In News:

Researchers at IIT Bombay, led by Viren Menezes from the Department of Aerospace Engineering, have developed a shockwave-based, needle-free syringe to deliver drugs painlessly and safely. The research was published in the Journal of Biomedical Materials and Devices.

Key Features of Shock Syringe:

• Unlike traditional syringes, the shock syringe uses high-energy shockwaves (traveling faster than the speed of sound) to deliver drugs, without the need for needles.
• The device is designed to reduce pain, tissue damage, and infection risk.
• The shock syringe aims to eliminate the discomfort and fear associated with needles.

How the Shock Syringe Works:

• The shock syringe is slightly longer than a ballpoint pen and contains a micro shock tube with three sections: driver, driven, and drug holder.
• Pressurized nitrogen gas is applied to the driver section, which creates a microjet of liquid drug. The microjet travels at speeds nearly twice as fast as a commercial airplane.
• The drug is then delivered through the nozzle of the syringe, penetrating the skin rapidly and gently.

Design Considerations:

• The syringe's nozzle has an opening of 125 μm (approximately the width of a human hair), ensuring a balance between precision and speed.
• Continuous monitoring of pressure ensures safe and effective drug delivery with minimal skin damage.

Testing and Results:

• Lab tests were conducted on rats, injecting three types of drugs:
  • Anaesthetics (Ketamine-Xylazine): Shock syringe produced similar results to needles in terms of effect onset and duration.
  • Viscous drugs (e.g., Terbinafine): The shock syringe outperformed needles, delivering the drug more deeply into the skin layers.
  • Insulin for diabetic rats: The shock syringe lowered blood sugar levels more effectively and sustained the effect for a longer period.
• The skin analysis revealed less damage and inflammation with the shock syringe compared to traditional needles.

Advantages:

• Painless drug delivery: Patients experience little to no discomfort.
• Reduced tissue damage: The shock syringe causes less skin trauma and inflammation.
• Faster healing: Wounds from the injection heal quicker compared to traditional needles.
• Better drug absorption: Especially for viscous drugs, the shock syringe delivers more efficient and deeper drug penetration.

Potential Applications:

• The shock syringe could revolutionize immunization drives, making vaccinations faster and more efficient.
• It could significantly reduce the risk of bloodborne diseases caused by needle-stick injuries.
• The device is designed to perform over 1,000 injections, ensuring cost-effectiveness and reliability with minimal nozzle replacements.

Future Prospects:

• While promising, the future of shock syringes in clinical use depends on:
  • Further innovation for human use.
  • Obtaining regulatory approval.
  • Ensuring the device’s affordability and accessibility.

In News:

NASA scientists announced that the Parker Solar Probe survived the closest-ever approach to the Sun. The craft was operating normally after it passed just 6.1 million km from the solar surface.

About the Parker Solar Probe:

• Launched: August 12, 2018, as part of NASA’s Living With a Star program.
• Named After: Eugene Newman Parker, a solar astrophysicist, marking the first NASA mission named after a living researcher.
• Mission Objectives:
  • To study the Sun’s corona and the solar wind, investigating why the corona is hotter than the Sun’s surface.
  • To explore the origins of solar winds and high-energy particles that impact space weather.
  • To understand the structure and dynamics of plasma and magnetic fields around the Sun.
  • To examine the mechanisms behind the acceleration and transportation of energetic particles.

Technological Feats:

• Heat Shield: Equipped with a 4.5-inch carbon-composite shield that withstands temperatures up to 1,377°C (2,500°F) while keeping the instruments cool at about 29.4°C (85°F).
• Speed: Travels at a speed of 692,000 km/h (430,000 mph), making it the fastest human-made object.
• Venus Flybys: Uses gravitational assists from Venus to gradually reduce its orbit and get closer to the Sun.

Historic Milestone:

• Closest Approach: On December 24, 2024, Parker Solar Probe reached a historic distance of 6.1 million km from the Sun's surface, the closest any human-made object has ever been.
  • Comparison: If the Earth and Sun were 1 meter apart, Parker Solar Probe would be just 4 cm from the Sun.
  • Temperature: At its closest, it endured temperatures up to 1,377°C.

Significance of the Mission:

• Scientific Contributions:
  • Solar Wind: Helps scientists understand the origins of solar winds, which affect space weather and Earth’s technological systems.
  • Corona Heating: Investigates why the Sun's corona is much hotter than its surface (a long-standing astrophysical mystery).
  • Space Weather: Provides critical data for predicting space weather events that can impact satellites, communication systems, and power grids on Earth.
• Practical Implications:
  • Improves understanding of space weather, potentially aiding in the protection of Earth’s infrastructure from solar storms.
• Technological and Engineering Marvel:
  • Demonstrates advanced spacecraft technology that can withstand extreme conditions close to the Sun.

Recent Developments:

• Data Collection: As the probe passed through the Sun’s outer atmosphere (the corona), it collected valuable data expected to answer fundamental questions about solar behavior.
• Communication: Despite the extreme proximity to the Sun, the probe sent back a signal on December 26, confirming its status.

Key Dates:

• Launch: August 12, 2018.
• Closest Approach: December 24, 2024.
• Data Expected: Detailed telemetry data on January 1, 2025.

In News:

A recent study published in Science Advances has offered fresh insights into the timing and duration of the Ocean Anoxic Event 1a (OAE 1a).

What is OAE 1a?

• Definition: A period during the Cretaceous Period (~119.5 million years ago) when Earth's oceans became oxygen-depleted (anoxic), causing significant disruption in marine ecosystems.
• Cause: Triggered by massive volcanic eruptions that released large amounts of CO?, leading to global warming and depletion of oxygen in oceans. This caused the formation of anoxic marine basins.
• Impact: The depletion of oxygen led to the extinction of marine species, especially plankton, and the formation of black shales (organic carbon-rich layers).

Anoxic Marine Basins:

• Characteristics: These are bodies of water with extremely low or absent oxygen, allowing certain microbes and fungi to thrive, while most aerobic organisms perish.
• Significance: Anoxic basins contribute to carbon sequestration by slowing down the decay of organic material, helping in the reduction of atmospheric CO? levels. Examples include the Black Sea, Cariaco Basin, and Orca Basin.

Recent Study Findings (Published in Science Advances):

• Timing: OAE 1a began approximately 119.5 million years ago and lasted for about 1.1 million years, with a long recovery period for ocean ecosystems.
• Methodology: The study used isotopic analysis of volcanic tuffs from Japan's Hokkaido Island to pinpoint the timing of the event.
• Volcanic Eruptions: The study confirmed that volcanic eruptions, particularly from the Ontong Java Nui complex, released CO?, triggering oceanic oxygen depletion.
• Relevance to Modern Climate Change: The study draws parallels between past volcanic CO? emissions and current human-induced warming, warning that rapid modern warming could cause similar disruptions in marine ecosystems and potentially lead to a Holocene extinction.

Holocene Extinction:

• Definition: The ongoing Sixth Mass Extinction, primarily driven by human activities like overexploitation, habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and invasive species.
• Impact: Current extinction rates are 1,000-10,000 times higher than natural rates, with severe consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Key Mass Extinction Events:

• Permian Extinction (~250 million years ago): Linked to volcanic activity, global warming, and ocean anoxia, leading to the extinction of over 95% of species.
• Cretaceous Extinction (66 million years ago): Caused by an asteroid impact, exacerbated by volcanic eruptions, leading to the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs.
• Holocene Extinction: Caused by human activities, with long-term implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Efforts to Mitigate Extinction:

• Climate Action: Limiting global warming to 1.5°C as per the Paris Agreement.
• Biodiversity Conservation: The 30X30 Initiative, aiming to conserve 30% of lands and oceans globally by 2030.
• Sustainable Practices: Encouraging sustainable resource management to reduce habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation.

In News:

Google’s GenCast AI is an advanced weather forecasting model developed by DeepMind that uses machine learning techniques to provide more accurate and longer-term weather predictions compared to traditional forecasting methods.

How GenCast Works:

• Training on Reanalysis Data:
  • GenCast is trained on 40 years of reanalysis data (from 1979 to 2019). This data combines historical weather observations with modern weather forecasts, providing a comprehensive picture of past weather and climate conditions.
• Ensemble Forecasting with AI:
  • Unlike traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, which run simulations based on physical laws and initial conditions, GenCast uses an ensemble forecasting approach where multiple predictions are generated by an AI model, not an NWP model.
  • It produces a range of possible weather scenarios, each with different starting conditions, to reflect the uncertainty in weather forecasts.
• Neural Network and Diffusion Model:
  • GenCast uses a neural network architecture with 41,162 nodes and 240,000 edges that process weather data. Each node accepts data, manipulates it, and passes it to another node, helping to refine and improve predictions.
  • It uses a diffusion model, a type of AI model commonly used in generative AI. The model takes noisy input data, processes it through 30 refinement steps, and gradually produces a clearer forecast (de-noising the data).
  • The result is a probabilistic forecast, such as "there's a 25% chance of rain in Chennai on December 25," rather than a deterministic forecast, which would provide exact quantities like "5 mm of rain."
• Faster Processing:
  • The entire forecast process is incredibly efficient. GenCast can generate 50 ensemble forecasts at once with a spatial resolution of 0.25° x 0.25° (latitude-longitude) and temporal resolution of 12 hours.
  • Using Google's TPU v5 units, it can produce these forecasts in just 8 minutes—far faster than traditional supercomputers, which can take several hours to run NWP simulations.

Key Features of GenCast:

• Better Performance on Extreme Weather: GenCast has shown superior accuracy in predicting extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones, compared to traditional NWP models like those from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).
• Probabilistic Forecasting: GenCast produces probabilistic forecasts, offering predictions like the likelihood of rain rather than precise measures, which helps with better preparation, especially for extreme weather events.
• Long-Term Forecasting: GenCast can generate forecasts for up to 15 days, which is longer than most traditional models, and is particularly useful for anticipating events like wind power generation and tropical cyclone tracking.
• Efficiency: GenCast's speed and resource efficiency set it apart from traditional NWP models, reducing forecast times dramatically.

Comparison with Traditional Weather Models:

• Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP): Traditional NWP models rely on solving complex physical equations to simulate the atmosphere and provide deterministic forecasts. These models require significant computational power and are typically limited to weather predictions for about a week.
• GenCast's Probabilistic Forecasts: In contrast, GenCast offers probabilistic predictions, making it better suited for providing early warnings about extreme weather, with better lead times for disaster preparation.

Future Developments:

While GenCast is impressive, Google acknowledges the importance of traditional NWP models for both supplying initial conditions and providing the foundational data needed to train AI models like GenCast. Ongoing collaboration with weather agencies is crucial to enhancing AI-based methods for weather prediction.

Overall, GenCast represents a significant leap forward in the use of AI for weather forecasting, with potential for greater accuracy, efficiency, and longer-term predictions compared to current methods.

In News:

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is set to launch its Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission, a key milestone in India’s space capabilities. The mission will deploy two 220-kg satellites, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), into a 740 km orbit using the PSLV-C60 rocket. SpaDeX aims to demonstrate the technology for satellite docking, a critical component for future space missions such as lunar exploration and the development of India's own space station, Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS).

Key Objectives of SpaDeX Mission:

• Primary Objective: To demonstrate the rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft (SDX01 and SDX02) autonomously.
• Secondary Objectives: Include testing electric power transfer between the docked spacecraft, composite spacecraft control, and post-docking payload operations.

The mission will see the two spacecraft gradually approach each other, performing a series of maneuvers, starting at a 20 km distance and closing to millimeter-scale distances before docking. Once docked, they will execute secondary tasks, such as scientific payload operations, using advanced technologies including high-resolution cameras, multi-spectral payloads, and radiation monitors.

Technological Innovations:

• Docking Mechanism: An indigenous, motor-driven, low-impact, androgynous docking system with capture, extension/retraction, and rigidization mechanisms. Both spacecraft are equipped with identical docking systems to simplify operations.
• Advanced Sensors: The spacecraft will use a Laser Range Finder (LRF), Proximity & Docking Sensors (PDS), and Rendezvous Sensors for precise distance measurement and to guide the docking process.
• Inter-Satellite Communication: The spacecraft will employ autonomous inter-satellite links (ISL) for real-time communication and data sharing.
• RODP Processor: This system, based on GNSS, ensures accurate position and velocity determination for the spacecraft during the docking procedure.

Significance of the SpaDeX Mission:

• Technological Milestone: SpaDeX positions India as the fourth country, after the US, Russia, and China, to develop space docking technology.
• Space Exploration: The successful demonstration will facilitate future space exploration, including Chandrayaan-4 and interplanetary missions.
• Modular Space Infrastructure: Space docking is essential for building multi-modular space stations, which allows the construction of large structures in space and enhances flexibility for future missions.
• Satellite Servicing: Docking enables satellite servicing, including repairs, refueling, and upgrades, which increases the operational lifespan of satellites.

SpaDeX Mission for India’s Space Station:

The SpaDeX mission is a crucial step towards India’s plans for the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS). This will be India’s first modular space station, designed to conduct advanced scientific research, including in life sciences and medicine. BAS is expected to begin operations by 2035, and the development of docking technology is pivotal for its assembly and operation.

Mission Launch Details:

The PSLV-C60 rocket is set to launch the SpaDeX mission from Sriharikota. The mission is a demonstration of India's growing space capabilities and its indigenous technologies, including the Bharatiya Docking System (BDS).

Challenges and Technological Requirements:

The docking process requires extremely precise maneuvering, as the two spacecraft will be traveling at speeds of 28,800 km/h and must reduce their relative velocity to just 0.036 km/h before docking. This level of precision is crucial for future missions involving spacecraft servicing, crew transfers, and the construction of space infrastructure like BAS.

In addition to the docking demonstration, SpaDeX will carry 24 academic and startup payloads aboard the PSLV’s fourth stage, POEM (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-4), offering a valuable platform for microgravity research.

Future Prospects:

The success of SpaDeX will pave the way for more complex missions, such as India’s lunar and Mars exploration programs, the development of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station, and international collaborations in satellite servicing and space infrastructure.

Recently, the Union Minister Shri Bhupender Yadav inaugurated two groundbreaking facilities at the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun: the Advanced Facility for Pashmina Certification and the Next Generation DNA Sequencing (NGS) Facility. These facilities are designed to enhance India’s capabilities in wildlife conservation and support the growth of traditional crafts like Pashmina weaving.

Key Highlights

Next Generation DNA Sequencing Facility (NGS)

The NGS facility is a cutting-edge research tool that enables the high-throughput analysis of entire genomes. This technology is pivotal in studying wildlife genetics and biodiversity by decoding millions of DNA sequences at once.

Applications in Wildlife Conservation:

• Genetic Diversity and Health: NGS helps assess the genetic diversity of species and their population health.
• Evolutionary Relationships: It aids in understanding the evolutionary history and unique adaptations of species.
• Disease Surveillance: The technology supports studying pathogen-host interactions and monitoring diseases affecting wildlife.
• Combating Illegal Wildlife Trade: NGS can help detect illegal wildlife trade and the movement of endangered species.
• Impact of Climate Change: It is crucial for studying how climate change affects genetic diversity and species survival.

This facility positions WII as a leading hub for molecular research, enabling more precise conservation efforts and studies on endangered species like tigers, elephants, and riverine dolphins.

Advanced Facility for Pashmina Certification

Launched under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model between WII and the Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH), the Pashmina Certification Centre (PCC) has been significantly upgraded. The facility now includes a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) for advanced wool testing and certification.

Key Features of the Upgraded Facility:

• Fiber Analysis: The SEM-EDS technology ensures accurate identification and certification of Pashmina fibers, free from any prohibited materials.
• Unique ID and E-certificates: Each certified product is tagged with a unique ID and e-certificate, enhancing traceability and authenticity.
• Global Trade Facilitation: The certification process eliminates delays at exit points, ensuring smoother international trade for certified Pashmina products.

The PCC has already certified over 15,000 Pashmina shawls and plays a crucial role in supporting the livelihoods of artisans and weavers in Jammu & Kashmir. By ensuring the authenticity of Pashmina, the facility also helps combat the illegal trade of Shahtoosh wool, which is harmful to the Tibetan antelope (Chiru).

Significance for Artisans and Conservation:

• Support for Artisans: The upgraded facility helps increase the credibility of Pashmina products in global markets, benefiting local artisans and weavers.
• Conservation Impact: By certifying genuine Pashmina products, the initiative indirectly contributes to the conservation of the Tibetan antelope by reducing illegal poaching and trade.
• Sustainability: The PCC is a self-sustaining model that not only supports conservation but also generates revenue and creates job opportunities.

Overview of the Genome India Project

The Genome India Project is a gene mapping initiative launched by the Department of Biotechnology, aiming to create a comprehensive database of genetic variations across the Indian population. The project focuses on understanding genetic diversity and its implications for health, agriculture, and biodiversity conservation in India.

Goals:

• Comprehensive Gene Mapping: The project seeks to map the genetic variations found within India’s diverse population, enabling better healthcare and disease management.
• Conservation and Biodiversity: Insights from the project will also aid in wildlife conservation by understanding the genetic health of endangered species and their ability to adapt to environmental changes.

This initiative is aligned with India’s broader goals of using advanced technologies to address modern conservation challenges and foster a sustainable future.

In News:

India is preparing to launch its first quantum satellite within 2-3 years as part of its National Quantum Mission (NQM), a significant initiative aimed at positioning India as a global leader in quantum technologies. This satellite will play a pivotal role in enhancing the security of communications, particularly in the face of the potential threat posed by quantum computers to existing cryptographic systems.

What is a Quantum Satellite?

A quantum satellite is a type of communication satellite that uses quantum physics principles to secure data transmission. Unlike conventional satellites that rely on classical encryption, quantum satellites leverage quantum mechanics to achieve unbreakable encryption through Quantum Key Distribution (QKD).

Key Features:

• Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): Ensures secure key sharing, revealing any attempts of eavesdropping.
• Security Advantage: Provides "unconditional security" by detecting any interference during the transmission process.
• Data Transmission: Unlike conventional satellites that encode data in classical bits, quantum satellites encode information in quantum states or qubits.

What is Quantum Cryptography?

Quantum cryptography is a technique that uses the laws of quantum mechanics to secure communications. The most widely used method is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which ensures that the keys used to encrypt and decrypt messages remain secret and unbreakable.

Key Mechanisms:

• Quantum Measurement: Any attempt to measure the quantum state (such as a photon carrying information) changes its state, alerting the sender and receiver to potential eavesdropping.
• Quantum Entanglement: When two quantum particles (photons) are entangled, a change in one will instantaneously affect the other, ensuring that the key remains secure.

Why is Quantum Satellite Important?

The advent of quantum computing threatens the cryptographic methods that secure current digital communications. Quantum computers, with their vast computational power, could potentially crack encryption codes that are currently deemed secure. Quantum satellites aim to counteract this threat by using quantum cryptography to make communications tamper-proof.

Security in the Quantum Era:

• Classical Encryption: Relies on mathematical problems that are difficult to solve without the decryption key.
• Quantum Encryption: Uses quantum properties, such as superposition and entanglement, to offer superior security.

National Quantum Mission (NQM)

The National Quantum Mission (NQM) was approved by the Union Cabinet in April 2023 with a budget of ?6,000 crore for implementation over eight years (2023-2031). The mission aims to accelerate the development and application of quantum technologies, with a focus on quantum communication, quantum computing, quantum sensing, and quantum metrology.

Key Objectives:

• Development of Quantum Computers: Building intermediate-scale quantum computers with 50-1000 qubits.
• Quantum Communication: Establishing secure, satellite-based quantum communication systems within India and internationally.
• Research and Innovation: Fostering quantum technologies and creating a self-reliant ecosystem.

India’s Advancements in Quantum Technology

India is making significant progress in quantum research and communication. The Raman Research Institute in Bengaluru has identified Hanle, Ladakh as an ideal location for quantum communication experiments due to its optimal atmospheric conditions.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has already demonstrated successful free-space quantum communication over short distances (300 meters). The upcoming quantum satellite will build upon this progress to create secure quantum communication networks within India and internationally.

Global Context: Micius Satellite and China’s Lead

China is a global leader in quantum communications, having launched the world’s first quantum satellite, Micius, in 2016. Micius demonstrated the feasibility of secure quantum communication by generating pairs of entangled photons. India’s quantum satellite will build on this technology to create robust, long-range quantum communication networks.

Limitations of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)

Despite its promise, QKD faces several limitations:

• Technological Maturity: The technology is still in the experimental phase, and large-scale commercial implementation is not yet feasible.
• Authentication Issues: QKD lacks reliable methods to authenticate the transmission source, leaving it vulnerable to impersonation attacks.
• Infrastructure Costs: Establishing and maintaining QKD networks requires specialized hardware, leading to higher costs.
• Denial-of-Service Risks: Eavesdroppers can trigger the abort mechanism, leading to transmission interruptions.
• Signal Loss: Atmospheric and distance-related attenuation can degrade the quality of quantum signals.

National Quantum Mission and Sectoral Impact

The NQM aligns with India's national priorities, including Digital India, Make in India, and Start-up India. The mission’s outcomes are expected to impact various sectors, such as:

• Healthcare: Quantum computing for drug design and medical research.
• Space Exploration: Enhancing communication security for space missions.
• Banking and Financial Services: Strengthening data security and transaction integrity.
• Energy: Improving energy systems and smart grids through advanced sensing technologies.

In News:

The European Union (EU) has announced the launch of IRIS² (Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity, and Security by Satellite), a highly ambitious space program that aims to enhance satellite connectivity, security, and resilience for both governmental and civilian applications. The initiative is set to rival major global satellite systems, such as Elon Musk's Starlink, and aims to provide secure, high-speed broadband connectivity, particularly in underserved regions.

Key Features of IRIS²:

• Satellite Constellation: The system will consist of 290 satellites, including 264 in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 18 in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).
• First Launch: The first satellite for the program is scheduled for launch in 2029.
• Secure Connectivity: IRIS² is designed to provide secure, high-speed broadband services, particularly for European regions that lack reliable connectivity.
• Collaboration: The project is a collaboration between the EU, the European Space Agency (ESA), and private sector partners, including SES, Eutelsat, and Airbus.
• Funding: The program is funded through a €10.6 billion (~$11 billion) investment, with a 12-year concession for its implementation.

Applications of IRIS²:

• Governmental Use:
  • Border Surveillance: Enhanced monitoring for national security.
  • Crisis Management: Reliable communication during natural disasters and emergencies.
  • Infrastructure Security: Safeguarding key national infrastructure.
  • Defense: Boosting military communication resilience.
• Civilian Use:
  • Broadband Access: Providing internet access in rural and underserved areas.
  • Smart Energy: Supporting management of energy grids and related technologies.
  • Transportation: Ensuring reliable communication and navigation in aviation, maritime, and automotive sectors.
  • Remote Healthcare: Improving healthcare access in remote locations.

Significance of IRIS²:

• Strategic Asset: The program will strengthen EU sovereignty in space technology and improve its technological independence, reducing reliance on non-European satellite systems.
• Cyber and Communication Resilience: IRIS² is designed to enhance resilience against cyber threats and communication disruptions, ensuring uninterrupted service for both public and private sectors.
• Commercial Benefits: The satellite network will provide high-speed connectivity for businesses across Europe, offering a boost to commercial activities in remote and underserved areas.
• Complementary to Existing EU Programs: IRIS² complements other EU space initiatives, such as Copernicus (Earth observation) and Galileo (satellite navigation), enhancing the EU's capabilities in the space sector.

Overview of the IRIS² Satellite Network:

• Deployment in LEO and MEO:
  • 264 satellites in LEO will provide low-latency communication for a wide range of applications.
  • 18 satellites in MEO will offer broader coverage and support for global connectivity.
• Funding and Partners: The program is funded by the EU, ESA, and private firms, including SES, Eutelsat, and Airbus, ensuring both public and private sector involvement in the project.
• Applications:
  • The network will provide secure satellite services for critical government functions, including surveillance, defense, and crisis management.
  • It will also support civilian uses, such as broadband, smart grids, and transportation, and will facilitate cloud-based services.

Strategic and Geopolitical Importance:

• Boost to European Competitiveness: By developing its own satellite system, the EU will enhance its competitive position in the global space sector.
• Security and Autonomy: IRIS² will help Europe maintain control over its communication infrastructure, strengthening its autonomy and reducing dependence on external players for critical services.
• Resilience in Crisis Situations: In times of disruption (e.g., natural disasters, cyberattacks), IRIS² will ensure that Europe can maintain secure, reliable connectivity.

In News:

NASA has revealed new details about Io, Jupiter’s third-largest moon and the most volcanic world in our solar system.

Overview:

• NASA’s Juno mission has revealed new insights about Io, Jupiter's third-largest moon, known as the most volcanic world in the solar system.
• Io has over 400 active volcanoes, which send plumes and lava flows into space, creating its unique, fiery surface.

Recent Discoveries and Observations:

• Fiery Heart of Io:
  • NASA's Juno mission has helped solve a 44-year-old mystery regarding Io’s volcanic activity, revealing that its volcanoes are likely powered by separate magma chambers rather than a single large magma ocean.
  • This discovery was made during Juno’s close flybys in late 2023 and early 2024, using Doppler measurements and precise gravity data to understand the moon’s interior.
• Volcanic Activity:
  • Io's volcanoes constantly erupt, spewing lava and plumes that shape its surface. The volcanic activity was first observed by NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1979.
  • Tidal Flexing: Io experiences constant squeezing due to its elliptical orbit around Jupiter, which generates immense internal heat and causes frequent eruptions.
• Scientific Insights:
  • The research suggests that tidal forces from Jupiter do not create a global magma ocean inside Io, as previously thought, but instead lead to localized magma chambers that fuel its volcanoes.
  • Tidal flexing is the primary cause of the immense internal energy on Io, which melts portions of the moon's interior and drives volcanic activity.
• Broader Implications:
  • Understanding Other Moons and Exoplanets: Juno's findings have broader implications for understanding the interiors of other moons like Enceladus and Europa, and even exoplanets and super-Earths.
• Future Missions:
  • Juno will continue its mission, with the next close approach to Jupiter scheduled for December 27, 2024, bringing it 2,175 miles above Jupiter's cloud tops. Since entering Jupiter’s orbit in 2016, Juno has traveled over 645 million miles.

In News:

India’s first hyperloop test track (410 meters) completed by Indian Railways, IIT-Madras’Avishkar Hyperloop team and TuTr (incubated startup) at IIT-M discovery campus, Thaiyur in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

India’s First Hyperloop Test Track:

• Location: IIT Madras’ Discovery Campus, Chennai.
• Collaboration: Indian Railways, IIT-Madras' Avishkar Hyperloop team, and TuTr Hyperloop (startup).
• Track Length: 410 meters.
• Test Speed: Initial successful test at 100 km/h; plans for 600 km/h in the next phase.
• Passenger Capacity: 40–100 passengers per pod, depending on design.

What is Hyperloop Technology?

• Concept: A high-speed transport system using pods in low-pressure vacuum tubes, designed to achieve speeds similar to aircraft (up to 1,100 km/h).
• Working:
  • Magnetic Levitation (Maglev): Pods float on magnets, eliminating friction.
  • Vacuum Tubes: Reduces air resistance for high-speed travel.
  • Propulsion: Linear induction motors propel pods.
• Energy: Solar-powered, designed for zero emissions.

India’s Hyperloop Projects:

• Current Status:
  • Successful testing of a 410-meter test track at IIT Madras.
  • Ongoing feasibility studies for routes like Chennai Airport–Parandur, Mumbai–Pune, and Amritsar–Chandigarh.
• Phase 1 & 2: First phase involves a 11.5-kilometer track; future expansion to 100 km.
• Mumbai–Pune Corridor: Planned as India’s first full-scale Hyperloop system, aiming to reduce travel time from 3–4 hours to 25 minutes.

Benefits of Hyperloop:

• Speed: Capable of reaching speeds up to 1,100 km/h (operational speed around 360 km/h).
• Efficiency: Reduces travel time, energy-efficient with reduced air resistance and friction.
• Sustainability: Powered by renewable energy (e.g., solar power), offering zero emissions.
• Point-to-Point Travel: No intermediate stops, making it more time-efficient.

Challenges:

• Infrastructure Costs: Expensive to build the vacuum tubes, stations, and supporting systems.
• Land Acquisition: Difficulty in acquiring land, especially in densely populated areas.
• Regulatory Issues: Lack of a specific regulatory framework for such advanced transport systems.
• Technological Barriers: Complex engineering challenges, including development of maglev systems and vacuum seals.

Global Context:

• Origin: Concept proposed by Elon Musk in 2013.
• Worldwide Adoption: Hyperloop is being explored globally, with projects in the U.S., UAE, and Europe.

In News:

GG Tau A System: Located about 489 light-years from Earth, this system is a triple-star setup that is between 1 to 5 million years old. This makes it an ideal system for studying the early stages of planetary formation.

Findings from the Discovery:

• Protoplanetary Disk: The system features a protoplanetary disk made of gas and dust, where new planets are forming. Researchers from NISER (National Institute of Science Education and Research), Odisha detected emissions from key molecules in the disk.
• Chemical Molecules: The molecules are frozen on tiny dust particles in the coldest regions of the disk (temperatures between 12 K and 16 K). These frozen molecules could serve as the building blocks for new planets.

Significance of the Discovery:

• Triple-Star Configuration: GG Tau A’s triple-star system is rare, and it has complex gravitational interactions among the three stars. This complicates how the gas and dust disk behaves and provides unique insights into planetary formation in multi-star systems.
• Study of Planet Formation: Traditionally, planets form around single stars or in binary systems. However, multi-star systems like GG Tau A present challenges for planet formation. Studying this system helps scientists understand how planets can form in more complex environments.
• Cold Conditions for Planet Formation: The study found that icy conditions in the disk are essential for the accumulation of materials that form planets. These low temperatures (below the freezing point of carbon monoxide) allow dust and gas particles to clump together, creating the foundation for exoplanets.

Broader Implications:

• Exoplanet Diversity: This research enhances our understanding of how planets form in different types of star systems, contributing to the study of exoplanets and their potential diversity across the universe.
• Astrophysics and Planetary Science: This discovery plays a crucial role in improving our knowledge of the early stages of planet formation, especially in complicated star systems like triple-star setups, which are rare but can provide valuable insights into how planetary systems evolve under unique conditions.

Research Tools:

• The team used advanced radio telescopes located in the Atacama Desert (Chile) to observe the emissions from the disk, highlighting the role of cutting-edge technology in space exploration and astronomical research.

In News:

• AgeXtend is developed by researchers at Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology – Delhi (IIIT-Delhi) to rapidly identify age-defying compounds, known as geroprotectors, to promote healthy aging.

Key Features of AgeXtend:

• What is AgeXtend?
  • An AI-based platform designed to discover compounds with geroprotective (anti-aging) properties.
• Objective: To accelerate the identification of molecules promoting longevity by reducing the time and effort compared to conventional research methods.
• Development: Developed by researchers from the Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Delhi.
• Working Mechanism:
  • Scans over 1.1 billion compounds to predict, analyze, and validate molecules with anti-aging potential.
  • Utilizes machine learning to determine efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action.
  • Experimental validation conducted using yeast, worms (C. elegans), and human cell models.
• Significance:
  • The largest study on longevity, including compounds from commercial drugs, FDA-approved drugs, Ayurvedic, and Chinese medicine.
  • Provides a scientific rationale for identifying geroprotective compounds, aiding targeted research.
  • Open-source code and data promote collaboration and allow commercial exploration.

Platform Capabilities:

• AI Analysis:
  • Uses bioactivity data from existing geroprotectors to predict new compounds with similar properties.
  • Evaluates geroprotective potential, toxicity, and identifies target proteins and mechanisms of action for accuracy and safety.
• Unique Feature: Explains why a compound is considered geroprotective, revealing underlying mechanisms.
• Example Validation: Successfully identified benefits of metformin and taurine without prior knowledge, confirming the platform’s predictive power.
• Study Scale: The study involved scanning over 1.1 billion molecules, making it the largest study on longevity to date.

Open-Source and Commercial Use:

• Availability:
  • The code and data are available as open-source for researchers and students. Commercial access is available for a fee.
  • A Python package for AgeXtend is available via pip on pypi.org.
• Further Collaboration: The researchers have reached out to pharma companies to further investigate promising compounds.
• Exploring Natural Compounds: AgeXtend also explores natural compounds from the human microbiome, investigating their role in controlling cell aging.

In News:

OpenAI officially launched Sora Turbo, its advanced text-to-video artificial intelligence (AI) tool, marking a significant development in the field of visual AI generation. This follows Google’s recent expansion of its video-generative AI tool, Veo, for Vertex AI customers. However, hours after Sora Turbo’s release, OpenAI temporarily disabled sign-ups due to overwhelming demand.

Key Features of Sora Turbo:

• Text-to-Video Generation: Users can input text prompts, and Sora Turbo will generate videos based on the provided descriptions. This makes it one of the first widely accessible AI-powered video generation models.
• Video Quality & Formats: Sora Turbo can generate videos in 1080p resolution, lasting up to 20 seconds. It supports both vertical and horizontal formats.
• Remix Options: Users can remix the AI-generated videos with their own assets, allowing for customization and extension of the content.
• Speed & Interface: The tool has been optimized for faster video generation compared to its previous version, with a new user interface designed to make the process more intuitive.
• Subscription Plans:
  • ChatGPT Plus ($20/month): Users get up to 50 videos at 480p resolution per month or fewer videos at 720p resolution.
  • ChatGPT Pro ($200/month): Offers 10 times more usage, with higher resolution and longer durations.

User Access and Availability:

• Access Requirements: To use Sora Turbo, individuals need to subscribe to either the ChatGPT Plus or ChatGPT Pro plans. The tool is included in these subscriptions without additional charges.
• Geographic Limitations: As of now, Sora Turbo is unavailable in the European Union, United Kingdom, and Switzerland.

Metadata & Safety Features:

• Transparency: All videos generated by Sora Turbo will include C2PA metadata for content provenance and authenticity, along with a visual watermark.
• Abuse Prevention: OpenAI has implemented safeguards to block the generation of harmful content, including child sexual abuse materials and sexual deepfakes.

Future Developments:

OpenAI has plans to offer tailored pricing for different users starting in early 2025. Additionally, Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, described Sora as a groundbreaking product, comparing it to the early days of GPT technology, and emphasized its potential for co-creation and innovative visual content generation.

In News:

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched almost three years ago, has provided unprecedented insights into the early universe. Astronomers were surprised to find large, fully-developed galaxies when the universe was only 400-650 million years old, a timeframe previously thought to be too early for such structures.

The Challenge to the Standard Model:

• Cosmological Expectations: According to the standard model of cosmology, the first stars formed around 100-200 million years after the Big Bang, and galaxies began to form within the first billion years.
• Unexpected Findings: JWST observations seemed to show that galaxies were already large and well-formed much earlier than expected, raising questions about the timeline of galaxy formation.

New Study's Contribution:

• The Study: A study published in the Astrophysical Journal in August 2024, examined JWST data from the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey. They focused on galaxies from 650 to 1,500 million years after the Big Bang.
• Key Findings: One explanation for the unexpected size and number of early galaxies is that these galaxies formed stars much more efficiently than those in the modern universe. This could account for the larger-than-expected galaxies.

The Role of Black Holes:

• Impact of Black Holes: The study also explored the presence of black holes at the centers of early galaxies. These black holes, which emit significant light, were previously unaccounted for in the star mass estimations of galaxies. When the researchers removed the light from black holes (referred to as "little red dots"), they found that the galaxies were not as massive as initially thought.
• Correction to Previous Estimates: This adjustment in calculations helped align the data with the standard model of cosmology, sparing it from a major revision.

Implications for the Standard Model:

• Star Formation Efficiency: The study suggests that extreme conditions in the early universe, including abundant gas and less disruptive stellar events, could explain the higher efficiency of star formation.
• Cosmology's Stability: Despite earlier challenges to the standard model, the new findings support its predictions, showing that more efficient star formation and the role of black holes could explain the rapid growth of galaxies in the early universe.

Future Research Directions:

• Expanding Data Sets: The team plans to incorporate more data from JWST to study even earlier galaxies, which could help refine our understanding of galaxy formation in the early universe.
• Further Observations: As the team continues to explore galaxies from even earlier periods (around 400 million years after the Big Bang), they aim to strengthen their findings and provide further evidence to either support or challenge the current cosmological models.

In News:

JNU scientists make big discovery that could change malaria, Covid-19 treatment.

Overview of the Discovery:

• Institution: Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Special Centre for Molecular Medicine.
• Key Discovery: Identification of human protein Hsp70 as a critical factor in the spread of malaria and COVID-19.
• Research Collaboration: Involvement of Indian and Russian researchers.
• Outcome: Development of a small molecule inhibitor of Hsp70 that could act as a broad-spectrum treatment for multiple infections.

About Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70):

• Definition: Hsp70 is a type of molecular chaperone protein.
• Function:
  • Helps other proteins fold into their proper shapes.
  • Prevents protein misfolding.
  • Regulates protein synthesis and protects proteins from stress.
  • Elevates during cellular stress to shield cells from damage.
• Role in Cellular Processes:
  • Prevents protein aggregation and assists in protein transport across membranes.
  • Plays a critical role in protein homeostasis and cell survival during stress conditions.

Hsp70's Role in Disease Spread:

• SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Interaction:
  • Hsp70 interacts with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and human ACE2 receptors.
  • Facilitates viral entry into human cells by stabilizing this interaction during fever (when Hsp70 levels rise).
• Malaria:Pathogens like malaria parasites rely on the host's machinery for survival, including Hsp70.

Research Findings and Implications:

• Published in: International Journal for Biological Macromolecules.
• Inhibition of Hsp70:
  • Targeting Hsp70 can disrupt viral replication.
  • In lab tests, Hsp70 inhibitor (PES-Cl) blocked SARS-CoV-2 replication at low doses.
• Potential for Broad-Spectrum Treatment:
  • Hsp70 could be a target for treating multiple infections, not limited to COVID-19 or malaria.
• Prevention of Drug Resistance:
  • Host-targeting antivirals are less prone to resistance as the virus cannot mutate the host protein (Hsp70).
  • This approach could be especially beneficial for combating rapidly evolving viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and its variants (e.g., Omicron).

Host-Targeting Approach vs. Traditional Drugs:

• Host-Targeting: Targets the host cell machinery (e.g., Hsp70) rather than the virus itself.
  • Reduces the likelihood of viral mutation-induced resistance.
• Traditional Drugs: Target the virus directly, which can lead to resistance, especially with rapidly mutating viruses.

Global Health and Pandemic Preparedness:

• Universal Tool for Infectious Diseases: The discovery could serve as a universal tool for managing infections during health emergencies.
• Collaboration and Importance: Highlights the significance of international collaboration in addressing global health challenges (e.g., Dr. Pramod Garg of AIIMS, Ph.D. scholar Prerna Joshi).
• Future Implications:Preparation for future pandemics, as the world must remain vigilant even post-COVID-19.

In News:

Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), under the NITI Aayog and the Office of Science & Innovation, at the Embassy of Sweden, in partnership with Nordic collaborators - Innovation Norway, Innovation Centre Denmark, and Business Finland, announced the successful conclusion of SheSTEM 2024.

Key Highlights:

• Objective: To inspire youth, especially women, to explore careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) and promote innovative solutions for sustainability.
• Theme: Focus on Battery Technology and Energy Storage Systems (BEST), part of the India-Nordic BEST project, aimed at fostering sustainability through advanced energy solutions.

Key Features of the Challenge:

• Target Audience: Students from grades 6–12 across India.
• Participation: Over 1,000 submissions showcasing innovative energy storage solutions.
• Format: Students presented prototypes or concepts via a 2-minute video format.
• Focus Areas: Sustainability, energy storage, and innovative solutions to global challenges.

Significance of SheSTEM 2024:

• Youth Empowerment: Provides a platform for young innovators to showcase their ideas and contribute to global sustainability.
• Global Impact: Encourages collaboration between India and Nordic countries in academia, business, and government to explore energy storage and sustainable technologies.
• Women in STEM: Highlights the importance of gender inclusivity in STEM fields, particularly in sustainability and technology.

Key Facts about AIM (Atal Innovation Mission):

• Established: 2016 by NITI Aayog to foster innovation and entrepreneurship across India.
• Core Functions:
  • Promote Entrepreneurship: Financial support, mentorship, and nurturing innovative startups.
  • Promote Innovation: Creating platforms for idea generation and collaboration.
• Key Programs: Atal Tinkering Labs, Atal Incubation Centres, Atal New India Challenges, and Mentor India.
• Monitoring: Systematic monitoring of initiatives using real-time MIS systems and dashboards.

In News:

• India has climbed 11 positions to secure 49th rank in the Network Readiness Index (NRI) 2024, compared to 60th in NRI 2023.
• This improvement reflects India’s significant progress in the digital and telecommunication sectors.

NRI 2024 Overview:

• The NRI 2024 report assesses the network readiness of 133 economies based on four pillars: Technology, People, Governance, and Impact, using 54 variables.
• Published by the Portulans Institute, Washington DC.

India's Leading Indicators:

• Top rankings:
  • 1st Rank: ‘AI scientific publications’, ‘AI talent concentration’, and ‘ICT services exports’.
  • 2nd Rank: ‘FTTH/Building Internet subscriptions’, ‘Mobile broadband internet traffic’, and ‘International Internet bandwidth’.
  • 3rd Rank: ‘Domestic market scale’.
  • 4th Rank: ‘Annual investment in telecommunication services’.

Digital Progress:

• India has demonstrated remarkable digital transformation, especially in technological innovation and digital infrastructure.

Economic Grouping:

• India ranks 2nd in the lower-middle-income countries group, following Vietnam.

Telecommunication Achievements:

• Tele-density has increased from 75.2% to 84.69% in the past decade, with 119 crore wireless connections.
• Internet subscribers have surged from 25.1 crore to 94.4 crore, aided by Digital India initiatives and rural broadband expansion.
• 5G Launch: In 2022, India launched 5G services, significantly boosting global mobile broadband speed rankings from 118th to 15th.

Future Vision:

• India’s Bharat 6G Vision aims to position the country as a leader in future telecom technologies, backed by strong infrastructure and investments in emerging technologies.

Telecom Reforms:

• Spectrum management, ease of doing business, and consumer protection reforms have strengthened India’s telecom sector, contributing to its improved network readiness ranking.

In News:

ISRO received approval for its first Venus mission, Shukrayaan. The probe will undertake a detailed investigation of Venus, including its surface, atmosphere and geological structure.

Shukrayaan Mission (Venus Orbiter Mission):

• Launch Timeline: Scheduled for 2028.
• Objective: Investigate Venus to gather data on its surface, atmosphere, and geological structure.
• Scientific Focus: Study weather patterns, geological activities, and atmospheric composition (e.g., carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid clouds).
• Instrumentation: Equipped with synthetic aperture radar, infrared, and ultraviolet imaging devices to study Venus’s ionosphere.
• Significance: Offers global coverage of Venus, addressing gaps in previous missions' spatial coverage.
• Cost: Estimated at Rs 1,236 crore.
• Launch Vehicle: ISRO plans to use the LVM-3 (GSLV Mk III) rocket to launch the mission into an elliptical parking orbit (170 km x 36,000 km).
• Mission Data Processing: Data will be archived and disseminated through the Indian Space Science Data Center (ISSDC).

Chandrayaan 4 Mission:

• Collaborative Effort: Joint mission between India (ISRO) and Japan.
• Launch Objective: Land on the moon's south pole, with a focus on the region at 90°S (compared to previous missions at 69.3°S).
• Mission Details:
  • Includes a rover weighing 350 kg (12 times heavier than previous rover).
  • The rover will be equipped with advanced scientific tools for lunar exploration.
• Government Approval: Awaiting approval, with a target execution date of 2030.

Gaganyaan Mission (Human Spaceflight Program):

• Timeline: Unmanned flight in 2026, followed by a manned mission.
• Indian Space Station: Construction approved; to be completed by 2035, comprising five modules.
• Purpose: To serve as a transit facility for deep space exploration, including future lunar missions.

Mars Exploration Plans:

• Future Missions: Plans to send satellites to Mars and attempt a landing on the Martian surface.
• Significance: Demonstrates India’s growing ambitions in interplanetary exploration.

INSAT-4 Series of Satellites:

• Goal: Launch of new meteorological and oceanographic sensors to improve weather forecasts and disaster management.
• Technological Advancements: Need for India to catch up with global advancements in space-based sensors.

International Collaboration in Space:

• Chandrayaan 4: A collaboration between ISRO and Japan to explore the moon’s south pole, showcasing India's growing international cooperation in space exploration.

Strategic Importance of Shukrayaan:

• Contribution to Science: The mission’s global dataset will provide unique insights into Venus, enhancing the understanding of planetary atmospheres and geological processes.
• Potential for Discoveries: Research on Venus’s ionosphere and possible volcanic activity.

In News:

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will launch the European Space Agency’s Proba-3 mission on its PSLV rocket to study the solar corona, the outermost and hottest part of the Sun’s atmosphere, from Sriharikota on December 4.

Key Highlights:

• Mission Objective:The mission will study the Sun’s outermost and hottest atmosphere, the solar corona. The mission will also demonstrate the first-ever precision formation flying with two satellites working in tandem.
• Satellite Formation:Proba-3 consists of two satellites that will fly together, maintaining a fixed formation to study the Sun's corona.

What is Proba-3?

• Proba-3 is a solar mission developed by ESA, with an estimated cost of 200 million euros. The mission involves launching two satellites that will separate after launch, but fly in precise formation. The satellites will create a solar coronagraph, which blocks the Sun’s bright light to observe the solar corona, the Sun’s outermost atmosphere.
• Orbit: Proba-3 will orbit in a highly elliptical path (600 x 60,530 km) with an orbital period of 19.7 hours.
• Mission Duration: The expected mission life is two years.

What will Proba-3 Study?

The Sun's corona is extremely hot (up to 2 million degrees Fahrenheit), making it difficult to observe with conventional instruments. However, studying the corona is essential because it generates space weather phenomena such as solar storms and solar winds, which can impact satellite communications, navigation systems, and power grids on Earth.

Proba-3 will use three main instruments for its mission:

• ASPIICS (Association of Spacecraft for Polarimetric and Imaging Investigation of the Corona of the Sun):This coronagraph will observe the Sun’s outer and inner corona, similar to how the corona is visible during a solar eclipse. It features a 1.4-meter occulting disk to block the Sun’s light and facilitate close-up observations.
• DARA (Digital Absolute Radiometer):This instrument will measure the Sun’s total energy output (total solar irradiance).
• 3DEES (3D Energetic Electron Spectrometer):It will study electron fluxes as they pass through Earth's radiation belts, providing valuable data on space weather.

Why is Proba-3 Unique?

• Proba-3 is designed to mimic a natural solar eclipse, allowing continuous study of the Sun’s corona. Typically, solar scientists observe the corona for only about 10 minutes during an eclipse, occurring around 1.5 times a year. Proba-3 will provide up to six hours of data per day, equivalent to 50 eclipse events annually.
• The two satellites will maintain a precise formation, with one acting as an occulting spacecraft to cast a shadow, while the other (the coronagraph) stays in the shadow and observes the Sun’s corona. They will be positioned 150 meters apart, maintaining their formation autonomously.
• This artificial eclipse will enable scientists to study the corona and its less-understood features more effectively.

In News:

Scientists at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kolkatahave successfully engineered bacteria capable of solving mathematical problems, marking a major step forward in the field of synthetic biology and biocomputing. These engineered bacteria can function like artificial neural networks, performing tasks that were traditionally reserved for humans or conventional computers.

Key Highlights:

• Bacterial Computers:
  • The research team introduced genetic circuits into bacteria, turning them into computational units capable of tasks like determining whether a number is prime or identifying vowels in an alphabet.
  • These bacterial "computers" mimic artificial neural networks (ANNs), where each type of engineered bacterium (called a "bactoneuron") behaves like a node in a network, processing inputs to generate outputs.
• How it Works:
  • The bacteria's genetic circuits are activated by chemical inducers, which represent binary 0s and 1s (the fundamental language of computing). The presence or absence of certain chemicals determines whether a bacterium expresses a specific fluorescent protein, representing the binary states.
  • For example, when asked if a number between 0-9 is prime, the bacteria can express green fluorescent proteins (1) for "yes" or red fluorescent proteins (0) for "no", providing binary outputs that solve the problem.
• Complex Tasks:
  • The team advanced to more complex tasks, such as asking the bacterial computers whether adding a number (like 2 + 3) results in a prime number or if a number's square can be expressed as the sum of factorials.
  • In an even more complex test, the bacteria solved an optimization problem—calculating the maximum number of pieces a pie could be cut into with a given number of straight cuts. The bacteria’s fluorescent output represented binary numbers that were converted to decimal for the correct solution.
• Technical Details:
  • The researchers used Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, engineered with transcriptional genetic circuits, which recognize specific DNA sequences and trigger the expression of proteins based on the presence of chemical inducers.
  • The system is similar to how ANNs work in traditional computing, where nodes (bactoneurons) take inputs, apply weights, and produce outputs based on activation functions.
• Implications and Future Prospects:
  • Synthetic Biology & Biomanufacturing: This breakthrough could revolutionize industries such as pharmaceuticals and biomanufacturing by enabling biocomputers that perform specific tasks in a biological environment, potentially reducing reliance on silicon-based computers.
  • Medical Applications: The ability of engineered bacteria to process data could lead to biocomputers capable of diagnosing diseases (such as cancer) at an early stage and even administering localized treatments.
  • Understanding Intelligence: Bagh and his team hope to explore the biochemical nature of intelligence, pondering how intelligence could emerge from simple, single-celled organisms.
• Groundbreaking Research:
  • The research, published in Nature Chemical Biology, has drawn significant attention in the synthetic biology community. Centre for Synthetic Biology highlighting the potential of bacteria programmed to solve complex problems.

This innovative work paves the way for future developments in biocomputing, where living organisms, instead of silicon chips, could be used to perform sophisticated calculations, offering new ways to think about computing, intelligence, and even the future of technology in medicine.

In News:

A recent study by Texas A&M University has uncovered a concerning new risk for dogs in Texas related to Chagas disease—the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), which causes the disease, can survive in dead kissing bugs (Triatominae). This discovery was published in the Journal of Medical Entomology in October 2024 and has raised alarms about how dead insects, which might be found in insecticide-treated dog kennels, could still pose a transmission risk for dogs.

Key Findings:

• Chagas Disease is primarily spread by kissing bugs, which carry T. cruzi in their gut. Dogs can contract the parasite by ingesting the bug's feces, especially when they lick their bite wounds.
• The study shows that even dead kissing bugs, which are often discarded in kennels, can still carry viable T. cruzi. This is particularly worrying in areas where insecticides are used to control the insects but dead bugs remain accessible to dogs.
• Researchers collected live and dead triatomines from six Texas kennels between June and October 2022, using both genetic testing and culture methods to assess whether the bugs were carrying live T. cruzi.
  • 28% of the collected bugs tested positive for T. cruzi.
  • A dead kissing bug (Paratriatomalecticularia) was found to still harbor live T. cruzi cultures, demonstrating that the parasite can survive even after the insect has died.

Transmission and Risks:

• Kissing bugs typically feed on the blood of animals like dogs, rodents, and raccoons, defecating near the bite site. If the dog licks the contaminated area, they can ingest the parasite-laden feces and become infected.
• The new discovery suggests that dead kissing bugs may pose a secondary transmission route for T. cruzi. Dogs that ingest these dead bugs, either in insecticide-treated areas or natural environments, could still contract the parasite.
• Researchers noted that dead bugs with intact gut contents showed a higher rate of infection than desiccated ones, which suggests that the condition of the bug after death impacts how long the parasite survives.

Implications for Management:

• The findings challenge current insecticide-based control methods. While insecticides kill the bugs, dead insects could still serve as a source of infection, necessitating new approaches for managing Chagas disease transmission in dog kennels.
• The study underscores the importance of regularly removing dead insects in kennels and reconsidering control strategies beyond just using insecticides.

About Chagas Disease:

• Chagas disease is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, commonly found in the feces of kissing bugs. It can cause long-term heart and digestive issues if left untreated.
• The disease is common in parts of South America, Central America, and Mexico, but it has been increasingly reported in the southern United States.
• Treatment focuses on killing the parasite in the acute phase, but once it progresses to the chronic phase, treatment is aimed at managing symptoms.

Next Steps and Ongoing Research:

• The Texas A&M team plans to explore how long T. cruzi survives in dead triatomines and whether insecticides affect the parasite’s ability to persist. They are also looking into developing integrated pest management strategies for environments with high kissing bug activity.
• The study also forms part of a broader "One Health" approach, recognizing that both human and animal health are interconnected, and research on Chagas disease in animals can help inform public health strategies.

In News:

More than any organism, plants understand the significance of communication the best.

Communication Through Chemical Warning (Volatile Organic Compounds - VOCs):

• Plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when threatened, such as during herbivore grazing.
• VOCs act as distress signals, alerting neighboring plants to potential dangers.
• Neighboring plants respond by producing defensive compounds or toxins to deter herbivores.
• VOCs can travel through air and soil, enabling distant plants to prepare for threats, thereby enhancing survival across larger areas.

Wood Wide Web (Symbiotic Relationship with Mycorrhizal Fungi):

• Plants form a network with mycorrhizal fungi, connecting their roots in a symbiotic bond.
• This "Wood Wide Web" allows plants to communicate by sending chemical signals through their roots when under stress (e.g., pest attacks or drought).
• Fungi extend the root system and help share nutrients between plants, especially in times of distress.
• The network facilitates collective resilience and survival by ensuring nutrient sharing among plants.

Cooperative Behavior: Sharing Resources for Survival:

• Plants in close proximity, especially in dense forests, often share resources like water, nutrients, and light.
• When a plant detects a neighboring plant in distress, it prioritizes resource allocation to support its growth.
• This cooperative behavior promotes ecosystem stability and the overall health of forests.
• The mutual support system shows how cooperation enhances the survival of individual plants and the broader ecosystem.

Significance of Plant Communication in Ecosystem Health:

• Plants communicate through chemical signals, underground fungal networks, and cooperative behaviors.
• These interactions foster resilience, ensuring the survival of both individual plants and entire ecosystems.
• The silent communication among plants contributes to a dynamic, cooperative environment that thrives on mutual support.

In News:

The Ministry of Science and Technologyrecently launched India’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI) data bank that is aimed at propelling innovation and boosting the country’s national securityat the 7th Edition of the ASSOCHAM AI Leadership Meet 2024.

• • The event theme: “AI for India: Advancing India’s AI Development – Innovation, Ethics, and Governance”.

Key Highlights:

• Objective:
  • Propel innovation and enhance national security.
  • Provide access to diverse, high-quality datasets for creating scalable and inclusive AI solutions.
• Key Features of the AI Data Bank:
  • Target Audience: Researchers, startups, and developers.
  • Data Types: Satellite, drone, and IoT data.
  • Purpose:
    • To enhance national security through real-time analytics.
    • Enable predictive analytics for disaster management and cybersecurity.

Strategic Importance of AI in India:

• National Security: AI to strengthen national security by providing real-time analytics from satellite, drone, and IoT data.
• AI for Development:
  • AI’s role in reshaping sectors like governance, business, healthcare, education, and space exploration.
  • AI as a tool for economic growth, addressing climate change, improving public service delivery, and ensuring national security.
• Ethics and Governance:
  • Ensuring responsible AI use with optimal handling.
  • Addressing algorithmic bias and data privacy through robust governance frameworks.
  • Commitment to transparent and fair AI systems that empower people rather than replace them.
• AI in Disaster Management and Cybersecurity:
  • Aligning with India’s goals to use AI for predictive analytics in disaster management.
  • Enhancing cybersecurity through AI technologies.

Government’s Vision on AI:

• Empowering Citizens: AI must bridge divides and ensure equitable access to its benefits.
• AI as Backbone for Future Development: India’s focus on making AI an integral part of its future economic and technological growth.

In News:

Coal India Limited (CIL) under the aegis of the Ministry of Coal, has been conferred with the esteemed Green World Environment Award in the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) category along with the distinguished tile of Green World Ambassador.

Key Highlights:

• Reason for the Award:

• The award was granted to CIL for its Thalassemia Bal SewaYojna, a CSR initiative aimed at providing permanent curative treatment for Thalassemia through Bone Marrow Transplants (BMT).
• The scheme provides financial assistance of up to ?10 lakh for BMT and has helped over 600 Thalassemia patients across India.

• Background of the Award:

• The Green Organization, an independent, non-political, non-profit environmental group, conferred the award.
• The organization has been recognizing and promoting environmental best practices and CSR initiatives globally since its establishment in 1994.

• CIL’s Role in CSR:

• CIL has been a pioneer in CSR, with its Thalassemia Bal SewaYojna being the first of its kind among public sector undertakings in India.
• The initiative partners with 17 prominent hospitals across India to provide stem cell transplants for Thalassemia patients.

• CIL’s Contribution to India's Energy Sector:

• CIL is responsible for producing over 80% of India's coal and contributes to 70% of the total coal-based power generation in the country.
• CIL accounts for 55% of India’s total power generation and meets 40% of the primary commercial energy requirements.

• Environmental Initiatives by CIL:

• CIL has adopted various measures to improve environmental sustainability, including:
• Expanding green cover over mined areas.
• Creating eco-parks and tourism spots.
• Providing mine water for domestic and agricultural use to surrounding villages.

• About Coal India Limited (CIL):

• Established: November 1975.
• Headquarters: Kolkata.
• Status: A Maharatna company and the largest coal-producing company in the world.
• Subsidiaries: CIL has seven producing subsidiaries and is a major corporate employer in India.

• About the Green Organization:

• Founded: 1994.
• Nature: Independent, non-political, non-profit organization.
• Objective: To recognize, reward, and promote environmental and CSR best practices worldwide.
• Initiatives: The Green World Awards are part of global efforts to encourage sustainability and corporate social responsibility.

• Significance of the Award:

• The Green World Environment Award highlights CIL’s commitment to social responsibility and environmental sustainability while maintaining its core role as an energy provider.
• The recognition underscores CIL’s leadership in integrating CSR initiatives with corporate operations to contribute to national development.

In News:

• Nafithromycin is India's first indigenously developed antibiotic aimed at combating drug-resistant pneumonia, developed with support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC).
• The drug is being marketed under the trade name "Miqnaf" by Wockhardt.

Significance in Combating Drug Resistance:

• Nafithromycin addresses Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP), a serious disease caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
• Pneumonia is responsible for over 2 million deaths globally annually, with India facing 23% of the global burden.
• The drug is 10 times more effective than current treatments like azithromycin, requiring only three doses for effective treatment, offering a safer and faster solution.

Biotechnology Sector and Public-Private Collaboration:

• BIRAC, under the Department of Biotechnology, supported the research and development of Nafithromycin.
• This achievement underscores the public-private collaboration between the government and pharmaceutical industry, demonstrating India’s capacity to develop indigenous solutions for global health challenges.

Global Health Implications:

• Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis that prolongs illnesses and raises healthcare costs.
• The new antibiotic offers a vital solution to multi-drug-resistant pathogens, contributing significantly to global health.
• India’s leadership in addressing AMR positions the country as a major player in biotechnology innovation.

Importance for Vulnerable Populations:

• Vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems (e.g., diabetes, cancer patients), are particularly affected by drug-resistant pneumonia.
• Nafithromycin offers a much-needed therapeutic option for these groups.

Impact of AMR Awareness:

• The launch coincides with World AMR Awareness Week, emphasizing the urgency of tackling antimicrobial resistance.
• Public awareness, fostered by the COVID-19 pandemic, has increased the focus on biotechnology and its potential to address global health challenges.

Future Prospects:

• Nafithromycin is awaiting final approval from the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) for manufacturing and public use.
• The launch is expected to lead to future breakthroughs in antibiotic development and contribute significantly to improving public health.

In News:

• On the occasion of Janjatiya Gaurav Diwason 15th November 2024, Hon’ble Governor of Madhya Pradesh, and Chief Minister unveiled a commemorative postage stamp dedicated to "Sickle Cell Eradication - 2047" at PG College, Dhar. 
• Significance:Focuses on India’s commitment to eradicate Sickle Cell Anemia by 2047, especially in tribal communities.

Sickle Cell Anemia Overview

• What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
  • Genetic blood disorder leading to abnormal hemoglobin.
  • Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, blocking blood flow and causing pain, organ damage, and reduced life expectancy.
• Symptoms:
  • Chronic anemia causing fatigue, weakness, and pallor.
  • Painful episodes (sickle cell crisis) resulting in intense pain in bones, chest, and limbs.
  • Delayed growth and puberty in children.
• Treatment Processes:
  • Blood Transfusions: Relieve anemia and reduce pain crises.
  • Hydroxyurea: Reduces the frequency of painful episodes.
  • Gene Therapy: Includes bone marrow or stem cell transplants and methods like CRISPR for treatment.

Challenges of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in India

• Tribal Population Impact:
  • India has the world’s largest tribal population (~67.8 million, 8.6% of total population as per 2011 Census).
  • Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is identified as one of the top 10 health issues for tribal communities.
• Challenges:
  • Limited diagnostic and treatment facilities in remote tribal regions.
  • Lack of awareness about genetic counseling and preventive care.
  • High treatment costs (e.g., CRISPR therapy costs USD 2-3 million).
  • Bone marrow donor availability is a challenge.

Government Initiatives for SCD Management

• National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (2023):
  • Objective: Eliminate SCD as a public health issue by 2047.
  • Key Features:
    • Community Screening: Mass screening to identify at-risk individuals.
    • Genetic Counseling: Educating families on genetic nature of SCD.
    • Advanced Diagnostics: Use of tools like HPLC for accurate diagnosis.
    • Prenatal Testing: Partnership with organizations like Sankalp India.
    • Newborn Screening: AIIMS Bhopal provides early detection.
    • Technology: A mobile app and National Sickle Cell Portal for tracking data.
  • Progress:Over 3.37 crore people screened, with 3.22 crore confirmed negative.
  • Target Groups:Focus on children, adolescents, youth, and adults for screening, counseling, and care.
• National Health Mission (NHM) (2013):
  • Emphasizes disease prevention and management, particularly for hereditary conditions like sickle cell.
  • Facilitates medications like hydroxyurea for treatment.
• National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research (2017):Regulates stem cell therapies and allows Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) for SCD.
• National Guidelines for Gene Therapy (2019):Guidelines for gene therapies for inherited disorders, including CRISPR treatment for SCD.
• State Haemoglobinopathy Mission of Madhya Pradesh:Addresses screening and management challenges of SCD in the state.

Global Awareness and Observances

• World Sickle Cell Awareness Day:
  • Observed on 19th June annually, with the 2024 theme: "Hope Through Progress: Advancing Sickle Cell Care Globally".
  • Aimed at raising awareness about SCD struggles, improving patient care, and finding a cure.

In News:

The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has launched the Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) program to significantly boost research and innovation across Indian universities, especially those with limited research infrastructure. The program is designed to bring about a transformative change in India's academic research ecosystem, aligning with the broader goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Key Details:

• Launch Date: November 2024
• Ministry/Department: Department of Science and Technology (DST)
• Objective:
  • To elevate research capabilities in universities that have limited resources by pairing them with well-established, top-tier institutions.
  • To foster collaborations that can help these emerging universities enhance their research quality, drive innovation, and make significant, globally competitive research contributions.
• Operational Model: Hub-and-Spoke Framework
  • Hub Institutions: These are well-established, top-tier institutions that will serve as mentors to less-researched universities. The hubs will be selected from:
    • The top 25 institutions in the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF).
    • Institutions of National Importance ranked in the top 50 NIRF.
  • Spoke Institutions: These are emerging universities or institutions with limited research infrastructure. These will include:
    • Central and State Public Universities ranked within the top 200 NIRF Overall.
    • Top 100 NIRF University/State Public Universities.
    • Select NITs and IIITs.
• Funding:
  • The program has a budget allocation of up to ?100 crore per PAIR network.
  • Distribution of Funds:
    • 30% for the Hub institution.
    • 70% for the Spoke institutions.
  • Private Institutions serving as hubs will need to contribute 25% of their allocated budget.
• Mentorship & Research Focus:
  • Hubs will provide mentorship to spoke institutions, guiding them in various aspects of research such as access to resources, advanced infrastructure, and best practices.
  • The collaboration is expected to enhance research capabilities, foster innovation, and encourage the development of collaborative networks across institutions.
• Regional Diversity & Inclusion:
  • The program ensures regional diversity, with at least one spoke institution located outside the hub's state.
  • It also allows the inclusion of one promising university from Category III institutions that may not meet the eligibility criteria but show potential for growth in research.
• Phase-wise Rollout:
  • The first phase will focus on institutions ranked within the top 25 NIRF and Institutions of National Importance.
  • Future phases will expand the scope, allowing more universities and institutions to participate.
• Goals Aligned with NEP 2020:
  • Fostering Research Excellence: By partnering top institutions with emerging ones, PAIR seeks to improve the quality of research in India’s higher education sector.
  • Promoting Regional Diversity: Ensuring a geographically diverse set of institutions participate in the research ecosystem.
  • Strengthening Innovation: Helping universities in less-researched areas to compete on an international level, particularly in cutting-edge and impactful research.
• Program Implementation:
• Prospective Program Directors from eligible Hub institutions are invited to apply online for the program at ANRF PAIR Application Portal.

About ANRF:

• ANRF was established under the ANRF Act 2023 as an apex body to provide strategic direction for scientific research in India.
• With the formation of ANRF, the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), previously established under an act of Parliament in 2008, has been subsumed into ANRF.

In News:

• Cambodia saw a resurgence of H5N1 avian influenza cases after over 10 years of no human infections.
• From February 2023 to August 2024, 16 human cases were reported, with 3 deaths caused by the A/H5 clade 2.3.2.1c virus.
• Notably, 14 of these cases were caused by a novel reassortant virus, involving a mixture of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4b gene segments.

Key Points:

• Reassortment of the Virus:
  • The reassortment between clades 2.3.2.1c (Southeast Asia) and 2.3.4.4b (global spread) has created a new strain.
  • This reassortant virus is responsible for the second wave of infections in humans, starting in October 2023.
• Zoonotic Transmission:
  • Investigations confirmed that direct contact with sick poultry or bird droppings was the primary source of human infections.
  • There have been no reported cases of human-to-human transmission.
  • The novel reassortant virus appears to have replaced the 2.3.2.1c strain in Cambodian poultry.
• Geographic Spread and Spillovers:
  • Clade 2.3.2.1c was first reported in Cambodian poultry in March 2014. It continued to circulate in both poultry and wild birds.
  • Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses began circulating in Cambodian live bird markets by 2021, co-existing with clade 2.3.2.1c.
  • There were two key spillovers to humans:
    • The first spillover in February 2023, associated with clade 2.3.2.1c, involved two related individuals, with one death.
    • The second spillover, beginning in October 2023, involved the novel reassortant virus.
• Genetic Analysis and Mutation Concerns:
  • Genetic sequencing showed significant changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of viruses from human cases, indicating a shift from older local strains to newer sublineages.
  • The PB2 627K mutation in the novel reassortant is concerning, as it is linked to increased mammalian adaptation and the potential for airborne transmission, particularly in mammals like ferrets.
  • This mutation raises concerns about the virus’s ability to adapt to humans or other mammals.
• Environmental and Epidemiological Factors:
  • The reassortment is believed to have been facilitated by:
    • High-density poultry farming.
    • Wild bird migration.
    • Cross-border poultry trade in Southeast Asia.
  • These factors heighten the risk of zoonotic transmission, emphasizing the need for continued vigilance in the region.
• Surveillance and Response:
  • One Health investigations linked human cases to infected poultry, highlighting the importance of rapid response through whole genome sequencing.
  • The ongoing surveillance is critical, as the novel reassortant strain has already replaced clade 2.3.2.1c in Cambodian poultry.
• Public Health Recommendations:
  • There is an urgent need to strengthen sustained surveillance of avian influenza in both poultry and wild birds, particularly in Southeast Asia.
  • Public health strategies should focus on:
    • Reducing human exposure to infected poultry.
    • Promoting safe poultry handling practices.
    • Encouraging early healthcare-seeking behavior in individuals with potential symptoms.

In News:

• The 3rd Indian Space Conclave, held in New Delhi, was a significant event for India's growing role in global space exploration and strategic partnerships.
• Organized by the Indian Space Association (ISPA), the conclave brought together key stakeholders from the government, industry, academia, and space agencies to discuss India’s space ambitions and the transformative role of space technologies.

Key Highlights:

Satcom as a Transformative Force for Digital India

• Emphasis on Satellite Communication (Satcom) is more than a mere tool—it's a transformative force driving Digital India by connecting every household, village, and remote area of the country.
• Satcom has a wide array of applications that extend across essential sectors such as telecommunications, disaster management, healthcare, education, and agriculture, particularly in underserved regions.

Indo-EU Space Collaboration

• The event also showcased India’s growing space partnerships, particularly with the European Union (EU). The EU Ambassador recognized India as a dynamic space power and highlighted shared goals in Earth observation, space security, and human spaceflight.
• Proposed joint initiatives include training programs, collaborative research, and satellite missions, such as the Proba-3 satellite launch by ISRO, focusing on observing the Sun.
• India’s trustworthiness as a partner in space was underscored by its role in the successful launch of the Proba-1 and Proba-2 missions for the EU, with Proba-3 marking India’s third contribution to EU space exploration.

Space Startups and Innovation

• The rise of space-focused startups in India, spurred by the 2020 space sector reforms, was another key highlight. India now has over 300 space startups, contributing to both economic growth and innovation in the space industry.
• These reforms have helped curb brain drain, with many talented Indian professionals returning from global agencies like NASA to join the expanding Indian space ecosystem.

India’s Long-Term Space Goals

• The Indian space program has ambitious long-term goals, including:
  • Gaganyaan, India’s human spaceflight mission.
  • A crewed lunar landing by 2040.
  • The establishment of an Indian space station by 2035.
  • Plans for space tourism by 2040.
• These initiatives demonstrate India’s commitment to becoming a global leader in space exploration and technological innovation.

Space Sector Reforms (2020)

• The Space Sector Reforms 2020 were designed to increase the participation of private players in India’s space activities. The creation of agencies like the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) and the strengthening of New Space India Limited (NSIL) have been pivotal in boosting India’s global space market share.
• IN-SPACe serves as an autonomous body fostering industry, academia, and startups, while NSIL handles commercial activities and promotes high-tech space-related ventures.

India's First Mars and Moon Analog Mission

• ISRO's First Mars and Moon Analog Mission was inaugurated in Leh, Ladakh. This mission simulates the conditions of space habitats, specifically focusing on Mars and Moon environments.
• Ladakh's unique climate—high altitude, low oxygen levels, and extreme temperature fluctuations—makes it an ideal location for testing life support systems, space habitat technologies, and sustainable resource utilization.

Key Aspects of the Analog Mission:

• Life support systems like hydroponics (space farming) and standalone solar power systems to support sustainable food production and renewable energy in space habitats.
• Circadian lighting to simulate daylight cycles, maintaining astronaut health and well-being.
• The mission’s goal is to understand the psychological and operational challenges of living in isolation and extreme conditions, preparing India for future interplanetary exploration.

In News:

• ‘AntarikshaAbhyas – 2024’ is a three-day space exercise held from November 11-13, 2024, hosted by the Defence Space Agency (DSA), Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff.
• The exercise is the first of its kind and focuses on war-gaming the growing threats to space-based assets and services.

Objective of the Exercise:

• Enhance understanding of space-based assets and their operational dependencies.
• Identify vulnerabilities in military operations in case of denial or disruption of space services.
• Integrate India's space capabilities in military operations to secure national strategic objectives.

Participants:

• Defence Space Agency (DSA) and its allied units.
• Personnel from the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• Specialist agencies under Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff, including:
  • Defence Cyber Agency (DCA)
  • Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)
  • Strategic Forces Command (SFC)
• Representatives from ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) and DRDO (Defence Research & Development Organisation).

Focus Areas:

• Space-based asset and service operational dependency.
• Securing national interests in space through technological innovation and development.
• Assessing space service vulnerabilities and impacts on military operations.

In News:

Chinese rover helps find evidence of ancient Martian shoreline.

Mission Overview:

• Rover: Zhurong, part of China’s Tianwen-1 Mars exploration program.
• Mission Launch: Zhurong landed in 2021 in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars' northern hemisphere.
• Key Discovery: Evidence of an ancient ocean on Mars, suggesting a habitable past for the planet.

Key Findings:

• Geological Features Indicating a Coastline:
  • Data from Zhurong and orbiting spacecraft (Tianwen-1 Orbiter, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) revealed geological features such as troughs, sediment channels, and mud volcano formations, suggesting the existence of a Martian coastline.
  • Features indicate both shallow and deeper marine environments, supporting the idea of a past ocean.
• Age of the Ocean:
  • The ocean likely existed around 3.68 billion years ago, with its surface potentially frozen in a geologically short period.
  • The ocean is thought to have disappeared by 3.42 billion years ago.

Evolutionary Scenario of Mars:

• At the time of the ocean, Mars might have already begun transitioning away from a habitable planet, losing much of its atmosphere and becoming cold and dry.
• The ocean may have formed after Mars' climate began to change, suggesting that it was once more hospitable, possibly capable of supporting microbial life.

Implications for Life on Mars:

• The presence of water, a key ingredient for life, raises the possibility that Mars could have supported microbial life in its early history.
• When Mars had a thick, warm atmosphere, conditions might have been favorable for life, as microbial life would have been more likely to exist.

Significance of Zhurong's Contribution:

• Zhurong exceeded its original mission duration of three months, operating until May 2022, helping provide key data to understand Mars' ancient water history.
• The discovery adds to ongoing efforts to study the disappearance of water on Mars and its implications for the planet's habitability.