1. With reference to the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC), consider the following statements:

1. It is a regional security grouping of Indian Ocean littoral states.
2. It was originally launched in 2020 as a six-nation grouping.
3. It focuses on cooperation at the level of National Security Advisors.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• 1 and 3 only
• 1 and 2 only
• 2 and 3 only
• 1, 2 and 3

2. The town of Chak-Nanki, founded by Guru Tegh Bahadur, later developed into:

• Amritsar
• Patna Sahib
• Anandpur Sahib
• Fatehgarh Sahib

3. With reference to the Womaniya Initiative, consider the following statements:

1. It was launched on the GeM platform in 2019.
2. It exclusively supports women entrepreneurs in the manufacturing sector.
3. It supports the objective of reserving 3% of government procurement for women-owned enterprises.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• 1 only
• 1 and 3 only
• 2 and 3 only
• 1, 2 and 3

4. With reference to the Humboldt Penguin, consider the following statements:

1. It is found along the coastal regions of Chile and Peru.
2. It is listed as Endangered by the IUCN.
3. Commercial trade in the species is prohibited under CITES.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• 1 and 3 only
• 1 only
• 2 and 3 only
• 1, 2 and 3

5. The African philosophy of Ubuntu, highlighted at the G20 Summit 2025, emphasises:

• Strategic autonomy of nation-states
• Free-market capitalism
• Shared humanity and collective responsibility
• Cultural isolationism