1. Consider the following statements about the Great Barrier Reef (GBR):

1. It is the world’s largest living structure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
2. Acropora corals, which are fast-growing and resilient, were the least affected in the 2024–25 bleaching event.
3. The 2024–25 survey by the Australian Institute of Marine Science showed that nearly half the reefs surveyed recorded a decline in coral cover.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• 1 and 2 only
• 1 and 3 only
• 2 and 3 only
• 1, 2, and 3

2. With reference to the Clouded Leopard, consider the following statements:

1. It is classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List.
2. It is the State Animal of Meghalaya.
3. It is the only wild cat capable of climbing down trees headfirst.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• 1 and 2 only
• 1 and 3 only
• 2 and 3 only
• 1, 2 and 3

3. Biochar, recently in news, is best described as:

• A fertilizer made from genetically modified crops.
• A natural pesticide extracted from neem and other plants.
• A synthetic fuel derived from petrochemicals.
• A carbon-rich substance obtained by burning biomass in the absence of oxygen.

4. Which of the following is/are correct regarding India’s Joint Doctrine on Cyberspace Operations?

1. It includes both defensive and offensive cyber operations.
2. It operates outside the ambit of Indian law to allow operational secrecy.
3. It emphasises interoperability and layered defence.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• 1 only
• 1 and 3 only
• 2 and 3 only
• 1, 2 and 3

5. Consider the following about Tuvalu:

1. It is a Polynesian island nation located between Australia and Hawaii.
2. Its average elevation is less than 2 metres above sea level.
3. It is the least populous member of the United Nations.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• 1 and 2 only
• 2 and 3 only
• 1 and 3 only
• 1, 2 and 3