) boasts the largest expanse of such land, followed by Tamil Nadu (17,095 acres) and Maharashtra (12,662 acres).

Why are Mumbai’s salt pan lands at risk?

Development Pressure

  • Land Scarcity: Mumbai faces severe land scarcity, with its burgeoning population and high demand for space. Salt pans, being some of the last undeveloped areas, are increasingly targeted for various projects.
  • Development Plans: Multiple state governments have eyed salt pan lands for different uses.

Environmental Significance

  • Flood Prevention: Salt pans are situated in low-lying areas that naturally collect rainwater and tidal flows, helping to mitigate flooding in Mumbai’s eastern suburbs. They act as natural buffers, absorbing excess water during heavy rains and high tides.
  • Historical Context: During the July 2005 deluge, salt pans helped reduce the impact of flooding compared to other areas of Mumbai, highlighting their role in flood management.
  • Ecosystems: Salt pans are home to various species of birds and insects and contribute to local biodiversity. The destruction of these lands could lead to loss of habitat and disruption of local ecosystems.

Risks of Development

  • Flooding Concerns: Environmentalists argue that constructing on these low-lying areas will lead to increased flooding in areas like Vikhroli, Kanjurmarg, and Bhandup. This is because the land’s natural ability to absorb and manage water will be compromised.
  • Quality of Life Issues: Relocating slum-dwellers to these areas raises concerns about their living conditions. Salt pans are prone to flooding, which could undermine the quality of life for new residents. The cost of making these lands habitable, including extensive land filling and waterproofing measures, could negate the benefits of affordable housing.
  • Conflict with Climate Goals: There is a contradiction between Mumbai’s Climate Action Plan, which recognizes climate threats, and the push to develop areas critical for flood management.

SEMICON 2024

  • 11 Sep 2024

In News:

Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the SEMICON 2024 conference on the outskirts of the national capital, advocating for increased investment in semiconductor manufacturing and resilient supply chains.

  • Significance of Supply Chains: Emphasized the critical need for resilient supply chains, citing the COVID-19 pandemic as a stark reminder of their importance. The pandemic highlighted vulnerabilities in global supply chains, particularly affecting sectors dependent on chip imports from China.
  • Investment in Semiconductors: Modi pitched India as a prime destination for semiconductor investments. He stressed that India aims to have an Indian-made chip in every global device and is committed to becoming a semiconductor powerhouse.
  • India's Semiconductor Strategy:
    • Reformist Government: Modi highlighted India’s reformist policies and stable business environment as key attractions for semiconductor investments.
    • Growing Manufacturing Base: Expanding manufacturing infrastructure in India as a critical factor.
    • Aspirational Market: The evolving technology market in India is seen as a strong incentive for semiconductor production.
  • Government Commitment: Modi announced that over ?1.5 lakh crore has already been committed to semiconductor manufacturing, with several projects currently in the pipeline.
  • Semicon India 2024 Focus:
    • Event Goals: SEMICON India 2024 is a three-day conference designed to showcase India’s semiconductor strategies and policies, aiming to position the country as a global hub for semiconductor manufacturing.
    • Workforce Development: The government is developing a semiconductor workforce of 85,000 engineers, technicians, and R&D experts.
    • Market Growth: India’s semiconductor market, valued at $23.2 billion, is projected to reach $80.3 billion by 2028, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.10%.
  • Importance of Semiconductors: Semiconductor chips as crucial for fulfilling the aspirations of millions and noted their role in India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), which remained effective during the pandemic when other countries’ banking systems struggled.
  • Event Participation: SEMICON India 2024 will feature over 250 exhibitors and 150 speakers, including top executives from global semiconductor companies, industry leaders, businesses, and experts from around the world.

PresVu

  • 11 Sep 2024

According to the company, the eye drop PresVu is the first of its kind in India, and that Entod has “applied for a patent for this invention in terms of its formulation and the process”.

Mumbai-based Entod Pharmaceuticals has announced that the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) — the country’s apex drug regulator — has approved its new eye drop, which has been “specifically developed to reduce dependency on reading glasses for individuals affected by presbyopia.”

According to the company, the eye drop PresVu is the first of its kind in India, and that Entod has “applied for a patent for this invention in terms of its formulation and the process”.

What is presbyopia?

Presbyopia is an age-related condition in which the eyes gradually lose the ability to focus on nearby objects. People usually start to develop presbyopia at around the age of 40. According to doctors, spectacles are one of the most effective ways to manage the condition.

How does PresVu work?

  • The active ingredient — chemical compounds in medicines that have an effect on the body — in PresVu is pilocarpine. The compound contracts the iris muscles, which control the size of the pupil and help humans see things clearly, thereby enabling one’s eyes to focus better on nearby objects, according to Entod Pharmaceuticals.
  • The company also said that PresVu uses “advanced dynamic buffer technology” — essentially, a base solution — to adapt to the pH level (a scale used to measure how acidic or basic a substance is) of tears. This ensures that the eye drop has “consistent efficacy and safety for extended use, keeping in mind that such drops will be used for years at a stretch”.
  • PresVu is a prescription-only medicine and, according to doctors, its impact is unlikely to last beyond four to six hours. It should not be used by people who have inflammation of the iris. Regular use of PresVu may lead to itching and redness, eyebrow pain, and muscle spasms in the eyes.

Is this a novel therapy?

  • Although Entod’s claims make it seem that PresVu is a new therapy, pilocarpine, the main compound used in the eye drop, has been available in India for decades now.
  • The United States Food and Drug Administration approved a pilocarpine eye drop for presbyopia in 2021.
  • In India, the government decides on the ceiling price of pilocarpine in 4% and 2% concentrations. PresVu has pilocarpine in 1.25% concentration.

Strengthening India-UAE Relations

  • 11 Sep 2024

The bilateral relationship between India and the UAE has flourished in recent years, marked by deepening strategic ties and multifaceted collaboration. The recent visit of Abu Dhabi's Crown Prince to India highlights the growing importance of this partnership. The UAE is now India's second-largest export destination, third-largest trading partner, and fourth-largest investor. The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), effective from May 2022, has been transformative, boosting total trade by nearly 15% and increasing non-oil trade by 20% in the 2023-24 period.

Significance of the UAE for India

  • Economic Gateway: The UAE is a crucial entry point for India into the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. As India's third-largest trading partner, bilateral trade reached USD 84.5 billion in FY 2022-23. The CEPA, removing tariffs on 80% of Indian exports to the UAE, has led to a 5.8% increase in non-oil trade early in 2023 and is expected to elevate trade to USD 100 billion by 2030. The UAE’s strategic location and infrastructure make it an ideal hub for re-exporting Indian goods to Africa and Europe.
  • Energy Security: The UAE is India's fourth-largest crude oil supplier, with oil imports surging by 81% in January 2024. The partnership extends to renewable energy projects, aligning with India's goal of 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030, underscoring the UAE's role in India's energy transition.
  • Investment Catalyst: FDI from the UAE to India has increased more than threefold, reaching USD 3.35 billion from USD 1.03 billion in 2021-22. The UAE-India High-Level Joint Task Force on Investments has played a key role, with significant investments like the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority’s Rs 4,966.80 crore in Reliance Retail Ventures Limited.
  • Strategic Partner: The UAE has become a vital strategic ally for India in counterterrorism and maritime security. The bilateral naval exercise "Zayed Talwar" in 2021 and India's access to the UAE’s Al Dhafra air base highlight the expanding defense cooperation between the two nations.
  • Remittances and Soft Power: The 3.5 million-strong Indian diaspora in the UAE is a major source of remittances and cultural influence. In 2022, India received nearly USD 111 billion in global remittances, with the UAE as a significant contributor. The diaspora also strengthens cultural ties, as evidenced by the BAPS Hindu Temple in Abu Dhabi, symbolizing the UAE’s commitment to religious tolerance.
  • Tech and Innovation Hub: The UAE-India partnership is increasingly focused on technology and innovation. The I2U2 group (India, Israel, UAE, USA) aims to enhance cooperation in clean energy and food security. The UAE’s USD 2 billion investment in food parks in India and the UAE-India Artificial Intelligence Bridge, launched in 2018, facilitate joint research and position both countries at the forefront of technological advancement.

Areas of Friction

  • Labor Rights: Persistent labor rights issues for Indian workers in the UAE, including passport confiscation and wage theft, remain a concern.
  • Geopolitical Tensions: India’s growing ties with Israel and the UAE’s normalization with Israel complicate the geopolitical landscape, potentially entangling India in regional rivalries, especially with Iran. The UAE’s increasing ties with China also add strategic complexity.
  • Energy Transition: Both nations’ commitments to net-zero targets—India by 2070 and the UAE by 2050—pose challenges to their traditional hydrocarbon-based relationship.
  • Trade Imbalance: Despite growing trade, India’s trade deficit with the UAE stood at USD 16.78 billion in FY 2022-23. While the CEPA aims to address this, diversifying trade beyond hydrocarbons remains a challenge.
  • Maritime Security: Coordinating responses to maritime security threats while respecting strategic autonomy is challenging. The UAE’s expanding naval presence and India’s growing maritime footprint require careful coordination.

Enhancing Relations

  • Digital Diplomacy: India could use its IT capabilities to develop digital platforms for collaboration, including a real-time trade portal and a joint innovation hub, and expand cross-border digital payments.
  • Green Energy Corridor: Proposing an "India-UAE Green Energy Corridor" could align with both nations’ climate goals through joint investments and research in renewable energy.
  • Skill Bridge Program: A "Skill Bridge Program" could upskill Indian workers for the UAE job market, focusing on emerging sectors like AI and sustainable technologies.
  • StartUp Synergy Scheme: Developing a "StartUp Synergy Scheme" could foster collaboration between Indian and UAE startups through joint incubation programs and market access facilitation.
  • Maritime Cooperation Blueprint: Creating a comprehensive "India-UAE Maritime Cooperation Blueprint" could enhance collaboration in maritime security, blue economy initiatives, and port development, including joint patrols and deep-sea ports.

Polaris Dawn Mission: First Private Spacewalk Attempt

  • 11 Sep 2024

Recently, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched from Florida, carrying American billionaire Jared Isaacman and three other astronauts into orbit for the Polaris Dawn mission. This five-day mission marks a milestone as it aims to achieve the world’s first private spacewalk. Polaris Dawn is the inaugural flight of the Polaris Program, a collaborative effort between Isaacman and SpaceX, led by Elon Musk. The program's goal is to develop innovative technologies for future Mars missions.

What is a Spacewalk?

A spacewalk, or “extravehicular activity” (EVA), involves an astronaut conducting activities outside a spacecraft while in space. The concept of a spacewalk dates back to March 18, 1965, when Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov performed the first EVA during the Space Race. Leonov's spacewalk lasted just 10 minutes.

Modern spacewalks typically occur outside the International Space Station (ISS) and can last between five and eight hours. Astronauts conduct spacewalks for various purposes, such as performing scientific experiments, testing new equipment, or repairing satellites and spacecraft.

During a spacewalk, astronauts wear specially designed spacesuits and use safety tethers to prevent floating away into space. These tethers have one end attached to the astronaut and the other secured to the spacecraft. An alternative safety device is the SAFER (Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue), a backpack with small jet thrusters controlled by a joystick, which helps astronauts maneuver in space.

Objectives of the Polaris Dawn Mission

The Polaris Dawn mission, utilizing SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, aims to reach an altitude of approximately 1,400 km from Earth. This altitude exceeds the previous record set by NASA’s Gemini XI mission in 1966, which reached 1,372 km. At this height, the mission will be deep within the Van Allen radiation belts, which start around 1,000 km altitude and are known for their high levels of radiation. The crew will study the effects of spaceflight and radiation on human health.

Following this high-altitude phase, the Dragon capsule will descend to a lower orbit to facilitate the spacewalk scheduled for the third day of the mission, Thursday. During the spacewalk, the capsule will be depressurized, and the hatch will open, exposing the interior to the vacuum of space. Only two crew members, Isaacman and Gillis, will exit the capsule, while Poteet and Menon will remain inside to manage safety tethers and monitor the mission’s status.

The primary objective of the spacewalk is to test SpaceX’s newly developed EVA spacesuits. These suits, designed specifically for this mission, feature built-in cameras and heads-up displays to provide real-time information about the suit's condition. They also incorporate advanced thermal management systems.

After the spacewalk, Isaacman and Gillis will return to the capsule, which will then be repressurized before resuming its mission activities.

Additional Mission Activities

Throughout the mission, the crew will conduct 40 scientific experiments. These include attempting to capture X-ray images using natural space radiation instead of traditional X-ray equipment. The mission will also test SpaceX’s Starlink satellite network for laser-based communication, allowing satellite-to-satellite communication without relying on ground-based infrastructure.

The grave threat from AMR

  • 11 Sep 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat globally, with escalating concerns in India. AMR arises when microbes evolve into drug-resistant ‘superbugs’ due to the misuse or overuse of antibiotics. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the September 26 UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on antimicrobial resistance, which highlighted the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recent guidance on antibiotic pollution from manufacturing.

AMR and the emergence of "superbugs" have far-reaching implications for healthcare systems, particularly affecting patients with multiple health conditions. According to a survey by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), AMR is on the rise across India, underscoring the urgency of addressing this issue.

What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?

AMR occurs when pathogens gain the ability to survive and cause infections despite the presence of antimicrobial drugs. This resistance is a result of microbes evolving in response to inappropriate or excessive use of antibiotics. The proliferation of resistant strains can lead to the creation of 'superbugs' that are resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics. These resistant pathogens can spread through hospitals, drinking water, and sewage systems, complicating the treatment of infections.

Why is AMR Increasing?

  • Individual Practices: Many people in India take antibiotics without medical consultation, especially for viral infections like the flu, where antibiotics are ineffective. This misuse contributes to the development of resistance.
  • Medical Practices: There is a need for improved education among doctors regarding the use of antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, which target a wide range of infections, are more likely to induce resistance. A survey by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) found that 71.9% of patients in hospitals were prescribed antibiotics, often not to treat existing infections but to prevent potential ones. This overprescription has diminished the efficacy of several antibiotics, such as Norfloxacin, and increased resistance to crucial antibiotics like carbapenems.
  • Diagnostic Practices: Often, doctors prescribe antibiotics based on symptoms rather than diagnostic tests, leading to empirical treatments with broad-spectrum antibiotics. It is essential for doctors to use diagnostic tests to prescribe targeted antibiotics, minimizing unnecessary resistance development.
  • Pharmaceutical Industry: The WHO’s recent guidelines on antibiotic pollution highlight the need for better management of wastewater and solid waste from antibiotic manufacturing facilities. Despite known high levels of antibiotic pollution, regulatory oversight remains limited.

Common Resistant Pathogens in India

In India, the most prevalent resistant pathogens include:

  • E. coli: Responsible for gut infections, with susceptibility to carbapenems decreasing from 81.4% in 2017 to 62.7% in 2023.
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae: Causes pneumonia and urinary tract infections, showing reduced susceptibility to carbapenems from 58.5% to 35.6% and 48% to 37.6% between 2017 and 2023.
  • Acinetobacter baumannii: Primarily associated with hospital-acquired infections, with resistance to carbapenems at 88% in 2023.

Key Actions Required

  1. Prevention: Enhance infection prevention through better hygiene, sanitation, and vaccination.
  2. Education: Train doctors on the judicious use of antibiotics, reserving potent antibiotics for severe cases, and ensuring appropriate diagnostic testing.
  3. Regulation: Implement regulations to control antibiotic pollution from manufacturing processes and investigate resistance pathways.

Good Digital Public Infrastructure

  • 08 Sep 2024

Good digital public infrastructure (DPI) integrates technology with societal needs, ensuring that it is secure, scalable, and inclusive.

India’s achievement of over 80% financial inclusion in just six years has drawn international praise, particularly as a model for the Global South. This accomplishment underscores India’s success in achieving both digital and financial inclusion for over a billion people. Consequently, the G20 summit in New Delhi in 2023 highlighted the critical role of digital public infrastructure.

In response, India’s G20 task force has released a comprehensive report outlining a global strategy for DPI development. This positions India to support other nations in achieving digital sovereignty, financial inclusion, and self-reliance.

The evolving digital landscape is marked by a variety of stakeholders—including private enterprises, government bodies, non-profits, and think tanks—each working to advance their DPI solutions. This raises two key questions: How can we identify genuine and reliable DPIs from the plethora available? And what differentiates a “good DPI” from a “bad DPI”?

Identifying effective DPI involves assessing how well technology meets societal needs while ensuring security, scalability, and inclusivity. Authenticity and adherence to core principles are essential for evaluating DPIs.

The Citizen Stack Model

Citizen Stack, built upon the proven success of India Stack, emerges as a trusted ecosystem in digital infrastructure. India Stack, a robust digital platform, has demonstrated its effectiveness and security on a vast scale, serving over a billion citizens. This strong foundation enhances Citizen Stack’s credibility and reliability. Unlike DPI manufacturers, Citizen Stack functions as a regulatory body or auditor, certifying and authenticating DPIs to ensure they meet high standards of quality and security.

Citizen Stack’s approach is comprehensive, focusing on security, scalability, and inclusivity. The DPI platforms approved by Citizen Stack are designed to meet the diverse needs of large populations while maintaining stringent security measures to protect user data and privacy. As an auditor, Citizen Stack ensures that certified DPIs are dependable, secure, and beneficial to the public.

In an era of abundant digital solutions and promises, distinguishing genuinely reliable platforms is essential. Citizen Stack offers assurance as a gold standard for DPI solutions.

Guiding Principles of a “Good DPI”

Citizen Stack has established five core principles—referred to as sutras—that define a good DPI:

  1. Maintain Citizen Relationships: Ensure that digital infrastructure supports a fair relationship between citizens, the market, and the state, free from undue influence.
  2. Protect Empowerment and Privacy: Implement consent-based data sharing systems that prioritize individual empowerment and privacy.
  3. Prevent Monopolistic Lock-In: Ensure interoperability to avoid citizens being restricted by monopolistic entities.
  4. Combine Techno-Legal Regulation: Integrate technology with legal frameworks to govern ethical tech use, ensuring innovation while safeguarding security and societal rights.
  5. Foster Public-Private Innovation: Encourage collaboration between public and private sectors, while avoiding corporate dominance. The focus should be on public good rather than corporate monopolies, and technology should prevent exploitation by state or corporate actors.

Swachh Bharat Mission averted 60,000-70,000 infant deaths annually: Study

  • 09 Sep 2024
  • Launched on October 2, 2014, the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has been pivotal in advancing sanitation infrastructure in India.
  • By 2020, the mission had facilitated the construction of over 11 crore household toilets under its Grameen component and over 63 lakh individual and 6.36 lakh community public toilets under its Urban component. This extensive sanitation drive aimed at eradicating open defecation and improving public health.

Impact on Infant Mortality

A recent study published in Nature has highlighted the significant health benefits resulting from SBM. According to the report, titled ‘Toilet Construction under the Swachh Bharat Mission and Infant Mortality in India,’ the initiative may have averted approximately 60,000 to 70,000 infant deaths annually between 2014 and 2020. The study, analyzed data from 35 states and 640 districts from 2011 to 2020, focusing on the infant mortality rate (IMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR).

Key Findings

  1. Decrease in Infant Mortality:
    • The study established an inverse relationship between toilet access and infant mortality. It noted that districts with increased toilet coverage saw a marked decline in infant deaths.
    • In 2003, the average toilet coverage in districts was below 40%, rising to over 60% by 2020. Correspondingly, infant mortality rates fell from an average of 48.9 per 1,000 live births in 2003 to 23.5 per 1,000 live births in 2020.
  2. Significant Decline:
    • The research observed a substantial decline in infant mortality rates from 40 per 1,000 live births in 2012 to below 30 per 1,000 live births by 2019.
    • The mortality rate for children under five also dropped from about 44 per 1,000 live births in 2012 to below 30 by 2019.
  3. Regional Variations:
    • Despite the overall improvement, certain regions like parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh continued to report higher infant mortality rates, ranging between 45-60 per 1,000 live births in 2020.

Conclusion

The SBM has demonstrably improved sanitation in India, with a notable reduction in infant mortality rates attributed to the increased availability of household toilets. While the mission has achieved significant progress, ongoing efforts and investments in broader public health infrastructure are essential to address persistent regional disparities and sustain health gains.

Typhoon Yagi

  • 10 Sep 2024

In News:

A devastating series of events unfolded in Vietnam, as a bridge collapsed and a bus was swept away by severe flooding, raising the death toll to at least 65. The fatalities are attributed to Typhoon Yagi and the subsequent heavy rains, which have wreaked havoc across the Southeast Asian country.

In Depth:

  • The typhoon made landfall in Vietnam’s northern coastal provinces of Quang Ninh and Haiphong with wind speeds of up to 149 kilometers per hour (92 miles per hour) on Saturday afternoon.
  • It raged for roughly 15 hours before gradually weakening into a tropical depression early Sunday morning.
  • Vietnam’s meteorological department predicted heavy rain in northern and central provinces and warned of floods in low-lying areas, flash floods in streams and landslides on steep slopes.

What is a cyclone?

  • The term 'Cyclone' is derived from the Greek word 'Cyclos' which means 'Coiling of the Snake'.
  •  Cyclones are created by atmospheric disturbances around a low-pressure area and are usually accompanied by violent storms and severe weather conditions. Basically, a tropical cyclone is a deep low-pressure area.

 

Sakthan Thampuran

  • 10 Sep 2024

In News:

Minister of State for Tourism and Thrissur MP Suresh Gopi pledged to replace a statue of Sakthan Thampuran that was knocked over by a state transport bus in June with a new bronze statue if the Kerala government did not do so within 14 days.

Who was Sakthan Thampuran?

  • Raja Rama Varma Kunjipillai or Rama Varma IX, better known today as Sakthan Thampuran, ruled over the Cochin kingdom from 1790 to 1805.
  • He was born in 1751 to Ambika Thampuran and Chendose Aniyan Namboodiri of the Cochin royal family, but was raised by an aunt who called him Sakthan, meaning ‘powerful’.
  • The word thampuran is believed to be an appropriation of the Sanskrit samrat, meaning emperor.
  • The Cochin kingdom, which was part of the Late Chera Empire, covered the regions between Ponnani in Malappuram and Thottappally in Alappuzha in today’s Kerala.

Strategist and ruler

  • Sakthan Thampuran became heir apparent in 1769 as an 18-year-old. He advised his king to maintain friendly relations with both the Dutch and the English, who were vying for a larger share of trade in the region.
  • Sakthan is said to have orchestrated Mysore’s attempt to invade the Travancore kingdom, which had established relations with the English East India Company. This would result in the Powney treaty which freed the Cochin kingdom from its allegiance to Mysore, and helped formalise its relations with the British.
  • Sakthan Thampuran put an end to the institution of the Yogiatirippads — the erstwhile spiritual heads of the Vadakkumnathan and Perumanam temples, who had conspired against the previous Cochin king in his wars against the Calicut Zamorin — and entrusted temple management to the government.
  • He built a fearsome reputation for himself, and is said to have largely freed his kingdom of crime.

Thrissur and Pooram

  • Sakthan Thampuran transferred the seat of the Cochin kingdom from Thrippunithura to modern-day Thrissur.
  • The Thekkinkadu Maidanam and the surrounding Swaraj Round became the basis for the city’s elaborate road system and infrastructure.
  • The king encouraged merchants of all religions and British officials to relocate to the city. He also overhauled and firmed up the kingdom’s finances, personally overseeing revenue management.
  • Sakthan Thampuran started the Thrissur Pooram in 1797 as an alternative to the Arattupuzha Pooram, then the largest temple festival in the state.
  • The Thrissur Pooram was conceived as an opportunity for the major temples in Thrissur to come to pay their respects to Lord Shiva, the presiding deity at the Vadakkumnathan Temple.

In a first, critically endangered elongated tortoise spotted in Aravallis

  • 10 Sep 2024

In News:

  • A critically endangered species, the elongated tortoise (Indotestudo elongata), was spotted in Haryana’s Damdama area during a research survey in the Aravallis.

Key Features:

  • The tortoise is medium-sized with a yellowish brown or olive shell and distinct black blotches at the centre of each scute.
  • The tortoise has on its nostril a pink ring, which appears in the breeding season.
  • Mature individuals of both sexes develop a distinct pinkish colouration surrounding the nostrils and eyes during the season.
  • Habitat:
    • The tortoise, found in the Sal deciduous and hilly evergreen forests, is distributed across Southeast Asia from northern India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh in the west, eastward through Myanmar, Thailand, and all of Indochina, north to Guangxi Province of China and south to Peninsular Malaysia.
    • A disjunct tortoise population exists in the Chota Nagpur plateau in eastern India. It also inhabits lowlands and foothills of up to 1,000 m above sea level.
    • There have not been enough surveys to ascertain its presence in Aravallis, but the tortoise is found in the foothills of the Himalayas.
    • It inhabits wetter areas and discovering it here is an aberration than a norm, adding it cannot be ruled out that the tortoise was brought by trade.

Conservation Status:

  • International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Status: Critically Endangered, under criteria A2cd.

Threats:

  • Currently, I. elongata is heavily exploited for food and traditional medicine throughout its range.
  • Local people often opportunistically capture tortoises while farming or extracting other forest resources. However, deliberate hunting also occurs and dogs continue to be widely used for finding tortoises.

23rd Law Commission of India

  • 06 Sep 2024

Constitution and Tenure:

  • Notification and Term:
    • The 23rd Law Commission of India was notified by the Union government on September 2, with effect from September 1.
    • The commission will have a three-year term, concluding on August 31, 2027.
    • The tenure of the previous Law Commission, chaired by former Karnataka High Court Chief Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi, ended on August 31.

Role and Importance of the Law Commission:

  • Purpose:
    • The Law Commission is a non-statutory body formed by the Union Ministry of Law and Justice through a gazette notification.
    • Its role includes reviewing the functioning of laws, recommending the repeal of obsolete legislation, and providing recommendations on issues referred by the government.
  • Composition:
    • Typically chaired by a retired Supreme Court or High Court judge.
    • Includes legal scholars and can also have serving judges.
  • Impact:
    • Over the years, 22 Law Commissions have submitted 289 reports.
    • Their recommendations have influenced significant legislation, such as the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC), and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (RTE Act).

Constitution of the 23rd Law Commission:

  • Structure:
    • The commission will consist of:
      • A full-time chairperson.
      • Four full-time members, including a member-secretary.
      • Up to five part-time members.
      • Ex officio members including the secretaries of the Legal Affairs and Legislative departments.
  • Appointment and Remuneration:
    • Chairperson and full-time members can be serving Supreme Court or High Court judges or other experts chosen by the government.
    • The chairperson will receive a monthly salary of ?2.50 lakh, while members will receive ?2.25 lakh.
    • The member-secretary must be an officer of the Indian Legal Service of the rank of Secretary.
    • Serving judges appointed to the commission will serve until retirement or the end of the commission’s term, without additional remuneration.

Terms of Reference:

  • Primary Tasks:
    • Identify and recommend the repeal of obsolete or irrelevant laws.
    • Create a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for periodic review and simplification of existing laws.
    • Identify laws that are misaligned with current economic needs and suggest amendments.
  • Directive Principles and Reforms:
    • Examine laws in light of Directive Principles of State Policy and suggest improvements and new legislation to achieve constitutional objectives.
    • Address laws affecting the poor, conduct post-enactment audits of socio-economic legislation, and review judicial administration for responsiveness.

Previous Commission's Contributions:

  • Reports and Recommendations:
    • The 22nd Law Commission produced 11 reports, including:
      • A report in April 2023 recommending retention of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (sedition law), with suggested amendments for clarity.
      • A report recommending a new law to protect trade secrets.
      • A report on simultaneous elections, though it was not submitted to the government before the commission’s chairperson assumed office as a Lokpal member.

Upcoming Focus:

  • The 23rd Law Commission is expected to continue examining key issues, including the implementation of a uniform civil code, which was also considered by the 22nd Commission but whose recommendations remain unpublished.

Agnibaan - SOrTeD: World’s First 3D-printed Rocket Engine

  • 31 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Indian space startup Agnikul Cosmos on Thursday successfully launched its first sub-orbital test vehicle powered by the world’s first single-piece 3D-printed rocket engine, after calling off its launch at least four times previously.

What is Agnibaan - SOrTeD?

  • Agnibaan SOrTeD is a sub-orbital technological demonstrator of the Agnibaan launch vehicle, manufactured by Indian space startup Agnikul Cosmos.
    • A sub-orbital launch reaches outer space but does not complete an orbit around Earth, intersecting the Earth's atmosphere or surface without becoming an artificial satellite or reaching escape velocity.
  • This marks Agnikul’s fifth launch attempt since March 22. With this launch, AgniKul became the second private company to achieve a rocket launch in India, following Skyroot's successful flight in 2022.

Features:

  • It is a customizable, two-stage launch vehicle capable of carrying up to 300 kg into an orbit approximately 700 km above Earth.
  • Semi-Cryogenic Engine: Utilizes a combination of liquid and gaseous propellants, operating at temperatures higher than cryogenic engines but lower than traditional liquid rocket engines.
    • Uses refined kerosene, which is lighter and can be stored at normal temperatures, allowing more propellant to be carried. When combined with liquid oxygen, kerosene provides higher thrust.
  • The test flight aims to demonstrate in-house, homegrown technologies, gather crucial flight data, and ensure the optimal functioning of systems for AgniKul's orbital launch vehicle, Agnibaan.
  • The rocket is designed for accessing both low and high-inclination orbits and is completely mobile, enabling launches from more than 10 ports.

Agnibaan Acheivments:

  • World’s First 3D-Printed Engine: Agnibaan is the first rocket to use a 3D-printed engine.
  • First Semi-Cryogenic Engine-Powered Rocket Launch: Pioneering the use of semi-cryogenic engines in rocket launches.
  • India’s First Private Launchpad Rocket Launch: The first Indian rocket launch conducted from a private launchpad.
  • Unique Engine Configuration: Powered by the only engine in India that uses both gas and liquid fuel (liquid oxygen/kerosene).

Significance:

  • Typically, rocket engine parts are manufactured separately and assembled later.
  • The 3D-printed manufacturing process is expected to lower launch costs and reduce vehicle assembly time, offering affordable launch services for small satellites.

About 3D Printing:

  • 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, creates three-dimensional objects from digital models by adding material layer by layer.
  • This process, which uses materials like plastic, composites, or bio-materials, allows for efficient and customized production, contrasting with traditional subtractive manufacturing methods.

Notable Examples of 3D Printing:

  • Industry Applications: 3D printing is widely used in industries such as healthcare, automotive, and aerospace.
  • Aerospace: In May, Relativity Space launched a test rocket made entirely from 3D-printed parts, standing 100 feet tall and 7.5 feet wide.
    • However, the rocket experienced a failure shortly after takeoff.
  • Healthcare: During the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, 3D printers were utilized to produce essential medical equipment, including swabs, face shields, masks, and parts for ventilators.

Urban Heat Island Effect

  • 31 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Large parts of the country are witnessing a searing and longer-than-usual heatwave, with record-breaking day temperatures.

What is an Urban Heat Island?

  • An urban heat island occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas.
  • The difference in temperature between urban and less-developed rural areas has to do with how well the surfaces in each environment absorb and hold heat.

What is the Urban Heat Island Effect?

  • Structures made of concrete — buildings, pavements, roads, and other infrastructure — absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural features like trees and water bodies.
  • Cities, where these structures are concentrated, and greenery is limited, thus become “islands” of higher temperature compared to surrounding, greener, areas.
  • This is called the urban heat island effect. And since heat is trapped in built-up structures, greater urbanisation has a direct correlation with the rise in night temperatures.

How do humidity and warm nights impact the human body?

  • The rise in temperatures, humidity, and warmer nights together make the summer more deadly for human beings.
  • Humans regulate their body temperatures by sweating, the evaporation of sweat from the skin cools our bodies.
  • However high humidity prevents this from happening, which can take a toll on the body.
  • Reacting to heat, “the heart starts pumping more blood to our skin.
    • This activates the sweat glands which help regulate body temperature.
    • But as a result of sweating, other organs get less blood flow.
  • In humid conditions, the body continues to sweat with little avail.
  • This not only leads to dehydration and salt imbalances but also takes a toll on organs due to reduced blood flow.
    • And it leads to the body overheating as its temperature-regulation mechanism is not working.
  • If the temperatures are too high, the cellular processes in the brain also get affected.
    • This can initially lead to fainting, and in more serious cases, effects such as heat stroke and organ malfunction.

At the very basic level, more humidity and warmer nights do not allow our bodies to rest and recuperate”.

Landslides in India

  • 29 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

At least 36 people were killed in heavy rains and landslides in four northeastern states on Tuesday under the impact of Cyclone Remal while normal life came to a grinding halt in all the eight states of the region with road and rail links affected.

What are Landslides?

  • Landslides in India are one of the major hydro-geological hazards affecting large parts of the landmass of the country.
  • It refers to the gravitational movements of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
  • Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity.
  • As per a report from the Geological Survey of India (GSI), 13% of the total land area in India is prone to landslides.
  • This covers almost all the hilly regions in the country.
  • About 0.18 million square km, or 42% of this vulnerable area is in the Northeastern region, where the terrain is mostly hilly.

What Causes a Landslide in India?

  • Deforestation: Removal of trees reduces the binding properties of soil and rocks. This enables the water to seep into the sub-surface, making the topsoil vulnerable. 
    • For example, the Himalayan region has become more vulnerable to landslides due to the indiscriminate cutting of trees.
  • Shifting Cultivation: Shifting cultivation is common in hilly regions and Northeast areas.  Every year, residents burn the forests for cultivation purposes.
    • However, this deteriorates the quality of topsoil, causing erosion during heavy rainfall. This makes such regions more vulnerable to landslides.
  • Heavy Rainfall and Earthquakes: Heavy rainfall and earthquakes often cause landslides.
    • For example, heavy rain caused landslides in Talai village of Maharashtra in 2021.
  • Mining: Human activities like mining or quarrying remove the vegetation cover and soil gravel. This lowers the groundwater retention capacity. Also, it increases the risk of flooding.
    • Therefore, landslides occur due to loose debris or excess floods during an earthquake and heavy rainfall, respectively.
  • Urbanisation: Intensive urbanisation and urbanization activities such as establishing commercial housing projects and road construction reduce the vegetation cover which leads to an increasing frequency of landslides.

What Are the Different Types of Landslides?

Landslides in India are divided into four categories:

  • Topples: This occurs due to fractures in rocks. It causes tilting for gravitational pull without collapsing.
  • Falls: This involves the collapse of rocks or debris from a cliff or slope. It results in the collection of debris at the base of a hill.
  • Spread: It occurs in gentle slopes where soft debris or other materials are widely available.
  • Slides: It occurs when debris, rocks or soil slide through a slope.

What Are the Impacts of Landslides in India?

  • Mud, debris and rocks slide from the slope during landslides.
    • This restricts human movement and creates a traffic barrier on highways and railway lines.
  • Loss of human lives is one of the severe effects.
    • Landslide is the primary factor behind the Joshimath sinking crisis which led to mass evacuation in January 2023.
  • It damages houses, roads and buildings.
    • This further creates a financial burden for rebuilding infrastructure to rehabilitate the masses.
  • The debris sliding down from slopes blocks the river channel fully or partially.
    • This makes it difficult for locals to get the water supply.
  • Landslides also increase the risk of floods. This is because the debris increases the river sediment.
    • As a result, irregular course rivers become frequent, resulting in floods.

What Are the Measures Required to Prevent Landslides?

  • An increase in forest cover is a must in community lands to reduce the hazard of landslides.
  • People must store the excess water in catchment areas.
    • It will reduce the effect of flash floods and also recharge groundwater levels.
  • People must restrict the grazing of their animals.
  • Reduce the urbanisation activities such as building dams or other commercial projects.

Implementation of public awareness regarding preventive measures during landslides and other hazard management is necessary.

Magellan Mission

  • 29 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

After analysing the archived data from the space agency’s Magellan mission, scientists suggest that Venus, the almost Earth-sized planet was volcanically active between 1990 and 1992.

What is the Magellan Mission?

  • NASA's Magellan mission to Venus was one of the most successful deep space missions launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida in the year 1989.
  • It was the first spacecraft to image the entire surface of Venus and made several discoveries about the planet.
  • Magellan burned up about 10 hours after being commanded to plunge into the Venusian atmosphere.
  • Magellan's primary mission was to use a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to create detailed maps of the surface of Venus.
    • The SAR allowed Magellan to penetrate a thick cloud layer which made it challenging to study Venus from Earth.
  • By mapping the planet's surface, scientists aimed to investigate the planet's geology and landforms, including its vast plains, steep mountains, and impact craters.
  • Magellan was also sent to measure the planet's gravity and magnetic fields.
  • This information was considered important to NASA scientists as it would provide more information about the planet's interior structure and composition.
  • Because Venus is a planet close to Earth that compares in size and composition, mapping and studying Venus was considered an important mission as it added to understanding the evolution and geology of rocky planets like Earth.

What is the Magellan Spacecraft?

  • The Magellan spacecraft was a space probe launched into space on May 4, 1989, by NASA on the Space Shuttle Atlantis.
  • NASA named Magellan after the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who was the first documented person to circumnavigate the Earth.
  • The Magellan probe aimed to map the planet Venus and collect data about its atmosphere and physical characteristics.
  • Venus is the second planet from the sun in the Milky Way solar system and is, along with Mercury, one of two planets that orbit between Earth and the sun.
  • Known for being the first spacecraft to map the surface of Venus, Magellan remained in Venus' orbit for four years before being burned up in its atmosphere in October 1994.

What does the study reveal?

  • The study identified a 2.2 square kilometre volcanic vent associated with Maat Mons, the second-highest volcano on Venus, located in the Atla Regio near the planet's equator.
  • The vent showed signs of drained lava, and the radar images indicated that it had doubled in size over eight months, with the lava lake seeming to have reached the rim. These changes suggested that the vent had been actively erupting and spewing lava.

This discovery provides new insights into the geology and activity of Venus and highlights the importance of studying the planet's surface features to better understand its history and evolution.

Onset of Monsoon

  • 28 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The southwest monsoon is progressing normally, and conditions are suitable for its onset on the Kerala coast in the next five days, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said on Monday (May 27).

What does the ‘onset of monsoon’ Mean?

  • The onset of the monsoon over Kerala marks the beginning of the four-month, June-September southwest monsoon season over India, which brings more than 70% of the country’s annual rainfall.
  • The onset of the monsoon is a significant day in India’s economic calendar.
  • According to the IMD, the onset of the monsoon marks a crucial transition in the large-scale atmospheric and ocean circulations in the Indo-Pacific region, and the Department announces it only after certain defined and measurable parameters, adopted in 2016, are met.

Onset & Advance of Monsoon:

  • Broadly, the IMD checks for the consistency of rainfall over a defined geography, its intensity, and wind speed.
  • Rainfall: The IMD declares the onset of the monsoon if at least 60% of 14 designated meteorological stations in Kerala and Lakshadweep record at least 2.5 mm of rain for two consecutive days at any time after May 10. In such a situation, the onset over Kerala is declared on the second day, provided specific wind and temperature criteria are also fulfilled.
    • The 14 enlisted stations are Minicoy, Amini, Thiruvananthapuram, Punalur, Kollam, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Kochi, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Thalassery, Kannur, Kasaragod, and Mangaluru.
  • Wind field: The depth of westerlies, prevailing winds that blow from the west at midlatitudes — should be up to 600 hectopascals (1 hPa is equal to 1 millibar of pressure) in the area bound by the equator to 10ºN latitude and from longitude 55ºE to 80ºE.
    • The zonal wind speed over the area bound by 5-10ºN latitude and 70-80ºE longitude should be of the order of 15-20 knots (28-37 kph) at 925 hPa.
  • Heat: According to IMD, the INSAT-derived Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) value (a measure of the energy emitted to space by the Earth’s surface, oceans, and atmosphere) should be below 200 watts per sq m (wm2) in the box confined by 5-10ºN latitude and 70-75ºE latitude.
  • Northern Limit of Monsoon (NLM): Southwest monsoon normally sets in over Kerala around 1st June.
    • It advances northwards, usually in surges, and covers the entire country around the 15th of July.
    • The NLM is the northernmost limit of monsoon up to which it has advanced on any given day.

In general, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands start receiving monsoon rainfall between May 15 and May 20 every year, and it usually starts raining along the Kerala coast in the last week of May.

ZIG Currency

  • 28 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

To address its long-standing economic instability, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) has launched a new gold-backed currency called the ZiG, short for Zimbabwe Gold, replacing the Zimbabwean dollar on April 5, 2024.

What is a ZiG Currency?

  • Zimbabwe Gold, or ZIG, is the world's newest currency that was introduced by Zimbabwe to replace the Zimbabwe dollar in April.
  • It is backed by the country's gold reserves and was launched in an effort to reduce currency instability and hyperinflation.
  • It is the sixth currency Zimbabwe has used since the 2009 collapse of the Zimbabwe dollar amid hyperinflation of 5 billion per cent.

Features of ZiG currency:

  • Gold-Backed: The ZiG is unique as it is backed by gold reserves, ensuring its value is supported by the physical gold held by the government.
  • Denominations: ZiG notes and coins are issued in denominations of 1ZiG, 2ZiG, 5ZiG, 10ZiG, 20ZiG, 50ZiG, 100ZiG, and 200ZiG. This gold backing aims to provide stability and prevent currency devaluation.

Reasons for Launching a New Currency:

  • High Inflation: Zimbabwe has struggled with extreme inflation, with rates exceeding 500% in recent years.
  • Currency Instability: The Zimbabwean dollar, introduced in 1980, lost its value due to hyperinflation. The country's reliance on various foreign currencies, mainly the US dollar, has limited economic control.
  • Historical Collapse: The collapse of the Zimbabwean dollar in 2009, with hyperinflation peaking at 5 billion per cent, is one of the worst currency crashes in history.

Economic Control: Converting the previous national currency, the Zimbabwe dollar, into ZiGs is intended to simplify monetary matters and provide certainty and predictability in the financial system.

WHO Pandemic Treaty

  • 27 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Health officials from the 194 member states of the World Health Organization hope next week to complete more than two years of negotiations on new rules for responding to pandemics when they gather in Geneva.

What is the Pandemic Treaty?

  • The "Pandemic Treaty" or "Pandemic Accord" refers to an ongoing process at the World Health Organization (WHO) to negotiate an international agreement or convention on pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response.
  • The idea was proposed in late 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic to strengthen global coordination and solidarity in addressing future pandemic threats.
  • The WHO already has binding rules known as the International Health Regulations (2005) which set out countries’ obligations where public health events have the potential to cross national borders.
    • These include advising the WHO immediately of a health emergency and measures on trade and travel.
    • Adopted after the 2002/3 SARS outbreak, these regulations are still seen as functional for regional epidemics such as Ebola but inadequate for a global pandemic.

Key points about the proposed Pandemic Treaty/Agreement:

  • Objective: To establish a global framework and rules to ensure better cooperation, data sharing, and coordinated response during future pandemics.
  • Legal Status: It would be a legally binding international instrument, like a treaty or convention, requiring ratification by WHO member states.
  • Core Elements: Likely to include provisions on equitable access to countermeasures, strengthening health systems, information sharing, One Health approach (human-animal-environment interface), and funding mechanisms.
  • Negotiation Process: In December 2021, the World Health Assembly established an intergovernmental negotiating body to draft and negotiate the instrument through a member-state-led process.
  • The goal is to learn from COVID-19 experiences and create a binding global framework that facilitates a more coherent, better-coordinated international response to potential future pandemic threats.

How will the Global Health Rules change?

  • The updates to the International Health Regulations (IHR) include:
    • A new alert system to provide different risk assessments for future outbreaks, addressing criticisms that the current system delayed the COVID-19 response.
    • Introducing an intermediary alert stage called “early action alert,” in addition to the existing Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).
    • Considering a “pandemic emergency” designation for the most severe health threats, filling a gap in the current system which does not use the term "pandemic."
    • Strengthening state obligations to inform the WHO of public health events, changing the language from “may” to “should.”

How Do Countries View the Pact?

  • Negotiations have been marked by significant differences between wealthy and poor countries.
  • The talks missed a key May 10 deadline, nearly collapsing and prompting WHO Director-General Tedros to call an emergency meeting to boost morale. Contentious issues include:
    • The sharing of drugs and vaccines.
    • Financing, with debates over setting up a dedicated fund versus using existing resources like the World Bank’s $1 billion pandemic fund.
    • Political pressure, particularly from right-wing groups and politicians concerned about sovereignty, which the WHO denies.

What Happens Next?

  • The new IHR rules and the pandemic accord are intended to complement each other, but opinions vary on whether one can exist without the other.
  • Sources indicate that IHR negotiations are more advanced and likely to pass, with changes taking effect automatically after 12 months unless countries opt-out.
  • In contrast, the pandemic treaty requires ratification, potentially taking years.

Virupaksha Temple Hampi

  • 27 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The historical Saalu Mantap (pillar line), located on the premises of the Virupaksha Temple in Hampi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed after heavy rain lashed the region on Tuesday night.

What is the Historical Significance of Virupaksha Temple?

  • The Virupaksha temple gained prominence and underwent extensive expansion in the 14th century during the Vijayanagara Empire (1336 to 1646).
    • Founded by Harihara I of the Sangama dynasty, the Vijayanagara Empire expanded from a strategic position on the banks of the Tungabhadra River to become one of the most powerful kingdoms of its time.
  • The temple was built by Lakkan Dandesha, a nayaka (chieftain) under the ruler Deva Raya II, also known as Prauda Deva Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire.
  • The temple flourished under the patronage of the Vijayanagara rulers, who were great builders and patrons of art.
    • It became a vital centre for the religious and cultural activities of its time.
  • It is a prime example of Dravidian temple architecture, characterised by its grand gopurams (towering gateways), the shikhara towering over the sanctum sanctorum, its intricate carvings and pillared halls.
  • Richly adorned with carvings and sculptures, the gopuram depicts various deities, mythological scenes and animals.
  • The sanctum sanctorum houses the Shiva lingam, the main object of worship.
  • Historians say all temples had pavilions where traders sold articles, such as those used in worship.
    • Sometimes devotees visiting the temple also camped under the pavilions.
  • With several other temples and structures located there, Hampi was the empire’s capital city and stands today as evidence of what is known as the last ‘great Hindu empire’ of South India.
  • UNESCO also recognised its uniqueness and categorised the Group of Monuments at Hampi as a World Heritage Site.

El Niño and La Nina

  • 23 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Last month, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasted above-normal rain in the upcoming monsoon season in India, with “favourable” La Nina conditions expected to set in by August-September.

What are El Niño and La Nina?

  • El Niño (meaning “little boy” in Spanish) and La Nina (meaning “little girl” in Spanish) are climate phenomena that are a result of ocean-atmosphere interactions, which impact the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean which affects global weather.
  • The Earth’s east-west rotation causes all winds blowing between 30 degrees to the north and south of the equator to slant in their trajectory.
    • As a result, winds in the region flow towards a southwesterly direction in the northern hemisphere and a northwesterly direction in the southern hemisphere which is known as the Coriolis Effect.
  • Due to this, winds in this belt (called trade winds) blow westwards on either side of the equator.
    • Under normal ocean conditions, these trade winds travel westwards along the equator from South America towards Asia.
    • Wind movement over the ocean results in a phenomenon called upwelling, where cold water beneath the ocean surface rises and displaces the warm surface waters.
  • At times, the weak trade winds get pushed back towards South America and there is no upwelling.
    • Thus, warmer-than-usual sea surface temperatures are recorded along the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and this is known as the emergence of El Niño conditions.
  • Conversely, during La Nina, strong trade winds push warm water towards Asia.
    • Greater upwelling gives rise to cold and nutrient-rich water towards South America.
    • Thus, climatologically, El Niño and La Nina are opposite phases of what is collectively called the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
    • It also includes a third neutral phase.
  • El Niño events are far more frequent than La Nina ones.
    • Once every two to seven years, neutral ENSO conditions get interrupted by either El Niño or La Nina.
    • Recently, La Nina conditions prevailed between 2020 and 2023.

How could the incoming La Nina impact global weather?

  • La Niña, driven by the cooling of ocean waters due to the ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) cycle, can significantly influence global weather patterns.
  • The air circulation loop in the region, affected by these temperature changes, impacts precipitation levels in neighbouring areas and can alter the Indian monsoon.
  • Currently, the El Niño event that began in June last year has significantly weakened.
  • Neutral ENSO conditions are expected to be established by June.
  • Following this, La Niña conditions are anticipated to emerge, with its effects likely becoming apparent from August.

La Nina’s Impact on India:

  • With above normal rain forecast, the seasonal rainfall is expected to be 106 per cent of the Long Period Average (LPA), which is 880mm (1971-2020 average).
  • Except in east and northeast India, all remaining regions are expected to receive normal or above-seasonal rainfall.
    • Heavy rains could result in some regions witnessing riverine and urban flooding, mudslides, landslides and cloudbursts.
  • East and northeast India region, during La Nina years, receive below average seasonal rainfall.
    • Therefore, there may be a shortfall in water reserves there this year.
  • During La Nina years, incidents of thunderstorms generally increase.
    • “The east and northern India regions could experience thunderstorms accompanied by lightning.
  • With increased farming activities undertaken during the July and August rainy months, which coincides with the season’s enhanced lightning and thunderstorms, there is a high risk of fatalities in these regions.
  • In addition to ENSO, there are other parameters that can impact the monsoon.
  • However, in a La Nina year, a deficit monsoon over India can be easily ruled out.

La Nina’s Impact on the World:

  • Similar to India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and their neighbouring countries receive good rainfall during a La Nina year.
    • This year, Indonesia has already witnessed floods.
  • On the other hand, droughts are common in southern regions of North America, where winters become warmer than usual.
    • Canada and the northwestern coast of the United States see heavy rainfall and flooding.
    • Southern Africa receives higher than usual rainfall, whereas eastern regions of the continent suffer below-average rainfall.
  • ENSO has a huge impact on hurricane activity over the Atlantic Ocean.
  • During a La Nina year, the hurricane activity here increases.
    • For instance, the Atlantic Ocean churned out a record 30 hurricanes during the La Nina year 2021.

Is Climate Change Affecting ENSO?

  • Over India, El Niño is known to suppress the southwest monsoon rainfall and drive higher temperatures and intense heat waves, like the present summer season.
  • In the past, monsoon seasons during years following an El Niño were 1982-1983 and 1987-1988, with both 1983 and 1988 recording bountiful rainfall.
    • At present too, a similar situation could play out.
  • The 2020-2023 period witnessed the longest La Nina event of the century.
  • Thereafter, ENSO neutral conditions developed, which soon gave way to El Niño by June 2023 which has been weakening since December last year.
  • Scientists say that climate change is set to impact the ENSO cycle.
  • Many studies suggest that global warming tends to change the mean oceanic conditions over the Pacific Ocean and trigger more El Niño events.
  • The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has also said that climate change is likely to affect the intensity and frequency of extreme weather and climate events linked to El Niño and La Nina.

AI Agents

  • 22 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Known as ‘AI agents’, GPT-4o and Project Astra have been touted as far superior to conventional voice assistants such as Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant.

What are AI Agents?

  • AI agents are sophisticated AI systems that can engage in real-time, multi-modal (text, image, or voice) interactions with humans.
  • Unlike conventional language models, which solely work on text-based inputs and outputs, AI agents can process and respond to a wide variety of inputs including voice, images, and even input from their surroundings.
  • AI agents are designed to perceive their environment and take actions in order to achieve specific goals.
    • They perceive their environment through sensors, process the information using algorithms or models, and then take actions using actuators or other means.
  • AI agents can range from simple systems that follow predefined rules to complex, autonomous entities that learn and adapt based on their experiences.
  • They're utilized in various fields, including robotics, gaming, virtual assistants, autonomous vehicles, and more.
  • These agents can be reactive (responding directly to stimuli), deliberative (planning and making decisions), or even have learning capabilities (adapting their behaviour based on data and experiences).

How are they Different From Large Language Models?

  • While large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3 and GPT-4 have the ability only to generate human-like text, AI agents make interactions more natural and immersive with the help of voice, vision, and environmental sensors.
    • Unlike LLMs, AI agents are designed for instantaneous, real-time conversations with responses much similar to humans.
  • LLMs lack contextual awareness, while AI agents can understand and learn from the context of interactions, allowing them to provide more relevant and personalised responses.
  • Also, language models do not have any autonomy since they only generate text output.
  • AI agents, however, can perform complex tasks autonomously such as coding, data analysis, etc.
  • When integrated with robotic systems, AI agents can even perform physical actions.

What are the Potential Uses of AI Agents?

  • AI agents can serve as intelligent and highly capable assistants.
  • They are capable of handling an array of tasks, from offering personalised recommendations to scheduling appointments.
  • AI agents can be ideal for customer service as they can offer seamless natural interactions, and resolve queries instantly without actually the need for human interventions.
  • In the field of education and training, AI agents can act as personal tutors, customise themselves based on a student’s learning styles, and may even offer a tailored set of instructions.
  • In healthcare, they could assist medical professionals by providing real-time analysis, diagnostic support, and even monitoring patients.

Risks and Challenges Associated With AI Agents:

  • While AI agents showcase immense potential for the future, they are not without risks.
  • Privacy and security are a key area of concern as AI agents gain access to more personal data and environmental information.
  • Just like any AI model, AI agents can carry forward biases from their training data or algorithms, leading to harmful outcomes.

As these systems become more common, appropriate regulations and governance frameworks should be laid out to ensure their responsible deployment.

Paris Principles on NHRIs

  • 21 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

For the second year in a row, an organisation affiliated with the UN human rights office has deferred accreditation for India’s human rights body, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).

What are the Paris Principles?

  • The Paris Principles, formally Principles Relating to the Status of National Human Rights Institutions, which were adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 20, 1993, set out minimum standards that NHRIs must meet in order to be considered credible and to operate effectively.
  • The Paris Principles lay down six main criteria to determine which NHRIs are functioning effectively and would receive accreditation from GANHRI.
  • They are
    •  broad mandate based on universal human rights norms and standards
    •  autonomy from the government
    •  independence guaranteed by the statute or Constitution
    •  pluralism, including membership that broadly reflects their society
    •  adequate resources and
    •  adequate powers of investigation
  • These Principles also say that NHRIs should be equipped to receive complaints and cases brought by individuals, third parties, NGOs, trade unions, or other organisations representative of professionals such as lawyers and journalists.

Accreditation:

  • Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI), which represents about 120 national human rights institutions, is responsible for reviewing and accrediting these institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles every five years.
  • GANHRI acts through its Subcommittee on Accreditation (SCA), which categorises member NHRIs into two groups, ‘A’ and ‘B’. As of November 29, 2023, 120 NHRIs were accredited by GANHRI, 88 of which were given an ‘A’ rank, indicating full compliance with the Paris Principles; the remaining 32 were put under ‘B’, indicating partial compliance.

 Why has India’s Accreditation Been Put on Hold?

  • India’s accreditation status was put on hold after the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) meeting on May 1 in Geneva.
    • The SCA, which meets twice a year, scrutinizes each country’s human rights institution.
  • The May 1 meeting, chaired by New Zealand with participation from South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Spain, highlighted several concerns about the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India.
  • Issues raised include a lack of transparency in NHRC appointments, conflicts of interest with police overseeing investigations, and no minority or female representation on the panel.
  • Additionally, nine human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, expressed concerns about India’s human rights record, citing increasing restrictions on civic space and discrimination against minorities.
  • UN human rights experts also highlighted “attacks on minorities, media, and civil society” in India.

What Happens if India Loses Accreditation?

  • If India loses its 'A' status accreditation, its National Human Rights Institution (NHRI) will face significant limitations. With 'A' status, NHRIs can participate in the UN Human Rights Council, its subsidiary bodies, and some UNGA bodies and mechanisms, and hold full membership in the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) with voting and governance rights.
  • With 'B' status, NHRIs can attend GANHRI meetings but cannot vote or hold governance positions. Without proper accreditation, India’s NHRC cannot represent the country at the UN Human Rights Council, vote, or hold governance roles.
  • India’s review has been deferred, and a final decision is yet to be made.

What is India’s Record of Accreditation with GANHRI?

  • India’s National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) was established in 1993 and first accredited by the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) in 1999.
  • It achieved 'A' status in 2006 and retained it in 2011.
    • However, in 2016, accreditation was deferred due to issues like the appointment of political representatives and lack of gender balance and pluralism in the NHRC staff.
    • Despite these concerns, the NHRC regained 'A' status in 2017.
  • In 2023, the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) withheld India’s accreditation again, citing six reasons, including the NHRC’s inability to operate without government interference and the presence of too many government officials and individuals affiliated with the ruling party in the commission.

Contaminated Blood Scandal

  • 20 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

An independent inquiry report on the UK’s contaminated blood scandal, to be published Monday (May 20), indicates Britain may pay over 10 billion pounds ($12.70 billion) in compensation to thousands infected with HIV or hepatitis.

What is the Contaminated Blood Scandal?

  • During the 1970s and 1980s, thousands of people who had the blood-clotting disorder haemophilia were given blood donated or sold by people who were infected with the HIV virus and hepatitis.
    • Tainted blood was also given to people who needed blood transfusions after childbirth or surgery.
  • In the early 1970s, the NHS (Britain’s National Health Service) started using a new treatment for haemophilia called Factor VIII.
    • This was a processed pharmaceutical product that was created by pooling plasma from many donors.
    • Factor VIII was considered to be a “wonder drug” for patients with classical haemophilia and Von Willebrand Syndrome (which is a bleeding disorder in which the patient’s blood cannot clot fully), more efficient and convenient than earlier treatments.
  • The nature of Factor VIII was such that even one infected donor could compromise the entire batch of the protein.
  • The product used by the NHS was imported from the United States, where a large volume of donated plasma at the time came from prisoners and users of intravenous drugs who were paid for their blood.
  • The inquiry report has estimated that more than 30,000 people were infected with HIV, hepatitis C or, as in the case of 1,250 haemophiliacs, both.
  • Most hepatitis C infections were seen in transfusion recipients, and as many as 380 children were infected with HIV.
  • Nearly two-thirds of those who were infected with HIV later died of AIDS-related illnesses, and an unknown number transferred HIV to their partners.
  • The report said that 2,400-5,000 recipients of blood developed hepatitis C, with the exact figure not known yet, as symptoms can show up years later.

How did the government react after the scandal was widely known?

  • It was only after 1985 that all Factor VIII products were heat-treated to kill the HIV virus.
    • However, UK blood donations were not routinely screened for hepatitis C until 1991.
  • Evidence provided to the inquiry suggests that the British government chose to turn a blind eye to the situation, mainly due to financial considerations.
    • Official documents from the 1990s revealed that due to cost concerns, the NHS did not pursue adequate testing or awareness campaigns, despite warnings in the mid-1970s about the risks of viral infections from US blood donations.
  • As early as 1953, the World Health Organisation (WHO), had warned of the hepatitis risks associated with the mass pooling of plasma products.
    • It urged that dried plasma should be prepared from pools of between 10 to 20 donors to reduce the risk of contamination.
  • In 1974, the UN agency warned Britain not to import blood from countries with a high prevalence of hepatitis, such as the US.
  • Another warning of the risk of contracting HIV from blood products was issued in 1982.
  • The following year, The Lancet and WHO said haemophiliacs should be told about the dangers of donated plasma.

Bacterial Pathogens Priority List (BPPL)

  • 20 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently released its updated Bacterial Priority Pathogens List (BPPL) 2024.

What is the Bacterial Pathogens Priority List?

  • The Bacterial Pathogens Priority List (BPPL) is a crucial tool in the global effort to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Background:

  • In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) created the first BPPL to guide investment in the research and development (R&D) of new antibacterial treatments, listing 13 bacterial pathogens (phenotypes).
  • The list was developed using the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method, a scientific approach that evaluates and ranks alternatives based on multiple criteria, ensuring systematic and transparent decision-making.
  • The 2024 WHO BPPL expands to cover 24 pathogens across 15 families of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, categorizing them into critical, high, and medium priority groups to guide R&D and public health efforts.

Significance:

  • The BPPL directs priorities for R&D and investment in AMR, highlighting the necessity for region-specific strategies to combat resistance effectively.
  • It is aimed at developers of antibacterial medicines, academic and public research institutions, research funders, public-private partnerships involved in AMR R&D, and policymakers responsible for AMR policies and programs.

What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microorganisms to persist or grow in the presence of drugs designed to inhibit or kill them.
  • These drugs, called antimicrobials, are used to treat infectious diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoan parasites.
  • When microorganisms become resistant to antimicrobials, standard treatments are often ineffective, and in some cases, no drugs provide effective therapy.
  • Consequently, treatments fail and this increases illness and mortality in humans, animals and plants.
  • For agriculture, this causes production losses, damages livelihoods and jeopardizes food security.
  • Moreover, AMR can spread among different hosts and the environment, and antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms can contaminate the food chain.
  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global threat of increasing concern to human and animal health.
  • It also has implications for food safety, food security and the economic well-being of millions of farming households.

PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) Mission

  • 17 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

NASA is set to launch the two small satellites of the PREFIRE mission from New Zealand on May 22 aimed at filling in critical gaps in data from Earth's polar regions.

What is the PREFIRE Mission?

  • PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) is a NASA mission that involves sending two tiny twin spacecraft, known as CubeSats, to the Earth's polar regions to gather data on the heat energy radiated out to space and its impact on our climate.
  • PREFIRE consists of two, 6U CubeSats with a baseline mission length of 10 months.
  • These shoebox-sized satellites will orbit at altitudes between 292 and 403 miles, crossing paths in the atmosphere.

Objectives:

  • The mission will help close a gap in understanding how much of Earth’s heat is lost to space, especially from the Arctic and Antarctica.
  • Analysis of PREFIRE’s measurements will inform climate and ice models, providing better projections of how a warming world will affect sea ice loss, ice sheet melt, and sea level rise.
  • Improving climate models can ultimately help to provide more accurate projections on the impacts of storm severity and frequency, as well as coastal erosion and flooding.
  • By studying the far-infrared radiation emitted from these regions, PREFIRE will help improve the accuracy of climate models, enhancing our understanding of phenomena such as Arctic warming, sea ice loss, and ice-sheet melting.

The mission will help in:

  • Uncover the reasons behind the Arctic warming more than 2½ times faster than the global average since the 1970s.
  • Provide scientists with a clearer understanding of how efficiently far-infrared heat is emitted by materials such as snow and sea ice, and how clouds affect the amount of far-infrared radiation that escapes to space.
  • Enhance predictions about future changes in the heat exchange between Earth and space, and how these changes will impact phenomena like ice sheet melting, atmospheric temperatures, and global weather patterns.

How will the Satellites Work?

  • The mission with cube satellites about the size of a shoebox will be launched aboard an Electron launch vehicle.
  • It is equipped with technology proven on Mars and will measure a “little-studied portion” of the radiant energy emitted by Earth.
  • Two satellites carrying a thermal infrared spectrometer will be in asynchronous near-polar orbits and will be passing over a given spot on Earth at different times. To maximize coverage, they will be overlapping every few hours near the poles.
  • The instruments weighing less than 6 pounds (3 kilograms) each will make readings using a device called a thermocouple, similar to the sensors found in many household thermostats.

Why is it Important to Study the Polar Regions?

  • According to NASA, Earth's climate balance hinges on the equilibrium between the heat energy the planet receives from the Sun and the amount it radiates back into space.
  • The difference between incoming and outgoing energy determines Earth's temperature and climate.
  • The polar regions are crucial in this balance.
  • Changes in the polar regions can significantly impact global weather patterns.
  • Extreme storms, flooding, coastal erosion – all of these phenomena are influenced by what’s happening in the Arctic and Antarctic.
  • This underscores the importance of understanding polar dynamics to predict and mitigate global climate effects.

Digital Arrest

  • 16 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

With the cases of extortion and ‘digital arrest’ frauds on the rise, the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) working under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs issued an advisory asking the citizens to be alert about such frauds.

What is ‘Digital Arrest’?

  • ‘Digital arrest’ is a new and innovative tactic employed by cybercriminals to defraud gullible victims and extort money.
  • The modus operandi in this cybercrime method is that fraudsters pose as law enforcement officials such as police, Enforcement Directorate, and CBI, among others, and manipulate them into believing that they have committed some serious crime.
  • The cyber fraudsters deceive the victim into believing that he or she has been put under ‘digital arrest’ and will be prosecuted if they do not pay the scamsters a huge amount of money.
  • The fraudster often uses the tactic of instilling fear and a sense of urgency in the victims, ensuring they part with their money before realizing it's a scam.
  • The cyber criminals often force the naive victims to self-arrest or self-quarantine themselves, by tricking them into believing that they have been put under ‘digital arrest’ and cannot leave their house unless they pay up.

Modus Operandi of Digital Arrest Scams:

  • Initial Engagement: Fraudsters initiate contact with unsuspecting individuals through various digital communication channels, such as phone calls, WhatsApp, or Skype.
  • Fear and Urgency Manipulation: The scammers employ psychological tactics to instil fear and a sense of urgency in their victims.
    • They present fabricated evidence and falsely claim that the victim is embroiled in criminal activities or is facing an imminent arrest warrant.
  • Elaborate Scams: To enhance the legitimacy of their scheme, the scammers create elaborate setups, including simulated police stations, virtual interrogations, and video calls with individuals posing as senior police officers.
  • Layered Interrogations: Victims are subjected to multiple rounds of “interrogations,” with the scammers assuming different roles, such as a “constable,” a “sub-inspector,” and finally a “DCP-level officer.”
    • This layered approach aims to convince victims of the gravity of the situation and increase their susceptibility to the scam.
  • Financial Exploitation: Under the imminent threat of arrest, victims are coerced into transferring substantial sums of money into designated accounts.
    • The scammers deceitfully claim that these funds are necessary to clear the victim’s name or resolve the alleged criminal charges.

Actions Taken by the Centre:

  • Intelligence agencies have determined that the incidents are part of a coordinated online economic crime network operated by transnational crime syndicates.
  • The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), overseen by the Ministry of Home Affairs, has collaborated with Microsoft to block over 1,000 Skype IDs associated with such illicit activities.
    • Additionally, efforts are underway to block SIM cards, mobile devices, and "mule" accounts utilized by cybercriminals.
  • Money mules, also known as "smurfers," are individuals unwittingly used by fraudsters to launder stolen or illegal money through their bank accounts.
    • Following reports of such incidents, these individuals often become the focus of police investigations due to their involvement, as highlighted in a security advisory by HDFC Bank.
  • The Home Ministry is collaborating with other ministries, their agencies, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and various organizations to combat these criminal activities.
    • I4C is actively providing technical support and inputs to the police forces of states and union territories to identify and investigate cases.
    • I4C has leveraged its social media platform Cyberdost, along with its presence on platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, to disseminate infographics and videos aimed at raising awareness about cybercrime.
  • Citizens are urged to remain vigilant and help spread awareness about cybercrime.
    • They are encouraged to report any such incidents promptly to the cybercrime helpline at 1930 or through the website http://www.cybercrime.gov.in.
    • Additionally, filing a complaint and notifying the local police is advised.

India VIX

  • 16 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

India VIX, which is an indicator of the market’s expectation of volatility over the near term, surged past the 21 mark recently.

What is India VIX?

  • India VIX is a volatility index computed by the NSE based on the order book of NIFTY Options.
  • For this, the best bid-ask quotes of near and next-month NIFTY options contracts, which are traded on the F&O segment of NSE are used.
  • India VIX indicates the investor’s perception of the market’s volatility in the near term i.e. it depicts the expected market volatility over the next 30 calendar days.
    • The higher the India VIX values, the higher the expected volatility and vice versa, as per NSE.
  • ‘VIX’ is a trademark of the CBOE, and Standard & Poor’s has granted a license to NSE, with permission from the CBOE, to use such a mark in the name of the India VIX and for purposes relating to the India VIX.

What is the Volatility Index?

  • The Volatility Index, VIX or the Fear Index, is a measure of the market’s expectation of volatility over the near term.
    • Volatility is often described as the ‘rate and magnitude of changes in prices’ and in finance often referred to as risk.
    • Usually, during periods of market volatility, the market moves steeply up or down and the volatility index tends to rise.
    • As volatility subsides, the Volatility Index declines.
  • The Volatility Index is a measure of the amount by which an underlying index is expected to fluctuate in the near term, (calculated as annualised volatility, denoted in percentage e.g. 20 per cent) based on the order book of the underlying index options.
  • The Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) was the first to introduce the volatility index for the US markets in 1993 based on S&P 100 Index option prices.
    • In 2003, the methodology was revised and the new volatility index was based on S&P 500 Index options.
  • Since its inception, it has become an indicator of how market practitioners think about volatility.
  •  Investors use it to gauge market volatility and base their investment decisions accordingly.

Global Report on Internal Displacement 2024 (GRID-2024)

  • 16 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Floods, cyclones, earthquakes and other disasters triggered over half a million internal displacements in India in 2023, according to Geneva-based Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC).

About Global Report on Internal Displacement 2024:

  • The Global Report on Internal Displacement (GRID) 2024, published by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) based in Geneva, Switzerland.
  • It is the authoritative source for data and analysis on the state of internal displacement for the previous year.
  • Each year, IDMC presents the validated estimates of internal displacements by conflict and disasters, and the total cumulative numbers of IDPs worldwide.
  • The GRID also provides an overview of the year’s most significant internal displacement situations, highlighting potential measures to address the issue across the humanitarian, development, disaster risk reduction and climate change agendas.
  • The 2024 Global Report on Internal Displacement (GRID) report presents the data and analysis behind the 75.9 million people living in internal displacement as of the end of 2023.
    • It is the ninth edition of the GRID and includes global and regional insights into the risk, scale and impacts of internal displacement.

Highlights of the GRID 2024:

  • Rising Numbers of (IDPs): In 2023, the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) reached 75.9 million, up from 71.1 million the previous year.
  • Causes of Displacement: Disasters contributed to 7.7 million displacements, with earthquakes being responsible for one-fourth of these.
    • Conflict and violence led to 68.3 million displacements.
  • High-Displacement Countries: Sudan, Syria, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Colombia, and Yemen account for almost half of the world's IDP population.
  • Significant Increases: Sudan had the highest number of IDPs recorded for a single country in 2023, reaching 1 million.
    • The majority of new displacements occurred in Sudan, the Palestinian territories, and the DRC, accounting for nearly two-thirds of all cases.
  • South Asia Displacement: Approximately 3 million people across South Asia experienced internal displacement due to conflict and violence, with 80% of them located in Afghanistan.
    • Manipur violence resulted in 67,000 displacements, marking the highest number of conflict and violence-related displacements in India since 2018.
  • Impact of Natural Disasters: There was a notable decrease in internal displacement due to natural disasters in India in 2023, dropping from 2.5 million in 2022 to 528,000.

About Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC):

  • Established in 1998, the IDMC is the leading source of information and analysis on internal displacement.
  • It was created to address a significant gap in knowledge on global patterns and scales of internal displacement.
  • IDMC defines internal displacement as the number of forced movements of people within their own country over a given year.
  • The IDMC is a part of the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), an independent, non-governmental humanitarian organization.
  • Primary Roles: The IDMC serves as a global monitor and advocate for evidence-based policy and action.
    • It aims to influence governments, UN agencies, donors, international organizations, and NGOs.
  • As the official repository of data and analysis on internal displacement, the IDMC's GRID provides critical insights into the global internal displacement crisis and aids in developing informed solutions.

Solar Storms

  • 15 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

According to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Indian satellites did not suffer any major outages due to the multiple powerful earth-bound solar storms recently.

What is a Solar Storm?

  • Solar storms are a normal part of our Sun's solar cycle.
  • It occurs when the Sun emits huge bursts of energy in the form of solar flares and coronal mass ejections.
  • These phenomena send a stream of electrical charges and magnetic fields toward the Earth at a speed of about three million miles per hour.
  • When a solar storm strikes the Earth, it often produces a dazzling “northern lights" display in parts of the atmosphere that can be seen in areas close to the Arctic Circle.
  • Solar storms start with a huge explosion on the Sun.
    • These explosions — called solar flares — can be about as powerful as billions of nuclear bombs!
  • Solar flares usually go hand-in-hand with the release of huge streams of charged plasma that travel at millions of miles per hour.
  • These streams are called coronal mass ejections, or CMEs.
  • When CMEs hit the Earth, they can cause geomagnetic storms that disrupt satellites and electrical power grids.
    • For example, in 2017 two massive solar flares fired out from the surface of the Sun disrupted devices such as GPS navigation systems on Earth.

How often do solar storms happen?

  • Scientists who study solar storms have discovered that the frequency of solar flares appears to follow an 11-year solar cycle.
  • At times of peak activity, there could be several solar storms each day.
  • At other times, there might be less than one solar storm per week.

What is the Impact of Solar Storm?

  • It majorly interferes with several services, including GPS navigation, weather forecasting, communication, and other satellite-dependent services.
  • Besides that, it also has a significant impact on satellite networks and communication.
  • They can create geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), which can overload electrical systems and cause damage to transformers, issues with voltage regulation, and widespread power outages.
  • Furthermore, because solar storms increase the amount of solar and cosmic radiation that reaches the top regions of Earth's atmosphere, they also pose health concerns to people, especially aircraft crew and passengers, especially on flights at high latitudes.
  • These storms have the potential to disrupt infrastructure in near-Earth orbit and on Earth's surface, affecting communications, the electric power grid, navigation, radio, and satellite operations.

Memory of the World (MoW) Programme

  • 15 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Three Indian literary works, Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra, and Sah?dayaloka-Locana, were added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register during the tenth meeting of the Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific (MOWCAP).

About Memory of the World Programme:

  • The Memory of the World (MoW) Programme is an international initiative by UNESCO launched in 1992 aimed at preserving and recognizing the world's significant documentary heritage.
  • The program's objective is to identify and protect important documents in a manner similar to how UNESCO's World Heritage Convention and World Heritage List recognize significant natural and cultural sites.

The Memory of the World Programme aims to:

    • Facilitating the preservation of documentary heritage, particularly in conflict-affected areas or regions impacted by natural disasters.
    • Enabling universal access to documentary heritage worldwide.
    • Enhancing public awareness about the significance of documentary heritage among the wider public.

Governance Body:

  • The International Advisory Committee (IAC) serves as the main governing body for the MoW Programme, providing guidance to UNESCO on its planning and implementation.
  • The IAC comprises 14 members appointed by UNESCO's Director-General, who are chosen for their expertise and authority in the field of documentary heritage.

Nominations for MoW:

  • Nominations for inscription on the Asia Pacific Register are called every two years, alternating with the International Register.
    • In even-numbered years, nominations are accepted for the Asia Pacific Register.

India has three items included in the Memory of the World Register:

  • Ramcharitmanas: Written by Tulasidas in the 16th century in the Awadhi dialect, this text holds immense cultural and literary significance in the regions of Lucknow, Prayagraj, and Ayodhya.
  • Panchatantra: This ancient Indian collection of fables, originally written in Sanskrit, consists of five sections that revolve around specific principles.
    • It is widely believed to have been authored by Vishnu Sharma.
  • Sah?day?loka-Locana: A Sanskrit commentary on the Dhvanyaloka, Sah?day?loka-Locana holds significant historical and literary value within India's rich cultural landscape.
  • Through the Memory of the World Programme, UNESCO continues to protect and celebrate the diverse documentary heritage of humanity, ensuring its preservation and accessibility for future generations.

OpenAI’s GPT-4o

  • 14 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

OpenAI introduced its latest large language model (LLM) called GPT-4o recently, billing it as its fastest and most powerful AI model so far.

What is GPT-4o?

  • GPT-4o (“o” stands for “Omni”) is a revolutionary AI model by OpenAI, which has been developed to enhance human-computer interactions.
  • It lets users input any combination of text, audio, and image and receive responses in the same formats.
    • This makes GPT-4o a multimodal AI model – a significant leap from previous models.
  • GPT-4o is like a digital personal assistant that can assist users with a variety of tasks.
  • From real-time translations to reading a user’s face and having real-time spoken conversations, this new model is far ahead of its peers.
  • GPT-4o is capable of interacting using text and vision, meaning it can view screenshots, photos, documents, or charts uploaded by users and have conversations about them.
  • The new updated version of ChatGPT will also have updated memory capabilities and will learn from previous conversations with users.

What is the technology behind GPT-4o?

  • LLMs are the backbone of AI chatbots. Large amounts of data are fed into these models to make them capable of learning things themselves.
  • A large language model (LLM) is a computer program that learns and generates human-like language using a transformer architecture trained on vast text data.
  • Large Language Models (LLMs) are foundational machine learning models that use deep learning algorithms to process and understand natural language.
  • These models are trained on massive amounts of text data to learn patterns and entity relationships in the language.
  • LLMs can perform many types of language tasks, such as translating languages, analyzing sentiments, chatbot conversations, and more.
  • They can understand complex textual data, identify entities and relationships between them, and generate new text that is coherent and grammatically accurate.

What are GPT-4o’s limitations and safety concerns?

  • GPT-4o is still in the early stages of exploring the potential of unified multimodal interaction, meaning certain features like audio outputs are initially accessible in a limited form only, with preset voices.
  • Further development and updates are necessary to fully realise its potential in handling complex multimodal tasks seamlessly.
  • Regarding safety, GPT-4o comes with built-in safety measures, including “filtered training data and refined model behaviour post-training”.

Xenotransplantation

  • 13 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The first recipient of a modified pig kidney transplant passed away recently, around two months after the surgery was carried out.

What is Xenotransplantation?

  • Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of organs from different species, such as pigs to humans.
  • It is a procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation or infusion into a human recipient of either (a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or (b) human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues or organs.
  • Essentially, it is the use of animal cells and organs to heal humans.
    • Xenotransplantation involving the heart was first tried in humans in the 1980s.
  • The need for such a procedure was felt because of the significant gap between the number of transplants needed by patients and the availability of donor organs.

How Does Xenotransplantation Happen?

  • The process of implanting a pig kidney into a recipient is akin to a standard transplant procedure, including the use of post-surgery immunosuppressant drugs.
  • However, several critical additional steps are involved.
  • Firstly, the chosen animal organ undergoes genetic modifications to prevent rejection by the human body.
  • Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, specific pig genes responsible for producing antibodies reactive to the human immune system are removed. Simultaneously, certain human genes are introduced to enhance the kidney's compatibility with human recipients.
  • Even after the surgery, vigilant monitoring is essential to assess the body's response to the transplanted organ.

Why are pigs often used for xenotransplantation?

  • Pig heart valves have been used to replace damaged valves in humans for over 50 years now.
  • The pig’s anatomical and physiological parameters are similar to those of humans, and the breeding of pigs on farms is widespread and cost-effective.
  • Also, many varieties of pig breeds are farmed, which provides an opportunity for the size of the harvested organs to be matched with the specific needs of the human recipient.

What are the Complications of Xenotransplantation?

  • Rejection: Despite genetic modifications, the recipient's immune system may still recognize the transplanted organ as foreign and mount an immune response, leading to rejection.
  • Infection: Xenotransplantation introduces the risk of transmitting infectious diseases from the donor animal to the recipient, including viruses and bacteria that may not typically affect humans.
  • Immunological Challenges: The interaction between the recipient's immune system and the transplanted organ may trigger inflammatory responses, leading to complications such as inflammation and tissue damage.
  • Ethical Concerns: Xenotransplantation raises ethical dilemmas related to animal welfare, genetic engineering, and the potential exploitation of animals for human benefit.
  • Long-term Health Risks: The long-term effects of xenotransplantation on recipient health, including the development of chronic conditions and the risk of cancer, are still not fully understood and require further research.

PS4 Engine

  • 11 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully tested a liquid rocket engine made with the help of additive manufacturing technology — commonly known as 3D printing.

About PS4 Engine:

  • ISRO has successfully conducted a long-duration test of its PS4 engine, re-designed for production using cutting-edge additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, also known in common parlance as 3D printing, and crafted in the Indian industry.
  • The PS4 engine is the uppermost stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), comprising two Earth-storable liquid engines.
  • The engine uses the earth-storable bipropellant combinations of Nitrogen Tetroxide as oxidiser and Mono Methyl Hydrazine as fuel in pressure-fed mode.
    • It was developed by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC).
      • LPSC redesigned the engine making it amenable to the Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) concept thereby gaining considerable advantages.
  • The manufacturing of the engine was done by the Indian industry partner, Wipro 3D, and the engine was hot tested at ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu.

Why did ISRO use 3D printing to build the PS4 engine?

  • The technology helped ISRO bring down the number of parts in the engine from 14 to a single piece.
  • The space agency was able to eliminate 19 weld joints and saved 97% of the raw material.
  • It also reduced the overall production time by 60%.

What is 3D Printing?

  • 3D printing is a process that uses computer-created design to make three-dimensional objects layer by layer.
  • It is an additive process, in which layers of a material like plastic, composites or bio-materials are built up to construct objects that range in shape, size, rigidity, and colour.

How is 3D printing done?

  • To carry out 3D printing, one needs a personal computer connected to a 3D printer.
    • All they need to do is design a 3D model of the required object on computer-aid design (CAD) software and press ‘print’.
    • The 3D printer does the rest of the job.
  • 3D printers construct the desired object by using a layering method, which is the complete opposite of the subtractive manufacturing processes.
  • The (3D) printers act generally the same as a traditional inkjet printer in the direct 3D printing process, where a nozzle moves back and forth while dispensing a wax or plastic-like polymer layer-by-layer, waiting for that layer to dry, then adding the next level.
  • It essentially adds hundreds or thousands of 2D prints on top of one another to make a three-dimensional object.
  • Notably, these machines are capable of printing anything from ordinary objects like a ball or a spoon to complex moving parts like hinges and wheels.
  • We can print a whole bike, handlebars, saddle, frame, wheels, brakes, pedals and chain–ready assembled, without using any tools.
  •  It’s just a question of leaving gaps in the right places.

Inter-Services Organisations (ISOs) (Command, Control, and Discipline) Act

  • 11 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Inter-Services Organisations (Command, Control and Discipline) Act has been notified in a gazette and has been enforced with effect from May 10, the Defence Ministry said recently.

About Inter-Services Organisations (ISOs) (Command, Control, and Discipline) Act:

  • During the Monsoon Session of 2023, both houses of Parliament passed a bill aimed at enhancing the operational efficiency and coordination of Inter-Services Organisations (ISOs).
  • These organisations comprise personnel from the Army, Air Force, and Navy, such as joint training institutions like the National Defence Academy, National Defence College (NDC), Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), and the Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC).

Key Provisions of the ACT:

  • Inter-Services Organisation Establishment: Existing Inter-Services Organisations will be considered constituted under the Act.
    • The central government may establish an Inter-Services Organisation comprising personnel from at least two of the following services: the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • Control of Inter-Services Organisations: The Act empowers the Commander-in-Chief or Officer-in-Command of an Inter-Services Organisation to exercise command and control over its personnel.
    • They are responsible for maintaining discipline and ensuring the proper discharge of duties by service personnel.
    • Supervision of an Inter-Services Organisation will be under the purview of the central government.
  • Commander-in-Chief Eligibility: Officers eligible for appointment as Commander-in-Chief or Officer-in-Command include:
    • A General Officer of the regular Army (rank above Brigadier),
    • A Flag Officer of the Navy (rank of Admiral of the Fleet, Admiral, Vice-Admiral, or Rear-Admiral), or
    • An Air Officer of the Air Force (a rank above Group Captain).
  • Commanding Officer Appointment: The Act establishes a Commanding Officer responsible for leading a unit, ship, or establishment within the Inter-Services Organisation.
    • The Commanding Officer carries out duties assigned by the Commander-in-Chief or Officer-in-Command.
    • They have the authority to initiate disciplinary or administrative actions for personnel within the Inter-Services Organisation.

Need for the Act:

  • Theaterisation Drive: The enactment aligns with the ongoing push for theaterisation, a vital military reform aimed at optimizing resources for future combat scenarios.
  • Existing Framework Challenges: Currently, armed forces personnel are governed by separate laws— the Air Force Act, 1950, the Army Act, 1950, and the Navy Act, 1957—resulting in disjointed disciplinary powers.
    • Under the current setup, only officers from the same service possess disciplinary authority over personnel governed by the respective Act, leading to command, control, and discipline challenges.
  • Financial Implications: The present framework entails time-consuming processes and financial expenditures for personnel transfers.
    • The proposed legislation seeks to remedy these challenges by enhancing discipline enforcement, expediting case resolutions, and potentially saving public funds.

Oleander

  • 10 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Two Kerala government-controlled temple boards, which together manage 2,500-odd temples in the state, have banned the use of oleander flowers (locally known as arali) in temple offerings after a 24-year-old woman died after accidentally chewing some oleander leaves.

What is Oleander?

  • Nerium oleander, commonly known as oleander or rosebay, is a plant cultivated worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions.
  • Known for its drought tolerance, the shrub is often used for ornamental and landscaping purposes.
  • In Kerala, the plant is known by the names of arali and kanaveeram and is grown along highways and beaches as a natural, green fencing.
  • There are different varieties of oleander, each with a flower of a different colour.

How is oleander used in traditional medicine?

  • The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), a government document that describes the quality, purity, and strength of drugs used in Ayurveda, mentions oleander.
    • According to API, an oil prepared from the root bark can be used to treat skin diseases.
  • The plant has been “frequently described in Brihattrayi, Nighantus and other classical Ayurvedic texts.
    • Charka [Charak Samhita] has prescribed the leaves of white-flowered variety externally for chronic and obstinate skin diseases of serious nature including leprosy.

How toxic is oleander?

  • Even though it is prescribed in some ayurvedic formulations, oleander’s toxicity has also long been recognised across the world.
  • The plant has been “exploited therapeutically and as an instrument of suicide since antiquity.
  • Moreover, ingestion or inhalation of smoke from burning oleander can also be intoxicating.
    • This is due to the properties of cardiac glycosides (a type of chemical) including oleandrin, folinerin, and digitoxigenin, which are present in all parts of the plant.
  • Cardiac glycosides are steroidal compounds capable of exerting pharmacological effects on cardiac muscle.
    • The primary therapeutic value of these glycosides lies in their ability to exert profound tonic effects on the heart.
    • However, the therapeutic window is small and overdose/toxicity is frequently encountered when using these drugs.
  • Effects of oleander toxicity include nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, rashes, confusion, dizziness, irregular heartbeat, slow heartbeat, and, in extreme cases, death.
  • Symptoms last for 1 to 3 days and may require a hospital stay.

World Migration Report 2024

  • 10 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

According to the recently released World Migration Report 2024, which is published by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), India has consistently been the top recipient of remittances globally.

Key Highlights of the World Migration Report 2024:

  • Resilience Amidst COVID-19: Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, international migration remains a vital driver of human development and economic progress.
    • Notably, there has been a remarkable over 650 per cent surge in international remittances from 2000 to 2022, soaring from USD 128 billion to USD 831 billion.
    • This growth defied predictions of a substantial decrease in remittances due to COVID-19.
  • Remittances to Low and Middle-income Countries: Out of the total remittances, which amounted to USD 831 billion, a significant portion of USD 647 billion was sent by migrants to low and middle-income countries.
    • These remittances play a crucial role in the GDPs of these nations, surpassing foreign direct investment globally.
  • Persistent Challenges: While international migration continues to foster human development, the report underscores enduring challenges.
    • The global population of international migrants has reached approximately 281 million, while the number of individuals displaced by conflict, violence, disasters, and other factors has surged to a record high of 117 million.
    • Urgent action is imperative to address displacement crises effectively.
  • Misinformation and Politicization: Despite the fact that most migration is regular, safe, and regionally focused, public discourse has been clouded by misinformation and politicization.
    • It is essential to provide a clear and accurate depiction of migration dynamics to counteract this trend.

About the International Organization for Migration (IOM):

  • Established in 1951, IOM, the UN Migration Agency, is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners.
  • IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, promote international cooperation on migration issues, assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people.
  • Membership: Currently, IOM counts 175 Member States and 8 states with Observer status.
  • India joined as an IOM Member State on June 18, 2008.
  • Headquarters: Situated in Geneva, Switzerland, IOM's headquarters serves as a hub for its global operations.

AlphaFold 3

  • 09 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Google Deepmind has unveiled the third major version of its “AlphaFold” artificial intelligence model, designed to help scientists design drugs and target diseases more effectively.

About AlphaFold 3:

  • AlphaFold 3 is a major advancement in artificial intelligence created by Google's DeepMind in collaboration with Isomorphic Labs.
  • It's essentially a powerful tool that can predict the structures and interactions of various biological molecules such as:
  • Predict structures of biomolecules: Unlike previous versions that focused on proteins, AlphaFold 3 can predict the 3D structure of a wide range of molecules, including DNA, RNA, and even small molecules like drugs (ligands).
    • This is a significant leap in understanding how these molecules function.
  • Model molecular interactions: AlphaFold 3 goes beyond just structure prediction.
    • It can also model how these molecules interact with each other, providing valuable insights into cellular processes and disease mechanisms.

The potential applications of AlphaFold 3 are vast. It has the potential to revolutionize fields like:

  • Drug discovery: By understanding how drugs interact with their targets, researchers can design more effective medications.
  • Genomics research: AlphaFold 3 can help scientists understand the function of genes and how mutations can lead to disease.
  • Materials science: By modelling the interactions between molecules, scientists can design new materials with specific properties.
  • AlphaFold 3 is a significant breakthrough and is freely available for non-commercial use through AlphaFold Server.
  • This makes this powerful tool accessible to researchers around the world,  potentially accelerating scientific advancements.

Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)

  • 08 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Scientists utilized a CRISPR-Cas9 tool to restore vision in individuals, including adults and children, afflicted with congenital blindness termed Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA).

What is Leber Congenital Amaurosis?

  • Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) is a rare genetic eye disorder where affected infants experience severe vision loss or blindness at birth.
  • The condition results from the impaired function of light-gathering cells (rods and cones) in the retina.

Prevalence and Cause:

  • LCA affects approximately one in 40,000 people.
  • It is caused by a gene mutation that disrupts the proper function of the CEP290 protein, which is critical for vision.

Recent Development:

  • Scientists have employed CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology to develop a novel therapy called EDIT-101.
  • In a clinical trial called "BRILLIANCE," participants received a single dose of EDIT-101.
  • The treatment involves cutting out the mutation in the CEP290 gene and replacing it with healthy DNA, restoring the normal function of the CEP290 protein and allowing the retina to detect light.
  • This groundbreaking approach offers a promising treatment for individuals affected by LCA.

What is CRISPR-Cas9?

  • CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence.
  • It is currently the simplest, most versatile and precise method of genetic manipulation.

How does CRISPR-Cas9 work?

  • The CRISPR-Cas9 system operates through two primary molecules:
    • Cas9, an enzyme often likened to "molecular scissors," which can precisely cut both strands of DNA at a designated location in the genome.
    • Guide RNA (gRNA), a segment of RNA containing a specific pre-designed sequence (about 20 bases long) within a longer RNA scaffold.
    • The scaffold binds to DNA, while the pre-designed sequence guides Cas9 to the intended genomic location, ensuring accurate DNA cleavage.
  • The guide RNA is tailored to identify and bind to a particular sequence in the DNA, with RNA bases that complement those of the target DNA sequence.
    • This specificity ensures that the guide RNA binds solely to the target sequence and avoids other genomic regions.
  • Once bound, Cas9 cuts across both DNA strands at the targeted location.
    • Subsequently, the cell's repair mechanisms recognize the DNA damage and attempt to rectify it.
  • Scientists exploit this DNA repair process to introduce alterations to one or more genes within the genome of a selected cell.

Wildlife Corridors

  • 07 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

To revive the population of tigers in Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR) — the lone tiger reserve in the Maharashtra western region — the state’s forest department will soon translocate tigers from Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) in Chandrapur district.

What are Wildlife Corridors?

  • Corridors are essentially habitats and pathways that connect wildlife populations, which are fragmented by human settlements and infrastructure works.
  • They are crucial for the long-term survival of the tiger population as they help guard against localised extinctions and ensure the exchange of gene flow, which helps in population diversity.
  • Tigers have large home ranges and often travel long distances in search of mates and food.
    • In doing so, they make use of these wildlife corridors and cross several human-dominated landscapes.
  • The role played by corridors in conservation is a well-established one and has been incorporated into policy decisions as well.
  • Mitigation measures such as underpasses, and wildlife crossings are now routinely ordered to safeguard tigers and other wildlife in projects where linear infrastructure projects fragment habitats.
  • Litigation, advocacy, and policymaking have all contributed to this.
    • The construction of an overpass on the National Highway- 7 to protect the migratory route of tigers underneath between the Kanha and Pench Tiger Reserves is one instance of embedding mitigation measures to protect corridors.
  • Tigers routinely use the space beneath the elevated stretch of the highway to cross the forests.
    • In 2014-15, the National Tiger Conservation Authority and Wildlife Institute of India (WII) mapped 32 major tiger corridors in the country across four broad tiger landscapes – Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, and the North East Hills.

Is Translocation the Best Approach for Tiger Recovery?

  • Tiger translocation projects have been undertaken in India since 2008.
    • Sariska Tiger Reserve, in 2008, and Panna Tiger Reserve, in 2009, have witnessed successful tiger reintroduction and translocation projects.
  • There have also been failures and shelving of reintroduction plans, like in the case of Satkosia Tiger Reserve in Odisha, which was the country’s first inter-state translocation project.
  • However, before choosing translocation, other available options such as habitat improvement, prey augmentation, strengthening of tiger corridors, and vigilance improvement should be assessed.
  • Even after translocations, one must ensure that corridors are strengthened and they are free of major disturbances.
    • This will ensure the dispersal of tigers to other source population areas.

Sikhs for Justice (SFJ)

  • 07 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Delhi LG V K Saxena recently recommended a (NIA) probe against jailed Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal for allegedly receiving political funding from Sikhs for Justice (SFJ), a New York-based pro-Khalistan organisation that is banned in India.

What is Sikhs for Justice (SfJ)?

  • Sikhs for Justice (SFJ) formed in 2007, is a US-based group seeking a separate homeland for Sikhs, a “Khalistan” in Punjab.
  • Its founder Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, a law graduate from Panjab University and currently an attorney at law in the US, is the face of SFJ and its legal adviser.
  • Panun had launched the secessionist Sikh Referendum 2020 campaign, an initiative that eventually became defunct.
    • He was among the nine individuals designated as “terrorists” by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.
  • ‘Referendum 2020’, claimed it wanted to “liberate Punjab from Indian occupation”.
  • In Pannun’s words, “SFJ in its London Declaration (in August 2018) had announced to hold the first-ever non-binding referendum among the global Sikh community on the question of secession from India and re-establishing Punjab as an independent country.”

Banned in India:

  • India refers to Gurpatwant Singh Pannun as a terrorist, and has banned SFJ under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967.
  • The Home Ministry’s 2019 notification issuing the ban says: “In the garb of the so-called referendum for Sikhs, SFJ is actually espousing secessionism and militant ideology in Punjab, while operating from safe havens on foreign soils and actively supported by inimical forces in other countries.”
  • Currently, almost a dozen cases are registered against Pannun and SFJ in India.

FLiRT

  • 07 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

There’s a new group of COVID-19 variants within the Omicron JN.1 lineage “which have demonstrated increased transmissibility and immune resistance” recently detected in the United States.

What is the New Covid-19 Variant FLiRT?

  • FLiRT variants are sub-lineages of the Omicron COVID-19 variant.
  • Detected in the United States, this variant group has been named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) FLiRT variant KP.2 and is a spinoff of JN.1.11.1.
  • According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), FLiRT has led to increased hospitalisation rates, although it has not significantly raised mortality rates.
    • Its primary impact is on the upper respiratory tract.
  • The rapid emergence and diversification of the JN.1 variant and its descendant, KP.2, which shows significant alterations in spike (S) protein structure and increased resistance to existing vaccines, underscore the necessity for further research to understand the implications for public health and vaccine development.

Where does the name come from?

  • The letters of FLiRT variation are derived from the technical names of the mutations:
    • F and L are included in one, and R and T which is included in another.

What are the emerging symptoms?

  • Symptoms associated with FLiRT are similar to those of other Omicron subvariants, including sore throat, cough, fatigue, nasal congestion, runny nose, headache, muscle aches, fever, and possible loss of taste and smell

Transmissibility:

  • This variant is highly transmissible and can impact immunity and overall health.
  • This variant spreads via respiratory droplets of the person to others or touching infected surfaces such as faucets, furniture, elevator buttons, and kitchen countertops, or coming in close contact with the person who is sick with this variant

Is there a concern for India?

  • Currently, there are no reported cases of FLiRT variants in India, and our immunity is acquired.
  • Thus far, no new vaccine is recommended.

China’s Chang’e-6 Mission

  • 06 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Recently, China launched its second mission to the far side of the Moon. If successful, it will be the world’s first mission to bring back samples from the part of the Moon that the Earth never gets to see.

What is Chang’e-6 Mission?

  • China's Chang'e-6 spacecraft launched recently, on a mission to collect samples from the far side of the Moon.
  • The mission aims to grab samples containing material ejected from the lunar mantle and thus provide insight into the history of the Moon, Earth, and Solar System.
  • It is a 53-day-long mission. After reaching the Moon’s orbit, the mission’s orbiter will circle the natural satellite while its lander will descend into the 2,500-kilometre-wide South Pole-Aitken basin on the lunar surface.
  • The impact that created the basin, among the largest in the history of the solar system, is thought to have dug up material from the lunar mantle.
  • If that material can be retrieved, scientists can learn more about the history of the Moon’s insides.
  • After collecting samples through scooping and drilling, the lander will launch an ascent vehicle, which will transfer the samples to the orbiter’s service module.
    • This module will then return to the Earth.
  • China is the only country to achieve a soft landing on the far side of the Moon.
    • In 2019, its Chang’e-4 mission landed on the region and explored the Moon’s Von Karman crater with the help of a rover.

Why is the Far Side of the Moon Important?

  • The Moon’s far side is often referred to as the dark side because it cannot be seen from the Earth, not because it does not catch the Sun’s rays.
    • The Moon is tidally locked with the Earth and therefore, we see only one side of the Moon, also known as the near side.
  • The far side has been under the spotlight in recent years as it is very different from the near side.
  • It has a thicker crust, more craters and fewer maria, or plains where lava once flowed.
  • Examining the samples from the far side can help scientists solve mysteries about the origin and evolution of the Moon — till now, scientists have only been able to analyse samples from the near side.
  • The far-side samples can also give answers to the longstanding question: why is it different from the near side?
  • Going to the far side, getting samples and doing different kinds of geophysical measurements is really important to figuring out this really long, long-standing mystery.

GOLDENE

  • 06 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

For the first time, researchers have created a free-standing sheet of gold (goldene) that is only one atom thick.

What Is Goldene?

  • Goldene is an innovative, free-standing 2D metal with a thickness of just one atom.
  • Created through a unique process, Goldene offers a wide range of potential applications in various industries, particularly in electronics and catalysis.

How is it created?

  • Scientists first encapsulate an atomic monolayer of silicon between layers of titanium carbide.
  • Gold is deposited on this structure, allowing the gold atoms to diffuse and replace the silicon atoms, creating a monolayer of trapped gold atoms.
  • Using Murakami's reagent and a Japanese technique employed in forging katanas and high-quality knives, the titanium carbide layers are etched away, leaving a free-standing, one-atom-thick layer of gold.

Dimensions:

  • Goldene sheets are approximately 100 nanometres thick, roughly 400 times thinner than the most delicate commercially available gold leaf.

Applications: Goldene's unique properties offer potential applications in various sectors:

  • Electronics industry: Goldene's thinness and conductivity can enhance electrical components and circuitry.
  • Carbon dioxide conversion: It can potentially aid in transforming carbon dioxide into useful products.
  • Hydrogen-generating catalysis: Goldene could be utilized to efficiently produce hydrogen.
  • Selective production of value-added chemicals: The material's properties enable the selective generation of chemicals for specific applications.
  • Hydrogen production: It can contribute to the clean production of hydrogen.
  • Water purification: Goldene could be implemented in water treatment technologies.

Significance:

  • Goldene is an economically viable alternative to conventional, thicker gold structures, making it an appealing option for catalytic applications.
  • Its unique characteristics position Goldene as a potentially revolutionary material for various industries.

Eta Aquariid Meteor Shower

  • 04 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Eta Aquariid meteor shower, which has been active since April 15, will peak on May 4 and 5.

About Eta Aquariid Meteor Shower:

  • The Eta Aquariids are a meteor shower associated with Halley's Comet.
  • The shower is visible from about April 19 to about May 28 each year with peak activity on or around May 5.
  • It is formed when Earth passes through the orbital plane of the famous Halley’s Comet, which takes about 76 years to orbit the Sun once.
  • It seems to be originating from the Aquarius constellation, hence ‘Eta Aquariid’.
  • The Eta Aquariid meteor shower is known for its rapid speed.
    • This makes for long, glowing tails which can last up to several minutes.
  • About 30 to 40 Eta Aquarid meteors can be seen per hour during the peak of the meteor shower if observed from the Southern Hemisphere.
  • The number decreases to about 10 meteors per hour if being viewed in the Northern Hemisphere.
  • This is due to the location of the “radiant” — the position in the sky where the meteor shower seems to come from.
  • In the Northern Hemisphere, Eta Aquarid meteors most often appear as ‘Earthgrazers’ long meteors that appear to skim the surface of the Earth.
  • In the South, however, they can be seen higher up in the sky and hence are more visible.

What are Comets?

  • Comets are frozen leftovers from the formation of our solar system, some 4.6 billion years ago.
  • They are composed of dust, rock and ice and orbit around the Sun in highly elliptical orbits which can, in some cases, take hundreds of thousands of years to complete.
  • Billions of them are theorised to be orbiting the Sun beyond Neptune, in the Kuiper Belt and even more distant Oort cloud.
  • Comets come in different sizes, although most are roughly 10 km wide.
  • However, as they come closer to the Sun, comets “heat up and spew gases and dust into a glowing head that can be larger than a planet.
  • This material also forms a tail that stretches millions of miles.

How are Meteor Showers Related to Comets?

  • Meteors are simply grains of dust or rock that burn up as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere.
    • This burning also creates a brief tail.
  • Since most meteors are tiny they completely burn up in Earth’s atmosphere. However, once in a while, a large enough meteor passes through and hits the ground (at which time it is called a meteorite), often causing significant damage.
  • A meteor shower can be observed when Earth passes through the clouds of dust left behind in a comet’s orbital plane.
  • The sky lights up with small and large meteor tails as the debris left behind by the comet interacts with Earth’s atmosphere.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

  • 04 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

“GPT-4 is the dumbest model any of you will ever have to use again,” said the OpenAI’s CEO Sam Altman at a time when his company is going big on superintelligence or Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).

What Is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)?

  • Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a team used to define the concept of development of AI to a level that can almost be capable of human intelligence and able to solve complex problems.
    • Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad field that encompasses various domains and applications, such as computer vision, natural language processing, machine learning, robotics, and more.
  • AGI is a fictional Super Intelligence system that can match human intelligence.
  • In Normal terms, AGI is also called strong AI, full AI, or general intelligent action.
  • AGI systems are expected to have human-like or superhuman cognitive abilities, such as reasoning, planning, learning, communication, creativity, and problem-solving.
  • AGI systems would be able to perform any task that humans can do, and even tasks that humans cannot do.

What is the Difference Between AI & AGI?

  • AI systems are trained to perform specific tasks that require some level of intelligence, such as recognizing faces, translating languages, playing games, or diagnosing diseases.
  • However, these systems are not able to generalize their skills and knowledge to other domains or tasks that they were not trained for.
    • This is where artificial general intelligence (AGI) comes in.
  • Artificial intelligence is an Umbrella containing the science of developing systems and processes that can replicate human intelligence.
  • It's an umbrella containing multiple subdomains specifically built to develop such intelligence systems.
  • Artificial General Intelligence is more like the system's ability to learn by itself, and behave like human intelligence. It's an evolved system with the help of heavily trained AI over time.

How can AGI Help Humanity?

  • In theory, AGI has innumerable positive implications.
    • For instance, in healthcare, it can redefine diagnostics, treatment planning, and personalised medicine by integrating and analysing vast datasets, far beyond the capabilities of humans.
  • In finance and business, AGI could automate various processes and enhance overall decision-making, offering real-time analytics and market predictions with accuracy.
  • When it comes to education, AGI could transform adaptive learning systems that work towards the unique needs of students.
    • This could potentially democratise access to personalised education worldwide.

Blue Corner Notice

  • 04 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is likely to issue a Blue Corner notice against absconding Janata Dal (Secular) MP Prajwal Revanna.

What is Interpol’s Colour-coded Notices?

  • A Blue or a Blue Corner notice is a part of Interpol’s elaborate system of colour-coded notices, which enable countries to “share alerts and requests for information [on wanted persons/crimes] worldwide”.
  • This sharing of critical crime-related information is crucial for tackling internationally spread-out criminal activities.
  • There are seven types of notices — Red Notice, Yellow Notice, Blue Notice, Black Notice, Green Notice, Orange Notice, and Purple Notice. Each has a different implication.
    • Red Notice: To seek the location and arrest of persons wanted for prosecution or to serve a sentence.
    • Yellow Notice: To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify themselves.
    • Blue Notice: To collect additional information about a person’s identity, location or activities in relation to a criminal investigation.
    • Black Notice: To seek information on unidentified bodies.
    • Green Notice: To provide a warning about a person’s criminal activities, where the person is considered to be a possible threat to public safety.
    • Orange Notice: To warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing a serious and imminent threat to public safety.
    • Purple Notice: To seek or provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals.
  • These notices are issued by Interpol’s General Secretariat at the request of a member country’s Interpol National Central Bureau and are made available for all member countries.

What is Interpol?

  • Interpol, or the International Criminal Police Organization, is an intergovernmental organization that facilitates global police cooperation and crime control.
  • Founded in 1923, Interpol enables member countries to share data and collaborate on investigating cross-border crimes, such as terrorism, drug trafficking, cybercrime, and human trafficking.
  • Interpol is composed of a network of 194 member countries, each having a National Central Bureau (NCB) that serves as the point of contact for international investigations. Key functions of Interpol include:
    • Providing a secure communication system for member countries to exchange information on criminal activities.
    • Facilitating operational support and assistance for member countries in managing crime-related crises and emergencies.
    • Coordinating training and capacity-building initiatives to enhance the capabilities of law enforcement agencies.
    • Issuing colour-coded notices (e.g., Red Notice for wanted persons) to alert member countries about international criminals and activities.
    • Providing access to databases containing vital data on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles, and stolen and lost travel documents.
  • Interpol functions within the framework of international law and operates in accordance with the principle of neutrality, ensuring that it does not interfere in the political, military, religious, or racial affairs of member countries.
  • Its main objective is to provide a platform for international police cooperation and create a safer world for all.

Oxytocin

  • 04 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the Delhi High Court called for action against the 'rampant use of Oxytocin' in dairy colonies.

What is Oxytocin?

  • Oxytocin also known as the ‘love hormone’ is secreted by the pituitary glands of mammals during sex, childbirth, lactation, or social bonding.
  • It is normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary.
  • It can be chemically manufactured and sold by pharma companies for use during childbirth.
  • It is administered either as an injection or a nasal solution. 

Side effects of oxytocin:

  • A few side effects of oxytocin in humans would include:
    • Allergic reactions on the skin like rashes Itching, hives Swelling, lips, tongue, or throat
    • Changes in the heart rhythm causing fast or irregular heartbeat, dizziness, feeling faint or lightheaded
    • Pain in the chest
    • Breathlessness and trouble breathing
    • Nausea Vomiting
    • Severe headache
    • Blurred vision
    • Pounding in the neck or ears
    • Jaundice Seizure
  • According to doctors, prolonged use of oxytocin injections also causes fertility disorders like poor oestrus signs, reduced lactation period, lower conception rate, and high embryonic mortalities.
  • Oxytocin injection given to cattle to boost the delivery of milk production is one of the reasons for the early onset of puberty among girls, the development of breasts in males, and the lack of testosterone production due to hormonal imbalance. 

Affects fertility in both men and women:

  • Milk adulterated with oxytocin is to be avoided by pregnant women as it can cause abortion and babies may be born with deformities.
  • It also increases the risk of haemorrhage in mothers after birth and can also inhibit breastfeeding. 
    • However, boiling milk can help eliminate traces of oxytocin. 

What are Hormones?

  • Hormones are special chemicals produced by glands in the endocrine system that act as messengers in the body, regulating various physiological processes like growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood.
  • They travel through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues, where they exert their effects by binding to specific receptors and influencing cellular activity.

Diplomatic Passport

  • 03 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

After allegations of sexual abuse by Janata Dal (Secular) MP Prajwal Revanna came to light, the politician fled to Germany on a diplomatic passport.

What is a Diplomatic Passport?

  • Diplomatic passports are issued to people holding diplomatic status or deputed by the Government of India for official duty abroad.
  • Unlike normal passports, which are valid for 10 years and have a dark blue cover, diplomatic passports are valid for five years or less and have maroon covers.
  • Diplomatic passports, also known as 'Type D' passports.
  • A diplomatic passport has 28 pages.
  • Holders of such passports are entitled to certain privileges and immunities as per international law, including immunity from arrest, detention, and certain legal proceedings in the host country.

Issuing Authority:

  • The Ministry of External Affairs’s (MEA) Consular, Passport & Visa Division issues diplomatic passports (‘Type D’ passports) to people falling in broadly five categories:
    • Those with diplomatic status;
    • Government-appointed individuals travelling abroad for official business;
    • Officers working under the branches A and B of the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), normally at the rank of Joint Secretary and above; and
    • Relatives and immediate family of officers employed in IFS and MEA.
    • Select individuals who are authorised to undertake official travel on behalf of the government”.
  • The MEA issues visa notes to government officials going abroad for an official assignment or visit.

What are the Benefits of Having a Diplomatic Passport?

  • Official identification: The diplomatic passport serves as an official identification document for individuals representing the Indian government on diplomatic missions.
    • It helps in establishing their identity and official status.
  • Diplomatic immunity: Diplomatic passport holders are typically entitled to certain privileges and immunities as per international law.
    • This includes immunity from arrest, detention, and certain legal proceedings in the host country, safeguarding their ability to perform official duties without hindrance.
  • Visa facilitation: Diplomatic passports often enjoy certain privileges when it comes to visa facilitation.
    • Many countries offer expedited visa processing or waive visa requirements altogether for diplomatic passport holders, simplifying travel arrangements for official purposes.
  • Access to diplomatic channels: The diplomatic passport grants access to diplomatic channels and services provided by Indian embassies, consulates, and other diplomatic missions worldwide.
    • This includes assistance with consular services, protection, and support while abroad.
  • Priority services: Diplomatic passport holders may receive priority services at airports and during immigration procedures.
    • This can include dedicated immigration counters or expedited security and customs clearance, saving time during travel.
  • Official representation: The diplomatic passport signifies the official representation of the Indian government and confers a sense of authority and credibility while dealing with international counterparts, foreign officials, and diplomatic communities.

Can Diplomatic Passports be Revoked?

  • According to The Passports Act, 1967, the passport authority may cancel a passport or travel document, with the previous approval of the Central government.
  • The passport authority can impound or revoke a passport if the authority believes that:
    • The passport holder or travel document is in wrongful possession
    • If the passport was obtained by the suppression of material information or based on wrong information provided by the individual
    • If it is brought to the notice of the passport authority that the individual has been issued a court order prohibiting his departure from India or has been summoned by the court.
  • A diplomatic passport can be revoked upon orders from a court during proceedings with respect to an offence allegedly carried out by the passport holder before a criminal court.

Monkeypox (Mpox)

  • 03 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is struggling to contain its biggest Mpox outbreak.

What Is Monkeypox (Mpox)?

  • Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a rare viral infection caused by the mpox virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus genus.
  • It was first discovered in 1958 in monkeys but can also infect humans and other animals.
  • Mpox typically presents with a range of symptoms and can be transmitted through close contact with infected individuals or animals.

Symptoms:

  • Mpox symptoms often begin with fever, muscle aches, and sore throat, followed by a rash that starts on the face and spreads across the body.
  • The rash evolves over two to four weeks, forming macules, papules, vesicles, and pustules before crusting over.
  • Lesions can also appear on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Causes:

  • The mpox virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with the skin lesions, body fluids, or respiratory droplets of infected individuals or animals.
  • It can also be contracted through contaminated materials, such as bedding or clothing.

Prevention:

  • Preventing mpox involves avoiding contact with infected individuals or animals, practising good hygiene, and disinfecting contaminated surfaces.
  • Vaccines are also available for individuals at high risk of contracting the virus.

Treatment:

  • There is currently no specific treatment for mpox, but symptoms can be managed with supportive care, such as fever reducers and pain medications. In some cases, antiviral medications may be used.

Five Eyes Intelligence-sharing Network

  • 03 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) reported that “Indian spies” had been “kicked out of Australia” after being caught trying to steal secrets about sensitive defence projects and airport security, as well as classified information on Australia’s trade relationships”.

What is the Five Eyes?

  • The Five Eyes is an intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, formed in 1946.
  • The alliance is based on a series of bilateral agreements on surveillance and intelligence-sharing.
    • These arrangements are commonly known as the United Kingdom-United States Communication Intelligence Act (UKUSA) agreement.
  • The UKUSA agreement is a secret pact that, since 1946, has allowed the two countries to share intelligence with each other.
    • The UKUSA agreement was so secret that its existence wasn't even acknowledged until 2005.
  • Each of the Five Eyes states pursues interception, collection, and decryption activities and shares all intelligence information obtained with the others by default.
  • These countries share information with each other through the ultra-sensitive STONEGHOST network, which has been claimed to contain "some of the Western world's most closely guarded secrets".
  • The Five Eyes states share integrated programmes, staff, and bases.

Origins of the Five Eyes

  • During World War II, informal secret meetings between British and American code-breakers laid the groundwork for establishing the FE alliance.
  • After the Cold War, the information-sharing arrangement became formalised under the ECHELON surveillance system in the 1960s.

How does the Five Eyes Alliance operate?

  • The alliance facilitates the sharing of signals intelligence among the five countries.
  • The countries agree to exchange by default all signals intelligence they gather.
  • The bedrock of the Five Eyes Alliance is based on the joint abilities of the United Kingdom's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the USA's National Security Agency (NSA) to intercept intelligence.
    • These agencies collect and decrypt signal intelligence, called SigInt, which involves internet, telephone, radio and satellite data from across the world.
  • The UKUSA Agreement, which was made public in 2010, states:
    • "It will be contrary to this agreement to reveal its existence to any third party whatsoever" and "each party will seek the agreement of the other to any action with third parties and will take no action until its advisability is agreed upon."

Supersonic Missile-Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) System

  • 02 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) recently tested a next-generation torpedo release system aimed at boosting the Navy’s anti-submarine warfare capabilities.

What is a SMART System?

  • The SMART system, designed to bolster the Indian Navy's anti-submarine warfare capabilities, represents a fusion of cutting-edge technology and indigenous innovation.
  • With its supersonic capabilities and torpedo release mechanism, the SMART system offers a formidable deterrent against potential submarine threats, enhancing the Indian Navy's operational readiness and maritime defence posture.
  • The SMART system comprises a mechanism by which the torpedo is launched from a supersonic missile system with modifications that would take the torpedo to a far longer range than its own.
    • For example, a torpedo with a range of a few kilometres can be sent a distance to the tune of 1000 km by the missile system from where the torpedo is launched.
  • The system also gives flexibility in terms of the missile system’s launch platform.
  • A number of DRDO laboratories including Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) and Research Centre Imarat (RCI), both in Hyderabad; Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE) in Agra; and Naval Science and Technology Laboratory (NSTL) Visakhapatnam have developed the technologies required for SMART.

Key Features of SMART Anti-submarine Missile System:

  • It is a canister-based, long-range anti-submarine missile system.
  • It has been developed by the DRDO for the Indian Navy.
  • The objective behind the project is to develop a quick reaction system that can launch a torpedo from a standoff distance.
  • The missile has a range of 643 km carrying a lightweight torpedo of range 20 km with a 50 kg high explosive warhead.
  • SMART uses a two-way data link connected to airborne or ship-based submarine detection and identification systems.
  • It can be launched from a surface ship or a truck-based coastal battery.
  • The missile is powered by a dual-stage solid-propellant rocket and utilizes electro-mechanical actuators for course correction.
  • The missile utilizes sea skimming to reduce detection range.
  • The first successful test of SMART was done on 5 October 2020 from Abdul Kalam Island.

Significance:

  • This missile-based mechanism to launch lightweight torpedoes can target submarines hundreds of kilometres away — far beyond the conventional range of lightweight torpedoes.
  • It will be particularly employed in the absence of other assets for immediate action when an enemy submarine is detected.

Booker Prize

  • 02 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Booker Prize, one of the most prestigious awards in the literary world, has recently come under fire for the historical links to slavery of its original sponsor, Booker Group.

What is the Booker Prize?

  • The Booker Prize was founded in 1969, initially just for writers from the Commonwealth, but later opened to writers globally.
  • Each year, the prize is awarded to a single work of fiction in the English language.
    • In 2004, a separate International Booker Prize was instituted for translated works.
  • The prize was co-founded by publishers Tom Maschler and Graham C Greene, and from 1969 to 2001, it was sponsored by, and named after Booker Group Ltd, a British wholesale foods company, established in 1835 as a shipping and trading company, and now owned by Tesco.
  • In 2002, British investment management firm Man Group became the prize’s sponsor, and thus it came to be known as The Man Booker Prize.
  • After Man Group ended its sponsorship in 2019, American charity Crankstart took over, and reverted the award’s name to its original ‘Booker Prize’.
    • Irish author Paul Lynch wins the 2023 Booker Prize for his novel 'Prophet Song'.

About the International Booker Prize:

  • The International Booker Prize (formerly known as the Man Booker International Prize) was launched in 2005.
  • It was originally awarded every two years to a living author who has published fiction either originally in English or whose work is generally available in translation in the English language.
  • It was an award for the body of work of the author, rather than awarded for an individual novel.
  • Beginning in 2016, the award changed. It is now given annually to a single book in English translation, with a £50,000 prize for the winning title, shared equally between author and translator.
    • Georgi Gospodinov and Angela Rodel have won the International Booker Prize 2023 for the novel ‘Time Shelter’.
    • Tomb of SandGeetanjali Shree, translated by Daisy Rockwell Winner 2022 winner.

Nutrient-based Subsidy

  • 01 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

Capping consumption of urea and DAP to correct worsening plant nutrient imbalance is likely to be on the priority list of the government post the Lok Sabha polls.

What is Meant by the Term "Balanced Fertilization"?

  • Fertilisers are basically food for crops, containing nutrients necessary for plant growth and grain yields.
  • Balanced fertilisation means supplying these primary (N, phosphorus-P, and potassium-K), secondary (sulphur-S, calcium, magnesium), and micro (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, boron, molybdenum) nutrients in the right proportion, based on soil type and the crop’s own requirement at different growth stages.

What is a Nutrient-based Subsidy?

  • Nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) is a system started in 2010 to help farmers use the right amount of nutrients in fertilizers.
  • Instead of giving a subsidy for each type of fertilizer, the government decided to give subsidies based on nutrients like Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and Sulfur (S) in the fertilizers.
  • The idea was to encourage farmers to use fertilizers with a balanced mix of nutrients, instead of just focusing on certain types like urea, DAP, and MOP.
    • These balanced fertilizers contain a mix of N, P, K, S, and other nutrients in the right amounts.
  • At first, this plan seemed to work. Between 2010 and 2012, farmers started using more balanced fertilizers and less of the ones with just one or two nutrients.
    • But there was a problem: urea, which is heavily used by farmers, was not included in this plan.
  • Since the government controlled the price of urea and only went up a little bit after the NBS was introduced, farmers kept using it more and more.
  • This means that even though the NBS helped with other fertilizers, it didn't do much to reduce the use of urea.

Challenges:

  • The challenges arise from recent changes in fertilizer pricing and consumption patterns.
  • Earlier, companies set prices for non-urea fertilizers, with the government providing subsidies based on their nutrient content.
    • However, in the past few years, even non-urea fertilizers have come under price control, especially since January 2024, possibly due to upcoming elections.
  • This shift has led to imbalances in nutrient usage.
    • For example, the current price of DAP is lower than certain NPKS complex fertilizers, even though it contains less nitrogen and phosphorus.
  • As a result, farmers tend to overuse DAP, similar to urea. On the other hand, the price of MOP does not incentivize its use, leading to its reduced incorporation into fertilizers, despite its importance for crop immunity and nitrogen uptake.
  • To address these issues, it's crucial to establish a proper price hierarchy among non-urea fertilizers.
  • DAP should be priced highest, followed by complexes, with MOP priced the lowest. Additionally, DAP usage should be limited to rice and wheat, while other crops can fulfil their phosphorus needs through complexes and SSP.
  • Improving the acceptability of SSP, despite its lower price, can be achieved by marketing it in granular form, which is less prone to adulteration and ensures a slower release of phosphorus without drift during application.

Look Out Circulars (LOCs)

  • 01 May 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Bombay High Court has held that public sector banks (PSBs) cannot recommend or request the issuance of Look Out Circulars (LOCs) against loan defaulters and has set aside the provisions of the central government’s Office Memoranda (OM) that empowered PSBs to do so.

What are Look Out Circulars (LOCs)?

  • Look Out Circulars (LOCs) is a governmental directive to immigration authorities, instructing them to regulate and restrict the physical movement of individuals.
  • Law enforcement agencies utilize them to prevent individuals wanted by the police or under suspicion from leaving or entering the country through designated ports of entry, including land, air, and sea ports.
  • Typically issued by police, intelligence agencies, or other authorized government bodies under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), LOCs are not explicitly backed by legislation but are governed by executive directives, such as the Office Memorandum issued by the MHA in 2021.
  • This memorandum outlines consolidated guidelines for opening LOCs against both Indian citizens and foreigners.
  • The guidelines dictate that LOCs can only be opened in criminal or penal cases, with the reason for the circular clearly indicated.
    • However, in exceptional circumstances, LOCs may be issued for reasons detrimental to the sovereignty, security, or integrity of India, bilateral relations with other states, or the strategic and economic interests of India.
  • Basic details, including name, parentage, passport number, and date of birth, must be available before issuing an LOC, and the process requires constant monitoring to minimize inconvenience to genuine travellers.
    • Additionally, agencies responsible for requesting LOCs must review their requests quarterly and annually, with the results reported to the MHA.
  • While the legal consequences of issuing an LOC lie with the originating agency, the power to issue such directives is derived from The Passports Act, 1967, which governs the grant of passports, travel documents, and endorsements to travellers during emigration or immigration processes.

'Egg Shell Skull' Rule

  • 30 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Underlining that the state and central consumer courts incorrectly applied the ‘eggshell skull’ legal principle, the Supreme Court recently restored the compensation of Rs 5 lakhs awarded by the district consumer forum in a medical negligence case.

What is the ‘Eggshell Skull’ Rule?

  • The eggshell skull rule is a common law principle applied in civil litigation.
  • Essentially, when the offender would be liable for all injuries that might be intensified due to the peculiar conditions of the injured person that the offender might not have known.
  • Simply put, the defendant would be held responsible for injuries caused to a person when he hit him on the head, even if the victim had a particularly delicate skull or an ‘eggshell’ for a skull.
    • A person who has an eggshell skull would be more severely impacted by an act, which an otherwise “normal person” would be able to withstand.
  • The rule is applied for claiming an enhanced compensation, for damage that is more than what could have been ordinarily anticipated to be caused by the defendant.

Origin of the ‘Eggshell Skull’ Rule:

  • The 'eggshell skull' rule, also known as the 'thin skull rule,' is a legal doctrine that holds a defendant liable for all consequences resulting from their negligent or intentional actions, even if the victim's pre-existing vulnerability worsens the outcome.
  • The rule's origins can be traced back to an 1891 US case, Vosburg v. Putney, in which a boy kicked another's shin without knowing about his prior injury, leading to complications.
    • The Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the defendant was responsible for the subsequent harm, even though he did not intend to cause such severe damage.
  • A similar case in England a decade later involved a pregnant woman who experienced severe shock and gave birth to a disabled child after a horse van was negligently driven into a public house where she worked.
    • The King's Bench upheld the principle that defendants are liable for the harm caused to victims, regardless of pre-existing vulnerabilities.
  • The eggshell skull rule has been applied in various legal cases across different jurisdictions, emphasizing that defendants are accountable for the consequences of their actions, even when victims' unique vulnerabilities contribute to more significant harm.

What was the Jyoti Devi Medical Negligence Case?

  • In 2005, Jyoti Devi underwent an appendix removal surgery in Himachal Pradesh, India.
  • However, her abdominal pain persisted, leading to a four-year ordeal and multiple hospital visits.
  • Eventually, doctors discovered that a 2.5 cm needle had been left in her abdomen during the initial surgery, requiring another operation to remove it.
  • Jyoti sought compensation for medical negligence and was initially awarded Rs 5 lakhs by the district consumer forum.
  • The hospital appealed, leading to the state consumer forum reducing the compensation to Rs. 1 lakh, and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) increasing it to Rs. 2 lakhs.

What did the SC Rule?

  • The Supreme Court (SC) restored the original Rs 5 lakh compensation, criticizing the lower compensation amounts as "paltry" and "unjust."
  • The SC ruled that the 'eggshell skull' rule did not apply in Jyoti's case since there was no evidence of a pre-existing vulnerability or medical condition that contributed to her suffering.
  • The court cited two factors for increasing the compensation: Jyoti's prolonged pain over five years and the decade-long legal battle she endured.

Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS)

  • 30 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Global pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca has said that its AZD1222 vaccine against Covid-19, which was made under license in India as Covishield, could cause low platelet counts and formation of blood clots in “very rare” cases.

What is Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS)?

  • Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) is characterised by thrombosis formation (blood clots) combined with thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) with symptoms typically presenting in the 4-42 days after vaccination.
    • Platelets are small cells that help blood to clot, so having too few of them can be dangerous.
  • It often involves unusual blood clot locations, such as in the brain (cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) or abdomen.
    • The condition was observed in people who received adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccines, such as Vaxzevria, Covishield (AstraZeneca), and the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine.
  • TTS seems to occur because the body's immune system reacts to the vaccine by making antibodies that attack a protein involved in blood clotting.
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), TTS is classified into 2 tiers based on the location of thrombosis and severity of symptoms.

Tier 1:

  • Rare blood clots, like in the brain or gut, sometimes alongside more typical ones in the legs or lungs.
  • Low platelet count (below 150,000 per microliter).
  • Positive anti-PF4 ELISA tests can help confirm diagnosis but aren't always needed.
  • Tier 1 cases are usually more severe and riskier.
  • This is more common in younger people.

Tier 2:

  • Common blood clots, like in the legs or lungs.
  • Low platelet count (below 150,000 per microliter).
  • A positive anti-PF4 ELISA test is necessary for diagnosis.

Symptoms of TTS:

  • Symptoms of TTS can include severe headaches, stomach pain, swelling in the legs, trouble breathing, and problems with thinking or seizures.

Expanding Glacial Lakes in the Indian Himalayas: ISRO

  • 27 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Experts express concern over the ISRO analysis findings, indicating that the expansion of glacial lakes due to warming could result in cascading impacts in lower regions.

Highlights of the ISRO Report:

  • The ISRO report said 601 glacial lakes, or 89 percent, have expanded more than twice, and 10 lakes have grown between 15 times and double their size. Sixty-five lakes have expanded 1.5 times.
  • Of the 2,431 glacial lakes larger than 10 hectares, 676 have significantly expanded, and at least 130 of these lakes are in India 65 (Indus River basin), 7 (Ganga River basin), and 58 (Brahmaputra River basin).
  • Elevation-based analysis shows 314 lakes are located in the 4,000 to 5,000 meters range, and 296 lakes are above 5,000 meters elevation.

What are Glacial Lakes?

  • Glacial lakes emerge in hollows or basins shaped by glaciers' erosive force and are prevalent in areas where glaciers once existed or persist.
  • They vary widely in size and shape, from tiny pools to expansive bodies of water.
  • ISRO classifies them into four main types: moraine-dammed, ice-dammed, erosion-based, and 'others'.
  • While vital as freshwater sources for rivers, glacial lakes also pose risks, particularly Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).
    • GLOFs occur when these lakes discharge large volumes of meltwater, often due to natural dam failures, causing sudden and severe downstream flooding.

Formation Processes:

  • Glacial Erosion: Glaciers, moving slowly, sculpt the landscape by eroding bedrock through abrasion and plucking, creating valleys and basins.
  • Moraine Deposition: As glaciers move, they transport sediment, depositing it at their edges as moraines, which can act as natural dams, forming lake basins.
  • Ice Melting: Rising temperatures or glacier retreat causes ice to melt, filling depressions created by erosion with water, and forming glacial lakes.
  • Terminal Moraine Formation: Glaciers may leave behind ridges of sediment at their terminus, creating natural dams that trap water, forming terminal moraine lakes.

Utilization of Remote Sensing for Glacial Lake Monitoring:

  • Monitoring glacial lakes in the Himalayan region presents challenges due to rugged terrain, making satellite remote-sensing technology indispensable.
  • By analyzing satellite data, changes in glacial lakes can be tracked over time, offering insights into their evolving dynamics.
  • This data is vital for understanding their environmental impact and devising strategies to manage risks such as glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and adapt to climate change in glacier-influenced regions.

Mitigating Risks Associated with Glacial Lakes:

  • Research suggests that reducing glacial lake levels by 10 to 30 meters can significantly alleviate downstream impacts, albeit not eliminate GLOF risks.
  • One effective method involves siphoning off lake water using extended High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes.
  • In 2016, the Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority successfully employed this technique to lower water levels in South Lhonak Lake, showcasing its practicality and efficacy in risk reduction efforts.

Haritha Karma Sena (HKS)

  • 27 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Adhering to green protocol, the Haritha Karma Sena workers have to ensure that the polling booths and surroundings are free of plastic and other waste materials in Kerala.

What is Haritha Karma Sena (HKS)?

  • Haritha Karma Sena (HKS) is a professional team comprising Green Technicians and Green Supervisors, predominantly composed of Kudumbashree Women.
  • Their duties include collecting, transporting, processing, recycling/disposing, and managing waste materials in collaboration with respective Local Self-Governments.
  • Launched in 2013 by the Government of Kerala, it is part of the Haritha Keralam Mission.

What is the Haritha Keralam Mission?

  • It is a comprehensive initiative aimed at transforming Kerala into a clean and green state.
  • The mission strives to eliminate garbage, promote sustainable waste management practices, generate employment in the waste management sector, and raise environmental awareness.

What is the Success Story of the HKS?

  • The 35,500 members of the HKS have tirelessly worked to change societal attitudes towards household waste management.
  • Waste collection and segregation have become respected and remunerative occupations.
  • The transition from centralized waste treatment to decentralized management reflects a community-driven approach to sustainability.
  • Kudumbashree's empowerment of women and the government's emphasis on awareness and training are crucial for sustaining these efforts.

What More Needs to be Done?

  • Future plans include improving segregation methods, promoting diversification, and expanding waste storage infrastructure.
  • These initiatives reflect a holistic approach to waste management and economic development.

Bambi Bucket

  • 27 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Recently, an Indian Air Force MI 17 V5 helicopter, equipped with a Bambi Bucket, was deployed to combat the forest fires in Nainital district, Uttarakhand.

What is a Bambi Bucket?

  • Bambi Bucket is a specialised aerial firefighting tool that has been in use since the 1980s.
  • It is essentially a lightweight collapsible container that releases water from underneath a helicopter to targeted areas.
  • The water is released by using a pilot-controlled valve.
  • One of its key features is that it can be quickly and easily filled.
  • The bucket can be filled from various sources, including a lake, river, pond, and swimming pool, which allows firefighters to swiftly refill it and return to the target area.
  • Bambi Bucket is available in a variety of sizes and models, with capacities ranging from 270 liters to more than 9,840 liters.

How was the Bambi Bucket Invented?

  • The Bambi Bucket was invented by Don Arney, a Canadian business, in 1982.
  • Arney came up with the idea after he realised that the aerial firefighting water buckets in use at the time were not efficient and had a high failure rate.
    • These water buckets were generally made of “solid fiberglass, plastic, or canvas with metal frames” and were “too rigid to fit inside the aircraft” and had to be “trucked to fire sites or flown in on the hook of a helicopter thereby slowing the aircraft down.
    • Another issue was that the water dropped from these containers used to get dispersed into a spray thereby reducing impact.
  • Bambi Bucket does not have these limitations.
    • One, it can be stored within the helicopter until development.
    • Two, it discharges a solid column of water, “resulting in a more accurate and effective water dump, less evaporation on the descent, and greater impact force.
  • It was an instant success and began to be widely used for firefighting.
  • Today, Bambi Bucket is used in more than 115 countries around the world by more than 1,000 helicopter operators.

Carnation Revolution

  • 27 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Recently, Portugal commemorated its 50th anniversary of Portugal's Carnation Revolution – the peaceful uprising that toppled a dictatorship and ended a decade of colonial war.

About the Carnation Revolution:

  • The Carnation Revolution, also known as the 25th of April, was a pivotal event in Portugal's history that marked the transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic government.
    • On April 25, 1974, a group of military officers orchestrated a nearly bloodless military coup, overthrowing the Estado Novo dictatorship that had ruled Portugal for over four decades.
  • The revolution aimed to accelerate decolonization, end ongoing wars through negotiations, and improve socio-economic conditions within Portugal.
    • This event not only transformed Portugal's political landscape but also had significant implications for the nation's African colonies.
  • Several factors contributed to the success of the Carnation Revolution, including widespread discontent with the authoritarian regime, a costly and unpopular colonial war, and the growing desire for democracy and improved living conditions.
    • The coup leaders, known as the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), garnered support from various factions, including the Communist Party, socialists, and moderate democrats.
  • The Carnation Revolution was named after a Lisbon flower seller who offered red carnations to soldiers, which were then placed in the barrels of their rifles.
    • This iconic gesture symbolized the peaceful nature of the coup and solidified the carnation as a symbol of Portugal's democratic movement.
  • The 50th anniversary of the Carnation Revolution celebrated on April 25, 2024, signifies the enduring impact of this historic event on Portugal's political trajectory and its relationship with its former colonies.

Army Tactical Missile Systems (ATACMS)

  • 26 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The United States has confirmed providing long-range Army Tactical Missile Systems (ATACMS) to Ukraine to aid its war effort against Russia.

What is the ATACMS System?

  • The Army Tactical Missile Systems (ATACMS) is one of the most potent missile systems built by US-based arms manufacturer Lockheed Martin.
  • This is a surface-to-surface artillery weapon system.
  • Its biggest strengths are the long-range of attack, the ability to fire cluster munitions, and the weapon system’s mobility.
  • Range: There is a mid-range version of the ATACMS, called Block 1, and a long-range version, Block 1A.
    • ATACMS Block 1 has a range of 165 kilometres. Ukraine was provided these systems last year and used them to attack targets in October.
    • ATACMS Block 1A, on the other hand, has a maximum range of 300 km. However, this depends on the kind of munition the missile carries.
  • With such a range, the long-range ATACMS Block 1A is capable of striking targets well beyond the range of existing Army cannons, rockets, and other missiles.
  • Mobility: ATACMS missiles are fired from the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) platforms. Both of these launching systems are highly mobile automatic systems.

Why Ukraine can’t use ATACMS to Target Russian Territories?

  • Despite territories deep inside Russia now being within the range of the ATACMS, Ukraine cannot use it to hit targets in these locations.
  • Ukraine has committed to only use the weapons inside Ukraine, not in Russia.
  • The US administration has made it clear that the weapons cannot be used to hit targets inside Russia.
  • The Biden administration is concerned that if Ukraine strikes deep into Russian territory, it will anger Moscow and escalate the conflict.

Microsoft Phi-3-Mini

  • 25 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

A few days after Meta unveiled its Llama 3 Large Language Model (LLM), Microsoft recently unveiled the latest version of its ‘lightweight’ AI model – the Phi-3-Mini.

What is Phi-3-Mini?

  • Phi-3 refers to a series of language models developed by Microsoft, with Phi-3-mini being a notable addition.
  • Phi-3-mini is a 3.8 billion parameter language model trained on 3.3 trillion tokens, designed to be as powerful as larger models while being small enough to be deployed on a phone.
  • Despite its compact size, Phi-3-mini boasts impressive performance, rivaling that of larger models such as ChatGPT-3.5.
  • Furthermore, Phi-3-mini can be quantized to 4 bits, occupying approximately 1.8GB of memory, making it suitable for deployment on mobile devices.
  • The model’s training data, a scaled-up version of the one used for Phi-2, is composed of heavily filtered web data and synthetic data, contributing to its remarkable capabilities.

Advantages and Challenges of Phi-3-Mini:

  • Phi-3-mini exhibits strengths in its compact size, impressive performance, and the ability to be deployed on mobile devices.
    • Its training with high-quality data and chat-finetuning contribute to its success. This allows it to rival larger models in language understanding and reasoning.
  • However, the model is fundamentally limited by its size for certain tasks.
    • It cannot store extensive “factual knowledge,” leading to lower performance on tasks such as TriviaQA.
    • Nevertheless, efforts to resolve this weakness are underway, including augmentation with a search engine and exploring multilingual capabilities for Small Language Models.
  • Safety: Phi-3-mini was developed with a strong emphasis on safety and responsible AI principles, in alignment with Microsoft’s guidelines.
    • The approach to ensuring safety involved various measures such as safety alignment in post-training, red-teaming, and automated testing.
    • It also involved evaluations across multiple categories of responsible AI (RAI) harm.

How is Phi-3-Mini Different From LLMs?

  • Phi-3-mini is the Small Language Model (SLM). Simply, SLMs are more streamlined versions of large language models.
  • When compared to Large Language Model (LLM), smaller AI models are also cost-effective to develop and operate, and they perform better on smaller devices like laptops and smartphones.
  • SLMs are great for “resource-constrained environments including on-device and offline inference scenarios.
  • Such models are good for scenarios where fast response times are critical, say for chatbots or virtual assistants.
  • Moreover, they are ideal for cost-constrained use cases, particularly with simpler tasks.
  • While LLMs are trained on massive general data, SLMs stand out with their specialisation.
  • Through fine-tuning, SLMs can be customised for specific tasks and achieve accuracy and efficiency in doing them.
  • Most SLMs undergo targeted training, demanding considerably less computing power and energy compared to LLMs.
  • SLMs also differ when it comes to inference speed and latency.
  • Their compact size allows for quicker processing and their cost makes them appealing to smaller organisations and research groups.

State of the Climate in Asia 2023 Report

  • 24 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

As Asia is warming faster than the global average, it is witnessing more extreme weather, climate, and water-related events than any other region across the world.

Highlights of the State of the Climate in Asia 2023 Report:

  • The 2023 State of the Climate in Asia Report, spearheaded by the World Meteorological Organization, sheds light on significant climate trends and events across the continent:
  • In 2023, Asia witnessed 79 extreme climate events, affecting over nine million individuals, making it the most disaster-affected region.
  • Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide soared to unprecedented levels in 2022.
  • Oceans have absorbed approximately a quarter of the carbon dioxide emitted annually into the atmosphere since 1960, resulting in record-high ocean heat content in 2023.
  • Tropical cyclone activity over the North Indian Ocean surpassed the average.
  • 2023 marked Asia's second-highest mean temperature on record, with Japan and Kazakhstan experiencing record warmth.
  • Glacial retreat accelerated in 2023, particularly in the East Himalayas and Central Asia's Tian Shan mountains, due to elevated temperatures and arid conditions.

About the World Meteorological Organisation:

  • The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations with a membership of 193 member states and territories.
  • It is the UN system's authoritative voice on the state and behavior of the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces, and the resulting distribution of water resources.
  • WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization, the roots of which were planted at the 1873 Vienna International Meteorological Congress.
  • Established by the ratification of the WMO Convention on 23 March 1950, WMO became the specialized agency of the United Nations for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences a year later.
  • The Secretariat, headquartered in Geneva, is headed by the Secretary-General.
  • Its supreme body is the World Meteorological Congress.

Psychoanalysis

  • 24 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Sudhir Kakar, a pioneering Indian psychoanalyst, author, and cultural critic, passed away on Monday at the age of 85.

What is Psychoanalysis?

  • Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological theories and therapeutic methods that focus on the unconscious mind, as well as the role of repressed emotions and desires in shaping behavior and mental health.
  • Developed by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, psychoanalysis is based on the idea that many of our thoughts, feelings, and actions are influenced by unconscious motives and conflicts, often rooted in childhood experiences.
  • Psychoanalysis has three core components:
    • A method of investigation of the mind and the way one thinks.
    • A systematized set of theories about human behavior.
    • A method of treatment for psychological and emotional issues.
  • Key concepts in psychoanalysis include the id, ego, and superego (the structural model of the psyche), the Oedipus complex, defense mechanisms (such as repression, denial, and projection), and dream interpretation.
  • During psychoanalysis therapy, a patient works closely with a therapist to explore and understand unconscious thoughts and feelings, often by discussing dreams, memories, and other experiences.
  • The goal is to bring repressed emotions to the surface and address any underlying conflicts in order to alleviate mental distress and improve overall well-being.
  • While psychoanalysis has had a significant influence on psychology and mental health treatment, it remains a controversial approach due to its lack of scientific rigor and emphasis on subjective interpretation.
  • Nevertheless, many of its concepts have been adapted or integrated into other forms of therapy, and psychoanalysis remains an important part of the history and development of psychology.

Significance:

  • It has profoundly impacted the fields of psychology and mental health treatment, as well as culture, literature, and the arts. Its significance can be understood through the following points:
  • Foundational Role: Psychoanalysis provided a groundbreaking approach to understanding the human mind and behavior, shifting the focus from conscious experiences to unconscious mental processes.
  • Influence on Psychology: Many concepts introduced by psychoanalysis, such as the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and the influence of early childhood experiences, have been adopted and adapted by various schools of psychology, including cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic approaches.
  • Therapeutic Approach: Psychoanalysis revolutionized the way mental health issues were treated, moving away from a purely medical model and emphasizing the importance of talking therapy in addressing psychological problems.
  • Cultural Impact: The ideas of psychoanalysis have permeated culture, literature, and the arts, influencing our understanding of human motivations, relationships, and emotions. Concepts like Freudian slips, dream interpretation, and the Oedipus complex have become part of everyday language.
  • Interdisciplinary Applications: The principles of psychoanalysis have been applied in fields beyond psychology, including sociology, anthropology, literature, and film studies.
  • Despite criticisms and revisions, psychoanalysis remains a significant and influential theory that has shaped our understanding of the human mind and behavior.
  • It continues to contribute to the development of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches, enriching our comprehension of mental health and human nature.

Netzah Yehuda Battalion

  • 23 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The US government may soon sanction a battalion of the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) over alleged human rights violations, marking the first such move in the history of the two countries’ relations.

What is the Netzah Yehuda Battalion?

  • The Netzah Yehuda battalion was set up in 1999 to accommodate the religious beliefs of ultra-Orthodox Jews and other religious nationalist recruits in the army.
  • It was established to facilitate military service for these communities, accommodating their religious observances by scheduling prayer and study times, and restricting their interactions with female soldiers.
  • The battalion is historically stationed in the occupied West Bank region and faces intense scrutiny for allegedly committing human rights violations against Palestinians.
  • Netzah Yehuda came on the radar of United States agencies after the death of an elderly Palestinian-American man, who was detained by the battalion.

What is the Unit Accused Of?

  • The United States called for a criminal investigation after Netzah Yehuda soldiers were accused of being involved in the death of a 78-year-old Palestinian-American, Omar Assad, who died of a heart attack in 2022 after he was detained and was later found abandoned at a building site.
  • A Palestinian autopsy found Assad died from a stress-induced heart attack brought on by being manhandled.
  • The case attracted unusual attention because of his dual nationality, his age, and a demand by the U.S. State Department for an investigation into his death.
  • There have been several other incidents in recent years, some captured on video, in which Netzah Yehuda soldiers were accused of, or charged with, abusing Palestinian detainees.
  • The battalion primarily operated in the West Bank before it was moved out of the territory in late 2022 after U.S. criticism.
  • The unit has recently been serving in Gaza.

Survey of India (SoI)

  • 23 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Tamil Nadu government filed its objections in the Supreme Court recently, about the Survey of India (SOI) report on the construction of the mega car parking project near the Mullaiperiyar dam, and sought rejection of the report.

What is the Survey of India (SoI)?

  • The Survey of India (SoI) serves as the National Survey and Mapping Organization of India, operating under the Department of Science and Technology.
  • Established in 1767, it holds the distinction of being the oldest scientific department within the Government of India.
  • Tasked with the critical role of being the country's primary mapping agency, SoI bears the responsibility of thoroughly exploring and mapping India's terrain to furnish foundational maps for comprehensive and efficient development initiatives.
  • Originally comprising only five directorates in 1950, primarily focused on catering to the mapping requirements of the Defense Forces in the Northwest and Northeast regions, the department has since expanded to encompass 18 directorates spread across the nation, ensuring comprehensive map coverage essential for national development.
  • SoI's expertise is widely utilized by various ministries and government undertakings for diverse purposes, including delineating international borders, and state boundaries, and facilitating the planned development of previously underserved areas.
  • Moreover, SoI actively contributes to numerous national scientific endeavors in fields such as geophysics, remote sensing, and digital data transmission.
  • Functioning as a key advisor to the Government of India on all survey-related matters, including geodesy, photogrammetry, mapping, and map reproduction, SoI fulfills a multitude of duties and responsibilities, which include:
    • Conducting all geodetic control, geodetic, and geophysical surveys.
    • Undertaking topographical control, surveys, and mapping within India.
    • Producing geographical maps and aeronautical charts.
    • Conducting surveys for developmental projects.
    • Mapping forests, cantonments, large-scale city surveys, guide maps, cadastral surveys, etc.
    • Engaging in surveys and mapping for specialized purposes.
    • Demarcating India's external boundaries, depicting them on published maps, and advising on inter-state boundary demarcation.
    • Conducting research and development in cartography, printing, geodesy, photogrammetry, topographical surveys, and indigenization.
    • Predicting tides at 44 ports, including 14 foreign ports, and publishing tide tables one year in advance to support navigational activities.
    • Reviewing and certifying India's external boundaries and coastline on maps published by other entities, including private publishers.
  • Headquartered: Dehradun (Uttarakhand)

Ethylene Oxide

  • 20 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Singapore Food Agency (SFA) has issued a recall on Indian spice brand Everest’s fish curry masala after detecting an ‘excessive’ amount of ethylene oxide–a pesticide–in it.

What is Ethylene Oxide?

  • Ethylene oxide is a colorless and flammable gas with a slightly sweet odor and It dissolves easily in water.
  • It is widely used in various industries due to its versatile properties.
  • Its primary applications include the production of other chemicals, such as ethylene glycol for antifreeze and polyester, as well as the sterilization of medical equipment.
  • It also has minor applications in agriculture.
    • In this sector, it's used as a fumigant to control insect pests in stored agricultural goods, such as food commodities, to protect them from infestation.
    • This usage makes up less than 1% of its applications, and it is combined with other gases to minimize potential toxicity to humans and the environment.
  • While ethylene oxide plays a significant role in many industrial processes, it also poses health risks to those exposed to it.
  • Potential health effects range from mild symptoms like headaches, nausea, and respiratory issues, to more severe problems such as cancer and reproductive harm.
  • To minimize exposure risks, industries and facilities that use ethylene oxide are subject to environmental regulations and required to implement safety measures.
    • These measures include emission-reducing and monitoring devices, on-site testing, site-specific operating parameters, and regular reporting and record-keeping.
  • Despite these precautions, workers in factories that produce or use ethylene oxide, as well as people living near these facilities, may still face potential health risks.

How Do Pesticides Harm Our Bodies if Present in Food?

  • Pesticides, designed to ward off unwanted organisms in agriculture, can pose extensive risks to human health if they find their way into our food chain.
  • Even a brief exposure to some of them can cause acute poisoning and symptoms, including diarrhea, dehydration, and skin irritation.
  • Some insecticides like Resmethrin, Cypermethrin, and Fenvalerate have been connected to chronic health issues, which include reproductive complications, immune system disruption, pores, and skin infection, and interference with the endocrine system.
  • Even low-level exposure over the years can cause critical health implications.

How Long-term Issues Can be Combated?

  • Some steps can be taken to mitigate the risks associated with pesticides and ethylene oxide exposure.
    • It’s critical to prevent the runoff of insecticides into storm drains, which can contaminate water sources.
    • While using insecticides, it’s essential to consider the characteristics of the application site to minimize unintended exposure.
    • Attention to the geological factors and groundwater depth can prevent pesticide seepage into water reservoirs.
  • By implementing these measures and maintaining strict regulations, we can minimize the health risks posed by these chemical substances.

Salas y Gómez

  • 20 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

An international team of scientists last week announced they discovered 160 species when exploring 10 seamounts and two islands on the 2,900-kilometre-long ocean ridge Salas y Gómez.

What is ‘Salas y Gomez’?

  • Salas y Gómez is a remarkable underwater mountain chain in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean.
  • This 2,900-kilometer-long range stretches in a west-east orientation, connecting the East Pacific Rise and the Nazca Ridge.
  • The western end of the chain lies within Chile's Exclusive Economic Zone near the Easter Islands, while the eastern part extends into areas beyond national jurisdiction and touches upon the national waters of Chile and Peru.
  • The region is characterized by unique ecosystems isolated by the Atacama Trench, the Humboldt Current System, and an extreme oxygen minimum zone.
  • Salas y Gómez and Nazca ridges are known for their extraordinary biodiversity, hosting some of the highest levels of marine endemism on Earth.
  • Given the ecological significance of this underwater mountain range, there is a growing interest in designating Salas y Gómez and its surrounding areas as high-seas marine protected areas upon the ratification of the UN High Seas Treaty.
  • This initiative aims to safeguard the region's unique ecosystems and contribute to global marine conservation efforts.

About the United Nations High Seas Treaty:

  • The United Nations High Seas Treaty is a legal framework, or a set of legal tools, designed to protect the oceans that are beyond any country’s territory.
    • The high seas are defined as the waters that are 200 nautical miles from any national jurisdiction; they are international open waters that all countries can use for marine business such as shipping, fishing, and marine research.
  • The treaty’s formal name is the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Treaty, or BBNJ Treaty for short.

Key Facts About the High Seas Treaty:

  • The treaty was to be negotiated under the United Nations Convention on Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982.
  • It took 19 years to reach an agreement on it.
  • Before now, laws to protect ocean waters and biodiversity beyond countries’ territorial boundaries only protected 1.2% of the high seas.

Coral Bleaching

  • 19 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The fourth global mass coral bleaching event has been triggered by extraordinary ocean temperatures, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said recently.

What are Corals and Coral Reefs?

  • Corals are essentially animals, which are sessile, meaning they permanently attach themselves to the ocean floor.
  • They use their tiny tentacle-like hands to catch food from the water and sweep it into their mouth.
  • Each individual coral animal is known as a polyp and it lives in groups of hundreds to thousands of genetically identical polyps that form a ‘colony’.
  • Corals are largely classified as either hard coral or soft coral.
  • It is the hard corals that are the architects of coral reefs — complex three-dimensional structures built up over thousands of years.
  • Unlike soft corals, hard corals have stony skeletons made out of limestone that are produced by coral polyps.
  • When polyps die, their skeletons are left behind and used as foundations for new polyps.
  • Coral reefs, also referred to as “rainforests of the sea”, have existed on the Earth for nearly 450 million years.
    • Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is the largest in the world, stretching across 2,028 kilometers.

What is the Significance of Corals?

  • Coral reefs have a crucial role in marine ecosystems.
  • Thousands of marine species can be found living on one reef.
    • For instance, “the Great Barrier Reef contains over 400 coral species, 1,500 fish species, 4,000 mollusc species and six of the world’s seven sea turtle species”.
  • Research has shown that there could be millions of undiscovered species of organisms living in and around reefs.
  • These massive structures also provide economic goods and services worth about $375 billion each year.
  • More than 500 million people across the world depend on coral reefs for food, income, and coastal protection from storms and floods.
  • Coral reefs can absorb up to 97% of the energy from waves, storms, and floods, which prevents loss of life, property damage, and soil erosion.
  • Therefore, the absence of coral reefs would not only result in severe ramifications for marine life but also for humans.

What is Coral Bleaching?

  • Most corals contain algae called zooxanthellae ( plant-like organisms) in their tissues.
  • Corals and zooxanthellae have a symbiotic relationship.
  • While corals provide zooxanthellae a safe place to live, zooxanthellae provide oxygen and organic products of photosynthesis that help corals to grow and thrive.
  • Zooxanthellae also give bright and unique colors to corals.
  • Corals are very sensitive to light and temperature and even a small change in their living conditions can stress them.
  • When stressed, they expel zooxanthellae and turn entirely white.
    • This is called coral bleaching.
  • Coral bleaching doesn’t immediately lead to the death of corals.
  • They rather go under more stress and are subject to mortality.
  • Coral bleaching reduces the reproductivity of corals and makes them more vulnerable to fatal diseases.
  • If the bleaching is not too severe, corals have been known to recover.
  • Global mass bleaching of coral reefs is when significant coral bleaching is confirmed in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans.
  • Such events are a relatively new phenomenon.
  • The first one took place in 1998 in which 20% of the world’s reef areas suffered bleaching-level heat stress.
  • The next two global bleaching events occurred in 2010 (35% of reefs affected) and between 2014 and 2017 (56% of reefs affected).

What can be the impact of the event?

  • As the global mass bleaching event is still unfolding, its full impact will not be known for a while.
  • With global temperatures soaring, such events are expected to become more frequent and longer.
  • As a result, the world may lose the vast majority of its coral reefs at 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming, and virtually all at 2 degrees.
  • Currently, the average global temperature of the Earth has increased by at least 1.1 degree Celsius since 1850.
  • To curb global warming to no more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, countries need to bring GHG emissions to a net zero by 2050, according to the Paris Agreement.
    The goal, however, is unlikely to be achieved as record levels of GHG emissions have continued to be emitted into the atmosphere.

Added Sugars/Free Sugars

  • 19 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Nestlé’s products for babies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America were found to contain added sugars, while the same products sold in Europe did not have it, according to a recent report.

Highlights of the Report on Nestle:

  • A report by the Swiss organization Public Eye titled 'How Nestlé gets children hooked on sugar in lower-income countries' scrutinized Nestlé for employing varying nutritional standards across its products depending on the country, with unclear sugar content labeling.
  • The report highlighted Nestlé's Cerelac, the world's largest baby cereal brand, which contains significantly higher sugar levels in markets like India, Ethiopia, and Thailand compared to Germany and the UK.
  • Despite sugar not being recommended for infants, Nestlé's baby food products with added sugars are allowed under some countries' national legislation, conflicting with WHO guidelines.
    • WHO recommends reducing daily free sugar intake to less than 10% of total energy intake, preferably less than 5% (around 25 grams per person per day), for better health.
  • Nestlé India claims to have reduced added sugars by up to 30% in their infant cereals portfolio over the last five years, depending on the variant.

What are Added Sugars?

  • Sugar is a simple carbohydrate.
  • Some food items have sugar that is naturally occurring.
    • It is “found in milk (lactose) and fruit (fructose) or any product that contains milk (such as yogurt, milk, or cream) or fruit (fresh, dried) contains some natural sugars.
  • Free sugar or added sugar is added separately to a food item during preparation or processing.
  • It can “include natural sugars such as white sugar, brown sugar, and honey, as well as other caloric sweeteners that are chemically manufactured (such as high fructose corn syrup).

Why is Added Sugar Bad?

  • Excessive consumption of added sugars poses several health risks.
  • Limiting sugar intake is essential for maintaining a healthy diet and preventing various diseases.

The following are some reasons why added sugars can be harmful:

  • Poor Nutritional Balance: Consuming too much-added sugar can lead to increased overall energy intake, often replacing nutritionally adequate calories from healthier food sources.
    • This results in an unbalanced diet lacking essential nutrients, increasing the risk of malnutrition and other health problems.
  • Increased Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases: Excessive sugar consumption is associated with a higher risk of developing non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular ailments.
    • These diseases can have severe long-term consequences on overall health and well-being.
  • Unnecessary for Infants and Children: Adding sugar to foods offered to babies and young children is unnecessary and can be highly addictive, establishing unhealthy eating habits that continue into adulthood.
    • Early exposure to sugar is also associated with tooth decay and can contribute to nutrition-based disorders later in life.

Cloud Seeding

  • 18 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The UAE recorded the heaviest rain ever after a severe thunderstorm hit the country on April 15, killing at least one person, causing damage to homes and businesses, and bringing air travel to a standstill in Dubai.

What Led to the Heavy Rains in Dubai?

  • The primary reason for these heavy rains was a storm system, which was passing through the Arabian peninsula and moving across the Gulf of Oman.
  • According to a different report, rains could have been exacerbated by cloud seeding, a process of spraying salt mixtures in clouds that would result in condensation of the cloud and eventually cause rainfall.
    • Several reports quoted meteorologists at the National Center for Meteorology as saying they flew six or seven cloud-seeding flights before the rains.

Is climate change responsible for the event?

  • Some experts have suggested that the soaring global temperatures could also be behind the event.
  • Higher temperatures cause evaporation of water not only from land but also oceans and other water bodies, meaning a warmer atmosphere holds more moisture.
  • Studies have found that for every 1 degree Celsius rise in average temperature, the atmosphere can hold about 7% more moisture.
  • This makes storms more dangerous as it leads to an increase in precipitation intensity, duration, and/or frequency, which ultimately can cause severe flooding.
  • While the average global temperature on the Earth has increased by at least 1.1 degrees Celsius since 1850, the UAE has witnessed an increase of almost 1.5 degrees Celsius in the past 60 years.
    • The increase in temperatures is mainly caused by the rise of heat-trapping greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions since the Industrial Revolution.
  • However, it is extremely difficult to attribute any particular extreme weather event to climate change.
  • It is because there are multiple factors, like patterns of natural climate variability, such as El Niño and La Niña, that contribute to such events.

What is Cloud Seeding?

  • Cloud seeding is a type of weather modification where substances like silver iodide or dry ice are dispersed into clouds to encourage precipitation, such as rain or snow.
  • In countries like the UAE, where temperatures are high and annual rainfall is minimal, cloud seeding is employed to alleviate pressure on limited groundwater sources by enhancing precipitation.

What is UAE's cloud seeding programme?

  • The UAE initiated its cloud seeding program in the late 1990s, making it one of the first Middle Eastern countries to use this technique.
  • Collaborative research with institutions like the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and NASA has bolstered their efforts.

How does cloud seeding work?

  • Cloud seeding is a technique where “seeding agents" such as silver iodide or salt are introduced into clouds to stimulate condensation and trigger rainfall.
  • Weather forecasters monitor atmospheric conditions and identify suitable clouds for seeding based on precipitation patterns.
    • This technique can increase rainfall by up to 30-35 percent in clear conditions and 10-15 percent in more humid conditions.

What is the environmental impact of cloud seeding?

  • Cloud seeding alters the precipitation patterns of a region/locality.
    • This may negatively impact neighboring ecosystems, which were to receive rain for the seeded clouds originally.
  • Introducing seeding agents might impact the natural hydrological cycle as it may change the natural soil moisture levels, groundwater recharge, and river flows.
  • Some experts worry about the potential for silver toxicity if cloud seeding becomes widespread.
    • Silver iodide is a common seeding agent.
    • Silver toxicity could pose risks to aquatic life and soil health.
  • Therefore, even with the promise cloud seeding holds, responsible stewardship and thorough evaluation of its environmental impacts are crucial.

Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (Space)

  • 18 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

A state-of-the-art Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (Space) was inaugurated by Secretary, Department of Defence (R&D) and DRDO Chairman Samir V Kamat at Underwater Acoustic Research Facility, Kulamavu in Idukki district of Kerala recently.

About Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (SPACE):

  • Developed by the Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), SPACE is a premier testing and evaluation hub for sonar systems used by the Indian Navy across various platforms, including ships, submarines, and helicopters.

Key Features:

  • Two primary components:
    • A floating platform on the water's surface and
    • A submersible platform that can be lowered up to 100 meters using winch systems.
  • Facilitates quick deployment and recovery of scientific packages like sensors and transducers.
  • Suitable for surveying, sampling, and data collection of air, surface, mid-water, and reservoir floor parameters using advanced scientific instrumentation.
  • Well-equipped scientific laboratories cater to data processing and sample analysis requirements.

Uses:

  • Evaluating complete sonar systems, enhancing research capabilities in Anti-Submarine Warfare.
  • SPACE enables researchers to explore innovative solutions for underwater acoustic challenges, improve naval capabilities, and ensure the security of Indian waters.

What is Sonar?

  • SONAR, which stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging, is a technology that uses sound waves to detect, locate, and map objects underwater.
    • It operates on the principle of echolocation, similar to how bats and dolphins use sound to navigate and find their prey.
  • The Sonar system consists of a transmitter, a receiver, and a display.
    • The transmitter sends out sound waves, which travel through water and reflect off objects in their path.
    • These reflected waves, or echoes, are then received by the receiver.
    • By measuring the time it takes for the echoes to return and the strength of the received signal, the system can determine the distance, direction, size, and shape of the underwater object.

Sonar has various applications, including:

  • Maritime navigation: Commercial ships and submarines use sonar to navigate through unfamiliar waters, avoid obstacles, and create underwater maps.
  • Military applications: Sonar plays a crucial role in military operations for detecting and tracking enemy submarines, underwater mines, and other threats.
  • Fishing and underwater research: Sonar helps fishermen locate schools of fish and is also used by scientists and researchers to study marine life, underwater topography, and archaeological sites.

Combined Maritime Forces (CMF)

  • 17 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Indian Navy successfully intercepted and apprehended a dhow in the Western Arabian Sea recently and seized 940 kilograms of contraband narcotics.

About the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF):

  • The Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) is a Bahrain-based multinational naval partnership dedicated to fostering security, stability, and prosperity throughout vital international waterways.
  • Comprised of five task forces, CMF's primary objectives include countering terrorism, preventing piracy, enhancing regional cooperation, and maintaining a safe maritime environment.
  • CMF's efforts focus on eliminating violent extremism and terrorist networks in its operational areas, collaborating with regional and global partners to bolster security and stability, assisting in capacity-building for regional maritime capabilities, and responding to environmental and humanitarian crises when needed.
  • The five task forces within CMF are:
    • CTF 150: Gulf of Oman Security and Counter-Terrorism
    • CTF 151: Counter-piracy operations
    • CTF 152: Arabian Gulf Security and Cooperation
    • CTF 153: Red Sea and Gulf of Aden security and cooperation
    • CTF 154: Maritime security training
  • CMF comprises a diverse group of nations, each voluntarily contributing to the organization's efforts to maintain security and stability in international waters.
  • Participating nations include:
    • Australia, Bahrain, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore, Spain, Thailand, Türkiye, UAE, United Kingdom, United States, and Yemen.
  • Members have the flexibility to contribute in various ways, from providing liaison officers at CMF's headquarters in Bahrain to supplying warships, support vessels, and maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
    • CMF can also request support from warships not explicitly assigned to the organization.
  • The headquarters of CMF is co-located with the US Naval Central Command and US Navy Fifth Fleet at Naval Support Activity (NSA) Bahrain.
  • CMF is commanded by a US Navy Vice Admiral, with a UK Royal Navy Commodore serving as the Deputy Commander. Senior staff roles at CMF's headquarters are filled by personnel from member nations, ensuring a diverse and collaborative environment.
  • Together, these task forces enable CMF to effectively address a wide range of challenges and promote a more secure maritime domain for all nations.

Thiruvalluvar

  • 16 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Seeking to connect with the people of Tamil Nadu where his party is trying to gain a foothold, Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently announced that the BJP will work towards building Thiruvalluvar cultural centers all over the world.

Who was Thiruvalluvar?

  • Thiruvalluvar, the author of the revered 'Thirukkural' or 'Sacred Couplets', remains a figure of historical debate.
  • His exact period and religious affiliation are uncertain, with proposed dates ranging from the 3rd or 4th century CE to the 8th or 9th century.
    • Various groups regard him as a Hindu sage, a Jain sage, or a Dravidian saint with no religious identifiers except his Dravidian heritage.
  • Accounts of Thiruvalluvar's origins are diverse.
  • In Edward Jewitt Robinson's 1873 book, 'Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from their Writings', he described Thiruvalluvar as a "Pariah" with a mother from "the low class" and a possibly Brahmin father.
  • According to this narrative, Thiruvalluvar was found in a grove near a Shiva temple in Mayilapur and was taken in by the wife of a high-ranking Velalan before being entrusted to a "Pariah family."
  • Despite the ambiguity surrounding Thiruvalluvar's identity, his wisdom-laden verses in 'Thirukkural' continue to influence and inspire generations across religious and cultural divides.

Why does Thiruvalluvar matter?

  • Thiruvalluvar, affectionately called Valluvar by Tamils, is revered as a cultural and moral icon across caste and religious lines.
    • His 'Thirukkural', a compilation of 1,330 couplets, is an integral part of Tamil culture, comparable to the Bhagavad Gita or Ramayana in North Indian Hindu households.
    • It serves as a foundational text for ethical living and tracing Tamil cultural roots.
  • Beyond Tamil Nadu, Thiruvalluvar's wisdom is celebrated in the context of ancient India's rich philosophical heritage, emphasizing morality and ethics.
    • His enduring influence is evident as successive Indian finance ministers reference his teachings in annual Budget speeches.
  • However, competing claims to Thiruvalluvar's legacy have sparked controversy, such as the 2019 debate surrounding the BJP's depiction of him in saffron robes instead of traditional white garments.
    • Despite these disputes, the profound impact of Thiruvalluvar's teachings continues to resonate across various cultures and languages, fostering unity and moral guidance.

Why Are Political Parties Asserting Thiruvalluvar's Legacy?

  • Political parties, both national and regional, have long vied for ownership of Thiruvalluvar's legacy. For instance, the BJP, with a limited grassroots presence in Tamil Nadu, seeks to bolster its standing through the appropriation of Tamil saints and icons.

Space Tourism

  • 15 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Entrepreneur and pilot on the NS-25 mission of Blue Origin — a company founded by Jeff Bezos, who is also Gopi Thotakura is set to become the first Indian to venture into space as a tourist the founder of Amazon.

Context:

  • In recent years, space tourism has grown by leaps and bounds.
  • The space tourism market was valued at $848.28 million.
  • It is expected to grow to $27,861.99 million by 2032.
  • However, there are several challenges, such as high cost, and environmental concerns, that may limit the industry’s growth.
  • The NS-25 mission, which Gopi Thotakura is a part of, is a sub-orbital mission. Thotakura and his other crew members will be taken to outer space via New Shepard, a fully reusable sub-orbital launch vehicle developed specifically for space tourism by Blue Origin.

What is Space Tourism?

  • Space tourism is essentially a section of the aviation sector that seeks to provide tourists with the opportunity to become astronauts and experience space travel for recreational, leisure, or business purposes.
  • There are two main types of space tourism, sub-orbital and orbital.
  • The sub-orbital spacecraft takes passengers just beyond the Kármán line (it lies nearly 100 kilometers above our heads and is considered to be the boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space).
    • The passengers get to spend a few minutes in outer space and then come back to Earth.
  • The orbital spacecraft, on the other hand, takes passengers much further than the Kármán line.
    • Usually, passengers can spend from a couple of days to more than a week at an altitude of nearly 1.3 million feet.
  • In September 2021, Space X’s Falcon 9 took four passengers to an altitude of 160 km where they spent three days orbiting the Earth.

What are the Challenges?

  • Currently, space tourism is expensive as a passenger generally has to pay at least a million dollars to reach outer space.
    • This amount is out of reach for almost everyone.
  • Moreover, several studies have pointed out that space tourism may lead to environmental damage as rockets emit gaseous and solid chemicals directly into the upper atmosphere.
  • A 2022 study done by researchers found that the soot emissions from rocket launches are far more effective at warming the atmosphere compared to other sources.
  • Safety is also a concern when it comes to space tourism.
  • Despite high safety standards, a total of 676 people have flown into space and 19 of them have died, as of November 2023, according to a report by Astronomy Magazine.
    • This means that approximately 3% of astronauts died during their space flight which is quite a high fatality rate.

Operation Meghdoot

  • 15 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

India commemorates 40 years since the launch of Operation Meghdoot, a critical mission to secure the strategic heights of the Siachen glacier, acknowledged as the highest battlefield in the world.

About Operation Meghdoot:

  • Operation Meghdoot was the codename for the Indian Army operation to take full control of the (Siachen Glacier in Ladakh).
  • It was launched in 1984 and it was unique as it involved the first assault on the world's highest battlefield.
  • This operation was launched on April 13, 1984, by the Indian Army and Indian Air Force (IAF), marking a pivotal moment in securing the Siachen Glacier, a strategically crucial region dominating Northern Ladakh.
  • The operation involved airlifting Indian Army soldiers, with IAF helicopters operating in the area since 1978, including the first landing of an IAF helicopter on the glacier in October 1978.
  • The need for Operation Meghdoot arose due to Pakistan's cartographic aggression in Ladakh, allowing foreign mountaineering expeditions in Siachen.
  • Intelligence inputs about impending Pakistani military action prompted India to secure strategic heights on Siachen, deploying troops via airlifts and air-dropping supplies to high-altitude airfields.

What was IAF's Role and Evolution in Operation Meghdoot?

  • The IAF played a crucial role in supporting Operation Meghdoot, initially focusing on transport and helicopter aircraft for troop and material transport.
    • Gradually, the IAF expanded its role, deploying fighter aircraft like the Hunter, MiG-23s, and MiG-29s, operating from high-altitude airfields at Leh and Thoise.
    • This expanded role included fighter sweeps and simulated strikes over the glacier, boosting morale and deterring adversaries.
  • Operating on the highest battlefield globally, IAF helicopters are the lifeline for Indian troops, providing crucial support in emergencies, logistics supply, and evacuating the sick and wounded from the glacier.
  • As the Indian Army celebrates 40 years on the Siachen Glacier, it reflects not only on the progress made in technological advancements and logistical improvements but also on the sacrifices and dedication of its personnel.
    • 'Operation Meghdoot' stands as a testament to India's commitment to safeguarding its borders and ensuring the well-being of its troops in one of the world's most challenging terrains.

About Siachen Glacier:

  • The Siachen Glacier, situated in the Eastern Karakoram range of the Himalayas, is located just northeast of Point NJ9842, where the Line of Control (LOC) between India and Pakistan ends.
  • Administered by India since Operation Meghdoot in 1984, the glacier spans from northwest to southeast, originating at the Indira Col West and descending from an altitude of 6,115 meters to 3,570 meters.
  • As the second-longest glacier in the world's non-polar areas, the Siachen Glacier is surpassed only by Tajikistan's Fedchenko Glacier.
  • It lies south of the significant drainage divide separating the Eurasian Plate from the Indian subcontinent in the glaciated Karakoram region, sometimes referred to as the "Third Pole."
  • The Nubra River finds its source in the Siachen Glacier, highlighting the glacier's ecological importance.

GRB 221009A - Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs)

  • 13 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Northwestern University recently confirmed that the brightest gamma-ray burst ever recorded, GRB 221009A, was caused by the collapse and explosion of a massive star.

About GRB 221009A:

  • GRB 221009A, also known as Swift J1913.1+1946, is the brightest gamma-ray burst ever detected, estimated to be ten times brighter than the previous record holder.
  • The burst itself lasted around seven minutes, but its effects were observable for over ten hours.
  • GRB 221009A originated from a galaxy estimated to be 2.4 billion light-years away, yet it was powerful enough to influence Earth's atmosphere.
  • This exceptionally bright burst emitted across a vast range of the electromagnetic spectrum, providing a unique opportunity for scientists to study this rare phenomenon in detail.
  • The cause of the burst is attributed to the collapse of a massive star, but scientists are still investigating why it was so much brighter than other gamma-ray bursts.

What are Gamma-ray Bursts?

  • Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most powerful explosions in the universe.
  • These brief flashes of high-energy light result from some of the universe's most explosive events, including the birth of black holes and collisions between neutron stars.
  • Lasting a few milliseconds to several minutes, GRBs can be hundreds of times brighter than an average supernova, making them as luminous as a million trillion suns.
  • Thus, when a GRB erupts, it briefly becomes the brightest source of electromagnetic radiation in the observable universe.
  • Gamma Ray Bursts are difficult to study because they are so short-lived.
  • They were first detected by the Vela satellites, which were designed to detect nuclear tests during the Cold War.
  • It was only years after their detection that they were declassified.
  • The location of gamma-ray bursts within their host galaxy and their surrounding environment informs us as to the formation and evolution of the progenitor system, providing insight into stellar evolution and star formation across the age of the universe.

What causes a gamma-ray burst?

  • The cause of a gamma-ray burst depends on how long it lasts.
  • GRBs that last less than two seconds are caused by the merger of two neutron stars or the merger of a neutron star and a black hole.
  • Longer GRBs, which can last hours, are triggered when a massive star collapses and births a black hole.
  • In both cases, GRBs result from jets of particles accelerated to around 99.9% of the speed of light.

How powerful are gamma-ray bursts?

  • In just a few seconds, a gamma-ray burst can emit as much energy as the sun will put out over its entire 9 billion-year lifetime

Do gamma-ray bursts happen in the Milky Way?

  • GRBs seem to be most closely associated with galaxies that are in the midst of intense star formation, a period that our galaxy seems to have matured out of 2 billion to 3 billion years ago.
  • However, the Milky Way is filled with the supernova remnants that mark the deaths of massive stars, indicating that our galaxy was once home to GRBs.

Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act

  • 13 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Gujarat government recently clarified that Buddhism and Hinduism must be considered as two separate religions for religious conversions in the state.

Why did the Gujarat Government Issue the Circular?

  • The Gujarat government issued the circular to address an issue regarding the application process for converting from Hinduism to Buddhism.
  • The circular, issued by the Home Department highlights that the proper procedures outlined in the Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act (GFR Act) are not being followed.
  • The circular points out that some offices are rejecting these conversion applications, arguing that under Article 25(2) of the Constitution, Sikhism, Jainism, and Buddhism are considered part of Hinduism.
    • Therefore, applicants are told they don't need permission for religious conversion.
  • This interpretation refers to Article 25, which guarantees religious freedom.
    • Article 25(2)(b) allows laws for social welfare or reform for Hindus, which includes Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists.
    • Notably, the circular contrasts with a proposed 2006 amendment to the GFR Act, which suggested considering Jainism and Buddhism as part of Hinduism.
  • However, the circular clarifies that, according to the GFR Act, Buddhism must be seen as a separate religion.

How does the GFR Act Govern Religious Conversions in Gujarat?

  • The Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act (GFR Act) controls how people change their religion in Gujarat.
    • According to the state government, this law aims to stop religious conversion by offering rewards, using force, lying, or tricking people.
  • One part of the law, Section 3, makes it a crime to force or persuade someone to change their religion, whether by using force, offering rewards, trickery, or arranging marriages.
  • Another part, Section 3A, added in 2021, lets anyone who feels harmed or their relatives report these crimes to the police.
    • People who break Section 3 can be sent to jail for up to three years and fined up to Rs 50,000.
    • If the person affected is a woman, a child, or from certain communities, the punishment is harsher – up to four years in jail and a fine of Rs 1 lakh.
  • For a religious conversion to be legal, Section 5 says the person leading the ceremony must get permission from the District Magistrate beforehand.
    • And the person who changes their religion must tell the District Magistrate afterward.
    • Not doing this can result in a one-year jail term or a fine of up to Rs 1,000.
  • In 2021, the GFR Act was changed to include more rules.
  • It now makes it a crime to change religion through marriage (Section 4A) and says marriages are void if one person converts before or after getting married (Section 4B).
  • It also punishes people involved in organizations that unlawfully convert others (Section 4C). The accused now have to prove that the conversion was legal (Section 6A).

Volcanic Vortex Rings

  • 12 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Since last week, Mount Etna has been sending up almost perfect rings of smoke into the air which are a rare phenomenon that scientists refer to as volcanic vortex rings.

What are Volcanic Vortex Rings?

  • Vortex rings are generated when gas, predominantly water vapor, is released rapidly through a vent in the crater.
  • The vent that has opened up in the crater is almost perfectly circular so the rings.
  • The phenomenon was first observed at Mt. Etna and Mt. Vesuvius in Italy in 1724 and has been documented in an engraved plate from 1755.
  • In more recent times, volcanic vortex rings have been observed at volcanoes such as Redoubt in Alaska, Tungurahua in Ecuador, Pacaya in Guatemala, Eyjafjallajökull and Hekla in Iceland, Stromboli in Italy, Sakurajima in Japan, Yasur in Vanuatu, Whakaari in New Zealand, and Momotombo in Nicaragua.
  • According to the report, the rings can remain in the air for up to 10 minutes but tend to disintegrate quickly if conditions are windy and turbulent.

About Mount Etna:

  • Mount Etna, sometimes referred to simply as Etna, is an active volcano on the east coast of Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, lying just off the toe of the Italian “boot”.
  • Etna’s peak is the highest in Italy south of the Alps, and it is Europe’s largest and one of the most active volcanoes.
  • Etna’s summit has five craters, which are responsible for most of the volcano’s eruptions; there are also “flank” eruptions that occur out of 300-odd vents of varying sizes along the slopes of the mountain.
  • Etna is in almost constant activity and has seen, since the year 1600, at least 60 flank eruptions and many more summit eruptions.
    • In recent years, summit eruptions have occurred in 2006, 2007-08, on two occasions in 2012, 2018, and 2021; flank eruptions have taken place in 2001, 2002-03, 2004-05, and 2008-09.
  • Etna has been a World Heritage Site since 2013, and according to UNESCO, the volcano’s eruptive history can be traced back 500,000 years.
    • At least 2,700 years of this activity have been documented.

Apple Warns Users of "Mercenary Spyware"

  • 12 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Apple has cautioned its users in India and 91 other countries that their iPhone may have come under attack from “mercenary spyware”, including Pegasus, a malware developed by the Israeli company NSO Group.

What are Mercenary Spyware Attacks?

  • Mercenary spyware attacks represent an elevated level of cyber threat, characterized by their intricate nature and highly targeted approach.
  • These attacks, surpassing typical cybercriminal activity and consumer malware, are meticulously crafted to infiltrate specific individuals with significant resources.
  • Due to their sophisticated design and substantial investment, mercenary spyware attacks pose a formidable challenge in terms of detection and prevention.
    • Despite their potency, they have primarily targeted select users, leaving the majority relatively unaffected.
  • This breed of cyber threat stands as one of the most advanced and elusive globally, prompting tech giant Apple to refrain from attributing them to specific perpetrators or regions.
  • The primary objective of mercenary spyware is to clandestinely infiltrate smartphones and other devices, operating without the user's knowledge or consent.
    • These surveillance tools are capable of monitoring movements, intercepting communications, and pilfering sensitive data.
  • In troubling instances, reports indicate that governments, intelligence agencies, and law enforcement bodies have procured mercenary spyware for surveillance purposes, often targeting political dissidents and activists.
  • Key players in the production of mercenary spyware include the NSO Group, FinFisher, and Hacking Team.
    • The NSO Group's flagship spyware, Pegasus, facilitates remote infiltration of devices, granting access to calls, emails, messages, and various files.
    • Similarly, FinFisher's FinSpy can intercept keystrokes, access data, and activate microphones and cameras without authorization.
    • The Hacking Team's Galileo, also known as the Remote Control System (RCS), possesses similar capabilities, including keystroke capture, video call recording, and unauthorized access to device components like the camera and microphone.

About Pegasus Spyware:

  • Pegasus Spyware, crafted by Israel's NSO Group, represents a potent cyber threat.
  • This sophisticated malware is engineered to exploit zero-click vulnerabilities, granting it access to smartphones without any interaction from the user.
  • Once infiltrated, Pegasus gains full control over the targeted device, enabling it to extract a wealth of data, including emails, texts, and phone calls.
  • Additionally, it possesses the capability to remotely activate the smartphone's camera and microphone, further compromising the user's privacy.

What are Spyware and Malware?

Spyware:

  • Spyware is a type of software that secretly collects information about a user's activities on their computer or device without their knowledge or consent.
  • It may track keystrokes, capture browsing habits, record personal information, or monitor online activities.
  • Spyware often operates stealthily in the background, making it difficult for users to detect.

Malware:

  • Malware, short for malicious software, is a broad term that encompasses various types of harmful software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems or networks.
  • Malware includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and other malicious programs.
  • Unlike spyware, which focuses on gathering information covertly, malware may aim to corrupt files, steal data, spread across networks, or carry out other harmful actions.
  • Malware can enter a system through email attachments, infected websites, removable media, or software downloads from untrusted sources.

World Cybercrime Index

  • 12 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

A new World Cybercrime Index developed by researchers shows that a majority of cybercriminals come from just a few countries.

About World Cybercrime Index:

  • The World Cybercrime Index is a collaborative effort between the University of Oxford and UNSW Canberra that identifies global cybercrime hotspots by ranking countries based on their contribution to cybercrime.
    • Data is collected from a survey of 92 cybercrime experts involved in intelligence gathering and investigations.
  • The index ranks around 100 countries and identifies key hotspots for various cybercrime categories, such as ransomware, credit card theft, and scams.

Key Findings:

  • Russia tops the list, followed by Ukraine, China, the USA, Nigeria, and Romania.
  • India ranks 10th in the index, with a balanced distribution of cybercrime types but a notable specialization in scams.
  • Certain countries were associated with specific types of cybercrime, like data and identity theft in the United States and technical products or services-related crimes in China.
  • These insights highlight the need for international cooperation in addressing cybercrime and its various manifestations across different countries.

According to the Oxford University, the five major categories of cybercrime assessed by the study were:

    • Technical products/services (e.g. malware coding, botnet access, access to compromised systems, tool production).
    • Attacks and extortion (e.g. denial-of-service attacks, ransomware).
    • Data/identity theft (e.g. hacking, phishing, account compromises, credit card comprises).
    • Scams (e.g. advance fee fraud, business email compromise, online auction fraud).
    • Cashing out/money laundering (e.g. credit card fraud, money mules, illicit virtual currency platforms).

Invasive Alien Species

  • 11 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

In a bid to manage the teeming population of chital (spotted deer) in Ross Island (officially known as the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands administration recently sought help from the Wildlife Institute of India.

What are Invasive Alien Species (IAS)?

  • According to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Invasive alien species are plants, animals, pathogens, and other organisms that are non-native to an ecosystem, and which may cause economic or environmental harm or adversely affect human health.
  • In particular, they impact adversely upon biodiversity, including the decline or elimination of native species - through competition, predation, or transmission of pathogens - and the disruption of local ecosystems and ecosystem functions.
  • Invasive alien species, introduced and/or spread outside their natural habitats, have affected native biodiversity in almost every ecosystem type on Earth and are one of the greatest threats to biodiversity.
  • Since the 17th century, invasive alien species have contributed to nearly 40% of all animal extinctions for which the cause is known (CBD, 2006).
  • The problem continues to grow at great socio-economic, health, and ecological costs around the world.
  • Invasive alien species exacerbate poverty and threaten development through their impact on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and natural systems, which are an important basis of people’s livelihoods in developing countries.
  • This damage is aggravated by climate change, pollution, habitat loss, and human-induced disturbance.

What are Some Examples of Invasive Wildlife in India?

  • The list of invasive wildlife in India is dominated by certain species of fish such as the African catfish, Nile tilapia, red-bellied piranha, and alligator gar, and turtle species such as the red-eared slider.
    • The red-eared slider, for instance, is a favorite among India’s exotic pet owners, and many have been abandoned in local water bodies.
    • This turtle, native to North America, notoriously edges out local freshwater species, owing to its fast rates of reproduction, and the following competition for food.
  • With regards to species of fish, many were introduced in India to feed the demand for those maintaining aquariums.
    • For instance, the African catfish was brought over from Bangladesh specifically for aquaculture purposes. “
    • The occurrence of C gariepinus (the species’ scientific name) has been reported from several inland systems of India including the mighty rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Sutlej, Godavari, Periyar River, and the lakes like Vembanad Lake.

How do IAS Impact Native Flora and Fauna?

  • The invasive species act as disruptors in the food chain and disturb the balance of the ecosystem.
  • In habitats where there is no competition, invasive species can dominate the entire ecosystem
    • For instance, “in Keoladeo Park, Bharatpur in Rajasthan, which is a UNESCO World Heritage site, the African catfish have been known to prey on waterfowls and migratory birds as well.
  • Studies have shown that the proliferation of chital in the Andamans has affected the regeneration of native vegetation, as the deer are known to consume seeds and seedlings.

QS World University Rankings

  • 11 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Sixty-nine Indian universities made it to the rankings with 424 entries in the 2024 QS World University Rankings by Subject. This marks a 19.4 percent rise from the previous year’s 355 entries.

About QS World University Rankings:

  • The QS World University Rankings, curated annually by Quacquarelli Symonds, are a comprehensive assessment of the world's top 1,000 universities.
  • In the latest 2024 edition, universities were meticulously evaluated across 55 specific subjects and five broader subject areas, offering a nuanced perspective on academic excellence.

Key Highlights from the 2024 Rankings:

  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) maintains its prestigious position as the top-ranked university globally for the 12th consecutive year, a testament to its enduring academic prowess.
  • The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) shines as the leading Indian institution, securing the 149th spot on the global stage.
  • Noteworthy Progress: India demonstrates remarkable advancement with a total of 69 universities making their mark in the QS rankings, showcasing a notable 19.4% increase from the previous year.
    • India stands as the second most represented country in Asia, highlighting its growing significance in the global academic landscape.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) emerges as a standout, clinching the 20th position globally in development studies, reaffirming its commitment to excellence in specialized fields.
  • India's Rise in Research: The nation exhibits a commendable 20% improvement in the Citations per Paper indicator, underscoring its burgeoning research capabilities.
    • With a staggering 1.3 million academic papers produced, India emerges as the world's fourth-largest contributor to research, trailing only behind academic powerhouses like China, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
  • Challenges Ahead: Despite significant strides, India grapples with the challenge of securing citations in premier global journals, with only 15% of its research receiving recognition in these esteemed publications between 2017 and 2021.
  • Overall, India's journey in the QS World University Rankings reflects a narrative of progress, innovation, and resilience, while also highlighting areas for continued growth and enhancement in the global academic arena.

Sulthan Bathery

  • 11 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

BJP suggests renaming Sulthan Bathery to Ganapathivattam due to historical identity alteration by Tipu Sultan.

Where Does the Name Ganapathyvattam Come From?

  • Sulthan Bathery, one of the three municipal towns in Wayanad has a stone temple that was once known as Ganapathyvattam.
  • The temple, built in the prevalent architectural style of the Vijayanagar dynasty, was constructed by Jains who migrated to Wayanad from areas in present-day Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the 13th century.
  • The temple was partly destroyed during the invasions of Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysuru in the second half of the 18th century.
    • Between 1750 and 1790, today’s northern Kerala was invaded several times by the rulers of Mysuru, Hyder Ali and his son Tipu.
  • It remained abandoned for nearly 150 years.
  • Later, it was taken over by the Archaeological Survey of India, which declared it as a monument of national importance.
  • The town of Ganapathyvattam, on the route between Mysore and the ports of the Arabian Sea, also gained prominence as a trading center and a stopover.

The History of Sultan Bathery:

  • The armies of Tipu destroyed temples and churches and forced many in the path of the invasion to flee to escape forced religious conversion.
  • Tipu Sultan used the Maha Ganapathy temple in Sulthan Bathery as a battery or store for weapons for his army in the Malabar region (today’s North Kerala, including Wayanad).
  • This led to the British recording Ganapathyvattam as “[Tipu] Sultan’s Battery”, and the name survived as Sulthan Bathery.

CDP-SURAKSHA

  • 10 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The government has come up with a new platform to disburse subsidies to horticulture farmers under the Cluster Development Programme (CDP) — the Centre’s initiative to promote horticulture crops.

What is the CDP-SURAKSHA?

  • The CDP-SURAKSHA is essentially a digital platform.
    • SURAKSHA stands for “System for Unified Resource Allocation, Knowledge, and Secure Horticulture Assistance.”
  • The platform will allow an instant disbursal of subsidies to farmers in their bank accounts by utilizing the e-RUPI voucher from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
  • The CDP-SURAKSHA has features such as database integration with PM-KISAN, cloud-based server space from NIC, UIDAI validation, eRUPI integration, local government directory (LGD), content management system, geotagging, and geo-fencing.

How does the CDP-SURAKSHA work?

  • The platform allows access to farmers, vendors, implementing agencies (IA), cluster development agencies (CDAs), and officials of the National Horticulture Board (NHB).
  • A farmer can log in using their mobile number and place an order for planting materials such as seeds, seedlings, and plants based on their requirement.
  • Once the demand has been raised by the farmer, the system will ask them to contribute their share of the cost of planting material.
    • The subsidy amount paid by the government will appear on the screen automatically.
  • After the farmer pays their contribution, an e-RUPI voucher will be generated.
    • This voucher will then be received by a vendor, who will provide the required planting material to the farmer.
  • Once the ordered planting material is delivered to the farmer, they have to verify the delivery through geo-tagged photos and videos of their field.
    • It is only after the verification that the IA will release the money to the vendor for the e-RUPI voucher.
    • The vendor will be required to upload an invoice for the payment on the portal.
  • The IA will collect all the documents and share them with the CDA for subsidy release, then only the subsidy will be released to the IA.
  • However, the farmer, who raised the demand for the plant material using the platform, can avail of the subsidy at the first stage only.

What is e-RUPI?

  • The CDP-SURAKSHA platform uses e-RUPI vouchers from the NPCI.
  • The voucher is a one-time payment mechanism that can be redeemed without a card, digital payments app, or internet banking access, at the merchants accepting e-RUPI.
  • According to the NPCI, the e-RUPI can be shared with the beneficiaries for a specific purpose or activity by organizations or government via SMS or QR code.

What is the Cluster Development Program (CDP)?

  • The CDP is a component of the central sector scheme of NHB.
  • It is aimed at leveraging “the geographical specialization of horticulture clusters and promoting integrated and market-led development of pre-production, production, post-harvest, logistics, branding, and marketing activities.”
  • So far, 55 horticulture clusters have been identified, out of which 12 have been selected for the pilot.
  • These clusters are in different stages of development.
  • Four more clusters:
    • A floriculture cluster in West Bengal
    • Coconut clusters in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, and
    • White onion clusters in Gujarat
  • Each cluster will have an implementing agency and a cluster development agency (CDA).
  • According to the government, about 9 lakh hectares of area will be covered through all 55 clusters, covering 10 lakh farmers.
  • It is estimated that the initiative will attract private investment of Rs 8,250 crore, in addition to the government’s assistance, which is fixed according to the size of the cluster, up to Rs 25 crore for mini cluster (size up to 5,000 ha), up to Rs 50 crore for medium clusters (5,000 to 15,000), and up to Rs 100 crore for mega clusters (more than 15,000 ha).

C-Dome Defense System

  • 10 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Israel for the first time used a seaborne missile defense system to shoot down a drone approaching from the Red Sea that had set off sirens in the port city of Eilat.

What is the C-Dome Defense System?

  • The C-Dome is a naval version of Israel's Iron Dome air defense system, designed to protect against rocket and missile attacks.
  • Drawing from Iron Dome's technology, C-Dome shares its 90% effectiveness rate and utilizes radars to detect and destroy short-range rockets with its missiles.

Operational Deployment and Integration:

  • First unveiled in 2014 and declared operational in 2022, the C-Dome is mounted on Sa'ar 6-class corvettes and German-made warships.
  • It employs the same interceptor as the Iron Dome but differs in its integration with the ship's radar for target detection, ensuring full-circular vessel protection.

Combatting Modern Threats:

  • C-Dome's primary objective is to counter a wide range of modern maritime and coastal threats with high kill probability.
  • Its successful deployment and performance underscore its pivotal role in safeguarding Israel's naval interests and assets against evolving security challenges.

About Iron Dome:

  • Developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries, the Iron Dome is a cutting-edge air missile defense system that offers protection against short-range rockets by intercepting them above Israeli territory.
  • With its multi-rocket handling capacity, Iron Dome became operational in 2011 and features:
    • All-weather capabilities for day and night functionality
    • Launching versatility with various interceptor missiles
    • A range of approximately 40 miles
    • Portable design for deployment on ships or land
    • Adaptive defense through reloadable interceptors

Iron Dome consists of three key elements:

    • Radar system for detecting incoming rockets
    • Command-and-control mechanism to evaluate threat levels
    • Interceptors are designed to neutralize incoming rockets before impact
  • These components work in tandem to provide Israel with a robust and reliable defense against aerial threats.

Coordinated Lunar Time (LTC)

  • 10 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the US White House has officially instructed NASA to create a lunar time standard for international and private sector coordination on the Moon.

What is Coordinated Lunar Time (LTC)?

  • Coordinated Lunar Time (LTC) is a lunar-based time system being developed by NASA in collaboration with other government agencies to establish a standardized time zone for the Moon.
  • LTC aims to provide a precise timekeeping benchmark for lunar spacecraft and satellites, synchronizing communication between astronauts, bases, and Earth.

Importance of LTC:

  • As lunar exploration and commerce expand, a unified time standard becomes essential for managing operations, ensuring transaction reliability, and coordinating logistics.
  • Furthermore, LTC addresses the discrepancy in timekeeping between Earth and the Moon due to differences in gravity, as time ticks faster on the Moon, causing Earth-based clocks to lose an average of 58.7 microseconds per day.
  • Establishing LTC will prevent potential problems in spacecraft docking, data transfer, communication, and navigation.

How Will a Lunar Time Standard Be Established?

  • Like on Earth, atomic clocks can be deployed on the lunar surface to set a time standard.
  • These clocks have to be placed on the Moon at different locations since the Moon’s rotation and even local lumps of mass, called mascons, beneath the crust of the Moon affect the flow of time ever so slightly.
    • Mascons or mass concentrations are so dense that they alter the Moon’s local gravity field.
  • These effects are minor but the output from these clocks can be synthesized to give the Moon its own independent time, which can be tied back to UTC for seamless operations from Earth as well.

How Does Earth’s Time Standard Work?

  • Most of the clocks and time zones of the world are based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), set by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris, France.
  • UTC is essentially an internationally agreed-upon standard for world time.
  • It is tracked by a weighted average of more than 400 atomic clocks placed in different parts of the globe.
  • Atomic clocks measure time in terms of the resonant frequencies — the natural frequency of an object where it tends to vibrate at a higher amplitude — of atoms such as cesium-133.
  • In atomic time, a second is defined as the period in which a cesium atom vibrates 9,192,631,770 times.
  • As the vibration rates at which atoms absorb energy are highly stable and ultra-accurate, atomic clocks make for an excellent device for gauging the passage of time.
  • To obtain their local time, countries must subtract or add a certain number of hours from UTC depending on how many time zones they are away from 0 degree longitude meridian, also known as the Greenwich meridian.
  • If a country lies on the west of the Greenwich meridian, it has to subtract from the UTC, and if a country is located on the east of the meridian, it has to add.

Mangal Pandey

  • 09 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Sepoy Mangal Pandey likely didn't anticipate that his shot at the Sergeant Major of his regiment near Kolkata on March 29, 1857, would ignite a significant event in Modern Indian history—the Revolt of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Indian Independence.

Who was Mangal Pandey?

  • Mangal Pandey was a prominent historical figure who played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule.
  • Born in the kingdom of Awadh, which contributed significantly to the East India Company's army, Mangal Pandey joined the 34th Bengal Native Infantry at the age of 22.

Annexation of Awadh:

  • In 1856, the British annexed Awadh in a treacherous act that provoked widespread anger and resentment among the local population.
  • The deposition of the Nawab and the subsequent confiscation of villages from the taluqdars during the land revenue settlement of 1856 only exacerbated the situation.

Mangal Pandey's Mutiny and Execution:

  • The introduction of the Enfield rifle, which used animal fat (beef and pork) in its cartridges, was met with fierce resistance from soldiers like Mangal Pandey.
  • They perceived the use of these cartridges as a direct affront to their religious beliefs.
  • On March 29, 1857, Mangal Pandey openly revolted, firing at his Senior Sergeant Major in protest.
  • His act of defiance led to his capture, and he was subsequently hanged by order of a Court Martial at Lal Bagan in Barrackpore.
  • Mangal Pandey's sacrifice and bravery in the face of British oppression have earned him a lasting place in India's history as a symbol of resistance against colonial tyranny.

The Expansion of the 1857 Revolt and Its Lasting Impact:

  • The bravery exhibited by Mangal Pandey inspired a wave of resistance among other soldiers, notably those of the 7th Awadh Regiment.
  • On May 11, 1857, a group of Sepoys from Meerut refused to use the new cartridges and killed their European officers, marching to the Red Fort in an act of defiance.

The Legacy of the 1857 Revolt:

  • The revolt of 1857 had far-reaching consequences and reshaped the dynamics of British rule in India.
  • In response to the growing unrest, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act in 1858, effectively transferring all powers of the East India Company to the Crown.
    • Queen Victoria was subsequently declared the Sovereign of British India.
  • The Queen's Proclamation, announced by Lord Canning in 1858, introduced a new policy of perpetual support for the native Princes and pledged non-intervention in matters of religious beliefs in India.
    • This policy was further reinforced in 1877 during the Delhi Durbar, where Queen Victoria assumed the title of Qaiser-e-Hind, reflecting her position as the Empress of India.
  • The 1857 revolt, sparked by Mangal Pandey's actions, marked a turning point in India's struggle for independence and continues to be remembered as a pivotal moment in the nation's history.

Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)

  • 08 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has recently forecasted an 83% likelihood that the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) will move into a neutral range between April and June 2024.

What is the Oceanic Niño Index?

  • The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) primary indicator for monitoring El Niño and La Niña, which are opposite phases of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or “ENSO” for short.
    • NOAA is a US governmental agency responsible for monitoring and researching the Earth's oceans, atmosphere, and climate, and providing weather forecasts and environmental data.
  • The ONI is the difference between a three-month running average of the sea surface temperature averaged over an area of the ocean from 120 West to 170 West longitude along the equator and the long-term average for the same three months.
  • NOAA considers El Niño conditions to be present when the Oceanic Niño Index is +0.5 or higher, indicating the east-central tropical Pacific is significantly warmer than usual.
  • La Niña conditions exist when the Oceanic Niño Index is -0.5 or lower, indicating the region is cooler than usual.

What is El Niño and La Niña?

  • El Niño and La Niña are two natural climate phenomena that occur in the Pacific Ocean, characterized by fluctuations in ocean surface temperatures.
  • They are part of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, which impacts global weather patterns.
    • El Niño refers to the warming of ocean surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific.
      • This warming causes changes in atmospheric pressure and wind patterns, which can lead to drought conditions in parts of South America and heavy rainfall in other regions, such as the southern United States.
    • La Niña is the opposite phase of the ENSO cycle, characterized by cooler-than-average ocean surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific.
      • This results in the strengthening of normal trade winds, causing increased rainfall in some regions, such as Indonesia and northern Australia, and drier conditions in other areas, including the southwestern United States.

Effects of El Niño and La Niña on India:

  • Both El Niño and La Niña have significant impacts on India's climate, particularly during the monsoon season.
  • El Niño events often lead to weaker monsoon winds and reduced rainfall in India, causing droughts and impacting agricultural production.
  • On the other hand, La Niña events typically result in stronger monsoon winds and higher rainfall, leading to better agricultural yields.
    • However, excessive rainfall can also cause floods and landslides in some regions.
  • Monitoring and predicting the occurrence of El Niño and La Niña events is crucial for India's weather forecasting and agricultural planning.
  • Accurate predictions enable authorities to take necessary measures to mitigate potential adverse effects on agriculture and infrastructure.

Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)

  • 08 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

In its manifesto for the Lok Sabha election, the primary opposition party pledged to cease the weaponization of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) if entrusted with power.

About the Prevention of Money Laundering Act:

  • The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) constitutes the cornerstone of India's legal framework aimed at combating money laundering, with its enactment and enforcement starting from July 1, 2005.
  • Enacted by India's Parliament under Article 253, which authorizes legislation for implementing international conventions, the Act has three primary objectives:
    • Prevention and control of money laundering
    • Confiscation of proceeds derived from laundering, and
    • Addressing related issues within India.
  • The Act empowers the Director of the Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) and the Director (Enforcement) with exclusive and concurrent powers to enforce its provisions.
  • Subsequent amendments were made in 2009 and 2012 through the Prevention of Money Laundering (Amendment) Acts.

What is Money Laundering?

  • Money laundering is defined as the process through which an illegal fund, such as black money, is obtained from illegal activities and disguised as legal money, eventually portrayed as white money.
  • The money laundered is passed on through various channels or phases of conversions and transfers to make it legal and eventually reach a legally acceptable institution, like a bank.

Brief History of the PMLA:

  • In response to the emergence of global terrorism in the 1990s and the subsequent imperative to curb illicit financial flows, international efforts intensified, culminating in the establishment of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in 1989 to coordinate anti-money laundering endeavors worldwide.

Legislative Response:

  • Against this backdrop, India, as a member of FATF, was prompted to enact domestic legislation to combat money laundering following the United Nations General Assembly's political declaration in 1998 urging member states to implement national anti-money laundering measures.

Enactment Process:

  • The initial iteration of the Prevention of Money-Laundering Bill in 1998 was introduced by the NDA government, aiming to address various aspects such as the prevention of money laundering, confiscation of illicit proceeds, and establishment of coordinating agencies.
  • However, concerns regarding potential misuse of the proposed law led to bipartisan opposition, prompting referral to the Department-related Standing Committee on Finance.
    • Despite deliberations and amendments, the bill was eventually passed by Parliament in 2002, with enforcement commencing in 2005 following the formulation of accompanying rules under the subsequent UPA government.

Significant Amendments in the PMLA:

  • Over the years, the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) has undergone various revisions, but it was the amendments introduced in 2009 and 2012 that notably empowered the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to take coercive measures against politicians.
  • In 2009, amendments expanded the PMLA's scope to include 'Criminal conspiracy' under Section 120B of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), enabling the ED to intervene in cases alleging conspiracy, even if the primary offense isn't listed in the PMLA.
    • For instance, this broadening facilitated the ED's pursuit of cases like the land-grabbing accusations against a former Jharkhand CM, currently incarcerated in Ranchi.
  • Furthermore, the 2009 amendments granted the ED international jurisdiction for tracking laundered money, enhancing its global reach.
  • In 2012, the PMLA was amended to elevate the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (PC Act) to Part A of the statute's schedule from Part B.
    • This move imposed stricter bail conditions on corruption suspects, requiring courts to ascertain substantial evidence of guilt if bail opposition arises from the public prosecutor.
    • Part A of the schedule encompassed various serious offenses, including acts like waging war against the nation, drug trafficking, and violations of the PC Act, among others.

Supreme Court's Verdicts on the Constitutionality of PMLA:

  • In the case of Vijay Madanlal Choudhary & Ors vs Union of India (2022), a three-judge Bench of the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), which faced challenges in over 200 individual petitions.
  • One of the primary challenges was regarding the creation of an alternative criminal law system by the PMLA, as the Enforcement Directorate (ED) operates outside the ambit of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).
    • Not being classified as 'police', the ED is not bound by CrPC provisions for searches, seizures, arrests, and property attachments.
    • The judgment affirmed the ED's expansive powers, including the admissibility of statements made to it in court.
  • In Nikesh Tarachand Shah v Union of India (2017), the PMLA, akin to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), imposed stringent bail conditions, requiring accused individuals to prove the absence of a "prima facie" case against them and their commitment to refraining from future offenses.
    • The Supreme Court initially struck down these provisions as unconstitutional.
    • However, Parliament reintroduced them through an amendment to the PMLA via the Finance Act, of 2018, which the Supreme Court upheld in 2021.
  • While certain aspects of the 2021 ruling, such as the ED's non-obligation to disclose the ECIR (similar to an FIR in criminal cases), are currently under review, the ruling stands as the prevailing law of the land.

Use of Green Hydrogen in the Transport Sector

  • 06 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced a Rs-496-crore (until 2025-26) scheme to support pilot projects that either test the viability of green hydrogen as a vehicle fuel or develop secure supporting infrastructure such as refueling stations.

What is Green Hydrogen?

  • Green hydrogen is a form of hydrogen gas produced through a process called electrolysis, where water (H2O) is split into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) using electricity.
    • The electricity used in this process is generated from renewable sources such as solar, wind, or hydroelectric power, hence the term "green" hydrogen.
  • Unlike conventional methods of hydrogen production, which often rely on fossil fuels and emit greenhouse gases, green hydrogen production is considered environmentally friendly because it doesn't generate carbon dioxide emissions.
    • It can be used as a clean energy carrier in various sectors, including transportation, industry, and energy storage.
  • The production of green hydrogen is still relatively expensive compared to other forms of hydrogen production, but ongoing advancements in renewable energy technologies and electrolysis processes are expected to reduce costs and increase the viability of green hydrogen as a sustainable energy source in the future.

India's Push for Green Hydrogen in the Transportation Sector:

  • India is aggressively pushing for the adoption of green hydrogen in its transportation sector:
  • Major Indian commercial vehicle manufacturers like Tata Motors, Volvo Eicher, and Ashok Leyland are intensifying their efforts to develop hydrogen-powered trucks and buses.
  • Simultaneously, Indian energy companies are ramping up efforts to increase the production of green hydrogen while striving to decrease costs, making it competitive with other fuels.
  • Given its vast and expanding market for both vehicles and energy, India stands poised to reap substantial benefits from widespread green hydrogen adoption as a vehicular fuel.
  • India anticipates numerous advantages from this transition, including mitigating pollution, achieving climate objectives, and reducing reliance on expensive fossil fuel imports.
  • Moreover, India views this shift as a significant business opportunity, aiming to establish itself as a global hub for the production and export of green hydrogen.

Scheme for Use of Green Hydrogen in the Transport Sector:

  • The Scheme for Use of Green Hydrogen in the Transport Sector focuses on several key objectives:
    • Validating the technical feasibility and performance of green hydrogen as a transportation fuel.
    • Evaluating the economic viability of vehicles powered by green hydrogen.
    • Demonstrating the safe operation of hydrogen-powered vehicles and refueling stations.
  • Under the scheme, the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways will designate a scheme implementation agency responsible for inviting proposals for pilot projects.
  • Once selected, the chosen company or consortium will serve as the project's executing agency and must complete the pilot project within a two-year timeframe.
  • To support these initiatives, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) will consider approving viability gap funding (VGF) based on the recommendations of a Project Appraisal Committee.
    • The VGF amount will be determined by assessing the specific needs, merits, and feasibility of each project.

Advantages of Green Hydrogen in the Transportation Sector:

  • Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles utilize hydrogen through combustion, akin to traditional diesel and petrol vehicles, but without emitting carbon.
  • Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) convert hydrogen electrochemically into electricity, leaving water as the sole byproduct, offering a clean and efficient alternative.
  • While hydrogen ICE vehicles emit no carbon, studies indicate that converting hydrogen into electricity in a fuel cell is more energy efficient than burning it.
  • Unlike Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) where the battery is heavy, hydrogen FCEVs are typically lighter due to hydrogen being a lighter element.
  • This lightweight characteristic of hydrogen fuel cell technology makes it particularly promising for heavy-duty trucks, providing a viable alternative to EV battery technology.
  • Green hydrogen presents a significant opportunity to reduce carbon emissions in the transportation sector without compromising revenue-generating payload capacity, addressing both environmental and economic concerns.

Challenges to the Large-Scale Adoption of Green Hydrogen in the Transportation Sector:

  • Cost Prohibitions: The production cost of green hydrogen remains high, posing challenges to its viability as a fuel option.
    • To compete with Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), the cost of green hydrogen needs to be reduced to between $3 and $6.5 per kilogram by 2030.
    • Retail green hydrogen prices in California reached as high as $30 per kilogram in 2023, underscoring the current cost disparity.
    • However, ongoing technological innovations and scale-up efforts are expected to drive cost reductions soon.
  • Insufficient Infrastructure: Building hydrogen fueling stations for trucks can cost up to 72% more than those for battery electric trucks, according to the California Transportation Commission.
    • Challenges with supply complications and market factors have led to the closure of hydrogen refueling stations, exemplified by Shell's recent decision in California.
  • Storage and Transportation Challenges: Hydrogen storage requires high-pressure cylinders, which are costly and pose technical challenges.
    • Existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure is unsuitable for transporting hydrogen.
    • Specialized cylinders capable of safely storing green hydrogen are under discussion, necessitating infrastructure development.
  • Handling and Safety Concerns: Hydrogen's flammability necessitates stringent safety protocols and infrastructure at refueling stations.
    • Developing robust safety standards is imperative before widespread adoption can occur.
  • Long-Term Viability: Advancements in battery technologies are continuously improving the weight and efficiency of EV batteries, potentially challenging the long-term viability of green hydrogen-powered vehicles, particularly in heavy-duty commercial applications.

3D Cosmic Map May Open Window To Dark Energy

  • 05 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

An international team of researchers has just released the most comprehensive “three-dimensional” map of the universe, which, scientists hope, could reveal some clues about dark energy, the mysterious force that is believed to be causing the universe to expand uncontrollably.

Context:

  • An international team of researchers has unveiled an extensive 3D map of the universe, aiming to unlock secrets about dark energy, the enigmatic force thought to be driving the universe's rapid expansion.
  • Led by Shadab Alam from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai, the team collaborated on this groundbreaking project, utilizing the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), a specialized tool capable of simultaneously gathering light from 5,000 galaxies when attached to a telescope.
  • The DESI collaboration has measured that the expansion rate of the universe was increasing by 68.5 km per second after every 3.26 million light-years of distance, a unit astronomers define as megaparsec.

About Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI):

  • The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is a remarkable tool designed to capture light from an impressive 5,000 galaxies simultaneously when attached to a telescope.
  • This collaborative effort involves over 900 researchers from institutions worldwide, with the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) representing India's sole participating institution.
  • DESI, stationed atop the Mayall 4-Meter Telescope in Arizona, United States, has enabled researchers to analyze light emissions from an astounding six million galaxies, some dating as far back as 11 billion years ago.
  • This wealth of data has facilitated the creation of the most intricate map of the universe to date.

Dark Energy Vs Dark Matter:

  • Dark energy and dark matter are two distinct yet mysterious components of the universe, with vastly different properties and effects on cosmic structures.

Nature and Composition:

  • Dark Energy: Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and is responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe.
    • It is often associated with a cosmological constant or Einstein's "cosmological antigravity."
    • Dark energy is thought to exert a repulsive force that counteracts gravity on cosmic scales, driving galaxies away from each other at an accelerating rate.
    • However, its precise nature remains one of the greatest mysteries in modern physics.
    • It's important to note that dark energy does not matter; rather, it's an energy density inherent in space itself.
  • Dark Matter: Dark matter is a form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect electromagnetic radiation, making it invisible and detectable only through its gravitational effects.
    • Unlike dark energy, dark matter exerts an attractive gravitational force, influencing the motion of galaxies and other cosmic structures.
    • It interacts with ordinary matter and with itself only through gravity and possibly through weak nuclear force, but not through electromagnetic forces like photons.
    • Various astrophysical observations strongly suggest the existence of dark matter, but its precise composition and particle nature are still unknown.

Effects on the Universe:

  • Dark Energy: The primary effect of dark energy is to drive the accelerated expansion of the universe.
    • This expansion results in the increasing separation between galaxies over time. Dark energy is thought to dominate the energy density of the universe, comprising approximately 68% of the total mass-energy content.
  • Dark Matter: Dark matter plays a crucial role in the formation and structure of galaxies and larger cosmic structures.
    • Its gravitational influence binds galaxies together and provides the framework for the large-scale cosmic web.
    • While dark matter does not emit or interact with light, its presence can be inferred from gravitational lensing, galaxy rotation curves, and the large-scale distribution of matter in the universe.
    • Dark matter is estimated to constitute about 27% of the total mass-energy content of the universe.

Detectability:

  • Dark Energy: Dark energy is challenging to detect directly because it does not interact with electromagnetic radiation.
    • Its existence is inferred from the observational data related to the accelerating expansion of the universe, such as measurements of distant supernovae and the cosmic microwave background radiation.
  • Dark Matter: Dark matter is also challenging to detect directly due to its non-interaction with light.
    • However, its gravitational effects on visible matter and radiation allow astronomers to indirectly infer its presence.
    • Various experimental efforts, such as those involving particle accelerators and underground detectors, aim to detect dark matter particles directly, though success has not yet been achieved.

Project Akashteer

  • 05 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Army has started the induction of control and reporting systems under ‘Project Akashdeer’ to bolster its air defense capabilities.

What is 'Project Akashteer'?

  • 'Project Akashteer' is a cutting-edge initiative designed to automate air defense control and reporting processes by digitizing them.
  • Developed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) as part of the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative, this project is poised to significantly enhance the operational efficiency and integration of the Army's air defense mechanisms.
  • By integrating radar and communication systems at all levels into a unified network, 'Akashteer' aims to deliver an unprecedented level of situational awareness and control.
  • This will enable swift engagement of hostile targets, significantly reduce the risk of fratricide, and ensure the safety of friendly aircraft in contested airspace.
    • A noteworthy aspect of 'Akashteer' is its emphasis on mobility and resilience.
  • The system's control centers, designed to be vehicle-based and mobile, can maintain operational capabilities even in challenging communication environments.
    • The system will facilitate the achievement of complete automation of air defense operations and significantly enhance the air defense posture of India.
  • The induction of the systems has commenced in the Indian Army's Corps of Army Air Defense, marking a significant move towards enhancing India's defense capabilities and technology absorption.

How it will help India's air defense system?

  • The 'Akashteer Command and Control Systems will significantly enhance India's air defense capabilities in several ways:
  • Efficiency and Integration: By digitizing Air Defence Control and Reporting processes, 'Akashteer' will usher in unprecedented levels of efficiency and integration.
    • This will enable the Indian Army to respond swiftly to hostile threats while minimizing the risk of friendly fire incidents.
  • Situational Awareness: 'Akashteer' integrates radar and communication systems into a unified network, providing the Indian Army with unprecedented situational awareness.
    • This will enable them to detect and engage hostile targets more effectively, ensuring the safety of friendly aircraft in contested airspace.
  • Mobility and Resilience: The system's vehicle-based and mobile Control Centers are designed to maintain operational capabilities even in challenging communication environments.
    • This ensures that the Indian Army can operate effectively in diverse terrain and under adverse conditions.
  • Automation: Overall, the deployment of 'Akashteer' signifies a leap towards complete automation of air defense operations.
    • This will enhance the Indian Army's ability to defend its airspace, ensuring a safer and more secure future for the country.
  • The Indian Army has declared 2024 as the 'Year of Technology Absorption' and is undertaking various initiatives to induct niche technology and systems into its inventory.
  • The induction of 'Akashteer' control centers is one of the major milestones achieved by the Army on its path to transformation to meet the current and futuristic requirements of complex air defense operations.

Ring of Fire

  • 04 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Nine people died and more than 1,000 were injured in Taiwan after the island was hit by its biggest earthquake in at least 25 years on Wednesday (April 4) morning.

What is the Ring of Fire?

  • The Ring of Fire is essentially a string of hundreds of volcanoes and earthquake sites that run along the Pacific Ocean.
  • It is a semicircle or horseshoe in shape and stretches nearly 40,250 kilometers.
  • The Ring of Fire traces the meeting points of numerous tectonic plates, including the Eurasian, North American, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Caribbean, Nazca, Antarctic, Indian, Australian, Philippine, and other smaller plates, which all encircle the large Pacific Plate, according to a report by National Geographic.
  • It runs through 15 more countries including the USA, Indonesia, Mexico, Japan, Canada, Guatemala, Russia, Chile, Peru, and the Philippines.

Why is the Ring of Fire Vulnerable to Earthquakes?

  • The Ring of Fire witnesses so many earthquakes due to constant sliding past, colliding into or moving above or below each other of the tectonic plates.
  • As the edges of these plates are quite rough, they get stuck with one another while the rest of the plate keeps moving.
  • An earthquake occurs when the plate has moved far enough and the edges unstick on one of the faults.

Why are There so Many Volcanoes in the Ring of Fire?

  • The existence of volcanoes in the Ring of Fire is also due to the movement of tectonic plates.
  • Many of the volcanoes have been formed through a process known as subduction.
  • It takes place when two plates collide with each other and the heavier plate is shoved under each other, creating a deep trench.
  • “When a ‘downgoing’ oceanic plate [like the Pacific Plate] is shoved into a hotter mantle plate, it heats, volatile elements mix, and this produces the magma.
  • The magma then rises through the overlying plate and spurts out at the surface,” which leads to the formation of volcanoes, according to a report by DW.
  • Most of the subduction zones on the planet are located in the Ring of Fire and that’s why it hosts a large number of volcanoes.

Why is Taiwan so Exposed to Earthquakes?

  • Taiwan lies along the Pacific “Ring of Fire,” the line of seismic faults encircling the Pacific Ocean where most of the world’s earthquakes occur.
  • The area is particularly vulnerable to temblors due to the tension accumulated from the interactions of two tectonic plates, the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate, which may lead to sudden releases in the form of earthquakes.
  • The region’s mountainous landscape can magnify the ground shaking, leading to landslides.

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods

  • 04 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the Uttarakhand government has constituted two teams of experts to evaluate the risk posed by five potentially hazardous glacial lakes in the region.

What is Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)?

  • A GLOF denotes the sudden release of meltwater from a moraine or ice-dammed glacial lake, typically due to dam failure.
  • These events pose significant hazards, often resulting in catastrophic flooding downstream, leading to substantial loss of life and property.
  • GLOF can be triggered by several factors, including earthquakes, heavy rains, and avalanches.

Key Features of GLOFs:

    • Sudden water releases.
    • Rapid occurrences lasting hours to days.
    • Large downstream river discharges.

Threats Posed by GLOFs in the Himalayan Regions:

  • Climate Change Impact: Climate change-induced glacier melt accelerates the formation or expansion of glacial lakes, heightening the risk of GLOFs.
  • Vulnerability of Moraines and Dams: Glacial lakes situated behind unstable moraines or natural dams are prone to breaching, as evidenced by events like the Kedarnath floods in 2013.
  • Immediate Flood Risks: Abrupt water releases trigger massive floods, causing extensive damage to homes, and infrastructure, and triggering landslides and sedimentation.

Mitigation Strategies for GLOFs:

  • Risk Assessment and Zonation: Identify high-risk areas and implement necessary mitigation measures, including mapping and modeling, as outlined in the 'Guidelines for Preparation of Disaster Management Plans for Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF)'.
  • Early Warning Systems: Establish monitoring networks with sensors to detect changes in glacial lakes and provide timely warnings to vulnerable communities.
  • Utilization of Technology: Leverage remote sensing and GIS-based tools for monitoring glacial lakes and surrounding areas.
  • Regulation of Construction: Implement construction codes to regulate development in high-risk zones, exemplified by the 'Guidelines for the Construction of Earthquake Resistant Buildings' developed by the NDMA.
  • Capacity Building Initiatives: Enhance skills and resources through training programs conducted by institutions like the National Centre for Disaster Management, in collaboration with the private sector and NGOs.
  • Infrastructure Development: Invest in infrastructure to redirect potential floodwaters away from communities and critical infrastructure.

Wadge Bank

  • 03 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

While India 'gave away' rights to Katchatheevu, in a subsequent pact, it secured sovereign rights in Wadge Bank near Kanyakumari.

What is Wadge Bank?

  • Wadge Bank is a 10,000 square kilometer submarine plateau, of the sea south of Kanyakumari that is rich in biodiversity and considered India’s richest fishery resource.
  • Wadge Bank, located near Cape Comorin, is home to more than 60 species of ornamental fish and other oceanic animals.
  • It is a productive coastal area where three seas meet and tides create a rich fishing ground from May to October.
  • Moreover, it is an invaluable treasure that indigenous people and communities depend on for food and resources, and is important to their culture.

How did India get control of the Wadge Bank?

  • Wadge Bank came to India as part of the second of the two accords signed with Sri Lanka in the 1970s.
  • Following the 1974 agreement under which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ‘gave away’ Katchatheevu island to Sri Lanka, New Delhi, and Colombo signed another pact in 1976 under which the former bought Wadge Bank.
    • On March 23, 1976, India and Sri Lanka signed the agreement on the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Mannar and the Bay of Bengal as part of which it was agreed that the Wadge Bank “lies within the exclusive economic zone of India, and India shall have sovereign rights over the area and its resources”.
  • In the general description of Wadge Bank annexed with the treaty shared with the United Nations, it is described as “outside the territorial waters of India”.
  • The Wadge Bank near Kanyakumari is rich in biodiversity and considered India’s richest fishery resource.
  • As per the 1976 pact, Sri Lankan fishermen can’t engage in activities here.
  • ??But at the request of Sri Lanka and as a gesture of goodwill, India agreed that Lankan fishing vessels licensed by the Government of India could fish in Wadge Bank for three years from its establishment as an exclusive economic zone of India with the stipulation that only six such vessels can fish and their catch cannot exceed 2,000 tonnes in a year.
  • And, again at the request of the Sri Lankan government, India agreed to provide Colombo with 2,000 tonnes of fish of the quality, species, and at the price mutually agreed by the two sides for five years after the Lankans stopped fishing at the Wadge Bank.

Leap Second

  • 02 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

Glaciers are melting so fast that we may need to delay adding that 'negative leap second' to keep clocks aligned with Earth's rotation.

What Is a Leap Second?

  • Leap seconds serve as a tool to synchronize global timekeeping with the Earth's gradually slowing rotation due to factors such as the melting and refreezing of ice caps.
  • Introduced in the early 1970s, leap seconds are added periodically to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align it with the Earth's actual rotation time.
  • UTC is derived from the combined output of over 300 highly precise Atomic clocks worldwide, which offer accuracy within 1 second over millions of years.
  • In contrast, Astronomical Time (UT1) corresponds to the Earth's rotation and determines day length.
  • The primary reason for leap second additions is the irregularity of Earth's rotation, influenced by various factors like the moon's gravitational forces, causing ocean tides.
  • This creates a gradual desynchronization between UTC and UT1. When the discrepancy between UTC and UT1 nears 0.9 seconds, a leap second is added to UTC, ensuring global timekeeping remains aligned with the Earth's rotation.
  • Since its introduction, 27 leap seconds have been added to UTC, typically on June 30 or December 31.
  • The leap second system continues to serve as an essential mechanism for maintaining synchronization between atomic timekeeping and the Earth's rotation.

What is Negative Leap Second?

  • A negative leap second is a proposed time adjustment involving the subtraction of one second from our clocks to synchronize them with Earth's rotation.
    • Unlike positive leap seconds, which are added to account for slower rotation, a negative leap second would address the Earth spinning faster than usual.
  • So far, no negative leap second has been implemented since Earth's rotation has generally been slow in recent decades.
  • However, as Earth's rotation has recently accelerated, timekeepers are considering using negative leap seconds for the first time.
  • The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) closely monitors the Earth's rotation and determines when to add or subtract leap seconds.
  • A decision to implement a negative leap second would serve as a corrective measure, ensuring our timekeeping systems remain aligned with the planet's rotation.
  • While negative leap seconds have yet to be utilized, they offer a potential solution to the challenge posed by variations in Earth's rotational speed, ensuring the ongoing synchronization of our timekeeping methods with the planet's natural rhythms.

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)

  • 02 Apr 2024

Why is it in the News?

The Congress has hailed as an “important first step” the Supreme Court’s notice to the Election Commission and the Centre on a plea seeking a complete count of VVPAT slips and said the matter should be decided before the Lok Sabha polls commence.

What is the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)?

  • The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail, or VVPAT system, was first introduced in 2014 for the first time during the 2014 Lok Sabha Elections.
  • The ECI conducted pilot tests of VVPAT systems in a few constituencies in 2011, and after successful trials, VVPAT was gradually deployed across all polling stations in subsequent elections.
  • It is connected to Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) and enables voters to confirm that their votes were cast as intended.