In News:

In line with the vision of “Create in India, Create for the World,” the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, in partnership with the Media & Entertainment Association of India (MEAI), is hosting WAVES 2025—India’s largest summit for the Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector. A major highlight of this summit is the WAM! (WAVES Anime & Manga Contest)—India’s first national initiative to promote original Indian IPs in anime, manga, webtoons, and cosplay.

What is WAM!?

• Full Form: WAVES Anime & Manga Contest.
• Nature: India’s first national initiative focused on discovering and nurturing original Indian creative intellectual properties (IPs) in:Anime, Manga, Webtoons&Cosplay
• Organisers: Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, in collaboration with MEAI.
• Finale: To be held at WAVES 2025, from May 1–4, 2025, at the Jio World Convention Centre, Mumbai.
• Participants: Finalists from 11 cities selected through regional contests.

Global Support & Incentives

• Crunchyroll, a global anime platform (a joint venture of Sony Pictures Entertainment and Aniplex, Japan), is the Title Sponsor of WAM! 2025.
• It has introduced a Creator Development Grant to support Indian talent and foster global-ready original content.

Grant Details

Category       Student (INR)       Professional (INR)

Manga          25,000                    25,000

Webtoon      25,000                    25,000

Anime           50,000                    50,000

• Winners of WAM! 2025 will represent India at Anime Japan 2026 in Tokyo—one of the world's leading anime conventions—marking India’s presence on the global animation stage.

About WAVES 2025

• Full Form: World Audio-Visual & Entertainment Summit.
• Objective: Showcase India's capabilities in content creation, technological innovation, and media & entertainment IP development.
• Hosted by: Government of India.
• Venue: Jio World Convention Centre, Mumbai

Key Pillars of WAVES 2025

• AVGC-XR Sector Focus:Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics&Extended Reality (XR) including AR, VR, and Mixed Reality.
• "Create in India" Challenges (CIC):
  • Season 1 witnessed over 1 lakh registrations, including 1,100 international participants.
  • 750+ finalists selected through 32 unique creative challenges.
• Thematic Focus Areas:
  • Broadcasting, Films, Television, Radio
  • Print & Digital Media, Advertising, Social Media Platforms
  • Sound & Music
  • Generative AI, Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), Extended Reality (XR)
• Target Audience: Content creators, industry professionals, investors, technology innovators, and global studios.

In News:

With accelerating urbanization and climate change, the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon has emerged as a significant public health and environmental concern. Recent studies, including one published in Nature Climate Change, highlight that while UHIs elevate heat-related mortality, they simultaneously reduce cold-related deaths, especially in colder regions. This dual impact has major implications for urban planning and climate adaptation strategies.

What is Urban Heat Island (UHI)?

• Definition: UHI refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural regions due to human activities and urban infrastructure.
• Cities Affected: Notable examples include New Delhi, Moscow, New York, Paris, and London, where dense infrastructure and limited vegetation intensify urban heat.

Key Causes of UHI

• Impervious Surfaces: Materials like asphalt and concrete absorb heat during the day and release it slowly at night due to low albedo.
• Lack of Vegetation: Reduced greenery limits evapotranspiration, curbing natural cooling.
• Anthropogenic Heat: Heat from vehicles, air conditioners, and industries raises ambient temperatures.
• Air Pollution: Black carbon and particulates absorb solar radiation, compounding heat effects.
• Urban Morphology: Dense construction and narrow streets create a canyon effect, trapping heat and reducing airflow.

Dual Impact on Mortality

A 2025 study led by Dr. Wenfeng Zhan analyzed temperature-related mortality across 3,000+ cities globally using remote sensing and socioeconomic data:

• Cold-related Deaths Reduced: In 2018, the decline in cold-related fatalities was 4.4 times higher than the rise in heat-related deaths due to UHI.
• High-Latitude Cities: In cities like Moscow, cold-related deaths decreased 11.5 times more than heat-related deaths increased.
• Key Insight: The UHI effect's net mortality impact can vary significantly by region and season.

Consequences of UHI

• Increased Energy Demand: Higher temperatures raise demand for air conditioning, increasing fossil fuel use and emissions.
• Health Risks: Elevated risks of heat stroke, dehydration, and cardiovascular stress, especially among the elderly and urban poor.
• Deterioration of Air Quality: Heat-induced formation of ground-level ozone exacerbates respiratory ailments.
• Water Stress: Faster evaporation and increased demand for cooling water pressure urban water resources.
• Biodiversity Decline: Excessive heat and lack of green spaces threaten urban flora and fauna.

Mitigation Strategies

• Cool Roofs (Los Angeles):Mandates reflective roofing in new buildings and renovations to reduce heat absorption.
• Smart Cooling Systems (Dubai):Centralized chilled water systems reduce cooling energy by 30–50% compared to individual AC units.
• Cool Streets Initiative (Paris):Converts streets to pedestrian zones, replaces asphalt with vegetation, and expands urban greenery.

In News:

India has once again been placed on the Priority Watch List(PWL) in the United States Trade Representative (USTR) Special 301 Report, alongside countries such as China, Russia, and Venezuela. The report has raised concerns over India's Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime, prompting debates on the implications for India's trade and innovation environment.

What is the USTR Special 301 Report?

• Mandate & Purpose: The Special 301 Report is an annual review mandated under Section 182 of the US Trade Act of 1974, identifying countries that the US believes do not offer "adequate and effective" protection of IPR or deny fair and equitable market access to US IPR holders.
• Designations:
  • Priority Foreign Country (PFC): Most severe classification; can trigger investigations and trade sanctions.
  • Priority Watch List (PWL): Countries with serious IPR concerns requiring close monitoring and bilateral engagement.
  • Watch List: Countries with moderate IPR issues.
• Historical Context: India has been consistently listed under the Priority Watch List in the report, including in the years 2020, 2021, and 2024.

Concerns Raised by the USTR Regarding India

• IP Enforcement Deficiencies:
  • Weak enforcement mechanisms against online piracy.
  • Backlogs in trademark opposition proceedings.
  • Lack of a strong legal framework for protecting trade secrets.
• Pharmaceutical Patents:
  • Alleged lack of transparency and delays in resolving pre-grant patent disputes.
  • Absence of effective mechanisms for early resolution of disputes in the pharmaceutical sector.
• Copyright Issues:The report criticizes India for not fully aligning with WIPO Internet Treaties, especially regarding the protection of content in interactive transmissions like streaming and downloads.
• Market Access Concerns:The US claims that India imposes high tariffs on IP-intensive products and creates procedural barriers for foreign firms seeking patent protection.

India’s Response and Position

• India maintains that its IPR laws fully comply with the WTO’s TRIPS Agreement, which sets minimum standards for IP protection globally.
• India rejects unilateral pressure to conform to IP standards beyond TRIPS, asserting its right to balance IP protection with public health, access to medicines, and developmental needs.
• Progress has been acknowledged in areas like trademark investigation reforms and IP policy transparency through bilateral platforms such as the US-India Trade Policy Forum.

US Measures to Push IPR Standards

• The USTR uses a mix of bilateral negotiations, WTO forums, and technical assistance to persuade countries to adopt stricter IP regimes.
• It also undertakes anti-counterfeiting initiatives, capacity-building programs, and trade diplomacy to influence global IPR enforcement.

In News:

India's growing stature as a global economic powerhouse has led to an upsurge in commercial transactions—both domestic and international. With the traditional litigation system overburdened (nearly 50 lakh cases pending for over 10 years), arbitration is increasingly viewed as a faster and more efficient alternative for dispute resolution. However, despite legislative reforms, the effectiveness of India’s arbitration landscape remains hindered by structural flaws, especially concerning arbitrator quality and institutional credibility.

What is Arbitration?

Arbitration is a quasi-judicial mechanism of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) wherein a neutral third party (arbitrator) delivers a binding decision outside the court system. It is governed by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, which aligns with the UNCITRAL Model Law. Amendments in 2015, 2019, and the draft Bill of 2024 aim to promote institutional arbitration, reduce delays, and enhance credibility.

Historical and Institutional Evolution

• 1899: Indian Arbitration Act introduced (limited to Presidency towns).
• 1940: Comprehensive domestic arbitration law enacted.
• 1996: Post-liberalization, India adopted UNCITRAL-compliant Arbitration and Conciliation Act.
• 2019: Establishment of India International Arbitration Centre (IIAC) to offer cost-effective and globally competitive arbitration services.
• Arbitration Council of India (ACI): Set up under 2019 Amendment to regulate and promote quality arbitration, headed by a retired SC/HC judge or expert.

Why Arbitration is Gaining Importance in India

• Judicial Backlog: With only 21 judges per million people, courts are overwhelmed. Arbitration offers a time-bound alternative (mandated 12-month timeline for award delivery).
• Economic Growth and FDI Surge: India attracted $1 trillion in FDI (2024), heightening cross-border disputes that demand specialized, swift dispute resolution.
• Confidentiality and Expertise: Arbitration provides procedural flexibility and protects sensitive commercial data—key for tech, pharma, and IP-driven sectors.
• Global Recognition: India is a signatory to the New York Convention, making its arbitral awards globally enforceable.
• Policy Push: Civil Procedure Code and National Litigation Policy (2010) encourage ADR to reduce court burden.

Core Challenges in India’s Arbitration Framework

• Judicial Dominance in Arbitrator Appointments:
  • Retired judges dominate arbitration panels.
  • Their court-centric mindset leads to lengthy, costly, and rigid processes, often mimicking litigation.
  • The Ministry of Finance (2024) criticized these arbitrations as lacking efficiency and innovation.
• Narrow Arbitrator Pool:
  • Predominantly comprises legal professionals and ex-judges.
  • Lacks subject-matter experts like engineers, economists, and technologists, crucial for technical or industry-specific disputes.
• Insufficient Training and Accreditation:
  • No mandatory certification or capacity-building for arbitrators.
  • Skills like cross-cultural communication, financial analysis, and evidence handling are often underdeveloped.
• Low Global Representation:
  • Indian arbitrators are rarely appointed in international disputes without an Indian party.
  • As highlighted by former CJI D.Y. Chandrachud (2024), this points to gaps in credibility, visibility, and networking.

Reforms Needed to Build a Robust Arbitration Ecosystem

• Diversify and Professionalize Arbitrator Pool:
  • Move beyond reliance on retired judges.
  • Include professionals from fields like law, finance, engineering, and management.
• Accreditation and Skill Development:
  • Establish a National Accreditation Board for Arbitrators under the Ministry of Law and Justice.
  • Mandate rigorous training via institutions like IIAC or professional bodies.
  • Encourage soft-skills and exposure to global best practices.
• Institutional Strengthening:
  • Boost the functioning of IIAC and ACI for better standards, accountability, and case management.
  • Promote institutional arbitration over ad hoc arbitration.
• Awareness and Capacity Building:
  • Launch a National Arbitration Awareness Mission targeting MSMEs and Tier-2/3 cities.
  • Integrate with existing platforms like Startup India, Skill India, and MSME Sambandh.
• Limit Judicial Interference:
  • Strict adherence to the “minimum judicial intervention” principle (as per the 1996 Act).
  • Establish dedicated commercial courts with arbitration-specialist judges for related matters.
• International Engagement and Visibility:
  • Partner with global arbitral institutions (e.g., SIAC, ICC).
  • Organize International Arbitration Summits to showcase Indian capabilities.
  • Use forums like UN, IBA, and G20 to promote Indian arbitrators globally.

In News:

In a pioneering advancement in neurotechnology and assistive healthcare, scientists at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)have developed a stable Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) system that enables a paralysed individual to control a robotic arm using only brain signals. This innovation holds transformative potential for people with paralysis, significantly enhancing autonomy and quality of life.

What is Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)?

A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a neurotechnological system that establishes direct communication between the brain and external devices, bypassing damaged neural pathways. It decodes neural signals related to intended movements and translates them into actionable commands to control robotic limbs, computers, or speech systems.

Key Technological Achievements

• Long-Term Stability: The developed BCI system allowed continuous and accurate control of a robotic arm for over 7 months with minimal recalibration, overcoming a major limitation of earlier BCI systems.
• Sensor Implantation: Tiny electrodes were implanted in the motor cortex, the region of the brain that governs movement.
• AI-Powered Signal Decoding: The system used machine learning algorithms to decode brain activity and adapt to daily shifts in neural signals, ensuring consistent performance.
• Virtual to Real Transition: The participant underwent virtual training with a robotic arm before controlling a real-world robotic limb, aiding in precision and neural calibration.

Functionality Demonstrated

The paralysed participant, who had lost all movement and speech abilities due to a stroke, could:

• Pick up and rotate blocks
• Open cabinets
• Retrieve and position a cup under a water dispenser

These basic actions, enabled purely by imagined movement, highlight the immense real-world utility of the BCI system.

Scientific Insights

• High-Dimensional Neural Mapping: Although neural signals shifted slightly each day, their overall structure remained consistent. This allowed researchers to create a dynamic AI framework that predicted and compensated for signal changes.
• No Direct Brain Stimulation: The system only read signals and did not send any electrical impulses to the brain.
• End-to-End Signal Processing Pipeline: From capturing brain signals to executing robotic arm movement, a seamless pipeline was established for fluid, real-time motion.

Broader Applications

The implications of this BCI research go beyond limb movement:

• Restoration of Speech: In cases of ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and brainstem stroke, BCIs can decode intended speech from neural activity and render it as text, synthesized voice, or avatar speech.
• Faster Communication: A recent trial showed an ALS patient using BCI technology to communicate at 62 words per minute, nearly 3.4 times faster than earlier systems.

Future Prospects & Challenges

• Scalability: More work is needed to generalize this system for diverse forms of paralysis.
• Complex Environments: Future BCIs must function in real-world environments filled with distractions, like grocery stores or public spaces.
• Ethical and Regulatory Oversight: Given the invasive nature of electrode implantation, ethical considerations around consent, privacy, and long-term effects must be addressed.

In News:

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) signed contracts worth approximately ?2,500 crore for procuring advanced anti-tank missile systems and light vehicles to enhance the Indian Army's operational capabilities.

Nag Anti-Tank Missile System (NAMIS)

• Development and Production:Developed by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).
• System Overview:NAMIS is a tracked, third-generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system mounted on a BMP-2 chassis (Nag Missile Carrier or NAMICA). It features a ‘fire-and-forget’ capability, employing an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker to lock on to heavily armored targets before launch.
• Key Features:
  • Range: 500 meters to 4 kilometers.
  • Attack Modes:
    • Top Attack Mode: Missile climbs and strikes the target from above to penetrate weaker top armor.
    • Direct Attack Mode: Missile flies directly to strike the target.
  • Night Capability: Operates effectively under low visibility.
  • Mobility: Based on the amphibious BMP-2, NAMIS can operate across varied terrains.
• Significance:The tracked NAMIS enhances the anti-tank capabilities of mechanized infantry, marking a crucial step in modernizing the Indian Army’s battlefield readiness.
• Other Nag Variants:The Helina is a helicopter-launched version designed for deployment on Rudra and Light Combat Helicopters (LCH), successfully tested in 2018.

Light Vehicles Procurement

• The MoD signed contracts with Force Motors Limited and Mahindra & Mahindra Limited for around 5,000 light vehicles.
• These vehicles are equipped with enhanced engine power and designed to carry payloads of up to 800 kg, ensuring mobility across diverse terrains and operational conditions.

Additional Defence Contract

• Zen Technologies Limited secured a contract worth approximately ?152 crore for supplying Integrated Air Defence Combat Simulators (IADCS) for the Army’s L70 air defence guns.
• The IADCS is a virtual training system developed under the Make-II category to provide realistic simulation-based training for air defence operations.

In News:

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has entered into a significant partnership with the Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N) to leverage advanced technologies in geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and satellite image analytics for strengthening audit processes.

About BISAG-N

• Institution Profile: BISAG-N is an autonomous scientific society under the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India, located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. It operates under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
• Core Domains: The institute specializes in satellite communication, geo-informatics, and geo-spatial technologies.
• Functions: BISAG-N develops and manages GIS databases, creates and updates maps, conducts data migration and format translation, provides software customization and systems integration, and offers technical consulting for large-scale GIS implementations.
• Applications: It delivers comprehensive geo-spatial solutions including photogrammetry, cartography, remote sensing applications for agriculture (crop monitoring), watershed management, forest fire mapping, and environmental resource management.
• Collaborations: BISAG-N works closely with central ministries and state government agencies to support planning and development activities using space and geo-spatial technologies.

Details of the CAG-BISAG-N Partnership

• Objective: The partnership aims to integrate cutting-edge geo-spatial tools such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Big Data Analytics into the CAG's audit methodologies. This will enhance audit accuracy, efficiency, and accountability.
• Key Focus Areas:
  • Developing customized geo-spatial solutions and platforms for audit analysis.
  • Utilizing data available from government initiatives like PM GatiShakti for comprehensive audit evaluations.
  • Conducting joint research in geo-spatial analysis, remote sensing, and satellite image analytics.
  • Organizing training and capacity-building programs to equip CAG officials with skills in geo-spatial technologies.
• Significance: This collaboration reflects the CAG’s commitment to adopting digital public infrastructure and technological innovation, enhancing governance, and reinforcing financial accountability in India’s public institutions.

In News:

The European Space Agency (ESA) has officially retired its Gaia space observatory after over nine years of pioneering work in astrometry. Launched in December 2013, Gaia was designed to create the most detailed three-dimensional map of the Milky Way galaxy, transforming our understanding of its structure, evolution, and constituents.

About Gaia

• Mission Objective: Gaia aimed to precisely measure the positions, distances, motions, and physical properties of over 2 billion stars within the Milky Way. Its data helps scientists study the galaxy’s formation, predict its future evolution, and explore celestial phenomena.
• Orbit & Technology: Stationed at the second Lagrange point (L2), about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, Gaia operated beyond the disturbances of Earth’s atmosphere, sun, and moon. Equipped with twin telescopes focusing light onto a nearly one-billion-pixel digital camera—the largest ever deployed in space—the observatory had three key instruments: an astrometer, photometer, and spectrometer to measure stellar positions, brightness, and compositions.

Major Contributions and Discoveries

• 3D Galactic Map: Gaia revealed the warped and wobbling nature of the Milky Way’s disc, mapped its spiral arms and central bulge, and detailed its dynamic evolution shaped by ancient galactic collisions. These findings shed light on events influencing the formation of stars including our Sun.
• New Black Holes: The mission identified previously unseen black holes detectable only by their gravitational influence, marking a first in astronomical observations.
• Asteroid Cataloguing: Gaia tracked the paths of over 150,000 asteroids, enabling better prediction of their trajectories and potential threats to Earth.
• Legacy and Data: Although Gaia has mapped approximately 2% of the galaxy’s stars so far, its extensive data sets continue to be processed and released, promising decades of future scientific breakthroughs.

End of Mission and Legacy

In March 2025, ESA safely deactivated Gaia by draining its energy and shifting it to a retirement orbit around the Sun, ensuring it does not interfere with upcoming missions. While the spacecraft’s active observations have ended, Gaia’s rich data legacy remains invaluable to astronomers worldwide.

In News:

The government has announced the upcoming introduction of ‘Sahkar Taxi’, a cooperative-based ride-hailing platform designed to directly benefit drivers by eliminating intermediary commissions.

What is ‘Sahkar Taxi’?

‘Sahkar Taxi’ is a ride-hailing service supported by the government, operated through cooperative societies. Unlike conventional app-based services such as Ola and Uber, this platform allows drivers to retain their full earnings, without deductions by middlemen or aggregators. It draws inspiration from existing app-based models but is fundamentally driven by cooperative principles.

Why is ‘Sahkar Taxi’ Needed?

• Concerns Over Commission Charges: Leading ride-hailing apps have faced criticism for imposing high commission fees, reducing the take-home earnings of drivers.
• Pricing Transparency Issues: Allegations of differential pricing based on the type of user device (e.g., iPhone versus Android) have sparked doubts regarding fairness and transparency.
• Driver Challenges: Centralized control by large platforms often leaves drivers with limited negotiation power and inadequate income security.

Importance and Impact of ‘Sahkar Taxi’

• Driver Empowerment: By establishing a cooperative ownership model, drivers gain a stronger stake in the business, leading to improved financial stability.
• Decentralized Economic Participation: The initiative encourages local involvement and collective growth, aligning with the government’s vision of ‘Sahkar Se Samriddhi’ (Prosperity through Cooperation).
• Sustainable Alternative: It presents a viable, inclusive option to the dominant profit-driven ride aggregator market, focusing on equitable benefit sharing.
• Enhanced Consumer Confidence: The cooperative framework promotes transparent pricing and greater accountability in digital service delivery, fostering trust among users.

In News:

India’s textile sector plays a vital role in the country’s economy, contributing nearly 2% to GDP and ranking as the world’s 6th largest textile exporter with a 3.9% share of global textile exports. The sector is projected to grow to USD 350 billion by 2030, generating around 3.5 crore jobs. Alongside traditional textiles, technical textiles—specialized fabrics designed for specific industrial and functional uses—are emerging as a major growth driver.

What are Technical Textiles?

Technical textiles are fabrics engineered for performance rather than aesthetics. They serve diverse sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, construction, automotive, and safety by providing solutions like protective gear, medical textiles, geotextiles, and industrial fabrics. The industry segments technical textiles into 12 categories based on application.

National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM)

To capitalize on this potential, the Ministry of Textiles launched the National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM) in 2020, with an outlay of ?1,480 crore running through 2025-26. The mission aims to position India as a global leader in technical textiles by focusing on innovation, research, market expansion, export promotion, and skill development.

Four Pillars of NTTM:

1. Research, Innovation, and Development: Funding and supporting R&D projects to develop new materials and processes.
2. Promotion and Market Development: Facilitating wider adoption of technical textiles domestically and internationally.
3. Export Promotion: Establishing dedicated export councils to enhance global market access.
4. Education, Training, and Skill Development: Training 50,000 individuals, from students to professionals, through specialized courses and industry internships.

Since its inception, NTTM has approved 168 research projects worth ?509 crore and allocated ?517 crore towards mission activities. So far, ?393.39 crore has been utilized for research, market promotion, export, and skill training.

Key Initiatives under NTTM

• GIST 2.0 (Grant for Internship Support in Technical Textiles): Bridges academia and industry by providing hands-on learning and internships, fostering innovation and supporting the Make in India initiative.
• GREAT Scheme (Grant for Research & Entrepreneurship across Aspiring Innovators in Technical Textiles): Funds startups and educational institutions to commercialize innovative technical textile products. For example, 8 startups received ?50 lakh each to develop medical, industrial, and protective textiles. IIT Indore and NIT Patna were awarded ?6.5 crore to launch specialized courses in geotextiles and sports textiles.
• Skill Development: Courses developed by premier textile research associations like SITRA, NITRA, and SASMIRA train workers in sectors such as medical, protective, mobile, and agricultural textiles.
• Technotex 2024: A platform showcasing cutting-edge projects under the NTTM Innovation Zone, featuring 71 innovations to attract global investments.

Impact and Success Stories

India is witnessing rapid innovation in technical textiles. For instance, Eicher Goodearth’s “Mahina” is India’s first bonded leak-proof period underwear, providing 12-hour protection using natural materials and reusable up to 100 washes.

Several states are prioritizing technical textiles growth through policy support. Tamil Nadu’s budget highlights include establishing the PM MITRA Park in Virudhunagar and a textile park in Salem, along with increased subsidies for machinery modernization in spinning units—from 2% to 6%—to lower costs and boost competitiveness.

In News:

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the newly constructed Pamban Rail Bridge on April 6, 2025, coinciding with Ram Navami. The bridge connects Mandapam (mainland Tamil Nadu) to Rameswaram Island, replacing the century-old Pamban bridge.

Key Highlights:

• Total Project Cost: ?531 crore
• Constructed by:Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL)
• Bridge Type:Vertical-lift railway bridge – thefirst of its kind in India
• Total Length:2.2 km
• Lift Span:72 metres, enabling automated vertical clearance for ships
• Technology: Fully automated lift mechanism (unlike manual operation in the old bridge)
• Materials: Constructed with corrosion-resistant materials for improved longevity
• Sustainability:Solar-compatible design for future energy efficiency

Significance:

• Enhances rail connectivity to Rameswaram, a major religious and tourist destination.
• Improves maritime navigation safety by enabling faster ship movement through the lift span.
• Strengthens coastal infrastructure in Tamil Nadu, supporting economic and strategic interests.

Old Pamban Bridge (1914–2022): A Legacy

• Inaugurated: 1914 by British India (under Madras Railway)
• Length: 2.065 km with 143 piers
• Mechanism:Double-leaf bascule (Scherzer lift) manually operated for ship passage
• Structure Height: 12.5 m above sea level
• Distinction: India’s first sea bridge; remained operational for over 108 years
• Reason for Closure: Severe corrosion led to decommissioning in 2022

Safety and Commissioning Notes:

• The Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) conducted a statutory inspection in November 2024.
• CRS had flagged structural and planning lapses; rectification was completed before inauguration.
• Parts of the old bridge will be preserved due to its historical value, though full relocation is not feasible.

Additional Developments:

• New Train Flagged Off: PM Modi flagged a new train service between Tambaram and Rameswaram.
• Rameswaram Station Redevelopment: Work is underway and expected to be completed by September 2025.

In News:

A 20-year study in South Africa reveals that the decline of Great White Sharks disrupted marine ecosystems, causing cascading food web imbalances.

Key Highlights:

• Scientific Name:Carcharodon carcharias
• IUCN Red List Status:Vulnerable
• Habitat and Distribution:
  • Commonly found in temperate coastal waters, including regions off the USA, South Africa, Australia, and Japan.
  • Highly migratory, often venturing into tropical waters but returning to temperate zones for feeding.
• Key Biological Features:
  • Endothermic Adaptation: Capable of maintaining body temperature higher than surrounding waters (regional endothermy).
  • Body Structure: Streamlined, torpedo-shaped body with serrated teeth for efficient hunting.
  • Feeding Behavior: Ambush predator – uses a "bite-and-wait" strategy to hunt seals, dolphins, and large fish.
• Reproduction:

• Viviparous: Gives birth to live young.
• Gestation Period: Around 12 months.
• Maturity:
  • Females: Mature at 15–16 feet, around 12–18 years of age.
  • Males: Mature at 11–13 feet, around 10 years of age.

• Ecological Importance:

• Apex Predator: Plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems by regulating populations of prey such as seals and mid-level predators.
• Indicator Species: Their presence signals the health and stability of marine ecosystems.

• Ecological Disruption in South Africa – Key Findings:

• A 20-year study in False Bay, South Africa, revealed a significant decline in Great White Shark numbers.
• This led to:
  • A surge in seal populations and sevengill sharks.
  • A corresponding collapse in populations of smaller sharks and fish, showcasing a trophic cascade and food web imbalance.

In News:

In its 2025 Annual Report, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) recommended designating India as a "Country of Particular Concern" (CPC), citing alleged systemic violations of religious freedom.

Key USCIRF Recommendations:

• Label India as a CPC under the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA), 1998.
• Impose targeted sanctions on Indian institutions, including the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), and individuals such as Vikash Yadav.
• Review bilateral defence agreements, including drone deals.
• Prioritise religious freedom in diplomatic dialogues with India.
• Reintroduce the Transnational Repression Reporting Act, 2024 to monitor global religious freedom violations.

About USCIRF:

• Established by: U.S. Congress (1998) under IRFA.
• Nature: Independent, bipartisan federal agency.
• Not affiliated with: U.S. State Department (but works in coordination).
• Structure: 9 Commissioners appointed by the U.S. President and Congressional leaders.
• Mandate: Monitor global religious freedom (FoRB), advise U.S. leadership, recommend sanctions, and publish annual reports.

Core Functions:

• Track global trends in freedom of religion or belief.
• Recommend policy actions including CPC designation.
• Advocate for religious prisoners of conscience.
• Maintain a FoRB Victims List and issue thematic reports.

India’s Official Response:

The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) firmly rejected USCIRF’s report, calling it “biased and politically motivated.”

• MEA Spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal criticized the report for misrepresenting isolated incidents and ignoring India’s multicultural and pluralistic society.
• Highlighted India’s 1.4 billion diverse population, representing all major religions.
• Emphasized that USCIRF’s assessments reflect a deliberate narrative rather than genuine concern for religious rights.
• Asserted that such reports would not affect India’s image as a democratic and tolerant nation.
• Called for USCIRF itself to be recognized as an “entity of concern.”

In News:

India successfully conducted a flight test of the VL-SRSAM from a defence testing range off the Odisha coast.

Overview:

• Type: Indigenous short-range surface-to-air missile (SRSAM)
• Developed by: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
• Purpose: Designed for quick reaction air defence, capable of intercepting a variety of aerial threats including low-altitude sea-skimming targets.
• Users:Originally developed for the Indian Navy, with applications now extending to the Indian Air Force for safeguarding air bases.

Performance Parameters:

• Initial range: 40 km (Navy version)
• Extended range: Up to 80 km
• Maximum altitude: 16 km
• Top speed: Mach 4.5

Technical Specifications:

• Length: 3.93 meters
• Diameter: 178 mm
• Wingspan: 508 mm
• Weight: ~170 kg
• Propulsion: Solid fuel
• Guidance System:
  • Mid-course: Inertial navigation based on fibre-optic gyroscope
  • Terminal phase: Active radar homing
• Launcher Configuration: Twin quad-pack canisters integrated with weapon control systems (WCS) for multiple missile launches.

Significance:

• Enhances India's self-reliant air defence capability.
• Supports indigenous development under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
• Strengthens India's maritime and aerial defensive posture through versatile deployment.

In News:

To fulfil the vision of NEP 2020, the Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSE&L), Ministry of Education has launched “Baalpan ki Kavita initiative: Restoring Bhartiya rhymes/poems for young children” for preparing a compendium of nursery rhymes/poems in all Bhartiya Bhasha and also in English, focusing on content relevant to the Indian context.

Key Highlights:

Objective:To compile a national-level compendium of nursery rhymes and poems in all Bhartiya Bhashas (Indian languages) and English, with a focus on culturally relevant content for early childhood learning.

Key Features:

• Encourages multilingual and mother-tongue based education, in line with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
• Aims to make foundational learning joyful, relatable, and rooted in Indian ethos.
• Invites existing folklore rhymes and newly composed poems across three age-based categories:
  • Pre-primary: Ages 3–6
  • Grade 1: Ages 6–7
  • Grade 2: Ages 7–8
• Open to submissions in all Indian languages and English.

Significance:

• Reinforces foundational literacy through culturally contextual content.
• Promotes regional literature, creativity, and early multilingualism.
• Strengthens identity and connection to Indian culture from an early age.

In News:

To fulfil the vision of NEP 2020, the Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSE&L), Ministry of Education has launched “Baalpan ki Kavita initiative: Restoring Bhartiya rhymes/poems for young children” for preparing a compendium of nursery rhymes/poems in all Bhartiya Bhasha and also in English, focusing on content relevant to the Indian context.

Key Highlights:

Objective:To compile a national-level compendium of nursery rhymes and poems in all Bhartiya Bhashas (Indian languages) and English, with a focus on culturally relevant content for early childhood learning.

Key Features:

• Encourages multilingual and mother-tongue based education, in line with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
• Aims to make foundational learning joyful, relatable, and rooted in Indian ethos.
• Invites existing folklore rhymes and newly composed poems across three age-based categories:
  • Pre-primary: Ages 3–6
  • Grade 1: Ages 6–7
  • Grade 2: Ages 7–8
• Open to submissions in all Indian languages and English.

Significance:

• Reinforces foundational literacy through culturally contextual content.
• Promotes regional literature, creativity, and early multilingualism.
• Strengthens identity and connection to Indian culture from an early age.

In News:

GE Aerospace has commenced delivery of F404-IN20 jet engines to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Mk1A. This marks a significant milestone in India’s indigenous defence production capabilities and is vital for bridging the Indian Air Force's (IAF) operational gaps.

Background on Tejas LCA Mk1A

• Tejas LCA Mk1A is an advanced version of the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) developed by HAL.
• It incorporates over 40 improvements over the Mk1 variant, aimed at enhancing combat readiness, survivability, and ease of maintenance.

Key Features:

• Radar Systems:
  • Israeli EL/M-2052 AESA Radar.
  • Indigenous Uttam AESA Radar (under integration).
• Electronic Warfare:
  • Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS).
  • Advanced Self-Protection Jammer Pod.
• Weapons Capability:Nine hardpoints supporting Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles, Air-to-Air and Air-to-Ground missiles, and Advanced Short-Range Air-to-Air Missiles (ASRAAM).
• Digital Fly-by-Wire System:Upgraded Flight Control Computer (DFCC Mk1A).
• Improved Operational Efficiency:Reduced weight, enhanced maintainability, and faster sortie turnaround.

Engine Deliveries and Production Status

• First Engine Delivered: March 26, 2025; expected in India by April.
• Engine Type: F404-IN20 by GE Aerospace – a high-thrust variant tailored for IAF needs.
• Key Engine Features:
  • Higher-flow fan, single-crystal turbine blades, and customized components.
  • Achieved Mach 1.1 during Tejas’ maiden flight in 2008.

Delivery Commitments:

• 2025 Target: 12 engines and 12 Tejas Mk1A jets to be delivered.
• Full Order: 99 engines ordered in 2021.
• Production Goal: HAL to produce 24 aircraft per year.
• Current Readiness: Three Mk1A jets flying; 11 more expected by end-2025 (10 from Bengaluru, 1 from Nasik).

Production Challenges:

• Engine production was dormant for five years.
• Reinitiating during the COVID-19 pandemic caused further delays.
• GE has now stabilized its supply chain and resumed engine production.

Strategic Importance for IAF

• Current IAF Strength: 31 fighter squadrons (sanctioned strength: 42.5).
• Urgency: Older aircraft like Jaguar, MiG-29UPG, and Mirage-2000 will begin phasing out by decade-end.
• Future Platforms: LCA Mk2 is under development; AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft), India’s 5th-gen stealth fighter, is still a decade away.

Policy Push:A high-level committee led by the Defence Secretary submitted recommendations to the Defence Minister for enhancing IAF capabilities in short, medium, and long-term.

In News:

Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks, commonly known as deer ticks. These ticks become carriers when they feed on infected animals, such as rodents. Importantly, Lyme disease does not spread from person to person, nor through food, water, air, pets, or other insects like mosquitoes and flies.

The disease is primarily reported in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia, particularly in wooded and grassy regions during the warmer months. In the United States, it is most prevalent in the northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and upper Midwestern states.

Symptoms and Progression

Lyme disease often begins with a characteristic red, expanding rash called erythema migrans, which may appear in a bull’s-eye pattern. Early symptoms also include fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches, headache, and swollen lymph nodes. If untreated, it can progress to cause:

• Neurological issues: meningitis, facial palsy (Bell’s palsy), nerve pain, and brain inflammation.
• Cardiovascular problems: irregular heartbeat and heart block.
• Musculoskeletal symptoms: arthritis, joint pain (especially in the knees), and swelling.
• Other effects: dizziness, vision problems, memory issues, and concentration difficulties (often referred to as “brain fog”).

Treatment Protocol

Lyme disease is primarily treated with antibiotics, especially when diagnosed early. Common antibiotics include doxycycline (for adults and children over 8 years), amoxicillin (for younger children and pregnant women), cefuroxime, and azithromycin (for those allergic to other options). The treatment duration varies:

• Localized skin infections: 14 days
• Early disseminated infections: 21 days
• Lyme arthritis: 28 to 60 days
• Severe or neurological cases may require intravenous antibiotics like ceftriaxone

In some cases, symptoms may persist even after treatment, a condition known as Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS). While the exact cause is unknown, continued antibiotic use does not improve outcomes, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms.

Recent Scientific Breakthrough

In a major scientific advancement, researchers have identified a crucial enzyme—lactate dehydrogenase specific to Borrelia burgdorferi (BbLDH)—which plays a vital role in the bacterium's survival and infectivity. Unlike most organisms that rely on thiamin-dependent metabolism, B. burgdorferi uniquely depends on BbLDH to convert pyruvate to lactate, maintaining its NADH/NAD+ balance.

The research, conducted at Virginia Commonwealth University and published in mBio, demonstrated through genetic, biochemical, and structural analysis that BbLDH is essential for the growth and infection capability of the Lyme disease bacterium. Loss-of-function studies confirmed its indispensability, both in laboratory and in vivo models.

High-throughput screening of chemical compounds led to the identification of several promising BbLDH inhibitors. These inhibitors could form the basis for future, highly targeted treatments against Lyme disease. Moreover, the findings have broader implications for tackling other tick-borne illnesses.

In News:

The Delhi Legislative Assembly has become the 28th legislature in India to sign a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (MoPA) and the Government of NCT of Delhi for implementing the National e-Vidhan Application (NeVA). This move marks a significant advancement in India's push for paperless, transparent, and efficient legislative processes.

About NeVA:

• Developed by: Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
• Hosted on:Meghraj 2.0, India’s national cloud infrastructure
• Objective: To digitize legislative operations across State Legislatures and Union Territory Assemblies
• Vision: Aligned with the “One Nation, One Application” initiative

Key Features:

Feature                                           Description

Device-Neutral                         Accessible via smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktops

Real-Time Access                   Legislators can view agendas, bills, questions, committee reports, and proceedings anytime

Digital Repository                   Secure storage for legislative documents with confidentiality and integrity

Multilingual Support             Facilitates linguistic inclusivity across India

Member-Centric Tools        Access to member directories, notices, starred/unstarred Q&A, digital bulletins, and

                                                  house business

Public Interface                         Allows citizens and media to access legislative documents and updates

Smart Legislative Tools        Aids Speakers/Chairs in conducting proceedings smoothly

Stakeholders Benefiting from NeVA:

• Members of Legislative Assemblies and Councils
• Government Ministers and Department Staff
• Assembly Secretariat Officials
• Media and General Public

Delhi’s Onboarding Highlights:

• Signed By: Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, Delhi Legislative Assembly, and GNCTD
• Purpose: To empower Delhi MLAs with digital tools and reduce paper-based procedures
• Significance: Part of Delhi’s 100-day governance agenda aimed at modernization and transparency

In News:

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) may significantly accelerate the diagnosis of coeliac disease, an inherited autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption. Researchers at the University of Cambridge have developed an AI-based tool capable of diagnosing the disease swiftly and accurately, potentially transforming current diagnostic practices.

What is Coeliac Disease?

• Nature: An inherited autoimmune disorder.
• Cause: Triggered by consumption of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.
• Mechanism: Gluten intake causes an immune reaction in the small intestine, damaging the intestinal lining (villi), leading to malabsorption of nutrients.

Key Symptoms:

• Gastrointestinal: Diarrhoea, bloating, stomach cramps, weight loss
• Systemic: Fatigue, anaemia, skin rashes
• In children: Impaired growth and development
• Long-term complications: Malnutrition, osteoporosis, infertility, anaemia, and increased risk of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers

Prevalence and Risk Factors:

• Affects approximately 1 in 100 people worldwide
• About 700,000 people in the UK live with the disease
• Individuals with a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) with coeliac disease have a 1 in 10 risk
• It can develop at any age after gluten consumption begins

Diagnosis and Treatment:

• Current Diagnostic Method:
  • Blood tests to detect gluten antibodies
  • Duodenal biopsy to assess damage to villi (requires analysis by pathologists)
• Treatment: No cure; managed through a strict lifelong gluten-free diet

AI-Based Diagnostic Advancement:

• Development: By University of Cambridge researchers
• Function: The AI model analyses biopsy images to detect villous damage
• Training: Based on 4,000+ biopsy images from five hospitals using scanners from four manufacturers
• Efficiency: Matches the accuracy of expert pathologists, with diagnosis in under a minute
• Impact: Could eliminate delays caused by backlog in pathology labs and speed up diagnosis for patients

Significance of AI in Healthcare:

• Benefits:
  • Faster diagnosis for patients
  • Reduces burden on pathologists and NHS waiting lists
  • Frees up time for pathologists to focus on more critical cases (e.g., cancer)
• Expert Support:Recognised by the Royal College of Pathologists as a tool with the potential to transform diagnostic pathology
• Future Requirements:
  • Investment in digital pathology
  • Integrated IT systems across health organisations
  • Training for medical professionals in AI-based diagnostic tools

In News:

Karnataka Forest Department has initiated a "soft release" strategy to address the escalating human-elephant conflict in the districts of Hassan, Chikkamagaluru, and Kodagu. The strategy involves the phased rehabilitation of captured elephants into the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS).

Soft Release Strategy – Key Highlights

• Objective: To rehabilitate conflict-prone wild elephants and reduce human-elephant encounters.
• Implementation Site:Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS), Chikkamagaluru district.
• Initial Step: Captured elephants will be placed in a 20 sq. km enclosure within the sanctuary.
• Purpose of Enclosure:
  • Acclimatisation to the wild.
  • Health monitoring and behavioural assessment.
• Final Release: Once deemed fit, elephants will be released into one of four pre-identified zones in BWS, chosen based on:
  • Availability of water and forage.
  • Absence of human activity.
  • Road connectivity.

Monitoring & Management

• The enclosure will be fenced using railway barricades.
• A dedicated team of veterinarians will supervise the elephants from a nearby veterinary centre.
• Minimal human interaction will be ensured during the acclimatisation period.
• Expert guidance is being provided by Prof. R. Sukumar (Indian Institute of Science) and senior forest officials.

About Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS)

• Location: Western Ghats, Karnataka.
• Area: 492.30 sq. km.
• Also Known As:Muthodi Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Named After: Bhadra River.
• Status: A designated Project Tiger Reserve.

Ecological Significance

• Forest Types:
  • Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous Forests.
  • Dry Deciduous Forests.
  • Shola Forests.
• Wildlife Diversity:
  • Mammals: Tigers, leopards, elephants, gaurs, dholes, and deer.
  • Birds: ~250 species, including endemic birds like Hornbills, Malabar Trogon, and Hill Myna.

Significance of the Initiative

• Biodiversity Conservation: Enhances protection of endangered species and habitats in the Western Ghats.
• Conflict Mitigation: Aims to provide a sustainable solution to frequent elephant incursions, crop damage, and human casualties.
• Model Strategy: Draws upon similar practices implemented in West Bengal and tailors them to Karnataka’s ecological conditions.

In News:

The Government of India discontinued the Medium-Term and Long-Term Government Deposits (MLTGD) under the Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS) with effect from March 26, 2025. Earlier, the Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) scheme was also discontinued.

What is the Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)?

• Launched: 15th September 2015 (improved version of earlier Gold Deposit Scheme and Gold Metal Loan Scheme).
• Objective:
  • Mobilize idle gold held by households and institutions.
  • Bring privately held gold into the formal economy.
  • Reduce the country's dependence on gold imports.
  • Help lower the Current Account Deficit (CAD).
• Eligibility: Individuals, institutions, and government entities could deposit their idle gold in banks.
• Redemption:
  • Gold is not returned in the same form (e.g., jewellery).
  • Maturity proceeds are redeemed in the form of cash, gold bars, or coins (depending on the type of deposit).

Types of Deposits under GMS (Before Discontinuation of MLTGD):

• Short-Term Bank Deposit (STBD):
  • Tenure: 1–3 years
  • Interest Rate: Variable; decided by banks
  • Redemption: Gold or cash
  • Use: Lending by banks for domestic needs
• Medium-Term Government Deposit (MTGD):
  • Tenure: 5–7 years
  • Interest Rate: 2.25%; decided by Govt. in consultation with RBI
  • Redemption: Cash only
  • Use: Government and RBI reserves
• Long-Term Government Deposit (LTGD):
  • Tenure: 12–15 years
  • Interest Rate: 2.5%; decided by Govt. in consultation with RBI
  • Redemption: Cash only
  • Use: Monetary policy operations and reserves

Note: As of 2025, only the Short-Term Bank Deposit remains operational.

Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme – Overview:

• Launched: 2015
• Objective:
  • Reduce demand for physical gold.
  • Promote investment in financial gold instruments.
  • Channel household savings into productive financial assets.
• Key Features:
  • Issued in denominations of 5g, 10g, 50g, and 100g.
  • Tenure: 8 years (with exit option after 5 years).
  • Interest Rate: 2.5% per annum (paid semi-annually).
  • Capital gains tax exemption on maturity.
  • Backed by the Government of India.
• Status: Discontinued as of 2025, alongside MLTGD and LTGD under GMS.

Other Gold-Related Initiative:

• Indian Gold Coin Scheme (2015):
  • First-ever national gold coin with the Ashoka Chakra emblem.
  • Launched alongside GMS and SGB to promote domestically branded gold and reduce reliance on imported gold bars/coins.

In News:

Recently, the NASA’s Parker Solar Probe made another close approach to the Sun, reaching within 6 million km of its surface. It continues to break records as the closest any human-made object has come to the Sun, aiming to improve our understanding of solar activity and space weather.

Key Highlights:

• Background:Launched on August 12, 2018, by NASA from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the Parker Solar Probe is designed for in-situ study of the Sun's outer atmosphere (corona), solar wind, and magnetic field. It was named after physicist Eugene Parker, who first theorized the existence of the solar wind in the late 1950s.
• Mission Objectives:
  • Investigate the structure and dynamics of the solar corona
  • Understand the origin and evolution of solar wind
  • Study energetic particles responsible for solar storms
  • Examine the mechanisms that heat the corona to over a million degrees Celsius while the Sun’s surface remains relatively cooler at ~6,000°C
• Orbital Details & Speed:The Parker Probe moves in a highly elliptical orbit using Venus' gravity for repeated assists to get closer to the Sun. It is the fastest human-made object, reaching speeds of up to 692,000 km/hr. Its closest planned approach is 6.16 million km (3.83 million miles) from the Sun—about seven times closer than any previous spacecraft.
• Heat Protection Technology:To withstand extreme solar radiation, the probe uses an 8-foot-wide, 4.5-inch-thick carbon-carbon composite heat shield capable of resisting temperatures up to 1,377°C. The shield’s sun-facing side is coated with white ceramic paint to reflect sunlight, and its design ensures that just behind the shield, temperatures drop to a manageable 29°C, protecting the onboard instruments.
• Scientific Instruments Onboard:
  • FIELDS – Measures electric and magnetic fields in the corona.
  • ISoIS (Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun) – Studies high-energy solar particles.
  • SWEAP (Solar Wind Electrons, Alphas, and Protons) – Captures data on solar wind particles.
  • WISPR (Wide-Field Imager) – Takes images of the solar corona and heliosphere.
  • Faraday Cup – An external device made of molybdenum alloy (melting point: 2,349°C), measures ion and electron densities in solar wind.
• Key Discoveries:
  • First ‘Touch’ of the Sun (April 2021): The probe crossed the Sun’s Alfvén surface — the boundary where solar wind escapes the Sun’s influence — thus officially entering the solar corona.
  • Magnetic Switchbacks: Detected sudden reversals in the Sun’s magnetic field direction, providing clues about how solar wind accelerates.
  • Dust-Free Zones: Found regions near the Sun unexpectedly devoid of dust, challenging earlier theories about uniform dust distribution in the solar system.
  • Corona Heating Mystery: Parker’s data, especially on Alfvén waves and magnetic switchbacks, may help solve why the corona is vastly hotter than the Sun’s surface
• Challenges Overcome:Contrary to expectations, the Sun’s gravity, not heat, posed a significant challenge. High speeds needed careful navigation to avoid crashing into the Sun. The mission used Earth and Venus flybys to gradually spiral inward for closer approaches rather than the initial, longer route via Jupiter.
• Mission Timeline:The Parker Solar Probe is scheduled to make 24 close passes of the Sun, continuing into the 2030s. Each pass provides new insights into solar activity and its potential impacts on Earth.
• Comparison with India’s Aditya-L1 Mission:While the Parker Solar Probe performs in-situ analysis by flying into the corona, ISRO’s Aditya-L1, launched in 2023, is stationed at the Lagrange Point 1 (L1), 1.5 million km from Earth. Aditya-L1 remotely observes solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and magnetic storms using seven payloads, including a coronagraph.

In News:

The world's energy demand grew at 2.2% in 2024, a pace described as "faster than average" by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in its Global Energy Review.

Key Highlights:

Global Energy Demand

• Global energy demand grew by 2.2% in 2024, faster than the average of the past decade.
• Emerging and developing economies accounted for over 80% of the increase, with Asia leading the growth.
• Electricity demand rose 4.3%, nearly double the past decade's average.

Rise of Renewables

• Renewables were the fastest-growing energy source, contributing 38% of global energy growth.
• A record 700 GW of renewable power capacity was added globally in 2024 (22nd consecutive annual record).
• Low-emission sources (renewables + nuclear) accounted for 80% of the increase in electricity generation.

Key Country Contributions:

• China added:340 GW solar and 80 GW wind (≈ two-thirds of global additions).
• India added:30 GW solar, triple the previous year's addition.

Global Renewable Generation (2024):

• Solar: +480 TWh
• Wind: +180 TWh
• Hydropower: +190 TWh (mainly due to favorable weather, not capacity increase)

Coal Trends:

• Coal demand rose 1%, reaching a record high in 2024.
• China derives 60% of its electricity from coal; India, about 75%.
• Coal’s global electricity share dropped to 35% – the lowest since the IEA's inception in 1974.
• The seaborne coal market is shrinking as top consumers are also top producers with domestic-use policies.

Natural Gas Outlook

• Natural gas demand rose 2.7%, hitting a record 115 billion cubic metres in 2024.
• Driven by:
  • China's adoption of LNG trucks
  • Heatwaves increasing power demand
• However, demand fell in late 2024 due to rising LNG spot prices, indicating price sensitivity in Asia.

Crude Oil Demand Slows

• Oil demand grew just 0.8%, mainly from the petrochemical sector.
• Transport-related oil use declined due to:
  • Growth in electric vehicles (EVs) (especially in China)
  • Expansion of LNG trucks and high-speed rail networks

About the International Energy Agency (IEA)

• Founded: 1974 (post-1973 oil crisis) by OECD nations.
• HQ: Paris, France.
• Members: 31 countries (only OECD nations can be full members); India is an association country.
• Mandate: Energy security, sustainability, and global cooperation.
• Key Reports: World Energy Outlook, India Energy Outlook, World Energy Investment Report, Global Energy Review.

In News:

On World Day for Glaciers (March 21, 2025), the United Nations World Water Development Report 2025 revealed that glaciers globally are retreating at an alarming rate, with the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region witnessing the most severe impact — glacier loss accelerated by 65% between 2011–2020 compared to the previous decade.

Key Facts about Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) Region

• Geographical Spread: Extends over 3,500 km across 8 countries — Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.
• Population Impact:
  • 240 million people live in the HKH region.
  • An additional 1.65 billion people downstream depend on its waters for drinking, agriculture, hydropower, and sanitation.
• Glacial Reservoir: Known as the “Third Pole” or “Water Tower of Asia”, the HKH stores more ice than anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic.
• River Systems: Source of 10 major river basins, including the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, and Mekong.

Projected Glacier Loss (HKH and Global)

Temperature Rise (°C)                    HKH Glacier Volume Loss by 2100

1.5°C to 2°C                                      30%–50%

Above 2°C                                      ~45% (from 2020 baseline)

• Global Glacier Loss: Mountain glaciers may lose 26%–41% of total mass globally by 2100, affecting 1.1 billion people in mountain regions.

Disaster Risks from Glacier Melt

• Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs):
  • Trigger flash floods and landslides.
  • Have caused over 12,000 deaths globally in the past 200 years.
  • In the HKH region alone, GLOFs are linked to over 7,000 deaths in the last 190 years.
  • Risk of GLOFs may triple by 2100.
• Glacial Lakes: Rapid warming is expanding the number and area of glacier-fed lakes, increasing hazard potential.

Cryosphere and Climate Change

• Hydrological Changes: Melting glaciers alter water runoff patterns, with varied impacts across river basins — increasing monsoon runoff in some while reducing dry-season flows in others.
• Hydropower Challenges:
  • Glacial melt initially boosts hydropower potential but may be offset by increased evaporation and reduced glacier mass over time.
  • Many hydropower and cryptocurrency mining projects are unregulated and stress fragile mountain ecosystems.
• Mountain-Based Industries: Lithium mining in the Andes, for instance, uses up to 2,000 m³ of water per tonne, intensifying water stress.

Governance and Cooperation Gaps

• Weak Water Governance: Mountain regions, including the HKH, lack effective transboundary cooperation due to mutual distrust and poor data sharing.
• Transboundary Action Plan (HKH):
  1. Enhance cooperation at all levels.
  2. Prioritize rights and knowledge of mountain people.
  3. Limit global warming to 1.5°C.
  4. Fast-track SDG implementation in mountain areas.
  5. Strengthen ecosystem resilience and biodiversity.
  6. Promote regional data sharing and scientific collaboration.

UN Actions and Global Recognition

• International Year of Glacier Preservation (IYGP): 2025
• Decade of Action on Cryospheric Science: 2025–2034 — to advance global efforts in glacier conservation, data collection, and sustainable development in cryosphere-dependent regions.

In News:

A recent study by the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has challenged the conventional understanding of monsoon dynamics by highlighting the critical role of cloud band strength in determining the movement and intensity of rainfall during the Indian monsoon season.

Key Findings of the Study:

• Strength Determines Propagation: Only strong equatorial cloud bands are capable of northward movement, initiating wet spells over the Indian subcontinent. Weak cloud bands fail to propagate, contradicting earlier models that assumed uniform northward movement.
• Role of BSISO: The Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO) governs alternating wet and dry spells by transporting cloud bands from the equator to India. The duration and intensity of wet spells are influenced by the size and strength of these cloud bands.
• Air-Sea Interaction: Interaction between the equatorial Indian Ocean’s sea surface and atmosphere significantly influences moisture buildup and wind strength. A stronger ocean-atmosphere coupling enhances moisture transport, intensifying the monsoon.
• Impact of Climate Change:
  • Warmer atmosphere → Increased background moisture.
  • Future wet spells may see 42%–63% more rainfall over India and adjoining seas.
• Improving Forecast Models: These insights will enhance the accuracy of seasonal and sub-seasonal monsoon prediction models, crucial for agriculture and disaster preparedness.

Understanding BSISO (Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation)

• A dominant monsoon variability pattern active from June to September.
• Modulates ‘active’ (rainy) and ‘break’ (dry) phases of the monsoon.
• Moves cloud activity and convection from the Indian Ocean towards the Western Pacific.
• ENSO link:
  • La Niña enhances BSISO propagation → stronger monsoon.
  • El Niño suppresses it → weaker monsoon.

Key Facts about the Indian Monsoon

Aspect                                     Details

Definition                                “Monsoon” comes from Arabic mausim meaning season.

Southwest Monsoon        June–September; moist winds from Indian Ocean bring ~80% of India’s

                                              annual rainfall.

Northeast Monsoon          October–December; brings rain to Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh.

Key Drivers                              ITCZ shift, Tibetan heating, Tropical Easterly Jet, Somali Jet.

Oceanic Influences           IOD (positive enhances, negative weakens monsoon), ENSO (El Niño

                                             weakens,La Niña strengthens monsoon).

Monsoon Importance     Critical for agriculture, water supply, economy; affects ~50% of India’s

                                             population directly.

In News:

Rushikonda Beach, located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, has successfully regained its Blue Flag certification after a temporary withdrawal due to non-compliance issues. It remains the only Blue Flag-certified beach in Andhra Pradesh and one of 13 such beaches in India.

What is the Blue Flag Certification?

• Administered by: Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), Denmark.
• National Operator in India: Blue Flag India under the Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM).
• Purpose: Recognizes beaches meeting strict standards of environmental management, safety, cleanliness, and facilities.
• Criteria: Beaches must comply with 33 environmental and safety criteria, including water quality, waste management, safety measures, and environmental education.
• Control Visits: National Operator conducts scheduled and surprise inspections.

Reasons for Temporary Withdrawal

• The Blue Flag tag was withdrawn after complaints of poor maintenance and non-compliance with amenities.
• Non-compliance types:
  • Minor issues require rectification within 10 days.
  • Multiple or major issues can lead to temporary or season-long withdrawal.
• Rushikonda Beach lost the tag for about two weeks before corrective measures were implemented.

Measures Taken for Regaining the Blue Flag

• Repair and upgrade of beach amenities.
• Plans to install bamboo fencing around the premises to protect the area.
• Public appeals to avoid littering and misuse.
• Education drives for local fisherfolk on beach cleanliness.
• Plans to promote tourism with new beach shacks and regulated alcohol sales, awaiting government approval.
• Identification of 10 other beaches in Andhra Pradesh for upgradation and Blue Flag certification.

Importance of the Blue Flag Tag for Rushikonda Beach

• Tourism Impact: The Blue Flag is internationally recognized by tourists as a mark of safety, cleanliness, and eco-friendliness.
• Environmental Awareness: Promotes responsible tourism and protects coastal ecosystems.
• Local Economy: Supports livelihoods of petty vendors and fisherfolk by attracting visitors.

Key Facts About Rushikonda Beach

• Location: Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
• Awarded Blue Flag: First awarded in 2020.
• Features: Golden sands, clear waters, and well-maintained recreational amenities.
• Significance: The only Blue Flag beach in Andhra Pradesh and among 13 in India.

In News:

In a pioneering conservation step, Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park (PNHZP) in Darjeeling, West Bengal, has become India’s first zoo to launch a DNA cryogenic conservation project—popularly known as a “frozen zoo”.

About the DNA Cryogenic Conservation Initiative

• Objective: Preserve genetic material of endangered Himalayan species for future research, assisted reproduction, and biodiversity conservation in case of extinction threats.
• Launched in:2023, with 60 DNA samples already collected.
• Collaborators:
  • PNHZP, Darjeeling
  • Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad
• Species covered: Red pandas, snow leopards, Himalayan black bears, and other native animals.
• Source of Samples: Tissue collected from animals deceased in captivity or road accidents.
• Storage Method:
  • DNA samples stored in liquid nitrogen at –196°C.
  • A dedicated in-zoo laboratory with steel cryo-containers established.

About the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB)

• Established: 1977; full national lab status in 1981–82.
• Location: Hyderabad, Telangana.
• Affiliation: Under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
• Recognition: Designated a “Center of Excellence” by UNESCO’s Global Molecular and Cell Biology Network.
• Mandate: Advanced research and training in frontier areas of modern biology.

About Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park

Feature                                 Description

Location                               Darjeeling, West Bengal

Altitude                                2,150 metres (7,050 feet) – India’s highest-altitude zoo

Area                                       67.8 acres

Established                       14 August 1958

Renamed                            1975 in memory of Padmaja Naidu, former Governor of West Bengal

Transferred to State    1993; now under Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)

Focus Areas                       Ex-situ conservation, education, research, and captive breeding

Notable Species              Red pandas, snow leopards, Himalayan wolves, gorals, Siberian tigers

In News:

AIIMS New Delhi is set to install India’s first indigenously developed MRI scanner for clinical evaluation by October 2025. This marks a major milestone under the government's push for import substitution and promotion of ‘Make in India’ in the medical device sector.

Key Highlights:

• MRI Type: 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system.
• Developed by: SAMEER (Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research), an autonomous R&D institution under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• Initiative under: National Mission SCAN-ERA (Swadeshi Chumbakiya Anu-naadChitran – EkRashtriyaAbhiyaan), launched in December 2014.
• Purpose: Clinical evaluation and performance feedback at AIIMS to refine the system for wide-scale clinical use.
• Objective: Reduce dependence on imported diagnostic equipment and lower treatment costs.

Significance:

• Currently, 80–85% of India's medical devices are imported.
• In FY 2023–24, India’s medical device import bill rose by 13% to ?69,000 crore.
• The initiative aligns with the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for medical devices, under which 7 critical devices (including MRI machines, CT scanners, LINACs, heart valves, etc.) are now being domestically manufactured.
• 19 PLI-supported projects have been commissioned to manufacture 46 medical devices.

MRI: How It Works

• Principle: Uses strong magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to align protons in tissues. As protons return to their original alignment, they emit signals that are captured to create detailed 3D anatomical images.
• Applications:
  • Imaging soft tissues, brain, spinal cord, joints, and internal organs.
  • Detecting tumors, strokes, neurological disorders, and musculoskeletal injuries.
  • Functional MRI (fMRI) maps brain activity during cognitive tasks.

Safety & Limitations:

• Magnetic interference: Risky for patients with implants (e.g., pacemakers).
• Noise: Loud clicking sounds may cause discomfort.
• Claustrophobia: May cause anxiety in closed spaces; open MRI designs mitigate this.
• Contrast agents: Use of gadolinium-based agents can pose risks to dialysis patients.

In News:

The Parliament has passed the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, aiming to strengthen disaster response mechanisms.

Ministry: Home Affairs

Background

The Disaster Management Act, 2005 established a three-tier structure:

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
• State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs)
• District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs)

These bodies were responsible for disaster planning, mitigation, and response at national, state, and district levels respectively.

Key Amendments

1. Preparation of Disaster Management Plans

• Earlier: Executive Committees were responsible for preparing disaster plans.
• Now: NDMA and SDMA will directly prepare and approve national and state disaster management plans.

2. Expanded Functions of NDMA and SDMA

New responsibilities include:

• Periodic risk assessments, including risks from climate-related events.
• Technical guidance to lower-level authorities.
• Minimum standards of relief recommendations.
• Creation of disaster databases containing:
  • Disaster risk profiles
  • Fund allocations and expenditures
  • Preparedness and mitigation strategies
• NDMA-specific roles:
  • Assessment of state preparedness
  • Post-disaster audits to evaluate response effectiveness

3. Urban Disaster Management Authorities (UDMAs)

• To be established in state capitals and municipal corporation areas.
• Composition:
  • Chairperson: Municipal Commissioner
  • Vice Chairperson: District Collector
  • Additional members as per state government notification
• Responsible for urban disaster planning and implementation.

4. State Disaster Response Force (SDRF)

• States are empowered to establish SDRFs for specialized disaster response.
• Functions and service conditions to be defined by state governments.

5. Statutory Status to Key Committees

• National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC):
  • Nodal body for major national disasters
  • Chaired by the Cabinet Secretary
• High-Level Committee (HLC):
  • Sanctions financial assistance to states
  • Chaired by the concerned Union Minister

6. NDMA Staffing and Appointments

• NDMA can determine the number and type of officers and staff.
• Can appoint experts and consultants with prior central government approval.

Rationale Behind the Amendment

• Climate Change: Increased frequency of extreme weather events necessitates proactive strategies.
• Decentralization Gaps: States faced implementation challenges under the 2005 Act.
• Institutional Strengthening: Clearer roles for national and sub-national bodies.
• Technology and Data Integration: Emphasis on real-time data and performance audits.

Key Concerns and Criticism

• Centralization of Power:NDMA’s enhanced role may reduce state autonomy in disaster response.
• Overlap with State Authority:Potential encroachment on state disaster planning and fund utilization.
• Delayed Relief via NDRF:Increased central oversight may slow localized relief efforts.
• Omission of Emerging Threats:Excludes disasters like heatwaves from official definitions.
• Lack of State-Specific Relief Funds:Demand for region-focused financial provisions by states like Bihar.

Way Forward

• Ensure Federal Balance: Maintain cooperation between Centre and states.
• Update Definitions: Include climate-induced disasters like heatwaves.
• Transparent Funding Mechanism: Clear protocols for fund allocation and usage.
• Empower Local Bodies: Strengthen DDMAs and UDMAs through training and resources.
• Institutional Audits: Regular post-disaster audits to enhance future readiness.

In News:

The diversity of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture was under growing threat as despite 6,000 plant species cultivated, 60 per cent of the global crop production was alarmingly dependent on just nine crops, an important report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

Key Highlights:

• Released by:Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), under the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA-20).
• Crop Dependency & Diversity:
  • 60% of global crop production is dependent on just 9 crops:Sugarcane, Maize, Rice, Wheat, Potatoes, Soybeans, Oil Palm Fruit, Sugar Beet, Cassava.
  • Though 6,000 plant species are cultivated globally, there is a rising loss of genetic diversity, increasing vulnerability to climate shocks and food insecurity.
• Farmers’ Varieties / Landraces (FV/LRs):
  • Traditional crop varieties adapted to local conditions, offering greater resilience to climate, pests, and diseases.
  • Globally, 6% of FV/LRs are threatened; this figure exceeds 18% in some regions like Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Western Asia.
  • In India, over 50% of FV/LRs across five agro-ecological zones are at risk of extinction.
• Conservation Efforts
  • In-situ (on-farm): Around 35 million hectares in 51 countries are under cultivation with FV/LRs.
    • 42% of plant taxa are threatened at species or varietal level.
  • Ex-situ (off-farm):
    • Over 5.9 million accessions preserved globally.
    • Many stored in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.
    • Conservation is constrained by funding, political support, infrastructure, and skilled personnel shortages.

India-Specific Initiative

• Seed Hub Initiative (2016) by the Ministry of Agriculture:
  • Aimed at promoting high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of pulses.
  • Resulted in increased production from 14.76 million tonnes (2007–08) to 24.42 million tonnes (2020–21).

Impact of Climate Change

• Increasing frequency of extreme weather events threatens crop diversity.
• Countries lack mechanisms to assess disaster impacts on crop genetics.
• Post-disaster germplasm distribution often suffers due to poor seed adaptation to local agro-climatic and cultural contexts.

Key Challenges

• Genetic erosion due to monoculture, urbanization, and climate stress.
• Underfunded gene banks and weak institutional capacity.
• Lack of trained plant genetic experts and documentation gaps.
• Limited access to locally adapted seeds, especially post-disaster.

Way Forward

• Integrate in-situ and ex-situ conservation with community participation.
• Enhance funding and explore public-private partnerships.
• Build capacity in taxonomy, plant breeding, and genebank management.
• Promote participatory breeding with farmers and Indigenous communities.
• Strengthen policy support for crop diversification and climate-resilient agriculture.

About CGRFA

• Established: 1983 by FAO.
• Mandate: Only intergovernmental body focusing on sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity.
• Membership: 179 countries + European Union.
• Major Achievement:Instrumental in adoption of International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), 2001.

In News:

The Indian government has proposed to abolish the Equalisation Levy (digital tax) on online advertisements, effective April 1, 2025. This move is set to benefit digital advertisers on platforms like Google, Meta (formerly Facebook), and X (formerly Twitter), reducing their tax burden.

Overview of Equalisation Levy

• Introduction:
  • The Equalisation Levy was introduced by the Finance Act of 2016. Its primary objective was to tax foreign digital service providers (such as Google, Meta, etc.) for income generated from digital transactions in India, ensuring these businesses contribute fairly to India’s tax system, despite having no physical presence.
• Coverage:
  • Initially, the levy applied to online advertising services, imposing a 6% tax on payments made to non-resident providers. This was later expanded in 2020 to include e-commerce transactions, imposing a 2% levy on revenues from e-commerce operations. The e-commerce levy was abolished in August 2024.
• Conditions: The levy is applicable if:
  • The payment is made to a non-resident service provider.
  • The annual payment to the service provider exceeds Rs. 1 lakh in a financial year.
• Exclusions:
  • If the non-resident service provider has a permanent office in India or if the income qualifies as royalties or technical services fees, it is not subject to the levy.
  • Transactions under Rs. 1 lakh or involving exempt income under Section 10(50) are not taxed under the Equalisation Levy.

Key Reasons for Abolishing the Equalisation Levy

• Improved Tax Relations with the US: The levy has been a point of contention, particularly with the US, which threatened retaliatory tariffs. The move to abolish the 6% levy is seen as a step to improve trade relations and avoid escalation of trade disputes.
• Simplification of Tax Laws: Experts believe that removing the levy aligns with India’s broader efforts to simplify and streamline its tax legislation, making it easier for digital service providers to operate within the country.
• Addressing Global Concerns: The proposal to remove the levy is also in response to concerns raised by partner nations, like the US, about the unilateral nature of the tax. This step aims to reduce friction and maintain smoother diplomatic and trade ties.

Implications of the Abolition of the Equalisation Levy

• Reduced Costs for Advertisers: The removal of the 6% tax will lower the financial burden on advertisers in India who use platforms like Google, Meta, and X. This is expected to encourage more investment in digital advertising and benefit the broader digital economy.
• Enhanced Competitiveness: By removing the levy, India aims to create a more level playing field for both domestic and foreign companies involved in digital advertising, fostering fairer competition.
• Impact on International Relations: The decision could help defuse trade tensions, particularly with the US, and might avoid reciprocal tariffs that could affect Indian companies operating internationally.
• Tax Revenue Implications: While the abolition may result in short-term revenue loss from the digital services sector, it is anticipated that the long-term benefits from increased digital advertising spending and improved international relations will outweigh the initial loss.

Future Outlook