In News:

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted release trials of the indigenously developed Long-Range Glide Bomb (LRGB) ‘Gaurav’ from a Su-30 MKI aircraft.

About LRGB ‘Gaurav’

• Type: Air-launched, precision-guided munition.
• Purpose: Designed for accurate strikes on land targets from stand-off distances, i.e., beyond enemy air defence range.
• Indigenously developed by DRDO under the Ministry of Defence.

Key Features

• Range:
  • Demonstrated precision strike at nearly 100 km.
  • Operational range: 30–150 km.
• Variants by Weight:
  • Gaurav (winged): 1,000 kg
  • Gautham (non-winged): 550 kg
• Guidance Systems:
  • Inertial Navigation System (INS)
  • Satellite-based navigation (e.g., GPS/IRNSS)
  • Digital control for enhanced accuracy

Significance

• Boosts India’s precision strike capability.
• Promotes self-reliance in defence technology under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

Related Concepts

Glide Bomb:

• A precision-guided munition that travels significant distances without powered propulsion.
• Uses aerodynamic lift to glide toward the target.
• Navigation via INS, GPS, or laser guidance.

Su-30 MKI Aircraft:

• A twin-engine, multirole fighter aircraft.
• Developed jointly by Sukhoi Design Bureau (Russia) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
• Backbone of the Indian Air Force (IAF) combat fleet.

In News:

Health authorities in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, have issued a public alert after a spike in Legionnaires’ disease cases in Sydney. The outbreak is suspected to be linked to contaminated air-conditioning systems in the city.

About Legionnaires’ Disease

Aspect                           Details

Cause                             Legionella bacteria, found in freshwater and man-made water systems

Type                                A severe form of pneumonia

Related Disease      Pontiac fever – a milder, flu-like respiratory illness caused by the same bacteria

Key Features

• Symptoms:
  • High fever, cough, shortness of breath
  • Muscle pain, headaches, confusion
  • Diarrhoea or nausea in some cases
• Transmission:
  • Not person-to-person
  • Spread through inhalation of contaminated aerosols (e.g., from cooling towers, air conditioners, hot tubs)
• Risk Factors:
  • Elderly individuals
  • Smokers
  • People with weakened immune systems or chronic lung conditions

Treatment and Prevention

• Treatment: Requires antibiotic therapy
• Vaccine: No vaccine currently available
• Prevention:
  • Regular maintenance and disinfection of water systems
  • Monitoring air-conditioning and cooling systems

In News:

A rare sighting of the Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (Petauristaphilippensis) has been reported in Ranikhet, a hill station in Uttarakhand, highlighting the ecological richness of the region.

About Indian Giant Flying Squirrel

Feature                                         Description

Scientific Name                      Petauristaphilippensis

Size                                                   Body length: 30–45 cm; Tail length: up to 60 cm

Appearance                               Rufous coat, grey underparts, large eyes, and a gliding membrane from wrist

                                                to ankle

Locomotion                                Glides up to 60 meters between trees using patagium (gliding membrane)

Habitat and Distribution

• Found in tropical and subtropical forests across central and southern India
• Inhabits evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous forests, especially near forest edges
• Recent sighting in Uttarakhand indicates possible range expansion or overlooked presence

Ecological Role

• Diet: Fruits, nuts, leaves, and bark
• Acts as a seed disperser, supporting forest regeneration
• Considered a keystone species due to its ecological significance

Behavioural Traits

• Nocturnal and arboreal
• Emits alarm calls upon detecting predators like owls
• Active at night, gliding from tree to tree in search of food

Conservation Status

Category                                                   Status

IUCN Red List (Global)                     Least Concern

IUCN Status (India)                           Near Threatened (due to habitat loss)

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972       Schedule II

Threats

• Habitat loss and fragmentation
• Deforestation and degradation of forest corridors
• Increasing human encroachment in forested landscapes

In News:

A team of young researchers from Kerala has won the prestigious Future Conservationist Award by the Conservation Leadership Programme (CLP) for their community-driven project on conserving the Malabar Grey Hornbill in Wayanad.

About Malabar Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros griseus)

• Status: Vulnerable (IUCN Red List)
• Legal Protection: Schedule IV of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• Endemic to: Western Ghatsand parts of the Nilgiris, Wayanad, and Anamalai Hills in Southern India.
• Habitat: Evergreen forests, plantations, and agricultural landscapes
• Ecological Importance: Cavity-nesting frugivore, plays a key role in seed dispersal
• Nesting Behavior:
  • Nests in secondary cavities (e.g., old woodpecker hollows)
  • Reuses the same nesting cavity for years
  • Dependent on cavity-bearing trees, often outside protected areas

About the Future Conservationist Award (CLP)

• Awarded By:
  • Fauna & Flora International
  • BirdLife International
  • Wildlife Conservation Society
• Purpose: Supports early-career conservationists with funding and mentorship
• Focus Areas: Field conservation, community engagement, biodiversity monitoring

In News:

China has recently launched aggressive military drills in the Taiwan Strait, heightening tensions in the region and drawing international concern over the stability of the Indo-Pacific.

About Taiwan Strait

• Location: Separates mainland China from the island of Taiwan.
• Connectivity: Links the South China Sea to the East China Sea.
• Width:
  • Widest point: ~180 km
  • Narrowest point: ~130 km
• Depth: Average of about 70 meters.
• Key Islands: Includes the Pescadores (Penghu) Islands, administered by Taiwan.
• Historical Name: Known as Formosa (meaning “Beautiful”) by Portuguese explorers in the 16th century.

Strategic and Economic Importance

• Maritime Trade Route:Nearly 40% of the world’s container ship traffic passes through the Taiwan Strait annually.
• Fisheries:One of China’s richest fishing zones, home to over 100 economically significant fish species.

Geopolitical and Historical Context

• Post-1949 Divide:Became a de facto boundary after the Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan post-Chinese Civil War.
• Taiwan Strait Crises:First Crisis (1954–55) and Second Crisis (1958) involved artillery attacks by the PRC on ROC-held islands.These crises prompted U.S. military support to Taiwan to prevent escalation.

Why it matters for India and the World

• Rising tensions in the Taiwan Strait could disrupt global trade and impact Indo-Pacific security.
• Strategic for India’s maritime interests and foreign policy under the Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy.

In News:

India recently introduced the BM-04, a new-generation Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), during the Vigyan Vaibhav 2025 defence exhibition in Hyderabad. Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), the missile underscores India’s commitment to enhancing its conventional precision strike and counterforce capabilities.

Key Specifications and Features:

• Length: 10.2 metres
• Diameter: 1.2 metres
• Weight: Approximately 11,500 kg
• Propulsion: Dual-stage, solid-fuel system
• Range: Capable of striking targets up to 1,500 km away
• Warhead: Equipped with a 500 kg conventional payload
• Accuracy: Features a 30-metre Circular Error Probability (CEP)

Advanced Capabilities:

• Canisterized Launch System: Like other strategic missiles in India’s arsenal, the BM-04 is canisterized, enabling quicker launch readiness by pre-mating the warhead and delivery system.
• Mobile Deployment: Transported and launched via an indigenous six-wheeled Transport Erector Launcher (TEL), offering enhanced mobility and operational flexibility.
• Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB): The missile incorporates a Common Hypersonic Glide Body, allowing it to maneuver mid-flight, making its trajectory less predictable and improving its ability to evade missile defence systems, particularly in contested A2/AD environments.
• Modular Design: The BM-04 platform is designed for upgradability, supporting integration of advanced warheads, sensors, and propulsion technologies as threat perceptions evolve.

Strategic Significance:The induction of the BM-04 marks a leap in India’s tactical missile capability, bolstering its credible conventional deterrence posture. With precision targeting, improved survivability, and adaptability for future upgrades, the BM-04 is poised to play a vital role in India’s defence architecture.

In News:

In a significant conservation achievement under the Turtle Rehabilitation Project (TRP), 340 Indian Star Tortoises were successfully released into the wild at Jogapur Reserve Forest, located in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra.

Indian Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegans)

• IUCN Status:Vulnerable
• CITES Listing:Appendix I
• Protection under Indian Law:Schedule I, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

Habitat & Range:

• Native to Northwest India, Southern India, and Sri Lanka
• Prefers arid and semi-arid ecosystems including scrublands, dry forests, grasslands, and semi-deserts

Key Characteristics:

• Recognizable by the radiating star-like patterns on its domed shell
• Faces high poaching pressure due to demand in the illegal exotic pet trade
• Exhibits crepuscular behavior (most active during dawn and dusk)
• Primarily herbivorous, consuming grasses, flowers, and leafy vegetation

Turtle Rehabilitation Project (TRP): A Conservation Initiative

• Launched: Late 2024; witnessed a major release event in April 2025
• Implemented By: Maharashtra Forest Department in collaboration with RESQ Charitable Trust

Objectives:

• Rescue and rehabilitate illegally trafficked tortoises and turtles
• Facilitate safe reintroduction into natural habitats through:
  • Medical treatment
  • Acclimatization to wild conditions
  • Biometric tracking for post-release monitoring
• Raise public awareness via community engagement and school outreach

In News:

The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) has entered into a strategic Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the New Development Bank (NDB) to strengthen cooperation in long-term infrastructure financing and promote clean energy development in India.

About NaBFID (National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development)

• Type: Development Finance Institution (DFI)
• Established Under:NaBFID Act, 2021
• Regulated By: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as an All-India Financial Institution (AIFI)

Objectives:

• Bridge the gap in long-term, non-recourse infrastructure finance
• Support the development of India’s bond and derivatives markets
• Foster sustainable economic growth
• Enable project financing in clean energy, transport, and water infrastructure

Key Features:

• Capital base to be scaled up to ?1 trillion
• Focuses on medium to long-term financing (1–5+ years)
• Promotes Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and financial viability of projects
• Engages in joint research, capacity building, and knowledge-sharing with global institutions like NDB

About the New Development Bank (NDB)

• Type: Multilateral Development Bank formed by BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)
• Proposed: BRICS Summit, New Delhi (2012)
• Established By:Fortaleza Declaration, 15 July 2014
• Became Operational: 21 July 2015

Mandate:

• Mobilize funds for infrastructure and sustainable development
• Finance projects in emerging and developing economies (EMDCs)
• Promote green, inclusive, and resilient growth, particularly in clean energy, transport, and water sectors

Key Features:

• Authorized Capital: $100 billion
• India’s Contribution: $2 billion (paid in 7 tranches, 2015–2022)
• Engagement in India: As of December 2024, NDB has financed 20 projects worth $4.867 billion

In News:

• The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has recently introduced a new ‘Blue Category’ for industries under its Essential Environmental Services (EES) framework.
• Notably, Waste-to-Energy (WTE) incineration plants, previously classified as highly polluting ‘Red Category’ industries, have now been controversially reclassified under this new category.

Background: Pollution Index (PI) and Industry Categorisation

• The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) classifies industries into categories — White, Green, Orange, and Red — based on a Pollution Index (PI) (0–100 scale).
  • White (0–20): Least polluting
  • Green (21–40)
  • Orange (41–59)
  • Red (60–100): Most polluting
• WTE plants, with a PI of 97.6, were originally in the Red Category.

What is the new Blue Category?

• Created under Essential Environmental Services (EES) classification.
• Grants 2 additional years of “Consent to Operate” (essentially, consent to pollute).
• Aims to support infrastructure like composting units, biogas plants, material recovery facilities, etc

Controversy: WTE Incineration in the Blue Category

• WTE plants burn unsegregated municipal solid waste (MSW) to generate electricity by producing steam to drive turbines.
• Unlike claimed benefits, WTE plants emit more CO? per unit of electricity than coal-fired plants, contributing to climate change.
• CPCB’s inspection reports found that Delhi’s WTE plants exceeded emission norms, releasing carcinogens and other pollutants such as:
  • SOx, NOx, HCL, PM, Dioxins, and Furans
• In FY 2022–23, Delhi’s WTE plants incinerated ~735,840 tons of plastic, contributing significantly to Delhi’s poor air quality.
• These plants also generate hazardous ash, requiring secure landfill disposal.

Issues with Reclassification

• The CPCB’s own guidelines state that:
  • Only projects that do not emit hazardous waste or
  • Projects that promote the circular economy can be blue-listed.
• However, leading government institute CSIR-NEERI has observed that WTE plants violate the principles of the circular economy and contravene Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.
• Reclassification undermines environmental safeguards, harms waste pickers’ livelihoods, and imposes financial burdens on Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).

In News:

British startup Pulsar Fusion is developing Sunbird, a nuclear fusion-powered rocket that could significantly reduce travel time to outer planets like Mars and Pluto. An orbital demonstration is planned for 2027.

Key Features of Sunbird

• Maximum Speed: Up to 805,000 km/h, surpassing the Parker Solar Probe (692,000 km/h), the fastest human-made object to date.
• Travel Efficiency: Could enable missions to Pluto in just 4 years, and cut travel time to Mars by nearly 50%.
• Payload Capacity: Capable of delivering up to 2,000 kg to Mars in six months.
• Functionality: Unlike chemical rockets like SpaceX’s Starship, Sunbird would act as an interplanetary booster, attaching to spacecraft and possibly operating between charging stations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Mars orbit.

About Nuclear Fusion Propulsion

Nuclear Fusion aims to replicate the process that powers stars — the fusion of atomic nuclei to release energy. Unlike nuclear fission, fusion is cleaner, offers higher energy output, and produces minimal radioactive waste.

Types of Nuclear Propulsion Systems

Propulsion Type                                                           Description

Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP)             Uses a nuclear reactor to heat liquid hydrogen which

                                                                            turns to plasma and produces thrust. Provides high exhaust

                                                                            velocity and can increase payload efficiency 2–3 times

                                                                            over chemical rockets. Ground tests began in the 1950s.

Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP)                Converts reactor heat into electricity to power ion thrusters,

                                                                            which gradually reach high speeds. Components include a

                                                                                               compact reactor core, electric generator, heat rejection

                                                                                               system, and electric propulsion system. Unlike solar power,

                                                                           nuclear sources ensure consistent energy beyond Mars.

Challenges in Fusion Rocket Development

• Fusion systems are currently large and heavy, posing difficulties in miniaturisation for spaceflight.
• Fusion on Earth is hard to replicate due to atmospheric constraints; space offers a more natural environment for fusion reactions.

Global Efforts and Timeline

Apart from Pulsar Fusion, companies like Helicity Space and General Atomics (backed by NASA and Lockheed Martin) are also advancing fusion-powered space propulsion systems, with testing planned around 2027.

In News:

A recent United Nations report titled ‘Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000–2023’, released by the Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG), highlights global progress and setbacks in maternal health. While acknowledging India's significant gains, the report places India second in global maternal deaths, behind Nigeria.

India’s Maternal Mortality Statistics (2023)

• Maternal deaths in India: 19,000(7.2% of global total)
• Rank: Second globally, tied with the Democratic Republic of Congo
• MMR: Reduced from 362 per 1 lakh live births (2000) to 80 in 2023 — a 78% decline
• Global average decline: 40% (2000–2023), but India achieved 86% decline
• Comparison with Nigeria:
  • Nigeria: 75,000 deaths, contributing 28.7% of global maternal deaths
  • India's Health Ministry deemed the comparison unfair given population differences (India: 145 crore, Nigeria: 23.26 crore)

Definition and Importance of MMR

According to WHO, Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) refers to:

“The death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination, from pregnancy-related causes excluding accidental ones.”

MMR is a critical indicator for assessing healthcare quality and maternal well-being.

UN Global Findings

• Estimated maternal deaths globally (2023): 260,000
• Daily deaths: Over 700 women; about one death every two minutes
• Leading causes: Post-partum haemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, infections
• SDG 3.1 Target: Reduce MMR to <70 per 1 lakh live births by 2030

India-Specific Causes of Maternal Deaths

• Medical reasons:
  • Post-partum haemorrhage
  • Hypertensive disorders (e.g. pre-eclampsia)
  • Infections related to pregnancy
  • Co-morbidities: Anaemia, diabetes, hypertension
• Systemic challenges:
  • Inadequate emergency obstetric care at Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centres (CHCs)
  • Lack of infrastructure, trained personnel, and referral systems
  • Socio-economic backwardness and poor access to healthcare in northern India

Concerns Highlighted in the Report

• Slowing progress post-2016 despite early improvements
• Humanitarian funding cuts impacting:
  • Health worker retention
  • Facility operations
  • Availability of essential drugs (for haemorrhage, malaria, pre-eclampsia)
• Disruption in maternal care supply chains, especially in low-resource regions

India’s Stand

The Union Health Ministry has contested comparisons with smaller nations like Nigeria, asserting that India's maternal health progress is notable given its large population. The Ministry emphasized the 86% decline in MMR since 1990, as opposed to a global decline of 48% in the same period.

In News:

In its latest Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting, the RBI decided to retain the accommodative stance amid signs of moderating inflation and sluggish economic growth. This was intended to support the ongoing recovery and ensure credit availability in key sectors.

Definition:

An accommodative stance is a monetary policy approach adopted by central banks, such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), to stimulate economic activity. It generally involves:

• Keeping interest rates low
• Injecting liquidity into the financial system

This stance signals that the central bank is open to reducing rates further or maintaining low rates for an extended period to support growth and demand.

When is it Adopted?

The RBI typically adopts an accommodative stance during:

• Slowing or below-potential economic growth
• Low or stable inflation within the RBI’s target range
• Need to revive consumption, investment, and employment
• Response to domestic or global financial shocks and uncertainties

Objectives

The main aims of an accommodative stance include:

• Boosting credit flow and private investment
• Encouraging borrowing and spending
• Supporting aggregate demand revival
• Providing liquidity relief to stressed sectors
• Promoting employment generation

Key Monetary Tools Used by RBI

To implement an accommodative stance, the RBI uses several instruments:

• Repo Rate Reduction:
  • Lowers the cost of borrowing for commercial banks.
  • Encourages banks to lend more to businesses and consumers.
• Open Market Operations (OMOs):RBI buys government securities to infuse liquidity into the market.
• Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs):Provides long-term funding to banks at low interest rates.
• Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) Adjustments:Temporarily lowering CRR increases the funds available for lending.
• Moral Suasion & Regulatory Forbearance:RBI encourages banks to maintain or enhance credit flow, especially to priority and stressed sectors.

Context:

• The Arctic biome, primarily a treeless tundra, spans approximately 11.5 million km² and includes regions in Canada, Greenland, Iceland, and Eurasia.
• It is characterized by permafrost (permanently frozen ground) close to the surface, limiting plant root growth.
• Vegetation consists of grasses, lichens, mosses, and low shrubs, while fauna includes polar bears, arctic foxes, caribou, musk ox, and migratory birds like snow geese.
• Climatic conditions are harsh, with temperatures ranging from -60°C in winter to 15.5°C in summer, and annual precipitation between 150–250 mm, mostly as snow.
• Despite nutrient-poor soils, the biome has functioned as a major carbon sink by storing carbon in peat and humus.

The Arctic Boreal Zone (ABZ) and Carbon Dynamics

The Arctic Boreal Zone (ABZ), which includes tundra, coniferous forests, and wetlands, has historically played a crucial role in global carbon sequestration. Its coniferous forests form the largest land-based biome on Earth.

However, recent studies, including one in Nature Climate Change (2025), indicate that over 30% of the ABZ has shifted from being a carbon sink to a carbon source. This reversal is primarily driven by:

• Permafrost thawing: Warmer topsoil temperatures lead to decomposition of organic matter, releasing CO? and methane.
• Frequent and intense wildfires: These burn organic-rich soils, releasing large volumes of carbon.

This transition creates a positive feedback loop: Wildfires release carbon → global temperatures rise → permafrost thaws → more emissions → more fires.

Fire Trends and Global Impact

Data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reveal that wildfires released 800,000 tonnes of carbon in January 2025 alone, nearly 4 times more than in the same period a decade ago.

Key wildfire incidents include:

• Texas and Oklahoma (USA): Destroyed 14,000+ structures, burned 16,000 hectares, and displaced thousands.
• Ofunato City (Japan): One of the country’s largest fires in 50 years, affecting nearly 2,900 hectares.

According to the India State of Forest Report (Dec 2024):

• Uttarakhand recorded the highest number of forest fires (5,315 fires) between Nov 2022–June 2023.
• However, fire hotspots are declining: 2.23 lakh (2021–22) → 2.12 lakh (2022–23) → 2.03 lakh (2023–24).

India’s Changing Fire and Climate Profile

Research by IIT Kharagpur and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology shows that land temperatures in northwest, northeast, and central India are rising by:

• 0.1–0.3°C/decade (pre-monsoon)
• 0.2–0.4°C/decade (post-monsoon)

This trend has led to earlier, longer, and slower-moving heatwaves, increasing wildfire vulnerability. India emits an estimated 69 million tonnes of CO? annually from forest fires.

Key Findings from the 2024 Arctic Report Card (NOAA)

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirms that the Arctic tundra is becoming a carbon source, exacerbated by fossil fuel pollution and recurrent wildfires. According to NOAA, this shift reflects persistent, long-term climate trends, not mere variability.

A global study of 200 monitoring sites (1990–2020) found:

• Alaska contributed 44% of the ABZ’s new carbon emissions.
• Northern Europe and Siberia added 25% and 13%, respectively.
• Non-summer months now emit more carbon than the entire summer absorption.

Historical fire events like the 2003 Siberian fires and the 2012 Timmins fire (Canada) significantly accelerated this trend.

In News:

The Union Cabinet has approved the Modernisation of Command Area Development and Water Management (M-CADWM) scheme as a sub-scheme of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY). The scheme will be implemented during 2025–26 with an initial outlay of ?1,600 crore.

Background

• PMKSY was launched in 2015-16 to expand the cultivable area under assured irrigation, improve on-farm water use efficiency, and enhance access to water at the farm level.
• The Command Area Development and Water Management (CAD&WM)programme was first initiated in 1974-75, and restructured in 2004. It has been implemented under PMKSY - Har Khet Ko Pani since 2015-16.

Objectives of M-CADWM

• Modernize the irrigation water supply network to ensure efficient delivery from existing canals or other sources to farming clusters.
• Enhance Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and promote sustainable agricultural practices.

Key Features

• Technological Integration:Adoption of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) and Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time water accounting and monitoring.
• Infrastructure Development:Installation of underground pressurised piped irrigation systems up to 1 hectare per farm, supporting micro-irrigation from source to farm gate.
• Sustainable Water Management:
  • Implementation of Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) to Water User Societies (WUS).
  • These societies will be supported for five years and linked with Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) and Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACS) to strengthen local management.
• Youth Engagement:The scheme aims to attract youth to agriculture by promoting the use of modern irrigation technologies and creating opportunities in agrarian entrepreneurship.

Components of CAD&WM (Under PMKSY)

• Structural Interventions:On-Farm Development (OFD) works, construction of field, intermediate and link drains.
• Non-Structural Interventions:One-time functional grants to registered Water Users’ Associations (WUAs), capacity building, demonstrations, and adaptive trials to promote efficient water use.

Expected Outcomes

• Improved irrigation efficiency and agricultural productivity.
• Enhanced water conservation and equity in water distribution.
• Strengthened community participation in irrigation management.
• Boost to rural employment and agriculture modernization.

In News:

The Uttar Pradesh Police has taken a unique step to humanize policing and strengthen community engagement through the launch of Cafe Rista—a public-friendly café located within the Noida Police Commissionerate, Sector 108. This initiative is an example of citizen-centric policing aimed at improving the image of law enforcement and promoting positive interactions with the public.

Key Highlights:

• Launched by:The café is the brainchild of IPS officers Laxmi Singh and Babloo Kumar, with active public outreach by IPS Preeti Yadav, who brought attention to the initiative through a viral social media video.
• What is Cafe Rista?

It is a pastel-themed, aesthetically pleasing café designed to serve affordable, hygienic, and tasty meals to both civilians and police personnel. The ambiance is warm and welcoming, featuring quirky motivational quotes and a calming decor.

• Strategic Location:The café is situated close to the Family Dispute Resolution Clinic within the Commissionerate. This proximity serves a dual purpose:
  • It offers a space of relaxation for families and individuals undergoing counselling or dispute mediation.
  • It provides psychological respite for those visiting under stressful circumstances.

Objectives of the Initiative:

• Break Stereotypes:Challenge the conventional perception of the police as unapproachable or intimidating by creating an informal and friendly setting.
• Promote Informal Engagement:Encourage dialogue and trust-building between civilians and police personnel in a relaxed, non-threatening environment.
• Support Mental Well-Being:The café contributes to the morale and mental wellness of both the public and police officers, especially those on demanding duties.
• Welfare Policing Model:Aligns with the concept of "welfare policing", wherein the police function not only as enforcers of law but also as community caretakers.
• Public Outreach through Social Media:The initiative leverages platforms like Instagram and Twitter to showcase the human side of policing, creating transparency and relatability.

In News:

Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru have developed a novel vanadium-based nanozyme that effectively controls abnormal blood clotting by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). This innovation holds promise for managing life-threatening conditions like pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and ischemic stroke.

Scientific Background:

• Normal Blood Clotting: Platelets are specialized blood cells that form clots at injury sites through a process called haemostasis, involving activation by physiological chemicals like collagen and thrombin.
• Problem of Abnormal Clotting: In conditions like COVID-19 and PTE, oxidative stress increases, leading to elevated ROS levels. This causes hyperactivation of platelets, resulting in excessive clot formation (thrombosis) — a leading cause of death globally.

Nanozyme Innovation by IISc:

• What is a Nanozyme?

An engineered nanomaterial that mimics the action of natural enzymes, in this case, glutathione peroxidase, which neutralizes ROS.

• Material Used: Vanadium pentoxide (V?O?) nanozymes, particularly those with spherical morphology, were found to be the most efficient.
• Mechanism: The redox-active surface of vanadium nanozymes catalytically reduces ROS, preventing unwanted platelet aggregation.

Testing and Results:

• In vitro testing: Human blood platelets were activated with physiological agonists. Nanozymes were tested for their ability to curb excessive aggregation.
• In vivo testing (mouse model of PTE):
  • Nanozyme injection led to reduced thrombosis.
  • Improved survival rates without observable toxicity.
  • Animals were monitored for 5 days post-treatment for health parameters.

Future Prospects:

• Researchers aim to test the nanozyme's potential against ischemic strokes, which also result from vascular blockages.
• Encouraging results with human platelets indicate the possibility of clinical trials in the near future.

In News:

Ukraine has claimed responsibility for a recent underwater explosion that damaged the Kerch Bridge, a critical transport link connecting mainland Russia to occupied Crimea. The attack underscores the strategic importance of the Kerch Strait in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Kerch Strait: Geographical and Strategic Overview

• Location: The Kerch Strait forms the only maritime passage between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
• Geographical Boundaries:
  • West: Kerch Peninsula (Crimea)
  • East: Taman Peninsula (Russia)
• Width: Narrows to 3–5 km at its tightest point near the Chushka Spit.
• Nearby City: Kerch, located on the Crimean side, lies near the strait’s midsection.
• Strategic Importance:
  • A vital shipping lane for transporting goods and military supplies.
  • Gained heightened geopolitical importance after Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014.
  • Frequently features in Russia–Ukraine maritime tensions.

Kerch Strait Bridge (Crimean Bridge)

• Length: 19 km, making it the longest bridge in Europe.
• Completed: In 2018
• Connectivity: Includes dual road and railway tracks, linking the Russian mainland to Crimea.
• Symbolism: Considered a symbol of Russia’s control over Crimea post-2014 annexation.
• Strategic Use: Facilitates military logistics and civilian transit; crucial for sustaining Russian presence in Crimea.

In News:

Western Europe is experiencing its largest diphtheria outbreak in 70 years, with cases predominantly among vulnerable groups such as migrants and the homeless. The outbreak, which began in 2022, has raised concerns over disease surveillance, migrant healthcare, and immunisation coverage.

Key Facts from the Outbreak

• As per a study in the New England Journal of Medicine, 536 cases and three deaths have been reported across Europe since 2022.
• Most cases were found among young males (average age: 18) who had recently migrated, particularly from Afghanistan and Syria.
• 98% of strains exhibited close genetic similarities, suggesting a common transmission point during migration journeys or in accommodation facilities, not in the countries of origin.
• A genetic match between the 2022 strains and a recent 2025 case in Germany indicates that the bacteria is still circulating silently in the region.

Recommendations from Health Experts

• Enhance vaccination drives, particularly among high-risk and underserved populations.
• Improve awareness among healthcare providers, especially those working with migrants and the homeless.
• Ensure better access to antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxins.
• Strengthen disease surveillance and contact tracing mechanisms.

About Diphtheria

Feature                           Details

Cause                           Corynebacterium diphtheriae (produces a potent toxin)

Mode of Spread          Respiratory droplets, contact with infected sores or ulcers

Affected Areas            Primarily the respiratory tract, but also the skin in some cases

Symptoms                  Sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, weakness; grey membrane in throat

Severe Impact           Can lead to breathing difficulties, heart and kidney damage, and neurological issues if untreated

Treatment                  Diphtheria Antitoxin (DAT), antibiotics, and supportive care

Fatality Rate            Up to 30% in unvaccinated individuals; higher in children

Prevention               Vaccination (DPT/DTP) is the most effective preventive measure

In News:

On the occasion of World Environment Day 2025, the Tamil Nadu government officially declared the Greater Flamingo Sanctuary at Dhanushkodi, Ramanathapuram district, aiming to protect a vital stopover site for migratory birds along the Central Asian Flyway.

Key Highlights

What is it?

A newly notified wildlife sanctuary dedicated to safeguarding migratory wetland birds, especially the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), in their natural resting and breeding habitat.

Location and Area:

• Located in Rameshwaram taluk, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu.
• Covers approximately 524.7 hectares of revenue and forest land.
• Lies within the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, a globally recognized marine ecosystem.

Ecological Significance

• Functions as a critical site along the Central Asian Flyway, one of the key migratory bird routes.
• As per the 2023–24 Wetland Bird Survey, the region hosts 10,700+ wetland birds representing 128 species, including:
  • Flamingos (greater and lesser)
  • Herons, egrets, sandpipers, etc.
• The sanctuary harbours diverse ecosystems, such as:
  • Mangroves (Avicennia, Rhizophora)
  • Mudflats, marshes, sand dunes, and lagoons
  • Nesting grounds for sea turtles and marine biodiversity

Conservation and Socioeconomic Benefits

• Strengthens coastal resilience by preventing erosion through natural mangrove buffers.
• Promotes responsible ecotourism, raising awareness of wetland and avian conservation.
• Supports local livelihoods via employment in conservation and tourism activities.

About the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)

Attribute                                Details

Size                                       90–150 cm tall, long necks and legs

Coloration                            Pink hue from carotenoid-rich diet

Feeding                                 Uses specialized downward-curved bill for filter feeding in shallow waters

Reproduction                        Builds cone-shaped mud nests, lays 1–2 eggs, both parents incubate

Chick Rearing                      Chicks are white and fed through regurgitation

Social Traits                          Highly gregarious, breeds in large colonies and flies in V-formations

Behavioral Note                   Often seen standing on one leg, possibly to conserve body heat

In News:

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has introduced a comprehensive operational framework for the issuance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) debt securities. This includes instruments such as social bonds, sustainability bonds, and sustainability-linked bonds, aiming to boost responsible financing in India.

Understanding ESG Debt Securities

Definition:
ESG debt securities are financial tools designed to raise capital specifically for projects that yield positive environmental, social, or governance (ESG) outcomes. These instruments are a key part of sustainable finance, with categories including:

• Social Bonds: Focused on projects with direct social impact (e.g., affordable housing, education).
• Sustainability Bonds: Target projects with both environmental and social objectives.
• Sustainability-Linked Bonds: Tied to specific ESG performance indicators or targets.

Salient Features:

• Funds raised must be used exclusively for eligible ESG-aligned projects.
• Bonds must be clearly labelled in line with the project's primary focus.
• Compliance with global ESG norms and standards is mandatory.
• Verification or certification by an independent third-party is required.
• The framework applies to both public and private debt offerings.

Highlights of SEBI’s Framework

1. Classification Guidelines: Issuers are required to categorize their bonds—green, social, or sustainability—based on the core objective of the projects being financed. This ensures transparent communication of the bond's intended impact.

2. Disclosure Norms:

• At the Issuance Stage: Offer documents must detail project eligibility, selection methodology, and a tentative allocation between financing new initiatives and refinancing existing ones.
• Post-Issuance: Issuers must provide annual updates on fund deployment and report impact metrics to demonstrate accountability and transparency.

3. Independent Assurance: Issuers must engage accredited third-party entities to validate the alignment of bonds with ESG principles, thereby enhancing investor confidence and market integrity.

4. Monitoring and Evaluation: There is an obligation for ongoing impact assessment. Issuers must ensure the projects funded effectively contribute to reducing environmental degradation or addressing social challenges.

5. Scope and Enforcement: The framework will come into effect from June 5, 2025, and is aligned with international ESG standards to facilitate greater inflow of sustainable and ethical investments.

Significance for India: This move marks a significant step in mainstreaming ESG finance in India. It aims to improve transparency, attract climate-conscious capital, and reinforce India’s commitment to sustainable development.

In News:

On World Environment Day 2025, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) launched the Waste Picker Enumeration App under the NAMASTE Scheme, reaffirming the government’s commitment to environmental justice and the dignity of sanitation workers.

What is the NAMASTE Scheme?

• Full Form: National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem
• Type: Central Sector Scheme (CSS)
• Launched: July 2023
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE)
• Partner Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)
• Implementing Agency: National Safai Karamcharis Finance & Development Corporation (NSKFDC)
• Objective: To formalize and rehabilitate sanitation workers and integrate them into formal systems through skilling, social security, and mechanization of hazardous cleaning work.
• Inclusion of Waste Pickers (From June 2024): The NAMASTE Scheme expanded its scope in June 2024 to include Waste Pickers, recognizing their critical role in the circular economy and solid waste management.

Waste Picker Enumeration App – Key Highlights

• Purpose: Digital platform for profiling 2.5 lakh waste pickers across India.
• Recognition: Provides occupational photo ID cards and formal identity to waste pickers.
• Social Security:
  • Health coverage under Ayushman Bharat–PM-JAY
  • Distribution of PPE kits and seasonal safety gear
• Livelihood & Skilling:
  • Skill development programs
  • Capital subsidies for waste collection vehicles
• Empowerment:
  • Strengthening of Waste Picker Collectives
  • Management of 750 Dry Waste Collection Centres (DWCCs) in urban areas

In News:

The Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) is a transformative 272-km railway project aimed at connecting the Kashmir Valley to the Indian Railways network. With Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurating the Chenab Rail Bridge and flagging off Vande Bharat trains in June 2025, the project nears full operationalization.

Key Details:

Chenab Rail Bridge – World’s Highest Railway Arch Bridge

• Height: 359 metres above riverbed (taller than the Eiffel Tower).
• Length: 1,315 metres; Arch span: 467 metres.
• Status: Highest railway arch bridge in the world.
• Engineering feat in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir.

Strategic All-Weather Connectivity

• Reduces dependency on the Srinagar-Jammu highway, which is prone to closure due to snow and landslides.
• Ensures year-round transportation and supply lines.

Enhanced Military Mobility

• Enables rapid movement of troops and equipment to border regions.
• Crucial for national security due to the region's proximity to international borders.
• Designed to withstand blasts and harsh weather.

Anji Bridge – India’s First Cable-Stayed Rail Bridge

• Length: 473 metres; Height: 331 metres.
• Located on the Katra-Banihal section.
• Supported by 48 cables, suitable for rugged Himalayan terrain.

Vande Bharat Connectivity

• High-speed trains introduced on Katra–Srinagar route.
• Improves passenger comfort and reduces travel time.

Economic Boost via Trade

• Improves market access for Kashmiri products: apples, saffron, handicrafts, and dry fruits.
• Facilitates faster freight movement, integrating the region into national trade networks.

Tourism Promotion

• Easier access to religious and scenic sites.
• Expected to boost tourism post disruptions (e.g., Pahalgam incident).
• Cheaper and faster rail travel enhances domestic footfall.

Engineering Resilience

• Chenab Bridge:
  • Blast-resistant (withstands up to 40 kg TNT).
  • Wind resistant (up to 260 kmph).
  • Seismic-resilient with a 120-year design life.
• Symbol of India’s capability in building infrastructure in high-risk zones.

Time Efficiency

• Travel time between Jammu and Srinagar will reduce from 6 hours (by road) to 3–3.5 hours (by rail).
• Facilitates emergency services, logistics, and routine travel.

National Integration and Inclusion

• 943 bridges, 36 tunnels covering 119 km — overcoming Himalayan terrain challenges.
• Integrates remote districts of Jammu & Kashmir into India's railway grid.
• Promotes inclusive development and better governance outreach.

In News:

Recently, the Government of India launched the ‘Ayush Nivesh Saarthi’ portal—a digital initiative aimed at positioning India as a global hub for traditional medicine investment. The launch took place during the Ayush Stakeholder/Industry Interaction Meet held at Vanijya Bhawan, New Delhi.

• Developed by: Ministry of Ayush in collaboration with Invest India

Objective of the Portal

• To facilitate investment in India’s Ayush sector through a dedicated digital interface.
• To bring together policy frameworks, incentives, investment-ready projects, and real-time facilitation.
• To strengthen India’s position as a global investment destination for traditional systems of medicine.

Portal Features

• Investor-centric platform integrating:
  • Investment promotion schemes
  • Real-time data and policy information
  • Single-window facilitation
• Supports both domestic and foreign investors
• Offers transparency, ease of access, and sectoral insights

Sectoral Significance

• Growth Rate: The Ayush sector recorded an annual growth rate of 17% (2014–2020).
• Medicinal Wealth: India is home to 8,000+ medicinal plant species.
• Global Recognition: Ayush is among the top five health services in India and contributes significantly to the USD 13 billion Medical Value Travel (MVT) sector.

Investment Facilitation

• 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted in the Ayush sector through the automatic route.
• The portal aims to attract FDI and empower entrepreneurs through digital governance and investment transparency.

In News:

India's annual mean temperature rise up from 25.05°C in 2001 to 25.74°C in 2024, Electricity generation from renewable sources increased more than three times in 10 years.

• Released by: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) on June 5, 2025, on the occasion of World Environment Day
• Framework Used: UN's Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)

Key Highlights:

Climate Trends

• Annual Mean Temperature rose from 25.05°C (2001) to 25.74°C (2024).
• 2024 recorded as India’s hottest year since 1901; also, globally the hottest year in 175 years.
• Annual Minimum and Maximum Temperatures (2021–24):
  • Minimum: 19.32°C → 20.24°C
  • Maximum: 30.78°C → 31.25°C

Rainfall Patterns

• Rainfall shows seasonal concentration between June–September, with signs of shifting patterns such as late onset or extended rains into October.
• No clear long-term trend, reflecting erratic monsoonal behaviour.

Energy Generation

Thermal & Renewable Power (2013–14 to 2023–24)

• Thermal: 7.92 lakh GWh → 13.26 lakh GWh
• Renewable: 65,520 GWh → 2.25 lakh GWh, over 3x increase in renewable energy output in a decade.

Biodiversity and Faunal Statistics

Faunal Diversity

• Global Faunal Species: 16,73,627
  • India's Share: 1,04,561 species
• Habitat-specific Species in India:
  • Soil Ecosystem: 22,404
  • Freshwater Ecosystem: 9,436
  • Mangrove System: 5,023
  • Estuarine Ecosystem: 3,383
  • Marine Fauna (India): 20,613 out of global 2,47,605

Fisheries Production

Inland vs. Marine Fish (2013–14 to 2023–24)

• Inland Fish Production: 61 lakh tonnes → 139 lakh tonnes
• Marine Fish Production: 34 lakh tonnes → 45 lakh tonnes

Public Expenditure (2021–22)

• Environment Sustainability Sector: ?2,433 crore (highest among sectors)
• Conservation of Natural Resources: Increasing trend
• Agro-Forestry: Lowest allocation

New Data indicators introduced

• Ramsar sites
• Access to sanitation
• Transport infrastructure
• Electricity access

In News:

Chief Justice of India (CJI) B.R. Gavai lauded the Bar Council of India (BCI) for amending rules to allow foreign legal professionals and law firms to advise on non-litigious matters in India.

Key Features of BCI’s Reform (2024 Update to 2022 Rules):

• Scope of Practice for Foreign Lawyers:
  • Permitted: Advisory roles in foreign law, international law, and arbitration.
  • Prohibited: Appearing in Indian courts/tribunals or advising on Indian law.
• Nature of Work Allowed: Only non-litigious activities.

Rationale Behind the Reform:

• Boosting Arbitration Quality:
  • India ranks 5th globally in arbitration case volume (ICC 2024 Report).
  • Reform aimed at enhancing arbitration standards via foreign expertise.
• Facilitating Legal Reciprocity:
  • Enables Indian lawyers to access international legal markets.
  • Promotes mutual recognition and cooperation with foreign bar associations.
• Supporting Institutional Arbitration:
  • Benefits centres like:
    • Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA)
    • Delhi International Arbitration Centre (DIAC)
    • India International Arbitration Centre (IIAC)
• Filling Talent Gaps:
  • Expertise needed in fields such as:
    • Climate litigation
    • Technology and data law
    • Cross-border commercial arbitration

Challenges and Concerns:

• Market Displacement Fears: Indian lawyers worry about reduced share in arbitration and consultancy services.
• Reciprocity Barriers: Unequal treatment in countries with restrictive legal entry norms.
• Uneven Playing Field: Foreign firms possess larger capital, advanced tech, and international clientele.
• Regulatory Oversight Needed: BCI must ensure strict compliance to maintain sovereignty of Indian legal framework.

Significance of the Reform:

• Positioning India as an Arbitration Hub: Enhances India's global legal profile, especially in infrastructure and trade.
• Strengthening Indo-UK Legal Cooperation: Reform highlighted during Indo-UK Arbitration Conference, deepening bilateral ties.
• Modernizing Legal Sector: Brings global legal best practices and innovation to India.
• Upholding Indian Legal Integrity: Complies with the Advocates Act, 1961 – no foreign practice in Indian law.
• Opportunities for Indian Lawyers Abroad: Reciprocity clause allows dual practice in India and foreign jurisdictions.

In News:

The Ministry of Coal recently launched C CARES Version 2.0, a significant upgrade to the Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization’s (CMPFO) digital platform. The new system aims to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in provident fund (PF) and pension disbursement for coal sector workers.

Key Features of C CARES Version 2.0

• Developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in collaboration with the State Bank of India (SBI).
• Provides a unified digital interface for coal workers, coal companies, and CMPFO.
• Enables real-time claim tracking, automated ledger updates, and direct benefit transfers to workers’ bank accounts.
• Includes a mobile application for CMPF members, offering:
  • PF balance checks
  • Profile viewing
  • Grievance redressal
  • Claim status tracking
  • A chatbot assistant for easy navigation

Benefits to Stakeholders

• For Workers: Faster claim settlement, improved access, and reduced delays in PF/pension disbursement.
• For Coal Companies and CMPFO:
  • A prescriptive dashboard to generate custom reports.
  • Analytics to track settlement trends.
  • Support for data-driven decision-making.

About CMPFO

• Full Form: Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization
• Established: 1948
• Parent Ministry: Ministry of Coal
• Function: Administration of PF and pension schemes for coal sector employees.
• Coverage:
  • Serves around 3.3 lakh PF subscribers
  • Supports over 6.3 lakh pensioners

Significance

Union Minister for Coal and Mines G. Kishan Reddy launched the portal on June 4, 2025, stating that it aligns with the Government's vision of “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance” under the Digital India initiative. The platform strengthens social security delivery for coal workers and brings administrative reform to a critical sector of the economy.

In News:

India has secured the Presidency of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) for the term 2025–2028, marking a historic first for the country since becoming a member in 1998. The victory affirms India’s growing influence in the field of global public administration.

About IIAS

• Established: 1930
• Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium
• Nature: A global federation of 31 Member States, 20 National Sections, and 15 Academic Research Centres, dedicated to collaborative scientific research in public administration.
• Core Objectives:
  • Promote collaboration on public governance solutions.
  • Accredit academic and professional training programs in public management.
  • Disseminate research and best practices in administrative sciences.

Although not formally affiliated with the United Nations, IIAS actively participates in UN mechanisms like the Committee of Experts on Public Administration (CEPA) and the UN Public Administration Network (UNPAN).

India’s Role and Election to Presidency

• India has been a Member State of IIAS since 1998, represented by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).
• For the 2025–2028 term, Prime Minister Narendra Modi nominated V. Srinivas, Secretary, DARPG, as India's candidate in November 2024.
• Election Process:
  • Hearings were held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi in February 2025.
  • Four countries—India, South Africa, Austria, and Bahrain—submitted nominations.
  • The final vote on June 3, 2025, saw India and Austria advance to the final round.
  • Out of 141 votes, India secured 87 votes (61.7%), while Austria received 54 votes (38.3%).

Significance for India

• This marks India’s first Presidency of IIAS.
• The victory enhances India's position in global governance and showcases its administrative capabilities on an international platform.
• It also aligns with India’s focus on reforming and modernizing public administration through digital governance and institutional capacity-building.

In News:

Recently, the Union Ministry of Environment announced that Kichan (Phalodi) and Menar (Udaipur) wetlands in Rajasthan have been recognized as Ramsar Sites, bringing India’s total to 91 Ramsar-designated wetlands—the highest in Asia.

About Menar Wetland:

• A freshwater monsoon wetland complex in Udaipur district, Rajasthan.
• Formed by three primary ponds: Braham Talab, Dhand Talab, and Kheroda Talab; the latter two are connected by flooded agricultural land during the monsoon.
• Habitat for endangered and migratory birds such as:
  • Critically Endangered: White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Long-billed vulture (Gyps indicus)
  • Other species: Himalayan griffon, Egyptian vulture, Dalmatian pelican, Ferruginous pochard, Black-tailed godwit
• Home to over 70 plant species, including mango trees (Mangifera indica) that host colonies of Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus).
• Community-led conservation: Menar village residents prevent poaching and fishing, earning it the title "Bird Village".

About Kichan Wetland:

• Located in Phalodi, Jodhpur, in the northern Thar Desert of Rajasthan.
• Comprises:
  • Ratri Nadi (river)
  • Vijaysagar Talab (pond)
  • Riparian and scrub habitats
• Notable for supporting drought-resistant flora and over 150 bird species.
• Globally known for hosting over 22,000 migratory demoiselle cranes (Anthropoides virgo) each winter.
• A hub for birdwatchers, tourists, scientists, and students.

Ramsar Convention Overview:

• An intergovernmental treaty for the conservation of wetlands, signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran.
• Headquartered in Gland, Switzerland.
• Wetlands listed under the convention are known as Ramsar Sites—of international importance.
• Member countries (Contracting Parties) commit to identifying and protecting these wetlands.

In News:

The World Wealth Report 2025, released by the Capgemini Research Institute, highlights a significant surge in global and Indian high-net-worth individual (HNWI) wealth. The report covers 71 countries, representing over 98% of global Gross National Income (GNI) and 99% of world stock market capitalization.

India’s HNWI Landscape in 2024

• HNWI Wealth Growth: India witnessed an 8.8% increase in HNWI wealth in 2024.
• Total Millionaires: The country had 378,810 HNWIs by the end of 2024, with a cumulative wealth of $1.5 trillion.
• Millionaires Next Door: Among them, 333,340 individuals fell under the "Millionaires Next Door" category (investable assets between $1M–$5M), holding $628.93 billion in wealth.
• Ultra HNWIs: India was home to 4,290 Ultra-HNWIs (assets ≥ $30M), with combined assets worth $534.77 billion.

Global Trends in HNWI Wealth

• Global Growth: HNWI population worldwide rose by 2.6%, driven largely by a 6.2% rise in Ultra-HNWI numbers.
• Investment Trends: Alternative investments (private equity, cryptocurrencies) formed 15% of HNWI portfolios, signaling diversification beyond traditional assets.
• Top Contributors:
  • United States added 562,000 millionaires, recording a 7.6% rise, reaching a total of 7.9 million HNWIs.
  • The U.S. also holds 36% of centi-millionaires (net worth ≥ $100M) and 33% of the world's billionaires.
  • India and Japan saw 5.6% growth, while China recorded a 1.0% decline in HNWI population.

Shifting Dynamics in Wealth Management

• A massive “great wealth transfer” is underway globally.
  • 81% of global next-gen HNWIs and 85% of Indian next-gen HNWIs plan to switch wealth management (WM) firms within 1–2 years of inheritance.
  • Key reasons include:
    • Lack of preferred channel services (51%)
    • Ineffective digital transaction tools (41%)
• Digital Transformation Need: The evolving expectations of next-gen clients are pushing firms toward AI-enabled advisory models and advanced digital infrastructure.

Offshore Wealth Allocation

• By 2030, 98% of Indian next-gen HNWIs plan to increase their offshore assets by over 10%.
  • Motivations include:
    • Superior investment options (55%)
    • Better wealth management services (65%)
    • Improved market connectivity (54%)
    • Tax efficiency and political-economic stability (49%)