1. With reference to vacuum birefringence, which one of the following statements is correct?

• It refers to the complete absorption of light by a strong gravitational field.
• It refers to a quantum effect in which an extremely strong magnetic field alters the propagation and polarisation of light through vacuum.
• It occurs only when light passes through a conventional glass crystal.
• It is caused by the reflection of electromagnetic radiation from neutron stars.

2. Aditya-L1 operates around which one of the following locations?

• Sun–Earth L2
• . Earth–Moon L1
• Sun–Earth L1
• Geostationary Earth Orbit

3. The term “climate overshoot” refers to:

• A permanent decline in global temperature below pre-industrial levels
• A temporary period during which global warming exceeds a specified temperature threshold before declining
• A short-term fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide
• A temporary increase in global precipitation

4. BIO-NIVESH is primarily intended to:

• Provide direct subsidies to all biotechnology companies
• Establish government-owned biotechnology companies
• Regulate pharmaceutical prices
• Connect biotechnology and deep-tech startups with investors

5. The RAKSHA Framework is primarily associated with:

• India's agricultural export strategy
• India's 10-year roadmap for defence diplomacy and global defence partnerships
• India's cybersecurity strategy for civilian infrastructure
• India's maritime trade policy