In News:

Recently, Donald Trump threatened to take back the Panama Canal, calling the transfer treaty “foolish”.

Why Trump Called the Panama Canal Transfer 'Foolish'?

• Transit Fees:
  • Trump expressed frustration over high transit fees imposed by the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) on U.S. vessels.
  • In 2023, due to droughts affecting Lakes Gatun and Alhajuela (which are crucial for canal operations), the ACP reduced crossing slots by 36%, leading to an increase in transit fees for ships.
• Chinese Presence:
  • Trump is also concerned about the growing Chinese influence in the Panama Canal region.
  • In 2017, Panama became the first Latin American country to sign a Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) agreement with China, increasing Chinese investments.
  • Hutchison Ports PPC, a subsidiary of a Hong Kong-based company, operates ports near the canal, raising concerns over China's influence on logistical operations and potential surveillance capabilities.

The Torrijos-Carter Treaties and Canal Transfer:

• Panama Canal Treaty (1977):
  • The treaty transferred control of the Panama Canal from the U.S. to Panama by December 31, 1999.
  • The U.S. would no longer control the canal, and Panama would assume full responsibility for its operation and defense.
• Permanent Neutrality Treaty (1977):
  • Declared the canal to be neutral and open to vessels of all nations.
  • U.S. Right to Defense: The U.S. retained the right to defend the neutrality of the canal and had priority passage in case of military emergencies.

Panama’s Response to Trump’s Criticisms:

• Defense of Transit Rates:
  • President José Raúl Mulino rejected Trump’s claims, defending the transit fees as being in line with international standards and based on a transparent procedure.
• Sovereignty:
  • Mulino emphasized Panama’s sovereignty over the canal, asserting that Panama’s control over the canal was non-negotiable. He categorically denied the presence of Chinese soldiers in the canal, stating that there would never be any.

China’s Response:

• China's Position:
  • China's Foreign Ministry responded by emphasizing that the Panama Canal is a neutral passageway, a vital infrastructure for Panama and the global trade system.
  • China affirmed its respect for Panama's sovereignty and denied any military presence in the canal area.

Implications and Future:

• Diplomatic Tensions:
  • The issue of transit fees and foreign influence, particularly China's presence in the region, is likely to remain a point of diplomatic negotiation.
  • Panama is expected to assert its sovereignty and seek international support to prevent any external interference in the canal’s operations.
• U.S. Influence:
  • The U.S. might attempt to renegotiate terms related to the Panama Canal's operations, especially concerning transit fees and military rights, although Panama remains firm on maintaining control.

Torrijos-Carter Treaties:

• Significance:
  • Panama Canal Treaty and Permanent Neutrality Treaty marked a major shift in U.S.-Latin America relations, ending U.S. control and restoring Panamanian sovereignty.
  • The treaties also ensured the neutrality of the canal while maintaining U.S. military access in emergencies.
• Impact:
  • The treaties were a symbol of Panama’s regained sovereignty and played a key role in stabilizing relations between the U.S. and Panama, as well as resolving tensions over control of the canal.

In News:

• The CPPS aims to enhance pension accessibility and simplify the disbursement process for over 7.85 million pensioners in India.
• Key Benefit: Pensioners can now receive their pension from any bank or branch across India, eliminating the need for physical verifications and providing seamless nationwide pension disbursement.

Key Highlights:

• Key Features:
  • No need for physical verification: Pensioners do not have to visit the bank for verification at the time of pension commencement.
  • Seamless pension disbursement: Upon release, the pension amount is credited immediately.
  • Nationwide access: Pensioners can withdraw their pension from any bank or branch, without needing to transfer Pension Payment Orders (PPO) when relocating or changing banks.
• Significance:
  • Eliminates the decentralised pension system, where each regional office maintained separate agreements with a few banks.
  • Ensures pension portability, especially for pensioners who move or change banks.

Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO):

• Overview:
  • EPFO is a statutory body under the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Act, 1952, and works under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
• Structure:
  • Administered by a tripartite board called the Central Board of Trustees, consisting of representatives from:
    • Government (Central & State)
    • Employers
    • Employees
  • The Central Board of Trustees is chaired by the Union Minister of Labour and Employment.
• Key Schemes Operated by EPFO:
  • Employees’ Provident Funds Scheme, 1952 (EPF): A savings scheme for workers.
  • Employees’ Pension Scheme, 1995 (EPS): A pension scheme for employees after retirement.
  • Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme, 1976 (EDLI): Provides life insurance coverage to workers.
• Global Coverage: EPFO is also the nodal agency for implementing Bilateral Social Security Agreements with other countries, offering reciprocal social security benefits to international workers from countries with such agreements.
• Impact: The EPFO schemes cover Indian workers and international workers from countries with which EPFO has signed bilateral agreements.

Key Facts:

• CPPS improves the convenience and accessibility of pension services for millions of pensioners across India by simplifying the pension disbursement process and providing nationwide access without the need for physical verifications.
• EPFO, a statutory body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, plays a crucial role in managing provident funds, pensions, and insurance schemes for both domestic and international workers, fostering social security across India.

In News:

• The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has deployed the Open Data Kit (ODK) platform to enhance transparency in government spending and improve accountability in the delivery of government schemes.
• The toolkit is being used for designing, collecting, and managing data relevant to audits.

Key Highlights:

Objective:

• Enhance transparency in public spending.
• Improve accountability in government schemes and projects.
• Collect real-time beneficiary feedback to aid audit planning and identify areas needing additional review.

Key Features:

• End-to-end encryption: Ensures secure data management.
• Integration with CAG’s Operating System (OIOS): Facilitates seamless analysis and management of data.
• Multi-language support: Allows for surveys in multiple languages, making it more accessible to diverse beneficiaries.
• User-friendly interface: Simplifies the design and management of data collection processes for auditors.

Usage and Applications:

• Beneficiary surveys are a key tool for gathering data, helping CAG identify problem areas in government schemes.
• The ODK toolkit was recently deployed in audits of AIIMS institutions in Mangalagiri (Guntur) and Bibinagar (Hyderabad) to assess patient satisfaction and gather evidence for performance reviews.

Working Process:

• Surveys are designed on the ODK platform and deployed to beneficiaries.
• Data is collected in real-time and analyzed using the OIOS system to generate actionable insights for audits.
• Beneficiary feedback is used to evaluate scheme delivery and improve efficiency.

Significance:

• Facilitates data-driven decision-making in audits, ensuring that audits are more transparent and evidence-based.
• Improves the citizen-centric evaluation of government schemes by gathering direct feedback from beneficiaries.
• Enhances the performance review of key institutions like AIIMS, contributing to better service delivery.

• The introduction of the ODK toolkit is part of the CAG’s efforts to use digital tools for better governance and accountability in the public sector. This also aligns with the growing trend of using technology for governance and auditing.

In News:

IIT Madras has partnered with the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare on Project VISTAAR (Virtually Integrated System to Access Agricultural Resources). MoU signed between the Ministry and IIT Madras to integrate information about agricultural start-ups into the VISTAAR platform.

Key Highlights:

Project Objectives:

• Digitalisation of Agricultural Extension: To enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the agricultural extension system through digital platforms.
• Access to Start-Up Innovations: Provide farmers easy access to over 12,000 start-ups in agriculture and allied sectors, connecting them to technological solutions and innovations.
• Support for Sustainable Agriculture: Focus on making farming more sustainable and climate-resilient by promoting adoption of innovative technologies.

Key Features of VISTAAR:

• Integration of start-up data via IIT Madras' startup information platform and its incubatee, YNOS Venture Engine.
• Advisory services covering:
  • Crop production
  • Marketing
  • Value addition
  • Supply chain management
• Information on government schemes for agriculture, allied sectors, and rural development.
• Real-time, contextual, and accurate information to enhance decision-making and improve farming practices.

Significance of the Project:

• The platform will expand the outreach of agricultural extension services, providing support to farmers across India.
• It will ensure farmers access high-quality advisory services that are critical for improving productivity and income.
• Integration of start-up-driven innovations will aid in the adoption of climate-resilient farming practices.
• Timely and accurate information will empower farmers to make informed decisions and improve the efficiency of agricultural processes.

Impact on Farmers:

• Digitalisation will provide farmers with easier access to expert advice and resources, enhancing productivity.
• Improved access to government schemes ensures farmers can avail themselves of financial and technical support for development.
• The project aligns with national objectives of enhancing agriculture’s contribution to India’s economy and ensuring food security.

In News:

• Tata Group’s Air India launched free Wi-Fi connectivity on select domestic and international flights.
• First Indian airline to offer Internet connectivity on domestic flights.
• The service is free for a limited introductory period on select domestic flights.
• Gradual expansion of Wi-Fi availability to more aircraft in the fleet.

Key Highlights:

Aircraft with Wi-Fi:

• Available on Airbus A350, Boeing 787-9, and select Airbus A321neo aircraft.
• Aircraft equipped with special hardware for Internet connectivity.
• Some aircraft, previously operated by Vistara, now part of Air India after the merger in November.

Technology Partner:

• Vistara’s in-flight Wi-Fi was facilitated by Tata Group’s Nelco, in collaboration with Panasonic Avionics.
• This service is now extended to select Air India domestic flights.

How to Access Wi-Fi:

• Passengers enable Wi-Fi on their devices and connect to the "Air India Wi-Fi" network.
• Redirected to an Air India portal where they enter details (PNR and last name) for access.

Connectivity Technologies:

• Air-to-Ground (ATG) Technology:
  • Uses ground-based cellular towers to provide internet.
  • Antenna on the aircraft’s belly picks up signals from nearby towers.
  • Limited by tower availability, works best over land with dense coverage.
• Satellite-Based Connectivity:
  • Uses satellites to provide internet by transmitting signals from ground stations to the aircraft.
  • Provides wider coverage, particularly effective over oceans and sparsely populated areas.

In-Flight Wi-Fi Operation:

• Multiple in-cabin antennas collect signals from passengers’ devices.
• Signals are sent to an onboard server.
• For satellite-based systems, signals are transmitted via an antenna to satellites and then relayed to ground stations.
• For ATG systems, signals are sent directly to ground towers.
• In-flight Wi-Fi is slower compared to ground-based internet, though newer technologies are improving speed.

Cost Considerations:

• Airlines incur high initial costs for equipping aircraft with Wi-Fi technology (antennas and hardware).
• Air India is investing in a $400 million retrofit program for its fleet, which could include installing internet connectivity.
• Some airlines install Wi-Fi on new planes, while others retro-fit older models.

Revenue Model:

• Airlines often charge for Wi-Fi after offering a small volume of free internet.
• Some airlines provide free Wi-Fi for loyalty program members or premium passengers (business/first class).
• Air India is offering free Wi-Fi for now, but plans to introduce charges at a later date.

Future Outlook:

• In-flight internet is expected to become a significant source of ancillary revenue.
• Complimentary Wi-Fi for economy class passengers is unlikely in the near-to-medium term due to high costs involved in installation and operation.

Global Context:

• In-flight connectivity is becoming standard on major full-service carriers (FSCs) worldwide.
• Air India's move aligns with global trends, as it aims to be among the world’s leading airlines.

In News:

The Government of India has formed an 18-member panel, headed by Ramesh Chand, a member of NITI Aayog, to revise the base year of the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) to 2022-23 from the current base year of 2011-12. The panel will also work on a roadmap for transitioning from WPI to the Producer Price Index (PPI).

Key Highlights:

Role and Mandates of the Panel:

• Revised Commodity Basket: The panel will recommend a new commodity basket for both WPI and PPI, reflecting structural changes in the economy.
• Review of Price Collection System: The panel will evaluate the current system for price collection and propose improvements.
• Computational Methodology: It will determine the computational methodology for both WPI and PPI to ensure accuracy in tracking price changes.
• The panel has been tasked with submitting its final report to the Office of the Economic Adviser at the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIT) within 18 months.

Understanding WPI vs. PPI:

• WPI (Wholesale Price Index) tracks the price of goods at the wholesale stage (i.e., goods sold in bulk to businesses), and excludes the service sector.
  • Key Characteristics of WPI:
    • Does not consider consumer-facing prices.
    • Excludes services (about 55% of GDP).
    • Can have double-counting bias due to multiple transactions before the final sale.
    • Does not account for indirect taxes and may include export/import prices.
  • Use: WPI helps in tracking bulk price movements between businesses, but doesn't fully represent consumer price inflation.
• PPI (Producer Price Index) tracks prices at various stages of production, considering both goods and services, and measures the average change in prices received by domestic producers.
  • Key Characteristics of PPI:
    • Excludes indirect taxes (making it more accurate for price movement tracking).
    • Includes services, unlike WPI, giving a broader view of price trends across the economy.
    • More aligned with international standards (System of National Accounts).
    • Reflects prices before consumer consumption, providing a business-oriented perspective of price trends.

Why the Transition to PPI?

• The PPI is already used by major economies like the US, China, Germany, and Japan as it provides a more comprehensive measure of inflation from a producer’s perspective.
• It is expected to be a better indicator of inflationary trends in the overall economy, including both goods and services.

Challenges and Roadmap:

• The switch to PPI is complex, and the panel will need to ensure that the transition does not disrupt the current data collection and reporting systems. Both WPI and PPI will run concurrently until PPI stabilizes.

In News:

The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) report on groundwater quality reveals alarming levels of contamination in India's groundwater, with a focus on nitrate, fluoride, arsenic, and uranium. The report highlights the impact of agricultural practices, poor waste management, and urbanisation on water quality.

Key Highlights:

Nitrate Contamination:

• 440 districts in India report excessive nitrate levels in groundwater, with 20% of samples exceeding the permissible nitrate limit of 45 mg/L (WHO and BIS standards).
• High-risk regions: Rajasthan (49%), Karnataka (48%), and Tamil Nadu (37%) are the top states with high nitrate levels. Other affected states include Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Causes: Nitrate contamination is mainly due to excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers, over-irrigation, and poor management of animal waste. Urbanisation and improper sewage systems exacerbate the problem.

Other Groundwater Contaminants:

• Fluoride contamination: A significant concern in Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
• Arsenic contamination: Elevated arsenic levels found in several states, especially in floodplains of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur).
• Uranium contamination: 42% of uranium-contaminated samples are from Rajasthan, and 30% from Punjab. Chronic exposure to uranium leads to kidney damage.

Groundwater Extraction and Availability:

• 60.4% of groundwater is being extracted across India.
• 73% of groundwater blocks are classified as in the ‘safe’ zone, an improvement from 67.4% in 2022.

Monsoon Impact:

• Nitrate contamination increases post-monsoon, with 32.66% of samples exceeding safe limits during the rainy season.

Health Implications:

• High nitrate levels, particularly dangerous for infants, can cause blue baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia).
• Long-term exposure to contaminants like fluoride and arsenic can lead to fluorosis and increase the risk of cancers and skin lesions.

Sources of Contamination:

• Agricultural practices: Excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, and improper irrigation.
• Waste disposal: Leaking septic systems, sewage, and hazardous waste sites contribute to contamination.
• Urbanisation: Increased wastewater and sewage, along with poor waste management, worsen the issue.

Measures to Address Contamination:

• Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) and Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) aim to conserve and manage groundwater resources.
• National Aquifer Mapping and Management Program (NAQUIM) to assess and map aquifer systems.
• Pollution control programs: Under the Water (Prevention & Control) Act, 1974, and initiatives like sewage treatment plants and effluent treatment plants to manage wastewater.
• Public awareness: Campaigns like Swachh Bharat Mission and Catch the Rain educate communities on the importance of groundwater conservation.

Key Statistics:

• 56% of districts in India report groundwater nitrate levels exceeding the safe limit of 45 mg/L.
• Monsoon effects: Post-monsoon data shows a significant increase in contamination levels (32.66% vs. 30.77% pre-monsoon).

In News:

• The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG) has issued the guidelines for the 28th National e-Governance Awards (NAeG) 2025.
• Nominations for the awards can be submitted online via the official portal: www.nceg.gov.in.

Key Highlights:

• Award Categories: Nominations for the awards can be submitted under the following six categories:
  • Government Process Re-engineering: Digital transformation through the use of technology to improve government processes.
  • Innovation by Use of AI and New Age Technologies: Fostering citizen-centric services via artificial intelligence and other modern technologies.
  • Best e-Gov Practices in Cyber Security: Recognizing excellence in e-Governance practices focused on cybersecurity.
  • Grassroot Level Initiatives: Initiatives at the Districts, ULBs (Urban Local Bodies), or Gram Panchayats that deepen service delivery.
  • Replication and Scaling Up of Successful Projects: Projects awarded in the past (such as NAeG or Prime Minister’s Awards) that have been successfully replicated or scaled.
  • Digital Transformation using Data Analytics: Projects that leverage data analytics on digital platforms for enhancing governance.
• Eligibility: The awards are open to Central Ministries/Departments, State Governments, District Collectors, Research Institutions, and other relevant entities.
• Award Details:
  • The NAeG 2025 will feature 16 awards:
    • 10 Gold Awards.
    • 6 Silver Awards.
• Incentives:
  • Gold Award winners will receive a Trophy, Certificate, and an incentive of Rs 10 lakh.
  • Silver Award winners will receive a Trophy, Certificate, and an incentive of Rs 5 lakh.
  • The incentive will be used for further implementation of the awarded projects or bridging resource gaps in public welfare.
• Objective: The goal of the National Awards for e-Governance is to recognize and promote excellence in the implementation of e-Governance initiatives and digital transformation efforts across India.

In News:

Researchers at IIT Bombay have created an affordable device to diagnose and manage tinnitus, a condition involving persistent ringing or buzzing in the ears. The device offers personalized treatment solutions and a comprehensive approach to managing tinnitus.

What is Tinnitus?

• Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of external noise, meaning only the affected individual hears it. It is often caused by underlying conditions such as age-related hearing loss, ear injury, or circulatory system problems.
• It affects over 740 million adults globally, with 120 million experiencing severe symptoms (JAMA Neurology, 2022).
• Common symptoms include sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, irritability, and significant impacts on mental health and social life.
• Treatment may include: Hearing aids, sound-masking devices, medications, and coping techniques to manage the noise.

Device Features:

• Precise Tinnitus Matching: Identifies the exact nature and frequency of sounds experienced by the patient.
• Customizable Treatment: Provides a tailored, multimodal approach to treatment, ensuring each patient gets a unique experience.
• Tracking Progress: Includes tools to monitor disease progression and patient improvement over time.

Affordability and Accessibility:

• The device is cost-effective, addressing the issue of high costs associated with current tinnitus management solutions.
• This breakthrough is especially beneficial for low-income regions, where access to expensive tinnitus treatment is limited.

Impact on Healthcare:

• The device empowers doctors with precise diagnostic tools, improving the accuracy of diagnosis and the efficacy of treatment.
• It aims to enhance patient quality of life by offering an affordable and accessible solution to tinnitus management.

Funding and Development:

• The project has received funding from Tata Centre for Technology and Design (TCTD), IIT Bombay, and Wadhwani Research Centre for Bioengineering (WRCB).

Significance:

• This development represents a technological advancement in tinnitus care, with the potential to greatly reduce the burden of the condition and improve the well-being of affected individuals worldwide.

In News:

Quad Foreign Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to a free, open, and peaceful Indo-Pacific. Marked the 20th anniversary of Quad cooperation, originally formed to respond to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Key Highlights:

• What is the Quad?
  • A strategic forum of the US, Japan, India, and Australia aimed at regional security and economic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • Founded on shared principles of democracy, human rights, rule of law, and countering China's influence.
• Origins:
  • Quad traces its origins to the 2004 Tsunami relief efforts.
  • Formed formally in 2007, but Australia withdrew in 2008 due to regional tensions. It rejoined in 2017 following strengthened US-Australia ties.
• Commitment to Regional Security:
  • Focus on countering China’s assertive behavior in the Indo-Pacific.
  • Ensuring maritime security, countering illegal fishing, promoting infrastructure, and advancing economic cooperation.
• Key Initiatives:
  • IPMDA: Real-time monitoring of maritime activities.
  • MAITRI: Capacity-building for maritime security.
  • Quad Fellowship: Funds graduate-level STEM education in member countries.
  • Open RAN: Promoting secure 5G infrastructure.
  • Cancer Moonshot: Focus on cervical cancer prevention.
• Military and Naval Cooperation:
  • Malabar Exercises: Joint naval drills between India, Japan, the US, and Australia.
• ASEAN and Regional Cooperation:
  • Emphasis on ASEAN's central role in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • Support for the Pacific Islands Forum and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).
• Future Developments:
  • India to host the next Quad Summit in 2025.
  • Continued focus on sustainable regional development, scientific collaboration, and disaster relief efforts.
• Significance of the Quad for India:

• Strategic Importance:
  • Provides a platform to counter China's assertive policies, especially in the South China Sea and the "String of Pearls" strategy.
  • Aligns with India’s Act East Policy, enhancing ties with East and Southeast Asia.
• Maritime Security: Ensures freedom of navigation and counters illegal activities like piracy and illegal fishing in India’s maritime domain.
• Economic Opportunities:
  • Strengthens cooperation on infrastructure projects and trade initiatives, such as the Blue Dot Network.
  • Post-COVID, Quad may aid India in attracting manufacturing units shifting from China.
• Scientific and People-to-People Collaboration: Supports STEM education and enhances soft power diplomacy through academic and cultural exchanges.

In News:

In a monumental achievement, Koneru Humpy from Vijayawada, India, claimed the 2024 FIDE Women’s World Rapid Chess Championship in New York. This victory marks her second World Rapid Chess title, five years after her first win in 2019 in Georgia, making her the first Indian and only the second player after China’s Ju Wenjun to win the title multiple times.

Key Highlights of Humpy’s Victory:

• Final Score: Humpy finished with an impressive 8.5 points from 11 rounds, securing the top spot by defeating Irene Sukandar of Indonesia in the final round.
• Strong Finish: Humpy surged ahead of the other joint leaders to clinch the title, with D. Harika, another Indian chess star, securing 5th place with 8 points.

World Rapid Chess Championship

• The World Rapid Chess Championship is a chess tournament that determines the world's top rapid chess player. The tournament is held annually by FIDE, the International Chess Federation.
• How it works
  • The tournament uses a Swiss system, where players are paired with opponents of similar scores in each round.
  • Players are not eliminated after losses.
  • The player with the highest score at the end of the tournament wins.
• Time controls
  • Players are given a set amount of time per move, plus an increment for each move.
  • In the World Rapid Championship, players have 15 minutes per move, plus a 10-second increment for each move.

A Historic Year for Indian Chess:

• 2024 has been a remarkable year for Indian chess, with D. Gukesh becoming the youngest-ever World Chess Champion after his victory over Ding Liren (China) at the World Chess Championship in Singapore.
• India also made history by winning both the open and women’s sections at the 2024 Chess Olympiad in Budapest.

In News:

In the weeks leading up to his return as US President, Donald Trump’s supporters are embroiled in a public dispute over skilled immigration and H-1B visas.

What is the H-1B Visa Program?

• Purpose and Overview:
  • The H-1B visa is a non-immigrant visa allowing U.S. companies to employ foreign workers in specialized occupations like STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) and IT, which require at least a bachelor’s degree.
  • Introduced in 1990 to help U.S. employers fill positions when there’s a shortage of qualified domestic workers.
  • It allows workers to stay in the U.S. for a maximum of six years, with the option to apply for permanent residence (Green Card) or leave for 12 months before reapplying.
• Annual Cap and Exemptions:
  • 65,000 new visas are issued annually, with an additional 20,000 for those with a master’s degree or higher from a U.S. university.
  • Certain petitions, such as for continuing employment or positions in higher education or nonprofit research, are exempt from the cap.
• Dominance of Indian Beneficiaries:
  • Indians are the largest beneficiaries, accounting for over 70% of H-1B visa approvals annually since 2015, with China coming second at around 12-13%.

The Current Controversy

• Trigger for Debate:
  • The controversy was sparked by Sriram Krishnan, a Chennai-born tech entrepreneur appointed as Donald Trump’s top AI adviser. His post on X (formerly Twitter) in November 2024, advocating for unlocking skilled immigration, led to backlash within Trump’s anti-immigration base.
• The Political Divide:
  • Trump’s supporters, particularly from the MAGA (Make America Great Again) faction, voiced opposition to the H-1B visa program, arguing it undermines American workers and wages.
  • This prompted pushback from pro-H-1B advocates like Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy, who argue that the program is crucial for addressing the U.S.'s STEM talent shortages.
• Economic and Political Context:
  • Immigration is a polarizing issue in the U.S., with a focus on low-skilled labor migration and its alleged effects on wages and job opportunities for American workers.
  • Trump’s stance against low-skilled immigration echoes similar critiques about H-1B workers being employed at lower salaries in tech companies, which some claim depresses wages and reduces job opportunities for U.S. workers.

Criticisms of the H-1B Program

• Abuse of the System:
  • Critics argue that companies exploit the H-1B program by hiring foreign workers, especially from India, at lower wages than American employees, particularly in tech industries.
  • Elon Musk suggests that the program is “broken” and needs reform, proposing raising the minimum salary for H-1B workers to make it more expensive to hire overseas talent.
• Salary Disparities:
  • Data from USCIS (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services) shows that 70% of H-1B petitions for Indian professionals in 2023 were for salaries below $100,000, while the median salary for U.S. IT professionals was $104,420.
• Impact on American Jobs:
  • Critics argue that companies prefer to hire foreign workers at lower wages to save costs, despite the availability of qualified U.S. talent, thus taking away opportunities for American workers.

Support for the H-1B Program

• Filling the STEM Gap:
  • Proponents, including Musk and Ramaswamy, argue that the H-1B visa is essential for filling the STEM skills gap in the U.S., given the global dominance of India and China in STEM fields.
    • India and China lead the world in STEM graduates, with 2.55 million and 3.57 million, respectively, compared to the U.S. with 820,000.
• Economic Benefits:
  • The H-1B program helps U.S. companies access top global talent, boosting innovation and economic growth, especially in high-tech industries.
  • Tech companies argue that without access to skilled foreign workers, they would struggle to fill critical positions in the technology sector.

In News:

• The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu inaugurated India’s first glass bridge over the sea in Kanyakumari, connecting the Thiruvalluvar Statue and the Vivekananda Rock Memorial.
• The bridge provides a safe and scenic walking route between these two iconic landmarks, eliminating the need for ferry trips.

Key Highlights:

• Dimensions and Design
  • The bridge is 77 meters long and 10 meters wide, offering uninterrupted views of the sea from a unique vantage point.
  • Designed to withstand marine conditions like corrosion and strong winds, ensuring durability and safety for visitors.
• Tourism Investment
  • The bridge was built at a cost of ?37 crore, marking a significant investment in tourism infrastructure for Kanyakumari.
  • This project aligns with the state’s vision to boost tourism and modernize amenities in the region.
• Significance as a Tourist Attraction
  • The bridge is set to become a landmark tourist attraction, enhancing the visitor experience by providing a direct, scenic route between the two monuments.
  • It is expected to play a pivotal role in boosting tourist footfall and the local economy.

About Thiruvalluvar Statue

• Location and Design
  • The Thiruvalluvar Statue stands on a rock near the Vivekananda Rock Memorial in Kanyakumari.
  • It is a symbol of wisdom, officially named the Statue of Wisdom by the Tamil Nadu government.
• Physical Specifications
  • The statue stands at a total height of 133 feet (41 meters), with the statue itself measuring 95 feet (29 meters) and the pedestal adding 38 feet (12 meters).
  • Weight: The statue weighs approximately 7000 tonnes and is designed in a hollow structure.

About Vivekananda Rock Memorial

• Location and Significance
  • Situated on a rock in the Laccadive Sea, around 500 meters from the mainland in Kanyakumari.
  • The memorial commemorates Swami Vivekananda, who represented India’s spiritual legacy at the 1893 Parliament of World’s Religions in Chicago.
• Historical and Religious Importance
  • The rock is believed to be the site where Swami Vivekananda attained enlightenment.
  • It is also associated with goddess Kanyakumari, who is said to have prayed to Lord Shiva on this rock, with an imprint of her feet preserved there.
• Architectural Features
  • The memorial incorporates diverse architectural styles, including the Sripada Mandapam and the Vivekananda Mandapam.
  • A life-sized bronze statue of Swami Vivekananda is located at the memorial.
  • The rock is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, and Arabian Sea, where these three water bodies converge.

In News:

• The B-READY report, launched by the World Bank in 2024, replaces the Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) index.
• Focus: It evaluates the global business environment to foster inclusive private sector growth, assessing 10 core topics covering a firm's lifecycle, such as business entry, taxation, labor, and international trade.

India’s Potential Challenges

• Business Entry: India faces multiple steps and incomplete digital integration, making it slower compared to benchmarks like Singapore, which achieves one-day registration at minimal cost.
• Labor Regulations: While India has introduced four labor codes, the implementation remains slow and inconsistent, affecting labor flexibility and compliance.
• International Trade: India struggles with customs delays, inconsistent enforcement, and high logistics costs, unlike countries like Germany and Singapore, which promote trade efficiently.
• Business Location: Regulatory delays and inconsistent approvals hinder the establishment of business facilities, affecting investment decisions.
• Public Services Gap: While regulations may be strong, there is often a gap in the provision of public services that support their effective implementation, leading to inefficiencies.

Key Strengths for India

• India is expected to score well in the areas of Quality of Regulations, Effectiveness of Public Services, and Operational Efficiency.
• The country shows promise in promoting digital adoption and aligning with global environmental sustainability practices, though gender-sensitive regulations need more emphasis.

Significance

• The B-READY report serves as an essential benchmark for assessing India's business environment, offering insights into regulatory reforms and operational efficiency.
• Key policy implications for India include the need to:
  • Streamline business operations by digitizing registration and regulatory approval processes.
  • Improve logistics and trade efficiency by reducing customs delays.
  • Address labor market inefficiencies through better implementation of labor codes.
  • Invest in public services and promote digital transformation for better compliance and operational ease.
  • Focus on sustainability and inclusivity, ensuring gender-sensitive policies and fostering green business practices.

Global Findings from the B-READY Report

• Economies with strong regulatory frameworks and digital tools (e.g., Rwanda, Georgia) show that even countries with varying income levels can achieve high scores.
• High-income countries like Estonia and Singapore still have room for improvement, especially in areas like taxation and dispute resolution.

Comparison of B-READY with Ease of Doing Business (EoDB)

• Scope: B-READY is broader, covering a firm’s lifecycle and social benefits, while EoDB focused mainly on regulatory burdens.
• Indicators: B-READY uses 1,200 indicators from expert consultations and firm-level surveys, offering more comprehensive insights compared to the EoDB's limited metrics.
• Focus on Public Services: Unlike EoDB, which provided limited attention to public services, B-READY explicitly evaluates public service efficiency and operational effectiveness.

Policy Recommendations

• Streamline Business Operations: Inspired by countries like Singapore, India should simplify business registration and reduce delays in customs and regulatory approvals.
• Strengthen Public Services: Focus on improving tax portals, utility access, and dispute resolution systems through digital tools.
• Promote Sustainability: Encourage environmentally sustainable business practices and adopt gender-sensitive regulations to ensure inclusive growth.
• Peer Learning and Global Collaboration: Encourage India to learn from best practices in countries like Singapore and Estonia for effective reforms.
• Tailored Reforms: India must design policies addressing unique local challenges while adhering to global standards.

In News:

After a plant species of the genus Stellaria (family Caryophyllaceae) was reported from Kerala earlier this year, researchers have identified another member of the same genus at Kalimpong district in West Bengal.

Key Highlights:

Discovery and Identification:

• Published: The discovery was published in Phytotaxa.
• Location: Found in Kalimpong district, West Bengal, at altitudes of 2,245-2,450 metres in the Sangser forest.
• Named: The species is named Stellaria bengalensis after the state of West Bengal.

Taxonomy and Characteristics:

• Family: Caryophyllaceae.
• Type: Annual herb.
• Size: Grows to a height of 8 to 10.5 cm.
• Flowers: White in color, with shorter petals, often included within the sepal, and absence of bracts.
• Seeds: Sharp and pointed.
• Flowering and Fruiting: Occurs from May to September.

Distribution:

• Region: Primarily found in the Himalayan region.
• Similar Species: Stellaria mcclintockiae, identified earlier in Kerala (Nelliyampathy Hills).
• Both species grow in muddy soil slopes and are annuals.

Conservation Status:

• Under IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) criteria, the species is assessed as "data deficient", pending further studies.
• Potential Habitat: There is a possibility of finding more populations in the western Himalayas.

Significance:

• Stellaria bengalensis is the second Stellaria species reported in India in 2025.
• India is home to about 22 Stellaria species, predominantly found in the Himalayan region.
• The discovery adds to biodiversity knowledge in India and underscores the importance of studying plant species in the region.

In News:

The introduction of smart classrooms as part of the Smart Cities Mission (SCM) has had a significant impact on education, leading to a 22% increase in enrolment across 19 cities, according to a report from the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (IIM-B). The study covers the period from 2015-16 to 2023-24 and highlights several key benefits of this initiative, which aims to improve the overall learning environment in government schools.

Key Findings:

• Increased Enrolment: The introduction of smart classrooms has been linked to a 22% increase in student enrolment across 19 cities, suggesting that the initiative has made education more appealing and accessible.
• Smart Classroom Development: By 2023-24, 71 cities had developed 9,433 smart classrooms in 2,398 government schools. The states with the most smart classrooms are:
  • Karnataka (80 classrooms)
  • Rajasthan (53 classrooms)
  • Tamil Nadu (23 classrooms)
  • Delhi (12 classrooms)
  • West Bengal has a very limited number, with just two classrooms.
• Improved Learning Experience: Teachers have expressed positive feedback, agreeing that the smart classrooms have improved learning experiences and attendance among students. Additionally, the smart classroom setup has contributed to increased comfort for teachers and higher preference for these modern facilities.
• Teacher Training: Special training provided to teachers has enhanced their comfort with using the smart classroom tools, with senior secondary teachers showing the highest comfort levels.
• Digital Libraries: The study also found that 41 cities have developed Digital Libraries with 7,809 seating capacity, offering essential resources for students. Cities like Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and Tumakuru (Karnataka) have seen positive outcomes from these libraries, particularly in supporting students preparing for competitive exams.

Smart Cities Mission (SCM)

• Launched in June 2015, the Smart Cities Mission aims to promote cities that offer core infrastructure, a decent quality of life, a sustainable environment, and the application of smart solutions. As of November 2024, 91% of the projects under the mission have been completed.

SAAR Platform and Research

• In 2022, the Smart Cities Mission introduced the SAAR (Smart Cities and Academia towards Action and Research) platform to bridge the gap between academia and the government. Under this platform, 50 impact assessment studies have been initiated by 29 premier institutions, including six Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), eight Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), and 12 specialized research institutes.

In News:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently been renamed MASLD (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease), reflecting a shift in understanding of the disease's root causes and its broader implications.

Why the Name Change?

• The primary reason for renaming NAFLD to MASLD is to highlight the metabolic dysfunction as the primary cause of the disease.
• Previously, the term NAFLD focused on the absence of alcohol consumption, which inadvertently shifted attention away from the true contributors, like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and abnormal cholesterol levels.
• The term MASLD eliminates the stigma associated with "non-alcoholic," which may have misled people into thinking alcohol consumption was the only factor, even though metabolic issues are the central cause.
• The term MASLD shifts the focus towards metabolic dysfunction, making it easier for healthcare professionals to understand, diagnose, and treat the condition more effectively.

The Connection to Metabolic Dysfunction

• MASLD is strongly associated with metabolic issues such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and high blood sugar. These metabolic problems are key contributors to liver fat accumulation.
• People with abdominal obesity are 2-3 times more likely to develop fatty liver disease. MASLD affects about 25% of the global population, and the rates increase significantly (up to 50-70%) in individuals with type 2 diabetes or obesity.
• By focusing on metabolic dysfunction, MASLD encourages addressing the root causes rather than just the symptoms, offering a more effective approach to treatment and prevention.

How is MASLD Diagnosed?

Advancements in non-invasive diagnostic methods have improved the ability to diagnose MASLD more easily and accurately, including:

• FibroScan: A non-invasive, painless test to measure liver fat and stiffness, replacing the need for liver biopsy.
• MRI and Ultrasound Techniques: Reliable methods for assessing liver fat and scarring.
• Blood Tests: Common tests like ALT, AST, and GGT assess liver function. Researchers are also exploring new markers like CK-18 fragments and the ELF score (Enhanced Liver Fibrosis) to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Implications for Patient Care

The renaming of NAFLD to MASLD has important implications for patient care:

• Targeted Treatments: By focusing on the metabolic roots, treatments such as weight loss, blood sugar management, and cholesterol control can be prioritized. These interventions help reduce the risk of long-term complications such as heart disease, liver failure, and cirrhosis.
• Earlier Diagnosis: MASLD encourages earlier recognition of the condition, which can lead to better management and improved long-term outcomes.

Prevention

Preventing MASLD involves avoiding foods that exacerbate liver fat buildup. Dr. Punit Singla, director at Marengo Asia Hospitals, emphasizes limiting or avoiding:

• Fast food, junk food, and processed foods
• Foods high in sugar, including red and processed meats

A healthier lifestyle with a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins can significantly help prevent or manage MASLD.

In News:

On December 20, 2024, Union Home Minister Shri Amit Shah attended the 61st Raising Day function of the Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) in Siliguri, West Bengal. During the event, he e-inaugurated the Integrated Check Point (ICP) Agartala and a newly constructed residential complex for the Border Guard Force (BGF) at Petrapole. The event was attended by several dignitaries, including the Director of Intelligence Bureau (IB), Secretary of Border Management (MHA), and the Director-General of SSB.

Key Highlights from the Speech:

• Tributes to Martyrs: Shri Shah paid tributes to SSB martyrs, highlighting their sacrifices in protecting the country's borders and eliminating Left Wing Extremism in the eastern region. He acknowledged the 4 Padma Shri, 1 Kirti Chakra, and other national awards received by SSB for their exceptional service.
• Role in Connecting Borders: The Home Minister praised SSB’s role in connecting the culture, language, and heritage of border villages with mainstream India. He emphasized that the SSB has fulfilled its motto of "Service, Security, and Brotherhood" while maintaining a strong relationship with Nepal and Bhutan.
• Security and Vigilance: SSB is responsible for securing a 2,450 km border with Nepal and Bhutan. Shri Shah noted that SSB's vigilance has helped in stopping narcotics, arms smuggling, and human trafficking. Additionally, the force has worked to ensure that Bihar and Jharkhand are now Naxal-free.
• Zero-Tolerance Policy: The SSB has a zero-tolerance policy on encroachments, narcotics, and smuggling. Over the last three years, the SSB successfully removed more than 1,100 encroachments from government land and seized significant amounts of narcotics, weapons, and counterfeit currency.
• Impact in Jammu & Kashmir: SSB has played a critical role in combating terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir, killing more than 19 terrorists and arresting 14 through various operations.
• Humanitarian Efforts: Besides security, SSB has actively participated in disaster relief operations during floods and landslides, often at great personal risk.
• Government Schemes for CAPF Personnel: Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, various welfare schemes like Ayushman Cards, CAPF e-Housing, and scholarships have been launched to support CAPF personnel and their families.
• Self-Employment Initiatives: SSB has promoted self-employment for border youth, training them in areas like beekeeping, mobile repairing, and driving. They have also contributed significantly to the Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyan, creating awareness about drug addiction among 36,000 youth.
• Environmental Contribution: The force has planted over 6 crore trees as part of its environmental efforts.

In News:

For the first time, a court in the US has held Israel’s NSO Group liable for its intrusive spyware Pegasus, which could set up a measure of accountability for the company that it has, for long, allegedly downplayed.

Overview:

• Pegasus is a spyware developed by the Israeli company NSO Group.
• It has been used for surveillance, allegedly targeting journalists, activists, politicians, and government officials across the world, including India.

Recent Legal Developments:

• US Court Ruling (2024):
  • A US court held NSO Group liable for using Pegasus to surveil 1,400 WhatsApp users, including 300 from India.
  • NSO Group violated the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and the California Computer Data Access and Fraud Act (CDAFA).
  • The ruling may revive debates on the accountability of spyware use and its implications on privacy.

Use of Pegasus in India:

• Targeted Individuals (2021):
  • 300 Indian numbers allegedly targeted, including journalists, politicians, Union Ministers, and civil society members.
  • High-profile targets included opposition leaders, constitutional authorities, and activists.
• Government Denial:
  • The Indian government denied involvement, stating allegations lacked substance.
  • In Parliament, IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw rejected claims, asserting India’s surveillance laws prevent unauthorized surveillance.
• NSO Group Response:
  • NSO Group denied the allegations, calling them “false and misleading” and citing doubts about the sources.

Investigations and Legal Actions:

• Supreme Court Inquiry:
  • The Supreme Court appointed a committee of technical experts in 2021 to investigate claims.
  • August 2022 Report: Found no conclusive evidence of spyware use on examined devices but noted lack of cooperation from the government.
• State-Level Investigations:
  • West Bengal: Set up a Commission of Inquiry into Pegasus surveillance, later halted by the Supreme Court.
  • Andhra Pradesh: The issue became political, with allegations that the previous government used Pegasus to monitor opposition figures.

Pegasus Spyware Features:

• Capability: Can hack iOS and Android devices to collect data, record conversations, capture photos, and access app data.
• Exploitation Method: Uses zero-day vulnerabilities to exploit iOS and Android devices covertly.
• Invisibility: Operates without user knowledge, often only detected through signs like browser closings after phishing links are clicked.

Controversial Use of Pegasus:

• Global Use: Though intended for fighting terrorism and crime, Pegasus has been misused for spying on journalists, politicians, human rights activists, and opposition leaders.
• India Specifics:
  • Pegasus Project: Targeted Indian citizens, including activists, journalists, and politicians.
  • Amnesty International: Confirmed use of Pegasus to target Indian phones.

India's Legal Framework for Surveillance:

• Telecommunications Act (2023): Empowers the government to control telecom services during emergencies, but requires authorization for lawful interceptions.
• IT Act (2000): Allows the government to monitor, intercept, or decrypt information through computer resources under certain conditions.
• Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act (2023): Aims to protect personal data, including provisions on surveillance, data breaches, and rights of individuals over their data.

Privacy and Surveillance Concerns:

• Impact on Fundamental Rights:
  • Surveillance infringes on the right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution.
  • Freedom of speech and expression (Article 19) may be curtailed, with surveillance being used to suppress dissent.
• Lack of Transparency:
  • Surveillance often occurs without judicial or parliamentary oversight, leading to potential executive overreach.
• Inability to Seek Legal Remedies:
  • Citizens targeted by surveillance cannot challenge it due to lack of awareness, undermining constitutional rights.
• Executive Overreach and Suppression of Free Expression:
  • Pegasus revelations have raised concerns about surveillance targeting constitutional functionaries, suppressing free speech, and stifling open discourse.

In News:

The India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (Ind-Aus ECTA) completes two years of remarkable success, driving mutual growth and showcasing the complementarity of both economies.

Key Achievements:

• Bilateral Merchandise Trade Surge:
  • Trade increased from USD 12.2 billion (2020-21) to USD 26 billion (2022-23).
  • Trade moderated slightly in 2023-24 to USD 24 billion, but exports from India to Australia grew by 14%.
  • From April-November 2024, bilateral trade reached USD 16.3 billion.
• Preferential Import Utilization:
  • Export utilization: 79%
  • Import utilization: 84%
• Sectoral Growth:
  • Textiles, chemicals, and agriculture sectors have seen significant growth.
  • New export products: Gold studded with diamonds, turbojets.
  • India’s imports: Metalliferous ores, cotton, wood products that fuel Indian industries.
• Geopolitical Strengthening:
  • Enhanced relations in forums like Quad, Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI).

Key Features of the Agreement:

• Tariff Reductions:
  • Australian goods: 85% tariff-free access to India (rising to 90% by 2026).
  • Indian goods: 96% tariff-free access to Australia (rising to 100% by 2026).
• Access to Key Markets:
  • India: Access to Australia's fast-growing market.
  • Australia: Access to India's labor-intensive sectors like gems, jewelry, textiles, leather, furniture, food, agriculture.
• Services and IT:
  • 135 sub-sectors covered in services.
  • India gains market access in 103 sub-sectors with Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status in 31.
  • Fast-tracked approval of medicines and elimination of double taxation for India's IT sector.
• Job Creation & Skill Exchange:
  • Expected creation of 1 million jobs in India.
  • Opportunities for Indian yoga teachers, chefs, and 100,000 students with post-study work visas.

Future Prospects:

• Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA): Builds on ECTA to advance bilateral trade, with 10 formal rounds and ongoing inter-sessional discussions.
• Trade Target: Aim to reach AUD 100 billion in trade by 2030.
• Global Economic Impact: Strengthening the partnership will contribute to a more resilient and dynamic global economy, with deeper economic integration between India and Australia.

In News:

India to Host World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit (WAVES) 2025.

Key Highlights:

• Purpose: The summit aims to bolster India's media and entertainment (M&E) industry, expand its global influence, and foster innovation and collaboration within the sector.
• Significance: First-ever global summit to cover the entire media and entertainment industry spectrum.
• Objective:
  • Foster Dialogue and Trade: WAVES aims to be a premier platform for industry leaders, stakeholders, and innovators to engage in meaningful discussions, explore opportunities, and tackle challenges in the M&E sector.
  • Promote India's M&E Industry: Attract trade and investment to India, highlighting its strengths in animation, gaming, entertainment technology, and cinema (both regional and mainstream).

• Focus Areas:
  • Industry Advancements: Discussions will revolve around India’s progress in animation, visual effects, gaming, and cinema.
  • Global Positioning: Establish India as a global powerhouse in the M&E sector, setting new standards for creativity, innovation, and global influence.

WAVES India - Vision and Mission:

• Vision: Position India as a Global Powerhouse: Enhance India’s standing in the dynamic M&E sector, making it a hub of creativity and innovation worldwide.
• Mission:
  • Provide exclusive investment opportunities for global M&E leaders through WAVES.
  • Drive India’s Creative Economy through Intellectual Property (IP) Creation for both domestic and international markets.
  • Develop M&E Infrastructure: Strengthen industry infrastructure and create a skilled workforce to meet global demands.
  • Adapt to New Trends: Embrace emerging technologies and transformations in the M&E landscape.

Expected Outcomes:

• Global Collaboration: Engage global M&E leaders in discussions that provoke ideas and facilitate collaborations.
• Attract Investment: Promote India as a business-friendly investment destination in the M&E sector.
• Skills and Capacity Building: Build capacity in the M&E industry and develop skilled human resources to support international needs.

In News:

The Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund) received Rs 912 crore in contributions during the financial year 2022-23 as donations continued to pour in even after the Covid pandemic.

Key Highlights:

Contributions Received:

• Total contributions in 2022-23: Rs 912 crore.
  • Voluntary contributions: Rs 909.64 crore.
  • Foreign contributions: Rs 2.57 crore.

Interest Income:

• Total interest income for 2022-23: Rs 170.38 crore.
  • From regular accounts: Rs 154 crore.
  • From foreign contributions account: Rs 16.07 crore.

Refunds and Additional Inflows:

• Rs 225 crore in refunds, including:
  • Rs 202 crore refund from procurement of 50,000 ventilators for government hospitals.

Disbursements:

• Total disbursed in 2022-23: Rs 439 crore:
  • Rs 346 crore for PM CARES for Children.
  • Rs 91.87 crore for procurement of 99,986 oxygen concentrators.
  • Rs 1.51 crore for refunds.
  • Rs 24,000 for legal charges, and Rs 278 for bank and SMS charges.

Cumulative Contributions (2019-23):

• Rs 13,605 crore received from 2019-20 to 2022-23.
  • Voluntary contributions: Rs 13,067 crore.
  • Foreign contributions: Rs 538 crore.
• Interest income over these years: Rs 565 crore.

About PM CARES Fund:

Formation and Purpose:

• Established: March 27, 2020, as a Public Charitable Trust under the Registration Act, 1908.
• Purpose: To address emergencies like COVID-19, natural disasters, and man-made calamities. It also supports healthcare infrastructure and essential facilities.

Governance and Structure:

• Chairperson: The Prime Minister (ex-officio).
• Trustees: Defence, Home, and Finance Ministers (ex-officio).
• Additional Trustees: Appointed by the PM, serving on a non-profit basis (e.g., Justice K T Thomas (retd.) and Kariya Munda).

Tax Exemptions:

• Donations are eligible for 100% tax exemption under Section 80G of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
• Donations qualify as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) expenditure under the Companies Act, 2013.
• The fund is exempt under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), allowing it to receive foreign donations.

In News:

• The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) uncovered ancient copper plates and gold coins at the Srisailam Temple in Andhra Pradesh, specifically in the Ghantamandapam area.
• The discovery includes 20 sets of copper plates, totaling 72 leaves, and various gold coins.
• The ASI's Epigraphy Branch in Mysore has completed the documentation of these findings, and the materials are being studied in detail.

Collaboration with Srisailam Devasthanam:

• In collaboration with the Srisailam Devasthanam, ASI plans to publish a book that will detail the findings and their historical significance.
• The book will be printed soon by Pragati Publications in Hyderabad.

Srisailam Temple Overview:

• The Srisailam Temple, also known as the Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple, is a prominent Hindu pilgrimage site in Andhra Pradesh.
• It is located in the Nallamala Hills, overlooking the Krishna River.
• The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva in the form of Mallikarjuna Swamy and Goddess Parvati as Bhramaramba Devi.
• It is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva and one of the Shakti Peethas, making it significant in both Shaivism and Shaktism.

Architectural Significance:

• The temple is built in the Dravidian style, featuring lofty towers and expansive courtyards, and is considered a prime example of Vijayanagara architecture.
• Historical references to the temple date back to the Satavahana period (2nd century AD), and the temple was further endowed by the Kakatiyas and Vijayanagara rulers.

Cultural and Religious Importance:

• The Srisailam Temple is unique for housing both a Jyotirlinga (Lord Shiva) and a Shakti Peetha (Goddess Bhramaramba), a rare combination not found at other temples.
• The great religious figure Adi Shankaracharya is believed to have visited the temple and composed the Sivananda Lahiri there.

Historical Context:

• The copper plates and inscriptions discovered are likely to provide valuable insights into the historical and cultural significance of the temple, as well as the region's ancient religious practices.

In News:

• The Delhi government is reassessing the proposal to permit conjugal visits for prisoners, following the suspension of a similar initiative in Punjab.
• Delhi Chief Minister has sought further input from the Law Department and explored if similar schemes are implemented in other states.

Conjugal Visits - Definition & Context:

• Conjugal visits involve allowing prisoners to spend private time with their legal partners or spouses, including intimate relations, within prison premises.
• No national policy exists in India for conjugal rights of prisoners, leading to varied implementations across states.

Punjab’s Pilot Project - ‘Parivar Mulakat’:

• Ludhiana Central Jail introduced the 'Parivar Mulakat' programme in September 2022, allowing face-to-face meetings with family in designated rooms.
• The initiative was suspended shortly after its launch due to security concerns, particularly difficulty in conducting thorough body checks on visitors.

Challenges in Delhi:

• Overcrowded prisons in Delhi make it challenging to manage the logistical demands of conjugal visits, especially with up to 1,200 daily visitations.
• The Home Department has received proposals but no progress has been made over the past year.

Legal Precedents on Conjugal Rights:

• Punjab and Haryana High Court (2014) ruled that prisoners have a right to conjugal visits to facilitate procreation.
• Madras High Court (2018) allowed a life convict on parole for conjugal relations, and in 2023, a judge called for similar considerations for Tamil Nadu.

Human Rights Argument:

• Advocates argue that denying conjugal visits to prisoners violates basic human rights of both prisoners and their spouses, particularly those aged 21-50, who are often in sexually active years.
• Amit Sahni, a social activist, filed a PIL highlighting that most prisoners in Delhi are denied conjugal rights despite their eligibility.

Government’s Position:

• Delhi DG (Prisons) had argued that temporary leave such as parole and furlough serve the purpose of family ties, questioning the need for conjugal visits within prison.

Need for Legal Framework:

• Legal experts suggest the creation of a law and policy framework to regulate conjugal visits, ensuring clear guidelines for their implementation.
• S.D. Singh, a Supreme Court advocate, emphasized that conjugal visits should be legally recognized as a right, requiring formal legislation for consistent implementation.

Future Considerations:

• The Delhi government’s reassessment may lead to a policy that considers both human rights and security concerns in its decision on conjugal visits.

In News:

Artisans in Srinagar, Kashmir, have revived the extinct dodo bird in papier mâché forms. These figurines are exported worldwide, particularly to Mauritius and Europe, ahead of the Christmas season. Over 50,000 dodo figurines have already been sent to international markets in 2024.

Key Highlights:

The Dodo:

• Scientific Name: Raphus cucullatus.
• Extinct Since: 1681, approximately 80 years after humans began interacting with them.
• Endemic to Mauritius: A flightless bird from the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, a national symbol of the country.
• Extinction Causes: Overhunting and the introduction of invasive species like rats, pigs, and cats that preyed on their eggs.
• Physical Traits: Grey or brown plumage, about 3 feet tall, flightless and fearless.

Papier Mâché Craft in Kashmir:

• History: Practiced for over 600 years in Kashmir, introduced during the reign of King Zain-ul-Abidin (15th century).
• Techniques: Involves creating decorative objects using paper pulp, with traditional Persian motifs.
• Recent Addition of Dodo: The dodo was introduced to the papier mâché craft around two decades ago, likely by Mauritian tourists.

International Market and Demand:

• Mauritius: A significant market for the papier mâché dodo, as the bird is a national emblem of Mauritius.
• Europe: Exported to European countries during the Christmas season, contributing to the popularity of Kashmir’s handicrafts.
• Kashmir's Karkhanas: Local craft workshops in Srinagar are producing thousands of dodo figurines each season, with over 3,000 dodos produced this year.

Cultural and Economic Impact:

• Artisans' Contribution: Local artisans are helping keep the memory of the extinct dodo alive, while boosting Kashmir’s handicraft industry.
• Global Recognition: The dodo is now a sought-after item in global markets, linked to the traditional art of Kashmir.
• Kashmir Handicrafts: Several crafts from Kashmir, including papier mâché, have received Geographical Indication (GI) tags for their distinct cultural and regional significance.

In News:

Three poachers were arrested for killing a sambar deer in the Daying Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary (DEMWS), East Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh.

Action Taken:

• Poachers Arrested: The poachers were booked under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and Arms Act 1959. The seized articles were handed over to the police, and a FIR was registered.
• Sanctuary Protection Efforts: The Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) emphasized the need for intensified surveillance to prevent further hunting incidents. Public cooperation was urged to report such incidents for prompt action.

About Sambar Deer:

• Scientific Name: Rusa unicolor.
• Native Regions: Found across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
• Other Names: Known as Jarao in Nepal and Four-eyed deer in China.
• IUCN Red List: Listed as Vulnerable.

Key Features:

• Size: Stands between 1.2–1.4 meters at the shoulder.
• Weight: Can reach up to 550 kg, making it the largest oriental deer.
• Coat: Dark brown with a ruff around the neck, and unspotted.
• Antlers: Male sambar bears long, rugged antlers with three points (tines).
• Behavior: Elusive, most active at dusk and night.

Habitat:

• Water Dependency: Always found near water sources.
• Habitat Range: Dry deciduous forests, rainforests, and mixed forests.
• Social Structure: Often found alone or in small groups.

About Daying Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary (DEMWS):

• Location: Situated in East Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh.
• Established: Originally established as Lali Wildlife Sanctuary in 1976, renamed Daying Ering Memorial in 1986.
• Climate: Tropical, receiving both north-east and south-west monsoons.
• Waterways: Home to the Siang River, one of Arunachal's major rivers.

Flora:

• Vegetation: Composed mainly of riverine plains with a variety of thatch and grasses.
• Trees: Includes scattered patches of trees such as Termenelia myriocarpa, Dillenia indica, Albizia spp., and Bombax ceiba.

Fauna:

• Mammals: Includes Hog Deer, Wild Pig, Tiger, and Elephant.
• Birds: Over 150 species of birds, including endangered species like the White-Winged Wood Duck and Bengal Florican.

In News:

Researchers at IIT Bombay, led by Viren Menezes from the Department of Aerospace Engineering, have developed a shockwave-based, needle-free syringe to deliver drugs painlessly and safely. The research was published in the Journal of Biomedical Materials and Devices.

Key Features of Shock Syringe:

• Unlike traditional syringes, the shock syringe uses high-energy shockwaves (traveling faster than the speed of sound) to deliver drugs, without the need for needles.
• The device is designed to reduce pain, tissue damage, and infection risk.
• The shock syringe aims to eliminate the discomfort and fear associated with needles.

How the Shock Syringe Works:

• The shock syringe is slightly longer than a ballpoint pen and contains a micro shock tube with three sections: driver, driven, and drug holder.
• Pressurized nitrogen gas is applied to the driver section, which creates a microjet of liquid drug. The microjet travels at speeds nearly twice as fast as a commercial airplane.
• The drug is then delivered through the nozzle of the syringe, penetrating the skin rapidly and gently.

Design Considerations:

• The syringe's nozzle has an opening of 125 μm (approximately the width of a human hair), ensuring a balance between precision and speed.
• Continuous monitoring of pressure ensures safe and effective drug delivery with minimal skin damage.

Testing and Results:

• Lab tests were conducted on rats, injecting three types of drugs:
  • Anaesthetics (Ketamine-Xylazine): Shock syringe produced similar results to needles in terms of effect onset and duration.
  • Viscous drugs (e.g., Terbinafine): The shock syringe outperformed needles, delivering the drug more deeply into the skin layers.
  • Insulin for diabetic rats: The shock syringe lowered blood sugar levels more effectively and sustained the effect for a longer period.
• The skin analysis revealed less damage and inflammation with the shock syringe compared to traditional needles.

Advantages:

• Painless drug delivery: Patients experience little to no discomfort.
• Reduced tissue damage: The shock syringe causes less skin trauma and inflammation.
• Faster healing: Wounds from the injection heal quicker compared to traditional needles.
• Better drug absorption: Especially for viscous drugs, the shock syringe delivers more efficient and deeper drug penetration.

Potential Applications:

• The shock syringe could revolutionize immunization drives, making vaccinations faster and more efficient.
• It could significantly reduce the risk of bloodborne diseases caused by needle-stick injuries.
• The device is designed to perform over 1,000 injections, ensuring cost-effectiveness and reliability with minimal nozzle replacements.

Future Prospects:

• While promising, the future of shock syringes in clinical use depends on:
  • Further innovation for human use.
  • Obtaining regulatory approval.
  • Ensuring the device’s affordability and accessibility.

In News:

• The Delhi High Court has ordered the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Delhi Government.
• This MoU will facilitate the implementation of the PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) in Delhi.

About PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM):

• Scheme Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) with some Central Sector Components (CS).
• Total Outlay: Rs. 64,180 Crores for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26.
• Objective:
  • To strengthen healthcare infrastructure across India, focusing on:
  • Building capacities in health systems at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
  • Preparing health systems to effectively respond to current and future pandemics/disasters.
• Key Focus Areas:

• Filling critical gaps in health infrastructure, surveillance, and health research in both urban and rural areas.
• Improving healthcare delivery across the entire continuum of care.

• Central Sector Components (CS) under the Scheme:

• 12 Central Institutions: To act as training and mentoring sites with 150-bedded Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs).
• Strengthening NCDC: Boosting the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and establishing 5 new regional NCDCs.
• Health Surveillance: Creation of 20 metropolitan health surveillance units and expansion of Integrated Health Information Portal across all States/UTs.
• Public Health Units: Operationalization of 17 new Public Health Units and strengthening 33 existing units at Points of Entry (Airports, Seaports, Land Crossings).
• Emergency Health Infrastructure: Establishment of 15 Health Emergency Operation Centres and 2 mobile hospitals.
• Research and Virology Institutes: Setting up a national institution for One Health, 4 new National Institutes for Virology, and 9 Biosafety Level III laboratories.

• Support for States/UTs under CSS Component:

• Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs):
  • 17,788 rural HWCs: To be built in areas with populations of 5000 (plain) or 3000 (difficult terrain like hills, tribals, desert).
  • 11,024 urban HWCs: Focus on slum and vulnerable areas with a population of 15,000-20,000.
• Block Public Health Units (BPHUs): Establishment of 3,382 BPHUs at the block level to strengthen healthcare accessibility.
• Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs): Setting up 730 IPHLs across districts for better health monitoring.
• Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs): Establishment of 602 CCBs in districts with populations exceeding 5 lakh and referral linkages in other districts.

• Overall Goal: PM-ABHIM aims to significantly enhance healthcare infrastructure in India, making healthcare more accessible and effective, especially in rural and underdeveloped areas.

In News:

• On January 19, 2024, the UN Security Council approved a new African Union (AU) force in Somalia to counter the Al-Shabaab terrorist group.
• The resolution was supported by 14 of 15 members, with the US abstaining due to concerns about funding.
• The new force will replace the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) after its mandate ends on December 31, 2024.

New Mission - AUSSOM:

• The new mission is named African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM).
• AUSSOM will continue supporting Somali forces in stabilizing the nation and combating terrorism.
• The mission's objective is to enhance security and stability in Somalia, addressing the challenges posed by Al-Shabaab and ISIL.

Mandate and Operations:

• AUSSOM allows for the deployment of up to 12,626 personnel, including 1,040 police officers, until June 2025.
• The force will focus on counterterrorism, maintaining security, and assisting the Somali government in stabilizing the country.

Financing:

• A hybrid funding approach will be used:
  • 75% of the mission’s costs will be covered by the UN, and 25% will come from African Union and partner countries.
• The US raised concerns about the UN's disproportionate funding of the mission, which led to its abstention from voting.

Contributing Countries:

• Egypt has announced its participation in the new force.
• Burundi and Ethiopia will not be contributing troops to AUSSOM.
• Ethiopia has its own ongoing disputes with Somalia, particularly regarding its maritime deal with the breakaway Somaliland region.

Background on Somalia's Challenges:

• Somalia has faced decades of civil war, an insurgency by Al-Shabaab, and recurring climate disasters.
• The country is one of the poorest in the world, and its internal conflicts are exacerbated by clannism, which has fragmented its political and social structure.

Historical Context of Peace Missions in Somalia:

• Previous UN peacekeeping missions in Somalia (1992-1995) faced significant failures, notably the Battle of Mogadishu and the failure to prevent the 1993 massacre.
• The rise of Al-Shabaab in the mid-2000s has further escalated the conflict, and the mission of AUSSOM aims to address these continuing threats.

The Role of Clannism:

• Clannism has hindered the establishment of a unified government in Somalia, with clan rivalries leading to a lack of national cohesion.
  • Clannism refers to the prevalence of clan-centric politics, where allegiance to clan and sub-clan interests often takes precedence over national cohesion. In Somalia, the major clans are Darod, Hawiye, Dir, and Rahanweyn.

Importance of AUSSOM:

• AUSSOM represents a strategic shift in the international approach to stabilizing Somalia, relying more on African-led initiatives for peace and security in the region.

Global Peacekeeping Operations:

• The UN peacekeeping mission has been active globally, with over 1 million personnel deployed across 70+ operations.
• Success stories like Sierra Leone (1999-2005) and Liberia (2003-2018) demonstrate the potential impact of well-executed peace missions, but past failures like in Somalia (1992-1995) and Rwanda (1994) underline the challenges faced.

India’s Contribution:

• India has contributed significantly to UN peacekeeping missions, deploying over 253,000 personnel in 49 operations since 1948.
• India’s contributions to missions in Somalia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Sudan reflect its active role in global peacekeeping efforts.

In News:

An ancient Sanskrit inscription found in Gilgit (PoK) was decoded by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

About the Inscription:

• Location:
  • Gilgit (PoK): Written in Brahmi script, dating back to 4th century CE.
  • Peshawar (Pakistan): Written in Sharada script, dating to 10th century CE.
• Details of Gilgit Inscription:
  • Mentions Pushpasingha, who installed a Mahesvaralinga for the merit of his guru.
  • Written in Brahmi script, which was prevalent during the 4th century CE.
  • Religious Context: Indicates significant religious connection, particularly with Shaivism.
• Details of Peshawar Inscription:
  • Fragmentary: Engraved on a slab.
  • Written in Sharada characters (10th century CE).
  • Mentions Buddhist Dharini (chants), particularly referring to Da (Dha) rini in line six.
  • The inscription is partially damaged, and further details are unclear.
• Earlier Discoveries:
  • This is not the first Sanskrit inscription decoded from Pakistan. In the past, Sanskrit inscriptions have been found in various parts of Pakistan.
  • Swat Valley: Known for numerous Buddhist rock inscriptions in Sanskrit using Nagari script, which were part of the Gupta Empire (circa 240–550 CE).
• Religious and Cultural Implications:
  • The Gilgit inscription provides evidence of Shaivism as a prominent religious practice in the region during the 4th century CE.
  • The Peshawar inscription suggests Buddhist influences, particularly related to Buddhist chants and rituals.
  • Swat Valley's Role: The inscriptions found here highlight its importance as a center of Buddhist learning and cultural exchange.

In News:

China approved the construction of the world's largest dam, stated to be the planet's biggest infra project, on the Brahmaputra river in Tibet close to the Indian border, raising concerns in India and Bangladesh.

Key highlights:

Overview of the Project:

• Location: Lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River (Tibetan name for Brahmaputra), where the river makes a U-turn in the Himalayan region before flowing into Arunachal Pradesh, India.
• Purpose:
  • To support China’s carbon neutrality goals.
  • To boost industrial growth and create jobs in Tibet.
  • Expected to generate 300 billion kWh of electricity annually, over three times the capacity of the Three Gorges Dam in central China.

Significance:

• Scale: The dam is poised to be the world’s largest hydropower project, surpassing the Three Gorges Dam, and becoming the biggest infrastructure project globally, with an estimated cost of USD 137 billion.
• Engineering Challenges: The site is located in a seismic zone on the Tibetan plateau, prone to earthquakes, making construction and operational stability a major engineering challenge.

Concerns:

• Environmental Impact:
  • Potential disruption to the local ecosystem and biodiversity.
  • Risk of altering the river’s flow and course, which could impact agriculture and water resources downstream, particularly in India and Bangladesh.
• Geopolitical Risks:
  • Water control: India and Bangladesh are concerned about China’s ability to control the water flow, with fears of China manipulating the flow to release excess water during conflicts, causing potential flooding in border areas.
  • The project could also disrupt the hydrological cycle, affecting the region’s water availability, especially in Assam and Bangladesh.