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Scientists at Colossal Biosciences, a US-based biotechnology company, have genetically engineered mice with mammoth-like traits, dubbed “woolly mice”, as part of a broader project aiming to revive the extinct woolly mammoth.

What are Woolly Mice?

Woolly mice are genetically modified laboratory mice that express specific traits observed in woolly mammoths, such as thick, wavy fur and cold adaptation features. These traits were introduced to validate the feasibility of editing multiple genes for the potential de-extinction of the woolly mammoth.

How Were Woolly Mice Created?

• Methodology:
  • Scientists compared ancient DNA of woolly mammoths with modern Asian elephants (their closest living relatives) to identify unique cold-adaptation genetic variants.
  • Selected 10 mammoth-associated gene variants related to hair length, thickness, color, and fat metabolism were mapped to their equivalents in lab mice.
  • Using CRISPR gene-editing technology, seven key genes were edited across eight changes in mouse embryos.
• Key Gene Edits:
  • FGF5: Regulated hair cycle, producing hair three times longer than normal.
  • MC1R: Altered coat color to golden, similar to mammoths.
  • FABP2: Modified lipid metabolism for potential cold resistance.
  • Additional genes affected hair texture, follicle structure, and whisker curling.

Significance of the Experiment

• Proof of Concept: Demonstrates that mammoth-like traits can be recreated in living organisms through targeted gene editing.
• Model for Cold Adaptation Studies: Offers insights into thermoregulation and climate resilience, useful for biodiversity research.
• Potential for Conservation: Highlights the emerging role of gene editing in preventing extinctions and enhancing species’ adaptability.

Scientific and Ethical Concerns

• Some experts argue that the research lacks conclusive evidence that the mice are truly cold-adapted.
• Critics note that while physical traits were achieved, this does not equate to reviving a mammoth, but rather mimicking select features in a different organism.
• There are broader debates on whether such de-extinction efforts are beneficial or divert resources from conserving existing endangered species.