In News:

India is preparing to restrict the import of genetically modified (GM) alfalfa (lucerne) seeds, even as the United States urges a reduction in import duties on the crop. Alfalfa is a high-protein forage crop widely used for animal feed.

Key Highlights

• Alfalfa (Lucerne):
  • Botanical Name: Medicago sativa
  • Origin of Name: From Arabic al-fasfasa, meaning "the best forage"
  • Nutritional Profile: Rich in vitamins A, C, K, B-complex, minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium), proteins, fiber, and antioxidants
  • Uses: Primarily as fodder, also consumed by humans for its health benefits
  • Agricultural Benefit: Being a leguminous crop, it helps in nitrogen fixation

India’s Regulatory Stand

• The government plans to bar GM alfalfa seed imports under powers granted by the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• A rapid detection kit may be developed by Indian scientists to identify GM seeds before unloading at ports.
• Phytosanitary Certification: All imported alfalfa seeds must be accompanied by valid certificates meeting India’s plant protection standards.

Current Import Policy & Tariffs

• HS Code: 12092100 (Lucerne seed for sowing)
• Effective Import Duty: 50.045%, broken down as:
  • 30% Basic Customs Duty (BCD)
  • 30% AIDC (Agri Infrastructure and Development Cess) on BCD
  • 10% Social Welfare Surcharge on (BCD + AIDC)
  • 5% IGST
• Import Status: Currently, India does not import alfalfa seeds due to high domestic availability and high import duty.
• Domestic Price: ?500–800/kg; imported seeds would cost more.

Other Forage Imports

• Berseem (Trifolium spp.): India imports mainly from Egypt and CIS countries
  • Import Drop: From 5,776 tonnes (2023-24) to 618 tonnes (April 2024–Jan 2025) due to increased domestic production

Environmental and Agricultural Considerations

• Water Requirement: Alfalfa is water-intensive, making seed cultivation less viable in water-scarce regions.
• Alternative Option: Experts suggest importing direct alfalfa fodder instead of seeds to meet demand while conserving water and preserving agricultural land for oilseeds and pulses.

Global Context

• USA:
  • World’s largest alfalfa producer
  • Grows both GM and non-GM varieties
  • Alfalfa is mostly grown under rainfed conditions, with lower yield compared to irrigated regions