In News:

In a significant move to bolster the conservation landscape of Central Assam, the State Government has proposed the creation of a new Reserved Forest, tentatively named Burhachapori No. 5, in the Sonitpur district.

Spanning approximately 224.32 hectares, this initiative is primarily driven by Compensatory Afforestation (CA) requirements under the Van Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan Rules, 2023. The land, situated in the Dhania Range, will compensate for forest diversions necessitated by critical infrastructure projects, including National Highway expansion (NHAI/NHIDCL), oil exploration (ONGC/OIL), and power transmission (AEGCL).

The Laokhowa-Burhachapori Eco-system

The Burhachapori Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) is not an isolated entity but a vital cog in the Laokhowa-Burhachapori ecosystem.

• Geographic Setting: Located on the south bank of the Brahmaputra River, it acts as a crucial "stepping stone" for wildlife movement between Kaziranga National Park (East) and Orang National Park (West/North bank).
• Buffer Status: It is a notified buffer zone of the Kaziranga Tiger Reserve, providing additional habitat for dispersing populations of tigers and rhinos.
• Topography: The sanctuary is characterized by chaporis (riverine islands), wetlands, and alluvial floodplains that undergo seasonal transformations due to the Brahmaputra’s flood cycle.

Ecological Profile: Flora and Fauna

The region represents a classic Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forest mosaic, essential for megaherbivores and endangered avifauna.

1. Vegetation and Flora

The sanctuary comprises a mix of wet alluvial grasslands, riparian forests, and semi-evergreen patches.

• Key Tree Species: Hollong (Assam's State Tree), Mekai, Dhuna, Udiyam, Nahar, and Samkothal.
• Grasslands: These are rich in medicinal herbs and provide the primary fodder for the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros.

2. Faunal Diversity

• Mammals: Home to the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros, Royal Bengal Tiger, Leopard, Asiatic Wild Buffalo, Hog Deer, and Asian Elephant.
• Avifauna: It is a critical habitat for the Bengal Florican (Critically Endangered). Other significant species include the Black-necked Stork, Open-billed Stork, Mallard, Teal, and Whistling Duck.

Significance of the New Reserved Forest

The proposal to notify adjacent land as a Reserved Forest serves multiple strategic objectives:

• Corridor Connectivity: By expanding the protected area, the government aims to reduce habitat fragmentation, allowing safer passage for animals moving between Kaziranga and Orang.
• Legal Protection: Upgrading land status to "Reserved Forest" under the Assam Forest Regulation, 1891, provides higher legal safeguards against encroachment and unauthorized land use.
• Restoration & Reintroduction: The area has historically been a site for rhino reintroduction. Strengthening the buffer helps in stabilizing these populations and reducing human-wildlife conflict in the Sonitpur-Nagaon belt.
• Environmental Compliance: It fulfills the "land for land" and "tree for tree" principle of the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC) for developmental projects.

In News:

Every year, March 24 is observed as World Tuberculosis (TB) Day to commemorate Dr. Robert Koch’s 1882 discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

For 2026, the World Health Organization (WHO) has retained the theme “Yes! We can End TB!”, signaling a shift from global ambition to localized, high-impact action.

In India, the day serves as a critical checkpoint for the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP). While India missed its audacious 2025 elimination deadline, the focus has now pivoted toward aggressive "mission-mode" strategies to bridge the remaining gaps.

The Current Status of TB in India

India’s TB landscape is a study in contrasts—significant statistical improvements set against a backdrop of a staggering absolute burden.

• Global Burden: India accounts for approximately 25% of global TB cases and 28% of global TB deaths.
• Key Progress Indicators (2015–2024):
  • Incidence: Declined by 21%.
  • Mortality: Reduced from 28 per lakh (2015) to 21 per lakh (2024).
  • Treatment Coverage: Increased dramatically from 53% to 92%.
  • Success Rate: Under the Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan, the success rate reached 90%, surpassing the global average of 88%.
• The "Missing Cases" Challenge: Despite these gains, nearly one lakh cases remain undiagnosed annually, contributing to 8.8% of the global detection gap.

Evolution of India's Strategy: From Control to Elimination

India transitioned from the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) to the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) in 2020. The programme is anchored by the National Strategic Plan (2017–2025) and the Detect–Treat–Prevent–Build (DTPB) framework.

Major Technological and Medical Advancements:

• Molecular Diagnostics: India operates the world’s largest TB lab network; 92% of patients now receive upfront Rifampicin drug-resistance testing, ensuring they aren't started on ineffective first-line drugs.
• BPaLM Regimen: The introduction of the BPaLM (Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid, and Moxifloxacin) regimen has revolutionized Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) TB care, reducing treatment duration from 18–24 months to just 6 months.
• Digital Ecosystem: The Ni-kshay portal and the newly launched TB Mukt Bharat App facilitate real-time patient tracking and treatment adherence.

Social and Nutritional Support: The Ni-kshay Ecosystem

Recognizing that TB is as much a social disease as a biological one, India has integrated nutrition and community support into the clinical cycle:

• Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana (NPY): Financial support has been increased to ?1,000/month, providing a total of ?3,000 to ?6,000 over the treatment course.
• Ni-kshay Mitras: A unique "crowdsourced" healthcare model where citizens and corporates "adopt" TB patients to provide monthly food baskets and vocational support.

Critical Gaps and Strengthening Measures

To achieve the definition of elimination (less than one notified case per million population per year), India must address the following:

• Active Case Finding (ACF) for Subclinical TB: Nearly half of India's TB cases are subclinical (asymptomatic). Mass rollout of AI-enabled portable Chest X-rays and non-invasive tongue swabs is essential to find "silent" transmitters.
• Tribal-Centric Interventions: TB prevalence among Scheduled Tribes is 50% higher than the national average. Innovative financing, such as utilizing District Mineral Foundation (DMF) funds, can bridge the infrastructure gap in mining-affected tribal belts.
• TB Preventive Treatment (TPT): Shifting focus to household contacts of active patients to treat the infection in its latent stage before it progresses to active disease.
• Urban Micro-strategies: High-transmission urban wards require "micro-level" interventions through initiatives like the TB Mukt Urban Ward.

In News:

In a significant addition to India’s botanical diversity, scientists from the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) have discovered a new species of wild kiwi, named Actinidia indica. The discovery was made in the biodiversity-rich landscapes of Arunachal Pradesh, further cementing the state’s reputation as a "cradle of speciation" in the Eastern Himalayas.

Geographic Distribution and Habitat

• Location: The species has been recorded within a restricted, narrow stretch near the Ziro Valley in the Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh.
• Elevation: It is found at an altitude of approximately 1,725 metres above sea level.
• Ecological Niche: Actinidia indica thrives in a unique transition zone between temperate and subtropical forests. This biologically sensitive habitat provides the specific micro-climatic conditions required for the species to survive.

Morphological Characteristics

The new species belongs to the family Actinidiaceae. It possesses several distinct physical traits that differentiate it from other known kiwi species:

• Growth Habit: It is a perennial climbing shrub, capable of reaching heights of 2 to 4 metres.
• Botanical Features: * Branches: Young branches are characterized by a dense covering of hairs.
  • Folliage: It bears large, ovate (egg-shaped) leaves.
  • Flowers: The plant produces white to creamy-colored flowers, typically measuring between 4 cm and 6 cm in diameter.
• Fruit Identity: The species produces olive-green, globose (spherical) fruits (2.5–4 cm). A defining taxonomic feature is its distinctive reticulate lenticel pattern (a net-like arrangement of pores on the fruit's skin), which helped researchers identify it as a new species.

Taxonomic and Global Significance

• Global Count: This discovery increases the global count of the Actinidia genus to 56 species.
• Indian Context: While the genus Actinidia is widely known for the commercial kiwi fruit (largely native to China), only a very small number of these species occur naturally in India. The identification of Actinidia indica highlights the high level of endemism in the Northeast.

In News:

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently infused over ?25,000 crore into the banking system through a 3-day Variable Rate Repo (VRR) auction, following earlier liquidity injections of around ?3.5 lakh crore via Open Market Operations (OMOs) since January 2026.
• These measures highlight the RBI’s proactive approach to managing short-term liquidity conditions and maintaining monetary stability.

Need for Liquidity Management

Liquidity in the banking system fluctuates due to factors such as tax outflows, government cash balances, and seasonal demand for cash.

A deficit in liquidity can push up short-term interest rates, while surplus liquidity may weaken monetary transmission. Therefore, the RBI actively uses a mix of instruments to ensure that market rates remain aligned with its policy stance.

Variable Rate Repo (VRR): A Market-Based Tool

• The Variable Rate Repo (VRR) is a short-term liquidity injection mechanism under the RBI’s monetary framework. Unlike the fixed repo rate, where the interest rate is predetermined, VRR operates through an auction-based system, allowing the market to determine the borrowing rate.
• Banks bid for funds by offering interest rates, and the RBI allocates liquidity starting from the highest bids until the notified amount is exhausted. Typically, VRR operations are conducted for short durations (1–14 days) against the collateral of government securities.
• This mechanism enables efficient liquidity distribution and real-time price discovery, reflecting actual demand conditions in the market.

Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF): Core Framework

• VRR operates within the broader framework of the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF), which is the RBI’s primary tool for managing day-to-day liquidity.
• Introduced in 2000 based on the Narasimham Committee recommendations, LAF allows banks to either borrow from or lend to the RBI.
• The system is structured around a corridor mechanism. At the centre lies the policy repo rate, which signals the monetary policy stance. The upper bound is defined by the Marginal Standing Facility (MSF), while the lower bound is set by the Standing Deposit Facility (SDF), which has replaced the reverse repo as the primary absorption tool.
• The objective is to keep the Weighted Average Call Rate (WACR)—the operating target—closely aligned with the repo rate.

Open Market Operations (OMOs): Quantitative Tool

• In addition to LAF tools, the RBI uses Open Market Operations (OMOs) as a quantitative instrument to manage liquidity.
• OMOs involve the purchase or sale of government securities. When the RBI purchases securities, it injects liquidity into the system; when it sells them, liquidity is absorbed. These operations are conducted through auctions or direct transactions using the RBI’s electronic platform.
• The large-scale OMO purchases in 2026 reflect a systemic liquidity infusion aimed at supporting credit flow and economic activity.

Significance of VRR and Related Instruments

The combined use of VRR, LAF, and OMOs enables the RBI to maintain short-term interest rate stability and effective monetary transmission.

VRR, in particular, provides flexibility by allowing market-driven rate discovery, reducing the need for the central bank to pre-determine liquidity conditions. It also ensures that liquidity mismatches are addressed efficiently without distorting market signals.

Overall, these instruments help in controlling inflation, supporting growth, and maintaining financial stability.

In News:

With India assuming the BRICS Presidency in 2026 under the theme of resilience, innovation, cooperation, and sustainability, science, technology, and innovation (STI) have emerged as key pillars of cooperation within the grouping.

The expansion of BRICS into BRICS and recent declarations signal a shift towards deep-tech collaboration and techno-multipolarity, especially among Global South countries.

Evolution of Scientific Cooperation in BRICS

• Scientific collaboration within BRICS has evolved gradually from basic cooperation to structured institutional engagement. Early recognition of science and technology cooperation began with the Sanya Declaration (2011), which integrated STI into the BRICS agenda.
• Subsequently, the 2015 MoU on STI cooperation formalised collaboration, leading to initiatives such as the BRICS Young Scientist Forum and joint research programmes. Over time, cooperation expanded through action plans focused on innovation, entrepreneurship, and technology transfer, including the establishment of the BRICS Technology Transfer Centre.
• Recent initiatives, such as the BRICS Remote Sensing Satellite Constellation, reflect a move towards strategic technological autonomy, reducing dependence on Western systems.

Emergence of BRICS as a Techno-Strategic Platform

BRICS is increasingly positioning itself as a platform for technology-driven cooperation among emerging economies. The expansion into BRICS has enhanced its global significance, with the grouping now representing a substantial share of global population, trade, and economic output.

The focus has shifted towards frontier technologies, including Artificial Intelligence, digital infrastructure, and climate technologies. The grouping aims to provide alternative models of development and governance, particularly for the Global South.

Opportunities for Cooperation

BRICS offers significant potential for collaboration in areas such as digital public infrastructure, healthcare innovation, climate technologies, and advanced research.

India, in particular, can leverage its strengths in digital platforms, pharmaceuticals, and space technologies to drive collective initiatives. Collaborative frameworks such as shared digital systems, joint research projects, and cross-border innovation networks can enhance technological capabilities across member countries.

The platform also enables knowledge sharing and capacity building, especially for newer members, thereby promoting inclusive technological development.

Challenges in BRICS Scientific Collaboration

Despite its potential, BRICS faces several structural and operational challenges. There are significant disparities in research and development capacities among member countries, which can hinder balanced collaboration.

Geopolitical tensions and differing national priorities may affect the continuity of joint initiatives. Additionally, the absence of a strong institutional framework and dedicated funding mechanisms limits the effectiveness of cooperation.

Issues related to technology transfer, intellectual property rights, and regulatory harmonisation further complicate collaboration efforts.

India’s Role and Way Forward

India can play a pivotal role in strengthening BRICS cooperation by promoting digital public infrastructure models, such as Aadhaar and UPI, as scalable solutions for other member countries.

It can also advocate for joint mega-science projects, climate technology partnerships, and digital health initiatives, leveraging its experience in global collaborations.

Establishing common standards for emerging technologies like AI and enhancing institutional coordination will be essential. Strengthening funding mechanisms and fostering industry-academia linkages can further deepen collaboration.

In News:

The Election Commission of India (ECI) has completed the first stage of randomisation of EVM-VVPATs for the upcoming Assembly elections in Assam, Kerala and Puducherry, along with by-elections in several states. This process is a crucial administrative step to ensure free, fair, and transparent elections.

What is EVM–VVPAT Randomisation?

• EVM–VVPAT randomisation is a software-driven allocation process through which voting machines are assigned to constituencies and polling stations in a completely unpredictable manner.
• The process is conducted using the EVM Management System (EMS), ensuring minimal human intervention and eliminating any scope for bias or manipulation.

Process of Randomisation

The allocation of machines follows a two-stage randomisation mechanism, designed to enhance transparency and security.

• In the first stage, machines that have successfully undergone First Level Checking (FLC) are randomly distributed from district warehouses to Assembly Constituencies. This stage has already been completed for the current elections.
• In the second stage, after the finalisation of contesting candidates, machines are further randomised and allocated to individual polling stations within each constituency. This ensures that the exact deployment of machines remains unknown until the final stage.

Key Features of the System

• The process is characterised by strong institutional safeguards. It is conducted by District Election Officers in the presence of representatives of recognised political parties, ensuring multi-stakeholder oversight.
• The details of allocated machines, including serial numbers, are shared transparently with political parties and candidates at each stage. Following the first randomisation, machines are stored in secure strong rooms under continuous surveillance, maintaining their integrity until deployment.
• The use of EMS ensures that the allocation is mathematical, automated, and free from discretionary interference.

Significance

The randomisation process plays a critical role in strengthening the credibility of India’s electoral system. By ensuring that no stakeholder knows in advance which machine will be used at a particular polling station, it effectively prevents any possibility of targeted manipulation.

The presence of political party representatives and the sharing of detailed lists enhance transparency and trust among stakeholders.

Overall, the process contributes to institutional integrity, electoral neutrality, and public confidence, which are essential for a robust democratic framework.

In News:

The ongoing geopolitical tensions in West Asia have disrupted global energy supply chains, exposing India’s high dependence on imported hydrocarbons, particularly natural gas. This has revived discussions around stalled transnational pipeline projects such as the Iran–Pakistan–India (IPI) and Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) pipelines as alternatives to ensure long-term energy security.

Background: India’s Energy Vulnerability

India is heavily reliant on imports to meet its energy needs, especially for natural gas. Disruptions in maritime routes and geopolitical instability in West Asia increase price volatility and supply risks, highlighting the need for diversified and secure energy sources.

Pipeline-based supply was envisioned as a cost-effective and stable alternative to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), reducing dependence on sea routes and global spot markets.

Iran–Pakistan–India (IPI) Pipeline

• The IPI pipeline, often referred to as the “Peace Pipeline,” was conceptualised in the 1990s to transport natural gas from Iran’s South Pars field to South Asia.
• The project envisaged a 2,775 km pipeline supplying around 60 mmscmd of gas each to India and Pakistan, offering a relatively cheaper alternative to LNG imports. It also carried the promise of regional cooperation through economic interdependence.
• However, the project lost momentum and India withdrew in 2007 due to multiple concerns. These included U.S.-led sanctions on Iran, pricing disagreements, and security risks, particularly regarding the pipeline’s passage through Pakistan’s Balochistan region. As a result, the project remains effectively dormant.

Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) Pipeline

• Following the stagnation of IPI, India shifted its focus to the TAPI pipeline, which aimed to bring natural gas from the Galkynysh gas field in Turkmenistan, one of the world’s largest reserves.
• Spanning about 1,814 km, the pipeline is designed to transport 33 billion cubic meters (bcm) of gas annually. It received support from the Asian Development Bank and was seen as part of broader efforts to integrate Central and South Asia economically.
• While progress has been made in parts of the project—particularly the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan section—the extension into Pakistan and India remains stalled due to security challenges in Afghanistan, financing constraints, and geopolitical uncertainties.

Comparative Analysis

The IPI and TAPI pipelines reflect two different strategic approaches to energy security. While IPI relied on West Asian resources with shorter routes, it faced geopolitical constraints. TAPI, on the other hand, sought to diversify supply through Central Asia, but has struggled due to instability along its transit route.

Both projects highlight the complexity of cross-border energy infrastructure, where geopolitics, security, and economic viability intersect.

In News:

Amid escalating geopolitical tensions in West Asia, particularly affecting key maritime routes such as the Gulf region, India has introduced a targeted intervention, RELIEF (Resilience & Logistics Intervention for Export Facilitation) to support exporters facing rising logistics costs and operational uncertainties.

Background: Need for the Initiative

• Recent disruptions in critical maritime corridors have led to vessel diversions, longer transit times, congestion at ports, and increased freight and insurance costs. These developments have adversely impacted Indian exporters, especially MSMEs, by raising transaction costs and threatening export continuity.
• Given India’s growing integration with global trade, such disruptions highlight the need for policy instruments that enhance supply chain resilience and protect export competitiveness.

About RELIEF Initiative

• RELIEF is a time-bound financial and risk mitigation measure launched in March 2026 under the Export Promotion Mission by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• It is implemented by the Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC), which is responsible for verification, risk coverage, claim settlement, and monitoring.
• The initiative aims to ensure continuity of exports, reduce financial stress on exporters, and safeguard employment in export-linked sectors.

Key Features and Mechanism

• The RELIEF framework provides support across the entire export cycle, covering both past and future consignments affected by disruptions.
• For exporters already insured under ECGC, the scheme offers enhanced risk coverage of up to 100% for shipments during the disruption period, ensuring protection against unforeseen losses. For upcoming consignments, up to 95% coverage is provided with government backing, encouraging exporters to continue operations despite uncertainty.
• Recognising the vulnerability of MSMEs, the initiative also includes a partial reimbursement mechanism, covering up to 50% of increased freight and insurance costs (subject to a ceiling), thereby reducing the burden of sudden cost escalations.
• Additionally, a digital dashboard-based monitoring system has been introduced to track claims, fund utilisation, and logistics conditions in real time, ensuring transparency and efficiency.

Institutional and Policy Support

The implementation of RELIEF is supported by a whole-of-government approach, including the establishment of an Inter-Ministerial Group (IMG) on Supply Chain Resilience. This group facilitates coordination among ministries, logistics stakeholders, and exporters, enabling real-time policy responses such as procedural relaxations, port-level facilitation, and improved logistics coordination.

In News:

India is increasingly leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data analytics to strengthen tax administration. The Project Insight (PI) initiative of the Income Tax Department represents a major step towards algorithmic tax governance, aimed at improving compliance and enhancing revenue mobilisation.

Background: Need for AI in Tax Governance

• India has historically faced challenges of low tax compliance and high evasion, reflected in a relatively modest tax-to-GDP ratio among emerging economies. A significant portion of potential tax revenue is lost annually due to evasion and under-reporting.
• In this context, the adoption of AI-driven systems has emerged as a strategic tool to improve efficiency, transparency, and enforcement capacity in tax administration.

About Project Insight

• Project Insight is an AI-enabled tax administration system implemented by the Income Tax Department under the Ministry of Finance.
• Launched in 2017 and operationalised subsequently, it aims to create a data-driven and non-intrusive compliance ecosystem.
• The core objective of the initiative is to promote voluntary compliance while strengthening enforcement through intelligent risk detection mechanisms.

Key Features and Working Mechanism

• At the heart of Project Insight is the Income Tax Transaction Analysis Centre (INTRAC), which uses advanced analytics to build a comprehensive financial profile of taxpayers by integrating data from multiple sources.
• The system employs a “nudge” strategy, where taxpayers receive reminders via SMS or email to rectify discrepancies in their filings, thereby encouraging self-correction rather than coercive enforcement.
• Additionally, automated risk assessment tools help authorities identify and prioritise high-risk cases, enabling targeted action against large-scale evasion while reducing unnecessary scrutiny for compliant taxpayers.

Impact and Significance

The use of AI in tax governance has led to measurable improvements. A large number of taxpayers have revised their returns, contributing to additional tax revenues and improved compliance behaviour.

The system enhances administrative efficiency by automating routine processes and enabling data-driven decision-making. It also improves taxpayer services through digital interfaces and fraud detection mechanisms.

More broadly, Project Insight represents a shift towards a modern, technology-driven tax administration system, aligning India with global best practices.

In News:

• India’s bioeconomy has witnessed remarkable expansion, growing from around USD 10 billion in 2014 to over USD 195 billion in 2025, with an annual growth rate of nearly 17–18%.
• The India Bioeconomy Report (IBER) 2026, released during the 14th Foundation Day of the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), highlights that the sector now contributes approximately 4.8–5% of India’s GDP.

Growth Trajectory and Current Status

• India’s bioeconomy has transitioned from a niche segment to a major pillar of economic growth and innovation. The sector recorded one of its highest growth rates in recent years, expanding significantly in scale and diversification.
• The bioeconomy comprises multiple segments, with BioIndustrial activities emerging as the largest contributor, followed by BioPharma, BioServices, and BioAgri.
  • The BioPharma sector, in particular, is poised for further growth due to opportunities in biosimilars and peptide manufacturing, driven by the expiry of global drug patents.
• India has also developed a strong ecosystem of over 11,800 biotech startups, supported by research institutions, incubation platforms, and public policy initiatives. The country hosts a growing number of Global Capability Centres (GCCs) in healthcare and life sciences, contributing to employment and global integration.

Key Drivers of Growth

• The rapid expansion of India’s bioeconomy is underpinned by a combination of policy support, institutional mechanisms, and technological advancements.
• Institutions like BIRAC have played a crucial role in bridging the gap between research and industry, enabling the translation of scientific innovations into commercially viable products. Government initiatives such as the BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) aim to promote sustainable biomanufacturing, including areas like precision biotherapeutics, smart proteins, and climate-resilient agriculture.
• Further, financial mechanisms like the Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Fund with an outlay of ?1 lakh crore are designed to support scaling up of deep-tech innovations. The emphasis on bio-foundries, Bio-AI hubs, and advanced manufacturing platforms reflects India’s push towards next-generation biotechnology capabilities.

Economic and Strategic Significance

The bioeconomy is increasingly central to India’s development strategy, contributing to healthcare innovation, agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability, and industrial growth. It also enhances India’s position in global value chains by enabling high-value exports and advanced research capabilities.

With a target of reaching a USD 300 billion bioeconomy by 2030, the sector is expected to generate employment, promote entrepreneurship, and strengthen India’s status as a global biotechnology hub.

In News:

An evaluation study commissioned by NITI Aayog and submitted to its Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO) has highlighted that beneficiaries of Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana continue to incur significant out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), especially in private hospitals. This raises concerns regarding the scheme’s effectiveness in delivering financial protection.

About PM-JAY

• Launched in 2018 under the Ayushman Bharat initiative, PM-JAY is the world’s largest government-funded health assurance programme, aimed at advancing Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and reducing catastrophic health expenditure.
• It is implemented by the National Health Authority in coordination with State Health Agencies.

Salient Features

• Provides ?5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization
• Covers pre- and post-hospitalisation expenses (3 days prior, 15 days after)
• Includes all pre-existing diseases from Day 1
• Based on SECC 2011 criteria, with no cap on family size, age, or gender
• Ensures cashless, paperless treatment and national portability across empanelled hospitals
• Expanded in 2024 to include all citizens aged 70 (Ayushman Vay Vandana Card) and frontline workers

The scheme follows a cost-sharing model between Centre and States (60:40; 90:10 for special category states).

Key Findings of the Evaluation Study

The study reveals structural gaps in financial protection:

Persistent Out-of-Pocket Expenditure

• Average OOPE in private hospitals: ~?53,965 per hospitalization
• Average OOPE in public hospitals: ~?21,827
• Private care costs are more than twice that of public facilities

Limited Cashless Access

• Only 35% beneficiaries experienced fully cashless treatment
• Around 65% incurred direct expenditure, contradicting the scheme’s core promise

Marginal Financial Relief

• Average OOPE under PM-JAY: ~?34,790
• Uninsured patients: ~?38,084
• Indicates limited reduction in financial burden

Major Cost Drivers

• Medicines and diagnostics
• Transportation (explicitly not covered under the scheme)

Achievements of PM-JAY

Despite challenges, PM-JAY has significantly expanded healthcare access:

• 42 crore Ayushman Cards issued
• ~11 crore hospital admissions recorded by 2025
• Improved healthcare access for vulnerable populations
• Promoted gender inclusion, with women accounting for nearly half of beneficiaries
• Strengthened digital health ecosystem through platforms like Ayushman App

In News:

The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, through the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), organised the Suraksha Sankalp Karyashala to enhance the effectiveness of district-level responses to HIV/AIDS, particularly in regions like Delhi and Haryana.

About Suraksha Sankalp Karyashala

Nature of the Initiative

• Suraksha Sankalp Karyashala is a national-level workshop initiative designed to strengthen HIV/AIDS control through decentralised, district-focused planning, supported by data-driven strategies and stakeholder coordination.

Objectives

1. Strengthening the HIV Care Continuum

• Improve early diagnosis and testing coverage
• Ensure timely linkage to treatment (ART)
• Achieve sustained viral suppression

2. Accelerating Epidemic Control

• Align with global 95:95:95 (India aims 95:95:99) targets:
  • 95% diagnosed
  • 95% on treatment
  • 99% achieving viral suppression
• Contribute to the goal of ending HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2027–2030

Key Features

1. District-Centric Approach

• Focus on 219 priority districts
• Use of granular, real-time data to identify gaps and tailor interventions

2. Whole-of-System Coordination

• Convergence of national, state, and district-level stakeholders
• Inclusion of:
  • Health officials
  • Programme managers
  • Community-based organisations

3. Evidence-Based Planning

• Emphasis on:
  • Data analytics
  • Monitoring and evaluation
  • Outcome-oriented strategies

4. Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing

• Workshops act as platforms for:
  • Sharing best practices
  • Addressing implementation challenges
  • Enhancing administrative and technical capacity

In News:

In a major push towards manufacturing-led growth, the Union Cabinet has approved the Bharat Audyogik Vikas Yojna (BHAVYA) with an outlay of ?33,660 crore. The scheme aims to develop 100 world-class plug-and-play industrial parks across India, strengthening industrial infrastructure and accelerating the vision of Viksit Bharat and Atmanirbhar Bharat.

About BHAVYA Scheme

BHAVYA is a centrally sponsored industrial infrastructure programme designed to create ready-to-use industrial ecosystems that enable industries to begin operations with minimal delays.

• Nodal Ministry: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce & Industry
• Implementing Agency: National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (NICDC)
• Coverage: All States and Union Territories
• Industrial Park Size: 100–1000 acres

Objectives

• Promote manufacturing-led economic growth
• Enhance ease of doing business through pre-approved infrastructure
• Foster cluster-based industrial development
• Strengthen domestic supply chains
• Generate large-scale employment and attract investments

Key Features of BHAVYA

1. Plug-and-Play Industrial Ecosystem

• Pre-approved land, utilities, and regulatory clearances
• Reduces time from investment intent to production
• Minimises procedural delays and entry barriers

2. Comprehensive Infrastructure Development

• Financial Support:
  • Up to ?1 crore per acre for infrastructure
  • Up to 25% support for external connectivity
• Integrated Infrastructure Components:
  • Core: Roads, drainage, underground utilities, ICT systems
  • Value-added: Factory sheds, testing labs, warehousing
  • Social: Worker housing and support amenities

3. Ease of Doing Business Reforms

• Single-window clearance systems
• State-led investor-friendly reforms
• Streamlined approvals and reduced regulatory burden

4. Challenge-Based Project Selection

• Competitive selection process
• Focus on reform-oriented and investment-ready proposals
• Ensures quality and efficiency in project implementation

5. Alignment with National Initiatives

• Linked with PM GatiShakti for multimodal connectivity
• Builds on the success of industrial smart cities under NICDC
• Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat and export competitiveness

6. Sustainable and Future-Ready Design

• Integration of green energy solutions
• Underground utility corridors (no-dig model)
• Efficient resource use and reduced operational disruptions

In News:

India has reinforced its maritime diplomacy and regional security engagement with the commencement of the second edition of the Indian Ocean Ship (IOS) SAGAR initiative on 16 March 2026. The initiative reflects India’s evolving role as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

About IOS SAGAR Initiative

The Indian Ocean Ship (IOS) SAGAR is a maritime security cooperation programme aimed at enhancing collaboration among Indian Ocean nations.

• It enables naval personnel from friendly foreign countries to train and sail together onboard an Indian Naval Ship.
• It is conducted under the broader vision of Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR).
• It also aligns with the expanded framework of MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security Across the Regions).

Institutional Context

• The initiative is linked to the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS), a key multilateral naval cooperation platform.
• India assumed the chairmanship of IONS in February 2026, enhancing its leadership role in regional maritime governance.
• The current edition includes participation from 16 IONS member nations.

Key Features of IOS SAGAR

1. Unique Operational Engagement

• Combines training, joint sailing, and operational exposure
• Promotes interoperability and coordination among partner navies

2. Capacity Building and Training

• Initial phase includes professional training at Indian Naval establishments in Kochi
• Covers:
  • Seamanship practices
  • Maritime security concepts
  • Naval operations

3. Sea Deployment and Joint Operations

• Participants embark on an Indian Naval Ship
• Engage in:
  • Joint maritime operations
  • Real-time naval exercises
  • Shipboard activities

4. Maritime Engagement and Diplomacy

• Includes port visits and interactions with regional navies and agencies
• Facilitates:
  • Exchange of best practices
  • Strengthening of professional networks
  • Greater understanding of shared maritime challenges

In News:

In a significant step towards strengthening India’s renewable energy portfolio, the Union Cabinet has approved the Small Hydro Power (SHP) Development Scheme for FY 2026–27 to FY 2030–31. The scheme aims to harness untapped hydro potential, particularly in remote and hilly regions, while promoting sustainable and decentralized energy generation.

About the SHP Development Scheme

The scheme focuses on the development of small hydro projects with capacities ranging from 1 MW to 25 MW, targeting an aggregate capacity of 1,500 MW across the country.

• Time Period: FY 2026–27 to FY 2030–31
• Total Outlay: ?2,584.60 crore
• Target Investment Mobilisation: ~?15,000 crore
• Focus Areas: Hilly regions, North-Eastern states, and border districts

Key Features of the Scheme

1. Differential Central Financial Assistance (CFA)

• North-Eastern & Border Areas:
  • ?3.6 crore per MW or 30% of project cost
  • Maximum ?30 crore per project
• Other States:
  • ?2.4 crore per MW or 20% of project cost
  • Maximum ?20 crore per project

This differentiated support reflects regional disparities and aims to unlock hydro potential in geographically challenging areas.

2. Dedicated Funding Allocation

• ?2,532 crore earmarked for project development
• ?30 crore allocated for preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for ~200 future projects

This ensures both immediate implementation and a pipeline for long-term sectoral growth.

3. Promotion of Indigenous Manufacturing

• Mandates 100% domestic sourcing of plant and machinery
• Supports the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative
• Encourages growth of local manufacturing ecosystems in the renewable sector

4. Employment Generation

• Estimated 51 lakh person-days of employment during construction
• Additional long-term employment in operation and maintenance
• Focus on rural and remote job creation

5. Decentralised and Efficient Energy Generation

• SHPs are decentralised, reducing dependence on long transmission lines
• Leads to lower transmission losses and improved grid efficiency

Technological Approach: Run-of-the-River Projects

The scheme emphasises run-of-the-river technology, which:

• Generates power using natural river flow
• Avoids large dams and reservoirs
• Minimises ecological disruption

In News:

India recently celebrated National Vaccination Day (16 March), highlighting major milestones under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP), including achieving 98.4% full immunisation coverage (January 2026) and the rollout of HPV vaccination and an indigenous Td vaccine.

National Vaccination Day and Historical Context

National Vaccination Day is observed annually on 16 March to commemorate the administration of the first dose of the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) in 1995 under the Pulse Polio Programme. This initiative played a crucial role in India achieving polio elimination, with the last reported case in 2011 in Howrah, West Bengal, marking a major public health success.

Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP): Overview and Objectives

The Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP), a flagship initiative of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, was originally launched as the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in 1978 and later expanded into UIP in 1985. It aims to provide free vaccination to children, pregnant women, and adolescents against vaccine-preventable diseases. The programme focuses on increasing immunisation coverage, improving service quality, ensuring a robust cold-chain system, and achieving self-reliance in vaccine production.

Scale and Coverage of UIP

UIP is one of the largest immunisation programmes in the world, covering approximately 2.9 crore pregnant women and 2.54 crore newborns annually. It provides protection against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases, with certain vaccines like Japanese Encephalitis being administered only in endemic regions. Over time, the programme has significantly expanded its reach and effectiveness across the country.

Expansion of Vaccination Portfolio

India has continuously strengthened UIP by introducing new vaccines. These include the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (2015) under the global polio endgame strategy, the Rotavirus Vaccine (2016) to reduce diarrhoeal mortality, the Measles-Rubella vaccine (2017) through a nationwide campaign, and the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (2017) to combat pneumonia. Additionally, the Td vaccine replaced the TT vaccine to address waning immunity against diphtheria among adolescents and adults.

Mission Indradhanush and Coverage Expansion

To further enhance coverage, the government launched Mission Indradhanush in 2014, aiming to achieve over 90% full immunisation by targeting unvaccinated and partially vaccinated populations. This was followed by Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) in 2017, focusing on children below two years and pregnant women in urban slums and low-coverage districts. As a result, full immunisation coverage has increased significantly from 62% in 2015 to 98.4% in 2026.

Institutional and Infrastructure Support

The success of UIP is supported by an extensive healthcare delivery network that includes Primary Health Centres (PHCs), Community Health Centres (CHCs), government hospitals, sub-centres, and Anganwadi centres. Frontline workers such as ASHA workers, Anganwadi workers, and link workers play a vital role in mobilising beneficiaries. Additionally, India has developed one of the largest vaccine cold-chain infrastructures in the world, with over 1.06 lakh ice-lined refrigerators and freezers, supporting more than 1.3 crore immunisation sessions annually.

Digital Transformation in Vaccination

India has integrated digital technologies to improve vaccine delivery and monitoring. The Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN) enables real-time tracking of vaccine stocks and storage conditions. The CoWIN platform (2021) facilitated the administration of over 220 crore COVID-19 vaccine doses, while the U-WIN platform (2024) helps citizens access vaccination services, book appointments, and maintain digital records.

Major Achievements in Immunisation

India has achieved significant milestones in public health, including the eradication of smallpox, elimination of polio (2011), and control of diseases such as yaws and maternal and neonatal tetanus. The proportion of zero-dose children has also declined sharply from 0.11% in 2023 to 0.06% in 2024, indicating improved outreach. These achievements have been recognised globally, including by the UN Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2024).

India’s Global Leadership in Vaccines and Pharmaceuticals

India has emerged as a global leader in vaccine production, manufacturing nearly 60% of the world’s vaccines. It is the third-largest pharmaceutical producer by volume and supplies medicines to around 200 countries, accounting for approximately 20% of global generic medicine supply. Through the Vaccine Maitri initiative, India supplied over 298 million COVID-19 vaccine doses to nearly 100 countries, strengthening its role in global health diplomacy.

Policy Support and Self-Reliance

To boost domestic manufacturing and reduce import dependence, the government has introduced Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes for bulk drugs (2020), medical devices (2020), and pharmaceuticals (2021). These initiatives aim to enhance India’s competitiveness and ensure long-term self-reliance in the healthcare sector.

In News:

The Indian Navy, along with partner nations, is participating in Exercise Sea Dragon 2026.

About Exercise Sea Dragon

Exercise Sea Dragon is an annual multinational anti-submarine warfare (ASW) drill initiated and led by the United States Navy since 2019. It is held at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, in the Western Pacific.

Key Features

• Focuses on anti-submarine warfare operations, a critical aspect of modern naval strategy.
• Participation involves long-range maritime patrol aircraft, notably the P-8 Poseidon.
• Provides a platform for operational coordination and interoperability among partner nations.
• Enhances real-time information sharing, communication protocols, and tactical alignment.

Participating Countries in 2026

Exercise Sea Dragon 2026 includes participation from:

• United States Navy
• Indian Navy
• Royal Australian Air Force
• Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force
• Royal New Zealand Air Force

This reflects a growing strategic convergence among Indo-Pacific democracies.

Operational Objectives

The exercise aims to:

1. Enhance ASW Capabilities

• Participants progress from simulated tracking to live submarine detection and tracking.
• Improves the ability to counter underwater threats in real-world scenarios.

2. Promote Interoperability

• Enables seamless coordination between forces operating similar platforms like P-8 aircraft.
• Standardises data-sharing systems, communication networks, and tactical procedures.

3. Build Aircrew Proficiency

• Crews are evaluated on speed, accuracy, and mission coordination.
• Structured scenarios test operational readiness under competitive conditions.

Competitive Element: Dragon Belt Award

• Each mission during the exercise is graded.
• The country achieving the highest cumulative score is awarded the prestigious “Dragon Belt”.
• Encourages excellence and operational efficiency among participants.

Strategic Significance

1. Indo-Pacific Security

• Reinforces collective efforts to maintain freedom of navigation and maritime stability.
• Addresses emerging threats, including submarine proliferation in the region.

2. India’s Maritime Role

• Demonstrates India’s growing role as a net security provider in the Indo-Pacific.
• Aligns with India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision.

3. Strengthening Partnerships

• Deepens defence ties among Quad-like partners and other regional actors.
• Enhances multilateral defence cooperation beyond bilateral engagements.

In News:

The Indian Parliament has passed the Appropriation Bill 2026, completing a crucial stage in the Union Budget process. The Bill, returned by the Rajya Sabha after discussion, enables the government to legally withdraw funds for its expenditure. This highlights the central role of Parliament in ensuring financial accountability and legislative control over public finances.

What is the Appropriation Bill?

• The Appropriation Bill is a legislative instrument that authorizes the government to withdraw money from the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) to meet its expenditure for a given financial year.
• Even after the presentation of the Budget, no money can be spent without the passage of this Bill, making it an essential component of fiscal governance.

Constitutional Provisions

The Appropriation Bill derives its authority from the Constitution:

• Article 114: No withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of India is permitted without parliamentary approval through an Appropriation Act
• Article 115: Provides for Supplementary, Additional, or Excess Grants, requiring further appropriation
• Article 116: Deals with Vote on Account, Vote of Credit, and Exceptional Grants, ensuring continuity of government expenditure

Budgetary Process and Passage of the Bill

The passage of the Appropriation Bill follows a structured legislative process:

1. Presentation of Budget (Annual Financial Statement) by the Finance Minister
2. General Discussion in both Houses of Parliament
3. Voting on Demands for Grants in the Lok Sabha (only House with voting powers on expenditure)
4. Introduction of Appropriation Bill to authorize expenditure
5. Passage in Lok Sabha
6. Transmission to Rajya Sabha, which can only recommend changes and must return it within 14 days
7. Presidential Assent, after which it becomes law

Key Features of the Appropriation Bill

1. Covers All Expenditure

• Includes both:
  • Voted Expenditure (approved by Lok Sabha)
  • Charged Expenditure (non-votable, e.g., salaries of constitutional authorities like the President and judges)

2. No Scope for Amendments

• Parliament cannot propose amendments that:
  • Alter the amount of grants
  • Change their purpose

3. Classified as a Money Bill

• Under Article 110, it is treated as a Money Bill, limiting the powers of the Rajya Sabha to making recommendations only.

Significance of the Appropriation Bill

1. Ensures Legislative Control over Finances: It upholds the principle that public money can only be spent with parliamentary approval, reinforcing democratic accountability.

2. Legal Basis for Government Expenditure: It provides the legal authority for the executive to implement policies, schemes, and programmes.

3. Promotes Transparency and Fiscal Discipline: The process ensures that government spending is scrutinized, debated, and authorized, enhancing transparency.

4. Strengthens Parliamentary Supremacy: It reinforces the role of the Lok Sabha as the custodian of public finances, reflecting the principle of “no taxation or expenditure without representation.”

In News:

Amid the escalating Iran–US–Israel conflict (2026), major Gulf energy producers such as Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain have invoked the force majeure clause on oil and gas exports due to shipping disruptions and infrastructure attacks.

What is Force Majeure?

Force majeure is a contractual legal provision that allows a party to suspend or terminate obligations without liability when extraordinary events prevent performance.

• Derived from French, meaning “superior force”
• Widely used in international trade, energy contracts, and maritime law
• Applies to both Acts of God (natural disasters) and Acts of Man (war, conflict, pandemics)

Objective

• To protect contracting parties from penalties or legal action
• To ensure fair risk distribution when circumstances are beyond control
• To provide legal clarity during crises

Key Features of Force Majeure

• : The triggering event must be unexpected at the time of contract formation.
• Externality: The cause must arise from external factors, not internal negligence.
• Irresistibility (Impossibility): The event must make performance impossible, not merely difficult or costly.
• Notification Requirement: The affected party must formally inform counterparts immediately (e.g., oil companies like Kuwait Petroleum).
• Duty to Mitigate: Even after invocation, parties must show reasonable efforts to minimize disruption.

Application in the Current Crisis

• Ongoing conflict has led to:
  • Disruption of shipping routes (including critical maritime chokepoints)
  • Attacks on energy infrastructure
• Gulf exporters have invoked force majeure to:
  • Suspend oil and LNG deliveries
  • Avoid contractual penalties and liabilities

In News:

• The Union Government has introduced the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Bill, 2026 in the Lok Sabha to modify provisions of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.
• The proposed amendments seek to redefine the term “transgender person” and alter the existing framework of gender recognition, including changes to the right to self-perceived gender identity.

Background: Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 was enacted to prohibit discrimination against transgender persons and ensure their welfare, inclusion, and equal access to opportunities in education, employment, healthcare, and public services.

The law was enacted in response to the landmark Supreme Court judgment in NALSA v. Union of India (2014), which:

• Recognised transgender persons as the “third gender”, and
• Affirmed the right to self-determination of gender identity as part of Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty).

The 2019 Act also introduced provisions for identity certification, welfare schemes, and protection against discrimination.

Key Provisions of the Amendment Bill, 2026

1. Removal of the Right to Self-Perceived Gender Identity: The Bill proposes the deletion of Section 4(2) of the 2019 Act, which currently guarantees the right of transgender persons to self-identify their gender without medical intervention. This change shifts the framework from self-identification to institutional verification.

2. Redefinition of “Transgender Person”

The amendment proposes a narrower definition that includes:

• Socio-cultural identities: Hijra, Kinner, Aravani, Jogta, Eunuch
• Persons with intersex variations
• Individuals with congenital biological variations in sexual characteristics

However, the revised definition excludes persons identifying solely on the basis of self-perceived gender identity or gender fluidity.

The definition also includes individuals forced to adopt transgender identity through coercive practices, such as mutilation, castration, or forced hormonal procedures.

3. Creation of a Medical Authority

• The Bill introduces a Medical Authority (Medical Board) headed by a Chief Medical Officer (CMO) to examine cases related to gender identity certification.
• This authority will provide recommendations before certification is granted.

4. Changes in Certification Procedure

Under the proposed framework:

• The District Magistrate (DM) will issue a transgender certificate only after reviewing the recommendation of the medical authority.
• The earlier system allowed relatively simpler issuance based on declaration.

5. Revision of Gender Certificate After Surgery: Individuals undergoing Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) must apply for a revised gender certificate reflecting the updated gender identity. Earlier, such revisions were optional.

6. Reporting Requirement for Hospitals: Hospitals performing SRS procedures will be required to report such operations to the District Magistrate for documentation and regulatory purposes.

7. Change of Name in Official Records: The amendment provides transgender persons the right to change their first name in official documents, subject to the revised certification criteria.

8. Expanded Offences and Punishments: The Bill strengthens penal provisions with graded punishments including imprisonment and fines up to ?5 lakh for offences such as:

• Denial of access to public places
• Forced labour
• Expulsion from homes
• Other forms of discrimination and abuse

In News:

The Supreme Court of India has ruled that parental income alone cannot determine the “creamy layer” status of candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in civil services examinations. The judgment clarifies long-standing confusion in the implementation of reservation rules and emphasises that the creamy layer principle is primarily status-based rather than purely income-based.

Background of the Issue

The controversy arose due to conflicting government guidelines issued by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT).

• 1993 DoPT Office Memorandum (OM): Stated that income from salaries and agricultural land should not be included in the income/wealth test used to determine creamy layer status.
• 2004 DoPT Clarificatory Letter: Directed that salary income of employees working in Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and the private sector should be counted while determining the creamy layer.

This created a situation where:

• Children of government employees could retain OBC reservation based on the status of their parent’s post, even if salaries were high.
• Children of PSU or private sector employees could lose reservation benefits solely because their parental income crossed the prescribed threshold.

Key Observations of the Supreme Court

1. Creamy Layer Determination Must Be Status-Based

The Court held that creamy layer identification should focus on social and occupational status, not merely income.
Therefore, factors such as:

• Parent’s employment category (Group A, B, C, or D)
• Position and authority in the occupational hierarchy

should be considered along with income.

2. Quashing the 2004 Clarification

The Court set aside the 2004 DoPT clarification, stating that it created inconsistencies in applying reservation rules and contradicted the earlier 1993 guidelines.

3. Violation of Equality Principles

The Court held that the government’s earlier approach resulted in “hostile discrimination.”

• Children of lower-level government employees could still benefit from OBC reservation due to the status-based test.
• However, children of PSU or private sector employees with similar socio-economic positions were excluded solely due to salary levels.

This unequal treatment violated Articles 14, 15, and 16 of the Constitution, which guarantee equality before law and equal opportunity in public employment.

4. Relief for Affected Candidates

The judgment may expand eligibility for OBC reservation, particularly benefiting children of PSU employees, public sector bank employees, and private sector workers who were previously excluded due to income-based calculations.

The Court also directed the government to create supernumerary posts if required to accommodate candidates who were wrongly denied reservation benefits earlier.

Concept of the Creamy Layer

• The idea of excluding the more advanced sections among OBCs from reservation benefits was established in the landmark Indra Sawhney vs Union of India case.
• Objective: To ensure that reservation benefits reach socially and educationally backward sections, rather than the relatively advanced members within OBC communities.

Existing Criteria for Creamy Layer

• Government Employees
  1. Children of Group A officers are automatically considered part of the creamy layer.
  2. Children of officers promoted to Group A before the age of 40 are also excluded.
  3. Children of two Group B officers fall under the creamy layer.
• Non-Government Occupations: For those employed in the private sector or other professions, the income threshold for creamy layer is ?8 lakh per annum (since 2017).

Significance of the Judgment

• Clarifies reservation policy: Removes ambiguity in determining creamy layer status.
• Ensures equality: Prevents discriminatory treatment between government employees and those in PSUs or the private sector.
• Strengthens constitutional principles: Reinforces the guarantees of Articles 14, 15, and 16.
• Promotes fair access to reservations: Ensures benefits reach genuinely disadvantaged groups.

In News:

• The Government of India has constituted a National Steering Committee (NSC) to guide the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability through Upgraded ITIs (PM?SETU) scheme.
• The committee will function as the apex body to oversee reforms aimed at modernising Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and improving employability outcomes across the country.
• Approved by the Union Cabinet in 2025 with an estimated outlay of ?60,000 crore, PM-SETU represents a major initiative to align India’s vocational training ecosystem with emerging industry demands and technological changes.

Objectives of PM-SETU

The scheme seeks to transform the country’s skill development framework by:

• Upgrading Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) with modern infrastructure and technology.
• Improving employability of youth through industry-relevant training.
• Promoting industry participation in vocational education.
• Aligning skill development programmes with future sectors such as advanced manufacturing, electronics, mobility, and logistics.

A key objective is to shift the model of skill training from government-led programmes to an industry-driven ecosystem, where companies actively participate in curriculum design, training delivery, and infrastructure development.

Hub-and-Spoke Model for ITI Upgradation

A major structural reform under PM-SETU is the introduction of the hub-and-spoke model.

• Around 200 ITIs will be upgraded as “Hub” institutions with advanced infrastructure and modern training facilities.
• Each hub will mentor approximately four nearby “Spoke” ITIs, sharing resources such as specialised equipment, digital learning platforms, and technical expertise.

This model aims to create regional clusters of high-quality skill training centres, ensuring wider access to modern vocational education.

Strengthening National Skill Training Institutes

The scheme also focuses on upgrading National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) into global Centres of Excellence. Key NSTIs targeted under the initiative are located in:

• Bhubaneswar
• Chennai
• Hyderabad
• Kanpur
• Ludhiana

These institutions will provide advanced training, support instructor development, and promote innovation in skill training methodologies.

Governance through Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs)

Each upgraded ITI will be managed through a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) formed under an industry-government partnership model.

Key features include:

• Industry partners hold 51% ownership, while the government holds 49%.
• Industry participants can receive up to 83% government funding for infrastructure and training upgrades.
• The SPV structure ensures professional management, accountability, and industry alignment.

This governance model is designed to bring corporate expertise and efficiency into vocational education management.

Industry Participation

To enhance collaboration with the private sector, the **Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship has invited Anchor Industry Partners (AIPs) through an Expression of Interest (EOI) process.

These industry partners will play a key role in:

• Designing industry-relevant curricula
• Upgrading training infrastructure
• Providing hands-on exposure and apprenticeships
• Improving placement opportunities for trainees

Modern Training Ecosystem

The Directorate General of Training has introduced 31 new-age courses under the Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS) to address emerging industry requirements.

Training programmes will focus on high-growth sectors such as:

• Advanced manufacturing
• Electronics and semiconductor-related technologies
• Mobility and electric vehicles
• Logistics and supply chain management

These reforms aim to build a future-ready workforce equipped with modern technical skills.

In News:

The Union Cabinet has approved the extension of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) until December 2028, marking a transition from merely building water infrastructure to ensuring sustained and reliable service delivery in rural areas. The decision aims to consolidate earlier achievements and strengthen long-term drinking water supply systems across villages in India.

About Jal Jeevan Mission

The Jal Jeevan Mission is a flagship programme of the Government of India that seeks to provide safe and adequate drinking water to all rural households through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC).

• Launch Date: 15 August 2019
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti
• Core Objective: Achieve “Har Ghar Jal” by ensuring 55 litres of potable water per person per day to every rural household through tap connections.

The mission addresses long-standing challenges related to water scarcity, unsafe drinking water, and the burden of water collection, particularly faced by women and children in rural India.

Shift in Focus: Jal Jeevan Mission 2.0

With the extension until 2028, the mission is entering a new phase often described as JJM 2.0, where the emphasis moves beyond infrastructure creation to sustainable water service delivery.

Key aspects include:

• Utility-Based Service Delivery: The programme will focus on continuous and reliable water supply systems, supported by structural reforms and Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) with State governments to improve management and accountability.
• Digital Monitoring – Sujalam Bharat Framework: Under the Sujalam Bharat Digital Framework, each village will receive a unique “Sujal Gaon ID”. This system digitally maps the entire water supply chain—from source to household tap— enabling improved monitoring, transparency, and data-driven decision-making.
• Water Quality Monitoring: The mission prioritises regular water quality testing through:
  • Field Test Kits at the village level
  • Accredited water testing laboratories

This helps detect contaminants and ensures that drinking water meets safety standards.

• Greywater Management: To ensure sustainability, the programme incorporates greywater management, involving:
  • Construction of soak pits
  • Use of wastewater in kitchen gardens and local irrigation

This reduces water wastage and promotes sustainable water use.

Convergence with Other Schemes

The mission promotes integration with several government initiatives, including:

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)
• Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)
• Grants recommended by the 15th Finance Commission

Such convergence helps strengthen water conservation, recharge structures, and source sustainability.

In News:

A male Blue-and-White Flycatcher, a rare migratory bird in India, was recently recorded on the Pavagadh Hills in Gujarat. The sighting is significant because the species is seldom observed in the Indian subcontinent, highlighting the ecological importance of hill and forest habitats that occasionally serve as stopover sites for migratory birds.

About the Blue-and-White Flycatcher

The Blue-and-White Flycatcher is a migratory songbird belonging to the Old World flycatcher family (Muscicapidae).

• Scientific Name: Cyanoptila cyanomelana
• Common Name: Japanese Flycatcher
• Type: Small insectivorous migratory bird

Flycatchers are known for their agile aerial movements and their ability to catch insects mid-flight, which makes them important for natural pest control and ecological balance.

Geographic Distribution and Migration

The Blue-and-White Flycatcher is mainly distributed in East and Southeast Asia.

Breeding Range

• Japan
• South Korea
• Northeastern China
• The Russian Far East

Wintering Range

• Vietnam
• Cambodia
• Thailand
• Islands such as Sumatra and Borneo

During migration, individual birds may occasionally appear outside their normal range, which explains rare sightings in India such as the one in Gujarat.

Habitat

The species typically inhabits forested landscapes and prefers:

• Wooded lowlands
• Submontane forests
• Taiga-like environments
• Wooded slopes and gullies

It is usually found at elevations up to about 1,200 metres. The bird may also adapt to scrublands, bushes, and plantation areas, especially during migration.

Physical Characteristics

The Blue-and-White Flycatcher exhibits sexual dimorphism, meaning males and females have distinct appearances.

Male

• Upper body covered in bright cobalt-blue plumage
• Blue coloration on wings, tail, and upperparts
• Black chin, throat, breast, and flanks
• White belly and vent
• Black bill and dark brown eyes

Female

• Grey-brown upperparts, including head and face
• Blackish wings with rufous-brown edges on tertial feathers
• Grey to grey-brown chin and throat
• Cream-coloured throat patches

These differences help birdwatchers distinguish between sexes in the field.

Conservation Status

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, the Blue-and-White Flycatcher is classified as Least Concern.

Despite its stable global population, the species still depends on healthy forest ecosystems and migratory corridors for survival.

In News:

An Indian Armed Forces contingent has arrived in Seychelles to participate in the 11th edition of the Joint Military Exercise Lamitiye-2026. The exercise reflects the growing strategic and defence cooperation between India and Seychelles, particularly in the context of maritime security and stability in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

About Seychelles

• Seychelles is an archipelago of about 115 islands located in the western Indian Ocean. Due to its strategic location along major sea lanes, the country plays an important role in regional maritime security, anti-piracy operations, and surveillance in the Indian Ocean.

About Exercise Lamitiye

Exercise Lamitiye is a biennial joint military training exercise conducted between India and Seychelles since 2001.

• The term “Lamitiye” means “Friendship” in the Creole language, symbolising the close bilateral relationship between the two nations.
• Host Country: Seychelles
• Participants: Armed Forces of India and Seychelles

The exercise focuses on strengthening operational coordination, tactical capabilities, and defence collaboration.

Objectives of the Exercise

The primary aims of Exercise Lamitiye include:

• Enhancing interoperability and coordination between Indian and Seychellois forces.
• Improving joint operational capabilities during peacekeeping missions.
• Strengthening preparedness to handle sub-conventional threats in semi-urban environments.
• Promoting defence cooperation and mutual understanding between the two countries.

Key Features

• Tri-Service Participation: Involves personnel from the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, highlighting integrated joint operations.
• Tactical Training Activities: Includes field exercises, combat discussions, demonstrations, and case studies.
• Focus on Semi-Urban Warfare: Troops train to respond to sub-conventional threats in semi-urban and coastal environments.
• Technology Demonstration: Provides opportunities to showcase modern military equipment and emerging defence technologies.
• Validation Phase: The exercise concludes with a two-day validation drill to test the operational readiness of participating forces.
• Capacity Building: Facilitates exchange of best practices, tactical skills, and operational experiences.

In News:

A recent report by Human Rights Watch has accused Israel of using white phosphorus munitions in residential areas of Lebanon, raising concerns about possible violations of international humanitarian law. The allegations come amid escalating hostilities along the Israel–Lebanon border, with Lebanese authorities reporting significant civilian casualties from recent strikes.

What is White Phosphorus?

White phosphorus (WP) is a highly reactive chemical substance commonly used in military operations. It appears as a translucent yellowish-white waxy solid that glows faintly when exposed to oxygen due to slow oxidation.

Key characteristics include:

• Highly flammable: Burns at temperatures exceeding 800°C, hot enough to melt metal.
• Persistent combustion: Continues burning until the chemical is completely consumed or deprived of oxygen.
• Storage conditions: Usually stored under water or inert environments to prevent accidental ignition.
• Odour: Often described as having a garlic-like smell.

Military Uses of White Phosphorus

White phosphorus is mainly used for military tactical purposes, including:

1. Smoke Screens: Produces dense smoke that can obscure troop movements or equipment.
2. Illumination: Used in flares to light up battlefields at night.
3. Incendiary Effects: Can ignite objects and structures due to intense heat.

Because of these functions, it is often categorized as an incendiary munition, which refers to weapons designed to set fire to objects or cause burn injuries through heat, flames, or chemical reactions.

Health and Environmental Hazards

The use of white phosphorus poses severe risks to human health, particularly in populated areas.

Major health impacts include:

• Deep chemical burns that may penetrate to the bone.
• Release of toxic chemicals damaging organs such as the liver, kidneys, and heart.
• Metabolic disorders, including abnormal potassium levels that may lead to cardiac failure.
• Increased risk of building fires and infrastructure destruction when used in civilian areas.

These effects make its deployment in urban environments especially dangerous for civilians.

Legal Status under International Law

White phosphorus is not explicitly banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention when used for non-chemical warfare purposes such as smoke generation. However, its use is regulated by international humanitarian law.

The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) restricts weapons that cause excessive injury or indiscriminate harm.

• Protocol III of the CCW specifically restricts the use of incendiary weapons against civilians or in civilian-populated areas.
• However, white phosphorus is often classified as a multi-purpose munition used for smoke or illumination, enabling some militaries to argue that it does not fall strictly under incendiary weapon restrictions.
• Israel is not a signatory to Protocol III, complicating enforcement and accountability.

Notably, India is a party to all five protocols of the CCW, reflecting its commitment to regulating conventional weapons that cause indiscriminate harm.

In News:

India’s assumption of the chairmanship of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) provides an important opportunity to strengthen global mechanisms aimed at preventing the trade in conflict diamonds. As one of the largest players in the global diamond value chain, India’s leadership in the Kimberley Process can enhance transparency, improve traceability, and reinforce responsible diamond trade.

Conflict Diamonds: Meaning and Background

• Conflict diamonds, also known as blood diamonds, refer to rough diamonds mined in war zones and sold by rebel groups or their allies to finance armed conflicts against legitimate governments.
• The term gained global attention in the 1990s, when diamonds were found to be funding violent conflicts in several African countries such as Angola, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, and Liberia.
• These diamonds often entered global markets through informal and illegal trade networks, making their origin difficult to trace and raising concerns about ethical sourcing in the international diamond trade.

Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS)

The Kimberley Process, established in 2003, is a multilateral and voluntary certification mechanism designed to prevent conflict diamonds from entering the legitimate global diamond market.

Key features include:

1. Certification System – Every shipment of rough diamonds traded between participating countries must carry a Kimberley Process Certificate, confirming that the diamonds are conflict-free.
2. Trade Restrictions – Participating countries are allowed to trade rough diamonds only with other members of the Kimberley Process.
3. Global Coverage – The Kimberley Process accounts for over 99% of global rough diamond trade, making it a crucial framework for responsible diamond governance.
4. Monitoring and Compliance – Members commit to implementing internal controls and reporting mechanisms to ensure transparency in diamond trade.

India’s Diamond Industry

India plays a central role in the global diamond value chain:

• Largest cutting and polishing hub in the world, especially in cities such as Surat.
• Major importer of rough diamonds for processing.
• Leading exporter of cut and polished diamonds, with exports valued at about $13.3 billion in 2024–25.
• Second-largest diamond consumer market after the United States.

The Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) acts as the nodal agency for implementing Kimberley Process certification in India. It operates under the Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry and is responsible for issuing certificates for diamond exports and imports.

In News:

Recently, the Government of India invoked the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 in response to an energy crisis triggered by geopolitical tensions in West Asia, including strikes involving Iran. The move highlights the continuing relevance of the Act as a policy instrument to manage shortages, regulate prices, and ensure the availability of essential commodities during emergencies.

About the Essential Commodities Act, 1955

The Essential Commodities Act (ECA), 1955 is a central legislation enacted to regulate the production, supply, and distribution of essential commodities to ensure their availability to the public at fair prices. The Act empowers the government to prevent hoarding, black marketing, and artificial scarcity of vital goods.

The primary objectives of the Act include:

• Ensuring the steady availability of essential goods.
• Preventing price manipulation and hoarding.
• Regulating the supply of commodities necessary for national security and defence operations.

Through regulatory mechanisms, the Act enables the government to intervene in markets when disruptions threaten consumer welfare.

Key Features of the Act

1. Declaration of Essential Commodities: The Act defines essential commodities as items listed in its Schedule. These may include food items and other goods considered crucial for daily consumption or national interest.

2. Power to Amend the Schedule: The Central Government, in consultation with state governments, can add or remove commodities from the Schedule depending on economic conditions and public needs.

3. Stock Limits: The Act empowers the government to impose stock limits on traders, wholesalers, and retailers. This prevents excessive hoarding that could create artificial shortages and price inflation.

4. Price Regulation: Authorities can regulate the sale price of essential commodities, particularly items such as food grains, edible oils, and sugar, to protect consumers from unreasonable price increases.

5. Penal Provisions: Violations of government orders issued under Section 3 of the Act may result in:

• Imprisonment ranging from three months to seven years, and
• Monetary fines.

6. Confiscation of Goods: Authorities may seize and confiscate commodities being illegally stored or transported, along with vehicles or animals used in their transport.

Situations When the Act is Invoked

The Essential Commodities Act is typically invoked during extraordinary circumstances when supply disruptions or price volatility threaten public welfare.

Common situations include:

1. War or Geopolitical Crises: The Act can be used to regulate supplies of fuel or food during international conflicts or energy disruptions.

2. Natural Disasters and Health Emergencies: For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the government invoked the Act to ensure the availability of essential medical items such as masks and sanitizers.

3. Sudden Price Rise: Government intervention is allowed when retail prices rise significantly—typically 50% for non-perishable agricultural goods and 100% for horticultural produce.

4. Market Stabilization During High-Demand Periods: The Act has historically been used to stabilize prices of commodities such as wheat or sugar during festive seasons or election periods.

Significance of the Act

The Essential Commodities Act remains an important policy tool in India’s regulatory framework.

1. Consumer Protection: The Act protects consumers, particularly economically vulnerable sections, by preventing sudden spikes in the prices of essential goods.

2. Prevention of Hoarding and Black Marketing: By limiting stock holdings and regulating distribution, the Act discourages speculative practices that create artificial shortages.

3. Crisis Management: During emergencies such as war, pandemics, or supply disruptions, the Act allows the government to quickly stabilize markets and ensure equitable distribution of essential commodities.

In News:

Recently, Denmark was certified by the World Health Organization as the first country in the European Union to eliminate mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of both HIV and Syphilis. This achievement represents a major public health success and demonstrates the effectiveness of strong maternal healthcare systems, universal testing, and timely treatment interventions.

What is Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT)?

Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT), also known as vertical transmission, refers to the spread of certain infections from a pregnant woman to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.

Without timely intervention, infections such as HIV and syphilis can lead to serious consequences including:

• Infant HIV infection
• Congenital syphilis
• Stillbirths and neonatal deaths
• Severe lifelong health complications

Therefore, preventing MTCT is a major priority in global maternal and child health programmes.

WHO Criteria for Elimination of MTCT

The WHO defines elimination of mother-to-child transmission through strict epidemiological and health system indicators. A country must achieve:

• Transmission rates below 50 cases per 100,000 live births, and
• More than 95% coverage of testing and treatment among pregnant women

These benchmarks ensure that both detection and treatment systems are robust enough to prevent transmission to newborns.

Global Context of EMTCT

Denmark joins a growing group of countries validated by the WHO for eliminating MTCT or making significant progress toward this goal. More than 20 countries and territories worldwide have achieved or are nearing this milestone.

Examples include:

• Caribbean nations such as Anguilla and Antigua and Barbuda
• South American countries such as Brazil
• African countries such as Botswana
• Asian nations including Malaysia and Maldives

These achievements demonstrate that elimination is possible across different health systems when strong policies and universal maternal healthcare are implemented.

WHO’s Triple Elimination Strategy

To address maternal transmission of infectious diseases, WHO promotes a Triple Elimination Strategy targeting: HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B

The strategy is built on four key pillars:

• Universal access to antenatal care
• Integrated testing for maternal infections
• Effective treatment and prevention protocols
• Strong health systems supported by community engagement and human-rights protections

This integrated approach helps ensure that maternal health services detect infections early and prevent transmission to infants.

Understanding the Diseases

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

• HIV attacks the body’s immune system, particularly CD4 cells, weakening the body’s ability to fight infections.
• If untreated, HIV can progress to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), making individuals vulnerable to life-threatening infections and cancers.

Syphilis

• Syphilis is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum. The disease progresses through stages that may include painless sores, skin rashes, and severe complications affecting the heart, brain, and nervous system if left untreated. Congenital syphilis can cause severe health problems in newborns.

Significance of Denmark’s Achievement

Denmark’s certification highlights several important aspects of effective public health policy:

• Strong maternal healthcare and antenatal screening systems
• Universal testing and treatment for pregnant women
• Integration of infectious disease control with maternal health services
• Sustained public health surveillance and policy commitment

This milestone also reinforces the feasibility of eliminating vertical transmission of infectious diseases through coordinated healthcare strategies.

In News:

Recent developments in the ongoing tensions involving United States and Iran have highlighted the continued relevance of traditional aerial munitions and the legal complexities of warfare at sea. The Pete Hegseth announced that the United States would shift toward the use of gravity bombs in its military operations against Iran, signalling a significant tactical adjustment in modern conflict.

What is a Gravity Bomb?

• A gravity bomb, also known as a free-fall bomb, is an unpowered aerial munition dropped from an aircraft. After release, it travels toward its target purely under the influence of gravity, with its trajectory determined by the aircraft’s speed, altitude, and release point.
• Unlike powered missiles such as the Tomahawk cruise missile, gravity bombs do not contain propulsion systems. Despite their origins in World War-era warfare, they remain widely used by the United States Air Force in conflicts including those in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria.

Modernisation of Gravity Bombs

Modern gravity bombs have undergone significant technological upgrades. Many are equipped with Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) kits that convert conventional bombs into precision-guided munitions.

Key features of JDAM kits include:

• GPS guidance systems
• Steerable tail fins
• Improved targeting accuracy in adverse weather conditions

This modernization allows gravity bombs to combine the low cost of traditional munitions with the precision of modern guided weapons.

Major Types of Gravity Bombs Used by the US

The United States primarily deploys bombs from the Mark 80 series, which vary by size and operational purpose:

• Mk-82 (500 lb) – Used against relatively soft targets such as vehicles, troop concentrations, or radar installations.
• Mk-83 (1,000 lb) – Designed to damage reinforced structures and command centres.
• Mk-84 (2,000 lb) – A heavy bomb capable of penetrating hardened structures and bunker-type facilities.

With JDAM upgrades, these bombs can achieve high precision at relatively low cost—approximately $25,000–$30,000 per unit, making them far cheaper than advanced cruise missiles.

Operational Advantages and Limitations

Advantages

• Cost-effective compared to precision missiles
• High payload capacity
• Compatibility with precision-guidance kits

Limitations

• Aircraft must fly relatively close to the target to deploy them.
• Effective deployment generally requires air superiority and minimal air-defence threats.

Thus, gravity bombs are typically used in environments where a military has already established control of the airspace.

Legal Framework Governing Maritime Conflict

The use of military force at sea—such as attacks on ships during conflict—is regulated by international law. Key legal principles arise from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and customary international humanitarian law (IHL).

Important legal principles include:

1. Distinction: Combatants must distinguish between military targets and civilian vessels.
2. Proportionality: Attacks should avoid excessive civilian damage relative to the anticipated military advantage.
3. Military Necessity: Actions must be justified by a legitimate military objective.
4. Protection of Neutral Shipping: Ships belonging to neutral states generally enjoy protection unless directly involved in hostilities.

The San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea (1994) also provides widely accepted guidelines on naval warfare and maritime targeting.

In News:

The 11th edition of the Raisina Dialogue 2026 was held in New Delhi. The annual dialogue has emerged as India’s foremost platform for discussions on geopolitics, geo-economics, and global governance, bringing together global leaders, policymakers, diplomats, scholars, and strategic experts to deliberate on pressing international issues.

About the Raisina Dialogue

• The Raisina Dialogue was launched in 2016 by the Ministry of External Affairs in collaboration with the Observer Research Foundation.
• Named after Raisina Hills in New Delhi, the conference has evolved into a major global forum for strategic discussions. It is often compared to leading international strategic conferences such as the Munich Security Conference and the Shangri-La Dialogue.
• The forum convenes representatives from governments, academia, industry, and civil society to address complex global challenges ranging from security to economic governance.

Theme of Raisina Dialogue 2026

The theme for the 2026 edition was “Samskara: Assertion, Accommodation, Advancement.”

The theme reflects three key ideas:

• Assertion – Civilisations and nations asserting their identity and strategic interests.
• Accommodation – Managing diversity and cooperation in an interconnected world.
• Advancement – Progress through innovation, technology, and collaborative global governance.

Major Takeaways from Raisina Dialogue 2026

1. Launch of Raisina Science Diplomacy Initiative: One of the landmark announcements was the Raisina Science Diplomacy Initiative (SDI), aimed at integrating science, technology, and innovation into foreign policy frameworks.

Key focus areas include:

• Artificial Intelligence governance
• Semiconductor supply chains
• India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for developing countries

The initiative seeks to strengthen the role of technology in shaping international cooperation and diplomacy.

2. Emergence of a Multipolar Global Order: Participants widely acknowledged the ongoing transition toward a multipolar world, where power is increasingly distributed among multiple regional and global actors.

Key observations included:

• Growing influence of the Global South in shaping global governance.
• Rising importance of South–South cooperation and flexible plurilateral groupings.

India’s strategic engagements through groupings such as BRICS, the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor, and the India-France-UAE Trilateral illustrate its role as a key bridge between developed and developing worlds.

3. Call for Reformed Multilateralism: Another major theme was the need to reform global governance institutions to reflect contemporary geopolitical realities.

In particular:

• Participants emphasised reforms of the United Nations Security Council.
• There was growing international support for India’s permanent membership in a reformed UNSC.

4. Maritime Security and Supply Chain Protection: The dialogue also highlighted the importance of safeguarding global maritime trade routes and infrastructure, particularly in light of rising geopolitical tensions.

Key concerns included:

• Protection of undersea communication cables
• Security of global supply chains
• Stability of strategic maritime zones such as the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Indo-Pacific region

In News:

Recent research has led to the discovery of a new species of Asian grass lizard, Takydromus ultapanensis, from the Manas Biosphere landscape in Assam. The finding highlights the rich biodiversity of Northeast India and underscores the importance of conserving fragile forest ecosystems that harbour previously undocumented species.

About the Newly Discovered Species

Takydromus ultapanensis is a newly identified member of the Asian grass lizard genus (Takydromus), a group known for slender bodies and long tails adapted to life in grassland and forest vegetation. The species was discovered in the Ultapani Reserve Forest located in Kokrajhar district of Assam, within the larger Manas landscape.

Unlike many of its related species that typically inhabit montane or subtropical environments, T. ultapanensis occupies lowland semi-evergreen forests interspersed with waterlogged grasslands and patches of ferns. This ecological preference distinguishes it from several of its congeners and indicates adaptation to a unique microhabitat within the Manas ecosystem.

Habitat and Behaviour

Researchers observed individuals of this species basking on fern bushes in open patches of forest. These areas are often intersected by seasonal water channels, creating a moist and complex habitat structure suitable for small reptiles. The lizards appear to rely on vegetation cover and sunlit clearings for thermoregulation and feeding.

Such habitats are characteristic of the Manas Biosphere landscape, a biodiversity-rich region located along the Indo-Bhutan border and known for its mixture of grasslands, forests, and wetlands.

Distinct Morphological Characteristics

The newly identified species exhibits several morphological differences that distinguish it from closely related lizards found in Northeast India. In particular, T. ultapanensis differs from species such as Takydromus khasiensis and Takydromus sikkimensis in:

• Scale patterns
• Body proportions
• Diagnostic head features

These differences were crucial in confirming it as a distinct species rather than a variation of existing grass lizards.

Conservation Concerns

At present, Takydromus ultapanensis has been recorded only from a single forest range in the Ultapani Reserve Forest. Such a limited distribution raises concerns about its vulnerability to habitat disturbance.

The Manas landscape, although ecologically significant, faces pressures from habitat fragmentation, land-use change, and human activities. Species restricted to narrow habitats are particularly vulnerable to environmental change, highlighting the need for continued ecological monitoring and habitat protection.

In News:

The Italian Parliament recently enacted a landmark law that recognises femicide as a distinct criminal offence and prescribes life imprisonment for the gender-motivated killing of women. The legislation, passed with bipartisan support, marks a significant step in addressing gender-based violence and aligns Italy with a small but growing group of countries that legally recognise femicide as a specific crime.

What is Femicide?

Femicide refers to the intentional killing of women or girls because of their gender. It is widely recognised by international organisations as the most extreme form of violence against women and girls (VAWG).

According to the United Nations, femicide often occurs in contexts such as:

• Intimate partner violence (current or former partners)
• Family-related killings, including so-called honour killings
• Gender-motivated murders by other perpetrators

Globally, many cases of femicide occur within domestic settings, reflecting deeper structural inequalities and patriarchal norms that perpetuate violence against women.

Italy’s Law Against Femicide

Italy’s legislation introduces femicide as a separate category within the criminal code, making gender-motivated killing punishable with life imprisonment.

Key Features of the Law

• Recognises gender as a motive for homicide.
• Introduces life imprisonment as the maximum penalty.
• Strengthens legal responses to crimes linked with gender-based violence.
• Passed amid growing concern over violence against women in the country.

The law was passed on 25 November, coinciding with the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, highlighting the symbolic and policy significance of the measure.

Why Recognising Femicide as a Separate Crime Matters

Treating femicide as a distinct offence has several legal and policy implications:

• Acknowledging Gender Motivation: It explicitly recognises that certain killings stem from systemic discrimination and patriarchal violence.
• Improved Data Collection: Legal recognition enables governments to track gender-based killings more accurately, aiding evidence-based policymaking.
• Targeted Criminal Justice Response: Special legal provisions allow harsher penalties and focused investigations.
• Public Awareness and Social Change: Naming the crime brings visibility to the structural nature of violence against women and helps mobilise social and institutional responses.