In News:

• The Delhi High Court has ordered the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Delhi Government.
• This MoU will facilitate the implementation of the PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) in Delhi.

About PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM):

• Scheme Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) with some Central Sector Components (CS).
• Total Outlay: Rs. 64,180 Crores for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26.
• Objective:
  • To strengthen healthcare infrastructure across India, focusing on:
  • Building capacities in health systems at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
  • Preparing health systems to effectively respond to current and future pandemics/disasters.
• Key Focus Areas:

• Filling critical gaps in health infrastructure, surveillance, and health research in both urban and rural areas.
• Improving healthcare delivery across the entire continuum of care.

• Central Sector Components (CS) under the Scheme:

• 12 Central Institutions: To act as training and mentoring sites with 150-bedded Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs).
• Strengthening NCDC: Boosting the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and establishing 5 new regional NCDCs.
• Health Surveillance: Creation of 20 metropolitan health surveillance units and expansion of Integrated Health Information Portal across all States/UTs.
• Public Health Units: Operationalization of 17 new Public Health Units and strengthening 33 existing units at Points of Entry (Airports, Seaports, Land Crossings).
• Emergency Health Infrastructure: Establishment of 15 Health Emergency Operation Centres and 2 mobile hospitals.
• Research and Virology Institutes: Setting up a national institution for One Health, 4 new National Institutes for Virology, and 9 Biosafety Level III laboratories.

• Support for States/UTs under CSS Component:

• Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs):
  • 17,788 rural HWCs: To be built in areas with populations of 5000 (plain) or 3000 (difficult terrain like hills, tribals, desert).
  • 11,024 urban HWCs: Focus on slum and vulnerable areas with a population of 15,000-20,000.
• Block Public Health Units (BPHUs): Establishment of 3,382 BPHUs at the block level to strengthen healthcare accessibility.
• Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs): Setting up 730 IPHLs across districts for better health monitoring.
• Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs): Establishment of 602 CCBs in districts with populations exceeding 5 lakh and referral linkages in other districts.

• Overall Goal: PM-ABHIM aims to significantly enhance healthcare infrastructure in India, making healthcare more accessible and effective, especially in rural and underdeveloped areas.

In News:

The Central Zoo Authority, under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has taken up the development of the ‘National Wildlife Health Policy in consultative workshop held in Indira Prayavaran Bhawan, New Delhi.

Key Highlights:

• Organized by: Central Zoo Authority (CZA), under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).
• Event: Consultative workshop held at Indira Prayavaran Bhawan, New Delhi, on the development of the National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP).
• Purpose: To address health threats to wildlife and integrate wildlife health management with public and animal health.

Goals of the National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP):

• One Health Approach: Integrates human, animal, and environmental health, recognizing their interdependence.
• Focus Areas:
  • Prevent and control zoonotic diseases.
  • Improve disease surveillance and early detection, especially in protected areas.
  • Promote biosecurity measures and epidemic preparedness.
  • Enhance research and development in wildlife health management.
  • Advocate for community awareness on wildlife health and conservation.

Key Features of the Policy:

• Wildlife Health Management Unit (WHMU): Proposed unit to oversee the policy's implementation.
• Collaboration: Involves coordination with various stakeholders including government ministries, NGOs, academic institutions, and veterinary universities.
• Disease Surveillance: Establish protocols for monitoring and controlling wildlife diseases, especially in protected areas.
• Capacity Building: Training programs for professionals involved in wildlife conservation and health management.
• Biosecurity Protocols: Strengthen measures to reduce disease transmission risks.

Supporting Institutions:

• GISE Hub, IIT Bombay and Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India are providing support in policy development.

Challenges Addressed:

• Wildlife in India faces various health challenges including:
  • Infectious diseases (e.g., Canine Distemper Virus).
  • Habitat loss and climate change impacts.
  • Illegal wildlife trade and other anthropogenic pressures.
• India has over 91,000 wildlife species and more than 1,000 protected areas, making comprehensive health management crucial.

Expected Outcomes:

• Comprehensive Framework: A science-based framework for wildlife health, integrating ecological, human, and animal health.
• Disease Outbreak Response: Structured mechanisms for disease management, surveillance, and legal frameworks.
• Public Health Integration: Safeguard wildlife health, which directly impacts balanced ecosystems and biodiversity.

Policy’s Strategic Alignment:

• National Wildlife Action Plan (2017-31): The policy complements the action plan’s 103 conservation actions and 250 projects, including disease surveillance protocols in tiger reserves and other protected areas.
• Research & Development: Encourages the development of strategies to manage wildlife health and prevent disease outbreaks.

In News:

African Swine Fever has been reported at two pig farms in Koottickal and Vazhoor grama panchayats in Kottayam district.

Action Taken:

• Culling of Pigs: All pigs in the affected farms and within a 1 km radius will be culled and disposed of according to Central Government guidelines.
• Infected Zone: A 1 km radius around the affected farms has been declared an infected zone.
• Surveillance Zone: A 10 km radius around the infected area has been designated a surveillance zone.

About African Swine Fever (ASF)

• African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic and wild pigs. It is a notifiable disease and its outbreak should be immediately reported to the higher authorities.
• ASF causes destructive effect on piggery due to high morbidity and mortality (up to 90-100 %). In India it was first confirmed in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in February-March 2020.
• Currently, there is no effective vaccine available against ASF, so prevention by adopting strict biosecurity measures is the only way to prevent ASF.

CLINICAL SIGNS  

• High fever (106-1080 F), lethargy and loss of appetite
• Increased respiration rate
• Blue-purple discoloration of skin of ears, abdomen and rear legs
• Discharge from the eyes and nose; bloody froth from the nose/mouth
• Constipation or bloody diarrhea
• Abortion
• Death of pigs in 6-15 days

Diagnosis: Confirmatory diagnosis in gov. laboratories

In News:

Indian scientists have developed a successful gene therapy treatment for severe haemophilia A, a rare inherited blood disorder causing spontaneous, potentially fatal bleeding episodes.

Key Highlights:

Trial Success:

• The trial, conducted at Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore, involved five patients from Tamil Nadu.
• Results: None of the five patients reported bleeding episodes for over a year after receiving the treatment. The follow-up period averaged 14 months.
• This marks a significant improvement, as haemophilia patients typically experience frequent bleeding episodes requiring regular treatment.

Gene Therapy as a One-Time Solution:

• Traditional treatments involve frequent injections of clotting factors to prevent bleeding.
• The new gene therapy offers a one-time solution, teaching the body to produce enough clotting factor to prevent hemorrhages.

Haemophilia A - Overview:

• Caused by the absence of Factor VIII, a critical blood-clotting protein.
• Hemophilia A primarily affects males (since it's an X-linked disorder), though some females with two defective X chromosomes can also develop the condition.
• Symptoms include prolonged bleeding from minor injuries or internal bleeding in joints and muscles.

Current Treatment Challenges:

• Haemophilia treatments can be expensive and require lifelong care, costing up to ?2.54 crore over a 10-year period.
• The therapy requires repeated infusions of clotting factors or synthetic alternatives, which can be burdensome.

Gene Therapy Details:

• The gene therapy used in this trial involves fusing stem cells with the gene for Factor VIII using a lentivirus vector (safer than other vectors like adenovirus).
• This therapy eliminates the need for repeated Factor VIII infusions, providing a more cost-effective and sustainable solution.

Global Context:

• India has one of the world’s largest haemophilia populations, with an estimated 40,000 to 100,000 patients.
• The success of this gene therapy in India could lead to localized production, reducing treatment costs and increasing accessibility to gene therapy in resource-constrained settings.

Comparison with Roctavian:

• Roctavian, the only FDA-approved gene therapy for haemophilia A, also uses gene delivery to produce Factor VIII, but requires immunosuppressive therapy and is not approved for children.
• In contrast, the Vellore trial's lentivirus-based approach is considered safer, especially for children, with the potential for broader application.

In News:

The World Malaria Report 2024 released by the World Health Organization (WHO) highlights significant progress in malaria control, particularly in India, but underscores the continued burden of malaria in Southeast Asia, where India accounts for half of all malaria cases.

About Malaria:

• Cause: Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, primarily P. falciparum and P. vivax, transmitted through bites from infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
• Transmission: Non-contagious; transmitted via mosquito bites.
• Symptoms: Fever, chills, and headaches appear 10–15 days after the mosquito bite. In some individuals, the symptoms may be mild.
• Prevention: Includes vector control strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor spraying. Malaria is treatable with early diagnosis and prompt medication.

India’s Malaria Status:

• Progress:
  • India has made significant strides in reducing malaria, with cases decreasing from 22.8 million in 2000 to 4 million in 2023, a reduction of 82.4%.
  • Similarly, malaria-related deaths dropped by 82.9%, from 35,000 in 2000 to 6,000 in 2023.
• Exit from High-Burden-High-Impact (HBHI) Group:
  • India exited this group in 2024, signaling its success in reducing malaria burden.
  • Cases dropped by 69% (from 6.4 million in 2017 to 2 million in 2023), and deaths fell by 68% (from 11,100 to 3,500 in the same period).

Key Strategies Behind India's Success:

• Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy (ACT): Used to treat malaria effectively.
• Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN): Widely deployed to control mosquito populations.
• Targeted Interventions: Focused on forested and tribal areas where malaria transmission is higher, particularly in states like Jharkhand, Odisha, and the North-East.
• Effective Monitoring: Ensures proper implementation of strategies and interventions.

WHO's Global Malaria Report 2024 Highlights:

• Global Burden: In 2023, there were 263 million malaria cases globally and 597,000 deaths. The African region remains the hardest hit, accounting for 95% of malaria deaths.
• Progress Since 2000: Malaria incidence and deaths have significantly decreased. The global number of malaria cases and deaths dropped substantially, with over 2.2 billion cases and 12.7 million deaths averted.
• Malaria-Free Countries: As of November 2024, 44 countries and one territory, including Egypt, have been certified malaria-free.
• Emerging Threats: Drug resistance (especially to Artemisinin) and insecticide resistance are growing concerns, affecting control efforts.

India and Southeast Asia:

• India contributes nearly half of the malaria cases in Southeast Asia, while Indonesia accounts for about one-third. Despite progress, India and Indonesia together accounted for 88% of malaria deaths in the region.
• South-East Asia Progress: The region reduced malaria cases by 82.4% from 22.8 million in 2000 to 4 million in 2023. Timor-Leste and Bhutan reported zero indigenous malaria cases in 2023.

Global Recommendations:

• WHO stresses the need for continued investment, innovative strategies, and targeted actions, especially in high-burden areas like Africa, to sustain progress and tackle remaining challenges, such as drug resistance, insecticide resistance, and new vector species like Anopheles stephensi, which thrives in urban areas.

In News:

• Recently, the government introduced a separate category of Ayush Visa for foreigners seeking treatment under the Ayush systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy).
• The Ayush Visa is available in four sub-categories:
  • Ayush Visa: For foreigners visiting India for therapeutic care and wellness treatment in accredited hospitals/wellness centers.
  • Ayush Attendant Visa: For attendants accompanying patients seeking Ayush treatment.
  • e-Ayush Visa: An electronic version of the Ayush Visa for convenience.
  • e-Ayush Attendant Visa: For attendants accompanying patients on an e-Ayush Visa.

• Visa Statistics (as of December 4, 2024):

• 123 regular Ayush visas have been issued.
• 221 e-Ayush visas issued.
• 17 e-Ayush attendant visas issued.

• Advantage Healthcare India Portal:

• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched the Advantage Healthcare India portal, an official platform for Medical Value Travel (MVT).
• The portal facilitates information for international patients seeking medical treatment and wellness services in India.
• The website for accessing the portal is www.healinindia.gov.in.

• Government's Objectives: The government aims to sensitize stakeholders involved in MVT, including Ayush facility providers, to ensure smooth services for international patients.

In News:

Comedian Munawar Faruqui recently opened up about a tough time in his life when his young son was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease.

What is Kawasaki Disease?

• Kawasaki disease is a rare condition that primarily affects children under the age of five.
• It causes inflammation in the blood vessels, including those that supply blood to the heart.
• With early treatment, most children recover without long-term health issues.

Possible Causes:

• The exact cause of Kawasaki disease is not well understood.
• Experts believe it may be triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including certain infections.

Symptoms: Kawasaki disease symptoms typically appear in two phases and may last for several weeks. Common symptoms include:

• High fever lasting more than five days.
• Red eyes without discharge.
• A rash on the body, particularly in the chest and groin area.
• Swollen hands and feet, sometimes accompanied by redness.
• Red, cracked lips and a swollen, red tongue.
• Swollen lymph nodes, particularly on one side of the neck.

Detection & Treatment:

• There’s no test that can directly detect Kawasaki disease. But healthcare providers can do tests that support a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease or rule out other possible illnesses.
• Treatment for Kawasaki disease includes:Immune globulin (IVIG), or human blood proteins you receive by IV. About 10% of children may not respond to the first dose of IVIG and will need a second dose or other medications.

In News:

• The International Day of Persons with Disabilities (IDPD), observed annually on December 3, celebrates the resilience, contributions, and leadership of persons with disabilities (PwDs) worldwide.
• Theme: “Amplifying the leadership of persons with disabilities for an inclusive and sustainable future”

History

• Proclamation: Established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1992 to promote the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities (PwDs).
• Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD): Adopted in 2006, further advanced the rights and well-being of PwDs and supports the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Initiatives

Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities

• In order to give focused attention to policy issues and meaningful thrust to the activities aimed at the welfare and empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs), a separate Department of Disability Affairs was carved out of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment on May 12, 2012.
• The Department was renamed the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities on December 8, 2014.
• The Department acts as a nodal agency for matters pertaining to disability and persons with disabilities, including effecting closer coordination among different stakeholders: related Central Ministries, State/UT Governments, NGOs, etc., in matters pertaining to disability.

Accessible India Campaign

• The Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan), launched on December 3, 2015 aims to achieve universal accessibility for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) across India.
• The key focus areas include improving Built Environment Accessibility in public spaces, enhancing Transportation Accessibility for independent mobility, creating an accessible Information and Communication ecosystem, and expanding Sign Language Access through interpreter training and better media support.

Deendayal Divyangjan Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS)

• DDRS is a central sector scheme to provide grant-in-aid to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for projects relating to the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities aimed at enabling persons with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal, physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric, or socio-functional levels. 

District Disability Rehabilitation Centre (DDRC)

• The District Disability Rehabilitation Centre (DDRC) aims to address the needs of persons with disabilities through a multifaceted approach.
• Its objectives include early identification and intervention, raising awareness, and assessing the need for assistive devices along with their provision and fitment, arrangement of loans for self-employment and more. Additionally, it acts as an outreach center for services provided by National Institutes and works to promote a barrier-free environment for individuals with disabilities.

Assistance to Persons with Disabilities for Purchase/Fitting of Aids/ Appliances (ADIP) Scheme.

• The main objective of the Scheme is to provide grants-in-aid to the various implementing agencies (National Institutes/Composite Regional Centers/Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India.

Schemes For Implementation Of Rights of Persons With Disabilities Act 2016 (SIPDA)

• The Scheme for Implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (SIPDA) is a comprehensive "Central Sector Scheme" that encompasses 10 sub-schemes following its revision during the Expenditure Finance Committee (EFC) meeting on 11th August 2021.
• This revised scheme, approved by the Hon'ble Finance Minister, is designed to operate from 2021–22 to 2025–26. 

Divya Kala Mela

• The Divya Kala Mela is a national-level fair dedicated to Divyangjan and represents a significant milestone in India’s journey toward inclusivity and empowerment of the Divyangjan, or differently-abled individuals.

PM-DAKSH

• PM-DAKSH (Pradhan Mantri DakshtaAurKushaltaSampannHitgrahi) Yojana is a one-stop destination for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs), skill training organizations, and employers across India to be a part of the National Action Plan for Skill Development of Persons with Disabilities implemented by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD). Under this portal, there are two modules:
  • Divyangjan Kaushal Vikas: Skill training is conducted for PwDs through the portal across the country.
  • Divyangjan Rozgar Setu: The platform aims to act as a bridge between PwDs and employers having jobs for PwDs. The platform provides geo-tagged based information on employment/earning opportunities within private companies as well as PwDs across India.

In News:

World AIDS Day is observed annually on December 1 since 1988 to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and demonstrate solidarity with affected individuals. It commemorates lives lost to AIDS and highlights progress and ongoing challenges in prevention, treatment, and care.

Key Highlights:

• 2024 Theme: "Take the Rights Path: My Health, My Right!"
  • Focuses on healthcare access, human rights, and addressing systemic inequalities in HIV prevention and treatment services.
  • Aims to empower individuals to manage their health and reduce stigma.
  • Advocates for inclusivity and global cooperation to eradicate AIDS.

Global and National Perspective on HIV/AIDS

• Global Progress:
  • According to UNAIDS Global AIDS Update 2023, significant strides have been made globally in reducing new HIV infections and improving treatment access.
  • India has been acknowledged for its robust legal framework and financial investments in HIV control.
• India's HIV Statistics:
  • Over 2.5 million people live with HIV in India.
  • Annual new infections: 66,400, a 44% reduction since 2010.
  • HIV prevalence among adults is 0.2%.
  • Free lifelong treatment is provided to over 16 lakh people at 725 ART centers (as of 2023).

India’s Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Response

• Early Initiatives:
  • India’s response to HIV/AIDS began in 1985 with sero-surveillance and blood safety measures.
  • The National AIDS and STD Control Programme (NACP) was launched in 1992, evolving into one of the world’s largest HIV/AIDS control programs.
• Evolution of NACP:
  • Phase I (1992-1999): Focused on awareness and blood safety.
  • Phase II (1999-2007): Introduced direct interventions in prevention, detection, and treatment.
  • Phase III (2007-2012): Expanded decentralized management at the district level.
  • Phase IV (2012-2017): Increased funding and sustainability of interventions.
  • Phase IV Extended (2017-2021): Passage of the HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017; introduction of the ‘Test and Treat’ policy; and response to the COVID-19 pandemic with IT innovations.
• NACP Phase V (2021-2026):
  • Central Sector Scheme with an outlay of Rs. 15,471.94 crore.
  • Goals: Reduce new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths by 80% by 2025-26 from 2010 levels.
  • Eliminate vertical transmission of HIV and syphilis, reduce stigma, and ensure universal access to STI/RTI services for vulnerable populations.
  • Key strategies include community-centered approaches, technology integration, gender-sensitive responses, and public-private sector partnerships.

Key Objectives of NACP Phase V

• Prevention & Control:
  • Ensure 95% of high-risk individuals access prevention services.
  • Achieve the 95-95-95 targets: 95% of HIV-positive individuals know their status, are on treatment, and achieve viral suppression.
  • Eliminate vertical transmission of HIV and syphilis.
  • Reduce stigma and discrimination to less than 10%.
• STI/RTI Prevention:
  • Universal access to high-quality services for at-risk populations.

In News:

Government of India and ADB sign $98 million loan to promote plant health management in India’s horticulture.

Key Highlights:

$98 Million Loan Agreement with ADB:

• India and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) signed a $98 million loan to enhance horticulture productivity and resilience.
• Objective: Improve farmers' access to certified, disease-free planting materials, which will increase crop yield, quality, and climate resilience.
• Focus Areas: The project aligns with India’s Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Programme (CPP), aiming to strengthen plant health management in horticulture.

Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Programme (CPP):

• Implemented under MIDH: The Clean Plant Programme is part of the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH).
• Goal: To provide virus-free, high-quality planting materials to farmers, boosting horticultural crop yields and promoting climate-resilient varieties.
• Implementation Period: 2024-2030, with 50% financial support from ADB.
• Key Components:
  • Establishment of 9 Clean Plant Centers (CPCs) with state-of-the-art diagnostic, therapeutic, and tissue culture laboratories.
  • Certification Framework: Developing a regulatory framework under the Seeds Act 1966 to certify clean plants.
  • Support to Nurseries: Infrastructure development for large-scale nurseries.
• Significance: The programme strengthens India's self-reliance in horticulture and enhances adaptability to climate change impacts.

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH):

• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
• Focus: Holistic development of the horticulture sector, including fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, spices, and more.
• Funding Pattern:
  • General States: 60% by Government of India (GoI), 40% by State Governments.
  • North-Eastern and Himalayan States: 90% by GoI.

Horticulture Sector at a Glance:

• Contribution to Agricultural GDP: Accounts for 33% of the gross value.
• Land Coverage: Occupies 18% of agricultural land in India.
• Global Standing: India is the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally.
• Surpassing Food Grains: Horticulture production exceeds food grain production, occupying much less land (25.66 million hectares vs. 127.6 million hectares for food grains).

Key Benefits of the CPP:

• Climate Resilience: Promotes climate-resilient plant varieties and helps farmers adapt to climate change.
• Innovation: Encourages the use of advanced testing techniques and builds institutional capacity.
• Long-term Impact: Expected to improve sustainability, productivity, and the economic well-being of farmers.

Additional Horticulture Initiatives:

• CHAMAN (Horticulture Assessment using Geo-informatics): A programme to estimate area and production of horticultural crops using scientific methods.
• Kisan Rail Services: Facilitates transportation of perishable horticultural products like fruits and vegetables.
• Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme: By the National Horticulture Board to support the sector’s growth.

In News:

• Recently, Access to Medicine Index Report 2024 was released by the Access to Medicine Foundation. The report evaluates 20 leading pharmaceutical companies on their efforts to expand access to medicines in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).The biennial report has been published since 2008.
• Key Highlights:
  • Key Areas of Evaluation
    • Governance of Access: Companies’ leadership in addressing access issues.
    • Research & Development (R&D): Focus on innovations for diseases prevalent in LMICs.
    • Product Delivery: Efforts to ensure medicines and vaccines are accessible.
  • Findings from the 2024 Report
    • Gaps in Access for Low-Income Countries:
      • Many pharmaceutical companies are adopting ‘inclusive business models,’ but outcomes are mixed, with transparent reporting still lacking.
      • 61% of products lack specific access strategies for low-income countries.
    • Exclusion from Clinical Trials:Only 43% of clinical trials take place in LMICs, despite these countries representing 80% of the global population.
    • Limited Technology Transfers & Local Availability:
      • Technology transfers and voluntary licensing are concentrated in countries like Brazil, China, and India.
      • Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) remains largely overlooked.
    • Decline in R&D for Priority Diseases:
      • Pharmaceutical companies are moving away from diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases, which disproportionately affect LMICs.
  • Key Issues in Accessing Medicines in LMICs
    • Economic Barriers:
      • High costs of essential medicines, including patented drugs, limit access for patients in LMICs with low purchasing power.
      • Out-of-pocket expenditures lead to catastrophic financial consequences for families.
    • Infrastructure Challenges:
      • Poor transportation and cold chain infrastructure hamper the efficient distribution of medicines, especially in rural areas.
      • Disruptions in supply chains (e.g., during pandemics) exacerbate medicine shortages.
    • Regulatory Issues:Weak enforcement of regulatory frameworks results in the proliferation of substandard and counterfeit medicines, compromising treatment efficacy.
    • Workforce Limitations:
      • A shortage of trained healthcare professionals restricts appropriate prescription and management of medicines.
      • Cultural beliefs and low health literacy further complicate adherence to treatments.
  • Challenges Specific to LMICs
    • Dual Burden of Diseases:
      • LMICs face both infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), putting strain on fragile healthcare systems.
      • 17 million people die from NCDs before age 70 annually, with 86% of these deaths occurring in LMICs.
    • Need for Local Manufacturing:
      • Strengthening local pharmaceutical manufacturing and distribution networks is crucial to ensure a reliable supply of essential medicines and reduce dependence on imports.
  • Recommendations for Improving Access
    • Companies should scale up efforts to bridge the health equity gap and use innovative approaches and local partnerships to improve access.
    • Focus on increasing transparency in access reporting and addressing the lack of strategies for low-income countries.
    • Pharmaceutical companies should refocus on diseases prevalent in LMICs, such as malaria and tuberculosis, and ensure that their R&D addresses the needs of these regions.

In News:

Researchers have developed a technology for targeted better detection of HIV-genome derived G-Quadruplex (GQ).

Key Features of the GQ-RCP Platform

• Technology: GQ Topology-Targeted Reliable Conformational Polymorphism (GQ-RCP) platform developed by Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR).
• Detection Mechanism: Uses a fluorometric test to detect HIV-derived GQ DNA through reverse transcription and amplification.
• Advantage: Increases diagnostic reliability by reducing false positives associated with non-specific DNA probes.
• Process: pH-mediated transition of double-stranded DNA into GQ conformation for targeted detection.
• Flexibility: Initially designed for SARS-CoV-2, now adapted for HIV diagnosis.

About HIV

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the immune system, specifically CD4 cells, weakening the body's ability to fight infections.
• Transmission: Spread through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.
• AIDS: Without treatment, HIV progresses to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), where the immune system becomes severely damaged.
• Management: No cure; managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which controls viral replication.

Current HIV Situation in India

• Prevalence: As of 2021, ~2.4 million people living with HIV in India, with a 0.22% adult prevalence rate.
• Demographic Distribution: High prevalence among female sex workers (2.61%) and injecting drug users (5.91%). Women represent 39% of HIV-positive population.
• High-Prevalence States: Northeastern states have the highest prevalence (e.g., Mizoram - 2.70%) and southern states (e.g., Andhra Pradesh - 0.67%).

Government Initiatives on HIV

• National AIDS Control Program (NACP): Launched in 1992, aims for prevention, treatment, and care.
  • Phase I (1992-1999): Focus on awareness, blood safety, and surveillance.
  • Phase II (1999-2006): Expanded interventions for high-risk populations.
  • Phase III (2007-2012): Increased targeted interventions and civil society involvement.
  • Phase IV (2012-2021): Focused on integration of HIV services into public health systems.
  • Phase V (2021-2026): Aim to reduce new infections and AIDS-related deaths by 80% by 2026.
• Legislative Framework: The HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Act (2017) ensures the rights of people living with HIV and access to treatment without discrimination.
• International Support: India receives support from UNAIDS, WHO, the World Bank, and foundations like Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

In News:

• Nafithromycin is India's first indigenously developed antibiotic aimed at combating drug-resistant pneumonia, developed with support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC).
• The drug is being marketed under the trade name "Miqnaf" by Wockhardt.

Significance in Combating Drug Resistance:

• Nafithromycin addresses Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP), a serious disease caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
• Pneumonia is responsible for over 2 million deaths globally annually, with India facing 23% of the global burden.
• The drug is 10 times more effective than current treatments like azithromycin, requiring only three doses for effective treatment, offering a safer and faster solution.

Biotechnology Sector and Public-Private Collaboration:

• BIRAC, under the Department of Biotechnology, supported the research and development of Nafithromycin.
• This achievement underscores the public-private collaboration between the government and pharmaceutical industry, demonstrating India’s capacity to develop indigenous solutions for global health challenges.

Global Health Implications:

• Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis that prolongs illnesses and raises healthcare costs.
• The new antibiotic offers a vital solution to multi-drug-resistant pathogens, contributing significantly to global health.
• India’s leadership in addressing AMR positions the country as a major player in biotechnology innovation.

Importance for Vulnerable Populations:

• Vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems (e.g., diabetes, cancer patients), are particularly affected by drug-resistant pneumonia.
• Nafithromycin offers a much-needed therapeutic option for these groups.

Impact of AMR Awareness:

• The launch coincides with World AMR Awareness Week, emphasizing the urgency of tackling antimicrobial resistance.
• Public awareness, fostered by the COVID-19 pandemic, has increased the focus on biotechnology and its potential to address global health challenges.

Future Prospects:

• Nafithromycin is awaiting final approval from the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) for manufacturing and public use.
• The launch is expected to lead to future breakthroughs in antibiotic development and contribute significantly to improving public health.

In News:

India's achievement of becoming polio-free in 2014 stands as one of the most remarkable successes in global public health. This milestone, which was celebrated worldwide, represents decades of consistent efforts, collaboration, and innovative strategies, culminating in the elimination of wild poliovirus in the country.

Key Milestones in Polio Eradication

• Pulse Polio Programme Launch (1995):
  • The Pulse Polio Immunization Programme was a game-changer, initiating large-scale vaccination campaigns across India, with the first nationwide campaign held on 2nd October 1994 (Gandhi Jayanti) in Delhi.
  • The campaign used the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and reached over 1 million children.
  • The slogan "Do BoondZindagi Ki" (Two drops of life) became synonymous with India’s polio eradication efforts.
• Routine Immunization and System Strengthening:
  • The Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), which launched in 1985, made polio one of the first diseases targeted for elimination. UIP is now one of the world’s largest immunization programs, aiming to provide vaccines against 12 preventable diseases, including polio.
  • Cold chain management was improved through systems like the National Cold Chain Training Centre (NCCTE) and Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN), ensuring proper storage and distribution of vaccines.
• Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) Introduction (2015):
  • As part of the Global Polio Endgame Strategy, India introduced the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) in 2015 to provide enhanced protection, particularly against type 2 poliovirus.
  • This move followed the global transition from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV (which excludes the type 2 strain) and helped ensure continued protection against all forms of polio.
• Surveillance Systems:
  • India implemented Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance to track unexplained paralysis in children, a symptom of polio.
  • Environmental Surveillance, involving monitoring sewage water for poliovirus strains, played a critical role in identifying potential outbreaks and residual poliovirus transmission.
• Political Will & Community Engagement:
  • Strong political commitment from both central and state governments ensured sustained resources and focus on the program.
  • Community participation was also vital, with health workers and volunteers working to ensure vaccination coverage in the most remote areas.

The Final Leap: Certification and Maintenance

• 2011 marked the last case of wild poliovirus in Howrah, West Bengal, and India ramped up its surveillance and response efforts to ensure no further cases.
• India achieved polio-free certification from the World Health Organization (WHO) on 27th March 2014, after meeting strict criteria, including three years without wild poliovirus transmission and robust surveillance systems.

Post-Certification Efforts: Keeping Polio at Bay

Even after achieving polio-free status, India remains vigilant to maintain this achievement:

• Annual National Immunization Days (NID) and Sub-National Immunization Days (SNID) are held regularly to boost immunity levels and ensure no child is missed.
• Continuous surveillance and vaccination at international borders help prevent the risk of re-importation of the virus.
• Mission Indradhanush (MI), launched in 2014, aims to increase immunization coverage to 90%, focusing on hard-to-reach areas and improving vaccine coverage.

Ongoing Commitment to Immunization

India’s immunization programs continue to evolve:

• New vaccines like Rotavirus, Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV), and Measles-Rubella (MR) are being added to protect against other vaccine-preventable diseases.
• Mission Indradhanush’s intensified phase has played a crucial role in improving vaccination rates, particularly in underserved areas.

In News:

In September, a trekker from Idukki, Kerala, died in Uttarakhand while attempting to scale Garur Peak due to respiratory failure. Every year, numerous tourists like this succumb to the effects of high-altitude sickness in the pristine but challenging inner Himalayas. These regions present hidden dangers due to their extreme altitudes, where thinner air and reduced oxygen can lead to potentially fatal conditions.

What is High-Altitude Sickness?

• Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) occurs when the body struggles to acclimatize to high altitudes, typically above 8,000 feet (2,400 meters), where oxygen levels are lower.
• As altitude increases, oxygen levels decrease, leading to hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Early symptoms include:Headache, Nausea, Fatigue&Shortness of breath
• If untreated, AMS can develop into:
  • High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE): Fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to severe breathing problems.
  • High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE): Fluid in the brain causing confusion, hallucinations, or coma.
• Both conditions are life-threatening and require immediate descent to lower altitudes.

Infrastructural Issues

• Many Himalayan regions lack adequate healthcare facilities beyond major towns like Shimla.
• Leh is an exception, with specialized facilities for high-altitude ailments, but most areas lack preventive health measures.
• Implementing health screenings at entry points to high-altitude zones (like Kinnaur or Lahaul-Spiti) could significantly improve prevention and response to AMS.

Mandatory Registration System for Tourists

• Tourist Registration: A system where tourists must register before entering remote mountain areas would allow authorities to monitor movements and provide timely medical assistance.
• Benefits:
  • Quick emergency responses by having data on tourists' locations.
  • Research support: Tracking demographic patterns and risk factors to better understand how altitude impacts different populations.

Early Intervention for High-Altitude Sickness

• Gradual Ascent: To allow the body to acclimatize, gradual ascent is crucial. Every 3-4 days, take a rest day and avoid increasing sleeping altitude by more than 500 meters/day.
• Medications: Doctors recommend:
  • Acetazolamide to promote better oxygenation.
  • Dexamethasone for reducing inflammation in severe cases.
  • For those with a history of HAPE, Nifedipine may be used preventively.
• However, no medication guarantees immunity from AMS. Travelers with pre-existing conditions should consult a doctor before traveling.

Treatment Strategies

• Descent: The best treatment for AMS is to descend to lower altitudes (300-1,000 meters), where symptoms improve rapidly.
• Additional Measures: If available, supplemental oxygen or a portable hyperbaric chamber can help in emergencies.
• Medications like acetazolamide and dexamethasone can provide short-term relief but are not substitutes for descent.

Policy Recommendations

• Medical Infrastructure: Establish state-of-the-art medical facilities in high-altitude regions of the Himalayas.
• Research: Set up research centers to study high-altitude illnesses.
• Air-ambulance Services: Equip states with air-ambulance services for rapid medical evacuation in emergencies.
• Health and Safety Information: Provide accessible information on government websites and at check-in points to educate tourists on preventing and managing AMS.

Preventive Measures Before Scaling the Himalayas

• Acclimatization: Gradual ascent is essential for preventing AMS.
• Health Checks: Get a medical check-up to assess risk factors before travel.
• Medications: Consult a doctor for potential preventive medications.
• Hydration and Rest: Stay hydrated and take ample rest during the ascent.
• Monitor Symptoms: Be aware of early symptoms like headaches or nausea and stop ascending if they occur.

By addressing these measures, the risks associated with high-altitude sickness can be mitigated, improving safety for tourists and trekkers in the Himalayas.

In News:

• On the occasion of Janjatiya Gaurav Diwason 15th November 2024, Hon’ble Governor of Madhya Pradesh, and Chief Minister unveiled a commemorative postage stamp dedicated to "Sickle Cell Eradication - 2047" at PG College, Dhar. 
• Significance:Focuses on India’s commitment to eradicate Sickle Cell Anemia by 2047, especially in tribal communities.

Sickle Cell Anemia Overview

• What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
  • Genetic blood disorder leading to abnormal hemoglobin.
  • Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, blocking blood flow and causing pain, organ damage, and reduced life expectancy.
• Symptoms:
  • Chronic anemia causing fatigue, weakness, and pallor.
  • Painful episodes (sickle cell crisis) resulting in intense pain in bones, chest, and limbs.
  • Delayed growth and puberty in children.
• Treatment Processes:
  • Blood Transfusions: Relieve anemia and reduce pain crises.
  • Hydroxyurea: Reduces the frequency of painful episodes.
  • Gene Therapy: Includes bone marrow or stem cell transplants and methods like CRISPR for treatment.

Challenges of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in India

• Tribal Population Impact:
  • India has the world’s largest tribal population (~67.8 million, 8.6% of total population as per 2011 Census).
  • Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is identified as one of the top 10 health issues for tribal communities.
• Challenges:
  • Limited diagnostic and treatment facilities in remote tribal regions.
  • Lack of awareness about genetic counseling and preventive care.
  • High treatment costs (e.g., CRISPR therapy costs USD 2-3 million).
  • Bone marrow donor availability is a challenge.

Government Initiatives for SCD Management

• National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (2023):
  • Objective: Eliminate SCD as a public health issue by 2047.
  • Key Features:
    • Community Screening: Mass screening to identify at-risk individuals.
    • Genetic Counseling: Educating families on genetic nature of SCD.
    • Advanced Diagnostics: Use of tools like HPLC for accurate diagnosis.
    • Prenatal Testing: Partnership with organizations like Sankalp India.
    • Newborn Screening: AIIMS Bhopal provides early detection.
    • Technology: A mobile app and National Sickle Cell Portal for tracking data.
  • Progress:Over 3.37 crore people screened, with 3.22 crore confirmed negative.
  • Target Groups:Focus on children, adolescents, youth, and adults for screening, counseling, and care.
• National Health Mission (NHM) (2013):
  • Emphasizes disease prevention and management, particularly for hereditary conditions like sickle cell.
  • Facilitates medications like hydroxyurea for treatment.
• National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research (2017):Regulates stem cell therapies and allows Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) for SCD.
• National Guidelines for Gene Therapy (2019):Guidelines for gene therapies for inherited disorders, including CRISPR treatment for SCD.
• State Haemoglobinopathy Mission of Madhya Pradesh:Addresses screening and management challenges of SCD in the state.

Global Awareness and Observances

• World Sickle Cell Awareness Day:
  • Observed on 19th June annually, with the 2024 theme: "Hope Through Progress: Advancing Sickle Cell Care Globally".
  • Aimed at raising awareness about SCD struggles, improving patient care, and finding a cure.

In News:

As Delhi’s AQI worsened, the Commission for Air Quality Management issued the order to activate Stage-IV of the Graded Response Action Plan.

Restrictions Under GRAP-IV in Delhi-NCR

• Truck Movement:
  • Banned except for essential goods and trucks using clean fuels (LNG, CNG, BS-VI diesel, or electric).
  • Non-essential light commercial vehicles registered outside Delhi are also banned unless they are CNG or BS-VI diesel or electric vehicles (EVs).
  • Delhi-registered BS-IV or older diesel vehicles (medium and heavy goods vehicles) are banned, except for those in essential services.
• Construction Activities:Suspension of all construction work, including public projects like highways, roads, flyovers, power lines, pipelines, etc.
• Schools and Work:
  • Online classes for students of Classes 6 to 9 and Class 11.
  • Work from home (WFH) recommendations for 50% office capacity in NCR.
  • Central government employees may also be asked to work from home.
  • Offline classes for Classes 10 and 12 continue, but schools for other classes must shift to online mode.
• Other Measures:
  • State governments may impose additional measures such as:
    • Closure of colleges.
    • Odd-even vehicle scheme.
    • Restrictions on non-essential commercial activities.

About GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan)

• Purpose: A plan to reduce air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region based on AQI levels.
• Approved By: Supreme Court in 2016 (M.C. Mehta v. Union of India).
• Notified by MoEFCC: 2017.
• Implementation Authority: CAQM (Commission for Air Quality Management).

Stages of GRAP

GRAP is an incremental system, with measures activated as air quality deteriorates:

• Stage 1: Poor AQI (201-300) – Basic pollution control measures.
• Stage 2: Very Poor AQI (301-400) – Enhanced measures.
• Stage 3: Severe AQI (401-450) – Stricter actions like shutting down industries.
• Stage 4: Severe Plus AQI (Above 450) – Most stringent restrictions, as activated on November 18, 2024.

Air Quality Index (AQI)

• Introduced: 2014, by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
• Categories:
  • Good: 0-50
  • Satisfactory: 51-100
  • Moderately Polluted: 101-200
  • Poor: 201-300
  • Very Poor: 301-400
  • Severe: 401-450
  • Severe Plus: 451 and above (current status in Delhi).
• Pollutants Considered: PM10, PM2.5, NO?, SO?, CO, O?, NH?, and Pb.
• Measurement: 24-hour average values for PMs, and 8-hour averages for CO and O?.

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

• Established: Under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) Act, 2021.
• Mandate: To coordinate, research, and manage air quality issues in the NCR and adjoining areas.
• Composition: Includes government officials, technical experts, and NGO representatives.
• Jurisdiction: Covers Delhi and parts of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.

In News:

• World Diabetes Day is observed on November 14th each year to raise awareness about diabetes, its prevention, and management.
• It was created by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

• Significance: Commemorates the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, who co-discovered insulin in 1922 alongside Charles Best.
• Theme (2024): "Access to Diabetes Care: Empowering Better Health for All".

History:

• Established in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and World Health Organization (WHO).
• Recognized as a global observance by the UN in 2006.
• Activities: Awareness campaigns, health check-ups, educational seminars, and lighting of Blue Circle Monuments worldwide as a symbol of unity in the fight against diabetes.

Global Diabetes Data (2022):

• Total Diabetic Adults: 828 million globally.
• India's Share: 212 million (approximately 25% of global cases).
• Other Countries:

• • China: 148 million.
  • USA: 42 million.
  • Pakistan: 36 million.
  • Indonesia: 25 million.
  • Brazil: 22 million.

Risk Factors for Diabetes:

• Global Factors: Obesity and poor diets are key contributors.
• India-Specific Factors: Dietary habits, lack of exercise, and socio-economic disparities contribute significantly to the high prevalence.

Untreated Cases:

• Global untreated cases (2022): 445 million (59% of diabetics globally).
• India untreated cases (2022): 133 million (64 million men, 69 million women).
• Complications: Untreated diabetes leads to severe health complications, including heart disease, kidney failure, and premature death.

Types of Diabetes:

• Diabetes Mellitus: The most common type of diabetes, characterized by issues with insulin production or its efficient use.
  • Type 1 Diabetes (T1D):
    • Autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
    • Primarily affects children and young adults.
  • Type 2 Diabetes (T2D):
    • Insulin resistance combined with reduced insulin production.
    • Often linked to lifestyle factors like obesity and physical inactivity.
  • Gestational Diabetes:
    • Occurs in pregnant women, leading to high blood sugar.
    • Typically resolves after childbirth.
  • Diabetes Insipidus:
    • Imbalance of water regulation due to inadequate secretion or response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
    • Leads to excessive urination and dehydration.

Symptoms of Diabetes:

• Frequent urination.
• Excessive thirst and hunger.
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Blurred vision.
• Fatigue.
• Slow-healing wounds.

Role of Insulin in Managing Diabetes:

• Function of Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.
• In Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin injections or pumps are essential for survival.
• In Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin or oral medications may be prescribed alongside lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise.

Government Initiatives in India:

• National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS): Focuses on awareness, early diagnosis, and management of diabetes.
• National Health Policy (2017): Aims to reduce premature deaths from non-communicable diseases by 25% by 2025.
• Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres: Provides free screenings and consultations for diabetes and other non-communicable diseases.
• Eat Right Movement: Promotes healthier dietary habits to combat obesity and reduce diabetes risks.
• School Health Programs: Aims to educate children on healthy lifestyles to prevent the early onset of Type 2 diabetes.

In News:

• Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh introduced the concept of ‘Adaptive Defence’ at the inaugural Delhi Defence Dialogue (DDD).
• Adaptive Defence aims to prepare India's military for the rapidly changing landscape of modern warfare, with evolving threats and technologies shaping global security.

Key Aspects of Adaptive Defence:

• Strategic Approach:
  • Adaptive Defence is an evolving strategy where military and defence systems continuously adjust to emerging threats, focusing on proactive preparedness rather than reactive responses.
  • It is based on anticipating future threats, fostering flexibility, resilience, and agility in both strategic and tactical responses.
• Core Elements:
  • Situational Awareness: The ability to understand and respond to dynamic, often unpredictable environments.
  • Flexibility & Agility: At both the strategic and tactical levels to ensure swift and effective responses.
  • Resilience: The capacity to recover and adapt quickly to unforeseen circumstances.
  • Integration with Emerging Technologies: Emphasis on adopting cutting-edge technologies like AI, drones, and cybersecurity to stay ahead of adversaries.

The Changing Nature of Warfare:

• Grey Zone & Hybrid Warfare:
  • Modern conflicts now often occur in the grey zone and involve hybrid warfare, blending traditional and non-traditional threats like cyber-attacks, terrorism, and psychological warfare.
  • These new threats demand continuous adaptation in strategies, doctrines, and military operations.
• Technological Transformation:
  • Drones and swarm technologies are reshaping warfare. India aspires to become a global hub for drones, leveraging these technologies for both economic and military growth.
  • The increasing significance of Artificial Intelligence (AI), cyber capabilities, and quantum technologies in defence highlights the need for international collaboration in research and innovation.
• Psychological Warfare:
  • The rise of information overload and psychological warfare challenges traditional defence paradigms. Manipulation of information to influence public opinion and disrupt decision-making processes is now a key threat.

Government Initiatives for Adaptive Defence:

• Institutional Strengthening:
  • Establishment of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and initiatives to enhance jointness among the three armed services (Army, Navy, Air Force) to create a unified strategic force.
  • Reform of training curricula and emphasis on integrated operations to ensure readiness for new-age warfare.
• Focus on Self-Reliance:
  • Strengthening the indigenous defence sector through initiatives like Make in India and the Aatmanirbhar Bharat campaign.
  • Increasing foreign direct investment (FDI) in defence and promoting defence exports, with India currently exporting to over 100 nations.
• Drone Hub Vision:
  • India aims to become the world’s drone hub, supporting R&D and fostering innovation to develop reliable certification mechanisms and enhance Indian intellectual property in the drone sector.
  • Programs like iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) and ADITI are rewarding innovation and driving India's defence sector towards greater self-sufficiency.
• Technology and Innovation:
  • Focus on cybersecurity, AI, and quantum technologies to develop solutions that address both national and global security challenges.
  • India is also working on Theaterisation, integrating the three services into a unified force structure for enhanced coordination and joint operations.
• Defence Acquisition and Export:
  • Introduction of the Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020, establishment of Defence Industrial Corridors in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, and a Positive Indigenisation List to boost self-reliance.
  • India is actively increasing defence exports, aiming for Rs 50,000 crore worth of exports by 2029, with key export destinations including the USA, France, and Armenia.

Strategic Vision for the Future:

• Collaborative Approach:
  • Given the interconnectedness of global security, the defence minister emphasized the importance of a collaborative approach in dealing with transnational threats.
  • Cross-border issues, cyberspace threats, and the potential of quantum and nanotechnologies demand the sharing of knowledge and strategies across borders.
• Joint Military Vision:
  • Jointness in defence strategy should go beyond national borders and should involve international cooperation in response to global security challenges.
  • The need for interconnected solutions in the face of transnational threats underscores the importance of multilateral cooperation.

In News:

• Cambodia saw a resurgence of H5N1 avian influenza cases after over 10 years of no human infections.
• From February 2023 to August 2024, 16 human cases were reported, with 3 deaths caused by the A/H5 clade 2.3.2.1c virus.
• Notably, 14 of these cases were caused by a novel reassortant virus, involving a mixture of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4b gene segments.

Key Points:

• Reassortment of the Virus:
  • The reassortment between clades 2.3.2.1c (Southeast Asia) and 2.3.4.4b (global spread) has created a new strain.
  • This reassortant virus is responsible for the second wave of infections in humans, starting in October 2023.
• Zoonotic Transmission:
  • Investigations confirmed that direct contact with sick poultry or bird droppings was the primary source of human infections.
  • There have been no reported cases of human-to-human transmission.
  • The novel reassortant virus appears to have replaced the 2.3.2.1c strain in Cambodian poultry.
• Geographic Spread and Spillovers:
  • Clade 2.3.2.1c was first reported in Cambodian poultry in March 2014. It continued to circulate in both poultry and wild birds.
  • Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses began circulating in Cambodian live bird markets by 2021, co-existing with clade 2.3.2.1c.
  • There were two key spillovers to humans:
    • The first spillover in February 2023, associated with clade 2.3.2.1c, involved two related individuals, with one death.
    • The second spillover, beginning in October 2023, involved the novel reassortant virus.
• Genetic Analysis and Mutation Concerns:
  • Genetic sequencing showed significant changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of viruses from human cases, indicating a shift from older local strains to newer sublineages.
  • The PB2 627K mutation in the novel reassortant is concerning, as it is linked to increased mammalian adaptation and the potential for airborne transmission, particularly in mammals like ferrets.
  • This mutation raises concerns about the virus’s ability to adapt to humans or other mammals.
• Environmental and Epidemiological Factors:
  • The reassortment is believed to have been facilitated by:
    • High-density poultry farming.
    • Wild bird migration.
    • Cross-border poultry trade in Southeast Asia.
  • These factors heighten the risk of zoonotic transmission, emphasizing the need for continued vigilance in the region.
• Surveillance and Response:
  • One Health investigations linked human cases to infected poultry, highlighting the importance of rapid response through whole genome sequencing.
  • The ongoing surveillance is critical, as the novel reassortant strain has already replaced clade 2.3.2.1c in Cambodian poultry.
• Public Health Recommendations:
  • There is an urgent need to strengthen sustained surveillance of avian influenza in both poultry and wild birds, particularly in Southeast Asia.
  • Public health strategies should focus on:
    • Reducing human exposure to infected poultry.
    • Promoting safe poultry handling practices.
    • Encouraging early healthcare-seeking behavior in individuals with potential symptoms.

In News:

ICMR announces ‘First in the World Challenge’ to encourage scientists to find innovative ideas to tackle health issues.

Key Highlights:

• Objective:
  • Encourage bold, out-of-the-box ideas for solving difficult health problems.
  • Aim to foster novel and groundbreaking biomedical innovations (vaccines, drugs, diagnostics, interventions, etc.).
  • Target projects that are “first of their kind” and have never been tried or tested globally.
• Key Features of the Initiative:
  • Focus on Groundbreaking Innovations:
    • Emphasis on high-risk, high-reward ideas with potential for significant global health impact.
    • Excludes proposals aiming for incremental knowledge or process innovation.
  • Scope of Research:
    • Breakthroughs in biomedical and health technologies such as:
      • Vaccines
      • Drugs/Therapeutics
      • Diagnostics
      • Interventions
• Funding & Support:
  • Provides funding for projects at various stages, from proof-of-concept to prototype development and final product.
  • Support for projects that have the potential to lead to “first-of-its-kind” biomedical innovations.
• Application Process:
  • Open to individual researchers or teams (from single or multiple institutions).
  • Teams must designate a Principal Investigator responsible for the project’s technical, administrative, and financial aspects.
• Selection Criteria:
  • A selection committee will be formed with:
    • Experts, innovators, policymakers, and distinguished scientists with an outstanding research record.
    • Proposals evaluated based on originality, impact potential, and innovation.

About the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

• History:Founded in 1911 as the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA), renamed ICMR in 1949.
• Role & Mandate:
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
  • Formulates, coordinates, and promotes biomedical research in India.
  • Focus on improving public health and addressing national health challenges.
• Vision:“Translating Research into Action for Improving the Health of the Population.”

In News:

The 2024 edition of The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change presents critical insights into the intersection of health and climate change.

Key Findings from the 2024 Report

• Air Pollution and Mortality in India:
  • In 2021, air pollution was responsible for 1.6 million deaths in India.
  • Fossil fuels (coal and liquid gas) were identified as major contributors, accounting for 38% of these deaths.
  • India was ranked as the second-highest emitter of PM2.5 globally in 2022, contributing 15.8% of consumption-based and 16.9% of production-based PM2.5 emissions.
• Impact of Heat Stress:
  • In 2023, India experienced 2400 hours (or 100 days) of moderate to high heat stress, particularly during light outdoor activities like walking.
  • Heatwaves have become more frequent, with adults over 65 years experiencing 8.4 heatwave days per year, a 58% increase from 1990-1999.
  • This increased heat exposure has led to a loss of 181 billion labor hours globally, translating into an economic loss of approximately $141 billion.
• Global and National Trends in Air Pollution:
  • PM2.5 is particularly hazardous because it is fine enough to enter the lungs and bloodstream, leading to severe health risks like respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO?), Sulphur Dioxide (SO?), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Ozone (O?) were identified as other pollutants contributing to poor air quality in India.
• Health Impact of Extreme Weather:
  • The 2023 heatwave was one of the hottest years on record, exacerbating health risks worldwide, especially for the elderly.
  • Droughts and heatwaves also contributed to a rise in food insecurity, affecting millions globally.
• Disease Transmission and Climate Change:
  • Dengue transmission potential rose by 85% from 1951-1960 to 2014-2023.
  • Coastal areas suitable for the spread of Vibrio pathogens, which cause cholera, expanded by 23%, affecting over 210 million people.
• Health Effects of Fossil Fuel Pollution:
  • Continued reliance on fossil fuels worsens air quality, leading to health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Government Efforts to Tackle Air Pollution in India

• National Clean Air Programme (NCAP):
  • NCAP is a national strategy to reduce air pollution across India, with specific action plans for 131 non-attainment cities. The initiative is supported through various central government schemes such as:
    1. Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)
    2. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
    3. Smart City Mission
    4. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME-II)
• Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) Emission Norms:
  • BS-VI standards aim to significantly reduce vehicular pollution, lowering permissible limits for NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions from vehicles.
• System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR):
  • SAFAR measures air quality and provides forecasts for metropolitan cities based on real-time data, helping authorities take preventive actions.
• Promotion of Renewable Energy:
  • India achieved a record 11% of electricity from renewable energy in 2022. However, 71% of India’s electricity still comes from coal, underscoring the need for a faster transition to cleaner energy sources.

In News:

Celebrated on 29th October 2024, marking the 9th Ayurveda Day, with the theme “Ayurveda Innovations for Global Health”.

• Global Participation: Over 150 countries participating, reflecting Ayurveda's growing global influence.
• Venue: Major events held at the All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), New Delhi.

Key Highlights:

Significance of Ayurveda and its Global Outreach

• Ancient System: Ayurveda is one of the oldest healthcare systems, focusing on holistic well-being, rooted in Vedic traditions, and dating back over 5,000 years.
• Global Recognition: Recognized in 24 countries and Ayurveda products exported to over 100 countries.
• International Cooperation: Collaborative efforts through forums like BRICS, SCO, BIMSTEC, and WHO to integrate Ayurveda into global health policies.

Role of Dhanvantri in Ayurveda Day

• Dhanvantari Jayanti: Ayurveda Day coincides with Dhanteras, marking the birth anniversary of Lord Dhanvantri, considered the divine physician.
• Cultural & Religious Significance: Worshiped for promoting health and longevity, Dhanvantri symbolizes the healing powers of Ayurveda.

Innovations and Relevance of Ayurveda

• Research and Innovation: The theme emphasizes scientific advancements in Ayurveda to address global health challenges such as non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mental health, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and geriatric care.
• Startup Ecosystem: Focus on fostering innovation through Ayurveda startups, particularly in the North Eastern states and across India.

Ayurveda’s Role in Addressing Global Health Issues

• Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Ayurveda offers preventive and holistic treatment for diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular conditions.
• Mental Health: Ayurveda promotes balance in the mind, body, and spirit, with methods addressing stress, anxiety, and depression.
• Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Emphasizing traditional medicinal plants and natural remedies to combat resistance to antibiotics.
• Geriatric Health: Ayurveda's role in managing aging and enhancing quality of life through rejuvenation therapies.

Focus Areas for Ayurveda Innovation

• Women’s Health: Developing Ayurvedic solutions tailored for women's health issues, including reproductive health and hormonal balance.
• Workplace Wellness: Integrating Ayurveda in workplace settings to improve mental and physical health.
• School Wellness Programs: Promoting Ayurvedic practices in schools to boost immunity and overall health of children.
• Food Innovation: Modernizing Ayurvedic dietary concepts, focusing on nutritional balance and preventive health.

Government Initiatives and Digital Transformation

• Ayush Digital Platforms: Initiatives like Ayush Grid, Ayurgyan Scheme, Ayush Research Portal, and Namaste Portal are enhancing accessibility to Ayurvedic knowledge.
• WHO Integration: Ayurveda's inclusion in the WHO ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module facilitates global standardization and recognition.
• I Support Ayurveda Campaign: A public awareness campaign aiming to garner over 250 million votes in support of Ayurveda.

Ayurvedic Education and Research

• Research Centers: Government-supported centers like the Research Centre for Innovation in Ayurveda Biology and WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre advancing Ayurveda's global integration.
• Academic Contributions: Institutes like National Institute of Ayurveda, Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, and North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy are leading innovation and education in Ayurveda.

Ayurveda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

• SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being): Ayurveda contributes significantly to public health, with a focus on preventive care and holistic health.
• Universal Health Coverage (UHC): Ayurveda supports affordable, accessible healthcare solutions, complementing the global health agenda.

In News:

• On October 27, 2024, prominent landmarks such as Rashtrapati Bhawan, Parliament House, India Gate, and the North and South Blocks in Delhi were illuminated in red to raise awareness for Dyslexia and other learning disabilities.
• Similar illuminations took place in major cities like Patna, Ranchi, Jaipur, Kohima, Shimla, and Mumbai, highlighting the importance of dyslexia awareness.

Key Highlights:

• Collaboration for Awareness:
  • The campaign is organized in collaboration with UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP) and the ChangeInkk Foundation.
  • Its goal is to remove stigma and foster understanding of dyslexia and other learning disabilities, which affect 20% of India’s population—around 35 million students.
• Flagging off the ‘Walk4Dyslexia’:
  • The ‘Walk4Dyslexia’ event, aimed at promoting collective action for dyslexia awareness, was flagged off by Shri Rajesh Aggarwal, Secretary of the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD), along with Mr. Shombi Sharp, UN Resident Coordinator in India.
  • The walk was organized by ChangeInkk Foundation, UNESCO MGIEP, Orkids Foundation, and Soch Foundation.
• Growth of the Campaign:
  • The Act4Dyslexia campaign saw a significant expansion in 2024, with over 1,600 walks held across the country, from state capitals to villages, engaging over 4 lakh participants.
  • The campaign mobilized 2 billion steps in support of dyslexia awareness, with 150+ organizations joining forces.
• Focus on Equal Rights and Opportunities:
  • Dyslexia and other specific learning disabilities (SLDs) were officially recognized under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. This law mandates equal educational and employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities.
  • The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 further emphasizes inclusive education, calling for early identification, teacher capacity building, and necessary support and accommodations.
• Understanding Dyslexia:
  • Dyslexia is often misunderstood as a sign of being a "slow learner", but people with dyslexia often excel in areas like logical reasoning, problem-solving, and innovation.
  • Notably, 40% of self-made millionaires have dyslexia, and historical figures like Albert Einstein were also dyslexic.
• Global Impact:
  • The campaign aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aiming to unlock the untapped potential of individuals with learning disabilities, thereby contributing to societal development at a global level.

In News:

Precision medicine is bringing in a new era of personalised healthcare. The field began to take concrete shape when scientists were wrapping up the Human Genome Project.

Introduction to Precision Medicine:

• Precision Medicine is a novel approach to healthcare that tailors treatments and preventive strategies based on an individual’s genetics, environment, and lifestyle, instead of using a one-size-fits-all approach.
• It leverages technologies like genomics, gene editing (CRISPR), and mRNA therapeutics to address various diseases such as cancer, chronic diseases, and genetic disorders.
• Recent breakthroughs include gene therapy for restoring vision and stem cell transplants for reversing diabetes, demonstrating the transformative potential of precision medicine.

Role of Biobanks in Precision Medicine:

• Biobanks are repositories storing biological samples (blood, DNA, tissues) along with associated health data. These samples are crucial for research and development of personalized treatments.
• Large and diverse biobanks are essential for ensuring that precision medicine benefits a wide demographic, as data from homogenous groups could limit the applicability of findings.
• Recent studies using biobank data have led to breakthroughs, such as identifying rare genetic disorders and developing organoid models for high-throughput drug screening.

Precision Medicine and Biobanks in India:

• Market Growth: India’s precision medicine market is growing at a CAGR of 16%, expected to surpass USD 5 billion by 2030, contributing 36% to the national bioeconomy.
• Policy Framework: The government’s BioE3 policy aims to promote biomanufacturing, with a focus on precision therapeutics and related technologies like gene editing and cancer immunotherapy.
• Biobank Initiatives:
  • Genome India Programme: Completed sequencing of 10,000 genomes from 99 ethnic groups, aimed at identifying treatments for rare genetic diseases.
  • Phenome India Project: Focused on collecting 10,000 samples for improving prediction models for cardio-metabolic diseases.
  • Paediatric Rare Genetic Disorders (PRaGeD) Mission: Aiming to identify genes that could help develop targeted therapies for genetic diseases in children.

Regulatory and Ethical Challenges in Biobanking:

• India’s biobanking regulations are inconsistent, hindering the full potential of precision medicine. Unlike countries like the U.K., U.S., and Japan, which have comprehensive laws addressing issues like informed consent, data protection, and privacy, India lacks a cohesive regulatory framework.
• Informed Consent Issues: In India, participants provide samples without full knowledge of how their data will be used, who will have access to it, and for how long it will be stored. This lack of transparency undermines public trust in biobank research.
• Ethical Concerns: Without a clear regulatory framework, there is a risk of misuse of biological samples, such as non-consensual data sharing and sample mishandling.
• International Implications: The absence of robust laws allows foreign pharmaceutical companies to access Indian biobank data and samples without ensuring that the Indian population benefits from the resulting research or profits.

Global Comparison of Biobank Regulations:

• International Standards: Countries like the U.K., U.S., and Japan have established comprehensive biobank regulations, addressing:
  • Informed consent for sample collection and data usage.
  • Privacy protection and secure storage of genetic information.
  • Withdrawal rights for participants at any stage of research.
• India’s biobank regulations lack clear provisions for data protection and participant rights, limiting the effectiveness of research and undermining public confidence in biobanks.

In News:

• An E. coli outbreak has been linked to McDonald's burgers in the United States. The infection has affected at least 10 states.

E. coli in India:

• Prevalence: E. coli infections are common in India, especially during the summer and rainy seasons, when there is an increase in gastrointestinal infections.
• Transmission: E. coli spreads mainly through contaminated food and water.
• National statistics: Over 500 outbreaks of diarrhoeal diseases were reported in India in 2023. E. coli is one of the most common pathogens causing gastrointestinal infections in India.
• ICMR data: According to the latest report from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), E. coli was found in 23.19% of patient samples from tertiary care hospitals across India.
• FSSAI's Role: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is establishing a network of 34 microbiology labs to test food for pathogens like E. coli, salmonella, and listeria.