In News:

India has achieved a significant milestone under the National Quantum Mission (NQM) by developing a 1,000 km quantum communication network. Developed using indigenous technology by QNu Labs with support from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), this achievement comes less than two years after the mission’s launch, putting India well ahead of its interim targets.

The National Quantum Mission (NQM): Overview

• Launch: Approved in April 2023; officially launched in October 2024.
• Nodal Agency: Department of Science and Technology (DST).
• Budget: ?6,003 crore for a period of eight years (2023-24 to 2030-31).
• Objective: To seed, nurture, and scale up R&D in quantum technologies, positioning India among the top six nations globally (joining the US, China, Canada, Austria, Finland, and France).

Key Pillars of NQM & Targets

The mission is structured around four primary domains:

• Quantum Computing: Developing computers with 50 to 1,000 physical qubits using superconducting and photonic platforms.
• Quantum Communication:
  • Terrestrial: Inter-city QKD networks over 2,000 km using existing optical fibers.
  • Satellite: Secure satellite-based communication between ground stations over 2,000 km (including international links).
• Quantum Sensing & Metrology: High-sensitivity magnetometers and atomic clocks for precision navigation (GPS/Aviation) and defense.
• Quantum Materials: Synthesis of superconductors, topological materials, and semiconductors for device fabrication.

Technical Spotlight: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)

The 1,000-km network relies on QKD, which is the "gold standard" for secure communication.

• How it works: It uses quantum particles (photons) to share secret encryption keys.
• The "Observer Effect": Based on the laws of quantum mechanics (No-cloning theorem), any attempt to intercept or eavesdrop on the key disturbs the quantum state of the photons.
• Instant Detection: This disturbance alerts the communicating parties immediately, making the communication virtually unhackable.

Significance of the 1,000-km Milestone

• Global Standing: This is one of the longest terrestrial QKD deployments globally, demonstrating India’s rapid execution capabilities.
• Strategic Security: Essential for protecting sensitive data in Defense, Finance, and Critical National Infrastructure (Power grids, nuclear plants).
• Terrain Versatility: The indigenous technology is designed to function across diverse and challenging terrains, including underwater and underground environments.
• Aatmanirbharta (Self-Reliance): Reduces dependence on foreign encryption patents and imported hardware, fostering a home-grown deep-tech ecosystem.

Institutional & Startup Ecosystem

• Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs): Four dedicated hubs have been established in top academic and R&D institutes to drive the mission’s goals.
• Support for Deep-Tech: The mission currently supports 17 ventures.
• Innovative Financing: The government is employing Optionally Convertible Debt (OCD). This allows startups to access capital without immediate equity dilution, encouraging private sector participation in high-risk, high-reward quantum research.

In News:

India achieved a major diplomatic milestone by winning elections to four key subsidiary bodies of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).

Understanding the ECOSOC

Established by the UN Charter in 1945, ECOSOC is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. It serves as the primary venue for fostering innovative thinking, forging consensus on international development goals, and coordinating policy across economic, social, and environmental sectors.

Core Mandate and Functions:

• The Triple Integration: It aims to harmonize the three pillars of sustainable development: Economic, Social, and Environmental.
• 2030 Agenda: It is the specialized body responsible for policy-making and monitoring the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Global Coordinator: ECOSOC links regional economic commissions and specialized UN agencies, translating high-level commitments into actionable changes.
• Partnership Gateway: It facilitates dialogue between policymakers, academics, businesses, and over 6,500 registered Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).
• Emerging Challenges: The council identifies and addresses new global threats, such as pandemic recovery and climate crises, through intergovernmental discussions.

India’s 2026 Election Success

During the elections held in April 2026, India was elected to the following four distinct and influential bodies:

1. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR): In a notable personal victory, former diplomat Preeti Saran was re-elected. This ensures that India’s 36-year diplomatic legacy continues to influence international normative frameworks regarding cultural and social rights.
2. Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD): A platform where India can share its digital public infrastructure (DPI) expertise and advocate for technological equity for developing nations.
3. Committee on Non-Governmental Organisations: A critical body that monitors the consultative status of NGOs with ECOSOC, giving India a say in how civil society engages with the UN.
4. Committee for Programme and Coordination (CPC): The main subsidiary organ of ECOSOC and the General Assembly for planning, programming, and coordination.

In News:

The Indian Institute of Management–Kozhikode (IIM-K) has entered the global Top 100 in the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2026, marking a significant milestone for Indian higher education.

About QS World University Rankings

• Published annually by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS).
• Provides global comparative assessment of universities across subjects and overall performance.

Evaluation Framework

QS uses a multi-layered methodology:

1.      Lenses (Thematic Categories):

• Research & Discovery
• Employability & Outcomes
• Global Engagement
• Learning Experience
• Sustainability

2.      Indicators (Performance Areas):

• Academic Reputation
• Employer Reputation
• Citations per Faculty
• Employment Outcomes

3.      Metrics:

• Quantitative tools used to calculate scores within each indicator.

Key Highlights – QS Rankings 2026

India’s Performance

• 120 new Indian institutions entered the rankings.
• India ranks 4th globally in new entries:
  • USA: 287
  • China: 181
  • UK: 159
• India now has the 4th largest institutional representation, after:
  • USA
  • China
  • UK

Notable Achievements by Indian Institutions

• Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode : Entered Top 100 globally (by subject) for the first time.
• Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad
  • Secured global rank 21 (India’s highest).
  • Maintains dominance in Mineral & Mining Engineering.
• Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
  • Achieved Top 25 globally in:
    • Business & Management Studies
    • Marketing
• Computer Science Domain:
  • 6 Indian institutions in global Top 100.
  • All improved their rankings compared to the previous year.

In News:

The African Union (AU), launched in 2002 to replace the OAU, is a continental body of 55 African states headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Recently, the African Union (AU) held its annual summit in Ethiopia amid growing discussions on governance reforms and youth representation within the bloc.

Origin and Evolution

The African Union was officially launched in 2002, replacing the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which had been established in 1963.

Why the Transition?

• The OAU primarily focused on decolonization and anti-apartheid struggles.
• The AU was created with a broader mandate including:
  • Political and economic integration
  • Conflict resolution
  • Sustainable development
  • Stronger global representation for Africa

Membership

• Comprises 55 member states (all internationally recognized African countries).
• It represents the entire African continent.

Headquarters

• Located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Objectives of the African Union

The AU aims to:

• Promote unity and solidarity among African countries.
• Foster peace, security, and stability.
• Advance economic integration and development.
• Protect sovereignty and territorial integrity.
• Enhance Africa’s voice in global governance.

Governance Structure

Assembly

• Highest decision-making body.
• Composed of Heads of State and Government.
• Determines policy direction.

Executive Council

• Consists of Foreign Affairs Ministers.
• Prepares decisions and policies for the Assembly.

AU Commission

• Administrative arm of the AU.
• Implements decisions of the Assembly and Executive Council.
• Headquartered in Addis Ababa.

Peace and Security Council (PSC)

• Responsible for:
  • Conflict prevention
  • Peacekeeping missions
  • Crisis response mechanisms

The PSC functions somewhat similarly to the UN Security Council but at the continental level.

Participatory and Advisory Bodies

To promote democratic participation:

• Pan-African Parliament
  • Ensures representation of African peoples.
• Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC)
  • Civil society advisory body.

These institutions reflect the AU’s goal of citizen engagement and inclusive governance.

Contemporary Context

Recent summits have witnessed debates over:

• Youth representation in governance
• Leadership renewal within member states
• Democratic accountability
• Economic integration initiatives such as the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)

With Africa having one of the world’s youngest populations, youth inclusion has become a prominent theme in AU deliberations.

In News:

India recently reaffirmed its civilisational philosophy of VasudhaivaKutumbakam (“the world is one family”) and commitment to religious harmony at the 11th UNAOC Global Forum held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

The Indian delegation highlighted India’s long-standing belief in pluralism, intercultural dialogue, and Sarva Dharma Samabhav (equal respect for all religions).

About the UNAOC

Core Objectives of UNAOC

UNAOC aims to:

• Promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue
• Reduce polarisation, extremism, xenophobia and hate speech
• Encourage mutual respect, inclusion and peaceful coexistence
• Serve as a platform for conflict prevention and resolution through dialogue

Global Forum of UNAOC

The Global Forum is the flagship event of UNAOC:

• Brings together political leaders, religious figures, youth, media and civil society
• Focuses on bridging cultural divides
• Acts as a high-level platform for policy dialogue and partnership-building

The 11th Forum marked two decades of UNAOC’s work in strengthening intercultural cooperation.

Funding Mechanism

• Operates through a Voluntary Trust Fund
• Contributions from:
  • UN Member States
  • International organizations
  • Foundations
  • Private sector
• Fund supports projects, outreach, and administrative functions

In News:

Astronomers using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have detected a rare supernova in the early universe. The discovery was linked to a distant gamma-ray burst (GRB) that helped scientists trace the explosive death of a massive star dating back to just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.

What is a Supernova?

A supernova is a powerful and catastrophic explosion marking the end of a star’s life cycle. It is among the most energetic events in the universe.

During a supernova, a star releases an enormous amount of energy in a short time — sometimes emitting more energy in a few seconds than the Sun will produce in its entire lifetime. These explosions can briefly outshine entire galaxies and are visible across vast cosmic distances.

Types of Supernovae

• Type I Supernova: This occurs in a binary star system where a white dwarf star pulls matter from a companion star. When the accumulated mass crosses a critical limit, a runaway nuclear reaction triggers a thermonuclear explosion.
• Type II Supernova: This occurs when a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel. Without the outward pressure from fusion, gravity causes the core to collapse, leading to a violent explosion known as a core-collapse supernova.

Role of Supernovae in the Universe

Supernovae play a crucial role in cosmic evolution. They are the primary sources of heavy elements such as iron, gold, and uranium, which are later incorporated into new stars, planets, and even living organisms. Thus, they are fundamental to the chemical enrichment of the universe.

How Common are Supernovae?

In a galaxy like the Milky Way, astronomers estimate that about two to three supernovae occur per century. However, since the universe contains billions of galaxies, astronomers observe hundreds of supernovae every year beyond our galaxy.

Significance of the JWST Discovery

The recent observation is particularly important because it captures a supernova from the early universe, only a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. Studying such ancient stellar explosions helps scientists understand:

• The formation of the first generations of stars
• Early chemical enrichment of the universe
• The evolution of galaxies in the cosmic dawn era

The high sensitivity and infrared capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope make it uniquely suited to observe such distant and ancient cosmic events.

In News:

The Union Budget 2026–27 marks a decisive shift in India’s development strategy by placing creative industries at the heart of a services-led growth model. By investing in digital content creation, design education, and skill development, the government has signalled strong support for the Orange Economy, a sector where ideas, culture and intellectual property generate economic value.

Understanding the Orange Economy

The Orange Economy, also known as the Creative Economy, refers to knowledge-based activities where value arises from creativity, cultural heritage, and intellectual property rather than physical production.

• The term was popularised by Iván Duque Márquez and Felipe Buitrago in their 2013 book The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity.
• The colour orange symbolises culture, identity and creativity across civilizations.
• Globally, the creative economy generates over $2 trillion annually and supports nearly 50 million jobs.

For India, this sector represents the intersection of culture, technology, and entrepreneurship.

Key Budget Proposals for the Creative Sector

1. AVGC Content Creator Labs

The Budget proposes setting up Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming and Comics (AVGC) Content Creator Labs in:

• 15,000 secondary schools
• 500 colleges

These labs will be anchored by the Indian Institute of Creative Technologies (IICT), Mumbai, envisioned as a premier institution for creative technology training.

Financial Allocation: ?250 crore earmarked for AVGC talent development.

Objective: Early exposure to digital storytelling tools, immersive technologies and creative entrepreneurship.

2. Expansion of Design Education

A new campus of the National Institute of Design (NID) will be established in Eastern India through a competitive “challenge route”.

Significance:

• Addresses shortage of trained designers
• Supports product innovation and branding for MSMEs
• Reduces regional disparities in access to design education

Why the Orange Economy Matters for India

1. Economic Growth Driver

• India’s media and entertainment sector was valued at ?2.5 trillion in 2024 (Economic Survey 2025–26).
• Creative exports grew by 20% in 2023–24, earning over $11 billion.

This highlights the sector’s potential to become a major contributor to services exports and GDP growth.

2. Employment Generation

• Employs around 8% of India’s workforce
• Offers large-scale opportunities for youth, freelancers, women and gig workers
• AVGC sector alone projected to need 2 million professionals by 2030

The sector’s low entry barriers and digital reach make it a powerful employment engine.

3. Strengthening Soft Power

Creative industries export stories, culture and intellectual property, enhancing India’s global influence.

• Indian films, gaming content, music, and digital art expand India’s cultural footprint
• Promotes Brand India globally

Thus, the Orange Economy is not just economic policy, but also cultural diplomacy.

4. Democratization of Creative Opportunity

By establishing AVGC labs in schools and colleges beyond metros, the budget aims to:

• Provide access to high-end creative tools in semi-urban and rural areas
• Unlock hidden talent across regions
• Reduce digital and opportunity divides

This aligns with the vision of inclusive and distributed growth.

India’s Structural Advantages

India is well-positioned to lead in the creative economy due to:

• A young demographic profile
• Rapid urbanisation and rising incomes
• Expanding internet and smartphone penetration
• Strong tradition of storytelling, arts and crafts

When combined with digital platforms, these factors create a fertile ecosystem for creative entrepreneurship.

In News:

The Department of Posts (DoP) under the Ministry of Communications has proposed a new digital addressing framework called DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address). It aims to create a standardised, interoperable, and user-centric digital address system as part of India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) initiatives.

What is DHRUVA?

DHRUVA is designed as a national digital address framework that allows individuals to use UPI-like virtual address labels such as “name@entity” instead of repeatedly sharing full physical addresses.

These virtual labels act as proxies for real-world locations and are built on the concept of Address-as-a-Service (AaaS), a system for secure, consent-based management and sharing of address data.

Key Features

1. Virtual Address Labels: Users will be able to share a simple label (similar to a UPI ID or email ID) instead of filling out detailed address forms across platforms.

2. Consent-Based Access: Users can authorise companies to access their address information for a limited duration, after which access must be renewed. This gives citizens control over who can view their address.

3. Interoperability &Standardisation: DHRUVA aims to standardise address formats and ensure interoperability across government services, e-commerce platforms, logistics providers, and emergency services.

4. Public–Private Participation: Private firms can participate in the ecosystem, similar to how the UPI system involves banks and fintech firms. A not-for-profit entity (on the lines of NPCI) may oversee operations under government supervision.

DIGIPIN: Foundational Layer

DHRUVA builds upon the DIGIPIN (Digital Postal Index Number) system.

Key Facts about DIGIPIN:

• Developed by the Department of Posts with IIT Hyderabad and NRSC, ISRO
• A 10-character alphanumeric code representing precise geographic coordinates
• Each code corresponds to roughly a 4 m × 4 m grid (earlier approximated as ~14 sq m area)
• Open-source and covers the entire territory of India
• Useful in areas where traditional textual addresses are unclear or absent

DIGIPIN improves location accuracy for rural areas, logistics, emergency response, and public service delivery.

Institutional Framework

• Address labels will be issued by Address Service Providers (ASPs)
• Consent management will be handled by Address Information Agents (AIAs)
• The platform will be designed with multilingual and mobile-first access
• It may integrate with identity systems like Aadhaar for verification

Significance

• Reduces repetitive address entry across digital platforms
• Enhances privacy through consent-based data sharing
• Improves e-governance, e-commerce, logistics, and emergency services
• Strengthens India’s digital infrastructure alongside Aadhaar and UPI

In News:

Recent reports indicate that Meta is in advanced discussions with Google to use its Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), highlighting growing competition in the global AI hardware ecosystem.

What is a TPU?

A Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) is a custom-designed semiconductor chip developed by Google to accelerate Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) workloads. Unlike Central Processing Units (CPUs), which handle general computing tasks, or Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), which are versatile and widely used for AI and graphics processing, TPUs are application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) built specifically for deep learning operations.

Google began developing TPUs in the early 2010s to meet the growing computational demands of AI applications such as Google Search, Translate, Photos, and voice recognition systems. The first TPU was introduced around 2015–16, and multiple generations have since been deployed in Google’s data centres and cloud platforms.

How TPUs Work

AI models depend heavily on tensor operations—mathematical calculations involving multi-dimensional arrays of numbers. Deep neural networks process data through repeated matrix multiplications and tensor algebra, which are computationally intensive.

TPUs are optimised for these operations through:

• Massive Parallelism: They perform a very large number of calculations simultaneously.
• Specialised Architecture: Circuits are tailored for AI workloads, reducing unnecessary processing steps.
• Energy Efficiency: TPUs often deliver high performance with lower power consumption compared to traditional GPUs.

This makes them particularly efficient for training and inference in large-scale AI models.

TPUs vs CPUs vs GPUs

Strategic Importance

The reported interest of major AI firms in TPUs reflects a shift in the AI hardware landscape. For years, NVIDIA GPUs dominated AI training and deployment due to their performance and software ecosystem. However, large technology companies are increasingly investing in custom AI chips to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and reduce dependence on external suppliers.

Google has begun offering TPU access through its cloud infrastructure, enabling external firms to run AI workloads on TPU clusters. This signals the rise of merchant AI silicon, where companies design chips not only for internal use but also for commercial deployment.

In News:

The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) block mechanism is an emerging reform in India’s capital markets aimed at enhancing investor protection and fund safety in secondary market trading. Recently, the market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) proposed making this facility mandatory for Qualified Stock Brokers (QSBs), drawing parallels with the well-established Application Supported by Blocked Amount (ASBA) system used in the primary market.

What is the UPI Block Mechanism?

• It allows investors to trade in the secondary market using funds blocked in their bank accounts, rather than transferring money upfront to the trading member.
• The actual debit occurs only when a trade is executed, while the remaining funds stay safely in the investor’s bank account.
• The mechanism is conceptually similar to ASBA, but extended to secondary market transactions.

Key Features

• Funds remain in the investor’s bank account, with only a lien/block created.
• Reduces the risk of misuse or diversion of client funds by intermediaries.
• Currently optional for investors and not mandatory for trading members, though SEBI has proposed mandatory adoption for QSBs.
• SEBI has also sought feedback on whether a “3-in-1 trading account” (bank + demat + trading) can be allowed as an alternative.

Role of Qualified Stock Brokers (QSBs)

• Trading members are classified as QSBs based on:
  • Number of active clients
  • Total client assets held
  • Trading volumes
  • End-of-day margins
• Being a QSB entails higher regulatory responsibilities and compliance standards.
• SEBI’s proposal targets QSBs first due to their scale and systemic importance.

Link with ASBA

Application Supported by Blocked Amount (ASBA):

• Introduced by SEBI in 2008.
• Mandatory for IPOs and rights issues.
• Allows investors to apply for issues by blocking funds in their bank account, with debit only after allotment.
• Prevents premature transfer of investor money and improves transparency.

The UPI block mechanism mirrors this principle but applies it to secondary market trading.

Regulatory Background

• UPI, developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was launched in 2016.
• SEBI mandated UPI-based payments with fund blocking for IPO applications in 2019.
• In January 2024, SEBI introduced a single-block, multiple-debits UPI mechanism for secondary market use, paving the way for the current proposal.

Significance

• Enhanced investor protection by keeping funds under the investor’s control.
• Improves trust and transparency in secondary market operations.
• Aligns with SEBI’s broader objective of segregation and safety of client funds.
• Reduces settlement risk and strengthens market integrity.

In News:

• National Unity Day (Rashtriya Ekta Diwas) is observed annually on 31 October to mark the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, India’s first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister.
• Introduced in 2014, the day highlights Patel's pivotal role in consolidating the nation by integrating over 560 princely states into the Indian Union at the time of Independence— a task that earned him the enduring title, the “Iron Man of India.”
• The year 2025 marks the 150th birth anniversary of Sardar Patel, and the commemorative events have been organised on an unprecedented scale at the Statue of Unity in Ekta Nagar, Gujarat, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• The celebrations highlight the theme “Unity in Diversity”, underscoring India’s multicultural character and the importance of national cohesion.

Historical Significance of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

• Born on 31 October 1875 in Nadiad, Gujarat, Patel initially practised law before joining the national movement under Mahatma Gandhi.
• His leadership in the Kheda Satyagraha (1918) and Nagpur Flag Satyagraha (1923) marked his rise as a mass leader.
• As President of the Ahmedabad Municipal Board (1924), he reformed urban infrastructure, sanitation and civic systems.
• The Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) elevated him to national prominence, earning him the honorific “Sardar.”
• At Independence, he was entrusted with unifying the 17 British provinces and integrating the princely states—an immense administrative and diplomatic feat.
• Served as Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister (1947–1950) and also held charge of the Information and Broadcasting Ministry.

In News:

• India has been re-elected to the Council of Administration (CA) and the Postal Operations Council (POC) of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) during the 28th Universal Postal Congress held in Dubai.
• This re-election reaffirms global confidence in India Post’s leadership, digital reforms, and commitment to inclusive postal development, strengthening India’s voice in shaping international postal governance.

About the Universal Postal Union (UPU)

• Founded: 1874 under the Treaty of Bern
• Headquarters: Berne, Switzerland
• Members: 192 countries
• Status: A specialized agency of the United Nations, it is the second-oldest international organization after the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Mandate and Objectives

• To promote global postal cooperation and ensure universal connectivity in mail and parcel delivery.
• To establish standards, regulations, and tariffs for international postal exchanges.
• To enhance efficiency, affordability, and reliability of postal services globally.
• To facilitate the growth of e-commerce and cross-border logistics through modern postal systems.

Governance Structure of UPU

The UPU functions through four key organs:

• Congress:
  • The supreme decision-making body, convened every four years.
  • Sets the long-term strategy, budget, and policy framework for global postal operations.
• Council of Administration (CA):
  • Handles policy, legal, administrative, and regulatory issues between Congress sessions.
  • Oversees the implementation of Congress decisions and coordinates global postal governance.
• Postal Operations Council (POC):
  • The technical and operational body comprising 48 elected member countries.
  • Works on service innovation, quality enhancement, digital integration, and modernisation of global postal systems.
• International Bureau:
  • The secretariat of the UPU providing logistical, analytical, and technical support to member states and councils.

Significance of India’s Re-election

• Endorsement of Leadership: India’s re-election underscores the international community’s trust in its postal transformation, particularly in digital and financial inclusion.
• Modernisation Initiatives: India Post’s progress in e-commerce facilitation, postal banking, logistics efficiency, and technology-driven governance has positioned it as a model for developing nations.
• Strategic Representation: Through its roles in both CA and POC, India can influence policy formulation, standard setting, and capacity-building initiatives within the UPU.
• Global Collaboration: Reinforces India’s vision of “One World, One Postal Network”, aligning with its broader digital diplomacy and South-South cooperation goals.

India and the UPU: A Historical Perspective

• India joined the UPU in 1876, just two years after its establishment.
• Over the decades, it has played a constructive role in strengthening postal connectivity across the Global South.
• Under the leadership of the Ministry of Communications, India Post has transitioned from traditional mail delivery to offering digital, financial, and logistical services, supporting Digital India and Atmanirbhar Bharat missions.

In News:

Defying prohibitory orders, members of the Kurmi community in Jharkhand launched a rail blockade across several stations to demand Scheduled Tribe (ST) status and the inclusion of the Kurmali language in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. The agitation, organized under the banner of the Adivasi KurmiSamaj (AKS), disrupted train services across the South Eastern and East Central Railway divisions.

About the Kurmi Community

• Origins and Identity:The Kurmis (also known as Kunbi in some regions) are traditionally an agricultural community, predominantly Hindu, found across eastern Uttar Pradesh, southern Awadh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and parts of Odisha.The name “Kurmi” is derived from the Sanskrit word “Krishi” (agriculture), symbolizing their deep connection with farming.
• Historical Background:Historically, Kurmis are believed to be descendants of Kshatriya warriors who took to agriculture. Renowned for their hard work, soil management, and egalitarian culture, the community was lauded by both Mughal and British administrators for its agrarian contributions.
• Social Status:Currently, Kurmis are classified as Other Backward Class (OBC) in most Indian states. However, the community contends that their socio-cultural roots align more closely with tribal heritage, warranting ST recognition.
• Sub-Groups and Culture:The community is divided into several gotras (clans), including Chandel, Chauhan, Solanki, Tomar, Baghel, and Sengar. They are known for maintaining strong community networks and gender-inclusive social practices.

About the Kurmali Language

• Linguistic Affiliation:Kurmali belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family and is primarily spoken in Jharkhand, Bihar, and Odisha.
• Cultural Significance:It serves as a marker of Kurmi identity and is used in folk traditions, oral histories, and local communication.
• Demand for Recognition:Inclusion in the Eighth Schedule would ensure state-supported promotion, education, and preservation of the language, similar to other recognized regional languages.

Government Response and Implications

The Jharkhand administration has maintained a cautious approach, emphasizing the need for maintaining law and order while acknowledging the sensitivity of the community’s demands.The demand for ST status involves constitutional and demographic considerations, requiring evaluation by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and approval by Parliament under Article 342 of the Constitution.

In News:

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, chronic respiratory ailments, and cancers have emerged as the leading cause of premature mortality globally. A recent Lancet study tracking progress across 185 countries (2010–2019) highlighted a worrying trend for India: unlike most nations where mortality risk from NCDs declined, India witnessed an increase in NCD-related deaths, especially among women.

Key Findings from the Lancet Study

• Rising Mortality Risk: Between 2010–2019, NCD mortality in India increased by 2.1% for females and 0.1% for males, compared to a decline in the previous decade.
• Probability of Death Before 80:
  • Women – rose from 46.6% (2010) to 48.7% (2019).
  • Men – remained high at 57.9% (2019), up from 57.8% (2010).
• Major Drivers: Ischaemic heart disease and diabetes (including kidney disease due to diabetes) contributed most to the rising risk, especially in women over 40 and men over 55.
• Improvements: Declines in deaths from liver cirrhosis, stroke, COPD, and stomach cancer were recorded, largely due to better blood pressure awareness and management.

Causes of the NCD Burden in India

• Lifestyle Factors
  • Rapidly rising obesity, driven by unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyles.
  • Increased consumption of processed foods, sugary beverages, and trans fats.
  • Tobacco and alcohol use.
• Environmental & Social Factors
  • Urbanization, pollution (ambient and indoor), and chronic stress.
  • Ageing population and poverty-driven dietary imbalances.
• Health System Gaps
  • Limited access to quality primary care and preventive services.
  • Low penetration of screening and early detection programmes in rural areas.

Expert Insights

• Diabetes–Obesity–Heart Disease Spiral: Experts warn that India’s growing obesity rates are fuelling diabetes, which in turn increases risks of cardiovascular complications.
• Policy Solutions Suggested:
  • Aggressive taxation (up to 40%) on sugary drinks and ultra-processed foods.
  • Subsidies for vegetables, fruits, and nutrient-rich foods.
  • Urban planning reforms to create walking spaces and encourage physical activity.
  • Public campaigns against tobacco, alcohol, excess salt, and stress.
  • Tackling pollution as a compounding risk factor.

National Initiatives to Combat NCDs

• National Programme for Prevention and Control of NCDs (NP-NCD): Launched in 2010, expanded in 2023, focuses on early detection, management, and referral.
• 75/25 Initiative (2023): Targets 75 million people with hypertension and diabetes by 2025 through standardized care.
• Ayushman Bharat–PMJAY: Provides financial protection for tertiary NCD treatment and upgrades PHCs into Ayushman Arogya Mandirs.
• Eat Right India Movement (FSSAI): Promotes healthier diets and reduction of trans fats.
• Fit India Movement: Encourages regular physical activity and fitness to reduce lifestyle-related risks.

Way Forward

India’s NCD challenge demands a multi-pronged strategy:

• Strengthening primary healthcare for screening and early detection.
• Fiscal measures (taxes and subsidies) to influence dietary choices.
• Health education campaigns to promote lifestyle modifications.
• Integration of NCD management into universal health coverage.
• Climate and pollution control measures, given their direct links to respiratory and cardiac illnesses.

In News:

The Unique Disability ID (UDID) project, launched by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD), Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, aims to create a national database of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) and provide them with a single identification document that is valid across the country. Despite its importance, recent data highlight serious gaps in its coverage and implementation.

Current Status and Coverage

• Less than 40% of India’s projected PwD population have been issued UDID cards.
• Over 11 lakh applications remain pending, with more than 60% delayed for over six months.
• In most States, fewer than half of PwDs possess the card; only Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya, Odisha, and Karnataka have crossed the 50% coverage mark.
• West Bengal stands out with an extremely low coverage of around 6%.
• Data for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana were unavailable separately.

Features of the UDID Card

• Structure: An 18-character alphanumeric ID, encoding details such as state, district, disability type, year of birth, and a security checksum.
• Types of Cards (based on disability percentage):
  • White: Below 40% disability.
  • Yellow: 40%–80% disability.
  • Blue: Above 80% disability.
• Issuance: Authorized by district hospitals or the hospital where the PwD is undergoing treatment, under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016.

Objectives of the UDID Project

• Creation of a centralized, nationwide database of PwDs.
• Elimination of duplicate records and ensuring portability across States.
• Online and offline submission of applications, with provision for renewal and updates.
• Tracking of physical and financial progress of beneficiaries through an integrated Management Information System (MIS).
• Facilitation of access to benefits under schemes such as:
  • ADIP Scheme – providing assistive devices like wheelchairs, prostheses, and hearing aids.
  • Scholarships for education.
  • Reservations in employment and educational institutions.

Implementation Challenges

• Delayed Processing: Over half of all applications remain pending beyond six months, with Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, and Mizoram having the highest backlog.
• Digital Divide: The application process requires online submissions and document uploads, which excludes many due to low digital literacy. Only about 60% of Indians above 15 years can use basic digital tools; the share is even lower among women and PwDs.
• Staggered Roll-out: Earlier, States issued disability certificates locally; the transition to UDID was not communicated effectively, leading to confusion.
• Reduced Funding: While overall allocation for PwD welfare has increased, budgetary support for the UDID sub-scheme has declined, constraining outreach.
• Political Marginalization: PwDs constitute only 2.68 crore people (2011 Census), making them a relatively small political constituency. This reduces policy priority, as their collective influence on electoral outcomes is limited.

Significance

• Welfare Access: UDID acts as a gateway to schemes, ensuring uniformity and portability across States.
• Data-Driven Policy: Enables real-time monitoring and evidence-based policymaking.
• Administrative Efficiency: Prevents duplication and leakages in welfare delivery.
• Social Inclusion: Supports the objectives of the RPwD Act, 2016 and aligns with India’s commitments under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD).

In News:

The United Nations has confirmed a famine in Gaza City and surrounding areas, describing it as a “failure of humanity” and a man-made disaster. The declaration follows a report by the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC), which raised food insecurity in parts of Gaza to Phase 5, the highest level, indicating catastrophic conditions of starvation, destitution, and death.

Scale of the Crisis

• Population affected: Nearly 641,000 people are facing IPC Phase 5 conditions, while 1.14 million (58% of Gaza’s population) are projected to experience emergency-level food insecurity (IPC Phase 4) between mid-August and end of September.
• Children at risk: By June 2026, 132,000 children under five may face life-threatening malnutrition.
• Mortality: Gaza’s Hamas-run health ministry reports 271 deaths due to malnutrition, including 112 children.
• Historical Context: Since 2004, IPC has officially classified only four famines, with the last one in Sudan, 2024.

Causes

The famine is described as “starvation by design” by UN officials:

• Aid Restrictions: Israel has been accused of systematically obstructing humanitarian aid. The UN estimates 600 aid trucks per day are needed, but only 300 trucks are entering daily.
• Conflict Impact: Israel launched a military campaign in response to the Hamas attack on southern Israel in October 2023, leading to mass casualties and displacement. Over 62,000 deaths have been reported in Gaza, with more than 90% of homes damaged or destroyed.
• Infrastructure Collapse: Healthcare, water, sanitation, and hygiene systems have collapsed, exacerbating malnutrition and disease.

International Response

• UN Officials:
  • Secretary-General Antonio Guterres called the famine a “moral indictment” and a man-made disaster.
  • UNRWA Chief Philippe Lazzarini termed it “starvation by design”.
  • UN Human Rights Chief Volker Turk attributed the famine to Israel’s unlawful restriction of aid.
• Global Condemnation:
  • UK Foreign Secretary David Lammy described it as a “moral outrage”.
  • Humanitarian groups and UN bodies have called for an immediate, at-scale response to prevent widespread starvation.
• Israeli Position: Israel denies a policy of starvation, claiming it has allowed 2 million tons of aid since the conflict began and continues to organize humanitarian corridors and airdrops, though the UN calls these efforts insufficient and sometimes unsafe.

In News:

A new study published in Science Translational Medicine has provided critical insights into dengue immunity and vaccine development. The research, conducted in the Philippines with nearly 3,000 children, highlighted the role of Envelope Dimer Epitope (EDE)-like antibodies as a key driver of broad, cross-serotype protection against dengue virus (DENV).

Dengue: Global Challenge

• Caused by four serotypes (DENV1–DENV4).
• Most common vector-borne viral disease, affecting nearly half the world’s population, particularly in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
• Economic burden in Southeast Asia exceeds that of 17 other diseases including hepatitis B and Japanese encephalitis.
• Severe dengue typically occurs during secondary infection with a different serotype due to Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE), where non-neutralising antibodies worsen infection.

Current Vaccines

• Dengvaxia – Licensed in some countries, but recommended only for those with prior dengue exposure (requires laboratory confirmation).
• QDENGA – Approved in some regions, effective mainly in pre-exposed individuals.
• Limitation: Both vaccines carry ADE risks for dengue-naïve individuals.

What are EDE-like Antibodies?

• Definition: Antibodies targeting Envelope Dimer Epitope (EDE), a quaternary structure formed by paired E proteins on the viral surface.
• Function: Broadly neutralise all four serotypes by preventing viral entry into cells.
• Key Features:
  • Broadly neutralising, cross-reactive across serotypes.
  • Common in individuals with multiple infections or vaccinated with prior exposure.
  • Rare in primary infection (detected in only 4–12% of such cases).
  • Strongly correlated with reduced disease severity and hospitalisation risk.
  • Potential biomarker for evaluating vaccine efficacy.

Study Highlights

• Conducted during a dengue outbreak in Cebu, Philippines (DENV2 dominant, followed by DENV3).
• Children with secondary immunity showed high prevalence of EDE-like antibodies (82–90%).
• These antibodies explained 42–65% of the protective effect of neutralising antibodies and 41–75% of E protein-binding antibodies, making them the primary determinant of broad protection.
• Findings:
  • Less protective against new infections but highly effective against severe disease.
  • Boosted by both natural infection and vaccination.
  • Strong predictor of reduced symptomatic dengue and hospitalisation.

Implications

• Vaccine Development: Targeting EDE could overcome ADE risks and provide universal dengue protection.
• Public Health: Potential for safer immunisation strategies in endemic regions like India.
• Therapeutics: Basis for developing monoclonal antibody treatments to deliver rapid, cross-serotype protection during outbreaks.

In News:

Following the successful NISAR (NASA–ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) mission, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)is preparing for its next major collaboration with the United States: the launch of the BlueBird communications satellite. The mission highlights India’s growing role as a reliable global launch partner and the expanding scope of Indo–U.S. space cooperation.

The BlueBird Satellite

• Developer: U.S.-based AST SpaceMobile
• Type: Advanced communications satellite designed for direct satellite-to-smartphone connectivity
• Weight: ~6,000 kg
• Antenna: Innovative 64-square-metre antenna array for high-capacity communication
• Orbit: Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
• Technology:
  • Enables direct calling and broadband access from space without the need for ground-based mobile towers
  • Supports beams up to 40 MHz capacity
  • Offers peak speeds of up to 120 Mbps
• Service Plan: After deployment, BlueBird satellites will provide non-continuous broadband cellular service initially in the U.S. and select global markets.

Launch Details

• Launch Vehicle: LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3), ISRO’s heaviest rocket, formerly known as GSLV Mk-III
• Launch Site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
• Timeline: Expected launch in the next 3–4 months (as per ISRO chairman V. Narayanan)

Strategic Significance

• For India–U.S. Cooperation:
  • Follows the joint NISAR Earth observation mission, reinforcing strategic space ties.
  • Strengthens India’s position as a preferred partner for global commercial satellite launches.
• For India’s Space Economy:
  • Enhances ISRO’s reputation in heavy-lift commercial launches, particularly with LVM3.
  • Showcases India’s cost-effective access to space, attracting further foreign collaborations.
• For Global Communication Technology:
  • Marks a breakthrough in direct-to-device (D2D) connectivity, reducing dependency on ground infrastructure.
  • Could help expand mobile and broadband coverage to remote and underserved regions worldwide.

In News:

In a significant development, the United States has announced its decision to withdraw from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) by December 2026, citing what it perceives as the agency’s anti-Israel bias and its recognition of the State of Palestine as a full member. This marks the third withdrawal of the U.S. from UNESCO and the second under President Donald Trump’s leadership, having previously exited in 2018 and rejoined in 2023 under the Biden administration.

Reasons for U.S. Withdrawal

According to the U.S. State Department, the decision stems from:

• UNESCO’s admission of the State of Palestine as a member state, which contradicts official U.S. policy.
• Allegations that UNESCO promotes divisive social and cultural causes.
• Concerns about the proliferation of anti-Israel rhetoric within the organization.

About UNESCO

Founding and Mandate

• Founded: 16 November 1945 (Constitution in force from 1946).
• Headquarters: Paris, France.
• Parent Body: United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
• Membership: 194 member states and 12 associate members.
• Origin: Born out of post–World War II efforts to foster peace through education, science, and culture.

Objectives

UNESCO aims to build global peace and security by:

• Promoting international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication.
• Supporting literacy, educational access, and free universal education.
• Acting as a clearinghouse of knowledge, especially in global South nations.

Focus Areas

UNESCO operates in five major sectors:

1. Education
2. Natural Sciences
3. Social and Human Sciences
4. Culture
5. Communication and Information

Key Functions and Initiatives

Flagship Initiatives

• World Heritage Convention (1972): Protects cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value.
• Man and the Biosphere Programme (1971): Promotes sustainable development through biosphere reserves.
• Convention for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003): Preserves oral traditions, performing arts, and rituals.
• Global Education Coalition (2020): Formed during COVID-19 to ensure education continuity.
• Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (2021): Sets global standards for ethical AI development.

Important Publications

• Global Education Monitoring Report
• World Water Development Report
• World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development

Strategic Importance of UNESCO

• Acts as a platform for intercultural dialogue and peacebuilding.
• Enhances scientific cooperation for issues like climate change and disaster preparedness.
• Supports freedom of expression and combats misinformation globally.
• Promotes equity in global education and digital access.
• Plays a key role in setting ethical standards in science and technology.

U.S. and UNESCO: A Tumultuous Relationship

• The U.S. has historically had a strained relationship with UNESCO:
  • 1984: First withdrawal under Ronald Reagan, citing mismanagement and politicization.
  • 2002: Rejoined under George W. Bush.
  • 2011: Stopped funding after UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member.
  • 2018: Withdrew under Donald Trump.
  • 2023: Rejoined under Joe Biden.
  • 2026: Set to withdraw again.

Implications of U.S. Withdrawal

• Financial Impact: The U.S. has historically contributed around 22% of UNESCO’s budget.
• Geopolitical Signal: Reflects a broader American skepticism towards multilateral institutions.
• Operational Effect: May hamper UNESCO’s work, especially in politically sensitive or conflict regions.
• Diplomatic Fallout: Could weaken the U.S.'s soft power and global cultural influence.

In News:

The recent sudden death of Indian industrialist Sanjay Kapur during a polo match in London has drawn national attention to Kounis Syndrome, a rare but serious medical condition. Reports suggest he may have inhaled a bee, which stung him inside the throat—leading to a cardiac arrest, potentially triggered by an acute allergic reaction. This tragic incident has raised awareness about the interaction between allergic reactions and cardiac emergencies, especially in seemingly healthy individuals.

What is Kounis Syndrome?

Kounis Syndrome is a rare medical condition in which a severe allergic or hypersensitivity reaction triggers a coronary event, such as a heart attack. It is often termed “allergic angina” or “allergic myocardial infarction.”

Mechanism

• Triggered by allergens such as insect stings, drugs, or foods.
• Leads to the activation of mast cells, which release histamine and cytokines.
• These chemicals cause spasms, plaque rupture, or clot formation in coronary arteries.
• Result: Reduced blood flow to the heart, causing ischemia or infarction.

Types of Kounis Syndrome

1. Type I: In individuals with normal coronary arteries – allergic reaction causes artery spasm and possible heart attack.
2. Type II: In those with existing coronary artery disease – allergic reaction destabilizes plaques, causing infarction.
3. Type III: In patients with coronary stents – hypersensitivity leads to thrombosis within stents.

Triggers of Kounis Syndrome

• Insect stings (bee, wasp)
• Medications (NSAIDs, antibiotics)
• Foods (nuts, shellfish, kiwi)
• Environmental allergens (latex, contrast dyes)
• Underlying health conditions (e.g., mastocytosis)

Symptoms

• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath or wheezing
• Swelling (angioedema), hives, or rash
• Low blood pressure
• ECG changes: ST-segment elevation or depression

Diagnosis and Treatment

• Diagnosis: Clinical history, ECG, cardiac enzymes, allergy tests.
• Treatment includes:
  • For allergy: Antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine
  • For cardiac care: Oxygen, nitrates, antiplatelet drugs, beta-blockers

Why Mouth/Throat Bee Stings Are Dangerous

• Immediate airway swelling
• Increased absorption of venom into bloodstream
• Enhanced risk of anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest

Even people without a history of allergy can experience severe reactions if stung inside the mouth or throat.

Warning Signs After a Bee Sting

• Difficulty breathing
• Swollen lips, tongue, or throat
• Rash or itching
• Dizziness or fainting
• Rapid or weak heartbeat
• Nausea or unconsciousness

Immediate emergency care is essential.

In News:

India has recorded its highest representation to date in the QS World University Rankings 2026, with 54 institutions featured—up from 11 in 2015. This marks a five-fold increase in a decade, making India the fourth most represented country, after the US, UK, and China.

Key Highlights

• Total Indian Institutions Ranked (2026): 54
• New Entrants from India: 8
• Top-performing Indian Institution: IIT Delhi (Rank 123)
• Fastest Rising Indian Institution: IIT Madras, up 47 places (from 227 in 2025 to 180 in 2026)
• Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) Featured: 12
• Debut Institutions in 2026:
  • IIT Gandhinagar
  • Lovely Professional University (LPU)
  • Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT)
  • Ashoka University
  • Galgotias University
  • Shiv Nadar University
  • CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru
  • Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies (MRIIRS)

Significant Trends and Insights

• Global Standing:
  • India now ranks 4th globally in terms of number of institutions in the QS Rankings.
  • Only the US (192), UK (90), and China (72) rank higher.
• Improvements and Recognition:
  • 48% of India’s ranked institutions have improved their positions over last year.
  • 6 institutions are in the global top 250.
  • 5 Indian universities are among the top 100 globally for Employer Reputation, showing high industry trust.
  • 8 institutions rank in the top 100 for Citations per Faculty, with an average score of 43.7—higher than the UK, US, and Germany.
• Diverse Representation:
  • Includes central universities, deemed-to-be universities, technical institutions, and private universities, reflecting a balanced and diversified higher education landscape.

QS Ranking Methodology: Key Indicators

Performance Lens                        Weightage         Indicators                                  Weightage

Research & Discovery               50%                      Academic Reputation             30%

                                                                                       Citations per Faculty                 20%

Employability & Outcomes     20%                     Employer Reputation                  15%

                                                                                     Employment Outcomes              5%

Global Engagement                  15%                   International Faculty Ratio          5%

                                                                               International Research Network     5%

                                                                               International Student Ratio              5%

Learning Experience                 10%               Faculty-Student Ratio                         10%

Sustainability                              5%                   Sustainability                                        5%

• New Indicator in 2026: International Student Diversity (tracks number and diversity of international students; non-weighted this cycle)

Significance for India

• The consistent rise highlights the impact of reforms under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, with greater emphasis on research, global collaboration, academic excellence, and employer integration.
• India’s progress makes it the fastest-rising G20 nation in QS rankings.
• Reflects increasing global trust and recognition of India’s higher education system.

In News:

The Supreme Court of India has recently ordered the Rajasthan government to impose an immediate ban on all mining activities within the core area of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve, citing concerns over wildlife protection and habitat preservation.

About Ranthambore Tiger Reserve

• Location: Sawai Madhopur district, southeastern Rajasthan.
• Named After: Ranthambore Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located within the reserve.
• Geographical Boundaries:
  • North: Bounded by the Banas River
  • South: Bounded by the Chambal River
• Terrain: High rocky plateaus, valleys, rivers, lakes, and historic ruins including forts and mosques.
• Total Area: ~1,411 sq.km, making it one of the largest tiger reserves in northern India.
• Surrounding Ranges: Located at the confluence of the Aravalli and Vindhya hill ranges.

Ecology and Biodiversity

Vegetation: Dominated by dry deciduous forests and open grassy meadows.

• Flora:
  • Predominantly Dhok tree (Anogeissus pendula).
  • Other species: Acacia, Capparis, Zizyphus, Prosopis, etc.

Water Bodies:

• Important lakes include:
  • Padam Talab
  • Raj Bagh Talab
  • Malik Talab

Fauna:

• Apex predator: Royal Bengal Tiger
• Other mammals:
  • Leopard, Caracal, Jungle Cat
  • Sambar, Chital, Chinkara, Wild Boar

Historical Significance: Previously served as the royal hunting grounds of the Maharajas of Jaipur.

In News:

In May 2025, the Department of Posts, under the Ministry of Communications, released the policy framework for DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) — a key initiative aimed at creating a standardized, geo-coded digital address infrastructure across India.

What is DHRUVA?

DHRUVA is a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) initiative that conceptualizes Address-as-a-Service (AaaS) — a secure, consent-based, and interoperable system for managing and sharing address data. It builds upon the earlier DIGIPIN (Digital Postal Index Number) system, which created a national-level, geo-tagged addressing grid for improved governance and service delivery.

Objectives of DHRUVA

• Transform address information into a digital public good.
• Enable secure, standardized, and interoperable access to address data across sectors.
• Empower users with control and consent over how their address data is shared.
• Promote public-private collaboration in areas like logistics, e-governance, and financial inclusion.

Key Features

• DIGIPIN Backbone: Utilizes the Digital Postal Index Number system, allowing logical and directional naming of addresses with precise geolocation.
• Address-as-a-Service (AaaS): Facilitates seamless address validation, authentication, and sharing across government and private platforms.
• User Autonomy: Individuals can manage and consent to how their address data is used, ensuring privacy and user-centric governance.
• Open & Inclusive Access: The infrastructure is freely accessible, promoting innovation and broad-based adoption.
• Consent Framework: Address data sharing will be user-approved, ensuring a secure and trusted digital ecosystem.

Significance of DHRUVA

• Geospatial Governance: Enhances planning, disaster management, and delivery of public services through precise address mapping.
• Improved Logistics & E-Commerce: Enables more efficient last-mile delivery, reducing ambiguity in address identification.
• Financial Inclusion: Facilitates smoother KYC, subsidy disbursement, and service access in rural and underserved areas.
• Ease of Living & Digital India: Aligns with broader national goals by supporting smart governance and digital transformation.
• Public-Private Synergy: Encourages co-creation of solutions by government bodies and private enterprises based on shared, trusted digital address data.

In News:

Two Indian peacekeepers—Brigadier General Amitabh Jha (UNDOF) and Havildar Sanjay Singh (MONUSCO)—are being posthumously awarded the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal by the United Nations. Their sacrifice will be honoured at the U.N. Headquarters during the International Day of U.N. Peacekeepers on May 29, 2025.

Overview:

• Instituted: 1997
• Purpose: Posthumous honour to U.N. peacekeepers who die in service under U.N. authority.
• Awarded on: Peacekeepers' Day (May 29) annually.
• Named after: Dag Hammarskjöld, the 2nd U.N. Secretary-General, who died in a 1961 plane crash during a peace mission in Congo.
• First award (1998): Dag Hammarskjöld and Commandant René de Labarrière (first peacekeeper to die in a U.N. mission, 1948).

Other UN Peacekeeping Awards

• Captain Mbaye Diagne Medal for Exceptional Courage: Recognizes U.N. personnel displaying exceptional bravery.
• UN Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award: Recognizes peacekeepers promoting gender equality under UNSC Resolution 1325.
  • 2023 recipient: Major Radhika Sen (India, MONUSCO).
  • 2024 recipients: Sqn. Ldr. Sharon Syme (Ghana) and Superintendent Zainab Gbla (Sierra Leone), both serving in UNISFA.

India’s Contribution to UN Peacekeeping

• Total personnel deployed (2025): Over 5,300 Indian troops in missions in: Abyei, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Lebanon, Somalia, South Sudan, and Western Sahara.
• Historical role:
  • Since 1950s, India has contributed over 290,000 personnel to 50+ peacekeeping missions.
  • India is among the top four contributors of uniformed personnel.
  • Engagement includes training, capacity building, and technology support for U.N. missions.

UN Peacekeeping: Global Overview

• Established: 1948 (First mission: United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in the Middle East).
• Cumulative personnel served: Over 2 million in 71 operations.
• Current strength (2025): Around 68,000 personnel from 119 countries in 11 missions across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.
• Peacekeepers who have died since 1948: Over 4,400.

Theme 2025: ‘The Future of Peacekeeping’

• Linked to: Pact for the Future adopted in 2024 by global leaders.
• Aim: To reform peacekeeping for modern challenges.
• UN Secretary-General António Guterres emphasized the need for a peacekeeping force ready to face "increasingly complex" global situations.

In News:

In a major shift that challenges global disarmament efforts, NATO members Poland, Finland, and the three Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—have announced their withdrawal from the 1997 Ottawa Convention banning anti-personnel landmines. These countries cite growing security threats from Russia amidst the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war as the primary reason for exiting the treaty.

Ottawa Convention (1997)

• Objective: To prohibit the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines, and to mandate the destruction of existing stockpiles within four years.
• Adoption and Enforcement: Finalized in Oslo on 18 September 1997, it came into force on 1 March 1999.
• Scope: The treaty bans anti-personnel mines but not anti-vehicle mines.
• Membership: 164 states are party to the convention. However, major powers like the US, Russia, China, and India have not signed or ratified it.
• Humanitarian Impact:
  • Over 80% of landmine victims are civilians (ICRC).
  • Ukraine has been declared the most mined country in the world (UN, October 2024), with 1,286 civilian victims reported as of August 2024.
• Victim Assistance: The Convention includes obligations to assist mine victims, many of whom suffer permanent disabilities.