In News:

On 20 February every year, India commemorates the grant of statehood to Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, both of which became full-fledged States of the Indian Union in 1987. The Prime Minister extended greetings to the people of both States on the occasion, highlighting their cultural richness and contribution to national unity.

Constitutional Basis of Statehood

• 53rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1986 - Granted statehood to Mizoram.
• 55th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1986 - Granted statehood to Arunachal Pradesh.
• Both States formally came into existence on 20 February 1987.
• Mizoram became the 23rd State, while Arunachal Pradesh became the 24th State of India.

Mizoram

Historical Background

• Originally known as the Lushai Hills district of Assam.
• Renamed Mizo Hills in 1954.
• Became a Union Territory in 1972.
• Achieved statehood following the Mizoram Peace Accord signed in 1986 between the Government of India and the Mizo National Front (MNF).

The Accord ended years of insurgency and paved the way for political stability and democratic integration.

Constitutional Protection

• Recognized as a “Tribal Area” under the Sixth Schedule (Article 244(2)) of the Constitution.
• Provides for Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) to safeguard tribal customs, land rights, and local governance.

Arunachal Pradesh

Historical Evolution

• Earlier known as the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA).
• Came under British control after the Treaty of Yandaboo (1826), following the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26).
• The 1914 Shimla Convention demarcated the boundary between Tibet and NEFA, resulting in the McMahon Line.
• Until 1962, it was constitutionally under Assam.
• Became a Union Territory in 1972.
• Granted full statehood in 1987 through the 55th Constitutional Amendment.

Strategic Significance

• Shares an international boundary with China (Tibet Autonomous Region).
• Holds immense strategic and geopolitical importance in India’s North-East security framework.

In News:

Mizoram has officially become India’s first fully literate state, attaining a literacy rate of 98.2% according to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023–24. This achievement surpasses the 95% threshold defined by the Ministry of Education to classify a region as fully literate.

Definition of Literacy

• As per the Office of the Registrar General of India, a literate person is someone aged 7 years or above who can read and write with understanding in any language.
• Under NEP 2020 and in alignment with SDG 4.6, the definition has expanded to include the ability to read, write, and compute with comprehension, and includes digital and financial literacy and critical life skills.

India’s Literacy Landscape (2023–24)

• National Literacy Rate: 80.9% (age 7+)
• Mizoram: 98.2% (Highest; now declared fully literate)
• Ladakh: First UT to achieve full functional literacy under ULLAS
• Lowest Literacy Rates: Andhra Pradesh (72.6%), Bihar (74.3%)

ULLAS – Nav Bharat SaakshartaKaryakram

The achievement is attributed to the ULLAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society)programme, a centrally sponsored scheme running from 2022 to 2027, aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Key Features:

• Target Group: Adults aged 15 years and above who missed formal education.
• Implementation: Based on volunteerism and the principle of Kartavya Bodh (sense of duty).
• Components:
  • Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
  • Critical Life Skills (including digital, legal, financial literacy)
  • Basic Education
  • Vocational Skills Development
  • Continuing Education
• Assessment: Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT) is conducted periodically for certification.
• Digital Tools: Resources provided through the DIKSHA platform and the ULLAS mobile/web portal in regional languages.

What is Functional Literacy?

Functional literacy refers to an individual's ability to apply reading, writing, and numeracy in daily tasks, enabling personal development and community participation.

Other Key Educational Initiatives

• PM SHRI Schools
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
• PRAGYATA (Digital Education)
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme
• BetiBachaoBetiPadhao
• National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)

In News:

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India has recently reinstated the Protected Area Regime (PAR) for the states of Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland, which are strategically located along the international border with Myanmar. This move comes amid growing security concerns, particularly the influx of migrants from Myanmar, which has been cited as a significant factor in the ongoing conflicts in the region.

What is Protected Area Permit (PAP)?

A Protected Area Permit (PAP) is a special permission required for foreign nationals to visit certain areas of India deemed sensitive due to their proximity to international borders or other security-related concerns. The regulations governing the PAP are laid down under the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958, which restricts the entry of foreigners to designated regions within India.

Purpose of PAP:

The PAP regime serves multiple critical objectives:

• National Security: It ensures the monitoring and regulation of foreign nationals in sensitive border areas.
• Preservation of Local Communities: The regime safeguards indigenous populations and their unique cultural heritage.
• Environmental Conservation: The permit helps minimize ecological disturbances in fragile regions, ensuring sustainable tourism and development.

Key Features of PAP Regime:

• Eligibility: All foreign nationals, excluding Bhutanese citizens, must obtain a PAP to enter these designated areas. The permit can be granted for specific regions, routes, and time periods.
• Validity: The PAP is typically valid for 10 days with the possibility of extension.
• Restricted Areas: Certain foreign nationals, particularly those from Afghanistan, China, and Pakistan, require prior approval from the MHA to enter these regions.
• Tourism and Other Permits: While foreign nationals can visit these regions for tourism purposes under the PAP, non-touristic visits require special permission from the MHA.
• Registration: Foreigners must register with the Foreigners Registration Officer (FRO) within 24 hours of arrival in the protected area.

Historical Context and Reimposition:

The PAP regime was lifted for Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland in 2011, as part of efforts to boost tourism in the region. However, due to rising security concerns related to illegal immigration and ethnic tensions, the MHA reimposed the PAP in 2025. The government’s move aligns with its broader national security strategy to better control foreign movements in sensitive border regions, particularly those with Myanmar, where the Free Movement Regime (FMR) had previously allowed easier cross-border travel.

Background on Security Concerns:

The influx of individuals from Myanmar, particularly members of the Chin community, which shares ethnic ties with the Kuki-Zomi communities in India, has been a source of tension. The Manipur government has repeatedly emphasized that uncontrolled migration has contributed to the unrest in the state. Additionally, the decision to end the FMR between India and Myanmar has further intensified the debate over border security and migration.

Impact on Tourism and Local Communities:

While the reimposition of the PAP is seen as a measure to strengthen security, it has raised concerns in states like Mizoram and Nagaland, which have been actively promoting tourism. For example, Nagaland’s Hornbill Festival recently attracted over 200,000 visitors, including foreign nationals. The reintroduced restrictions may dampen tourism in these states, which were previously exempt from the PAP to encourage foreign visits.

Key Legal Provisions Under the PAP Regime:

• Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958: This order mandates the requirement of a PAP for foreigners visiting areas close to international borders.
• Foreigners (Restricted Areas) Order, 1963: This order covers areas that require a Restricted Area Permit (RAP) for foreign nationals, such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

States Affected by the PAP Regime:

The PAP regime affects regions close to India’s international borders, including the entire states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and parts of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand.