In News:

The recent negotiations for a global treaty aimed at curbing plastic pollution, held in Busan, South Korea, concluded without reaching a legally binding agreement. This marked the fifth round of discussions since the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) initiated the process in March 2022, with the goal of finalizing a treaty by the end of 2024. The failure to adopt a treaty was primarily due to disagreements over production cap goals and the elimination of specific plastic chemicals and products.

Key Points of Dispute

• Production Cap Goals: A coalition of over 100 countries, including many from Africa, Latin America, and the European Union, pushed for clear production cap goals in the treaty. They argued that such measures are essential for effective regulation of plastic pollution.
• Opposition from Oil-Producing Nations: Conversely, a group of “like-minded countries” such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Russia, and Iran opposed these provisions. They contended that regulating production cuts exceeded the original mandate set by UNEA and could lead to trade restrictions disguised as environmental measures. India and China aligned with this coalition, emphasizing their concerns regarding economic impacts.

Draft Treaty Highlights

Despite the failure to finalize an agreement, discussions produced a draft text that included both consensus points and contentious issues:

• Consensus Points:

• Proposals for banning open dumping and burning of plastics.
• Definitions for various plastic types were suggested but lacked clarity on contentious terms like microplastics.

• Contentious Issues:

• • The draft did not adequately address definitions for microplastics or recycling standards.
  • References to single-use plastics were included but faced pushback from certain nations.

India’s Position

India articulated its stance focusing on several key areas:

• Development Rights: Emphasized the need for recognizing varying responsibilities among countries in managing plastic pollution while considering their developmental rights.
• Technical and Financial Support: Advocated for provisions ensuring technical assistance and financial support for developing nations to manage plastic waste effectively.
• Opposition to Production Caps: India opposed any articles that would impose caps on polymer production, arguing that such measures were not directly linked to reducing plastic pollution.

Future Steps

The negotiations will continue with plans to reconvene in 2025. In the meantime, global plastic production is projected to rise significantly, potentially tripling by 2050 if no urgent action is taken. The ongoing dialogue will need to address both environmental concerns and developmental needs to create a balanced approach toward managing plastic pollution globally.

Global Context and Initiatives

The need for a global treaty is underscored by alarming statistics:

• Over 462 million tons of plastic are produced annually, with a significant portion contributing to pollution.
• Microplastics have infiltrated ecosystems worldwide, affecting biodiversity and human health.

Countries like Rwanda and Austria have implemented successful measures to reduce plastic waste, serving as models for global efforts. Initiatives such as the UNDP Plastic Waste Management Program in India aim to enhance waste management practices while addressing environmental impacts.

In News:

• The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has begun hearings on a landmark climate change case, seeking an advisory opinion on the obligations of countries under international law regarding climate change.
• The case stems from a UN General Assembly (UNGA) resolution initiated by Vanuatu in March 2023, co-sponsored by 132 countries.

Background:

• Vanuatu, a small island nation, faces existential threats from rising sea levels.
• The resolution was passed to clarify climate obligations in light of international laws, including the UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, and other legal instruments like the UN Convention on the Law of the Seas, and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights.

Global Impact of the Case:

• The outcome of the case could influence global climate governance, particularly in the context of climate negotiations.
• It may broaden the legal basis for climate obligations and underscore the legal consequences for non-compliance.

India’s Position:

• India has voiced concerns about the judicial process being the best approach to tackle climate issues, advocating for diplomatic efforts.
• India is scheduled to make its submission on December 5, highlighting its preference for a collaborative, non-top-down approach in climate discussions.

Implications for Developed and Developing Countries:

• The case highlights the historical responsibility of developed countries for climate change due to their higher emissions.
• The ICJ's advisory opinion could reinforce the argument that developed countries' obligations extend beyond the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement, incorporating broader international legal frameworks.

Climate Litigation and Precedent:

• The ICJ ruling could set a precedent for climate litigation, potentially influencing over 2,600 ongoing climate lawsuits globally.
• Notable rulings include the European Court of Human Rights, which held Switzerland accountable for failing to meet emissions targets, and India's Supreme Court recognizing the right to be free from adverse climate impacts in 2023.

Record Participation and Importance of the Case:

• The ICJ has received over 90 written submissions, with 97 countries and 12 international organizations participating in the hearings.
• The case is significant for the growing number of climate-related lawsuits and the evolving nature of international climate law.

Future Prospects:

• The ICJ’s advisory opinion, though non-binding, could significantly impact future climate negotiations, particularly in terms of responsibility sharing and climate finance.
• The outcome could also influence calls for compensation for climate damages, especially from vulnerable states like small island nations.

In News:

The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, is once again in focus, albeit in a context in which its objectives are being ignored. Civil suits questioning the religious character of mosques at Varanasi and Mathura are progressing apace. These developments show that legislation freezing the status of places of worship is inadequate to stop Hindu claimants from making determined legal efforts to achieve their goal of replacing them with temples.

Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991:

• Objective: To preserve the religious character of places of worship as they existed on August 15, 1947, and prevent changes in religious identity.
• Key Provisions:
  • Section 3: Prohibits conversion of a place of worship from one religion to another.
  • Section 4(1): Ensures the religious character remains unchanged from August 15, 1947.
  • Section 4(2): Terminates ongoing or future legal proceedings seeking to alter the religious character of a place of worship.
  • Exemptions:
    • Ayodhya dispute: Exempted, allowing ongoing litigation.
    • Ancient monuments & archaeological sites: Not covered by the Act.
    • Already settled disputes or those agreed upon before the Act came into force.
  • Penalties: Violators can face up to 3 years of imprisonment or fines.
• Criticism: The Act has been challenged for limiting judicial review, imposing a retrospective cutoff date, and restricting religious rights.

Recent Legal Disputes:

• Gyanvapi Mosque (Varanasi):
  • Claim: Hindu worshippers assert the right to worship deities (e.g., Ma Sringar Gauri, Lord Vishweshwar) within the mosque premises.
  • Legal Basis: Claim that the mosque was built over an ancient Hindu temple.
  • Court's Ruling: The court allows the case to proceed, stating that the aim is to assert worship rights, not change the mosque’s status.
  • Archaeological Survey: ASI report confirms the existence of a temple before the mosque’s construction.
  • Key Legal Outcome: The Places of Worship Act does not bar these suits as they aim to ascertain the religious character of the site, not alter it.
• Shahi Idgah Mosque (Mathura):
  • Claim: Hindu groups assert the mosque was built over Lord Krishna’s birthplace.
  • Historical Context: The dispute was settled by a compromise in 1968, which was implemented in 1974, where part of the land was given to the mosque.
  • Current Legal Dispute: New suits challenge the 1968 agreement as ‘fraudulent’ and seek the entire land to be transferred to the deity.
  • Court's Ruling: The Act is not applicable as the 1968 agreement predates the 1991 Act, and the dispute pertains to the compromise, not the religious character.
• Shahi Jama Masjid (Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh):
  • Claim: Allegation that the mosque was built over a Hindu temple (Hari Har Mandir).
  • Survey Request: Petitioners seek a survey to verify the site’s historical and religious character.
  • Legal Context: The mosque is a protected monument under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904.

Key Legal Interpretations:

• Court’s Role: Courts have ruled that the Places of Worship Act does not prohibit suits related to the religious character of a site if they are aimed at determining, not altering, that character.
• Interpretation of ‘Religious Character’: The Allahabad High Court stated that a structure can’t have dual religious character (both Hindu and Muslim), and the religious character of a place must be determined through evidence.

Political and Social Implications:

• Ongoing Controversy: The Gyanvapi and Mathura mosque disputes continue to fuel political and religious debates, as Hindu organizations seek to assert their claims, while mosque committees and Muslim groups resist changes.
• Public and Legal Attention: The legal and political landscape surrounding the Places of Worship Act remains contentious, with several legal suits challenging its applicability.

In News:

Forty years after the Bhopal disaster on December 2-3, 1984, several hundred tonnes of toxic waste still remain around the ill-fated Union Carbide plant.

Overview of the incident:

The 1984 Bhopal disaster, one of the world’s worst industrial accidents, was caused by the release of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, which was a key component in the production of pesticides at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) plant. However, the toxic legacy of the disaster extends far beyond MIC, with a range of other harmful substances lingering in the environment. These include:

• Methyl Isocyanate (MIC):Primary toxic agent: MIC is a highly toxic, volatile compound. Exposure can cause severe respiratory distress, eye irritation, pulmonary edema, and even death.
• Heavy Metals:The site of the plant is contaminated with various heavy metals, including:
  • Mercury: Known to accumulate in the body and affect the nervous system, kidneys, and liver. Even small doses over time can lead to chronic health problems.
  • Chromium: Exposure to high levels of chromium, particularly hexavalent chromium, is associated with lung cancer and damage to the respiratory system.
  • Lead: A potent neurotoxin, lead can cause developmental delays, memory problems, and damage to the kidneys.
  • Nickel: Can cause respiratory and lung cancers when inhaled in significant quantities.
  • Copper: High levels of copper exposure can damage the liver and kidneys.
• Organic Compounds:Several organic chemicals were found at the site, including:
  • Hexachlorobutadiene: A suspected carcinogen that can cause liver damage, kidney damage, and neurological issues upon exposure.
  • Chloroform (Trichloromethane): Known for its effects on the central nervous system, exposure can lead to dizziness, loss of consciousness, and even death at high concentrations. It is also a possible carcinogen.
  • Carbon Tetrachloride: A potent liver toxin, exposure can result in liver damage, cancer, and nervous system toxicity.
  • Trichlorobenzene: These compounds are volatile and can spread through air and water, accumulating in fatty tissues and causing damage to organs like the liver and kidneys.
• Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs):Some of the contaminants, particularly the organic compounds, are classified as persistent organic pollutants, which do not degrade easily in the environment. These can lead to:
  • Cancer: Several of these compounds are carcinogenic.
  • Neurological damage: Prolonged exposure can affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
  • Reproductive and developmental disorders: Exposure has been linked to adverse effects on fertility and developmental health in humans.
• Environmental and Long-term Health Effects:
  • Even decades later, contamination continues to affect the health of people living around the site, with high rates of cancers, birth defects, respiratory diseases, and other health issues. Water sources in the region remain unsafe due to heavy contamination with toxic chemicals. Persistent organic pollutants have been identified in local communities, indicating that the contamination continues to spread.

In News:

• Deal for 26 Rafale-M jets nearing completion, with final formalities expected to be completed by January 2025.
  • These jets are designed for naval operations and will be deployed on INS Vikrant and INS Vikramaditya.
  • Rafale-M Features: Multi-role, advanced avionics, AESA radar, and armaments like Meteor, MICA, SCALP, EXOCET.
• Three Scorpene Submarines: Additional three Scorpene-class submarines to be procured from France.
  • These are part of a repeat order to Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), with five of the earlier six already inducted into service.

Nuclear Capabilities:

• INS Arighaat: Successfully fired a Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), marking a significant milestone for India's nuclear deterrence.
• Indigenous Nuclear Attack Submarine (SSN): India’s first indigenous SSN expected by 2036-37.

Strategic Maritime Engagement:

• Indian Ocean Region (IOR): Active monitoring of maritime activities, especially of China's PLA Navy and Chinese research vessels.
• Pakistan Navy Expansion: Acknowledged Pakistan’s efforts to become a 50-ship Navy, including the acquisition of 8 Chinese submarines. Indian Navy is adapting its plans to address this.

Nuclear Submarine Program (SSBN):

• INS Arihant: Conducted multiple deterrence patrols.
• INS Arighaat: Ongoing trials including the recent K4 SLBM test, with a range of 3,500 km.

Naval Vision 2047:

• Navy Chief released Vision 2047 document, outlining the future direction and growth of the Indian Navy.

Bilateral and Multilateral Engagements:

• Participation in various bilateral and multilateral exercises, including RIMPAC 2024 (Hawaii) and Russian Federation Navy’s Raising Day (St. Petersburg).

In News:

• On December 1, 2024, the Uttar Pradesh government declared the MahaKumbh Mela area as a temporary district for four months.
• The new district will be known as the MahaKumbh Mela District, to streamline management for the 2025 MahaKumbh.
• Over 5,000 hectares of land will be part of this district, including 66 revenue villages from four tehsils: Sadar, Sorav, Phulpur, and Karchana.

Key Administrative Changes:

• Mela Adhikari (Kumbh Mela Officer) will act as the District Magistrate (DM) and will hold powers of Executive Magistrate, District Magistrate, and Additional District Magistrate.
• The Mela Adhikari will have authority under the Indian Civil Defense Code, 2023, and the Uttar Pradesh Revenue Code, 2006.
• The Mela Adhikari can appoint an Additional Collector for the district.

MahaKumbh Mela Overview:

• The Kumbh Mela is recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
• It is the largest peaceful congregation of pilgrims, with participants bathing in sacred rivers at locations including Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik.
• The PrayagrajKumbh takes place at the Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati rivers.
• The event spans over a month and includes religious, cultural, and social activities, along with massive infrastructural setup including tented townships, civic facilities, and security measures.

In News:

The Indian government is actively promoting the creation of digital identities for farmers through the KisanPehchaan Patra (Farmer ID). The initiative is an essential part of the Digital Agriculture Mission under the AgriStack initiative.

Key Details:

Objective:

• The main goal is to provide digital IDs linked to Aadhaar for farmers, capturing comprehensive agricultural data including land records, crop information, and ownership details.
• These digital identities are designed to enhance farmers' access to government schemes and digital agriculture services.

Farmer ID Creation Timeline:

• The government plans to create digital IDs for 11 crore farmers in phases:
  • 6 crore farmers in FY 2024-25.
  • 3 crore farmers in FY 2025-26.
  • 2 crore farmers in FY 2026-27.

AgriStack Initiative:

• The AgriStack initiative aims to build a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for the agriculture sector, which includes:
  • Farmers' Registry.
  • Geo-referenced village maps.
  • Crop Sown Registry.

Implementation Strategy:

• Camp-mode approach: States have been instructed to organize field-level camps to ensure faster and inclusive registration of farmers.
• Financial Incentives:
  • States will receive ?15,000 per camp for organizing these camps.
  • Additionally, ?10 per Farmer ID issued.
  • Funding is provided through the Pradhan Mantri KisanSamman Nidhi (PM-Kisan) scheme.

Benefits of Digital Farmer ID:

• Targeted Delivery of Benefits: Ensures subsidies and benefits reach legitimate farmers and eliminates duplication.
• Precision Agriculture: Supports data-driven policies for better crop planning, insurance, and market linkages.
• Financial Inclusion: Facilitates easy access to credit, loans, and crop insurance, empowering farmers financially.
• Better Monitoring: Helps in tracking the actual implementation of schemes and ensures that only eligible farmers benefit.

Progress in States:

• Advanced States: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh have made significant progress in issuing digital Farmer IDs.
• Testing Phase: States like Assam, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha are still in the field-testing phase.
• Special Assistance Scheme: The Finance Ministry allocated ?5,000 crore in August 2024 to assist states in creating the Farmers' Registry, with funds available until March 2025.

Linkage with Land Records and Crop Data:

• The Farmer ID integrates with state land records and crop data, creating a dynamic and accurate database known as the Farmer’s Registry.
• This data helps in the development of better agricultural policies and decision-making.

Digital Agriculture Mission:

• The government approved a substantial outlay of ?2,817 crore for the Digital Agriculture Mission, which is intended to modernize agricultural practices and build robust digital infrastructure.
• The mission also includes the launch of the Digital Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES), which will help in crop estimation and better resource allocation.

In News:

• India is working on a national policy to enhance female labour force participation (FLFP), focusing on creating a supportive care economy structure.
• The policy is being developed by an inter-ministerial team involving the Ministries of Skill Development, Labour, Rural Development, and Women and Child Development.
• Goal: To reduce barriers for women, especially related to caregiving responsibilities, and increase their participation in the workforce.

Key Focus Areas:

• Care Economy: Involves both paid and unpaid caregiving services, such as childcare, eldercare, domestic work, and health services.
• The policy aims to formalize care work, addressing its undervaluation and encouraging women's workforce participation.
• Proposes a core skilling package for caregivers, particularly for childcare in rural and informal sectors.
• Childcare Facilities: Targeting women working under schemes like MGNREGS (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme).

Current Challenges:

• Post-marriage employment drop: Women face a significant decline in workforce participation after marriage, often due to caregiving roles.
• In India, 53% of women are outside the labour force, mostly due to unpaid domestic work, unlike only 1.1% of men.
• The gender divide in caregiving is stark: Women spend over 5 hours daily on unpaid domestic work (81% of females), compared to 12.4% of males.

Key Initiatives:

• Palna Scheme: Provides daycare through Anganwadi-cum-Crèche facilities for working parents, benefiting children aged 6 months to 6 years. 1,000 crèches are operational.
• Women’s Employment Data:
  • In rural India, 36.6% of women participate in the workforce, compared to 23.8% in urban areas.
  • Post-marriage, female employment drops by 12 percentage points, even without children.
• Improving Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP): Key to India's growth, as matching women’s workforce participation with men could boost GDP by 27% (IMF).

Barriers to Women’s Workforce Inclusion:

• Unpaid Care Work: Women's disproportionate share of household duties limits paid employment opportunities.
• Cultural Norms: Gender expectations restrict women’s access to employment, especially in rural areas.
• Educational Barriers: Limited access to education for girls restricts skill development, lowering job prospects.
• Health & Safety Issues: Health challenges and safety concerns at workplaces hinder women's workforce participation.
• Lack of Supportive Policies: Absence of parental leave and flexible work arrangements for women, especially in the informal sector.

Government Initiatives for Women’s Employment:

• BetiBachaoBetiPadhao: Promotes girl child education and empowerment.
• National Education Policy (NEP): Ensures gender equity in education.
• Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017: Extends paid maternity leave to 26 weeks and mandates crèche facilities in large establishments.
• Labour Codes (2019-2020): Codifies labor laws to provide a framework for improving women’s workplace safety and employment opportunities.

Global Examples & Inspiration:

• Japan’s Womenomics: Aimed at increasing female participation, Japan's womenomics reforms have grown women’s labour force participation from 64.9% to 75.2% (2013-2023).
• Flexible Work Models: Countries like Netherlands encourage part-time and remote work, offering flexibility to manage work-life balance.
• Sweden’s Investment in ECCE: Investing 1% of GDP in Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) has significantly reduced women’s workforce exclusion.

Way Forward:

• National Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA): Promotes gender-balanced work environments and childcare facilities at work sites.
• Flexible Work Options: Encouraging remote work, parental leave, and childcare support will empower more women to balance caregiving and employment.
• Investment in the Care Economy: To reduce the care burden on women, substantial investment in ECCE and related sectors is essential to increase women’s participation and economic independence.

In News:

The controversy surrounding the Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, has intensified following claims that the mosque, built during the Mughal Emperor Babur's reign (1526–1530), was constructed over a Hindu temple, the Hari Har Mandir. This claim has led to legal battles and violent clashes, making it part of a broader series of disputes involving mosques built during the Mughal era, such as the Gyanvapi mosque in Varanasi and the Eidgah Masjid in Mathura.

Background and Legal Context:

The dispute began when a petition was filed in Sambhal's district court on November 19, 2024, claiming the Jama Masjid was built on the site of an ancient temple. The petitioners, led by Hari Shanker Jain, demanded a survey to ascertain the religious character of the site. This petition follows a pattern seen in similar cases in Varanasi, Mathura, and Dhar, where Hindu groups have raised similar claims about mosque sites. The court ordered a photographic and videographic survey of the mosque, which, initially carried out peacefully, later sparked violence on November 24 when the survey was accompanied by chanting crowds. This led to protests, stone pelting, and allegations of police firing, resulting in several deaths.

The Jama Masjid is a protected monument under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904, and is listed as a Monument of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). This gives the case legal and cultural sensitivity, as it involves both national heritage and religious sentiments.

Historical and Architectural Context:

The Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal was constructed by Mir Hindu Beg, a general under Babur, in the early 16th century. It is one of three mosques commissioned by Babur, alongside those in Panipat and Ayodhya. The mosque is noted for its architectural style, which includes a large square mihrab hall, a dome, and arches, constructed using stone masonry and plaster. Some historians argue that the mosque might be a Tughlaq-era structure modified during Babur's reign. Locally, Hindu tradition holds that the mosque incorporates elements of a Vishnu temple, believed to be the site of Kalki, the tenth avatar of Vishnu.

The Places of Worship Act, 1991:

The dispute has reignited debates about the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, which mandates that the religious character of any place of worship as it existed on August 15, 1947, should be maintained, with the exception of the ongoing Babri Masjid dispute. The Act aims to prevent any further contests regarding religious sites, and Section 3 of the Act explicitly prohibits converting a place of worship into a site of a different religious denomination.

The petition filed in Sambhal seeks to alter the religious character of the mosque, directly contravening the Places of Worship Act. The petitioners have cited remarks by Supreme Court Justice D.Y. Chandrachud in 2022, suggesting that a survey to ascertain the religious character of a place might not violate the Act. This has led to petitions challenging the Act in the Supreme Court, including cases from Varanasi, Mathura, Dhar, and now Sambhal.

The Legal and Social Implications:

The ongoing dispute over the Shahi Jama Masjid highlights the tension between historical narratives, legal frameworks, and communal harmony. The Supreme Court has intervened in the matter, temporarily halting further proceedings in the trial court, urging that the mosque's management committee approach the Allahabad High Court. The Court emphasized the importance of maintaining peace and harmony and cautioned against any actions that could escalate tensions.

The case underscores the challenges of balancing India's rich historical heritage with its diverse religious communities. As the legal process unfolds, the outcome of the Sambhal dispute could set significant precedents for how similar cases are handled in the future.

Conclusion:

The Sambhal mosque dispute, much like the Gyanvapi and Ayodhya cases, brings to the forefront the complex intersections of history, religion, and law. It also raises critical questions about the application of the Places of Worship Act and its implications for preserving India's pluralistic society. The outcome of this case, alongside the pending petitions in other states, will be crucial in shaping the future of religious site disputes in India.

In News:

Centre clears scheme for development of 40 tourist destinations across 23 States at a cost of ?3,295 crore.

Key Details:

• Focus Areas: The scheme encourages the development of lesser-known destinations such as Bateshwar (Uttar Pradesh), Ponda (Goa), Gandikota (Andhra Pradesh), and Porbandar (Gujarat) to reduce overcrowding at popular sites.
• Implementation Timeline: Projects must be completed within two years, with funding released in stages until March 2026.
• Key Features:
  • Long-term interest-free loans for 50 years.
  • States responsible for project execution and maintenance, often through public-private partnerships (PPP).
  • The Ministry of Tourism will monitor progress, and 66% of the funds have already been released.
  • Emphasis on sustainability and boosting local economies by creating jobs through tourism.
  • States must provide land at no cost and ensure proper infrastructure like safety, connectivity, and utilities.

Selection Criteria for Projects:

• Consultation Process: Detailed regional consultations led to the selection of 40 projects from 87 proposals received by the Ministry of Tourism. West Bengal was the only state not submitting proposals.
• Evaluation Criteria: Projects were evaluated based on:
  • Connectivity, tourism potential, and ecosystem.
  • Financial viability and sustainability.
  • Impact on local economy and job creation.
• Funding Pattern:
  • A maximum of ?100 crore for each project, with higher funding considered for exceptional projects.
  • Total funding capped at ?250 crore per state, allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.

Importance of the Scheme:

• Economic Growth & Employment: Projects are designed to stimulate local economies, create employment, and promote sustainable tourism.
• Global Branding: The scheme aims to brand and market tourist destinations on a global scale.
• Tourism Infrastructure Growth: It aims to improve the entire tourism value chain, including transportation, accommodation, activities, and services.

Tourism Sector Overview:

• Current Status:
  • India ranks 39th among 119 countries in the Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI) 2024.
  • Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) increased by 47.9% in 2023, with 9.52 million tourists.
  • Tourism contributed 5% to India’s GDP in 2022-23 and created 76.17 million direct and indirect jobs.
  • India earned ?2.3 lakh crore in foreign exchange in 2023 through tourism.
  • Projected revenue from tourism to exceed $59 billion by 2028.
• Initiatives for Promotion:
  • Swadesh Darshan Scheme: To develop theme-based circuits.
  • Dekho Apna Desh Initiative (2020): Promotes domestic tourism.
  • PRASHAD & HRIDAY Schemes: Focus on pilgrimage and heritage city development.

MGNREGA Job Card Deletions Issue:

• Context: A significant surge in deletions of job cards under MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) raised concerns over transparency and workers’ rights.
• Reasons for Deletion:
  • Permanent migration, duplicate cards, forged documents, and refusal to work.
  • Aadhaar-based payment system (ABPS) implementation led to deletions for non-linked cards.
• Implications:
  • Violation of workers’ legal right to employment, especially when deletions were made without due process.
  • The "Not willing to work" designation undermines livelihood opportunities, especially in high unemployment rural areas.
• Recommendations for Reform:
  • Strengthening verification processes and ensuring deletions follow due procedure.
  • Empowering Gram Sabhas to review and approve deletions.
  • Regular audits and better grievance redressal mechanisms.

Other Government Initiatives in Tourism:

• National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive (PRASHAD): For holistic and sustainable development of pilgrimage tourism.
• Incredible India & E-Visa Initiatives: To attract more foreign tourists.
• Regional Connectivity Scheme (UDAN): Enhances air connectivity to remote tourist destinations.
• National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY): Preserves and rejuvenates heritage sites.

In News:

India has been re-elected to the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) for the term 2025–2026, continuing its strong commitment to global peace and stability.

UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC)

It is an advisory body established by the UN General Assembly and UN Security Council in 2005. It is tasked with supporting peace efforts in conflict-affected countries by advising and recommending strategies for post-conflict recovery and long-term peacebuilding.

Composition of PBC:

• The PBC is composed of 31 member states, elected from the General Assembly, Security Council, and Economic and Social Council.
• It includes key financial and troop-contributing countries, which play a central role in shaping global peacebuilding initiatives.

Key Mandates of the PBC

• Coordination of Resources and Strategies:The Commission brings together all relevant actors to propose integrated strategies for post-conflict recovery and peacebuilding.
• Reconstruction and Development:It focuses on rebuilding conflict-affected countries through institution-building and supporting sustainable development efforts.
• Improving Coordination:The PBC ensures better coordination within and outside the UN, develops best practices, and secures predictable financing for early recovery initiatives.
• Sustaining Peace:The Commission promotes sustained international attention to peacebuilding efforts and offers political support to countries emerging from conflict, with their consent.
• Integrated Approach:The PBC advocates for an integrated approach that links security, development, and human rights as interrelated and mutually reinforcing.
• Bridging Role:It serves as a platform to connect UN bodies, Member States, national authorities, civil society, and other stakeholders, sharing good practices in peacebuilding.

India’s Contributions to UN Peacebuilding and Peacekeeping

India has been at the forefront of UN peacebuilding initiatives due to its long-standing commitment to international peace and stability.

• Largest Contributor of Personnel:India is one of the largest contributors of uniformed personnel to UN Peacekeeping. Currently, around 6,000 Indian military and police personnel are deployed across multiple missions in Abyei, Central African Republic, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lebanon, Middle East, Somalia, South Sudan, and Western Sahara.
• Sacrifices in Service:India holds the tragic distinction of having lost over 180 peacekeepers, the highest number from any troop-contributing nation. These sacrifices reflect India's enduring commitment to global peace.
• Financial Support:India contributes to the Peacebuilding Fund, the primary financial instrument for conflict prevention and peacebuilding, which supports countries transitioning from conflict to peace.
• Championing South-South Cooperation:India has actively promoted South-South cooperation, a model for post-conflict recovery that emphasizes shared learning and capacity-building among developing nations.
• Women in UN Peacekeeping:India has led efforts for gender parity in UN peacekeeping. In 2007, India became the first country to deploy an all-women contingent to a UN peacekeeping mission. It has since deployed Female Engagement Teams (FETs) and Female Formed Police Units (FFPUs) in Lebanon and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• Training and Capacity Building:India has invested in capacity development for both the UN and host nations. The Centre for UN Peacekeeping (CUNPK) in New Delhi, established by the Indian Army, trains over 12,000 troops annually in peacekeeping operations. India also deploys Mobile Training Teams to share best practices with other countries.

India’s Pledges at the UN Peacekeeping Ministerial (2023)

At the UN Peacekeeping Ministerial held in Accra, Ghana (December 2023), India made significant pledges:

• To contribute an Infantry Battalion Group, along with various sub-groups and pre-deployment training courses, for the next two years.
• India’s ongoing commitment to strengthening peacekeeping efforts and supporting the UN’s peacebuilding agenda was reaffirmed.

In News:

Supreme Court upholds ‘secular, socialist’ in Preamble of the Constitution.

Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Judgment

• Judgment Overview:
  • Supreme Court's Ruling: The Court upheld the inclusion of the terms ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976.
  • Challenge: Petitioners, including BJP leader Subramanian Swamy, challenged the retrospective application of these terms, arguing they were not part of the original Preamble adopted in 1949.
• Court's Explanation:
  • Socialist: The term represents a welfare state aimed at reducing inequality and ensuring social, political, and economic justice, but does not prescribe a specific economic policy (left or right).
  • Secular: Denotes a state that treats all religions equally, ensuring religious freedom and neutrality in religious matters. It is linked to Articles 14, 15, and 16, which ensure equality and non-discrimination.
• Retrospective Application:The Court affirmed that Parliament’s amendment power under Article 368 extends to the Preamble, and the retrospective application of the terms was valid.
• Constitution as a ‘Living Document’:The Court emphasized that the Constitution is adaptable to societal changes and evolving needs. The inclusion of 'secular' and 'socialist' reflects India’s evolving democratic and social framework.
• Interpretation of Secularism and Socialism:
  • Secularism in India refers to the state's neutral stance towards all religions, promoting religious harmony.
  • Socialism signifies India’s commitment to ensuring equality of opportunity and promoting welfare policies, such as social justice and economic welfare.

Constitutional and Legal Framework

• Article 368: Grants Parliament the authority to amend the Constitution, including the Preamble. The Court affirmed that this power is unquestionable.
• Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): Established the ‘basic structure doctrine,’ which means certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be altered. The inclusion of ‘secular’ and ‘socialist’ is in line with this basic structure.
• S.R. Bommai Case (1994): Reinforced the secular nature of the Indian state.

Preamble to the Constitution

• Definition: The Preamble is an introductory statement that outlines the fundamental values and goals of the Indian Constitution.
• Key Objectives: Justice (social, economic, political), Liberty (thought, expression, belief), Equality (status and opportunity), and Fraternity (national unity and dignity).
• Terms in the Preamble:
  • Sovereign: India's independence in all matters.
  • Socialist: Commitment to social justice and welfare.
  • Secular: Equal respect for all religions.
  • Democratic: Governance by the people, through elected representatives.
  • Republic: Head of state elected, not hereditary.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976:

• Context: Introduced during the Emergency under Indira Gandhi's government.
• Key Changes: Added 'socialist' and 'secular' to the Preamble, revised 'Unity of the Nation' to 'Unity and Integrity of the Nation.'
• Significance: Strengthened constitutional values like inclusivity, equality, and justice.

Socialist and Secular Initiatives by Government

• Socialist Programs:
  • MGNREGA: Rural employment guarantee.
  • PDS: Food security system.
  • Right to Education (RTE): Free, compulsory education.
  • Housing Schemes: Awas Yojana for the economically weaker sections.
• Secular Programs:
  • Minority Welfare: Scholarships and skill development.
  • Religious Protection Laws: Protection of places of worship.
  • Communal Violence Laws: Special courts for violence-related cases.
  • Constitutional Safeguards: Equal rights for all religions under Articles 25-28.

Significance of the Supreme Court Judgment

• Reaffirmation of Constitutional Values: The inclusion of ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ reinforces India’s commitment to equality, justice, and democratic principles.
• Legitimacy of Amendments: Affirms Parliament's constitutional power to amend the Preamble.
• Evolving Interpretation: Recognizes that the Constitution must evolve in response to societal and political changes.

In News:

The Narasapur crochet lace craft, which has been a significant part of the cultural and economic fabric of the Godavari region in Andhra Pradesh, has recently been granted the prestigious Geographical Indication (GI) tag. The GI tag, registered by the Department of Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) on March 1, 2024, acknowledges that this unique craft is geographically linked to the West Godavari and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema districts in the Godavari region.

Key Details:

• Historical Background:
  • The origins of the Narasapur crochet lace craft date back to 1844, when Macrae and his wife from Scotland introduced the lace-making technique to local women while they were associated with a Christian missionary in Dummugudem (now in Telangana).
  • Over time, the craft became a crucial part of the region’s heritage and survived significant historical events like the Indian famine of 1899 and the Great Depression of 1929.
• Craftsmanship:
  • The crochet lace is produced using thin threads and delicate crochet needles of varying sizes, resulting in intricate designs.
  • The products made include doilies, pillow covers, cushion covers, bedspreads, table runners, and tablecloths, among others. These items are often exported to international markets like the US, UK, and France.
• Economic and Social Impact:
  • The craft is predominantly carried out by women artisans, with over 15,000 women involved in its production. The GI tag is expected to revitalize the industry, especially after its stagnation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and competition from machine-made lace from China.
  • The craft is also an important part of the Alankriti Lace Manufacturing Mahila Mutual Aided Co-operative Societies’ Federation Limited, which supports local women artisans and has revived operations at the Alankriti Lace Park in Narasapur.
• GI Tag Benefits:
  • The Geographical Indication tag serves to protect the authenticity of the lace products, boost demand, and ensure better market recognition.
  • It provides legal protection to the traditional craft, preventing unauthorized use of the term "Narasapur lace" by others and promoting the region's cultural heritage and economic growth.
• Future Outlook:
  • With the GI tag, there is hope for increased demand for Narasapur lace products both in domestic and global markets, thus offering a fresh avenue for artisans to revive and sustain the craft.
  • Alankriti Federation and other stakeholders are optimistic that the GI tag will significantly revitalize the local economy and empower women in the region.

In News:

Scientists at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kolkatahave successfully engineered bacteria capable of solving mathematical problems, marking a major step forward in the field of synthetic biology and biocomputing. These engineered bacteria can function like artificial neural networks, performing tasks that were traditionally reserved for humans or conventional computers.

Key Highlights:

• Bacterial Computers:
  • The research team introduced genetic circuits into bacteria, turning them into computational units capable of tasks like determining whether a number is prime or identifying vowels in an alphabet.
  • These bacterial "computers" mimic artificial neural networks (ANNs), where each type of engineered bacterium (called a "bactoneuron") behaves like a node in a network, processing inputs to generate outputs.
• How it Works:
  • The bacteria's genetic circuits are activated by chemical inducers, which represent binary 0s and 1s (the fundamental language of computing). The presence or absence of certain chemicals determines whether a bacterium expresses a specific fluorescent protein, representing the binary states.
  • For example, when asked if a number between 0-9 is prime, the bacteria can express green fluorescent proteins (1) for "yes" or red fluorescent proteins (0) for "no", providing binary outputs that solve the problem.
• Complex Tasks:
  • The team advanced to more complex tasks, such as asking the bacterial computers whether adding a number (like 2 + 3) results in a prime number or if a number's square can be expressed as the sum of factorials.
  • In an even more complex test, the bacteria solved an optimization problem—calculating the maximum number of pieces a pie could be cut into with a given number of straight cuts. The bacteria’s fluorescent output represented binary numbers that were converted to decimal for the correct solution.
• Technical Details:
  • The researchers used Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, engineered with transcriptional genetic circuits, which recognize specific DNA sequences and trigger the expression of proteins based on the presence of chemical inducers.
  • The system is similar to how ANNs work in traditional computing, where nodes (bactoneurons) take inputs, apply weights, and produce outputs based on activation functions.
• Implications and Future Prospects:
  • Synthetic Biology & Biomanufacturing: This breakthrough could revolutionize industries such as pharmaceuticals and biomanufacturing by enabling biocomputers that perform specific tasks in a biological environment, potentially reducing reliance on silicon-based computers.
  • Medical Applications: The ability of engineered bacteria to process data could lead to biocomputers capable of diagnosing diseases (such as cancer) at an early stage and even administering localized treatments.
  • Understanding Intelligence: Bagh and his team hope to explore the biochemical nature of intelligence, pondering how intelligence could emerge from simple, single-celled organisms.
• Groundbreaking Research:
  • The research, published in Nature Chemical Biology, has drawn significant attention in the synthetic biology community. Centre for Synthetic Biology highlighting the potential of bacteria programmed to solve complex problems.

This innovative work paves the way for future developments in biocomputing, where living organisms, instead of silicon chips, could be used to perform sophisticated calculations, offering new ways to think about computing, intelligence, and even the future of technology in medicine.

In News:

• Recently, Access to Medicine Index Report 2024 was released by the Access to Medicine Foundation. The report evaluates 20 leading pharmaceutical companies on their efforts to expand access to medicines in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).The biennial report has been published since 2008.
• Key Highlights:
  • Key Areas of Evaluation
    • Governance of Access: Companies’ leadership in addressing access issues.
    • Research & Development (R&D): Focus on innovations for diseases prevalent in LMICs.
    • Product Delivery: Efforts to ensure medicines and vaccines are accessible.
  • Findings from the 2024 Report
    • Gaps in Access for Low-Income Countries:
      • Many pharmaceutical companies are adopting ‘inclusive business models,’ but outcomes are mixed, with transparent reporting still lacking.
      • 61% of products lack specific access strategies for low-income countries.
    • Exclusion from Clinical Trials:Only 43% of clinical trials take place in LMICs, despite these countries representing 80% of the global population.
    • Limited Technology Transfers & Local Availability:
      • Technology transfers and voluntary licensing are concentrated in countries like Brazil, China, and India.
      • Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) remains largely overlooked.
    • Decline in R&D for Priority Diseases:
      • Pharmaceutical companies are moving away from diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases, which disproportionately affect LMICs.
  • Key Issues in Accessing Medicines in LMICs
    • Economic Barriers:
      • High costs of essential medicines, including patented drugs, limit access for patients in LMICs with low purchasing power.
      • Out-of-pocket expenditures lead to catastrophic financial consequences for families.
    • Infrastructure Challenges:
      • Poor transportation and cold chain infrastructure hamper the efficient distribution of medicines, especially in rural areas.
      • Disruptions in supply chains (e.g., during pandemics) exacerbate medicine shortages.
    • Regulatory Issues:Weak enforcement of regulatory frameworks results in the proliferation of substandard and counterfeit medicines, compromising treatment efficacy.
    • Workforce Limitations:
      • A shortage of trained healthcare professionals restricts appropriate prescription and management of medicines.
      • Cultural beliefs and low health literacy further complicate adherence to treatments.
  • Challenges Specific to LMICs
    • Dual Burden of Diseases:
      • LMICs face both infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), putting strain on fragile healthcare systems.
      • 17 million people die from NCDs before age 70 annually, with 86% of these deaths occurring in LMICs.
    • Need for Local Manufacturing:
      • Strengthening local pharmaceutical manufacturing and distribution networks is crucial to ensure a reliable supply of essential medicines and reduce dependence on imports.
  • Recommendations for Improving Access
    • Companies should scale up efforts to bridge the health equity gap and use innovative approaches and local partnerships to improve access.
    • Focus on increasing transparency in access reporting and addressing the lack of strategies for low-income countries.
    • Pharmaceutical companies should refocus on diseases prevalent in LMICs, such as malaria and tuberculosis, and ensure that their R&D addresses the needs of these regions.

In News:

A recent study by Texas A&M University has uncovered a concerning new risk for dogs in Texas related to Chagas disease—the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), which causes the disease, can survive in dead kissing bugs (Triatominae). This discovery was published in the Journal of Medical Entomology in October 2024 and has raised alarms about how dead insects, which might be found in insecticide-treated dog kennels, could still pose a transmission risk for dogs.

Key Findings:

• Chagas Disease is primarily spread by kissing bugs, which carry T. cruzi in their gut. Dogs can contract the parasite by ingesting the bug's feces, especially when they lick their bite wounds.
• The study shows that even dead kissing bugs, which are often discarded in kennels, can still carry viable T. cruzi. This is particularly worrying in areas where insecticides are used to control the insects but dead bugs remain accessible to dogs.
• Researchers collected live and dead triatomines from six Texas kennels between June and October 2022, using both genetic testing and culture methods to assess whether the bugs were carrying live T. cruzi.
  • 28% of the collected bugs tested positive for T. cruzi.
  • A dead kissing bug (Paratriatomalecticularia) was found to still harbor live T. cruzi cultures, demonstrating that the parasite can survive even after the insect has died.

Transmission and Risks:

• Kissing bugs typically feed on the blood of animals like dogs, rodents, and raccoons, defecating near the bite site. If the dog licks the contaminated area, they can ingest the parasite-laden feces and become infected.
• The new discovery suggests that dead kissing bugs may pose a secondary transmission route for T. cruzi. Dogs that ingest these dead bugs, either in insecticide-treated areas or natural environments, could still contract the parasite.
• Researchers noted that dead bugs with intact gut contents showed a higher rate of infection than desiccated ones, which suggests that the condition of the bug after death impacts how long the parasite survives.

Implications for Management:

• The findings challenge current insecticide-based control methods. While insecticides kill the bugs, dead insects could still serve as a source of infection, necessitating new approaches for managing Chagas disease transmission in dog kennels.
• The study underscores the importance of regularly removing dead insects in kennels and reconsidering control strategies beyond just using insecticides.

About Chagas Disease:

• Chagas disease is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, commonly found in the feces of kissing bugs. It can cause long-term heart and digestive issues if left untreated.
• The disease is common in parts of South America, Central America, and Mexico, but it has been increasingly reported in the southern United States.
• Treatment focuses on killing the parasite in the acute phase, but once it progresses to the chronic phase, treatment is aimed at managing symptoms.

Next Steps and Ongoing Research:

• The Texas A&M team plans to explore how long T. cruzi survives in dead triatomines and whether insecticides affect the parasite’s ability to persist. They are also looking into developing integrated pest management strategies for environments with high kissing bug activity.
• The study also forms part of a broader "One Health" approach, recognizing that both human and animal health are interconnected, and research on Chagas disease in animals can help inform public health strategies.

In News:

• A rare Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) was spotted in the PulluzhiKole wetlands. This marks a significant event as the species was last reported in Kannur in 2003.

Key Highlights:

• Habitat and Migration:
  • The Imperial Eagle primarily breeds in southeastern Europe, west, and central Asia.
  • During the winter months, it migrates to regions including northeastern Africa, West Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia.
• Conservation Status:The IUCN Red List lists the Imperial Eagle as a vulnerable species, indicating its potential risk of extinction, underscoring the need for its conservation efforts.
• Importance of Conservation:
  • The Kole fields are a Ramsar-protected area, emphasizing their critical role in preserving migratory bird habitats.
  • Ongoing conservation and observation efforts in these wetlands are essential for protecting the diverse bird species that use the area.

Features of the Imperial Eagle:

• Scientific Name: Aquila heliaca
• Physical Characteristics:
  • Size: Length ranges from 68 to 90 cm, with a wingspan between 1.76 to 2.2 meters.
  • Color: It has a pale golden crown and nape, with a grey base extending to the tail. Its wings feature prominent white "braces" on the scapulars.
  • Sexual Dimorphism: Males are typically smaller than females.
• Habitat: Prefers old forests, mountainous regions, and riverside forests.
• Feeding: It has strong legs and curved talons for capturing and killing prey, and exceptional eyesight to spot prey from high altitudes.
• Conservation Efforts: Continued monitoring and protection of the Kole wetlands and other vital habitats are crucial for the survival of this vulnerable species and other at-risk birds.

In News:

Scientists have directly measured the hearing range of minke whales for the first time, finding that they can detect high-frequency sounds up to 90 kHz.

Key Highlights:

• Implication for Ocean Noise: The study suggests that baleen whales, including minke whales, may be more affected by anthropogenic ocean noise (e.g., naval sonar) than previously recognized, as their hearing range had been underestimated.
• Research Method: A novel catch-and-release technique was used to temporarily hold adolescent minke whales in Norway for auditory evoked potential (AEP) tests to measure their hearing sensitivity.
• Findings: Contrary to the belief that baleen whales are low-frequency specialists, minke whales can detect frequencies between 45 kHz to 90 kHz.
• Impact of Findings: The results could affect future regulations on ocean noise and its impact on marine mammals, as better hearing data is now available for baleen whales.

Minke Whale Overview:

• Family: Minke whales are members of the baleen or "great" whale family and are the smallest of the rorquals.
• Species: There are two recognized species:
  • Common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), found in various ocean basins.
  • Antarctic minke whale (B. bonaerensis), found in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Subspecies:
  • Dwarf minke whale: An unnamed subspecies of the common minke whale, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.
  • North Atlantic (B. a. acutorostrata) and North Pacific (B. a. scammoni) subspecies of common minke whales.
• Distribution: Minke whales are widely spread across tropical, temperate, and polar regions (65°S to 80°N), with common minke whales in all ocean basins and dwarf minke whales mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Feeding Areas: They feed in cooler waters at higher latitudes and can be found both inshore and offshore.
• Conservation Status (IUCN):

• Common minke whale: Least Concern.
• Antarctic minke whale: Data Deficient.

In News:

North American cicadas have life cycles that last for prime numbers of years, putting pressure on the idea that humans created mathematics.

What are Cicadas?

• Classification: Cicadas are insects that belong to the order Hemiptera and the superfamily Cicadoidea.
• Physical Features: Hemipteran insects (also known as true bugs) have piercing-sucking mouthparts and two pairs of wings.
• Life Span: Cicadas spend the majority of their life underground, feeding on plant sap. Once they emerge from the soil, they have a short adult life span of about 2 to 4 weeks.

Habitat:

• Preferred Environment: Cicadas are typically found in natural forests with large trees and are considered canopy dwellers.
• Global Distribution: Cicadas are found on every continent except Antarctica. The highest genetic diversity of cicadas is found in India and Bangladesh, followed by China.

Cicada Emergence and Life Cycle:

• Life Cycle: Cicadas have a complex life cycle, involving long periods of underground development followed by brief adult emergence.
• Periodical Cicadas: There are species of cicadas that emerge in 13-year and 17-year cycles.
• Broods: Initially, 30 broods were categorized based on geography and emergence times, but currently, only about 15 broods remain active due to some broods becoming extinct.
• Unique Phenomenon: In April 2024, a rare event is expected where a trillion cicadas from two different broods will emerge simultaneously in the Midwest and Southeast regions of the United States.

Cicada's underground Development:

• Feeding on Sap: During their underground phase, cicadas feed on the sap of plants.
• Purpose of Long Development: Researchers believe the long development period helps cicadas evade above-ground predators by keeping them hidden in the soil.

Vulnerability after Emergence:

• Emergence Behavior: Once cicadas emerge, they construct a "cicada hut" to shed their nymphal skins, then climb onto nearby trees or vegetation.
• Predator Vulnerability: Adult cicadas are vulnerable to predators such as turtles and other forest creatures because they are clumsy and defenseless, making them easy prey for predators.

Significance of the 2024 Emergence:

• The coinciding emergence of cicadas from different broods (13-year and 17-year cycles) is a rare event that highlights the complexity and mathematical precision behind the cicada life cycle.

In News:

More than any organism, plants understand the significance of communication the best.

Communication Through Chemical Warning (Volatile Organic Compounds - VOCs):

• Plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when threatened, such as during herbivore grazing.
• VOCs act as distress signals, alerting neighboring plants to potential dangers.
• Neighboring plants respond by producing defensive compounds or toxins to deter herbivores.
• VOCs can travel through air and soil, enabling distant plants to prepare for threats, thereby enhancing survival across larger areas.

Wood Wide Web (Symbiotic Relationship with Mycorrhizal Fungi):

• Plants form a network with mycorrhizal fungi, connecting their roots in a symbiotic bond.
• This "Wood Wide Web" allows plants to communicate by sending chemical signals through their roots when under stress (e.g., pest attacks or drought).
• Fungi extend the root system and help share nutrients between plants, especially in times of distress.
• The network facilitates collective resilience and survival by ensuring nutrient sharing among plants.

Cooperative Behavior: Sharing Resources for Survival:

• Plants in close proximity, especially in dense forests, often share resources like water, nutrients, and light.
• When a plant detects a neighboring plant in distress, it prioritizes resource allocation to support its growth.
• This cooperative behavior promotes ecosystem stability and the overall health of forests.
• The mutual support system shows how cooperation enhances the survival of individual plants and the broader ecosystem.

Significance of Plant Communication in Ecosystem Health:

• Plants communicate through chemical signals, underground fungal networks, and cooperative behaviors.
• These interactions foster resilience, ensuring the survival of both individual plants and entire ecosystems.
• The silent communication among plants contributes to a dynamic, cooperative environment that thrives on mutual support.

In News:

Tamil Nadu Forest Department staff and members of a non-governmental organisation rescued a rare peacock with white feathers, caused by a genetic condition called leucism, in Coimbatore.

Key Highlights:

Incident Details:

• Species: Indian peacock (Pavocristatus), known for its beautiful plumage.
• Condition: The peacock was rescued due to a leg injury and its rare white plumage.
• Cause of White Plumage: The bird's white feathers are caused by leucism, a genetic condition that reduces pigmentation in feathers while leaving eye color unaffected.

Expert Insights:

• Leucism: It causes partial loss of pigmentation in animals. A leucistic animal retains normal eye color but has pale or white coloration.
• Distinction from Albinism: Unlike albinism, which results in a complete lack of melanin and often causes red or pink eyes, leucistic animals retain normal eye pigmentation.
• Identification of Leucism in Peacock: The bird’s dark eyes and pink bill and feet confirmed it as fully leucistic.

Peacock Species:

• Indian Peacock (Pavocristatus): The National Bird of India, native to India and Sri Lanka. It belongs to the Phasianidae family, which also includes pheasants, quails, and jungle fowl.
• Green Peacock (Pavomuticus): Found from Myanmar to Java.

Conservation Status:

• IUCN Status: Listed as Least Concern.
• Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: The Indian peacock is listed under Schedule I, offering it the highest level of legal protection in India.

In News:

Recently, the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI 2025) report was released at the annual UN climate conference in Baku.

Key Highlights:

• It is published by think tanks German watch, New Climate Institute, and Climate Action Network International.It was first published in 2005.
• It tracks the progress of the world’s largest emitters in terms of emissions, renewables, and climate policy.

India's Ranking in Climate Change Performance (CCPI 2025)

• India's Rank: 10th (Dropped two places from the previous year).
• Key Factors for India's High Rank:
  • Low per capita emissions: 2.9 tons of CO2 equivalent (global average: 6.6 tons).
  • Rapid deployment of renewables: India is a leader in solar energy projects, including large-scale solar and rooftop solar schemes.
  • Renewable energy targets: Aims for 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.
  • Energy efficiency standards: Introduced, but coverage remains inadequate.
  • Electric vehicle (EV) deployment: Significant progress, especially in two-wheelers.
• Challenges for India:
  • Heavy reliance on coal: India remains one of the top 10 countries with the largest developed coal reserves.
  • Growth-oriented approach: Economic growth and energy demand continue to drive climate action, with limited change in climate policy expected.
• Future Pledges:
  • Net-zero emissions by 2070.
  • Global leadership in green energy.

CCPI 2025 Rankings Overview

Rank

Country

Key Points

1-3

Empty

No country performed well enough to achieve a "very high" rating.

4

Denmark

Leading climate actions but ranks 4th technically.

5

Netherlands

Strong climate performance, follows Denmark.

6

U.K.

Notable improvement due to coal phase-out and halting new fossil fuel licenses.

10

India

High performer, despite challenges like reliance on coal.

55

China

Largest emitter, heavily reliant on coal, ranks 55th despite promising plans.

57

U.S.

Second-largest emitter, ranks 57th with insufficient climate targets.

59

Argentina

Major climate policy setbacks, including potential exit from Paris Agreement.

64-67

Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Russia

Lowest-ranked, major oil and gas producers with weak climate policies.

General Findings of the Report

• CCPI Methodology: Assesses 63 countries (plus the EU) responsible for 90% of global emissions based on their emissions, renewable energy efforts, and climate policies.
• Global Trends:
  • No country has been able to secure a "very high" rating across all categories.
  • Denmark and Netherlands are among the top performers.
  • The U.K. shows significant progress with its coal phase-out and fossil fuel policies.

In News:

The world is facing an unprecedented crisis with nearly half of all children – about 1 billion – living in countries that face a high risk of climate and environmental hazards, the UNICEF’s State of the World’s Children 2024 (SOWC-2024) report, said.

Key Highlights:

Environmental Hazards and Children’s Health:

• Children face an increasingly unpredictable and hazardous environment due to climate change, environmental crises, and frontier technologies.
• Nearly 1 billion children live in countries facing high risks from climate and environmental hazards.
• Children’s developing bodies are especially vulnerable to pollution, extreme weather, and environmental hazards.
• Air pollution, rising temperatures, and extreme weather events harm children's respiratory health, increase the spread of diseases like malaria and dengue, and impact food security and access.

Impact of Climate Change:

• Climate destabilization, biodiversity loss, and pollution are intensifying globally.
• Climate-related disasters (e.g., floods) affect water supplies, causing waterborne diseases, a leading cause of death in children under five.
• Extreme weather events, such as floods, can cause trauma, anxiety, and displacement for children.
• By the 2050s, more children will be exposed to extreme climate hazards compared to the 2000s.
• School closures, affecting 400 million children since 2022 due to extreme weather, disrupt education and hinder economic growth.

Projections for Child Survival and Life Expectancy:

• Newborn survival rates: Projected to rise by nearly 4 percentage points to over 98% globally by the 2050s.
• Probability of surviving to age 5: Expected to increase to 99.5%.
• Life expectancy: Expected to rise to 81 years for girls and 76 years for boys by the 2050s.

Child Population Trends by 2050:

• Global child population expected to stabilize at 2.3 billion by the 2050s.
• South Asia, Eastern/Southern Africa, and West/Central Africa will have the largest child populations, facing significant challenges in meeting children’s basic needs.
• These regions also face climate risks, inadequate digital infrastructure, and socio-economic challenges.

Technological Advancements:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI), neurotechnology, renewable energy, and vaccine breakthroughs could significantly improve childhood well-being.
• Digitalization: While it can empower children, it also exposes them to online risks, including sexual exploitation and abuse.

Socio-Economic Conditions and Inequality:

• 23% of children projected to live in low-income countries by 2050, a significant increase from 11% in the 2000s.
• GDP per capita in East Asia, Pacific, and South Asia expected to more than double from the 2020s to the 2050s.
• Growing inequalities between high- and low-income countries, particularly in terms of digital access and infrastructure.

Urbanization and Child Welfare:

• By the 2050s, nearly 60% of children globally will live in urban areas, up from 44% in the 2000s.
• Ensuring healthier and more secure urban environments is critical for improving future childhoods.
• Over 95% of people in high-income countries are connected to the internet, compared to just 26% in low-income countries, exacerbating inequalities.

Key Takeaways:

• Children are facing a more hazardous environment than ever before, influenced by climate change, technological developments, and demographic shifts.
• Proactive measures are needed to mitigate environmental risks, promote digital inclusion, and ensure equitable access to resources and opportunities for children globally.

In News:

In September, a trekker from Idukki, Kerala, died in Uttarakhand while attempting to scale Garur Peak due to respiratory failure. Every year, numerous tourists like this succumb to the effects of high-altitude sickness in the pristine but challenging inner Himalayas. These regions present hidden dangers due to their extreme altitudes, where thinner air and reduced oxygen can lead to potentially fatal conditions.

What is High-Altitude Sickness?

• Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) occurs when the body struggles to acclimatize to high altitudes, typically above 8,000 feet (2,400 meters), where oxygen levels are lower.
• As altitude increases, oxygen levels decrease, leading to hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Early symptoms include:Headache, Nausea, Fatigue&Shortness of breath
• If untreated, AMS can develop into:
  • High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE): Fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to severe breathing problems.
  • High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE): Fluid in the brain causing confusion, hallucinations, or coma.
• Both conditions are life-threatening and require immediate descent to lower altitudes.

Infrastructural Issues

• Many Himalayan regions lack adequate healthcare facilities beyond major towns like Shimla.
• Leh is an exception, with specialized facilities for high-altitude ailments, but most areas lack preventive health measures.
• Implementing health screenings at entry points to high-altitude zones (like Kinnaur or Lahaul-Spiti) could significantly improve prevention and response to AMS.

Mandatory Registration System for Tourists

• Tourist Registration: A system where tourists must register before entering remote mountain areas would allow authorities to monitor movements and provide timely medical assistance.
• Benefits:
  • Quick emergency responses by having data on tourists' locations.
  • Research support: Tracking demographic patterns and risk factors to better understand how altitude impacts different populations.

Early Intervention for High-Altitude Sickness

• Gradual Ascent: To allow the body to acclimatize, gradual ascent is crucial. Every 3-4 days, take a rest day and avoid increasing sleeping altitude by more than 500 meters/day.
• Medications: Doctors recommend:
  • Acetazolamide to promote better oxygenation.
  • Dexamethasone for reducing inflammation in severe cases.
  • For those with a history of HAPE, Nifedipine may be used preventively.
• However, no medication guarantees immunity from AMS. Travelers with pre-existing conditions should consult a doctor before traveling.

Treatment Strategies

• Descent: The best treatment for AMS is to descend to lower altitudes (300-1,000 meters), where symptoms improve rapidly.
• Additional Measures: If available, supplemental oxygen or a portable hyperbaric chamber can help in emergencies.
• Medications like acetazolamide and dexamethasone can provide short-term relief but are not substitutes for descent.

Policy Recommendations

• Medical Infrastructure: Establish state-of-the-art medical facilities in high-altitude regions of the Himalayas.
• Research: Set up research centers to study high-altitude illnesses.
• Air-ambulance Services: Equip states with air-ambulance services for rapid medical evacuation in emergencies.
• Health and Safety Information: Provide accessible information on government websites and at check-in points to educate tourists on preventing and managing AMS.

Preventive Measures Before Scaling the Himalayas

• Acclimatization: Gradual ascent is essential for preventing AMS.
• Health Checks: Get a medical check-up to assess risk factors before travel.
• Medications: Consult a doctor for potential preventive medications.
• Hydration and Rest: Stay hydrated and take ample rest during the ascent.
• Monitor Symptoms: Be aware of early symptoms like headaches or nausea and stop ascending if they occur.

By addressing these measures, the risks associated with high-altitude sickness can be mitigated, improving safety for tourists and trekkers in the Himalayas.

In News:

PM Modi receives Nigeria’s second-highest national award.

Key Events and Achievements

• Award Conferred:
  • Award Name: Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON).
  • Significance: Nigeria’s second-highest national award, conferred on Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
  • Historical Context: Modi becomes the second foreign dignitary to receive this award, after Queen Elizabeth in 1969.

Strategic and Developmental Ties Between India and Nigeria

• First Visit in 17 Years: Modi’s visit is the first by an Indian PM to Nigeria in 17 years, underscoring the significance of strengthening bilateral ties.
• Economic Cooperation:
  • Over 200 Indian companies have invested around $27 billion in Nigeria across key sectors, making India a major economic partner.
  • India has provided $100 million in development assistance through concessional loans and is actively involved in capacity-building training programs in Nigeria.
• MoUs Signed:
  • Three Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) were signed in the fields of:
    • Cultural Exchange.
    • Customs Cooperation.
    • Survey Cooperation.
• Relief Aid: Modi announced the dispatch of 20 tonnes of relief supplies to help Nigeria recover from the devastating floods that affected the country last month.

Diplomatic Discussions and Initiatives

• Strategic Partnership: Modi described the India-Nigeria partnership as one with immense potential in sectors like defence, energy, technology, trade, health, and education.
• Indian Expatriate Community: Modi acknowledged the 60,000-strong Indian diaspora in Nigeria, recognizing their role as a pillar of bilateral ties.
• Support for Africa:
  • Modi highlighted India’s support for the African Union’s membership in the G20, an outcome of the India-hosted G20 summit in 2023.
  • Nigeria’s Role: He noted Nigeria’s positive influence on Africa and its importance as a key partner in India’s Africa engagement.

Broader Implications for International Relations

• India-Nigeria Security Cooperation:
  • The National Security Advisors (NSA) of India and Nigeria held in-depth discussions on counter-terrorism, extremism, and cybersecurity challenges.
  • India and Nigeria are committed to jointly addressing global threats such as arms smuggling and international crime.
• India's Role as a Development Partner:
  • India’s growing role as a development partner for African nations is becoming increasingly important, exemplified by Nigeria’s close ties with India.
• Global Diplomacy and Soft Power:
  • Modi’s award and visit reflect India’s growing influence in Africa and its emphasis on fostering ties with resource-rich and strategically located nations like Nigeria.
  • The Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger is also a reflection of the soft power India is wielding globally.

Key Facts about Nigeria:

• Location: Nigeria is located in West Africa, bordering Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Benin, with access to the Atlantic Ocean.
• Significance:
  • Known as the “Giant of Africa” due to its large population and economic power.
  • It has the largest economy in Africa, largely driven by its oil reserves.

In News:

As Delhi’s AQI worsened, the Commission for Air Quality Management issued the order to activate Stage-IV of the Graded Response Action Plan.

Restrictions Under GRAP-IV in Delhi-NCR

• Truck Movement:
  • Banned except for essential goods and trucks using clean fuels (LNG, CNG, BS-VI diesel, or electric).
  • Non-essential light commercial vehicles registered outside Delhi are also banned unless they are CNG or BS-VI diesel or electric vehicles (EVs).
  • Delhi-registered BS-IV or older diesel vehicles (medium and heavy goods vehicles) are banned, except for those in essential services.
• Construction Activities:Suspension of all construction work, including public projects like highways, roads, flyovers, power lines, pipelines, etc.
• Schools and Work:
  • Online classes for students of Classes 6 to 9 and Class 11.
  • Work from home (WFH) recommendations for 50% office capacity in NCR.
  • Central government employees may also be asked to work from home.
  • Offline classes for Classes 10 and 12 continue, but schools for other classes must shift to online mode.
• Other Measures:
  • State governments may impose additional measures such as:
    • Closure of colleges.
    • Odd-even vehicle scheme.
    • Restrictions on non-essential commercial activities.

About GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan)

• Purpose: A plan to reduce air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region based on AQI levels.
• Approved By: Supreme Court in 2016 (M.C. Mehta v. Union of India).
• Notified by MoEFCC: 2017.
• Implementation Authority: CAQM (Commission for Air Quality Management).

Stages of GRAP

GRAP is an incremental system, with measures activated as air quality deteriorates:

• Stage 1: Poor AQI (201-300) – Basic pollution control measures.
• Stage 2: Very Poor AQI (301-400) – Enhanced measures.
• Stage 3: Severe AQI (401-450) – Stricter actions like shutting down industries.
• Stage 4: Severe Plus AQI (Above 450) – Most stringent restrictions, as activated on November 18, 2024.

Air Quality Index (AQI)

• Introduced: 2014, by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
• Categories:
  • Good: 0-50
  • Satisfactory: 51-100
  • Moderately Polluted: 101-200
  • Poor: 201-300
  • Very Poor: 301-400
  • Severe: 401-450
  • Severe Plus: 451 and above (current status in Delhi).
• Pollutants Considered: PM10, PM2.5, NO?, SO?, CO, O?, NH?, and Pb.
• Measurement: 24-hour average values for PMs, and 8-hour averages for CO and O?.

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

• Established: Under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) Act, 2021.
• Mandate: To coordinate, research, and manage air quality issues in the NCR and adjoining areas.
• Composition: Includes government officials, technical experts, and NGO representatives.
• Jurisdiction: Covers Delhi and parts of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.

In News:

Nepal starts exporting energy to Bangladesh with Indian grid support.

Significance of the Power Transfer:

• Energy Cooperation:
  • A major step in regional energy cooperation among Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.
  • Strengthens sub-regional connectivity in the power sector.
• Nepal’s Hydropower Potential:
  • Nepal, a Himalayan nation, possesses untapped hydropower resources, and this agreement opens the door for future cross-border electricity cooperation.
  • Nepal’s energy exports are a green energy initiative, supporting sustainable industrial growth in Bangladesh and regional prosperity.
• Electricity Crisis in Bangladesh:
  • Bangladesh is facing an ongoing electricity shortage, worsened by the suspension of power supply from Adani’s Godda plant and the maintenance of the Payra thermal unit.
  • The addition of 40 MW of Nepalese hydroelectric power aims to alleviate the energy shortfall in Bangladesh.

Tripartite Power Sales Agreement:

• Agreement Details:
  • The agreement for power transfer was signed in October 2023 between:
    • NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN) (India)
    • Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) (Nepal)
    • Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) (Bangladesh).
  • Power Export: Nepal has started exporting 40 MW of electricity, which marks a significant milestone in trilateral power cooperation.

Key Entities Involved:

• NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN):
  • A wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC Ltd. (National Thermal Power Corporation), created to facilitate power trading.
  • NVVN is diversifying into renewables, e-mobility, and green fuel solutions.
• NTPC Ltd.:
  • A Maharatna PSU under India’s Ministry of Power, established to develop power resources in India.
  • Involved in large-scale power generation and clean energy initiatives

In News:

The Guru Ghasidas-TamorPingla Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh has been officially notified as India's 56th tiger reserve, marking a significant milestone in the country's conservation efforts. Here's an overview of this new reserve:

Key Details:

• Location: The tiger reserve is located across the Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur districts of Chhattisgarh.
• Area: The reserve spans 2,829.38 square kilometers and includes both core and buffer zones.
  • Core/critical habitat: 2,049.2 sq. km (includes the Guru Ghasidas National Park and TamorPingla Wildlife Sanctuary).
  • Buffer zone: 780.15 sq. km.
• Rank: It is the third largest tiger reserve in India, after the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh) and Manas Tiger Reserve (Assam).

Connectivity:

The reserve forms part of a landscape complex that extends over nearly 4,500 sq. km and is interconnected with other major tiger reserves:

• Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) to the north.
• Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) to the west.
• Palamau Tiger Reserve (Jharkhand) to the east.

This connectivity supports greater wildlife movement, reducing the risk of inbreeding and strengthening the overall conservation efforts for the tiger population.

Biodiversity:

The Guru Ghasidas-TamorPingla Tiger Reserve is ecologically rich, harboring a wide array of species:

• 753 species have been documented, including:
  • 230 bird species.
  • 55 mammal species, including several threatened species such as tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and wolves.
  • A variety of invertebrates, especially insects.
• The reserve's terrain includes dense forests, streams, rivers, and varied elevations, making it an ideal habitat for tigers and other wildlife.

Ecological Importance:

• Situated in the Chota Nagpur and Baghelkhand plateaus, the reserve has varied landscapes that contribute to its ecological diversity. The region's tropical climate and dense forests make it a critical habitat for tigers and other wildlife.
• The reserve's core area forms an important critical tiger habitat, providing a sanctuary for tigers to thrive with minimal human disturbance.

Conservation Impact:

With the addition of this tiger reserve, Chhattisgarh now boasts four tiger reserves, complementing the existing Udanti-Sitanadi, Achanakmar, and Indravati reserves. This bolsters the state's and the country's ongoing efforts to protect and conserve tigers, which are a keystone species in maintaining ecological balance.

Procedural Steps for Notification:

• Identification: The state government identifies a significant ecological area with potential for tiger conservation.
• NTCA Approval: After a thorough assessment, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) evaluates and approves the proposal.
• State Notification: The state government officially notifies the area as a tiger reserve under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
• Implementation: The state, with NTCA support, begins implementing conservation and management strategies.