1. With reference to the recent Indian Institute of Science (IISc) study on Indian monsoon dynamics, consider the following statements:

1. Both strong and weak equatorial cloud bands are capable of northward propagation to the Indian subcontinent.
2. The Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO) is responsible for alternating wet and dry spells during the monsoon.
3. Ocean-atmosphere coupling has negligible impact on monsoon intensity.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• 1 and 2 only
• 2 only
• 1 and 3 only
• 1, 2 and 3

2. Which of the following are associated with the risks due to glacier melting in the Hindu Kush Himalaya region?

1. Increased risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs)
2. Greater hydropower potential in the long term
3. Increased risk of landslides and flash floods

Select the correct answer using the code below:

• 1 and 2 only
• 1 and 3 only
• 2 and 3 only
• 1, 2 and 3

3. Which energy source saw the largest increase in absolute electricity generation (TWh) globally in 2024?

• Wind
• Hydropower
• Solar
• Nuclear

4. With reference to the Parker Solar Probe, consider the following statements:

1. It has crossed the Sun’s Alfvén surface, thus entering the solar corona.
2. It uses Earth’s and Venus’ gravity assists to approach the Sun.
3. It is the first spacecraft to orbit the Sun from its poles.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• 1 and 2 only
• 1 and 3 only
• 2 and 3 only
• 1, 2 and 3

5. Which of the following schemes was launched alongside the Gold Monetisation Scheme in 2015 to promote domestically branded gold and reduce reliance on imports?

• Digital Gold Wallet Scheme
• Indian Bullion Exchange Scheme
• Indian Gold Coin Scheme
• Gold Savings Account Scheme